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Bellarmine Knights
The Bellarmine Knights are the teams representing Bellarmine University, located in Louisville, Kentucky, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the Atlantic Sun Conference (ASUN) for most sports, as of the 2020–21 academic year. The Knights previously competed in the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) of the NCAA Division II ranks from 1978–79 to 2019–20.
Overview
On June 18, 2019, it was officially announced that the Knights would join the ASUN beginning in the 2020–21 school year, starting a four-year transition to NCAA Division I. Five Bellarmine teams in sports that are not sponsored by the ASUN have varied homes. Bellarmine has been a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) for wrestling since it joined the ASUN. The Knights had also been SoCon members in men's lacrosse, a sport in which they have competed as Division I members since the 2005 season (2004–05 school year), before the ASUN reinstated men's lacrosse in the 2022 season. Men's and women's swimming and diving joined the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association (CCSA), a league with which the ASUN is a partner. The Bellarmine aquatics program is now housed in the ASUN, which effectively absorbed the swimming & diving side of the CCSA in 2023–24. Field hockey became a Division I independent for 2020–21, and joined the Mid-American Conference as an affiliate member in July 2021. During the transition period, Knights teams other than men's lacrosse were ineligible for NCAA-sanctioned postseason play. Men's lacrosse was not subject to this restriction because it had been a D-I member before the transition. Sprint football, a variant of American football not governed by the NCAA, plays in the Midwest Sprint Football League.
Conference affiliations
NCAA
* Great Lakes Valley Conference (1978–2020)
* Atlantic Sun Conference (2020–present)
Varsity teams
Bellarmine competes in 25 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, sprint football, swimming, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field, volleyball. Cheerleading and dance are listed as co-ed sports on Bellarmine's athletic website, although the dance team is all-female.
* Notes:
Championships
On March 26, 2011, the Knights won the NCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship.
On April 10, 2015, the Bellarmine University Dance Team captured their first national title at the 2015 NDA Collegiate Dance Championship. On April 5, 2019, the team captured its second national title at the 2019 NDA Collegiate Dance Championship.
Lacrosse
The university announced the athletic department would begin sponsoring men's lacrosse in 2004. BU hired Jack McGetrick as the program's first head coach. In 2005 the team competed as independent members in NCAA Division I. In 2007 the Knights joined the Great Western Lacrosse League (GWLL) after the league lost Butler to athletic department cuts. In 2010 the GWLL ceased operations after Notre Dame left the league for the Big East. Bellarmine and the remaining members of the GWLL joined the ECAC Lacrosse League.
Tragedy struck the Knights Lacrosse program in October 2010 when coach McGetrick died after a long battle with cancer. Since founding the program he led the Knights to a 45–41 record. Before Bellarmine, McGetrick coached of the University of Hartford Hawks for 11 seasons. McGetrick ranks in the top-50 of Division I men's lacrosse coaches with a record of 132–115.
The 2014 season was Bellarmine's last in ECAC Lacrosse. After the Big Ten Conference announced it would begin sponsoring both men's and women's lacrosse in the 2014–15 school year (2015 season), which took two of the six schools then in the league, Bellarmine announced it would become a lacrosse-only member of the ASUN effective in July 2014. However, before the conference move took effect, the ASUN and Southern Conference (SoCon) announced an agreement under which sponsorship of men's lacrosse would switch from the ASUN to the SoCon after the 2014 season. Accordingly, Bellarmine lacrosse began SoCon play in the 2015 season.
The ASUN–SoCon lacrosse partnership took a new form after the 2021 season when the ASUN reinstated its men's lacrosse league. Bellarmine was joined in the revived ASUN league by five new single-sport members—Air Force, which also moved from SoCon lacrosse; Detroit Mercy, previously a single-sport member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference; and three of the four 2021 independents in Cleveland State, Robert Morris, and Utah. The other full ASUN member with men's lacrosse, Jacksonville, remained in SoCon men's lacrosse.
A men's lacrosse realignment triggered by the expectation and ultimate announcement of a new Atlantic 10 Conference men's lacrosse league led to the shuttering of SoCon men's lacrosse after the 2022 season. Jacksonville returned to ASUN men's lacrosse, and full SoCon member and current ASUN beach volleyball associate Mercer added men's lacrosse to its ASUN membership. Former GLVC member Lindenwood, which joined the D-I Ohio Valley Conference (which does not sponsor lacrosse) in July 2022, also joined ASUN men's lacrosse.
Basketball
Men's basketball has been a part of Bellarmine's athletic department since the school's founding in 1950. That same year student Ted Wade became the first black player on an integrated college basketball team in Kentucky. The basketball program has been coached by 11 different men and is currently headed by Louisville native Scott Davenport. Davenport is one of two Bellarmine coaches who have also guided teams to Kentucky's high school championship, both doing so with Louisville schools. He did it in 1988 at Ballard High. The other coach who moved up to the college level was Joe Reibel, who won with St. Xavier High in 1962. Reibel is Bellarmine's winningest coach with a record of 346–277. A unique Bellarmine coach was Bob Valvano. Valvano is an ESPN personality and was a member of Mensa, an international organization for only the brightest two percent of people on Earth. Arguably the most famous Bellarmine coach was Alex Groza, the Fabulous Five (Kentucky Wildcats) great at the University of Kentucky. Groza was an All-American, Gold Medal winner in the 1948 London Olympics and first team NBA.
In its history, the Knights have won five GLVC men's basketball titles and four NCAA Midwest Regional titles. On March 26, 2011, the Knights won its first NCAA Division II National Championship, led by guards Jeremy Kendle and Braydon Hobbs. The Knights defeated BYU–Hawaii for the title, 71–68. The championship game aired on national television on the CBS network. An estimated 2,906 fans were in attendance for the championship game, most of which were Bellarmine fans who made the 900 mi trip from Louisville to watch the Knights compete in the championship held in Springfield, Massachusetts at the MassMutual Center.
Swimming and diving
In 2012, Bellarmine University announced the start of its swimming program.
Track and field
Headed by Coach Chase Broughton
Sprint football
Bellarmine announced in June 2021 that it would add sprint football as a varsity sport effective in 2022–23. Sprint football is played under standard college football rules, but players can be no heavier than 178 lb with a minimum of 5% body fat at the team's official weigh-in. The Knights play in the Midwest Sprint Football League, which launched in 2022 with six members and now has seven. Sprint football is not governed by the NCAA, but is fully incorporated into the Bellarmine Athletics Department.
The Knights play home games at Brother Thomas More Page Stadium on the nearby campus of Saint Xavier High School.
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WIKI
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Ghost Slayers Ayashi
Ghost Slayers Ayashi (天保異聞 妖奇士) is a Japanese anime television series, created and written by Shō Aikawa and produced by Bones. Directed by Hiroshi Nishikiori, it featured character designs by Toshihiro Kawamoto. It was broadcast for twenty-five episodes on MBS–TBS from October 2006 to March 2007.
Plot
In 1843, the fourteenth year of the Tenpō Era, ten years before the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the Black Ships, Edo is under attack by beasts from the underworld, known as Yōi (妖夷). Members of the Bansha Aratamesho, called the Ayashi (奇士), are assembled to repel the emergence of these yoi.
Ayashi of the Bansha Aratamesho
* Ryūdō Yukiatsu (竜導 往壓)
* An almost 41-year-old drifter with the power of Ayagami. He goes by the name of "Yuki". Originally a son of a Hatamoto Samurai, he left home 25 years ago, after having visited the "Other World". He vanished from home when he was 15 and re-appeared a year later. To him it seemed that an instant went by and came to in the same room he had been in when he first left. He is the only person known to have visited it and returned. He later thanks his mother for the 15 years she spent with him, though he has spent 25 years away from home he can not agree to return and be the head of the family. Because of his time away in the Other World he found himself unable to appreciate human food and places and felt dissatisfied with the normal world. However he knows that he must remain in this world and feels persecuted by the Other World and that is why he became a drifter, never staying in one place for more than a year. Most importantly, he was left with the power of Ayagami, which allows him to draw out a creature's true name and turn it into a weapon.
* Fifteen years ago, he met and befriended a man named Kumoshichi who goaded him into fights and gambling. Kumoshichi was in a relationship with Oshino who cared deeply of him and hoped to marry. At one point Yukiatsu and Kumoshichi had an argument and Yukiatsu was forced to kill him in self-defense. The event was so traumatic that Yukiatsu blocked out the memories, and unconsciously summoned a Yoi in Kumoshichi's form. At some point he was brought to the vagrant camps, escaped, was recaptured, and escaped again; his arm and shoulder are still tattooed from this.
* After he returned from the Other World, Yukiatsu was very reckless and rambunctious. He had trained and become a samurai as a child, later became a ronin and then worked as a bodyguard. Because of his high fighting skills, he started fights, tricked people in gambling, and sexually harassed Oshino because he was desperate to feel alive. This was the cause for the fight between Yukiatsu and Kumoshichi. After losing his friend, he became much more quiet and restrained. Because of his status as an eternal outsider, from society and from the human race, Yukiatsu tends to be extremely sympathetic to people who fall outside the bounds of society, whether they are vagrants or foreigners.
* After he returned from the Other World, Yukiatsu was very reckless and rambunctious. He had trained and become a samurai as a child, later became a ronin and then worked as a bodyguard. Because of his high fighting skills, he started fights, tricked people in gambling, and sexually harassed Oshino because he was desperate to feel alive. This was the cause for the fight between Yukiatsu and Kumoshichi. After losing his friend, he became much more quiet and restrained. Because of his status as an eternal outsider, from society and from the human race, Yukiatsu tends to be extremely sympathetic to people who fall outside the bounds of society, whether they are vagrants or foreigners.
* Ogasawara Hōzaburō (小笠原 放三郎)
* The 20-year-old leader of the Ayashi of the Bansha Aratamesho. He is also a scholar in rangaku (蘭学). He often finds himself torn between his Ayashi work and the government's political schemes.
* The 20-year-old leader of the Ayashi of the Bansha Aratamesho. He is also a scholar in rangaku (蘭学). He often finds himself torn between his Ayashi work and the government's political schemes.
* Edo Genbatsu (江戸 元閥)
* A cross-dressing Shinto priest. His appearance and mannerisms are so convincingly feminine that despite his masculine voice, he is often mistaken for a girl. His cross-dressing is not due to his sexuality or preference, but rather to an enduring family tradition of having priests who dressed as women during rituals. Genbatsu apparently frequents the geisha district, and has many female friends there.
* He fights using several different firearms, ranging from a large gun to a bazooka and grenades, and seems to function more as a munitions expert than as a priest. He frequently works alongside Abi, and the two seem to be very close friends (even drinking and partying together).
* He fights using several different firearms, ranging from a large gun to a bazooka and grenades, and seems to function more as a munitions expert than as a priest. He frequently works alongside Abi, and the two seem to be very close friends (even drinking and partying together).
* Saizō (宰蔵)
* A young girl who dresses as a boy because of her background in the theatre, where women are not allowed to perform. Saizo was also raised to be as masculine as possible by her homosexual father, who died in a fire after Saizo accidentally walked in on him and his lover. She believed her father hated her because her name is seemingly related to the word for "sin." As a result, she is secretly tormented by the belief that she herself is inherently sinful.
* She fights using a paper fan which unfolds to become a long rope of paper, which can be used to temporarily tie up Yoi. She was also trained by her father from a very young age to perform a mysterious dance which attracts Yōi, which is said to be the dance performed to draw the goddess Amaterasu from her cave.
* Though it was not explicitly mentioned, there were implications that she is around fourteen years old when she said she was not even born fifteen years ago, and that she turned thirteen at the same time when her father started turning on other actors before the theatre burned down, which occurred a year ago.
* Though it was not explicitly mentioned, there were implications that she is around fourteen years old when she said she was not even born fifteen years ago, and that she turned thirteen at the same time when her father started turning on other actors before the theatre burned down, which occurred a year ago.
* Abi (アビ)
* A man from the Emishi mountain people, fights using a spear which can split mid-throw into five lesser, seemingly magical spears. He seems to have a close relationship with Genbatsu, perhaps because of their similar temperaments. He is extremely tall, muscular and darker-skinned than his friends, and tends to be dressed more roughly.
* A man from the Emishi mountain people, fights using a spear which can split mid-throw into five lesser, seemingly magical spears. He seems to have a close relationship with Genbatsu, perhaps because of their similar temperaments. He is extremely tall, muscular and darker-skinned than his friends, and tends to be dressed more roughly.
South Edo Magistrate
* Torii Yōzō (鳥居 耀蔵)
* The South Edo Magistrate, Lord of "Kai". A strong supporter of the Chief Elder Mizuno Tadakuni Tenpo Reforms.
* The South Edo Magistrate, Lord of "Kai". A strong supporter of the Chief Elder Mizuno Tadakuni Tenpo Reforms.
* Honjō Tatsusuke (本庄 辰輔)
* A retainer of Torii Yōzō. He works under him as spy.
* A retainer of Torii Yōzō. He works under him as spy.
* Hanai Toraichi (花井 虎一)
* A Rangaku scholar.
* A Rangaku scholar.
* Matsue Sote (松江 ソテ)
* A relative of Honjō Tatsusuke. She is revealed to have gone to the Other World and returned, giving her the ability to breed the Yokai-like creatures the Magistrate use as a task force against other Yokai.
* A relative of Honjō Tatsusuke. She is revealed to have gone to the Other World and returned, giving her the ability to breed the Yokai-like creatures the Magistrate use as a task force against other Yokai.
Shogunate government
* Atobe Yoshisuke (跡部 良弼)
* Biological brother of Mizuno Tadakuni, the financial magistrate and political opponent of Torii Yōzō. Ogasawara's superior.
* Biological brother of Mizuno Tadakuni, the financial magistrate and political opponent of Torii Yōzō. Ogasawara's superior.
* Abe Masahiro (阿部 正弘)
* Appointed as Elder at age 25. He negotiated on behalf of the Shogun government with Matthew Perry.
* Appointed as Elder at age 25. He negotiated on behalf of the Shogun government with Matthew Perry.
* Tōyama Kagemoto (遠山 景元)
* Recently been dismissed from the post of North Edo Magistrate and has been transferred to the post of Chief Censor. Political opponent of Torii Yōzō.
Other characters
* Atl (アトル)
* An Aztec girl who works in a circus alongside her massive horse, Yukiwa (雪輪). Atl was born in Mexico and was orphaned while living in Texas with her family; when she prayed to the Aztec god Quetzacoatl, she summoned a Yoi in the form of a horse that could also become a dragon. Since she had heard from some samurai stranded in North America about Japan, she decided to go there in hopes of finding a peaceful home.
* However, Atl was reviled for being a foreigner, and had to artificially tint her bronze skin with makeup to pass for a Japanese person. She and her horse Quetzl (whom she called Yukiwa) performed together in a circus, until her status as a foreigner was revealed. After this, Genbatsu arranged for her to be a ward of the geishas he knew in the red light district, although she herself would not become one.
* For reasons that are never fully explored, Atl is able to see Kumoshichi, and is able to correctly identify him as a Yoi despite his human appearance. No one other than Yukiatsu is able to do so.
* For reasons that are never fully explored, Atl is able to see Kumoshichi, and is able to correctly identify him as a Yoi despite his human appearance. No one other than Yukiatsu is able to do so.
* Kumoshichi (雲七)
* Yuki's friend, whom nobody except Yuki can see. The real Kumoshichi was Shikiji, a man who Yuki knew about fifteen years ago. However, he attempted to snap Yuki out of his self-destructive haze by tricking and goading him into a life-or-death fight, and forcing Yuki to stab him in self-defense. Yuki blocked out the entire incident, and unconsciously created a Yoi in Shikiji's form. After this, Kumoshichi followed Yuki everywhere and often would give him advice.
* Yuki was shocked when he realized that he had killed the real Shikiji, and that his longtime friend was actually a Yoi he had created. When the horse/dragon Quetzl began running wild, Kumoshichi merged with him and successfully calmed the Yoi until it was no longer dangerous. As a result, Kumoshichi only existed after that as a part of Quetzl - a talking horse.
* Yuki was shocked when he realized that he had killed the real Shikiji, and that his longtime friend was actually a Yoi he had created. When the horse/dragon Quetzl began running wild, Kumoshichi merged with him and successfully calmed the Yoi until it was no longer dangerous. As a result, Kumoshichi only existed after that as a part of Quetzl - a talking horse.
* Ōta (央太)
* A youngster offered in sacrifice to a Yōi by his father, but then escaped with his mother. Ota was supposedly going to be a sacrifice to the mountain god near his village due to a bad rice harvest-(as it had caused a lot of people in his hometown to starve and die from malnutrition), but it seems to be implied that his father intended to kill and eat him instead (having done the same to the boy's older sister). When the mountain god appeared and absorbed Ota's father, the boy was exposed to the Other World. His mother Tae took him on the run to escape the Yoi, but the boy kept searching for the Other World because of the hardships of this one; after meeting and talking with Yukiatsu, he decides to stay with his mother in the real world.
* A youngster offered in sacrifice to a Yōi by his father, but then escaped with his mother. Ota was supposedly going to be a sacrifice to the mountain god near his village due to a bad rice harvest-(as it had caused a lot of people in his hometown to starve and die from malnutrition), but it seems to be implied that his father intended to kill and eat him instead (having done the same to the boy's older sister). When the mountain god appeared and absorbed Ota's father, the boy was exposed to the Other World. His mother Tae took him on the run to escape the Yoi, but the boy kept searching for the Other World because of the hardships of this one; after meeting and talking with Yukiatsu, he decides to stay with his mother in the real world.
* Tae (たえ)
* Ōta's mother, who goes on the run to avoid the mountain god that wants her son. She is attracted to Yukiatsu and seems hopeful of marrying him at one time, but eventually settles down in another city with her son.
* Ōta's mother, who goes on the run to avoid the mountain god that wants her son. She is attracted to Yukiatsu and seems hopeful of marrying him at one time, but eventually settles down in another city with her son.
* Tamahei (玉兵)
* A bumbling auxiliary policeman (Okappiki) obsessed with catching Yuki.
* A bumbling auxiliary policeman (Okappiki) obsessed with catching Yuki.
* The Western Ones (西のもの)
* A group of masked bandits whose goals are a mystery. Like Ryūdo, they can use Ayagami and often create Yōi. They are led by a man called Akamatsu, who has an X-shaped scar on his face.
* Kawanabe Kyōsai (河鍋 暁斎), also known as Shūzaburō (甲斐 周三郎)
* A young painter with remarkable talent. He was once sent briefly to the Other World after he grabbed a severed head which was floating down the river and nearly drowned. He is confident and self-assured beyond his years. He often visits brothels despite being underage, claiming (perhaps truthfully) that he is there to practice his observational art, and because he developed some interest on Atl. He proved to be useful to the Ayashi providing reliable information and protecting Atl from harm in their absence.
* A young painter with remarkable talent. He was once sent briefly to the Other World after he grabbed a severed head which was floating down the river and nearly drowned. He is confident and self-assured beyond his years. He often visits brothels despite being underage, claiming (perhaps truthfully) that he is there to practice his observational art, and because he developed some interest on Atl. He proved to be useful to the Ayashi providing reliable information and protecting Atl from harm in their absence.
Broadcast and release
Ghost Slayers Ayashi first aired in Japan on October 7, 2006 in the 6pm Saturday prime-time slot on MBS and TBS. It was originally slated to be 52 episodes; however, due to low ratings during its broadcast run, the series' length was cut in half, to 25 episodes. From episodes 1-12, the opening theme is "Ryūsei Miracle" by Ikimono-gakari while the ending theme is "Winding Road" by Porno Graffitti. From episodes 13–25, the opening theme is "Lone Star" by Captain Straydum, while the ending theme is "Ai Toiu Kotoba" by Saki.
A five-part OVAs titled Tenpō Ibun Ayakashi Ayashi: Inferno were released, set six months after the events of the TV series.
Manga adaptation
A manga adaptation by Yaeko Ninagawa was serialized in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan from September 15, 2006, to July 20, 2007. Square Enix collected its chapters in two tankōbon volumes, released on February 24 and October 25, 2007.
In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Bandai Entertainment. The volumes were released on September 16 and December 16, 2008.
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WIKI
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hyperledger/iroha
Iroha - A simple, decentralized ledger http://iroha.tech
iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator Class Reference
#include "command_generator.hpp"
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Public Member Functions
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateAddPeer (const Peer &peer)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateAddSignatory (const std::string &account_id, const pubkey_t &key)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateRemoveSignatory (const std::string &account_id, const pubkey_t &key)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateAccount (const std::string &account_name, const std::string &domain_id, const pubkey_t &key)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateDomain (const std::string &domain_id, const std::string &default_role)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateAsset (const std::string &asset_name, const std::string &domain_name, uint8_t precision)
template<typename Type , typename... ParamTypes>
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCommand (ParamTypes...args)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateAdminRole (std::string role_name)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateUserRole (std::string role_name)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateCreateAssetCreatorRole (std::string role_name)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateSetQuorum (const std::string &account_id, uint32_t quorum)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateAddAssetQuantity (const std::string &asset_id, const std::string &amount)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateSubtractAssetQuantity (const std::string &asset_id, const std::string &amount)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateTransferAsset (const std::string &src_account_id, const std::string &target_account_id, const std::string &asset_id, const std::string &amount)
std::shared_ptr< CommandgenerateAppendRole (const std::string &account_id, const std::string &role_name)
Member Function Documentation
std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateAddAssetQuantity ( const std::string asset_id,
const std::string amount
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateAddPeer ( const Peer peer)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateAddSignatory ( const std::string account_id,
const pubkey_t key
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateAppendRole ( const std::string account_id,
const std::string role_name
)
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template<typename Type , typename... ParamTypes>
std::shared_ptr<Command> iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCommand ( ParamTypes... args)
inline
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateAccount ( const std::string account_name,
const std::string domain_id,
const pubkey_t key
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateAdminRole ( std::string role_name)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateAsset ( const std::string asset_name,
const std::string domain_name,
uint8_t precision
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateAssetCreatorRole ( std::string role_name)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateDomain ( const std::string domain_id,
const std::string default_role
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateCreateUserRole ( std::string role_name)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateRemoveSignatory ( const std::string account_id,
const pubkey_t key
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateSetQuorum ( const std::string account_id,
uint32_t quorum
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateSubtractAssetQuantity ( const std::string asset_id,
const std::string amount
)
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std::shared_ptr< Command > iroha::model::generators::CommandGenerator::generateTransferAsset ( const std::string src_account_id,
const std::string target_account_id,
const std::string asset_id,
const std::string amount
)
Generate transfer assets from source account_id to target account_id
Parameters
src_account_id- source account identifier
target_account_id- target account identifier
asset_id- asset identifier to transfer
amount- amount of assets to transfer
Returns
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The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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India's disparate opposition senses a growing chance to topple Modi
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India’s disparate opposition parties are aiming to firm up an alliance as they sense a chance of unseating Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a staggered general election draws to a close. The seven-phase election, the world’s biggest democratic exercise, began on April 11 and winds up on May 19. Votes will be counted and the result announced on May 23. Modi’s Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) went into the election as front-runner, buoyed by his image as tough and decisive after he ordered a military strike on Pakistan over a militant bomb attack in Indian-controlled Kashmir. But his opponents have maintained their focus on farm distress and unemployment, issues that helped the main opposition Congress party defeat the BJP in state assembly elections in three rural states late last year. Now the opposition believes the tide is turning. “We’ve all collectively recognised the reality that the BJP is losing significant votes, therefore we are mutually exploring the formation of a cohesive and durable government that will fulfil the aspirations of India,” Congress spokesman Sanjay Jha said. He said the negotiations among opposition parties to work out a “viable alternative” to Modi’s government would be finalised before the May 23 result. Taking the lead in preparations to take power is N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief minister of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, and formerly a BJP ally, according to his regional Telugu Desam Party (TDP). Naidu has been in touch with leaders of most opposition parties, meeting some in person, TDP officials said. Modi and other BJP leaders brush off the opposition threat. BJP President Amit Shah goaded the opposition on Thursday to name its prime ministerial candidate, amid criticism of Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, the scion of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty that has dominated India’s politics for much of its history since independence from Britain in 1947. Congress’s Jha, asked if Gandhi would be candidate for prime minister, said there was “no talent deficit” in the opposition. Congress was criticised for failing to strike an election alliance with many anti-Modi regional parties, some of them caste-based and run by politicians with much more experience than Gandhi. They include Mamata Banerjee, the chief minister of West Bengal state, and Mayawati, a former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh state. Naidu has been negotiating with both of them as well as the chief of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), based in the eastern state of Odisha. Political strategists have said that the BJD, the fifth largest party in the 545-seat lower house of parliament, could emerge as kingmaker. The BJD has also been wooed by Modi, according to two sources with knowledge of the matter, but the party said it would only make a decision after the results are out. TDP spokesman Lanka Dinakar said he was confident the BJD would join with the opposition. “We have many choices to replace Modi,” he said. In some good news for Gandhi, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition filed by a BJP member seeking an investigation of suspicion he holds British citizenship. Holding dual nationality is against the law and the government last month asked Gandhi to respond to a separate complaint on the issue filed by a BJP lawmaker. Congress has said Gandhi is an Indian citizen by birth and that he had never held a passport of any other country. A three-judge panel dismissed the petition on Thursday saying it had no merit. “It just goes to show that this government’s campaign of lies will never work in the face of truth,” Congress said in a message on Twitter after the ruling. Reporting by Krishna N. Das; Additional reporting by Jatindra Dash in BHUBANESWAR, Subrata Nag Choudhury in KOLKATA and Suchitra Mohanty, Manoj Kumar; Editing by Alasdair Pal, Robert Birsel
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Recruiting a soldier for battle is not the easiest task one can have, especially in the medieval ages. In a period where most were concerned with farming their land, someone would be needed to give out a call to action, and recruit. There were multiple different ways in which the soldiers were recruited (apart from the ones below), but these are the ones that caught our attention the most.
1. Royal Commissioners
The process of recruiting through royal commissioners went along these lines. A person of higher value in the kingdom would appoint a commissioner, a commissioner who would later go to different regions of the land and call to arms.
These special commissioners did not go to random lands to force the villagers to fight for them, the recruitment areas were strategically chosen. In most cases the commissioners went to regions that had successful a recruitment in the past, or to regions where people were owed due to existing obligations.
Royal commissioners were used by Edward I in his campaigns in France, Wales and Scotland. He needed more troops and he saw this as a way to gain more of them.
2. Paid Service
In the 11th century as well as after it, receiving a paid service was a common way to recruit troops. In those days any form of payment was well received. By today’s standards it would seem degrading to be offered such a low pay to risk your own life, but most would accept it if they have to provide for somebody. In the following centuries a better form of payment was made, payment through contracts.
3. Written Contracts
Another form of recruitment that was used by Edward I was where written contracts were used. In these contracts multiple things would be defined, some of which were the terms of service, length of service, and the reward for serving. In a way this helped the soldiers mentally because they knew that they had a contract which stated that they are going to get paid. The first army to ever go to a battle was the one of Edward III, the grandson of Edward I. His troops were sent to Scotland, but apart from them, multiple soldiers with contracts were sent to Gascony as well.
Now you might be saying to yourself “Can’t you just make a fraudulent copy and reek the benefits that way?”, the short answer is no.
There was a system behind the process of handing out contracts, a process which involved writing out the contract three times on the same sheet, and latter separating them with irregular, jagged cuts, that were similar to pointed teeth (Hence the reason why contracts were called indentures, which derives from the French word “teeth”). When all of the separate pieces would be brought back together, they should all match, thus exposing any fraudulent copies.
An example of what a contract would look like in the late middle ages.
4. Feudal Obligations
If you lived off of somebodies land, you would have to return the favor for doing so. One interesting way on how kings recruited armies was through feudal obligations, this is where gentry and lords who owed the favors to the king, had to serve as knights and men at arms to return the favor. The lords who received land (from the king in most cases) owed him a favor, and the people who lived off of the lord’s land had to provide equipment, and some had to fight alongside their lord. In a way this is a recruitment through favors.
The Feudalism pyramid
Apart from anybody who did it for favors, or for monetary rewards, there were people who went to battle out of their own pockets. Of course the reason to volunteer differentiated from one soldier to another, but one strong reason might be the sense of loyalty towards the king.
Some even brought multiple men alongside them, and covered their expenses. Some volunteers didn’t want to receive funds from the king in order to not damage their pride, or reputation. Some volunteered to not seem as traitors or cowards… The reasons differentiated from one soldier to another.
These troops were extensively used in the 11th and 12th centuries, when a king would find it hard to figure out who is loyal to him in midst of a civil war. One example of this are the mercenaries who served King John. These war hardened soldiers were most often recruited from the Low Countries, which was a region subjected to invasions by neighbors.
These troops mostly cared about the monetary rewards that followed, and were not afraid to strike the same people that were once loyal to the king. Because these troops were used to suppress rebellions they became unpopular. They were later expelled from the country under the terms of Magna Carta. However, their popularity rose again during the Hundred Years War, where England was a known employer and supplier of mercenaries.
7. The Royal Household
Men who came from the royal household were one of noble background. In most cases they came from well known aristocratic families who wanted to ensure the favor of the king, or from from less prominent families who were willing to gain the favor of the king in order to advance themselves through the social ranks. The mounted knights that came from these families were a vital part in many battles, Henry I could provide a large number of loyal men this way.
These knights were the closes thing that the kingdom had to a standing army.
Flag of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster
Source: The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army
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FINEWEB-EDU
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R
Rob W
Member
Last active 4 years ago
1. 4 years ago
Fri Feb 23 16:36:51 2018
Hi Angelo,
Yes I was/am looking for a consistent way of knowing if the read aloud is playing.
The programming I did above was a "poor mans" way of doing it. If I test the first word(s) and have it trigger an action. i.e image switch on a button.
Again, thanks for you help.
- Rob W -
2. Thu Feb 22 17:14:47 2018
Thanks Angelo
The only way I figured out to check, is by watching the CSS changes using the following Javascript:
/* ==========================================*/
// Add this Javascript script to 'Load' event of a hidden button
var triggerWord = 'word30'; // CSS class name of the trigger word to watch in the read-aloud text
var triggerObject = $("#obj3689"); // ID of object that has the script that is triggered (hidden button)
var triggerEvent = 'TouchDown'; // The event that triggers the script in 'triggerObject' (hidden button)
// The 'triggerEvent' (TouchDown) of the 'triggerObject' can be added to the same hidden button as 'Load'
/* ==========================================*/
var observeWord = document.getElementById(triggerWord);
// Generate the observers:
// ---- observer ----
var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations){
mutations.forEach(function(mutation){
if ($( "#"+triggerWord ).hasClass( "-epub-media-overlay-active" )){
observer.disconnect();
triggerObject.trigger(PubCoder.Events.TouchDown);
}
});
});
/* ==========================================*/
// Start observing:
observer.observe(observeWord, {attributes: true});
FYI: I don't know if this will work on all devices.
Regards, Rob W.
3. Sat Feb 17 23:52:48 2018
R Rob W started the conversation Read-Aloud active/running flag/variable.
I have been creating a epub with PubCoder, which is working great, thanks.
I have a question about using the Read-Aloud feature.
Is there anyway, through Javascript, to identify that the Read-Aloud feature is active/running? (a variable maybe?) when you open/load a page?
Thanks
Regards,
Rob Waterman
4. 5 years ago
Fri Jan 13 17:28:33 2017
Thanks Angelo,
I had started doing that, but then thought that there might be an easier way. :)
Love the program.
5. Thu Jan 12 18:28:00 2017
R Rob W started the conversation Start and Stop Animation obj using Javascript.
Hi,
Having fun learning PubCoder. :)
Is there anyway through just Javascript to start or stop an animation object? I realize I could use the 'Play Animation' action, but I would like to know if there is a way to control the animations through Javascript. For example have a Javascript to randomly play and stop animations.
Or better yet, a way to play and stop only certain sections/frames of the animation object!
Thanks
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Dual space/Archive 1
Discussion from 2004
This is fine math, but no one has even defined a basis for a Vector Space, given the standard geometric interpretation of R3 as a Vector Space (a good concrete example.), etc. Lets try to fill in the more elementary material, before we soar to these heights...:-). I guess that includes me, too. RoseParks
I moved Rose's comment here, partly because there is at least entry for basis of a vector space now. DMD
I've seen what you call the "continuous dual" denoted by X* as well. Often the distinction is entirely based on context, if you're just working with vector spaces, X* is the algebraic dual, if you're workign with normed spaces, it's the continuous one. It might be worth noting this, because I for one have been confused by texts working with what they call X* when they mean what you call X'. cfp 22:37, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)
I read elsewhere that a square matrix can be thought of as a tensor with one covariant index and one contravariant index. So it seems to me that row and column vectors correspond to tensors like $$A^i, B_j$$. If dual spaces have to do with the relation between row and column vectors, does it have something to do with tensors?
* Well, yes. General tensors on a vector space V are built up from the tensor product of some copies of V and its dual space. Charles Matthews 09:56, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
continuous dual need not be Banach
The article claims that the continuous dual of a normed vector space is something stronger: a Banach space. It seems to me this cannot be so. For example, what if my normed vector space had the rationals as its underlying field? The dual will also have Q as its field, and so cannot be complete. -Lethe | Talk 17:40, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
* It's probably assuming that the base field of a normed vector space must be R or C. The normed vector space article used to require this. --Zundark 19:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
linear discontinuous function on a TVS
Oleg, I think this should be an example of a linear map on a topological vector space which is not continuous. Let X be a space which is not locally compact and consider the space of real functions on it with the compact open topology. The Dirac delta functional send each function to its value at 0. Since X is not locally compact, this is not continuous. Since X is not compact, this is not a metric space. -lethe talk 15:12, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
* Another: the article on locally convex topological vector spaces gives an example of a space which is not locally convex. This space has no continuous functionals other than 0. -lethe talk 15:27, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
double dual and transpose
I took the liberty of adding that transposing gives 'more or less' the same map, when you associate vectors in V with vectors in V** by the connection explained in the bidual part. However, in order to avoid confusion I had to place the transpose section after the bidual section.
A few questions : is what I said correct or is finiteness of dimension needed somewhere? Why does my expression at the end of the transpose part look 'not nice' Evilbu 22:38, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
catagory of dual vector spaces
I'm pulling this out since it may turn into a longer conversation.
What you said and what I said are the same thing. The dual of a coproduct is a product. The * indicates dual space. This article is about dual spaces, not about coproducts, which has its own article. -lethe talk [ +] 19:47, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Good point. But then what we haven't show is dual vector spaces is the dual category to the category of vector spaces. I'll clean up and then we'll talk more. jbolden1517Talk 19:54, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* uh, I'm not exactly sure what you mean here. The vector dual space is in the category of vector spaces, not the dual category. -lethe talk [ +] 20:08, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Nope. You want to use the fact that the coproduct is the dual of the product then you have to think of * as a contravariant functor from the category of vector space to its dual category (which just so happens to be the category of vector spaces). We never proved any of this. That is $$ *(V) = V^* $$. jbolden1517Talk 20:40, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Your comment that "the dual of the category of vector spaces is the category of vector spaces" is incorrect. For a category to be self dual, it must contain only isomorphisms. Vect contains arrows that are not isomorphisms. The dual space functor is a contravariant functor from Vect to Vect. That is, it takes linear maps to linear maps with their arrows reversed. Note that the arrows in Vectopp are not linear maps. Now, the stuff that you're spending all this time doing is showing that the hom(-,F) functor turns coproducts into products. This is the dual space functor. It is a functor from Vect to Vect. Hom-functors usually take objects to hom-sets, but the hom-sets in Vect happen to also be vector spaces. What you're proving is the well-known fact that hom-functors are continuous. The covariant hom-functor takes limits to limits (products to products) and the contravariant hom-functor takes colimits to limits (coproducts to products). This well-known fact does not belong in this article. It is already mentioned in the article on limits, but it might deserve to be expanded on in the article on coproducts. It can't stay here. -lethe talk [ +] 21:00, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* OK that's the way to phrase it. I'll take care of this soon. Not much more time tonight. jbolden1517Talk 21:15, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Well now that you know the correct phrasing (the dual of a coproduct is a product is the linear algebra language version, the hom-functor is continuous is the category theoretic phrasing), perhaps you will consider my point that this proof does not belong in this article? I'm going to revert it for now. We should probably find a new home for the proof. -lethe talk [ +] 21:30, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
I have added the assertion that dual of the coproduct is the product to the article coproduct and direct sum. Those are the right articles for this stuff. -lethe talk [ +] 01:47, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
reasons for reversion
I've used my 3 reverts for the day. It's out of my hands. -lethe talk [ +] 03:13, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* 1) We do not need to repeat things twice. The text mentions that the dual of the underlying field is itself. Writing it a second time with more esoteric notation doesn't help anything.
* 2) This is an article about linear algebra. We should not mention anything to do with category theory unless we have to. Scares off readers.
* 3) The appropriate place for discussion of why the dual of a coproduct is a product is in those articles. These facts are mentioned there.
* 4) In my opinion, Jbolden's text makes a discussion longer with without adding anything at all.
* Thank you for discussing rather than just reverting. Remember how this whole section started. I was questioning why it was "obvious" that dim V* > dim V for V infinite. I think we've proven its not obvious. Similarly I don't think that F(sum x) = prod F(x) should be seen as obvious. There are two ways we can prove it. The first is constructive which is what I was doing earlier today (which was my preference). I can do that without any category theory. You then objected that it followed from category theory. So now we have a proof using category theory and the duality.
* But we have not shown anywhere that just because the functors are "dual" that we can use "dual" in the linear algebra sense. If you want to replace "dual" with "transpose" (since we've picked a basis anyway) we can do that but its going to be even longer and more constructive than my first version. Anyway you can't assert something isn't worth explaining because its too complicated and that it is too trivial to be worth explaining.
* I want you to tell me how a sophomore is supposed to understand why that first equation holds true jbolden1517Talk 03:39, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* The text you keep adding (lately) does not explain why the dual of the coproduct is the product. What is the purpose of the text then? It only repeats things which are already said, but in a categorical language. What end does that serve? -lethe talk [ +] 03:48, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* You are equivocating on dual. I'm not trying to explain that the dual of the product is the coproduct. I'm going to use new language to help you see what the problem is. I'll use the the word "star spaces" for spaces mapping a vector space to its underlying field. I'll use the word "reverse arrows" for categorical duals. Your assertion is that the star space of the sum is the reverse arrow of the sum over star spaces. Now written that way is it all clear that its true, much less that it is so obvious it isn't worth explaining? No where in the article do we establish that a star space is a categorical dual.
* Now if you don't like category theory then what was your objection to the constructive proof the last time? jbolden1517Talk 04:00, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* I like category theory. As I have said, I don't think the language of categories should be used in an article about linear algebra unless it has to. In this case, it does not have to. I cannot understand what you're talking about in the other paragraph above. -lethe talk [ +] 04:11, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
I have looked at the most recent versions. Although the difference is small, I prefer Lethe's version. I do not like category theory. Referring to it in this article is disturbing and makes me not want to read the article. JRSpriggs 08:02, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* Then how about addressing the real point. Which of the following options do you prefer:
* No proof / no justification (which is Lethe's argument)
* Element based proof (original from a few days ago)
* Function based proof (from early yesterday)
* Categorical proof
* No one is arguing that #4 is easiest and the shortest if you have the right background (which is a lot). #2 is pretty short and pretty clear but still involves some hand waving. #3 is the longest is a full proof. I just find #1 is unacceptable. jbolden1517Talk 11:09, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
* Here you are arguing again for the inclusion of a proof of the fact that the dual of the direct sum is the direct product of the duals. I will once again point out that the text you're reverting to does not contain such a proof (though an earlier revision did). Anyway, let me say regarding your 4 points, let me again say that #1 is the right option; this is not a textbook, we do not have to prove every theorem. Moreover, even if we did want a proof (which I am not at all convinced we do), this is the wrong article to contain it. -lethe talk [ +] 12:39, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
OK, I have elaborated on the proof at coproduct in painful detail. I have added a brief indication of the idea in direct sum, and I have added a description to this article, of the fact that the dual space is the product, all infinite tuples. I have the feeling that there is too much discussion of this fact. I wonder what others think. -lethe talk [ +] 05:31, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
* jbolden1517, if you want me to respond to your list of suggested proofs, please provide pointers to the specific historical versions and which section they were in. JRSpriggs 06:44, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
Introduction
I do not believe that a reader who is unfamiliar with the concept of dual space will find this article very helpful, even though its content as far as I can see is correct.
* The connection to row and column vectors mentioned in the introduction is not the right way to think about dual spaces. A dual space has nothing to do with the graphical representation of vectors. This connection is perhaps helpful when the reader has a better understanding of what a dual space really is.
* The central idea which should be stated here is that any vector space always has an accompanying space of linear functionals; its dual space. Gradients of multi-variable functions is a good example of a dual space. Also, the dual space is distinct from the original space, e.g., the coordinates of its elements changes in the "opposite" or dual way compared to elements in the original space as a consequence of basis transformations. This will (at best) also give a motivation for why this concept is defined and has to be taken into account in certain calculations.
* The article presents two types of dual spaces: algebraic dual spaces and continuous dual spaces. There is no discussion about their relations or differences. Is the latter only a special case of the former or is it something completely different? Some text in the introduction about this would be helpful.
--KYN 20:46, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
* After doing some more research, it seems that you are confusing the relationship of the dual space with the relationship between covariant and contravariant vectors. Your introduction is completely extraneous to the concept of a dual space. I'm going to revert most of your editing as soon as I find an easy way to do it. 19:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
* The word "motivation" is not used in the section heading to imply that gradients, etc, is the main motivation for dual spaces. The section is intended to provide an example of when dual spaces appear in a natural way, i.e., as a consequence of rather simple and common calculations. I still believe that the article should provide such an example. Otherwise, it will define "dual space" without providing an explanation of WHY this concept is needed. Also, many vector spaces (including all finite dimensional space) are isomorphic to their dual spaces, which may lead to the conclusion that in these cases we can treat elements of the vector space and elements of its dual space on equal terms. This is not true; coordinates of vectors and dual vectors do not transform in the same way when the basis change in the vector space. This is a general observation which doesn't have to be related to gradients. The section which is under discussion here is intended to address both these issues; provide an example of a dual space which can be constructed from a practical problem and demonstrate that elements of the vector space and the dual space must not be treated on equal terms, even if the two spaces are isomorphic. --KYN 22:10, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
* Your example and changes to the introduction were not needed, and serve only to increae the conceptual burden on the reader. The best course of action would be to revert your changes to this article.
* I suggest you look at the articles on wikipedia which reference the dual space article. You will find that such references require the dual space to be a space of linear functionals, not "a space of things that transform a certain way." This transformation example you provide is not needed to understand the space of linear functionals and is unrelated to their effective use. Published literature is the same way. If you disagree, please cite some reference which discusses the dual space as a space of vectors which transform in a certain way. If you can not cite such a reference, then your material does not belong on wikipedia.
* Your terminology and example are seething with contradictions. For one, as I have already pointed out, the gradient of a scalar function is not in the dual space because it is not a linear functional. It is not a function from a linear space to a field. I don't think I can be clearer on that point. Worse than this, the transformation you use is pathological. No one expects even scalar functions to be invariant under the transformation you used (if you do, you need to check yourself); why should anyone familiar with calculus be surprised at the effect of your transformation? Furthermore, the apparent effect of a coordinate transformation (under an appropriate transformation) should be practically invisible when dealing with cartesian coordinates. Why should you expect someone new to linear functionals to have dealt with transformations of any other coordinate system?
* Essentially, you are trying to motivate newcomers to understand a linear space of linear functionals by giving a faulty example of covariant transformations. The introduction which you replaced is much better. Please return the former introduction. 16:06, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
dim (V*) and dim(V)
One of the authors seemed to believe that for dim(V) infinite dim(V*) > dim(V). The easiest example is in another part of the article where for any L^2 space V = V* and thus dim(V) = dim(V*). jbolden1517Talk 19:35, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* For the algebraic dual it is always true that dim(V*) > dim(V) if dim(V) is infinite. The other part of the article you mention is talking about the continuous dual (which is a subspace of the algebraic dual, and often has smaller dimension). --Zundark 20:24, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* Then I think you may want to mention that in the article. This doesn't seem to make any sense. I'm a little rusty but, if you want to be purely algebraic then why use vector spaces and not speak in terms of modules? Why talk in terms of functional analysis (where you need continuity)...
* Also can you give me a quick sketch of proof for greater than cardinality? I"m still not seeing why that's true. For example I'm thinking F_2^Z where F_2 is the field with 2 elements and Z is the integers. Why is the dual space actually larger? jbolden1517Talk 21:00, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* Assuming the axiom of choice, a vector space of dimension k is isomorphic to the coproduct of k copies of the underlying field, while the dual space is isomorphic to the product of k copies. Finite coproducts and products coincide in abelian categories, but an infinite product (which is allowed to have infinitely many nonzero terms) is strictly larger than an infinite coproduct (which may only have finitely many nonzero terms). So for example, the vector space over F2 with countably infinite basis contains things like (1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,....) but not (1,1,1,1,1....). The dual space contains both, and the latter is independent of the former (remembering that independence is decided by finite linear combinations only. Infinite linear combinations are only allowed in TVSes). -lethe talk [ +] 21:07, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* Where is it stated that "the vector space over F2 with countably infinite basis contains things like (1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,....) but not (1,1,1,1,1....)."? My understanding of things like Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces is that there is no requirement that all but a finite number of coefficients vanish. I'll crawl through the product and coproduct articles, but from the naive point of view, these statements are head-scratchers. linas 00:42, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* Thank you! You mind if I put the first two sentences in the article, You actual give a description of the algebraic dual which wasn't in the article. If you are OK with that, mind If I makeone change: I would use "direct sum" rather than coproduct, since that doesn't assume category theory for your argument which you don't need. Thanks again either way jbolden1517Talk 21:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* I would certainly agree that the term "direct sum" is preferable to "coproduct" in an article about linear algebra. -lethe talk [ +] 22:27, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
I have rewritten your section. Comments welcome. I mostly added stuff, didn't remove anything you wrote, just shuffled and rephrased. The one thing I did remove was the examples of tuples from the product and coproduct. I'm not sure they're needed. -lethe talk [ +] 03:54, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* I like your version better than mine. Really good job! A few comments:
* I don't like is the way you phrase the basis issue. You make it seem like: choosing a basis allows us to decompose rather than a decomposition is a basis (by definition). Or in terms of logical implication it reads to me like basis -> decomposition, rather which is misleading since basis <-> decomposition.
* I think I'd drop the choice issue its not needed. basis covers this issue (and in fact includes the proof). Its a side issue about picking basis not about describing dual spaces
* "The structure of the algebraic dual space depends on whether the space is finite dimensional or infinite dimensional." This as phrased is false. No where do we use finite dimensionality in our description of the structure of the dual. Everything we say is true about the finite case....
* jbolden1517Talk 04:34, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* I think I've fixed your number 3, how's it look? The sentence could probably be excised altogether; it was just meant to be an introduction/summary of the section. Number 2, I am pathologically compelled to mention AC every time I use it, so I can't remove it. As for point 1: It's true that an isomorphism between a vector space and a coproduct of the field is equivalent to a basis. It just seems to me that the existence of a basis is more axiomatic (in the original sense of the word, i.e. it's "obviously true"), and therefore a convenient starting point of the argument. We could just as well have started with the existence of an isomorphism, it's true. I like it this way, but if you want to change it, well go ahead, and I'll consider your version. -lethe talk [ +] 15:17, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* I gave an example of the 3 points in the article. I made them easy to separate so you can revert / modify. jbolden1517Talk 16:35, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
I don't think this article is an appropriate place to provide a proof that the dual of the coproduct is the product. That should go in one of those articles. -lethe talk [ +] 19:30, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* That's not what I'm proving. I'm proving that you can pull the * inside the parenthesis by turning sums into products. jbolden1517Talk 19:40, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
Algebraic structure
Similarly, we have the section:
* Structure of the dual space
* The structure of the algebraic dual space is simply related to the structure of the vector space. If the space is finite dimensional then the space and its dual are isomorphic, while if the space is infinite dimensional then the dual space always has larger dimension.
* Given a basis {eα} for V indexed by A, one may construct the linearly independent set of dual vectors {σα}, as defined above. If V is infinite-dimensional however, the dual vectors do not form a basis for V*; the span of {σα} consists of all finite linear combinations of the dual vectors, but any infinite ordered tuple of dual vectors (thought of informally as an infinite sum) defines an element of the dual space. Because every vector of the vector space may be written as a finite linear combination of basis vectors {eα}, an infinite tuple of dual vectors evaluates to nonzero scalars only finitely many times.
Coming from a rather naive background, I find the above paragraphs utterly confusing. For example, the statement: the span of {σα} consists of all finite linear combinations of the dual vectors... ... Huh? Where is it required that the combination be finite? From the articles on Hamel basis and Schauder basis, I am typically used to using a Schauder basis for countably-dimensional vector spaces, so this appearance of a Hamel basis out of thin air is confusing. I suspect that this has something to do with the categorical notions of product and coproduct, based on the discussions above from May 2006, but if this is the case, it is quite opaque.
I am also unable to parse the sentence ... an infinite tuple of dual vectors evaluates to nonzero scalars only finitely many times. because I can't figure out what "evaluates" means in this context. Please fix. linas 01:08, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* The "structure of the dual space" subsection is in the section on the algebraic dual. So we do not have any topology, and therefore linear combinations must be finite and the only basis we have is the Hamel basis. (The whole algebraic/continuous thing seems to confuse a lot of people. I wonder if it might be best to have separate articles for the algebraic dual and the continuous dual, and use the dual space article to give a general overview.) --Zundark 12:20, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* I agree.--CSTAR 14:54, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* Ahh, of course, ... if by "no topology", you mean no vector norm and no metric, so that the convergence of Cauchy sequences cannot be discussed, then yes, I now realize that of course, one can only take finite sums. This just didn't come through in reading the article. I think the algebraic/continuous confusion could be remedied quite simply just by harping on why only the Hamel basis can be used when constructing the algebraic duals. Just state the ground rules, and I think the confusion will go away. I might try "being bold" later on if I get the chance. linas 16:13, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
Confusing/wrong example
The "examples" section currently states the following:
* If V is infinite-dimensional, then the above construction of ei does not produce a basis for V* and the dimension of V* is greater than that of V. Consider for instance the space R(ω), whose elements are those sequences of real numbers which have only finitely many non-zero entries (dimension is countably infinite). The dual of this space is Rω, the space of all sequences of real numbers (dimension is uncountably infinite). Such a sequence (an) is applied to an element (xn) of R(ω) to give the number ∑nanxn.
The statements about uncountablity is certainly wrong, or at least confusing. To make this more concrete, and easier to talk about, consider the space $${\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,\omega}$$ where $$\mathbb{Z}_2=\{0,1\}$$ the set with two elements. Then $${\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,\omega}$$ has a countable basis, and thus its dimension is countable. As a set, it is uncountable: taken as the set of all possible strings in two digits, it is homomorphic to the set of all reals on the unit interval, and thus clearly uncountable. The fact that there are an uncountable number of elements in the set $${\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,\omega}$$ should not be confused with the fact that, as a vector space, it has a countable basis, and thus a countable dimension. (Here, by "countable" I mean countably infinite; I do not mean "finite"). Yet the above example seems to be making exactly this confusion, with R standing in the place of $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$. Can someone please fix this to say what should have been said? linas 00:09, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* Hello linas, long time no see. Unless I'm confused by the notation, I don't think $${\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,\omega}$$ has a countable basis. But you are right, this is confusing.--CSTAR 01:31, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* I've been busy doing other things. I presume $$\omega$$ is countable infinity, and so I envision a basis $$e_k=(0,0,\ldots,0,1,0,0,\ldots)$$ with a 1 in the k'th position and k an integer. So wouldn't that be a countable basis? Its tantamount to saying "the binary expansion of any irrational number has a countably infinite number of binary digits". linas 16:13, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* It's not an algebraic basis for all of the space. That set certainly is linearly independent. However, the only vectors you will get in the algebraic span are those whose coordinates vanish outside a finite set.--CSTAR 16:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* Ahh, I'm starting to get it. This is the same argument as below. This set is linearly independent, but, as a Hamel basis, it fails to span the entire space. Ergo it is not an algebraic basis. Notice that algebraic basis is a red link, and yet its definition is central to the argument. I presume that there must be a proof that no algebraic basis for for such a space can ever be countable; does such a theorem have some famous name? linas 20:03, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
Similarly, the set $$W={\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,(\omega)}$$ of strings with only a finite number of 1's in them is a countable set (its homomorphic to the rationals), and it has a countable dimension. Thus, I'd conclude that both W and $$W^*={\mathbb{Z}_2}^{\,(\omega)}$$ both have countable dimension, but W has a countable number of elements, while $$W^*$$ has an uncountable number of elements. I think this is what the example is trying to say, right? linas 00:28, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
Split?
I suggested above that the article be split into continuous dual and algebraic dual, with dual space being used for an overview article. CSTAR agreed, but there has been no further discussion of this. I am prompted to make the suggestion again after finding that someone inserted the claim that Hilbert spaces are isomorphic to their duals in the section on algebraic duals. I think less confusion would arise if both concepts had their own entries. --Zundark 09:51, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Introduction again
I'm still not satisfied with the current introduction. I tried to rewrite it some time ago, but it was reverted on unclear grounds. Here are my concerns.
* In mathematics, the existence of a dual vector space reflects in an abstract way the relationship between row vectors (1×n) and column vectors (n×1). This statement is at best correct for some specific examples. It is not a general characterization of a dual space. Furthermore, this statement is not very informative for someone not familiar with the concept, and it is not properly explained in the rest of the article. The construction can also take place for infinite-dimensional spaces and gives rise to important ways of looking at measures, distributions, and Hilbert space. The use of the dual space in some fashion is thus characteristic of functional analysis. It is also inherent in the Fourier transform. This could probably be OK, but since the unfamiliar reader has not been told was a dual space is, this information falls to the ground. Also, the connection to the Fourier transform is never explained in the article.
* Dual vector spaces defined on finite-dimensional vector spaces can be used for defining tensors which are studied in tensor algebra. OK When applied to vector spaces of functions (which typically are infinite dimensional) dual spaces are employed for defining and studying concepts like measures, distributions, and Hilbert spaces. Consequently, dual space is an important concept in the study of functional analysis. Why are these statements from the previous section repeated here?
* There are two types of dual space: the algebraic dual space, and the continuous dual space. The algebraic dual space is defined for all vector spaces. The continuous dual space is a subspace of the algebraic dual space, and is only defined for topological vector spaces. Is "subspace" really the correct word here?
Instead I propose the following introduction:
* In mathematics it can be shown that any vector space V has a corresponding dual vector space (or just dual space for short) consisting of all linear functionals on V. Presents a formal definition already in the first sentence which later can be extended and explained. Dual vector spaces defined on finite-dimensional vector spaces can be used for defining tensors which are studied in tensor algebra. When applied to vector spaces of functions (which typically are infinite dimensional) dual spaces are employed for defining and studying concepts like measures, distributions, and Hilbert spaces. Consequently, the dual space is an important concept in the study of functional analysis. A concatenation of the first two paragraphs in the current intro.
* There are two types of dual spaces: the algebraic dual space, and the continuous dual space. The algebraic dual space is defined for all vector spaces. The continuous dual space is a particular or certain type of algebraic dual space which is defined only for topological vector spaces. Same as before, but "subspace" is replaced by "particular/certain type".
--KYN 16:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
* Your previous edits were reverted because they introduced a number of errors, and were generally confusing. And "subspace" is certainly the correct word. I agree that the current introduction is not good. Part of the problem is that it's trying to introduce two different concepts (algebraic dual and continuous dual). I think it would be easier to write good introductions if the article were first split as I suggested above. --Zundark 19:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
My problem with the current introduction's presentation of the continuous dual space as a subspace of the algebraic dual space is that the context in which this is done suggests that "algebraic dual space" refers to a concept rather than (I believe?) to a specific instance of a dual space related to some specific topological space. Maybe it can be written something like:
* There are two types of dual spaces: the algebraic dual space, and the continuous dual space. The algebraic dual space is defined for all vector spaces. When defined for a topological vector space there is a subspace of this dual space, corresponding to continuous linear functionals, which constitutes a continuous dual space.
--KYN 20:12, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
* I agree with most of your changes from a style perspective. I think the new "two types of dual spaces" resolves one major issue I had. Another is that I consider the row and column idea to be vital. The most common informal "definition" for the dual space is about column vs. row vectors and dot products.
* Tensor algebras are defined over modules (that is they can be infinite dimensional) so I think the paragraph as written with respect to finite is incorrect. jbolden1517Talk 21:16, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
Splitting the article into one part devoted to the algebraic dual space and one to the continuous dual space is either way to me. The two concepts appear to be reasonably well related, one is a specialization of the other, and to have them in the same article is not a problem. But since the stuff in the continuous dual space section is rather focused on the various properties of such a space it can also be in a separate article.
About the row and column idea, I agree that this can be used to illustrate how a practical implementation of a dual space may be set up for a particular choice of vector space. But I do not see the row-column idea as a vital thing in order to understand what a dual space is, in particular for the general case. I would like to remove the current wording in the intro since I believe that it does convey something that the "unfamiliar" reader may be able to grasp at that point. I'd rather see that this idea is further developed in the example section.
OK, let's remove tensor algebras from the intro but keep the tensors. Note that the current and proposed text does not exclude the possibility that tensor also may be defined on infinite dimensional spaces.
--KYN 22:57, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
* About the row and column idea, I agree that this can be used to illustrate how a practical implementation of a dual space may be set up for a particular choice of vector space.
* I think you are missing something. This is a linear algebra article. The bulk of the readers will have never heard or understood the definition of an abstract vector space. For them there are 3 vector space the plane R2, euclidean 3 space R3, and coordinate patches on Space-time. For them, the basis is the vector space and thus the dual basis is well defined.
* I certainly think we need to cover more advance topics and more advanced definitions but "column vectors" is simply too key too far too many people to drop that. Frankly if I had to drop one or the other I'd treat the abstract definition as an aside.
* jbolden1517Talk 21:01, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
canonical injection
I was trying to prove that the canonical injection from a vector space to its double dual is indeed an injection. Seems to me that I couldn't do it without choosing a basis (and therefore invoking the axiom of choice). I don't like that. Is there a way to check the injectivity without a basis? -lethe talk [ +] 03:54, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Let $$ v,w \in V$$, and let $$v',w' \in V^{**}$$ be their image under the $$V\to V^{**}$$ map. Then
$$ v'(x) = w'(x)\,\, \forall x\in V^* \implies x(v) = x(w)\,\, \forall x\in V^* \implies x(v-w)=0 \,\,\forall x\in V^* $$ But then $$v-w $$ is in every hyperplane of V, that is $$ v-w = 0$$ jbolden1517Talk 04:49, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* The last step went a little too fast for my taste. How do you show that 0 is the only vector annihilated by all of V*? -lethe talk [ +] 15:22, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Well, if v ∈ V is nonzero, then there certainly exists a linear functional taking v to 1 (since {v} can be extended to a basis and linear functions can be specified on bases), so not all linear functionals can kill v. -- Fropuff 16:09, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* But I think you've used choice to extend {v} to a basis, which is what I'm hoping to be able to avoid. -lethe talk [ +] 16:11, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* You got the same answer twice, it was in the midst of typing the below and....
* Well there is a bunch of proofs. I'd recommend using the Hahn–Banach theorem if $$v-w\neq 0 $$ can define f on the subspace $$\alpha(v-w) \,\,\forall \alpha\in F$$, with f(v-w) = 1, and then extend f as a linear functional to all of V. Then $$ f\in V^* \,and\, f(v-w) =1 $$. Though you do end up picking a basis (but at least you can just cite the result) rather than prove in this article.
* As for your concern about choice you need to use choice. Being able to construct linear functions requires choice. jbolden1517Talk 16:22, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* So in the end, your answer is that choice is unavoidable? In other words, in models where choice does not hold, the map from a space to its double dual need not be injective. I'm not pleased with that, but if that's the answer then I guess I have to accept it. -lethe talk [ +] 16:41, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* Here is hopefully a way of justifying it. You need choice to insure there are "enough" linear functionals (i.e the V* is big). Without choice you could have V* tiny even for big V, which would mean that V** isn't "big enough" to hold V. jbolden1517<sup style="color:darkgreen;">Talk 16:56, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* This is weird. Vector spaces with bases always have bigger dual spaces, while vector spaces without may have smaller dual space. -lethe talk [ +] 17:33, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
* To put it even more starkly: without choice, V* could even be the zero vector space. Geometry guy 14:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
How can the gradient be in the dual space?
I cannot understand this... The space which the gradient belongs to is the dual space relative to the space which $$\mathbf{x}$$ or $$d\mathbf{x}$$ belong to.
The gradient of a function $$f(x,y)$$ is a map from $$\mathbf{R}^2 \to \mathbf{R}^2$$, not $$\mathbf{R}^2 \to \mathbf{R}$$. So the gradient is not a linear functional and can not be in the dual space. Although you could map the gradient to the dual space by $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f \Rightarrow f^*(\mathbf{v}) = \nabla f \cdot \mathbf{v}$$.
20:38, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
* Yes, you are right. Did some modifictions of the text. Have a look, and see if it makes sense. --KYN 21:43, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
* I don't understand what it means to "interpret the gradient as a linear functional." It seems to me that $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f(\mathbf{x}) \in \mathbf{R}^2$$ and the associated function $$F^*(\mathbf{v}) = \nabla_\mathbf{x} f (\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathbf{v} \in \mathbf{R}^{2*} $$ is the associated dual space vector. I see that you could interpret $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f(\mathbf{x}) \cdot []$$ as a linear functional, but not $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f (\mathbf{x})$$ by itself. I added arguments to the gradient function here to make it clear that I was referring to the gradient "at" a specific point as being in $$\mathbf{R}^2.$$
* 14:55, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
* If you see $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f$$ as an element in $$\mathbf{R}^2$$ then this implies that it should transform in the same way as other elements of this space, like dx. The example demonstrates that $$\nabla_\mathbf{x} f$$ and dx transform in "opposite" ways, hence they cannot be elements of the same space. Is this part OK with you? --KYN 19:02, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
* I don't follow this either. If $$\mathbf{x}$$ and $$\mathbf{y}$$ are two elements in $$\mathbf{R}^2$$ and $$\mathbf{L}$$ is a linear transformation from $$\mathbf{R}^2 \to \mathbf{R}^2$$, then $$\mathbf{x}$$ and $$\mathbf{y}$$ will both transform "in the same way" under the transformation $$\mathbf{L}$$. Maybe you could be more explicit about what you mean by "transform" and "in the same way." 22:39, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
* Looking at your example more closely I am even more confused. What exactly do you mean by $$df$$? Since $$f$$ is a multivariable function, the change in $$f$$ will be different depending on which direction you move. One way I would write this is to say $$df_\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{a})$$, which represents the differential change in $$f$$ at $$\mathbf{a}$$ when I move in the direction of $$\mathbf{x}.$$ You are supressing both $$\mathbf{a}$$ and $$\mathbf{x}$$. Now, $$\mathbf{a}$$ is redundant if we are talking about a global effect on $$df$$ (i.e., we are using an arbitrary $$\mathbf{a}$$) so I don't mind hiding that. But if we let $$\mathbf{x}$$ represent the direction, and $$\mathbf{y} = 2\mathbf{x}$$, then I would expect $$df_\mathbf{y} = 2df_\mathbf{x}$$ since I expect $$f$$ to change twice as much if I move twice the distance. I ask again that you be more explicit in the details of your calculation. 04:40, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
* You are right that the discussion presented in the example takes place at a specific point, which we can call $$\mathbf{a}$$; the gradient is evaluated at this point and the displacement $$\mathbf{dx}$$ is relative to that point. However, if we make a change of variables $$\mathbf{y} = 2\mathbf{x}$$, then the chain rule gives
\mathrm{Element} \, i \, \mathrm{of} \, \nabla_\mathbf{y} f = \frac{df}{dy_{i}} = \sum_{j} \frac{df}{dx_{j}} \frac{dx_{j}}{dy_{i}} = \sum_{j} \frac{df}{dx_{j}} \frac{1}{2} \delta_{ij} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{df}{dx_{i}} = \mathrm{Element} \, i \, \mathrm{of} \, \frac{1}{2} \nabla_\mathbf{x} f $$
* and it follows that $$ \nabla_\mathbf{y} f = \frac{1}{2} \nabla_\mathbf{x} f $$. This is a standard result which you can find in any textbook on calculus.
* A less abstract example is as follows: consider an electric field in a 1D space which increases linearly with 1 Volt per meter. This means that the potential gradient (or derivative with respect to position) is 1 V/m. If A and B are two points at 1 meter distance, we get a potential difference between the two points which is 1 [Volt/meter] times 1 [meter] = 1 Volt. Now, if we instead measure the position in inches, the distance between A and B is (approximately) 40 inches (y = 40 x) and the potential gradient is 0.025 Volt per inch (df/dy = 0.025 df/dx). Consequently, the potential difference between A and B is 0.025 [Volt/inch] times 40 [inch] = 1 Volt, which is the same as before and also what we expect. If the potential gradient transformed in the same way as the the displacement, i.e., with a multiplicative factor of 40, then the potential difference between A and B would have to be 40 times 40 = 1600 Volt. This is clearly not correct.
* The example given in the article is only a generalization of this example. We consider a general multi-variable and non-linear (but differentiable) function f and therefore have to restrict ourself to consider the infinitesimal change in f (denoted df) when we move an infinitesimal displacement (denoted dx). --KYN 20:33, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
* I agree that works. But you still haven't made clear what you mean by transform. I thought you were trying to say $$\nabla_\mathbf{y}[f(\mathbf{y})] = \frac{1}{2}\nabla_\mathbf{x}[f(\mathbf{x})],$$ which clearly is not true. Instead however, you are saying that $$\nabla_\mathbf{y}[f\circ \mathbf{x}(\mathbf{y})] = \frac{1}{2}\nabla_\mathbf{x}[f(\mathbf{x})].$$ I made this error because I did not understand what you meant by transform (and I still don't). But now that I know which permutation of variable substitution led you to that conclusion, I can ask why do you think that I would expect those two functions of $$\mathbf{x}$$ should transform the same way? $$d$$ and $$\nabla f$$ are seemingly arbitrary functions of $$\mathbf{x},$$ what do they have to do with the dual space of $$\mathbf{R}^2$$?
* Take for example $$\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathbf{x}$$ and $$\mathbf{G}(\mathbf{x}) = |\mathbf{x}|^2\mathbf{x}.$$ Under the $$\mathbf{y} = 2\mathbf{x}$$ "transformation," I find
* $$\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x}) \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{y})$$
* $$\mathbf{G}(\mathbf{x}) \Rightarrow \frac{1}{8}\mathbf{G}(\mathbf{y})$$.
* Should I be surprised that the vectors $$\mathbf{F}$$ and $$\mathbf{G}$$ don't transform in the same way? Does this make the existence of a trual space obvious to me? Please elaborate on what you mean by "transform" and what this has to do with "dual space." 01:36, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
* Agree with anon here -- dual spaces have nothing to do with gradients; and differential one-forms are not exactly an "easy" example, as they carry all sorts of other baggage. linas 00:28, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
* This discussion is back-to-front and "gradient" is the wrong word here. The correct word is (total) derivative or differential (see also derivative (generalizations)). The differential of a differentiable function from R2 to R at a point x in R2 is the "best linear approximation" to this function near x and is a linear map from R2 to R, hence an element of the dual space of R2. It is well-defined, independent of the choice of inner product on R2 (it uses only the induced topology, which is the same for any norm). The gradient is a way of interpreting the differential as a vector in R2, and makes essential use of the standard dot product (or some other choice of inner product. Hence it is backwards to "interpret the gradient as a linear functional". To put it another way, if V is an abstract finite dimensional real vector space, then the gradient of a real-valued function on V at a point x is not defined, but the differential is, and is an element of the dual space. It is therefore, in my opinion, a very good example of why dual spaces are needed, and you do not need any baggage from differential forms to say this because you are only differentiating a function at a single point. I hope that helps! Geometry guy 15:23, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Structure of the dual space
I was somewhat hesitant to edit this section, as I can see from the discussion and history that it has been the subject of lively debate in the past. However, I think I've been able to both clarify and shorten the treatment. There is still one thing missing here, however: although the dual space is seen to be "bigger", that does not prove it does not have a basis of the same cardinality (although the axiom of choice is needed to see that it has any basis at all!). It would be enough to show that the dual space itself has strictly larger cardinality than the original vector space, but I'm not able to see why that is. Geometry guy 17:39, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* The cardinality is not always strictly larger, but the dimension is (assuming you're talking about the infinite-dimensional case). The proof is not trivial - see either of the books listed in the reference section of the PlanetMath entry dimension formulae for vector spaces. --Zundark 19:29, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
GA nomination
I have reviewed the article having regard to the guidelines set out in What is a good article. I have reached the following conclusions:
* 1) The article is largely well written. In particular, the first half dealing with algebraic duals is clear and should be understandable also to a reader with limited background in abstract algebra provided that he/she is willing to follow the links to the basic definitions. However, the second half dealing with continous duals is not quite yet up to the same standard. Partially this issue has to do with the unclear scope of the subject matter covered in this sections (referred to in 3.2 below). Specifically the subsection Further properties is still more of a stub than a well-written section. In addition, there are undefined technical terms (e.g., anti-isomorphism is neither defined nor linked elsewhere).
* 2) The article is mostly factually accurate. There are no issues with the first half dealing with algebraic duals (except for a slightly misleading statement in the note: weaker axioms than the full axiom of choise suffice to show that RN has a basis; while this may be already splitting of hairs, I would propose wording like "the (usual) proof makes use of the axiom of choice"). However, somehat misleading statements are made in the second paragraph of the Further properties subsection of the second section: the statements therein appear to apply to all topological vector spaces, while they are not true in such generality (e.g., for a non-Hausdorf space the canonical mapping to the bidual is not injective). They would hold for normed spaces, and perhps the intention was to continue discussing only Hilbert spaces. This should be easy to fix. Worse issue is that the article does not cite any references. Pointers to at least a few good textbooks and references should be given.
* 3) The article is not broad in its coverage. This is largely due to its ambitious scope to cover both algebraic and topological duals. My observations are as follows:
* 4) The first section fares quite alright as an encyclopaedia article on algebraic duals of vector spaces. More context for the duality (such as role of algebraic duality in topological (cohomological) duality theorems) could still be added. However, duality for vector spaces is a special case of duality for modules, and treating them in two separate articles would lead to duplication of same constructs, results (partially) and proofs. Keeping duality for vector spaces separate could be justifiable by (i) willingness to keep it together with topological duals or (ii) to avoid introducing too much additional terminology to the vector space case. Either way, the fact that this is a special case should be mentioned and elaborated here or linked to a new article.
* 5) The second section is not ready in terms of coverage even for s short enecyclopaedia article. There is clearly an issue of how broad categories of topological vector spaces to cover — the article begins by encompassing all topological vector spaces, then moves to normed spaces and Hilbert spaces without a warning. The article does not mention the question of which topology to choose for the dual if the space is not normed. And even for normed spaces there are alternatives to the strong topology, which is not mentioned (although weak dual mentioned briefly at the very end). A problem from the viewpoint of editing the article is that duality for general topological vector spaces is not entirely straightforward, but leads to rich structures and quite theory. There could be a case for a smaller scope for this article, but at least that would require that the general (and by no means "academic"!) case be mentioned and linked.
* 6) Neutrality, stability and images are in good shape.
In summary, I have found the article to be good in many respects. However, the issues above are such that I am led to fail the GA nomination for now. I considered "On hold" status instead, but I find it hard to assume that the issues relating to the broadness of coverage on topological duals could be resolved in a week. One option would be to split the article into algebraic and topological duals, in which case the half on algebraic duals could be developed to the Good article level fairly quickly. However, the topic appears to have been discussed above, and reaching consensus on such a decision could take time and likely not be completed in a stable manner in one week either.
As a final note, I think this article is clearly capable of growing into a Good article status and beyond with some more editing.
Stca74 20:48, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
* Wow, excellent review! That's a very good to do list and I'm hard pressed to disagree with any of it. jbolden1517<sup style="color:darkgreen;">Talk 20:53, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
Examples
As far as I can see, we agree that the article needs a simple example which can introduce the reader to the concept of a dual space. However, this does not mean that reflects in an abstract way the relationship between row vectors and column vectors will make sense to the reader who is not already familiar with the concept. I'd rather see that this ambiguous and inprecise statement is replaced by an eample (early in the article) of a space and its dual space, possibly in the form of row and column vectors. Such an example can then provide the "key" which you want. --KYN 23:00, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
* I could go for a few examples. In fact a separate "examples of dual vector spaces" article might make sense. The key problem is that there is an absolutely huge range of readership. We need to cover everything from the dual of R3 to dual spaces as categorical duals. jbolden1517<sup style="color:darkgreen;">Talk 01:03, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
I think the example near the beginning with the arrows and parallel lines is wrong: the result of counting lines crossed by the arrow is a natural number, and the natural numbers do not form a field. --Vapniks (talk) 17:11, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
Duality over the complex field and sesquilinear forms
I notice that the physicists' bracket notation is included, with the claim that it is a bilinear form. That's not quite true, as it is sesquilinear. More generally, I see no mention in the article of the picky issues that occur when working over C, e.g. the fact that a nondegenerate sesquilinear form yields an isomorphism of the dual with the conjugate space, not the space itself. Does anyone think that should be included, or at least mentioned? Or is that more suitable elsewhere? -- Spireguy (talk) 03:27, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
* I have removed the offending passage — or at least I hope it was passage you were referering to. Bilinear forms and sesquilinear forms deserve mention, but I believe it should be done in a separate section, say "Representing linear functionals". I would start with a non-degenerate bilinear form on a finite-dimensional vector space (bilinear over the groundfield, not sesquilinear), and then to mention the "representation theorem" that a non-degenerate bilinear form gives a linear isomorphism of V with its dual space. Sesquilinear forms can then be introduced (still in finite dimensions), and now with the assertion that they define an anti-isomorphism with the dual space. Finally, this can be tied in with the usual Riesz representation theorem and the infinite dimensional case of interest to physicists. Thoughts? siℓℓy rabbit ( talk ) 03:41, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
"Bilinear products and dual spaces" section all finite dimensional
The section called "Bilinear products and dual spaces" starts with the sentence. "If V is finite-dimensional, then V is isomorphic to V*." Further in the paragraph is reads: "If the bilinear form is assumed to be nondegenerate, then this is an isomorphism." not referencing the finite dimensionality anymore. I guess it's need. Should we change the first sentence to something like: "This paragraph concerns itself with finite-dimensional vectorspaces V. In this case V is isomorphic to V*. ...."? -- JanCK (talk) 15:47, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
* Thanks for spotting the problem. I have tried to clear up matters. Tell me if you think this is an improvement. siℓℓy rabbit ( talk ) 16:03, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
example and calculation
Somewhere above people have asked for more examples and I recall one person asking for details on calculating a dual basis. Assuming the following is mathematically correct, do people think it would be useful to add as a further example in the finite-dimensional case?
"Another basis of R2 is $$B = \{ \mathbf{e}_1 = \begin{bmatrix}1 \\ 0\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{e}_2 = \begin{bmatrix}1/2 \\ 1/2\end{bmatrix}\}$$. From the biorthogonality conditions, it is clear that the dual basis of B is given by the rows of $$\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{e}_1 & \mathbf{e}_2 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1/2 \\ 0 & 1/2 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}$$."
digfarenough (talk) 20:36, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
Axiom of Choice
Why does a footnote say that the axiom of choice is needed to show that $\mathbb{R}^n$ has a basis? Infinite dimensional vector space, sure, but finite dimensional? That's wrong, isn't it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:57, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
* It's talking about $$\mathbb{R}^\mathbb{N}$$, not $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. --Zundark (talk) 09:03, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
* Then the fonts need work! I was also fooled and I had to come all this way to find that out. Why isn't this in "image-y" font, like you used? I know it needs to be small, but it also needs to be clear. If changing the font is not an option, then it needs clarification in the form " ... where N is the natural numbers". Episanty (talk) 06:13, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
Injection into the double dual: Clumsy wording
(Infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are not a counterexample to this, as they are isomorphic to their continuous duals, not to their algebraic duals.)
* I'm guessing the intended meaning is: "While this isn't necessarily the case for an infinite-dimensional vector space, a Hilbert space is isomorphic to its continuous double dual." (This statement appears in a section entitled Algebraic dual space, so it's natural to understand an unqualified reference to "dual" as meaning "algebraic dual".) Fomentalist (talk) 15:00, 9 July 2011 (UTC)
Double Dual
There should be more emphasis made that the double dual is only "interesting" in infinite dimensional spaces.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:15, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
Annihilators in the Infinite Dimensional Case
Presently, the article states that: Moreover, if A and B are two subsets of V, then
(A \cap B)^o \supseteq A^o + B^o, $$ and equality holds provided V is finite-dimensional. It's tacitly implied that equality generally does not hold. However, it seems to be an easy exercise to prove equality always holds, by just using the fact that short exact sequences of vector spaces split, i.e., complements to subspaces always exist. In particular, one can decompose V by
* $$V=A' \oplus (A \cap B) \oplus B' \oplus C$$
where
* $$A=A' \oplus (A \cap B), \quad B=B' \oplus (A \cap B).$$
Then given any linear function $$ f \in (A \cap B)^{\circ} $$ we can define functionals g and h by
g|_{A'}=f|_{A'}, \quad g|_{A \cap B}=0, \quad g|_{B'}=0, \quad g|_C = f|_C $$ and
h|_{A'}=0, \quad h|_{A \cap B}=0, \quad h|_{B'}=f|_{B'}, \quad h|_C = 0. $$ Then it's clear that f=g + h and that $$ g \in B^{\circ}, h \in A^{\circ}. $$ <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:31, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
* That seems right to me. The stated result remains true of the continuous dual space, where subspaces need not have complements, but the section under discussion is about the algebraic dual. Sławomir Biały (talk) 21:26, 14 May 2012 (UTC)
"Continuous dual space"
Excuse me, the term "continuous dual space", where is it from? In the theory of topological vector spaces people usually say just "dual space".
I would also like to insert here some facts about this notion. Eozhik (talk) 13:43, 10 November 2012 (UTC)
* See, for instance, the textbook by Kadison and Ringrose on operator algebras, or Steven Roman's textbook "Advanced linear algebra". The term "topological dual space" is probably more common in analysis, though both are definitely used, especially if there is a need (as in this article) to distinguish between the two meanings of the term "dual space". Sławomir Biały (talk) 13:27, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
I am sorry, I forgot about my question of November 2012 (and I did not see your answer of April 2013). I've just changed the title of this section "Continuous dual space" to "Dual space of a topological vector space", because this term -- continuous dual space -- is indeed very rarely used in this theory. I gave references (and I am a specialist in this field).Eozhik (talk) 16:01, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
"amigo space"
Really? I get no hits on Google books. —Quondum 15:25, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
* Removed, no longer relevant. —Quondum 19:22, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
Rename to "Dual vector space"?
In the context of an encyclopaedia, surely the full name "Dual vector space" should be used as the name of the article, and not the abbreviated form "Dual space"? In the context of a discussion of vector spaces, "dual space" is natural and a redirect with the shortened form should be given, but an encyclopaedia is not only about vector spaces. This is especially significant for this article, since "dual" and "space" individually have multiple meanings even when restricted to mathematics, so to combine them could produce multiple sensible meanings, and this article is about only one of these meanings. —Quondum 19:33, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
Remove "Topologies on the dual" subsection?
Subsection 2.5 "Topologies on the dual" of section 2 "Continuous dual space" has only one sentence, referring to another article, "dual space topology". Moreover its reference to using the topologies on the real or complex numbers seems in conflict with the relatively general setting of this article, which presumably concerns vector spaces in general and sometimes refers to properties of the scalar field.
Topologies on the dual space are discussed at more length above this subsection, in the main Section 2. This seems an appropriate place for the discussion because one might think that the dual of a topological vector space (TVS) should be another TVS.
I propose removing Subsection 2.5 and incorporating the link to the article "dual space topology" into the discussion of topologies on the dual in the main part of Section 2.
If someone believes that additional material on dual topologies beyond that already in the main Section 2 discussion, should be in this article under this subsection, that might be reasonable. I am not sufficiently expert to judge, but suspect that a more extensive discussion would most reasonably be left to the article "dual space topology".
MorphismOfDoom (talk) 16:59, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
It has been suggested that Dual basis article be merged into Dual space.
I disagree. If a man wants to know what a dual basis is, it will be not logical to send him to dual space, as dual basis is simpler to understand; only a link to dual space should be given at the beginning. I think I will write some more information about dual basis in the next month, before 2009-06-25, as I am a student myself. Q0k (talk) 00:56, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
* I agree with the proposed move and disagree with the previous comment. Since a dual basis is in particular a basis of the dual space, and no reasonable definition of dual basis can circumvent the concept of dual space, it is hard to see how the latter could be deemed more complicated than the former. Indeed, the first sentence of the Dual basis article bears witness to this logical dependency. Stca74 (talk) 18:53, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
* Disagree--kmath (talk) 00:16, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
* The reason that dual space is more complicated is because there is a lot more to talk about regarding dual spaces than basis. In general we cover this primarily in terms of the infinite dimensional case. Moreover the dual basis article might want to have more detail on Dual_space where we cover the nature of the basis. Also there are topics like constructing basis for $$L^2$$ and subspaces like $$L^1 \cap L^2$$ which are too specialized for this article. I'm not sure what the merge gets either article at this point. I think the merge people need to make an affirmative case. jbolden1517<sup style="color:darkgreen;">Talk 11:35, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
* Well, the proposal being discussed is about merging dual basis into dual space, not the other way round. Obviously a well-rounded article on dual space covers much more than a reasonable article on dual basis. Indeed, the present dual space article covers essentially everything there is in Dual basis. This is in my view the key reason for supporting the proposed merger: it does not make sense to replicate the concise section on dual bases in Dual space in another article; instead, it is better to provide a redirect to this section in Dual space, thus giving at the same time the relevant context for dual basis. The merger would not make sense if either there were a clear reason to exclude discussion of dual bases from Dual space, or if there were significant material worth inlcuding in Dual basis while too detailed for Dual space. However, any good article on dual spaces should include a short section on dual bases (as the present article does). On the other hand, the present Dual basis article does not include any significant material not in Dual space. Whether there were something to add is debatable; only topic that comes to mind is expanding the definition to finite-rank free modules (over base rings more general than fields), but then this is a larger issue about how to best expand Wikipedia's articles on linear algebra to cover modules and not only vector spaces. Stca74 (talk) 19:29, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
I agree with Stca74 here, though I guess it doesn't matter too much if there is duplication of subsections of articles as stand-alone articles. But if you want to know what a dual basis is, and get directed to a subsection of an article which does a perfectly fine job, what's the problem? It seems like you may see how your specific topic of interest fits into the broader picture.
MorphismOfDoom (talk) 17:06, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
Contradiction in ledes
The lede states:"The dual space V* itself becomes a vector space over F when equipped with the following ..." In the article Linear_form {which is referenced in this lede as "linear functional"}, it is stated:"The set of all linear functionals from V to k, Homk(V,k), is itself a vector space over k. This space is called the dual space of V..." These are contradictory, as far as I can see. If additional structure is required in order for a dual space to be a vector space, then the Linear Form article is wrong, if the requirement that each function Φ:x→F be linear (ie Φ(x+y)=Φ(x)+Φ(y) and Φ(ax)=aΦ(x) somehow implies that for Φ,Θ:x→F, (Φ+Θ)(x) = Φ(x)+Θ(x) and (aΦ)(x) = a(Φ(x)) then no additional structure is needed and a dual space is a vector space.(x,y ∈ V; a ∈ F ) Could someone correct which ever article needs it?Abitslow (talk) 21:10, 24 May 2014 (UTC)
* Allowing for a standard degree of fuzziness (e.g., when one refers to the real numbers, is one referring to the set R or the ring (R,+,×)?), there is no contradiction per se. However, I agree that this can and should be clarified in the encyclopaedic context. I expect that the dual space refers to a vector space (i.e. including the additional structure of F-linearity), not only to a set of linear functionals. In particular, the linearity requirement of linear functionals does not of itself imply the existence of the structure that would make it (the set of linear functionals) into a vector space – even though such a structure is natural, it is not part of the structure unless it is explicitly defined. So at a technical level, you are on the money. Both articles can be improved in this regard. —Quondum 22:38, 24 May 2014 (UTC)
* I've tweaked them – see what you think. —Quondum 23:23, 24 May 2014 (UTC)
Kronecker delta
The Kronecker delta symbol in the Finite-dimensional case subsection of the Algebraic dual space section, looks as if it should be $$\delta^i_j$$ instead of $$\delta_{ij}$$, in order to be consistent with the other indices in the equation, as in the dual basis article. — Anita5192 (talk) 06:57, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
* Valid observation. To be internally consistent, the coefficients ci would have to change to ci as well. We need to adopt an upper-and-lower index notation (contravariant and covariant resp., as used in Dual basis), or an all-subscripted index notation for this article (the latter requiring a change for the letter of the dual basis). Any preferences? —Quondum 14:01, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
* Since covariance, contravariance, dual space and dual basis are concepts related to tensors, I think it is somewhat traditional and standard to use the upper-and-lower index notation. However, tensors are not one of my strong areas, so I would like to leave the final decisions and editing to someone else. — Anita5192 (talk) 04:35, 29 July 2014 (UTC)
* Done – at least for that section. —Quondum 04:59, 29 July 2014 (UTC)
* Much better! Thank you! I made a slight modification to align the indices, but other than that, your version looks much more correct than before. — Anita5192 (talk) 05:35, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
* Yeah, while δμν and δνμ are distinct as linear maps (AFAICT they do not inhabit the same space though they are each the other's transpose, so one can write that δμν = δνμ just as one can write Tμν = Tνμ for a symmetric tensor), vertical alignment makes sense in the case of the Kronecker delta, because there is no reason to prefer either as tensors and there is no ambiguity. —Quondum 16:53, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
Halmos' brackets
The article references Halmos as using the bracket notation phi(x) = [phi, x]. However Halmos actually uses the opposite notation phi(x) = [x, phi]. He gives an analogy that y(x)=x^2 is written as [x, x^2] (see section 14 "Brackets"). So I think some other reference is needed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:59, 13 January 2015 (UTC)
annihilator
I already have posted elsewhere, but I should do it mention it too here.
Annihilators on spaces, http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/Annihilator4.html are very important when studying projective spaces, as they help you classify all correlations and thus also the polarities
Now I almost made an annihilator article (note there is already a disambiguation page linking to annihilator in ring theory etc) but then I wondered if it shouldn't be defined here?
Another thing that bothers me is my lack of inexperience with infinite dimensional vector spaces.
A question I'd love answered
Let V be the vector space of all sequences of real numbers in which only a finite number of elements are non-zero. This vector space is not finite dimensional, and any injection into its dual space is a strict subspace (as we'd expect). That is, the dual space of V is isomorphic to the set of all sequences of reals, without the condition that almost all entries be zero. So what is its dual space, V^**? Why is this set strictly "larger" than V^*? The argument in the article relies on there being a basis of V. Can "V^* > V <=> V is not finite dimensional" be proved without using bases? Or does this boil down to some Zorn's lemma argument?
Useful examples?
The first example given here is pretty much useless. It requires no thought and does not give a general method for finding the dual basis of a finite vector space. For anyone learning about Dual Spaces, the example could confuse them even more.
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WIKI
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Wheatley Park School
Wheatley Park School (WPS) is a co-educational state secondary school of approximately 1,150 pupils situated in Holton, Oxfordshire, England about 8 mi east of Oxford. The school has been an academy since May 2014. The school is most notable for producing the United Kingdom's former Prime Minister, Theresa May and the alternative rock band Supergrass.
The school
A grammar school for east Oxfordshire, Holton Park Girls' Grammar School, was founded on the site in 1949. In 1971 Wheatley Park Comprehensive School was opened at two sites with senior and junior divisions, one of which was situated in Wheatley. These two divisions consolidated in the early 1980s on the present site at Holton Park, although the school retained the name Wheatley Park School. The main complex of modern school buildings is located in the former parkland of a Regency house built about 1807.
History of the site
The site was used as a military hospital (specialising in brain damage related injuries) during the Second World War for the US and subsequently British military, but the huts housing the hospital were removed from the site in 2006. It was known as Holton Park Hospital or Wheatley Military Hospital. The US 97th General Hospital officially took command of the hospital on 22 April 1944 in preparation to treat casualties from D-Day and after. The first train of casualties arrived 6 days after D-Day. By 2 August 1944, 1,449 battle casualties had been treated at the hospital. The 97th departed Wheatley on 30 June 1945 and to set up a facility in France.
On the site is an Oak Tree, thought to be up to 1000 years old. It was planted in Anglo Saxon times.
Notable former pupils
* Laura Bailey, model
* Robyn Cowen, football commentator for BBC Sport and Match of the Day
* Bradley Smith, motorcycle racer
Holton Park Girls' Grammar School
* Ann Mallalieu, Baroness Mallalieu, daughter of Sir J. P. W. Mallalieu, and first female President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1967, President since 1998 of the Countryside Alliance
* Theresa May (née Brasier), UK Prime Minister July 2016 to July 2019 and Conservative MP since 1997 for Maidenhead and Home Secretary from 2010-16
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WIKI
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open jaw
Noun
* 1) A fare construction where the destination is not the same as the origin point for the return, or where the origin differs from the return destination.
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WIKI
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#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import numpy import wx import matplotlib.figure from matplotlib.backends.backend_wxagg import FigureCanvasWxAgg class MainWindow (wx.Frame): def __init__(self, *args, **kwds): kwds["style"] = wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE super (MainWindow, self).__init__ (*args, **kwds) self.SetTitle (u"Matplotlib + wxPython") # Дискрет, с которым будет строиться график self._graphStep = 0.01 # Установим размер главного окна self.SetSize ((600, 500)) # Заполнить главное окно элементами управления self._createGui () self.updateBtn.Bind (wx.EVT_BUTTON, handler=self._onUpdateClick) # Нарисовать график self._drawGraph() def _createGui (self): """ Заполнить главное окно элементами управления """ # Элементы управления для ввода минимального значения по оси X # Создание метки и поля ввода xminLabel = wx.StaticText (self, -1, u"xmin") self.xminText = wx.TextCtrl (self, -1, "-10.0") self.xminText.SetMinSize ((200, -1)) xminSizer = wx.FlexGridSizer (1, 2) xminSizer.AddGrowableCol (1) xminSizer.Add (xminLabel, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER_VERTICAL, border=2) xminSizer.Add (self.xminText, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_RIGHT, border=2) # Элементы управления для ввода максимального значения по оси X # Создание метки и поля ввода xmaxLabel = wx.StaticText (self, -1, u"xmax") self.xmaxText = wx.TextCtrl (self, -1, "10.0") self.xmaxText.SetMinSize ((200, -1)) xmaxSizer = wx.FlexGridSizer (1, 2) xmaxSizer.AddGrowableCol (1) xmaxSizer.Add (xmaxLabel, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER_VERTICAL, border=2) xmaxSizer.Add (self.xmaxText, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_RIGHT, border=2) # Элементы управления для ввода sigma # Создание метки и поля ввода sigmaLabel = wx.StaticText (self, -1, u"sigma") self.sigmaText = wx.TextCtrl (self, -1, "1.0") self.sigmaText.SetMinSize ((200, -1)) sigmaSizer = wx.FlexGridSizer (1, 2) sigmaSizer.AddGrowableCol (1) sigmaSizer.Add (sigmaLabel, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER_VERTICAL, border=2) sigmaSizer.Add (self.sigmaText, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_RIGHT, border=2) # Элементы управления для ввода mu # Создание метки и поля ввода muLabel = wx.StaticText (self, -1, u"mu") self.muText = wx.TextCtrl (self, -1, "0.0") self.muText.SetMinSize ((200, -1)) muSizer = wx.FlexGridSizer (1, 2) muSizer.AddGrowableCol (1) muSizer.Add (muLabel, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_CENTER_VERTICAL, border=2) muSizer.Add (self.muText, flag=wx.ALL | wx.ALIGN_RIGHT, border=2) self.updateBtn = wx.Button (self, -1, u"Обновить") # !!! # 1. Создание фигуры self.figure = matplotlib.figure.Figure () # 2. Создание осей self.axes = self.figure.add_subplot (1, 1, 1) # 3. Создание панели для рисования с помощью Matplotlib self.canvas = FigureCanvasWxAgg (self, -1, self.figure) self.canvas.SetMinSize ((100, 100)) # Размещение элементов управления в окне mainSizer = wx.FlexGridSizer (0, 1) mainSizer.AddGrowableCol (0) mainSizer.AddGrowableRow (5) mainSizer.Add (xminSizer, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) mainSizer.Add (xmaxSizer, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) mainSizer.Add (sigmaSizer, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) mainSizer.Add (muSizer, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) mainSizer.Add (self.updateBtn, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) mainSizer.Add (self.canvas, flag=wx.ALL | wx.EXPAND, border=2) self.SetSizer (mainSizer) self.Layout() def _onUpdateClick (self, event): """ Событие, возникающее при нажатии на кнопку "Обновить" """ self._drawGraph() def _drawGraph (self): """ Нарисовать график согласно введенным настройкам """ # Получим введенные значения. # Т.к. это всего лишь демонстрационный пример, проверка правильности ввода простейшая try: xmin = float (self.xminText.Value) xmax = float (self.xmaxText.Value) sigma = float (self.sigmaText.Value) mu = float (self.muText.Value) except ValueError, e: print e return # Координаты точек по осям X и Y xvals = numpy.arange (xmin, xmax + self._graphStep, self._graphStep) yvals = self.gauss (sigma, mu, xvals) # !!! # Удалим предыдущий график, если он есть self.axes.clear() # Нарисуем новый график self.axes.plot (xvals, yvals) # Включим сетку self.axes.grid () # self.axes.legend ([u"Функция Гаусса"], prop={"family": "verdana"}) self.axes.legend ([u"Gaussian"]) # Установим пределы по осям self.axes.set_xlim ([xmin, xmax]) # Обновим окно self.canvas.draw() @staticmethod def gauss (sigma, mu, x): """ Функция Гаусса, которую отображаем """ return 1.0 / (sigma * numpy.sqrt (2.0 * numpy.pi)) * numpy.exp (-((x - mu) ** 2) / (2 * sigma * sigma))
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Michael Jackson albums discography/Archive 1
Presentation
I made the writing smaller on the studio albums section, I think it looks more professional. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:07, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
* I can't agree. But I can see what you mean. I think at the very least that the album titles, and column headers shuld be in a normal sized font. Besides, If you wish to reduce the font size of a table; you can designate so at the top of the table. Chadwholovedme (talk) 11:02, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
General
This page is appaling. Have you seen Mariah Carey's discography page, that's the way this should be.
US chart positions should be updated for his compilations. Highest chart positions should be shown as on the Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart. These albums were too old to re-chart on the Billboard 200 but the new positions shouldn't be ignored as the Comprehensive chart is a more thorough list. MJ had the top 3 selling albums in America following his death - the first time a catalog album outsold the top Billboard 200 album. A second column needs to be made at least to show this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RD09 (talk • contribs) 11:50, 5 July 2009 (UTC)
Order?
Why in the name of God are the Epic alums listed before the Motown ones? --FuriousFreddy 17:24, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
Thriller sales
104 millions copies of Thriller sold?! this is ridiculous. It's around 50 million —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* Sorry, Guinness world records says so...--Ashadeofgrey (talk • contribs) 23:39, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* Yeah I love Michael, but I definitely don't believe Thriller sold the 104 million that Guinness is claiming. When I added up the sales for the countries provided on the Thriller page it's just under 50 million. That's probably at least 80% of the world's music markets right there. Believe me, I would love for it to have sold 104 million, but I'd honestly say it's around 60 million. Either way, it's still the best selling album in the world and I'm happy about that. <IP_ADDRESS> 18:59, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
* 104 million copies of Thriller sold is IMPOSSIBLE! That is inflated by at least x2. Guinness does NOT specialize in album sales. Here are CERTIFIED sales that were not able to be proven in guinness.
* Certified Sales
* USA= 27,000,000 (2005, RIAA)
* Argentina= 577,000 (1999)
* Canada= 2,200,000 (1984)
* Brazil= 1,200,000
* Mexico= 400,000 (1994)
* Total sales in America = ==31,377,000==
* Europe = 8,250,000 (IFPI)
* Certified Sales
* Germany= 1,500,000 (1995) Netherlands= 800,000 (1996) Switzerland= 300,000 (1995)
* Other Sales
* UK= 3,578,000 (2006, OCC) + 182,000 (Club sales until July 1992) = 3,760,000
* France= 1,800,000 (1984) Finland= 90,000
* Other Countries = 2,610,000
* Certified Sales
* Australia= 840,000 (ARIA, 2001)
* Other Sales
* Japan= 1,620,000 (ORICON, 2006) New Zealand= 150,000
* If anyone wants to add on other countries go ahead. But you have to realize that 100 million is impossible, anyone would like to prove me wrong with actual sales from each country feel free to. If anyone has certified sales feel free to post. I tried to site all my sources and dates when they were last certified. For now, I'm putting it at 60 million (which is an extra 10 million for any missing countries which IMO is extremely fair). Ayumi4u 04:16, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
* This is not how wikipedia works, although I agree with you in principle. Actual sales figures are here, which is the most complete list seen. Within wikipedia, you cannot amend detail that has been referenced unless you have a reference that is from a more reliable source. The 104 million sales figure is from Guinness World Records, so it will be near impossible to get a source considered more reliable. Then there is the alternative, to dispute the figure, and put under discussion. But this does not mean that you can automatically amend the page. Then concensus is used to determine what figure to use. The other issue with your correction is that it is at most a guess, thus non verifiable. So you are wishing to replace a referenced verified figure with a non referenced, non verifiable one. For these reasons, the detail should stay - until concensus has been reached. <IP_ADDRESS> 11:18, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
* Well these are certified shipment of sales from ARIA, RIAA, Oricon, etc. These aren't just made up from some Michael fansite. These are actual researched from the official countries tracker for shipments and sales. I can give you the website to each one if you would like to see and add up everything yourself; I thought I was saving you guys some work. "But this does not mean that you can automatically amend the page." Wikipedia does say to be bold and since most people don't respond to my talks (I thank you both for that) I took action and a little explaination why. I will leave it at 104 million, though I still don't see why we are leaving up something that we all know is fake. Guinness book of world records is known for having a lot of claims that are untrue. ex. largest vocal range from Georgia Brown with 9 octaves (G2-G10, which is technically 8 octaves, another mistake). A lot of musical experts say a G10 is physically an impossible note to hit. Anyways, like I said, I'll leave it as is, but I don't understand why we all know this claim is untrue but are not changing it. I'm thinking it might be best to just get rid of it altogether since 100 million seems to be misleading and unbelieveable yet we are writing it in stone. Ayumi4u 22:11, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
Yeah we agree with you: Thriller has not sold 100 million copies. But as the above user explained, making an ontological claim like that is not grounds for changing Wikipedia, mainly because you're making a claim to truth, which is not allowed here. Ideally you go by what's widely reported in reliable sources, and even here the 100 million figure is creeping up in a lot of places, even though it's complete rubbish. But when it comes to record sales, you really can actually go by isolated claims from what sometimes appear to be the most disreputable of all internet sources (even personal homepages have been allowed, among other things).UberCryxic 16:04, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
I hear sales of Invincible are wrong though, more often (The Elfoid 21:01, 21 November 2006 (UTC))
Well, according to Guinness World Records 2008, Thriller has officially sold 55 million copies (according to Epic Records) and 104000000 copies according to Michael's management. According to the article, the exact number of sales is unverifiable, but Thriller still is the best-selling album of all time.Agapitos60 10:11, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
Yes, Guinness confirmed that the RIAA & Sony gathered information to come up with the grand total of 55 million - which is the most accurate. I think 104 million is a strange claim, I mean the 4 million is completely irrelevent next to the 100 million. They could've said with sales reaching over 100 million. In Michael Jackson's booklet for The Ultimate Collection, it claims Thriller is the best-selling album of all-time with 47 million copies sold - and that was released in 2004. Guinness claimed 55 million in 2007, that means Thriller sold an additional 8 million copies in three years to reach 55 million - I think even that number is too high. The majority of the records Thriller shifted were in the 80s. With 20 million sold in the U.S alone through to October 1984, and an additional 7 million through to April 2005, making 27 million U.S sales. By the time he released Bad in August 1987, Thriller was estimated as having sold 40 million copies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:43, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
I don't see why people dispute this??? If you are talking worldwide, which I think this is what the figure is based upon, I can see this being possible! US now has a population above 300 million people... this makes it even more possible, even if only 10 or 20% of the people bought this album which I see is highly possible. Then add on the other highly populated countries, UK, Australia and the overly-populated country of China! NiteHacker (talk) 05:04, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Agreed. I don't see why it is so far fetched for an album (especially Thriller) to sell over 100 million copies. If just one person from each family in the US bought one then it would reach over 100 Million. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:18, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
I agree with those who say those figures are ridiculous. An album that sells 27 million CERTIFIED copies in the US CANNOT have sold almost 80 in the rest of the world. Generally an album by a global best-selling artist sells as much in Europe as in the US, which would explain a 50 something figure. Now, everybody knows that the US and Europe are the 2 main markets for music. So, how can you explain the other 50 million copies that it has allegedly sold. It's just nonsense. As with any figure about Michael Jackson, numbers are ridicoulously inflated. Everyday his label, his entourage or his fans come up with new outrageously high figures without any fact to back them up apart from their claim that it's logical since they're attached to what they call the "king of pop". And yet everybody else takes them for granted without any logical analysis or investigation about their truth. The label says those are the figures and they're THE TRUTH. But am I the only one in the world who thinks that a label has every interest in inflating figures just to make their artist appear as bigger and more legendary than he is, thus prompting sales? Or does everybody have to be a fan of Michael Jackson and take those figures as true, even when they're illogical?Dreamboy81 (talk) 20:59, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
Hmm? Sounds more like you are talking about the Presley label and the "fans" regarding "outrageously high figures" - which are most definitely "illogical", without "any facts" apart from their "claim" and a self-awarded plaque hanging on Graceland wall, for their claimed sales estimates...Never see anyone putting much effort into disputing that, though.
Only thing I can say regarding WORLDWIDE sales of Thriller, is to agree with one of the other posters, in that it wouldn't be that far-fetched, I mean it STILL does well in the unofficial charts - STILL sells, and it IS OVER 30 years since it was released. Not sure about the 110 million, but would well believe it could have sold over 70 million, worldwide, at least, by now. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:18, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
I completely agree here. The closest thing to reliability we have for music sales is certifications, and the certifications contradict the 100 million claim. To suggest a figure so much more ludicrously large is ridiculous. I also checked some of the sources, and was surprised to find that the single source supporting the 104 million sales is a brief blurb at the bottom of a photo gallery image from BBC China. The BBC is not an unreliable resource, but don't you think that this particular part of it being used is drawing a fine line? Anyway, there is plenty of reliable sources out there claiming a figure of around 50 million to 60 million, and I will add some below this post soon. Hitthat (talk) 20:10, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
Here are some source claiming that Thriller sold around the 50-60 million mark:
* http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59Q59D20091103
* http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson.legacy/index.html?iref=allsearch
* http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jun/28/michael-jackson-life-death-music
Hitthat (talk) 23:19, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
I've changed the figure using the three sources. If anyone disagrees, discuss it here Hitthat (talk) 05:39, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
Some countries aren't updated and other countries haven't got an organization that certifie, or certifie only the albums published from a date. The sales of the album are between 70 and 110 million copies worldwide:
* http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616537/20090720/jackson_michael.jhtml
* http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/6431385/Michael-Jackson-fans-dance-to-Thriller-across-the-globe.html
* http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/indepth/thrill-the-world-2009-sees-thousands-turn-out-to-honour-michael-jacksons-song-thriller/story-fn3i5h5v-1225791111285
* http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/from-canada-to-argentina-jackson-fans-shake-to-thriller-1809766.html
SimoneJ. (talk) 21:40, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
To suggest that Michael Jackson's record company would leave records uncertified is ludicrous, they would have made sure that they got every certification possible in order to promote Michael. Also, while many countries lack orginisations that certify sales, none of these countries represent a market that is large enough to make dent Thrillers sales. All major markets are covered with their certifications, and began their certifications system prior to the release of thriller, so they would've netted all of the sales in the certifications. It is incorrect to suggest that large numbers of thriller sales have gone uncertified. These certifications show that the album could not have sold more than sixty million at the very most.
* Since both figures have decent support in the media, perhaps we could have a compromise; we could put both figures up (supported with the same number of sources each), and have a note at the bottom that states that there is no consensus in the media about the figures and that estimates range from 50 million-110 million. Hitthat (talk) 23:56, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
Maybe it's better 60(or 65)-110 million than 50-110 million. SimoneJ. (talk) 16:01, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
I don't mind doing that, but the problem is that my sources that I found all say 50 million. Anyway, I'll put it up there with 60 million-110 million, and I'll include two of your sources in addition so both figures have three source to back them up. Maybe someone in the future will complain that I'm stating sixty million when my sources say fifty million, but for now I don't mind this comprimise Hitthat (talk) 20:28, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
I've got a source that claims 65 million copies worldwide. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7448908.stm SimoneJ. (talk) 23:05, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
I'll put all three figure's up there. They are all properly sourced and do accurately show the range of figures being commonly used. As there are so many vertifiable figures I don't see any issues with having them all, in my opinion it makes the encyclopedia more accurate. Hitthat (talk) 10:17, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
It's not needed to post 3 sources per sale. One for every sale is better. Also because in this source:
* http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson.legacy/index.html?iref=allsearch
there are some info uncorrect. For example, HIStory that sold 7 million copies. It's fake, only with the US and European sales (certified by RIAA and IFPI), HIStory sold over 9,5 million copies. Also in this source:
* http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jun/28/michael-jackson-life-death-music
Thriller went to the 1 in the 1983 and 1984, not in 1982 and 1983. SimoneJ. (talk) 12:25, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
Ok, I'll cut back to using one source for each figure. I'll use reuters for 50 million, and I'll use MTV for 110 million. Hitthat (talk) 19:57, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
Also, when dealing with multiple estimates, its better to have all the estimates showing rather than a range. A good example of that is with the Michael Jackson sales here. After all, you never here people say that thriller sold 80 or 90 million, only ever 100 million plus or somwhere between 50 million and 70 million. Hitthat (talk) 20:09, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
I think that's better to post the BBC China for the 110, because it was the first source to claim that Thriller sold 110 million copies worldwide. Ah, where is written title, we must write the title of the article of the source, not the sales of Thriller. SimoneJ. (talk) 22:31, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
No problem. Thanks for fixing up the sources names. Hitthat (talk) 22:54, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
Perfect! SimoneJ. (talk) 02:58, 23 December 2009 (UTC)
United States Sales of Thriller
Have there been any updates to Thriller's sales in the United States. Since it turns out that the album has sold over 104 million copies worldwide, it should have replaced The Eagles Greatest Hits album as the number one album in the U.S. by now. Does anyone have any info on this?--Stardust6000 03:18, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
* It's still 27x Platinum I think. I'm quite skeptical about the Guinness figures, but if they are true, they would have been mostly driven by foreign sales. MJ is still huge all over the world, even though he has declined in the US.UberCryxic 19:39, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
You know, a band has to PAY the RIAA for certification I believe. They certainly have to request it. (The Elfoid (talk) 02:30, 15 December 2007 (UTC))
Invincible sales
Where is the 11 million figure for global sales coming from? Almost all sources I've seen say 8 million.UberCryxic 05:38, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
Indeed, the source looks completely unreliable to me. How can the album have sold 13 million copies worldwide when only 2 million in the US and 2 million in Europe have been certified? How can an album possibly sell 2 million in the US, 2 million in Europe and 9 in the rest of the world? It just doesn't make sense. It doesn't happen for any album of any artist and the fact that it was an album by Michael Jackson doesn't explain anything. In addition, the source looks completely fake. It's an article written in the post-death euphoria and it's certainly based on figures provided by the label. Figures that have certainly be highly inflated, like almost all figures about Michael Jackson, that have always been arrogantly declaredby his label, his fans and his entourage without any verification whatsoever and any fact supporting them. That album was a flop for that period. Certainly not for today's standards, whereby an album that sells 5 million copies worlwide is a huge success, but back then a REALLY successful album managed to sell 10 million. "Invincible" didn't. Again, it sold 2 million in the US and 2 million in Europe. And everybody knows that the US and Europe are the main markets for records, therefore they make up most of the worldwide sales of an album. So, can anybody explain how the album could have possibly sold 13 million given those poor sales in the US and in Europe? And can anybody back up his claims WITH FACTS IN HAND AND NOT WITH AN ARTICLE COMING FROM THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE? Thank you.Dreamboy81 (talk) 20:48, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
Well, Confessions on a Dance Floor of Madonna sold 2 million copies in the USA and 10 million copies worldwide, is not impossible. USA is the biggest market, but not the only one in the world.--XtinoFrost (talk) 20:09, 21 May 2012 (UTC)
thriller sales
the album thriller sold about 65 million, however all the singles released such as billy jean,beat it,pyt these singles sold over 5 million each and billy jean single sold an estimated 7.8million copies
Sales for Thriller are a mess right now; no one has any idea what the precise figure is. It's somewhere between 60 million and the Guinness figure, but what exactly is up in the air.UberCryxic 05:53, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
Including Singles
Thriller has sold 104 million copies INCLUDING single sales. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:05, 28 April 2007 (UTC).
Guinness made it explicitly clear that they were talking about album sales only.UberCryxic 15:42, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
Well, according to Guinness World Records 2008, Thriller has officially sold 55 million copies (according to Epic Records) and 104000000 copies according to Michael's management. According to the article, the exact number of sale is unverifiable, but Thriller still is the best-selling album of all time.Agapitos60 10:08, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
Both the albums and singles discography pages of Michael's need to be edited severly, lol
...and I'm saying that in respect to whoever worked their hardest to make the thing look as "varied" as they try to. It just look out of order to me. BrothaTimothy (talk · contribs) 04:44, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
Sales figures and RIAA certification
A lot of people confuse the RIAA certifications for actual album sales. The RIAA keeps track of how many numbers of albums are shipped, not necessarily sold. Sometimes, the actual sales figures will differ from any RIAA certification it might have. Sometimes they're higher, sometimes they're lower. Take the 25th anniversary release for Thriller, it came out in Feb. of this year and is listed at having sold 530,000 + copies, but there's no certification listing in the RIAA gold and platinum database. And, since there no sources for any of the sales, with the exception of thriller, anybody can just make up whatever figure they like and toss into the article. Something that's done to a lot of discography articles on a regular basis.Odin's Beard (talk) 23:20, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
Studio albums
Why is the Studio albums section split in two? I know his career moved up a gear with "Off the Wall", but I don't see any reason why the albums should be separated. --Tuzapicabit (talk) 02:58, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
* I agree, I've also noticed that the worldwide sales figures have disappeared on many of the sections, and they were accurately sourced too. I can't find who removed them in the edit history...— Realist 2 03:08, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
* I've just gone ahead and merged the albums - I didn't see it as a particularly controversial edit. Don't know where the sales figures went, but in my experience these discography pages are the hardest to keep track of with people making edits all the time, usually to bump up the figures by the odd million. --Tuzapicabit (talk) 05:30, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
* I have this article watchlisted so anything that isn't sourced I revert. I just can't explain where they went to, they were there before...I have reliable sources for the sales figures but I'm no good with tables. If I provide you with the sources could you reinstate them on the table? — Realist 2 11:15, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
* Yeah sure. Give me the numbers and links and I'll put them up.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 16:54, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
OK, here they are, I took the sources from the Michael Jackson article, since it's a featured article they are good sources. You just have to copy and paste the formatting in. The Taraborrelli sources are from a book and I've already added the book details to the article.
* Off the Wall = 15 million
* Thriller = 108 million
* Bad = 30 million
* Dangerous = 30 million
* HIStory = 18 million (36 million units)
* Invincible = 10 million
Cheers. — Realist 2 19:10, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
* Already done. — Realist 2 21:19, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
Where is list of singles?
Where is list of singles?--Akim RU (talk) 18:22, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
* This is an album discography. The singles discography is here. :) — Realist 2 18:33, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
Implausible
This picture and this edit seem implausible. I searched for references on this but found none. Please provide them promptly. I'm posting this on editor Infamousmikey's talk page as well. Newportm (talk) 14:51, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
The Ultimate Collection.... 32 DVD boxset?
Hi
If you google "Michael Jackson - The Ultimate Collection 32 dvd", results show a box set of 32 dvds in a briefcase-type box. Is this an official release? Does anybody know anything about this boxset? It is even available, though through a different seller, on amazon.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brian1411 (talk • contribs) 17:28, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
* I believe it's a bootleg. Pyrrhus 16 ''' 17:32, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
Album - 7even and Diverse
I was just wondering how come the album "7even" was not included in this page??? I have the album, but when I tried to research the official release date I can't find it. Neither can I find the official sales number. This is the same case with the album "Diverse", except for the fact that I know it came out on 1975, according to one source, but I am not sure if it is true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Twilight Knight Mage (talk • contribs) 19:58, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
That's because "7even" is not a real Michael Jackson album. That was a fake album recorded by a soundalike named Jason Malachi, mixed with a couple Michael Jackson rarities. No physical copy of this album seems to have been released. As for "Diverse", judging from a copy of that album I found a BitTorrent site, there is *no way* that could have been released in 1975, since it has Jacksons material from the Eighties! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:18, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
This Is It
Again, I think objective people are made fun of. How can this album have sold 2 million CERTIFIED copies in just a month and a half? In general, it's not impossible for an album to sell that much. But "This Is It" peaked at #1 and spent the rest of its 6 weeks at the bottom of the top 10. How can it possibly have sold as much as Taylor Swift's "Fearless" in just 6 weeks, considering its tepid performance? Taylor Swift's album has managed to sell 2-3 million copies staying in the top spots of the Billboard 200 for ONE YEAR!!! It's obvious that the figures have been inflated. Again. It's true that RIAA certifications are the only reliable figures that exist for the US market, but it's also true that they're based on declarations by the record label about the number of units shipped. Am I the only one who thinks that his label has made up figures again? Certainly, those figures are not backed up by the unimpressive chart performance of the album. So where do they come from? It's appalling. It seems to me that all the figures concerning Michael Jackson have been unbelievably inflated by his label and his entourage and, obviously, been embraced as pure truth by his fans. What's discomforting to me is that even non-fans have embraced them as if they were the Gospel without ever questioning them and investigating the facts that should support them. It's as if we'd all been hypnotized and couldn't use our logical and critical skills anymore. Dreamboy81 (talk) 21:20, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
Dreamboy81, yes, this album has definitely not sold 2 million copies. But certifications are given based on the number of units shipped, not sold. So whats probably happened is that the label has shipped two million or so albums to the stores, either believing that they would sell far better than they have, or (more likely) expecting them to sit on the shelves for a long period of time and gradually be sold. But remember, certifications are awarded for copies shipped to stores, not sold!!! As these copies have already been shipped, the label has paid for the RIAA to certify them. This doesn't mean that they have all been sold, and as the chart run show, most of them definitely haven't been sold. So theres nothing wrong with the certification, though its does show that you can't assume that certifications are evidence of the number of copies sold, especially if it is quite soon after the albums release. And yes, the tag in the sales column saying that it has sold 2,000,000 copies in the US should be removed. Hitthat (talk) 23:09, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
Page Style
I cut the album listings into two sections, "certifications" and "chart positions". The reason for this is the page looked VERY cluttered with all the information in one table. The most common screen resolution is 1024x768 so all pages should AT LEAST be compatible with that.
User:Simone Jackson, you said I included "fake" Japanese sources. But the only sources I included were sources which were already on the page when I started editing (which was a week ago).
I did remove Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand because there is limited room on the screen. If I added any more, the table wouldnt fit for users with a 1024x768 screen resolution. My rational behind choosing to remove those specific countries is the fact that those countries had the least record sales on average.
It still needs a lot more work, but its a whole lot better than the previous layout.
cubfan789 (talk) 15:52, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
That's the Wikipedia standard. All discographies on Wikipedia have got that style and thanks to it we can post all certifications and sales.
That Japanese sources claims only chart positions and some sales, not the certifications. Furthemore, according to RIAJ rules, only the albums released from 1989 can be certified and you write certifications also for that albums.
The other countries are useful for the total and a correct vision of the sales of an album, also because the worldwide sales that we meet in the articles are often inflated. Thanks to the certifications (or sales) we can know the real worldwide sales. Every country has got an its importance. We can't snub a country only because it's not big at least than Germany or France.
Furthemore, your table can't include the sales of the certifications (in some countries the level of the certifications is changed), with a note with updated (not certified) sales, but only one of them. Simone Jackson (talk) 17:41, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
'''Here are the two layouts. Vote for which you think is better:'''
* Number 1: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_album_discography&oldid=336617182
* Number 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_album_discography&oldid=336734975
Responses:
* Number 2 by cubfan789 (talk) 03:47, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
* Separating the "certifications" and the "chart positions" should make it easier not harder to include more countries. As a compromise I propose the seperation with the inclusion. Sole Soul (talk) 04:42, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
Yes, but with the cub style (in the certifications table), we can't add other certifications for the other countries. Infact, he removed Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand, Finland etc... If we want to separate the certifications, is better to do a table with another style. For example:
Simone Jackson (talk) 14:14, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
I see a couple problems with that layout:
* 1: It takes up too much vertical space
* 2: Album-to-album comparison is hard to do and even country-to-country comparison for a specific album is hard to do.
It is better to have 8 countries spaced neatly than to have 11 countries all jammed together. Cubfan (talk) 18:31, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
The certifications (or updated sales not certified) country by country are important for the real total sales of the albums, because the worldwide sales published by newspapers are often inflated. Every country has got an its importance and to exclude someone only because is not enough big is not really good. For the comparisons album-to-album haven't got much sense (according to me). You can't compare the cumulative sales of an old album (the old albums have got updated certifications) with the sales of an album in its era. It's obvious that the old album sold more records in 30 years (for example) respect to a new album. If you want to do a compare, you would to post the certifications of the albums in their respective era. Simone Jackson (talk) 21:00, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
Read it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DISCOG We must respect the Wikipedia standard. Now, i can modifie. Simone Jackson (talk) 00:16, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DISCOG#Ignore_all_rules
Every artist is different, and therefore no two discographies will be exactly the same. Therefore, if there is a reasonable justification for deviating from the above guidelines to most accurately or appropriately document an artist's body of work, then ignore all the rules and go with what's best for the article. It is our goal to provide information in the best way possible, so a strict adherence to the guidelines listed above may not always be the best way to accomplish our goals.
Your page style looks horrible. Connecting the Sales/Certifications to the Chart Positions is fine when you are only listing the Sales/Certifications of 1-3 countries, but when you add more than that it becomes a mess. Thats why I split it.
cubfan789 (talk) 20:58, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
The your split include only some countries, not all. Furthemore the sources of the certifications of the your table aren't used well. For example, Japan Certifications (that source claims only chart positions and some sales not certified), French Certifications (in France after the 3x Platinum there is the Diamond Award, not 10x Platinum) etc... You removed also the certifications for the Compilations. The Wikipedia standard is more complete. SJ (talk) 22:26, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
All that can be fixed while still maintaining the new layout. I'm working on a huge edit right now
cubfan789 (talk) 23:42, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
And until that moment we should have an incomplete page with fake informations? No, thanks.
* I looked that it's not the first time that you don't follow the Wikipedia standard http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Cubfan789&limit=500&action=history
All users and editors warned you, but you nothing...
SJ (talk) 16:08, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
Ok look. Ive only received two 24 hour bans out of the three years Ive been editing. It's mostly because of disagreements I had with people like you who have no sense of aesthetics.
Every artist is different, and therefore no two discographies will be exactly the same. Therefore, if there is a reasonable justification for deviating from the above guidelines to most accurately or appropriately document an artist's body of work, then ignore all the rules and go with what's best for the article. It is our goal to provide information in the best way possible, so a strict adherence to the guidelines listed above may not always be the best way to accomplish our goals.
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DISCOG
cubfan789 (talk) 20:13, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
They are three http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=block&page=User%3ACubfan789 and the people that disagree with you are in all categories (user, moderators etc...). Your method can't be approved without a discussion. Until that time, we must to use the Wikipedia Standard. SJ (talk) 23:35, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
This is not about me, this is about whats better for Wikipedia. You say "you must discuss before making changes" and I have. You just dont like my style. If you would like to get more people into this discussion then do it.
cubfan789 (talk) 01:27, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
No, becuase that style wasn't approved by nothing. Only you agree with your style, infact you were banned 3 times for this reason. Ah, it's not my IP address. You can also to ask to the moderators for to check. SJ (talk) 14:07, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
Stop this man. This is NOT about me and my past. All I care about is making Wikipedia better. 95% of the time I follow the rules, but there are times, like this instance, where going by the rules is not the best solution. If you would look at the page with a 1024x768 screen resolution you would see how unorganized it looks. Do you not agree with the statement, "It is our goal to provide information in the best way possible, so a strict adherence to the guidelines listed above may not always be the best way to accomplish our goals"? According to that rule I am following the rules.
Feel free to bring more people into this discussion. I dont know how to get more people.
About the IP address: I honestly dont care if that was you or not. The fact of the matter is the IP came from Italy. So it could have been you at your friends house or you could have reset your IP or something.
cubfan789 (talk) 13:36, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
Yes, but without a discussion with more users and moderators, you can't modifie an entire page. That page would be written with the Wikipedia standard until that your style will approved by community. Furthemore your style removed infos in the non-studio albums sections and certifications in other countries. Also the content of the page is in error for the sources that claim other facts. Your style need of some corrections, otherwise, we would to divide the albums discography in two pages: chart peaks and certifications.
For to contact other people, we would write to them in talk page for to invite them at the discussion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Michael_Jackson
I'm not that IP address, is sure and he (she?) is not my friend. Wikipedia English is the best platform of Wikipedia in the world. It's normal that the people from other countries come here. SJ (talk) 16:07, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
So you dont mind splitting it, you just want all the sources corrected? Cuz Im working on fixing all those right now.cubfan789 (talk) 16:35, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
If there will be the split, ok, but it must include all countries in the certifications and all infos sourced correctly, not some fake infos sourced uncorrectly. According to me, the best split is to divide the albums discography sections in 2 pages: Peak positions and certifications and not to do a split in an entire page. SJ (talk) 21:28, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
Some suggestions:
* Do not do mass changes. Instead, try one change per edit with clear edit summary or explanation here. If you want to change a table format do that alone.
* Try hard not to revert. And try harder not to revert every change the other user does. You better have a good explanation for your reversion, not just "there is no consensus for your change".
* If your change is likely to be contested, move the part you want to edit to the talk page. This way the other editor is more likely to engage with you calmly.
* Address the concerns of the other editor, try to compromise, ask the other editor about their opinion. Sole Soul (talk) 03:20, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
Before your message, i suggested to split the albums discography in 2 pages, one for the charts and one for the all certifications of all countries. To split only in one page is not very good because to include all certifications in a page make it very long or like in this case, force to post only some certifications. SJ (talk) 15:29, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
Page lock
I have gotten the article page lock until you guys figure out what you guys are doing !!! This is done neutrally without endorsing any one editors version..It has been placed so that a civil conversation can take place..As of now the page is locked until January 23, 2010 ...if this occurs again after this date the lock will be extended.. I would suggest you guys bring this up here-->WikiProject Michael Jackson - Talk page...anyways hope you guys figure this out soon!!! ............Buzzzsherman (talk) 18:02, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
Splitting The Page
The question we are trying to resolve is if the Michael Jackson albums discography article should be split into two pages. We are so far even when it comes to "Support" or "Against" the split. We simply need a few more outsiders to give us there view on the matter so we can move on with other Michael Jackson WikiProject tasks.Buzzzsherman (talk) 19:25, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
Who's in favor and who's against it? cubfan789 (talk) 11:41, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
Favor, because it's very tidy and can include all informations for charts and sales. To split only in one page is not very tidy and can't permise to post all informations for charts and sales. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_albums_discography_%28peak_chart_positions%29&oldid=344010148 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_albums_discography_%28certifications_and_sales%29&oldid=344010160
* One page is good with the Wikipedia Style (without a split). Simone Jackson (talk) 14:58, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
* Support : I think the option that offers more information would only make sense.. no? Not sure about 2 pages, however it is already saying This page is 63 kilobytes long. meaning its getting a bit to long already -->Article size...So i see the new layout is adding info am i right?..looks sourced and nicely layout ...and seeing the fact that we have trusted Simone Jackson edits and recognizes hes the main contributor since 2008...Pls explain what the problem is?? Buzzzsherman (talk) 08:22, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
* Against : 63kb is nothing. The page "Michael Jackson" is 153kb. Even WITH Simone Jacksons split, the certifications page is still vertically larger than my version. You dont need to list countries with only 20,000 record sales. If there was a way to list them efficiently then I would do it, but there isnt. No other artist has information on 15 different countries, most of them just have information on 2-4. So I think the top 8 countries for Michael Jackson is enough. Simones arrangement is a huge mess. cubfan789 (talk)
* Support : An encyclopedia must be complete and not partial (or with fake informations). Every certification for every country would be posted, also because some worldwide sales that we found on various newspapers are often inflated. Furthemore you removed the certifications from Compilation and some certifications and sales that you posted are fakes. For example the Japanese Certifications (the source claims only some sales, not the certifications, also because the albums released before 1989 can't certified by RIAJ), or French, German and Mexican Certifications (the sources claim other Gold/Platinum/Diamond awards for these albums). Furthemore, there isn't a table for the uncertified sales, that you written in the table such as certified sales (look to Blood on the Dance Floor in Germany, or Invincible in the United States). The page results incomplete and with fake informations. SJ (talk) 14:59, 1 Feb. 2010 (UTC)
* Against. Is it really, really important to include all sales and certifications in every countries? They already present in each articles of the albums, so it's not worthy to be in this list. Look at Madonna albums discography, there are only certifications of world's biggest music markets. I suggest the certifications are reduced: only US, UK, AUS, CAN, JAP and EU Bluesatellite (talk) 02:26, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
* If we include all certifications for every country in one page, the people can view the trend of every album country by country without click on every them (and it's very comfortable). However, you missed France and Germany by the most important markets (and are most important than Canada and Australia). SJ (talk) 00:39, 5 Feb. 2010 (UTC)
* Absolutely right, Germany and France is the fourth and fifth biggest music market respectively. But, as I mention above, "EU" will cover all sales in Europe, including France and Germany. We also don't need to mention minor markets such Hong Kong. Also, I see there are many compilation albums on this list which is totally unsouced (I think most of them are bootleg, that are not worthy to include. That's why the size of this article become so huge. Just reduce the certifications and remove unsourced material or bootlegs Bluesatellite (talk) 11:34, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
* The albums released prior to 1994 can't be certified by IFPI for the IFPI European Platinum Awards. http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat_criteria.html It's needed to mention all countries because an encyclopedia would be complete and easy to read (an example, to use a page only for the certifications. So a person can read all certifications without click on every album). Most compilations are sourced (also only with chart positions or certifications), only someone is not supported by source. SJ (talk) 15:40, 6 Feb. 2010 (UTC)
* So you really want to do ALL countries? ALL countries as in all 52 of them? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_sales_certifications cubfan789 (talk) 15:06, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
* They aren't 52, because some countries certifies from the launch of the awards (for example in Russia, the albums released after 2002, or in Japan from 1989), other countries haven't got a database, other countries have got only in-house awards (like in Italy. FIMI compiles only the charts with retail sales. I written to them for to ask if there will be a database with certifications and they answered to me that FIMI doesn't certifie and that in Italy there are only in-house awards). After, if you count that some countries are very poor...the list of the countries would be circa 20 or 22 (only for the studio albums. The compilations sold very less, max. 6 countries).
SJ (talk) 23:36, 7 Feb. 2010 (UTC)
Against. I can't find the discography on wikipedia that is separated into peak position list and certification list. Wikipedia is not fansite where all things should be listed. Baratayuda (talk) 03:35, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
* No, but it's an encyclopedia and an encyclopedia would be complete in every info. However, the discography is equal in both page. The only different is that one has got certifications and one has got peak chart positions. SJ (talk) 13:07, 14 Feb. 2010 (UTC)
* Support : What a very strange pool is this? I don't find in other pages about Michael jackson Discography all over The Net so many data. In the next years maybe we have to uptade their data with Korean and Chinese. Do you really think that anybody will be able to read it?. Obviously you know that Michael Jackson is a world phenomenon, and I think that this page should be as a mirror for his world sales and certificatios. If I live in Ukraina, I want to know the Michael Jacksons' sales and certifications in my country --Lanc71 (talk) 14:16, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
* New user? Are you a sockpuppet?? If you want to know how should the discogrpahy articles be, check this --> Category:FL-Class Discography articles. They are the best discography lists in Wikipedia, and they NEVER mention chinese, korean, or even minor market such Ukraina.
* I'm not a new user, and I'm not a sockpuppet! I bought my first Album of Michael Jackson in 1987. Instead, I don't know who you are. Please respect the discussion and sign your posts!!! I don't understand why if we have data about Michael Jackson sales in other country we can't use it. We could make this page better! --Lanc71 (talk) 23:39, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
* Support : I believe that an encyclopedia consulted by thousands of people like Wikipedia should be as complete and accurate as possible --MJforeverinourhearts (talk) 00:29, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
* So if ALL countries in this world have certification database, you will add them to this lis?? Are you kidding? Bluesatellite (talk) 03:40, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
* Sadly, a lot of countries haven't certification database. It would be great! --Lanc71 (talk) 23:39, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
Just remind, the article looks much better now. So I can't find the reason how important to spit this list. Bluesatellite (talk) 03:30, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
No, I'm not kidding. I sincerely believe that if there are serious people and able to incorporate as many data as possible is a great thing. I see no reason to limit an encyclopedia. Above I read that an encyclopedia is not a fansite. True. But if it can provide thousands people with detailed, easily and immediately available data, it will surely give a better service. MJforeverinourhearts (talk) 00:21, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
* Support . It's good that people are willing to work on expanding and improving Wikipedia. This is a willingness of accepting and adapting to change. This is how people and things succeed! If one does not follow such values, then the end of their road is near for them. New and better ideas is what keeps our world going! Best, --Discographer (talk) 05:40, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose - Not long enough + I don't see a reasonable reason for that. -RobertMel (talk) 15:58, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
* Are you sure that's not long?
* http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_albums_discography_%28peak_chart_positions%29&oldid=344010148
* http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_albums_discography_%28certifications_and_sales%29&oldid=344010160
And count that these old versions are incomplete. SJ (talk) 18:12, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose : It doesn't need splitting because it's not that long. However, I disagree that an encyclopeadia needs to be complete. We can include some counties, but not all. I think 8 would be enough, one from each continent, and certain other key ones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:41, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
* Only the users registered can vote. SJ (talk) 18:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
* Keep together. It's not a long article (most bytes are in refs and markup anyway). May I recommend redesigning table width specs from absolute pixel width to relative (percentage), this will tidy it up. NVO (talk) 14:00, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
* Against, I feel that there is no need to make this concurrent article into 2 seperate articles. I feel it is a unnecessary move. A5051790463174 (talk) 15:54, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
* Your vote is not valid for these reasons:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:A5051790463174
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:A306200130048123
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcjakeqcool
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_sockpuppets_of_Mcjakeqcool
SJ (talk) 22:16, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
* Support . It could become one of the best and most complete pages of Wikipedia. I hope that also for the other artists that sold and charted like Michael Jackson will adopt the split of the pages. DarkAryn (talk) 14:33, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* Support. Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia and its purpose should be to give all the available informations that can be verified. There is no reason to select and limit the informations only to US, Europe and few other countries. I think that the split can be useful to the readers because there will be more informations also for other countries and the resulting pages will be clearer and more readable. InfiniteMJ (talk) 12:13pm, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
The flag was removed and after two months, the vote is closed :) SJ (talk) 20:41, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
A vote is not a reason to split the discography page.
A vote is not a substitute for consensus forming. Just because a vote was conduced with the "support"s out-weighting the "oppose"s, it does not mean that a page can be spilt, because it goes against Wikipedia guidelines. (See: Polling is not a substitute for discussion) I've merged the peak positions and certifications page's into this discography page because in the poll above no user gave a actual reason for the page's to be spilt, because only major countries are suppose to be listed and the page is not "getting to long" - its only 49kg, pages should be split once they get anywhere from 60kg to 100kg. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 14:48, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
We may split the page also if >40Kb and you always keep in mind that many users use low speed services or must pay a fixed rate for each KB downloaded. As well, users frequently access Wikipedia through a mobile phone or smartphone, and these mobile browsers may truncate pages at as little as 32KB.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size
Furthemore, keep in mind that in the actual page, there aren't all greatest hits/compilation of the artist and that the new contract of MJ provides for at least 10 albums. So, the page would be over 60Kb. SJ [talk] 20:20, 2 April 2010 (UTC+1)
* @SJ, the albums peak position's and certifications are 50kg and 40kg long, the two individual pages are the around same length as the page with both included. So sizing, regardless of whether or not you are using a mobile device, would be almost the same as well. Regarding what you said about the upcoming albums, Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, the pages length can not be debated because of upcoming albums because it is unknown on how long the page will be with the new albums included. As of right now, the article should stay merged. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 20:02, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
Yes, but there is a difference. the splitted page ensures all the informations on the charts and sales (and therefore suitable for an encyclopedia, which must be complete and informative as possible), while the merged page, does not provide all the details and is incomplete. Then....why to delimit the information? We can make this encyclopedia really complete. SJ [talk] 00:52, 3 April 2010 (UTC+1)
* Only major countries peak chart positions and certifications are suppose to be listed, that's why. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 01:07, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
* I totally agree with Crystal Clear x3. Discogrpahy article is olny listing the most notable markets. As I said before, if someone want to see all certifiations and all chart positions, he/she can look on the each of album's articles. It is not about complete or incomplete, but if you want to nominate this for featured list, you should follow my suggestion. So far, I can not find a featured list that mentions all music markets. Bluesatellite (talk) 04:15, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
* It could be a good solution, but you should always mention that there are people who use low speed services or must pay a fixed rate for each KB downloaded. As well, users frequently access Wikipedia through a mobile phone or smartphone. It becomes difficult for them to see each page for to know all certifications and peak chart positions for all countries (especially for his studio albums from Thriller to Invincible). Simone Jackson (talk) 14:09, 3 April 2010 (UTC+1)
Well, if you still want to split this page, I highly suggest you to make a discussion at MOS:DISCOG. I think the other experience editors will help to clear this matter. Bluesatellite (talk) 15:27, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
I’m very bitter about the result of this debate. If a poll is not valid for deciding on a particular issue, why it has been allowed? It seems really a joke. I’d have easy agreed to a poll with an opposite result like expression of a different from mine will, but the nullification of a lasting over a month and now end poll seems really an abuse of power. So, if poll isn’t a legitimate decision making means and Wikipedia isn’t a democracy, how can editors show their point of view for improving it? No way? Must they accept an unchangeable status quo? After these considerations it’s clear that in a such system the efforts for an improvement are frustrated and completely useless. It’s obvious that the wish to make one’s best and to be registered fails too. MJforeverinourhearts (talk) 19:40, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
This page includes sales and certifications only for the so-called "major countries". In the older version of the same page, there are more informations for more countries. So it means that the old version is more complete and accurate than the actual one, according to the concept of an encyclopedia. If there are avaible and reliable informations, what is the principle to follow to include or to exclude them? To exclude reliable and avaible information is a POV choice! And it's against Wikipedia's rules and goals. If I want to know Mexico's certifications, I will not find them on Wikipedia. They have been deleted. The same happened for other countries' certifications like Netherlands, which are important music markets but they are not considered among the so-called "major countries". Why do I have to be barred from finding those informations on Wikipedia if they are avaible? Are they not worth enough to be included just because some users prefer (as a POV expression!) only the so-called major countries? If an encyclopedia fails to give the informations the reader needs, the reader will turn to another source. Regards, InfiniteMJ (talk) 10:18 pm, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
* @InfiniteMJ: Only major territories for peak positions and certification are suppose to be listed. If you ever bothered to spend a second of your time to look at other FL artist's discographies, you'd know that only major territories should be listed. This is how Wikipedia is, if you do not like it then you should not use this website. Regards, Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 22:47, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. "It is our goal to provide information in the best way possible". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DISCOG#Ignore_all_rules To limit an encyclopedia is like filtering informations and to provide informations in the worst way possible! If you select among avaible informations, without a rational principle (and "only major territories should be listed" is not rational, it's just convention), you are making POV choices. And it's against Wikipedia's rules. I'm sorry, but Knowledge is not something you can decide what it is! Knowledge doesn't depend on your POV choices. Regards, InfiniteMJ (talk) 00:29 am, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
* Listing only major peak positions and certificates is not me using my "POV", it's me using common sense and going by FL discographies. Show me multiple Feature List discographies that have recently passed their FL candidacy that list every territory under the sun before asserting that you know everything and leaving messages on my talk page. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 01:02, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
Repetita iuvant. Wikipedia is a free encyclopaedia. Please read carefully this link: "It is our goal to provide information in the best way possible". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:DISCOG#Ignore_all_rules. Wikipedia is not based on common sense, so your supposed common sense is not a good reason to filter avaible and reliable informations. Filter is a choice, it's a POV expression against Wikipedia's rules. I suppose you know Michael Jackson is the second top selling artist of the world, after the Beatles. Some federations make certifications only if an album was released after the launch of their awards, for example, RIAJ certifies only the albums released after 1989 so, Thriller can't be certified. In UK, BPI makes certifications since 1973 so the Beatles' albums released before that period can't be certified. FL discographies show artists who didn't sell like Michael Jackson. If certifications data are not avaible or don't even exist, you cannot include them. This is the reason you find only the data for the so called "major countries" in FL artists' discographies! But those informations are avaible for Michael Jackson and there is no rational reason to filter them. Why a minor-selling artist's discography should be the model for an artist whose certifications are avaible and whose discography sold at top levels in every country under the sun? Mexico and the Neatherlands are not on Mars or Neptune! They are under the sun too, like USA, UK, Japan and other "major-countries". PS. I never said 'I know everything'. So, please, read again and more carefully. InfiniteMJ (talk) 02:12 pm, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
* A good portion of your response is original research and none of what you said makes for a good argument to spilt the pages. Show me multiple Featured List artist discographies that have recently passed their FL candidacy before you even bother to reply to this response. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 14:20, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
The other countries should be listed because they had the same dignity like USA, UK, Japan and what you call "major countries". What is your problem with those you don't consider a "major-country"? Did you ask me to find FL artists' discographies where not only "major countries" have been listed? 50 Cent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent_discography Metallica http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica_discography Eminem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem_discography Duffy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_discography Tokio Hotel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio_Hotel_discography The featured countries are Argentina, Brazil, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland, Russia, Norway and many others. Do you need more? So if those artists have certifications for countries that for your POV are not among "major countries", why the second-top-selling-artist-of-the-world Mr. Michael Jackson's discography shoud not list those countries? InfiniteMJ (talk) 03:05 pm, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
* Well, now that you've actually showed me multiple example's then, as long as the proper reliable source for each country is used, other territories can be included. Although, even with the other countries listed the page will not be long enough to warrant a split. Crystal Clear x3 [talk] 15:39, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
About the split question. The most complete version of Michael Jackson's discography with certifications and charts together is the one compiled by Simone Jackson on January 12th, here http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_albums_discography&oldid=337494656. This page is 77Kb long and according to Wikipedia's rules here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT, the page should be divided because "Always keep in mind that many users use low speed services or must pay a fixed rate for each KB downloaded. As well, users frequently access Wikipedia through a mobile phone or smartphone, and these mobile browsers may truncate pages at as little as 32KB". InfiniteMJ (talk) 10:28 pm, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
* Once other territories are added to the disc. page then we'll find out how long the page will be (aka let's cross that bridge when we get there). Quite frankly I do not think the page will be that much longer from what it is now, just sayin'. Once an article get's up to about 80-100kg then, that's when it should be spilt, the page is currently 49 kg, and it will probally be at the most like 55-65kg, so even then the page would not be long enough to be split.Crystal Clear x3 22:48, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
I added other countries and important notes and the page is already 71 kb. This version is still incomplete, I must add other informations with the sources I have and it will be longer. The split is needed, according to Wikipedia's rules http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT. InfiniteMJ (talk) 11:25 pm, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
The situation was clear from the first discussion, then votation and then again discussion. It's 3 months that this page is poised. Simone Jackson 13:32, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
At this point, i will divide this page again. I hope that this time the debate is finally finished. Simone J. Jackson (talk) 18:27, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
This discussion sounds heavy... O_o DRAGON Elemental (talk) 18:58, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
EP
I'm expanding the article Forever, Michael and I discovered that Jackson had an EP. An EP must have a duration less than 36 minutes and this album have a full-lenght of 33:36 minutes, this should be added to this article?, thanks Tb hotch Ta lk C. 03:24, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
Here you can find the critera for to define an EP in the US. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=criteria Simone Jackson (talk) 15:12, 7 April 2010 (UTC+1)
* So almost all the "EPs" on wikipedia don't are EPs. I've never seen an EP with 3-5 songs with that criteria. Tb hotch Ta lk C. 15:40, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
* That is the criteria for an EP now due to the CD becoming the prominent choice of release back in the late 80s. As for Forever, it does not count as an EP as several albums in the 1970s (especially those released on Motown) never utilized the full 45 minute limit. For example, Let's Get It On and Ben barely top 32 minutes. MaJic Talk 2 Me. I'll Listen. 07:46, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
EPs
Prehaps we could make an EP section and add the five Remix Suite extended plays too it. Signed and timed with --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:44, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
Off The Wall US sales?
The table has the US figure as 100,000,000. Does that mean 100 million? Since it is 8×platinum, one×platinum is then 12.5 million. Right? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:28, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
Rather Harsh
I think it's in rather harsh to call 'Invincible' a commercial failure. Can we stick to facts? The marketing of the album was pulled but it still managed to pull over 10 million copies. It also managed to sell greater than 'Blood on the Dance Floor'. Madonna's page doesn't call 'Erotica' a commercial failure despite the fact she went from 30 million in sales with 'The Immaculate Collection' to 5 million soon after. Jackson's page is actually rather modest regarding his album achievements compared to other pages. Thanks for reading VoguePlease (talk) 20:19, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
* Actually, it says, "compared to the previous albums" which is correct. A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 21:42, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
Yes, but whichever way you cut it, nobody ever said that kind of thing about other artists. Its like MJ's work was looked upon in a different way... Like he was competing against himself!?! "Harsh", indeed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:06, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Alan Jackson albums discography which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:31, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
External links modified
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(1810–91). A master showman and lifelong entertainer, P.T. Barnum created unusual attractions that both shocked and delighted audiences. In his later years he teamed with James A. Bailey to create Barnum & Bailey’s Circus. Though Barnum did not invent the circus in the United States, he helped give the circus its gigantic size and widespread popularity.
Phineas Taylor Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, on July 5, 1810. He had five brothers and sisters. When Barnum was 15, his father died. He had to support his family by working odd jobs. Later, in 1831, he became publisher of a weekly newspaper, Herald of Freedom.
In 1834 Barnum moved to New York City, where he began his career as a showman. The next year he presented his first exhibit, a woman he claimed was 161 years old. Barnum also said that the woman had been George Washington’s nurse. Both of these claims were untrue, but Barnum made the exhibit a success with his skill in advertising. Throughout his career he would use exaggerated claims and outrageous stunts to attract people to his shows.
In 1841 Barnum bought the American Museum in New York City. At that time the museum was filled with common exhibits such as wax figures and stuffed animals. Barnum transformed the museum by introducing unusual and bizarre attractions—both real and fake. His first big exhibit was the Feejee Mermaid, which he claimed was the remains of a creature that was part human and part fish. Barnum’s most famous attraction was Charles Stratton, a boy who was only 25 inches (0.6 meter) tall until his teens. Calling him General Tom Thumb, Barnum took him on a tour of Europe that included a performance for Queen Victoria of Britain. In 1850 Barnum enjoyed another great success when he brought the Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind to the United States for a tour.
By the time Barnum’s museum closed in 1868, it had drawn 82 million visitors. However, Barnum is even more famous for his next big creation—the circus. He started his circus in 1871, when he was 60 years old. It was immediately popular. By 1872 the circus seated 10,000 people and traveled by train from city to city. Barnum called it “The Greatest Show on Earth.” In 1881 Barnum became partners with James Bailey, the owner of a rival circus. One of the star attractions of the new Barnum & Bailey Circus was a 6-ton elephant named Jumbo.
In addition to being a showman, Barnum served two terms in the Connecticut state legislature. In 1875 he was elected mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut. His autobiography, The Life of P.T. Barnum, Written by Himself, was published in 1855 and later revised many times. Barnum died at his home in Bridgeport on April 7, 1891.
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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 45.djvu/300
lished: 1. ‘Essay on the Physiology of the Excito-motory System,’ read before the Medical Society, 1835. 2. ‘The Structure, Economy, and Diseases of the Ear,’ with plates, 8vo, London, 1838; 2nd edit. 1842. 3. ‘Some Points in the Physiology of the Tympanum,’ read before the physiological section of the Medical Society of London, 23 Feb. 1854.
[Obituary notice in the Medical Times and Gazette, 1855, ii. 510; information kindly supplied by Roger Eykyn, esq.] PILFOLD, JOHN (1776?–1834), captain in the navy, second son of Charles Pilfold of Horsham, was born at Horsham about 1776. He entered the navy in 1788 on board the Crown with Commodore Cornwallis, and served in her during her commission in the East Indies, returning to England in May 1792 [see, 1744–1819]. He then joined the Brunswick, in which he was present in the battle of 1 June 1794 [see, 1740–1794], and was specially recommended by Harvey for promotion. On 14 Feb. 1795 he was promoted by Lord Howe to be lieutenant of the Russell, and in her he was present in the action off Lorient on 23 June. In September 1795 he was appointed to the Kingfisher sloop on the Lisbon station, in which he took part in the capture of several privateers; and on 1 July 1797, being the first lieutenant, supported the commander, John Maitland, sword in hand, in suppressing a violent mutiny which broke out on board. Pilfold was shortly afterwards moved into the Impétueux, in which, on 6 June 1800, he commanded the boats in the destruction of the French corvette Insolente in the Morbihan [see ]. On the renewal of the war in 1803 he was appointed to the Hindostan, from which he was moved to the Dragon, and afterwards to the Ajax. In the latter he took part in the action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805. William Brown (d. 1814) [q. v.], the captain of the Ajax, went home with Sir Robert Calder [q. v.], who was to be tried by court-martial, and the Ajax was left before Cadiz under the command of her first lieutenant, Pilfold, who had thus the distinction of commanding her a few days later in the battle of Trafalgar, for which he was advanced to post rank on 25 Dec. 1805, and received the gold medal with the other captains present in the action. In 1808 he was granted an honourable augmentation to his arms, and in June 1815 he was nominated commander of the Bath.
From 1827 to 1831 he was captain of the ordinary at Plymouth, and he died at Stonehouse on 12 July 1834. He married, in 1803, a daughter of Thomas South of Donhead, Wiltshire, and left two daughters.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biogr. iv. (vol. ii. pt. ii.) 963; Gent. Mag. 1835, i. 322.] PILKINGTON, ANDREW (1767?–1853), general, born about 1767, obtained his first commission in the army on 7 March 1783, and was promoted lieutenant 24 Jan. 1791, captain 2 March 1795, major 31 March 1804, lieutenant-colonel 5 Oct. 1809, colonel 12 Aug. 1819, major-general 22 July 1830, lieutenant-general 23 Nov. 1841.
Pilkington saw much and varied service. With the Channel fleet in 1793–4 he commanded a company of the Queen's Royals on board the Royal George on ‘the glorious first of June’ 1794, when Lord Howe defeated the French off Ushant. Pilkington received two splinter wounds. He was next employed in the West Indies, and was present at the capture of Trinidad, 1795–7. He served in Ireland in the suppression of the rebellion in 1798, and was with the expeditions to the Helder in 1799 and 1805. He was severely wounded in the defence of the Kent, East Indiaman, against a large French privateer in 1800, on his passage to India. He served on the staff at the Horse Guards in 1807–8, and in Nova Scotia from 1809 to 1815. During the latter period he commanded several successful expeditions. He reduced the islands in Passamaquody Bay, between New Brunswick and Maine, U.S. He was created K.C.B. on 19 July 1838. He died on 23 Feb. 1853 at his residence, Catsfield Place, Battle, Sussex, which he had purchased from James Eversfield, esq.
Sir Andrew married at Hayes, on 9 May 1808, Maria Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Vicary Gibbs [q. v.], who survived him, with two daughters, Maria Georgina, married to Burrell Hayley, rector of Catsfield in Sussex, on 18 July 1848, and Louisa Elizabeth, married on 1 Sept. 1853 to Richard Thomas Lee.
[Hart's Army List, 1852; Gent. Mag. 1838 ii. 317, 1853 i. 436; Royal Military Calendar, iv. 262; Times, 1 March, 1853; Lower's Hist. of Sussex, pp. 95–6; Burke's Knightage, 1839 et seq.] PILKINGTON, FRANCIS (1564?–1638), lutenist and musical composer, was probably related to Richard Pilkington of Rivington, Lancashire (whose son, named Francis, died in 1597). Pilkington's father and brother were in the service of Henry Stanley, fourth earl of Derby. The lutenist found a patron in Ferdinand, fifth earl.
After joining the Chester Cathedral choir in 1578 he was admitted Mus. Bac. Oxford, on 10 July 1595, from Lincoln College. In 1623–
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COUGH
From Big Medical Encyclopedia
COUGH — the protective complex-reflex act which is characterized by sharp increase of intrathoracic pressure at the expense of the synchronous tension of respiratory and auxiliary muscles at the closed glottis with the subsequent its opening and the tolchkoobrazny forced exhalation at Krom from respiratory tracts actively is removed their contents. Frequent, rather constant or steadily repeating To. is a symptom patol. the process most often connected with a disease of a respiratory organs.
Fiziol, a role To. consists in clarification of respiratory tracts from the substances which got to them from the outside at breath or formed it is endogenous if the peristaltic movements of small bronchial tubes and activity of a ciliate epithelium of large bronchial tubes and a trachea do not provide a necessary drainage. The tussive reflex begins usually with the sensitive terminations of a vagus nerve in respiratory tracts or with receptors of a pleura from which the irritation is transferred to the tussive center about dolgovaty a brain where with the participation of polisinaptichesky bonds of a reticular formation slozhnokoordinirovanny reaction of muscles of bronchial tubes, throats, a thorax, a stomach, a diaphragm will be organized. An initial phase of this reaction is the deep breath. Then there comes the phase of an intense exhalation at the closed glottis and the reduced bronchial tubes.
During this period intrathoracic pressure increases, reaching 140 mm of mercury. and more. At the next moment voice folds are disconnected and there is a tolchkoobrazny prompt exhalation, as a rule, through a mouth (the nasal cavity is closed by a soft palate and a uvula). At the same time the speed of the movement of air in respiratory tracts by 20 — 30 times exceeds that at usual breath, reaching in a trachea, average and large bronchial tubes of 30 — 40 m/s, and in a glottis — 50 — 120 m/s; rate of volume flow of an air flow reaches 12 l/sec. From respiratory tracts in an oral cavity slime and accumulations of the elements forming a phlegm, and also the alien substances which got into airways are fond of the thrown-out current of air. In an expiratory phase To. can be discontinuous, consisting of several repeated pushes; the bystry change of pressure and speed of air connected with it in respiratory tracts promotes a separation from walls of bronchial tubes of the particles of a phlegm and alien particles pasted to them and to their advance to a trachea and a throat. Upon completion of a phase of a prompt exhalation the single act comes to an end To., which, however, can repeat in a row several times (tussive reprises). At severe convulsive cough vomiting because of irradiation of irritation on the emetic center is sometimes observed.
Formation of a tussive reflex is under control of activity of a cerebral cortex; it can be suppressed or caused randomly. In most cases To. it is caused by irritation of receptors of respiratory tracts and pleurae. However To. it can be connected with excitement of c. N of page, and also with irritation of the receptors located out of a respiratory organs. Respectively allocate To. central origin (including. To. as display of neurosis, or neurotic To.) and reflex To., caused by irritation of receptors of acoustical pass, a gullet and receptors of other localization out of respiratory tracts.
Frequency and intensity To. depend not only at most an irritant, but also on its localization.v a respiratory organs, and also on excitability of tussive receptors, edges has individual distinctions and fluctuates at the same person depending on a form of a disease, a phase of disease, character patol, process. The most sensitive reflexogenic zones are the back surface of an epiglottis, a front interarytenoid surface of a throat, area of voice folds (sheaves) and subdepository space» and also bifurcation of tracheas and the place of branches of lobar bronchi. The number of receptors in bronchial tubes decreases parallel to reduction of their diameter, and already branchings of segmental bronchi are a little sensitive to irritations. To cause To. the irritation of the pulmonariest fabric in an experiment does not work well. At patol, the processes limited on localization to a pulmonary parenchyma To. it is possible or at hit of a phlegm, in rather large bronchial tubes, or during the involvement in patol, process of a pleura. The most sensitive reflexogenic zones of a pleura are located in radical sites and costal and phrenic sine, but the tussive reflex is caused at irritation and other its sites.
In the diagnostic relation To. in itself is not a specific symptom of any disease, but its value as symptom significantly increases at assessment of character and features of manifestation To., and also at the accounting of the accompanying symptoms. To. happens frequent and rare, weak and strong, painful and painless, constant and periodic. Depending on existence or lack of a secret distinguish cough dry and with expectoration.
Constant To. it is observed at hron, diseases of a throat, throat or trachea, hron, bronchitis, at long stagnation of blood in lungs at patients with pathology of bodies of blood circulation. In the period of an aggravation hron, a tracheobronchitis sensitivity of tussive receptors to irritations increases also To. it is provoked by the low-irritating smells and even change of temperature and humidity of inhaled air. Periodic To. happens at smokers and alcoholics, at patients with pneumonia, bronchial asthma, emphysema of lungs, at acute respiratory diseases and other diseases. A single attack strong To. arises at inhalation of smoke and other irritating substances, at hit in respiratory tracts of a foreign body or pieces of food.
To. can be various on sonority. Rough barking To. it is caused by swelling of a mucous membrane of a throat and voice folds; it is often observed at acute laryngitis, and at children — at a true and false croup. The barking Km as a rule, is combined with hoarseness of a voice or an aphonia.
Differs in a peculiar feature convulsive, or convulsive, To., arising attacks, more often at night. Convulsive To. it is characterized by the tussive pushes which are quickly following one after another interrupted by long and loud breaths; quite often attacks To. repeat (reprises) and are followed by vomiting. Such To. it is typical for whooping cough (see).
At children at a tumorous bronchadenitis appears bitonalny To., at Krom the musical high overtone joins rough main tone.
Quite sharp To. happens at a tracheobronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia; silent — at paralysis or destruction of voice folds (it is combined with an aphonia), existence of a tracheostoma, and also at considerable weakness of the patient. A tussiculation — low-sonorous, weak and short To. — points to long weak irritation of tussive receptors. Especially often the tussiculation is observed at hron, pharyngitis and at an initial pulmonary tuberculosis. The deaf weakened To. it is typical for hron, the obstructive bronchitis complicated by emphysema of lungs.
Dry cough (To. irritations, useless To.) it is characteristic of an expiratory stenosis of a trachea and large bronchial tubes (hoarse To.), for damage of a pleura, a mediastinum, for pathological processes (often not of inflammatory) bronchial tubes in a circle, upper respiratory tracts and conductors of sensory nerves (a prelum a tumor, increased limf, nodes, an aortic aneurysm, etc.). It is observed also at pheumothorax, hit in respiratory tracts of a foreign body, and also at the disseminating and fibroziruyushchy processes in lungs (cancer, tuberculosis, Beck's sarcoidosis, collagenoses). Dry To. it can be observed also at the very beginning of development of acute laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and as an equivalent of an attack of bronchial asthma; however at these diseases it is more often about To. with a scanty phlegm, than about dry
K. K. with a phlegm it is observed at the diseases which are followed by hypersecretion of bronchial slime (bronchitis), formation of exudate (bronchitis, pneumonia) or liquids (e.g., at break of a parasitic cyst) a Large number of a phlegm happens in the presence of the cavities (bronchiectasias, abscesses) which are reported with bronchial tubes in which products of secretion, exudation and fabric disintegration collect. To.
with a phlegm usually arises in process of accumulation in bronchial tubes of the irritating products (slime, pus, blood, etc.) also stops after expectoration.
At hron, an inflammation of upper respiratory tracts, especially at smokers, To. it is usually observed in the morning. It is connected with accumulation of a phlegm in a night and with its difficult expectoration. Quite often such To. call cough during the washing though it can appear also in earlier hours. To. at night it can be connected with fiziol, night strengthening of a tone of a vagus nerve at the diseases which are followed by a bronchospasm (an allergic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, cardial asthma) and at localization patol. process in zones of the increased receptor sensitivity (increase bronkhopulmonalny limf, nodes, a pulmonary tuberculosis, etc.), and also with advance of a phlegm by gravity from cavities (bronchiectasias, abscesses) in bronchial tubes at horizontal position of the patient (a so-called drainage situation, or a postural drainage).
Diagnostic value has character of separated phlegms (see). To. with a vitreous, mucous, viscous phlegm it is observed at tracheitis and an acute bronchitis at the beginning of a disease; further the phlegm becomes mucopurulent. At acute focal pneumonia the mucopurulent phlegm (sometimes bloody) separates, at croupous — a prune juice sputum. At hron, pneumonia with bronchiectasias, abscess and gangrene of lungs the phlegm purulent, quite often has off-flavor, sometimes fetid. In far come stages of a pulmonary tuberculosis in the presence of a cavity cough happens to a purulent, monetoobrazny phlegm. Cough with a bloody phlegm is observed at a heart attack of a lung, tuberculosis, cancer of bronchial tubes, at developments of stagnation in a small circle, at heart diseases (see. Pneumorrhagia ). The phlegm having an appearance of crimson jelly belongs to late symptoms of bronchogenic cancer, at Krom blood in a phlegm is defined microscopically more often.
Cough not only does not perform physiologically useful drainage function, but can exert on an organism and an adverse effect. Frequent persistent To., especially in the form of long attacks, is followed by increase in intrathoracic pressure and can promote gradual development hypertensia of a small circle of blood circulation (see), emphysemas of lungs (see), to formation pulmonary heart (see). Build-up of pressure in veins of a big circle of blood circulation in time To. sometimes leads to emergence of small hemorrhages in vessels of scleras, in system of bronchial veins, etc. The attack of a severe cough can be complicated by a faint, a loss of consciousness, disturbances of a cordial rhythm and even an epileptiform attack (see. Bettolepsy ). At violent emphysema of lungs strong To. can cause a rupture of alveoluses and pheumothorax (see).
In rare instances cough can promote distribution of infectious process, napr, tuberculosis, from one site of lungs in others.
In therapeutic actions at cough of any nature crucial importance has treatment of a basic disease. The cough providing an effective drainage of bronchial tubes should not be suppressed. In these cases strengthen cleaning function K., appointing expectorants (see), broncholitic means. Are applied to calm of painful cough antibechics (see) taking into account that many of them — codeine, dionine, a hydrocodon, Thecodinum, etc. — belong to the drugs of opium group suppressing function of a respiratory center (i.e. can be contraindicated at respiratory insufficiency) and causing addiction.
In need of long prescription of medicines, suppressing To., non-narcotic antibechics with preferential influence on tussive receptors and to a lesser extent on receptors of a myelencephalon are preferable. They reduce cough and do not reduce department of a phlegm (glautsin, libexinum, etc.)
Bibliography: Zlydnikov D. M. To a question of the mechanism of cough, Vestn, otori-nolar., No. 3, page 31, 1956; Mikhaylov F. A. About cough, Klin, medical, t. 44, No. 6, page 114, 1966.
V. P. Silvestrov.
Яндекс.Метрика
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Page:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen, vol 8.djvu/88
36 and perfected. This was an occupation well fitted to the Scottish mind, in which it consequently became so pre-eminent, that during the reigns of James III. and James IV., it seemed a doubtful question whether Scotland or England was to bear the "meteor flag" of the island; and of the merchant captains of this period, the most distinguished were Sir Andrew Wood, of Largo; Sir Alexander Mathieson; William Merrimonth, of Leith, who, for his naval skill, was called the "king of the sea," and the Bartons.
This Barton family, which for two generations produced naval commanders of great celebrity, first appeared in Scottish history in 1476. This was in consequence of John Barton, the father of Andrew, having been plundered, and as it has been added, murdered, by the Portuguese, who at that period were all-prevalent upon the ocean. The unfortunate mariner, however, had three sons, the oldest of whom was Andrew, all brought up from boyhood in his own profession, and not likely to allow their father's death to pass unquestioned. Andrew accordingly instituted a trial in Flanders, where the murder was perpetrated, and obtained a verdict in his favour; but the Portuguese refusing to pay the awarded penalty, the Bartons applied to their own sovereign for redress. James accordingly sent a herald to the king of Portugal; but this application having also been in vain, he granted to the Bartons letters of reprisal, by which they were allowed to indemnify themselves by the strong hand upon the ships of the Portuguese. And such a commission was not allowed to lie idle. The Bartons immediately threw themselves into the track of the richly-laden carracks and argosies of Portugal in their homeward way from India and South America; and such was their success, that they not only soon indemnified themselves for their losses, but obtained a high reputation for naval skill and valour. Among the rich Indian spoil that was brought home on this occasion, were several Hindoo and negro captives, whose ebony colour and strange features astounded, and also alarmed the simple people of Scotland. James IV. turned these singular visitants to account, by making them play the part of Ethiopian queens and African sorcerers in the masques and pageants of his court. This was in itself a trifle, but it gave a high idea of the growing naval importance of Scotland, when it could produce such spectacles as even England, with all its superior wealth, power, and refinement, was unable to furnish.
It was not merely in such expeditions which had personal profit or revenge for their object that the Bartons were exclusively employed; for they were in the service of a master (James IV) who was an enthusiast in naval affairs, and who more than all his predecessors understood the necessity of a fleet as the right arm of a British sovereign. This was especially the case in his attempts to subjugate the Scottish isles, that for centuries had persisted in rebellion under independent kinglings of their own, and in every national difficulty had been wont to invade the mainland, and sweep the adjacent districts with fire and sword. For the purpose of reducing them to complete obedience, James not only led against them an army in person, but employed John Barton, one of the three brothers, to conduct a fleet, and invade them by sea. The use of ships in such a kind of warfare was soon apparent: the islanders retreated from the royal army, as heretofore, in their galleys, and took refuge among their ironbound coasts, but found these no longer places of safety when their fastnesses were assailed from the sea, and their strong castles bombarded. The chiefs, therefore, yielded themselves to the royal authority, and from thenceforth lived in most unwonted submission. While thus the Scottish flag waved over those
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Page:The Private Life, Lord Beaupré, The Visits (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1893).djvu/39
Rh "Did he fall into a crevasse?" I continued.
Blanche Adney looked at me again as she had done for an instant when she came up, before dinner, with her hands full of flowers. "I don't know into what he fell. I'll tell you to-morrow."
"He did come down, then?"
"Perhaps he went up," she laughed. "It's really strange!"
"All the more reason you should tell me to-night."
"I must think it over; I must puzzle it out."
"Oh, if you want conundrums, I'll throw in another," I said. "What's the matter with the master?"
"The master of what?"
"Of every form of dissimulation. Vawdrey hasn't written a line."
"Go and get his papers, and we'll see."
"I don't like to expose him," I said.
"Why not, if I expose Lord Mellifont?"
"Oh, I'd do anything for that," I conceded. "But why should Vawdrey have made a false statement? It's very curious."
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2013 U.S. Open Cup
The 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup was the 100th edition of the oldest ongoing competition in American soccer. Qualification began in November 2012 in the fifth tier, although the United States Soccer Federation did not announce the format until March 5, 2013.
The defending champions were Sporting Kansas City, who were knocked out of the competition in the fourth round. D.C. United received a $250,000 cash prize and a berth into the 2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League for winning the tournament, while Real Salt Lake received $60,000 for being the runner-up. Three teams received $15,000 for being the top finisher from each lower division - Des Moines Menace (USL PDL), Orlando City (USL Pro), & Carolina RailHawks (NASL).
Qualification
Two play-in matches were conducted between 2 NPSL teams and the entrants for USCS and SS with the winners entering the first round.
* $: Winner of $15,000 bonus for advancing the furthest in the competition from their respective divisions.
* $$: Winner of $60,000 for being the runner-up in the competition.
* $$$: Winner of $250,000 for winning the competition.
Brackets
Home team is listed first, winners are in bold.
Fourth round
* 1 Game was postponed and moved to June 13 due to severe weather.
Top Goal Scorers
Final standings as of October 1, 2013.
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Vitamin CVitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin C has antioxidant properties, potentially protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C is also involved in the synthesis of collagen which is required for the normal structure and function of connective tissues such as skin, cartilage and bones. It is therefore an important nutrient for the healing process. It is also involved in the normal structure and function of blood vessels and neurological function. Vitamin C also increases the absorption of non-haem iron (iron from plant sources) in the gut.
Deficiency
Severe deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy. Signs of deficiency do not manifest until previously adequately nourished individuals have been deprived of vitamin C for 4-6 months. Deficiency is associated with fatigue, weakness, aching joints and muscles. Most of the other symptoms of scurvy are due to impaired collagen synthesis and are characterized by bleeding gums, poor wound healing and damage to bone and other tissues.
Toxicity
Acute high doses of vitamin C are occasionally associated with diarrhoea and intestinal discomfort. A significant number of people take high dose (1000mg) vitamin C supplements (the RNI for adults is 40mg/day); however there is no evidence that this either confers any benefit or presents negative health consequences.
Food sources
Fresh fruits especially citrus fruits and berries; green vegetables, peppers and tomatoes are all sources of vitamin C. It is also found in potatoes (especially new potatoes).
The bioavailability and absorption of vitamins
The bioavailability of a vitamin (i.e. how readily it can be absorbed and used by the body) may be influenced by a variety of factors. The proportion of a vitamin absorbed from the diet following consumption can vary, and will depend upon the individual person’s needs, their ability to absorb nutrients, the amount available to them and other components of the diet. For example, vitamin C can enhance the absorption of non-haem iron when foods or drink containing both vitamin C and non-haem iron are consumed in the same meal. Some vitamins, e.g. vitamin C and riboflavin, are labile and susceptible to damage by heat, light, oxygen, enzymes and minerals and these losses may occur during food processing, preparation and storage.
The bioavailability of vitamins is discussed in detail by the FSA Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/webpage/vitandmin/).
Vitamin supplements
Although most people are able to meet their requirements for vitamins by eating a varied diet, there are certain groups of the population who have higher than normal requirements for some nutrients, e.g. ill people, those taking certain drugs and pregnant women. Such people need to ensure they eat foods rich in particular vitamins and sometimes supplements are advised. Infants and young children are recommended to have supplements of vitamins A, C and D up to age 5 years. Vitamin D supplements are also recommended for older people and pregnant and lactating women. Some women may require additional iron if menstrual losses are high and folic acid is advised for women planning a pregnancy and for pregnant women in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
A UK survey of adults undertaken in 2000/2001 found that 40% of women and 29% of men were taking dietary supplements compared with 17% and 9% respectively in 1986/1987. The use of vitamin and mineral supplements in the UK was assessed by the Expert Vitamin and Mineral Committee in 2000. This group also set upper limits for vitamins and minerals (http://www.food.gov.uk/science/ouradvisors/vitandmin/).
Page created July 2009. Revised February 2016.
Attachments:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Is breast cancer or cervical cancer more common?
Is breast cancer or cervical cancer more common?
Is breast cancer or cervical cancer more common?
There were more than 500 000 new cases of cervical cancer and 250 000 deaths from it worldwide in 2005. Cervical cancer can also be prevented through regular screening coupled with treatment. The most common cancer in women is breast cancer, followed by cervical cancer.
Is cervical and breast cancer linked?
Women with abnormal cells on their cervix owing to certain types of human papillomavirus infection are at higher risk of developing breast cancer later in life, the findings from a new study suggest.
Which is worse breast cancer or ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer is one-tenth as common as breast cancer but three times as lethal. The high mortality rate is generally attributed to its occult development, resulting in advanced, widespread disease occurring in approximately 75% of women at diagnosis.
What type of people get cervical cancer?
All women are at risk for cervical cancer. It occurs most often in women over age 30. Long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another during sex.
Is cervical cancer a death sentence?
It happens less often than it used to, but yes, it’s possible to die from cervical cancer. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 4,250 people in the United States will die from cervical cancer in 2019.
How do doctors know if you have breast cancer?
A biopsy is the only definitive way to make a diagnosis of breast cancer. During a biopsy, your doctor uses a specialized needle device guided by X-ray or another imaging test to extract a core of tissue from the suspicious area.
Does breast cancer skip a generation?
It’s important to note that most women who get breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease. But women who have close blood relatives with breast cancer have a higher risk: Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer almost doubles a woman’s risk.
Can you live 20 years after ovarian cancer?
For all types of ovarian cancer taken together, about 75% of women with ovarian cancer live for at least one year after diagnosis. Around 46% of the women with ovarian cancer can live five years after diagnosis if the cancer is detected in earlier stages.
How fast can ovarian cancer kill you?
The finding is discouraging, researchers said, especially because doctors have believed that catching more cases of ovarian cancer early may help extend how long women live after diagnosis. Ovarian cancer kills the majority of women with the disease within 5 years.
Is breast cancer passed through mother or father?
Although breast cancer is more common in women than in men, the mutated gene can be inherited from either the mother or the father. In the other syndromes discussed above, the gene mutations that increase cancer risk also have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
Does breast cancer run on father’s side?
So a woman who has a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer on her father’s side (her dad’s mother or sisters) has the same risk of having an abnormal breast cancer gene as a woman with a strong family history on her mother’s side.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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CON-quest: Searching for the most obscured galaxy nuclei
N. Falstad, S. Aalto, S. König, K. Onishi, S. Muller, M. Gorski, M. Sato, F. Stanley, F. Combes, E. González-Alfonso, J. G. Mangum, A. S. Evans, L. Barcos-Munõz, G. C. Privon, S. T. Linden, T. Diáz-Santos, S. Martín, K. Sakamoto, N. Harada, G. A. FullerJ. S. Gallagher, P. P. Van Der Werf, S. Viti, T. R. Greve, S. Garciá-Burillo, C. Henkel, M. Imanishi, T. Izumi, Y. Nishimura, C. Ricci, S. Mühle
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review
3 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
Context. Some luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) host extremely compact (r < 100 pc) and dusty nuclei. The high extinction associated with large column densities of gas and dust toward these objects render them hard to detect at many wavelengths. The intense infrared radiation arising from warm dust in these sources can provide a significant fraction of the bolometric luminosity of the galaxy and is prone to excite vibrational levels of molecules such as HCN. This results in emission from the rotational transitions of vibrationally excited HCN (HCN-vib); the brightest emission is found in compact obscured nuclei (CONs; ςHCN-vib > 1 L⊙ pc-2 in the J = 3-2 transition). However, there have been no systematic searches for CONs, and it is unknown how common they are. Aims. We aim to establish how common CONs are in the local Universe (z < 0.08), and whether their prevalence depends on the luminosity or other properties of the host galaxy. Methods. We conducted an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of the rotational J = 3-2 transition of HCN-vib in a volume-limited sample of 46 far-infrared luminous galaxies. Results. Compact obscured nuclei are identified in 38-13+18% of the ULIRGs, 21-6+12% of the LIRGs, and 0-0+9% of the lower luminosity galaxies. We find no dependence on the inclination of the host galaxy, but strong evidence of lower IRAS 25 μm to 60 μm flux density ratios (f25/f60) in CONs (with the exception of one galaxy, NGC 4418) compared to the rest of the sample. Furthermore, we find that CONs have stronger silicate features (s9.7 μm), but similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon equivalent widths (EQW6.2 μm) compared to other galaxies. Along with signatures of molecular inflows seen in the far-infrared in most CONs, submillimeter observations also reveal compact, often collimated, outflows. Conclusions. In the local Universe, CONs are primarily found in (U)LIRGs, in which they are remarkably common. As such systems are often highly disturbed, inclinations are difficult to estimate, and high-resolution continuum observations of the individual nuclei are required to determine if the CON phenomenon is related to the inclinations of the nuclear disks. Further studies of the in- A nd outflow properties of CONs should also be conducted to investigate how these are connected to each other and to the CON phenomenon. The lower f25/f60 ratios in CONs as well as the results for the mid-infrared diagnostics investigated (EQW6.2 μm and s9.7 μm) are consistent with the notion that large dust columns gradually shift the radiation from the hot nucleus to longer wavelengths, making the mid- A nd far-infrared "photospheres"significantly cooler than the interior regions. Finally, to assess the importance of CONs in the context of galaxy evolution, it is necessary to extend this study to higher redshifts where (U)LIRGs are more common.
Original languageEnglish
Article numberA105
JournalAstronomy and Astrophysics
Volume649
ISSN0004-6361
DOIs
Publication statusAccepted/In press - 2021
Keywords
• Galaxies: evolution
• Galaxies: nuclei
• Galaxies: ISM
• ISM: molecules
• ISM: jets and outflows
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Student Dies After Possible Hazing Episode at SUNY Buffalo
The school suspended fraternity and sorority activities after Sebastian Serafin-Bazan, 18, went into cardiac arrest. Update: The University at Buffalo announced that Sebastian Serafin-Bazan, the student who was hospitalized after a “suspected hazing incident,” died on Wednesday. In a statement, Satish K. Tripathi, the university’s president, said, “Our hearts go out to Sebastian’s family for the devastating heartbreak they are experiencing.” The University at Buffalo this weekend suspended all official activities of its more than 35 social fraternities and sororities after a freshman was taken to the hospital in what the school has called a “suspected hazing incident.” Early Friday morning, Sebastian Serafin-Bazan, an 18-year-old student from Port Chester, N.Y., was transported to Buffalo General Hospital after going into cardiac arrest at the Sigma Pi fraternity house near the university. As of Sunday afternoon, he remained at the hospital in critical condition, according to the school. After the police opened an investigation, Satish K. Tripathi, the university president, announced the suspension and a full review of the school’s Greek system. “Over the next several days, the university will perform an internal review into the activities of U.B. fraternities and sororities and will strongly counsel all Greek organizations about U.B.’s zero-tolerance policy on hazing and the very serious consequences of hazing,” Mr. Tripathi said in a statement on Friday. The exact details of the episode remain unclear, but according to The Buffalo News, Mr. Serafin-Bazan was recovering from a respiratory ailment when he was “ordered” to do strenuous physical exercise. After hitting his head on a coffee table, fraternity brothers carried Mr. Serafin-Bazan outside to get some “fresh air,” a student told The News. Mr. Serafin-Bazan, who is studying medical technology, did not have alcohol or drugs in his system, according to preliminary toxicology tests, The News reported. About 1,000 of the university’s 19,000 undergraduate students participate in Greek life, a university spokesman said. University at Buffalo is the largest university in the State University of New York system. The episode comes amid continuing criticism of fraternities, where some say binge drinking, sexual assault and hazing run rampant. In February, three female students at Yale University who said they were groped at fraternity parties filed a class-action lawsuit against the school, saying Yale fostered a culture that enabled harassment. In 2017, Timothy Piazza, then a freshman at Penn State University, died while pledging Beta Theta Pi. During a hazing ritual, Mr. Piazza was ordered to drink large amounts of alcohol and fell multiple times, injuring his brain and rupturing his spleen. In 2016, police investigated whether hazing played a role in the death of the Buffalo State College student Bradley Doyley, a 21-year-old from Brooklyn. In 2013, Chun Hsien Deng, an 18-year-old student at Baruch College, died during a fraternity initiation event. Multiple men pleaded guilty in connection with his death. The national Sigma Pi Fraternity has now been involved in three such incidents in the past six months. The most recent news release on Sigma Pi’s website expressed condolences after a new member of its chapter at Ohio University died in November after an alleged hazing incident. (The fraternity is being sued in connection with the student’s death. The fraternity has denied any wrongdoing.) A news release from just two weeks before that stated the national organization had suspended its chapter at the University of Colorado Boulder for allegations of health and safety violations after several women claimed they had been drugged at a party at the fraternity’s house near campus. And now, the fraternity is investigating the incident involving Mr. Serafin-Bazan. “Sigma Pi has recently learned of a reported allegation of health and safety policy violations at Epsilon-Omicron Chapter at the University at Buffalo,” Jonathan M. Frost, executive director of the Sigma Pi Fraternity, said in a statement to USA Today. “At this time, we are currently gathering information and, if necessary, will provide further comment after all facts have been gathered.”
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Jessie Bates
Jessie Bates III (born February 26, 1997) is an American football safety for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wake Forest and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2018 NFL draft.
Early years
Bates attended Snider High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Along with football, he also played basketball. He originally committed to play college football for the Toledo Rockets, but he flipped his commitment to the Wake Forest Demon Deacons in February 2015. Bates is the son of his single mother Theresa and has 6 siblings, his older sister Aaliyah, his younger brother Von and step-siblings Donavan, Nate, Kameron and Ariana.
College career
Bates did not play as a true freshman at Wake Forest in 2015 and chose to redshirt.
As a redshirt freshman in 2016, Bates played in all 13 of Wake Forest's games. He returned 18 punts for 73 yards along with tallying five interceptions (two returned for touchdowns), 100 tackles (3.5 for loss), four pass deflections and one forced fumble. After the season, he was named to the USA Today Freshman All-America Team, the All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Second-team, and to the ACC All-Freshman First-team.
In 2017, as a redshirt sophomore, Bates played in 11 of Wake Forest's 13 games, missing two due to injury. In those 11 games, he returned eight punts for 161 yards and one touchdowns along with recording 79 tackles (six for loss), five pass deflections and one forced fumble. After the season, he declared for the 2018 NFL draft.
Pre-draft
On January 4, 2018, Bates announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed the majority of combine drills, but opted to skip the bench press. Bates performed well and finished third among safeties in the 60-yard shuttle, fourth among safeties in three-cone drill, and fifth among safeties in the short shuttle. He also earned the ninth best time among his position group in the 40-yard dash and had the tenth best vertical jump.
On March 13, 2018, Bates participated at Wake Forest's pro day and performed the bench press and short shuttle (4.25s). He attended pre-draft visits with multiple teams, including the Tennessee Titans, Pittsburgh Steelers, Detroit Lions, and Carolina Panthers. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Bates was projected to a second or third round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the third best free safety prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com, the fourth best safety in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and was also ranked as the fifth best safety by Sports Illustrated.
2018
The Cincinnati Bengals selected Bates in the second round (54th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Bates was the fourth safety drafted in 2018. On May 12, 2018, the Bengals signed Bates to a four-year, $4.94 million contract that includes $2.38 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.67 million.
Bates entered training camp slated as a backup safety, but earned an opportunity to compete for the job as the starting free safety against George Iloka after quickly impressing the Bengals' coaching staff. Head coach Marvin Lewis named Bates the starting free safety to start the regular season, alongside strong safety Shawn Williams and cornerbacks William Jackson III and Dre Kirkpatrick.
He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Bengals' season opener at the Indianapolis Colts and recorded eight solo tackles in their 34–23 victory. On September 13, 2018, Bates recorded three solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made his first-career interception during a 34–23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 2. Bates made his first career interception off a pass attempt by Joe Flacco, that was originally intended for wide receiver Michael Crabtree, and returned it for a 21-yard gain in the first quarter. In Week 7, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (seven solo) during the Bengals' 45–10 loss at the Kansas City Chiefs. On October 28, 2018, Bates recorded six solo tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception for his first career touchdown during a 37–34 victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 8. Bates intercepted a pass by Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston, that was intended for wide receiver Adam Humphries, and returned it for a 21-yard touchdown. On December 31, 2018, the Cincinnati Bengals announced their decision to fire head coach Marvin Lewis after the Bengals finished with a 6–10 record. He started all 16 games as a rookie in 2018 and recorded a team-leading 111 combined tackles (73 solo), seven pass deflections, three interceptions, and one touchdown. He received an overall grade of 79.9 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked as the 11th best grade among safeties in 2018.
2019
In Week 4 against the Steelers, Bates recovered a fumble forced by teammate Nick Vigil in the 27–3 loss. In Week 10 against the Baltimore Ravens, Bates recorded his first interception of the season off Robert Griffin III in the 49–13 loss. In Week 11 against the Oakland Raiders, Bates recorded an interception off Derek Carr in the 17–10 loss. In Week 14 against the Cleveland Browns, Bates recorded his third interception of the season off a pass thrown by Baker Mayfield during the 29–17 loss, tying his number of interceptions recorded during his rookie season.
2020
In Week 6 against the Colts, Bates recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Philip Rivers during the 31–27 loss. In Week 11 against the Washington Football Team, Bates recorded his third interception of the season off a pass thrown by Alex Smith during the 20–9 loss.
After the season Bates was named a second-team All-Pro.
2021
In Super Bowl LVI against the Los Angeles Rams, Bates recorded his second career playoff interception, picking off Matthew Stafford in the endzone, however Cincinnati would go on to fall short 23-20.
2022
On March 7, 2022, the Bengals placed the franchise tag on Bates, which he signed on August 23.
Atlanta Falcons
On March 16, 2023, Bates signed a four-year, $64.02 million deal with the Atlanta Falcons. Bates made his Falcons debut in Week 1 against the Panthers, where he recorded ten tackles, a career-high two interceptions, and a forced fumble in the 24–10 win. His performance earned him National Football Conference (NFC) Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 3 against the Lions, Bates recorded 13 tackles and his third interception of the season. In Week 12 against the New Orleans Saints, Bates had 13 tackles, a forced fumble, and returned his fourth interception of the season for a 92-yard touchdown in the 24–15 win. His performance earned him NFC Defensive Player of the week, his second of the season.
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WIKI
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Peta Murray
Peta Murray is an Australian writer, born in Sydney in 1958. Best known as a playwright, she also writes short stories and essays and is a freelance dramaturg, director and occasional performer. She leads a parallel life as a teacher of creative writing and late-blooming academic researcher, in the higher education sector.
Early life
Peta graduated from Killara High School, Sydney in 1975. In 1979 she graduated from the University of New South Wales NSW with a Bachelor of Arts, and Honours in Drama, and went on to complete her Diploma of Education at the University of Sydney in 1980. She then began work as a high-school teacher of English and History, but remained involved in fringe and community theatre throughout her teaching career. In 1989 she began writing full-time. Several of her plays were subsequently published by Currency Press. Her short stories have been published by Sleepers, and Scribe.
Playwright
Murray's first play The Procrastinator was produced by the Griffin Theatre Company in 1981. Her best-known play, Wallflowering, was workshopped at the Australian National Playwrights' Conference in 1988, and went on to have numerous productions in Australia and overseas. Other works include Salt, Spitting Chips, an adaptation of Tim Winton’s novella Blueback, The Procedure, and The Keys to the Animal Room produced by Junction Theatre Company in South Australia.
Community theatre works include This Dying Business produced by Junction Theatre Company and The Law of Large Numbers by Mainstreet Theatre company in Mount Gambier. In 2006, she wrote Room, for Playworks and the Melbourne Writers Festival. In 2010 two ‘micro-plays’ featured in Finucane & Smith’s The Carnival of Mysteries at the Melbourne International Arts Festival. She has since developed and produced an epic new work for performance entitled Things That Fall Over: an (anti-)musical of a novel inside a reading of a play, with footnotes, and oratorio-as-coda. This was presented as a marathon of an extravaganza over five hours at Footscray Community Arts Centre on 1 March 2014 to mark International Women's Day. It featured a women's community choir working alongside well known artists and performers including Caroline Lee, Margaret Dobson, Liz Welch, Lisa Maza, and, as Verity in the musical coda, ''Swansong!!! The Musical!!!'' the legendary Margret RoadKnight. Music was composed by Peta Williams, choreography was by Robin Laurie and musical direction was by Jo Trevathan.
In 2016 Murray made first forays into live art performance and installation-based work. She presented Litanies for the Forgetful as part of the embOLDen exhibition at Footscray Community Arts Centre, and returned the following year to perform Missa Pro Venerabilibus: A Mass for the Ageing, alongside Robin Laurie and Heather Horrocks. This project was staged as part of Melbourne Fringe Festival, and made in collaboration with scenographers Rachel Burke and Jane Murphy, with whom Murray continues to work.
In 2018 she presented vigil/wake at Arts House, North Melbourne, under the banner of the Mere Mortals season. This work, first staged as part of the Melbourne International Festival project, Survival Skills for Desperate Times, continues to evolve. A tourable pop-up version was presented at the Public Health Palliative Care International Conference, in Leura, NSW.
2019 also saw Murray return to playwriting, with the premiere season of an immersive and participatory work for children, On Our Beach, created for and staged in Fremantle, Western Australia, by Spare Parts Puppet Theatre. It was directed by Philip Mitchell, designed by Cecile Williams, and featured original music by Lee Buddle.
Other activities
Peta Murray taught writing at the University of Western Australia Extension Service in the late 1980s, and spent eight weeks as Writer in the Community at Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment in Alice Springs in 1991. She has workers as a freelance dramaturg and director, taught playwriting at the University of Melbourne, and for RMIT University, at Melbourne's CAE, and as co-facilitator of The Blak Writers Lab for Ilbijerri Theatre.
In 2010 Murray co-founded, with clinical psychologist Kerrie Noonan, the not-for-profit arts-and-health organisation The GroundSwell Project. Its focus was on challenging Australia's culture of medicalised, institutionalised death and dying, and promoting a public health approach to deliver increased agency and broader choices at end-of-life. Murray served this organisation for many years in a pro bono capacity as its Creative Director before both she and Noonan stepped away in 2019. In the early years of the organisation Murray and Noonan ran three successful iterations of The Drama Project with students and Drama Teacher Nicole Bonfield at Penrith Selective High School. In its first year its intergenerational arts-and-health project: Rain-dancing For Beginners, conducted in partnership with MND NSW won a 2010 Excellence in the Arts in Palliative Care award at the Art of Good Health and Wellbeing, Second International Arts and Health Conference, in Melbourne. The Drama Project was later the subject of a documentary by filmmaker Jordan Byron. In its early years The Groundswell Project also delivered the FilmLife in partnership with the Organ and Tissue Authority, Busting Cancer - a body casting project in Western Sydney for women, and events within the Hidden program at Sydney's Rookwood Cemetery. Murray also devised and ran workshops on Writing Loss, while Noonan's focus included research projects such as the development of the first national Australia-wide Death Literacy Index, and community programs including Ten Things To Know Before You Go. They later established an annual event, Dying to Know Day, since held in August each year.
Since 2010 Murray has also completed a Diploma of Creative Industries at Victoria University, and two postgraduate degrees, a Master of Arts in playwriting through QUT, and a creative practice-based PhD through RMIT University. Her doctoral project Essayesque Dismemoir: w/rites of elder-flowering employed variations of the ‘performance essay’ to devise participatory nonfiction on the embodied experience of ageing. As part of her project, awarded in 2017, she produced a triptych of new works, under the title Ware With A Translucent Body.
Since 2018 Murray has held an appointment as a Vice-Chancellor's Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the School of Media & Communication at RMIT, where she is an active member of the non/fictionLab, and one third of the research collective, The Symphony of Awkward, with Dr Stayci Taylor and Dr Kim Munro. The Symphony of Awkward conduct practice-led research in an emergent-field they call diarology. Peta's own research also concerns the use of transdisciplinary and arts-based practices as modes of inquiry and forms of cultural activism. Her current focus, within the emergent field of arts-and-health, is the use playful and material thinking to develop coherent narrative spaces to promote meaning-making, in the face of illness, grief and loss.
Awards
Her play Salt won the 2001 Louis Esson Prize for Drama in the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards.
Murray has won Australian Writers' Guild awards for Spitting Chips (Theatre in Education/Community Theatre Category, 1990), The Keys to the Animal Room, (Theatre in Education/Community Theatre Category and Major Award Winner, 1994) and Blueback (Theatre for Young People, 2000).
In 2003, Murray was awarded an Australian Government Centenary Medal for Services to Society and Literature.
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WIKI
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Helen Potter
This article is about the American impersonator. For the English author Helen Beatrix Potter, see Beatrix Potter.
Helen Potter was a performer, platform reader, and impersonator active in the Chautauqua movement during the 1870s and 1880s. Her impersonations included Susan B. Anthony, Abraham Lincoln, and Oscar Wilde.
Quotes
Helen Potter's Impersonations (1891) (archive) (at Wikimedia Commons)
* In all ages we have had artists and orators; people who held the "sacred fire" as their inheritance among men an inheritance more powerful than gold, or wonderful jewels, or landed estates.
* And the works of artists in clay, marble, and iron, and on canvas are enduring, and eagerly sought for. But the most wonderful of all, the power of the human voice, goes to the winds and is lost forever.
* Do not, while young, try to impersonate old or disagreeable characters. There will be time enough for that when your youth is past ; and, beside, the world delights to look on youth, and prefers to carry away from an entertainment only thoughts of gladness, joy, and sunshine. Therefore, however much you may desire to do heavy tragedy, or raving maniacs, "Don't!"
* The dress should be the setting and not the gem.
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WIKI
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Talk:Neil Stuke
Questionable factoids
I have moved these two factoids from the article. Their validity was questioned months ago (November 2009). Pending verification, I believe they are better out than in. He is 5ft 8in tall. Before turning to acting, Neil worked in a clothes shop and as a second-hand car dealer. HairyWombat (talk) 02:47, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
West End Play
Removed the part about him starring in Boeing, Boeing, as it finished its run in the West End before he was born. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:35, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
Weird page intro
Anyone else notice how strange the opening section of this article is? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:18, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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In the concluding part of a two-part series on protecting your images, we explain how to stop hotlinking, disabling right-click downloading, and making images invisible to website-scraping bots.
In the first part of this guide, we looked at how to protect images on social media, as well as watermarking, guarding against screenshot attempts, and adding copyright information.
In this concluding article, we look at some of the more advanced measures that are used for protecting images. We also look at their main shortcomings, which you should consider if attempting to manually implement them.
Hotlinking
Hotlinking is a problem that dates back to the beginning of the internet, when hosting and bandwidth were expensive.
Instead of downloading the image, website owners would display it on their website by linking to its original location. As a result, the image would load from another server, which would have the effect of using bandwidth and storage provided by the image owner.
Such hotlinking is often done by bots that automatically create websites using content aggregated from other websites. The reason? By scraping this content, the malicious user can either make money from banner ads displayed alongside, or claim the content as their own.
Not all hotlinking is bad, of course. The best example of legitimate hotlinking is Google Images, something many of us rely on without really considering how it works. When your images are scanned by Google Images, Google caches a small thumbnail that can be displayed in search results. Once the thumbnail is clicked, however, the magnified image no longer comes from Google, but from the image owner’s website.
Hotlinking can be prevented with the ‘.htaccess’ configuration file, although SmartFrame users can also block and control this through the SmartFrame Admin Panel, and customize the way such a thumbnail is displayed in search results here too.
Robots meta directives
A common way to instruct web crawlers is by using a ‘robots.txt’ or meta robots tag in the header of a webpage. This can contain directives for web bots that tells them whether to index the website or not.
There are a dozen different settings but the most commonly used ones are ‘noindex’ and ‘nofollow’.
One thing that you should bear in mind is that this is just a polite request, not protection. Legitimate search engines will always honor it, while others will ignore it and still crawl the website to scrape the content, if this is their intention.
Programmatic content scraping
This is almost always a malicious activity, which involves downloading the entirety of a website’s content, usually with the goal of cloning the site.
There are a number of reasons why someone may want to do this. Much as when using hotlinking to do the same thing, cloning a website can be used to generatefake traffic and banner-ad revenue, or to sell counterfeit products. It can also be used for phishing, whereby sensitive details – including debit and credit card details – are obtained from unsuspecting shoppers.
Detecting such activity is difficult, especially when you consider that this can be executed on a computer – rather than a server – impersonating a human user.
So-called lazy loading – or dynamically generated – pages make it harder for bots to find images, as certain manual interaction is required to display images on the webpage. It’s clearly more difficult for an internet bot to generate such an interaction.
Unfortunately, there is another method, and it doesn’t require much technical knowledge or effort. Legitimate browser-plugin marketplaces contain free programs that allow for all images on a webpage to be downloaded. These may even follow links on the page in an attempt to download the whole website.
This activity is best avoided by an appropriate server and website configuration, but as long as an image is displayed on a public website, the image source file has to be available to the public in one way or another.
Obfuscating the source file
One way around this is to hide the image source file from this code so that it cannot be scraped by a bot (or manually stolen by a human user).
We’ve seen several creative ways to hide the image source file while displaying the image on a web page. It has been known, for example, for webmasters to program a website in such a way that the image address can only be directly accessed by the website domain.
Some images only load when certain conditions are met, such as when a user presses an arrow button in a gallery, or scrolls down the page. Although links to images loaded into the page as a result of such events may not be included in the source code, and may be harder for a bot to capture, such front-end events are becoming more standardized and easier to predict – especially in the current environment, where most websites are based on a few major frameworks and libraries.
We’ve also seen some extreme measures here, such as where a webmaster deliberately introduces an error and renames the files with an incorrect extension in order to pretend these aren’t actually JPEGs. Most browsers’ error-handling algorithm will correct this issue, but such a solution can have catastrophic results, as some browsers are not able to correct this mistake and will display a blank image instead.
Disabling right-clicks
The most common way to prevent right-click downloading of images is to place a transparent layer over the image itself. You can also disable anything being triggered by a right-click action using Javascript.
It is, however, relatively easy to circumvent this protection by looking into the source file of the webpage, using common developer tools that are built into almost every browser.
Even if the webmaster disabled direct access to the image address, every image displayed in a browser can be found in the downloaded resources.
Common underlying problem
While helpful to a certain extent, none of these methods resolve the underlying problem, which is that, sooner or later, the image will have to be presented to the user, and transmitted to – and cached by – the user’s browser. The image is almost always present in the source code and relatively easy to access.
This is where a solution such as SmartFrame comes in, its robustness owed to a completely different approach when serving images.
Rather than downloading an image file to the user’s browser, a request to display an image is sent to the cloud. Serving the image data is subject to meeting minimum security conditions. Once a handshake between the website requesting the file and the cloud is established, the image can be transmitted through this channel – and only this channel. In other words, the image is transmitted and rendered – quite literally, pixel by pixel – on the authorized webpage.
Sign up for a free SmartFrame account today
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HSMG
HSMG (High Strength Metallurgical Graphene) is polycrystalline graphene, grown from a liquid phase.
This process, in comparison to other methods based on using solid substrates, allows to manufacture defect-free graphene structures. HSMG is formed on a perfectly flat surface - liquid metal. While growing graphene on solid substrates is difficult due to surface irregularities and defects. Growing graphene on a liquid metal matrix enables the rotation of graphene grains, resulting in forming a continuous graphene sheet. Because of that, the grain disorientation angle is close to zero. Large-area graphene sheets formed with this method have high mechanical durability, close to graphene's theoretical values. This production method has been developed and patented by a team of scientists from the Institute of Materials Science of Lodz University of Technology, under the direction of Piotr Kula. HSMG graphene's commercialisation and applications are being handled by a spin-off institution - Advanced Graphene Products sp. z o.o.
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Tenan, South Korea
Korea Nazarene University is a Christian based on university located in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Wikipedia.
Kang J.U.,Korea Nazarene University | Koo S.H.,Chungnam National University
International Journal of Molecular Medicine | Year: 2012
The lymph node metastatic (LNM) spread of tumor cells is a frequent event in the initial process of cancer dissemination and is a powerful independent prognostic indicator in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). High density genomic arrays were conducted to identify molecular markers associated with lymph node metastasis in GAC. In the genome-wide profile, large copy number gains involving chromosomes 1p, 3q, 8q, 9q, 11q, 16p, 19p, and 20q (log2 ratio >0.25) (>40% of patients) were more prevalent than copy number losses. The most notable finding was copy number gains at the long arm of chromosome 11, which occurred in 75.0% of lymphatic metastasis GAC cases, and the delineated minimal common region was 11q24.2-q12.1. More specifically, 2 amplified (>1 log2 ratio) loci on the 11q13.3 region were detected in 12.5% of the cases. The first locus, covers a region of ∼7.7 Mbp, and comprises the representative oncogene of cyclin D1 (CCNDI). This finding occurred in 12.5% of the cases. Additionally, an oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) gene was identified as a probable target within the 11q13 amplicon, which previously was not assumed to play a pathogenic role in GACs (12.5%). A second locus spanning 7.8 Mbp on 11q13.3 without associated genes also showed high-level amplifications in 12.5% of the GACs. This study indicates that the long arm of chromosome 11 harbors protooncogenes that are associated with lymphatic metastasis formation and the ORAOV1 gene at the 11q13.3 region could be a potential target and serve as an indicator for the presence of occult metastases in GAC. Source
Kang J.U.,Korea Nazarene University | Koo S.H.,Chungnam National University
International Journal of Molecular Medicine | Year: 2012
Microarray-based cytogenetics is revealing the tremendous fluidity and complexity of the human genome, and is starting to illustrate the implications of genomic variability with respect to human health and disease. In the last few years, the robustness of array-based technologies has provided accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management in a timely and efficient manner for identifying genomic defects of congenital and developmental abnormalities including developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and/or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). The implementation of this technology in these categories of disorders has been thoroughly evaluated and is now recommended as a first-line diagnostic approach for clinically suspected genetic disorders. However, clinical application of array-CGH in postnatal evaluation raises the debate of whether array-CGH will replace traditional cytogenetics in the near future and whether there is still a role for karyotyping and FISH. In this article, we therefore review the current status of array-based technology use for postnatal diagnosis and predict that it will replace standard cytogenetics as a first-line test for clinical evaluation in these population groups. Source
Kang J.U.,Korea Nazarene University
Oncology Letters | Year: 2014
Early gastric carcinoma (GC) is considered to be a curable cancer, as it progresses to the advanced stage following varying durations. Understanding the early stage of GC may provide an insight into its pathogenesis and contribute to reducing the mortality rate of this disease. To investigate the genomic aberrations associated with 22 cases of early GC, high-density microarray comparative genomic hybridization was performed in the present study. The most notable finding was copy number gains (log2 ratio >0.25) on the long arm of chromosome 8, which occurred in 77.3% (17/22) of GC cases, and the delineated minimal common region was 8q22.1-q24.3. More specifically, two amplified (log2 ratio >1) loci in the 8q22.1-q24.3 region were detected in 18.2% (4/22) of GC cases. The first loci covered a region of 102.4-107.9 kb, mapping on 8q22.3-q23.1, and comprised the transcription factor CP2-like 3 gene. The second loci, spanning 128.7-145.7 kb on 8q24.21-q24.3, comprised the representative oncogene of myelocytomatosis. Furthermore, the following possible target genes that were not previously considered to play a pathogenic role in GC were identified: Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1, cysteine/histidine rich 1, kinesin family member C2, forkhead box H1, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 16A, glutamic-pyruvate transaminase, LOC113655 and RecQ protein-like 4. In the present study, previous findings showing that 8q mutations accumulate early during the multistage pathogenesis of GC were confirmed and expanded upon. The confirmation of previously reported 8q gains and the identification of novel target genes at 8q22.1-q24.3 amplified chromosomal sites should aid in improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of early GC. Source
Kim K.,Korea Nazarene University
International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering | Year: 2014
In this paper, we proposed the sound scene control (SSC) of the multi-channel audio signals in MPEG Surround to enhance the MPEG Surround with respect to the functionality. To add a new functionality to the MPEG Surround, we proposed the multi-channel sound scene control by modification of the spatial parameters such as the channel level difference and the inter-channel correlation. Even though the panning law is directly applied to the spatial parameters, the output channel signals are successfully panned by given panning angle. The quality and the localization ability of the proposed SSC are confirmed by the subjective listening test. © 2014 SERSC. Source
Nam Y.,Korea Nazarene University
Contemporary Engineering Sciences | Year: 2016
Recently, Korea house market is experiencing a dramatic structural change. House sales and Chonsei (lease on a deposit basis without monthly rent) that dominated the market are rapidly giving way to monthly rent with security deposit. As the Chonsei prices are soaring due to the low interest rate, a portion of the increase is changing to monthly rent. Therefore, calculating the proper conversion rate from Chonsei to monthly rent is important for the housing stability of the general people. The current Housing Lease Protection Act, however, not only applies the same conversion rate regardless of the deposit amount or the region, but also is not strict. A way to provide proper conversion rates depending on the region and the deposit amount to the market on time was suggested in this study to improve the current situation. The proper conversion rate proved to be different depending on the region and the deposit amount according to the analysis. Also, the proper conversion rate for the monthly rent with low deposit and the half monthly rent proved to be lower than the 6% that the law specifies. As such, the construction of the system that can provide proper conversion rate on time is highly required. A way to build an information database and a calculation system to calculate the proper conversion rates was suggested in this study. © 2015 Dongjun Suh and Sungil Ham. Source
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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GraphQL 101
A gentle introduction to a different API paradigm
What is GraphQL?
Is a data query language created by Facebook for internal use and later released in 2015, It basically provides a new paradigm to exchange information with a server, it is an alternative to SOAP and REST APIs.
Main advantages of GraphQL
More simple data retrieval:
It allows you to customize your request and ask for as many or fewer fields you need in a simple call
Main advantages of GraphQL
Better performance:
It uses fewer round-trips to get the data you need
Main advantages of GraphQL
Strongly typed:
It uses an enforceable data schema which includes validations
Main advantages of GraphQL
It is a standard:
Defines a specific way to expose data and operations
Main advantages of GraphQL
Native discoverable:
Is self-documented and self-described which ease the introduction to users and developers
Who is using GraphQL?
Obviously their creators heavily use it:
https://developers.facebook.com/tools/explorer/
Who is using GraphQL?
GitHub has a nice one too:
https://developer.github.com/v4/explorer/
Who is using GraphQL?
How does it work?
The best way to explain it is describing its principal concepts:
Schema
The GraphQL schema defines the server’s API and is written in its own typed language:
type Message {
id: ID!
text: String!
author: String!
comment: String
}
Queries
Defined inside the Schema, Queries in GraphQL are analogous to REST’s GET, is the way to ask the server for the data we need. Contrary to REST, however, we get full power to ask for exactly what we need, and in the format we need it.
type Query {
allMessages(): [Message]
}
Mutators
Defined inside the Schema, Mutators could be compared to REST’s POST, PUT and DELETE, is the way to modify data in the server, they allow to create, modify and delete information:
input MessageInput {
text: String
}
type Mutation {
updateMessage(id: ID!, input: MessageInput): Message
}
Resolvers
Resolver are external functions mapped to the Schema in charge of processing the queries and mutators, they should process the data, make the writing operations and return the queried information:
const root = {
allMessages: function (args) {
return db.getAllMessages()
},
updateMessage: function ({id, input}) {
const currentMessage = db.getMessage(id)
if (!currentMessage) {
throw new Error('No message exists with id: ' + id);
}
currentMessage.update({text: input})
return currentMessage
}
}
References
Keep learning:
GraphQL 101
By Adrián Estrada
GraphQL 101
A gentle introduction to a different API paradigm
• 1,430
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Page:The Battle for Bread (1875).pdf/45
Rh Love, there can be no Justice. Hence, love, felt in the heart, and practiced in the life, alone, is true Religion. Some writer on Ethics, says, "All Religion and all Ethics may be summed up in the word Justice." Justice is defined by Webster thus, "Rendering to every one his due—conformity to truth and reality, just treatment, equity." Hence, if the Religion of Justice were taught and practiced, monopolies would cease, and all who have toiled and labored, would have a competency and a home. While those who have produced nothing, or done nothing useful or ennobling, either by hand or brain, could not pile up the thousands or millions which others have produced. 'For thee, for me, for all,' would be the motto of the just; and not a million acres for me, and nothing for those who earn the million acres.
It was in view of a religion without justice that Isaiah uttered these impressive words, "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? …. Bring no more vain oblations. … : It is iniquity, even the solemn meeting. … . Cease to do evil; learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed; judge the fatherless; plead for the widow."
Something more than a religion of words is needed to redeem the world. It must be a religion of noble, Christ-like deeds.
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Sunday, May 21, 2017
Micro in Microservices
What does “micro” in the microservices mean?
How do you define what a microservice is? How do you define the boundaries?
This is not an exact science. However, when you get close to the boundaries of violating what the word “micro” means, you will know, and you will feel bothered making changes in that service because it will not feel right. It is still good to have some guidelines on defining the boundaries of your microservice. Here is the approach that I like to use.
Force yourself to write down on paper what your service does. Write it in first person to give it a little more emphasis.
I am the microservice A and I exist so that I can perform X.
This should be the first description in your API documentation so it is clear for your clients and it is also a good reminder for your team.
Let’s see an example. Let’s say you want to develop a “Subscription” microservice, and after some initial discussions you write the definition for that service:
I am the Subscription microservice and I exist so that I can create, read, update, delete subscriptions and I also exist so that I can activate, deactivate benefits and terms for the subscription. I also exist so that I can correct the failed subscriptions into a good state.
This definition is overwhelming. If the Subscription service ends up doing all of that work, then it is really not a micro-service. It is a macro-service. If the definition of your service has a lot of “ands” and “ifs” in the sentence(s), then you should worry about the size of this service.
Here is how this Subscription service could be turned into a micro-service.
I am the Subscription microservice and I exist so that I can perform the CRUD operations on subscriptions.
Now that your Subscription service is a micro-service, you need to introduce other services that will perform the remaining actions. For example, you can add the following services to perform the remaining actions:
I am the Fulfillment microservice and I exist so that I can orchestrate the creation of a subscription and the fulfillment of that subscription which is really the activation and deactivation of benefits with a given subscription.
I am the Fulfillment-Recovery microservice and I exist so that I can recover the failed subscription into a good state.
This is just one example of how you can define the boundaries for the “micro” in the microservices. One may argue that you can break the above services into smaller services, and in my opinion that’s where you are on the other spectrum where your microservices would be turning into nano-services. That is ok as long as you don’t get over-excited and negatively impact performance. If you go in this direction too much, that’s where you are starting to feel the overhead of too many RESTful calls chained together and each http call over the wire adds up. That’s where you need to be very realistic and decide how much you are gaining by doing this given your use cases.
Another way to more closely define the “micro” in your microservice is to define the API routes for all the actions that you mentioned in the definition of your microservice. If you go through this exercise, you quickly discover that the API routes for the original long definition of the Subscription microservice are not going to stay RESTful. That is your signal to start breaking up that service into smaller services.
In conclusion, introduce some guidelines within your company on how to define what a microservice is and keep each other in check when adding new services and when adding functionality to you existing microservices.
Thank you for reading.
Almir Mustafic.
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What you need to know about the shocking U.K. election
Yesterday's snap general election in the United Kingdom produced a shocking result: a hung parliament. It's not what PM Theresa May expected when she called this election six weeks ago to strengthen her hand ahead of the formal Brexit negotiations — and the result might mean more political chaos for the country in the near future. Where things stand right now: May will remain as PM with a minority government headed by her Conservative Party. The Conservatives are discussing a pact with the right-wing Northern Irish Democratic Unionist Party, but there is no formal coalition agreement yet. After facing down a no-confidence vote triggered by his own MPs last year, this result is a huge success for the Labour Party's Jeremy Corbyn and his brand of left-wing politics. Brexit is still on — the European Union has already begun trolling May — but its ultimate scope and structure is certainly in question. Other big storylines The Scottish National Party (SNP), the main driver behind the Scottish independence movement, lost seats all across Scotland to the other major parties. Conservative gains in Scotland provided the most shocking result, as the party hasn't had any success there in 20 years. Scottish independence is on life support right now. Labour's Corbyn had been widely mocked and derided (even by those in his own party) as an out-of-touch socialist from the 1970s. But his hopeful message and dynamic campaigning clearly resonated with voters across the country as Labour made headway even in longtime Conservative bastions. Former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg of the Liberal Democrats was defeated in a surprise result. And the SNP lost both its deputy leader and former leader as Angus Robertson and Alex Salmond both lost their seats in Scotland. Theresa May's position: She gave a defiant speech in front of 10 Downing Street this afternoon that largely ignored the reality of the result. That's not going to please longtime Conservative MPs who lost their seats or saw their margins of victory greatly reduced, especially when this election was her decision. She plans to remain as prime minister and she met with Queen Elizabeth II to form a government, but there are already knives out for her in her own party. Another general election? Minority governments are notoriously unstable. The last general election that produced a minority government occurred in February 1974 and resulted in another election later that year. If May can't hammer out a formal coalition agreement with the DUP, there's a significant chance of another election this year — and May wouldn't be leading the Conservatives into it. Brexit: Who knows? If May pushes ahead with a minority Conservative government, that opens the door for moderate Remain supporters in her own party to become more vocal in their push for a softer Brexit. Labour had included most aspects of a "hard" Brexit — the exiting of the European single market and the end of free movement of people — in their campaign manifesto, but they might also take a softer tone given the result. Formal negotiations are set to begin with the European Union on June 19.
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K7103 Sofware and Info
Any one have a the Software for the K7103?
There are some links here but all seem dead or old.
https://www.box.com/s/071af3526c4e5ec4427b
Is there a BOM or schematic for this device?
Thanks.
Here is now the updated link.
And here is the circuit diagram.
Thank you for your links, they are very helpful! I was searching for these diagrams for a long time…
Now, not all software was compatible with Windows, the system had to leave support for DOS applications and the files belonged to them too. They could run like under DOS but without the graphical interface with central graphics and drivers. There is a PIF program but it would require a sweep. Then you can perform a raid data recovery to set up the visualisation later on Windows. DOS applications using only system calls will be shown in a special window. Codes must be entered there to make it work.
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Object Type Declaration
An object type is a user-defined composite datatype that encapsulates a data structure along with the functions and procedures needed to manipulate the data. The variables that form the data structure are called attributes. The functions and procedures that characterize the behavior of the object type are called methods. A special kind of method called the constructor creates a new instance of the object type and fills in its attributes.
Object types must be created through SQL and stored in an Oracle database, where they can be shared by many programs. When you define an object type using the CREATE TYPE statement, you create an abstract template for some real-world object. The template specifies the attributes and behaviors the object needs in the application environment. For information on the CREATE TYPE SQL statement, see Oracle Database SQL Reference. For information on the CREATE TYPE BODY SQL statement, see Oracle Database SQL Reference.
The data structure formed by the set of attributes is public (visible to client programs). However, well-behaved programs do not manipulate it directly. Instead, they use the set of methods provided, so that the data is kept in a proper state.
For more information on object types, see Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Object-Relational Features. For information on using PL/SQL with object types, see Chapter 12, "Using PL/SQL With Object Types".
Usage Notes
Once an object type is created in your schema, you can use it to declare objects in any PL/SQL block, subprogram, or package. For example, you can use the object type to specify the datatype of an object attribute, table column, PL/SQL variable, bind variable, record field, collection element, formal procedure parameter, or function result.
Like a package, an object type has two parts: a specification and a body. The specification (spec for short) is the interface to your applications; it declares a data structure (set of attributes) along with the operations (methods) needed to manipulate the data. The body fully defines the methods, and so implements the spec.
All the information a client program needs to use the methods is in the spec. Think of the spec as an operational interface and of the body as a black box. You can debug, enhance, or replace the body without changing the spec.
An object type encapsulates data and operations. You can declare attributes and methods in an object type spec, but not constants, exceptions, cursors, or types. At least one attribute is required (the maximum is 1000); methods are optional.
In an object type spec, all attributes must be declared before any methods. Only subprograms have an underlying implementation. If an object type spec declares only attributes and/or call specs, the object type body is unnecessary. You cannot declare attributes in the body. All declarations in the object type spec are public (visible outside the object type).
You can refer to an attribute only by name (not by its position in the object type). To access or change the value of an attribute, you use dot notation. Attribute names can be chained, which lets you access the attributes of a nested object type.
In an object type, methods can reference attributes and other methods without a qualifier. In SQL statements, calls to a parameterless method require an empty parameter list. In procedural statements, an empty parameter list is optional unless you chain calls, in which case it is required for all but the last call.
From a SQL statement, if you call a MEMBER method on a null instance (that is, SELF is null), the method is not invoked and a null is returned. From a procedural statement, if you call a MEMBER method on a null instance, PL/SQL raises the predefined exception SELF_IS_NULL before the method is invoked.
You can declare a map method or an order method but not both. If you declare either method, you can compare objects in SQL and procedural statements. However, if you declare neither method, you can compare objects only in SQL statements and only for equality or inequality. Two objects of the same type are equal only if the values of their corresponding attributes are equal.
Like packaged subprograms, methods of the same kind (functions or procedures) can be overloaded. That is, you can use the same name for different methods if their formal parameters differ in number, order, or datatype family.
Every object type has a default constructor method (constructor for short), which is a system-defined function with the same name as the object type. You use the constructor to initialize and return an instance of that object type. You can also define your own constructor methods that accept different sets of parameters. PL/SQL never calls a constructor implicitly, so you must call it explicitly. Constructor calls are allowed wherever function calls are allowed.
Related Topics
"Function Declaration"
"Package Declaration"
"Procedure Declaration"
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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Terrorist attacks carried out by LTTE
Terrorist_attacks_carried_out_by_LTTE
Copy of existing article - Notable attacks by the LTTE Realstarslayer 18:18, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
Is not a copy, lists over hundred incidents not contained in Notable attacks by the LTTE. Several hundred more to be added Ruchiraw 10:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
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Gilat Stock Up 23% in the Past Six Months: Will the Uptrend Continue?
Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. GILT stock has proved resilient amid a volatile market environment with a 23.2% gain in the past six months against the Zacks Satellite and Communication industry’s the Zacks Computer and Technology sector and the S&P 500 composite’s decline of 7.6%, 15.9% and 10.6%, respectively.
Image Source: Zacks Investment Research
It closed the last trading session at $6, down 25% from its 52-week high of $8.05. Does this recent pullback indicate a buying opportunity?
Let us discuss GILT’s prospects and determine your portfolio's best course of action.
GILT, a leading provider of satellite-based broadband services, offers advanced solutions across sectors like In-Flight Connectivity (IFC), defense and public safety. With rising global demand for defense SATCOM, driven by NGSO growth and geopolitical tensions, Gilat is well-positioned to capitalize on these trends through its deep expertise and continued investment in secure, high-performance satellite communication technologies.
Recently, Gilat announced that its defense division, Gilat Defense, secured a multimillion-dollar order from a leading global defense organization. The contract involves the supply of cutting-edge antenna technology, which will be integrated into the organization’s advanced communication systems. Also, the company announced that Gilat Defense has been awarded a significant contract to provide sustainment and support services for Satellite Transportable Terminal (STT) units used by the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”). The deal, which covers a base program with extension options for up to five years, is valued at up to $23 million.
Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. price-consensus-chart | Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. Quote
In March 2025, the company announced a new $6 million contract for its SkyEdge II-c satellite communications platform. The deal, awarded by a military organization in the Asia-Pacific region, solidifies Gilat’s market position in delivering highly secure, resilient and advanced satellite communications solutions for mission-critical defense operations. The contract highlights Gilat’s expanding footprint in the defense sector as the company continues to provide robust SATCOM solutions that enable military forces to operate efficiently across the diverse and challenging backdrop.
In February 2025, GILT announced the formation of its new Defense Division to address the increasing demand for secure government and military SATCOM solutions. Gilat Defense unifies the expertise of Gilat, Gilat DataPath and Gilat Wavestream under one umbrella to deliver end-to-end, mission-critical SATCOM solutions for military, homeland security and government agencies. In January 2025, GILT announced that its wholly owned U.S.-based subsidiary, Gilat DataPath, secured contracts exceeding $5 million. These deals, awarded by the DoD and various international defense forces, involve DKET terminals and Field Service Representative (FSR) support.
In the last reported quarter, the company’s net sales grew 3% year over year, driven by steady traction in the defense and IFC sectors, with a higher volume of orders and awards. Management projects 2025 revenues between $415 million and $455 million, with adjusted EBITDA expected to range from $47 million to $53 million.
As part of its growth strategy, Gilat has restructured its organization into three primary divisions effective Jan. 1, 2025. It will present financial results under three categories - Gilat Defense, Gilat Commercial and Gilat Peru. The new structure improves focus on key markets and gives investors better insight into Gilat’s business and growth opportunities.
In recent years, intensifying competition within the industry has created a greater urgency for continuous innovation. At the same time, some rivals have adopted aggressive pricing strategies in an effort to gain market share, triggering a price war. These dynamics are likely to put pressure on Gilat’s profitability and overall market position.
In terms of the price/book ratio, Gilat is trading at 1.12, higher than the industry’s multiple of 0.45.
Image Source: Zacks Investment Research
Although the company is currently facing intense competition and appears overvalued, its strong strategic initiatives and recent defense deals may drive stock growth.
The company has an average brokerage recommendation (ABR) of 1.5 on a scale of 1 to 5 (Strong Buy to Strong Sell). ABR is the calculated average of actual recommendations made by brokerage firms and portends the future potential of the stock.
At present, GILT carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).
Some better-ranked stocks from the broader technology space are Unity Software Inc. U, Iridium Communications Inc. IRDM and SAP SAP. U sports a Zacks Rank #1, while IRDM and SAP carry a Zacks Rank #2. You can see the complete list of today’s Zacks #1 (Strong Buy) Rank stocks here.
Unity Software’s earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in each of the trailing four quarters, with the average surprise being 65.52%. In the last reported quarter, U delivered an earnings surprise of 14.29%. The company’s long-term earnings growth rate is 5.4%. Its shares have lost 16.7% in the past year.
Iridium’s earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in each of the trailing four quarters, with the average surprise being 35.22%. In the last reported quarter, IRDM delivered an earnings surprise of 93.75%. Its shares have decreased 19.3% in the past year.
SAP’s earnings beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate in three of the trailing four quarters while missing in one, with the average surprise being 6.38%. In the last reported quarter, SAP delivered an earnings surprise of 12.03%. The company’s long-term earnings growth rate is 10.1%. Its shares have surged 33.2% in the past year.
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SAP SE (SAP) : Free Stock Analysis Report
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Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. (GILT) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Unity Software Inc. (U) : Free Stock Analysis Report
This article originally published on Zacks Investment Research (zacks.com).
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huttetu
Etymology
From.
Interjection
* 1) used to express a sense of physical cold or something psychologically chilling or otherwise unpleasant; brr
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WIKI
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User:Abyssal/Prehistory of Europe/DYK/12
* ... that the entire Arostropsis weevil genus is known from only one specimen, which is 45 million years old?
* ...that the Carnac stones, with over 3000 neolithic menhirs, contain the largest stone rows of its kind in the world?
* ... that, according to Sussex folklore, the Bronze Age barrows known as the Devil's Humps (pictured) were raised over the bodies of defeated Viking marauders?
* ... that divers from the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology discovered the Mesolithic settlement of Bouldnor Cliff with the help of a lobster?
* ... that the Cucuteni-Trypillian people experienced a considerable abundance of food, which contributed to why they had no evidence of war throughout their entire existence?
* ... that major discoveries in the history of ceratosaur research include horned predators like Ceratosaurus (pictured), Majungasaurus, and Carnotaurus, as well as a bonebed of the projecting-toothed Masiakasaurus?
* ... that the extinct snakefly genus Proraphidia is known from fossils found in Spain, England, and Kazakhstan?
* ... that Vanguard Cave (pictured) is one of four caves in Gibraltar which have been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
* ... that the discovery of Mesolithic microliths during gas main excavation in 2010 revealed that Monmouth was inhabited during the Middle Stone Age?
* ...that the megalithic Niedertiefenbach tomb in Hesse, Germany has at least ten discernible layers of burials from the New Stone Age?
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User:Eddie Dealtry
Welcome to Eddie's user page
If you find me in your way, shout on My Talk Page.
Interests
* under astronomy
* in mathematics
* on mountains
* evolving from natural selection operating on mutation.
Wiki Development
Wiki testing goes on in My Sandbox.
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WIKI
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Herman Riley
Herman Riley (August 31, 1933 – April 14, 2007) was a jazz saxophonist who was a studio musician in Los Angeles. He worked with Gene Ammons, Lorez Alexandria, Count Basie, Bobby Bryant, Donald Byrd, Benny Carter, Quincy Jones, Shelly Manne, Blue Mitchell, and Joe Williams. He died of heart failure in Los Angeles at the age of 73.
Discography
* Herman (1986)
As sideman
With Bobby Bryant
* 1967 Ain't Doing Too B-A-D
* 1971 Swahili Strut
With Blue Mitchell
* The Last Tango = Blues (Mainstream, 1973)
* Blues' Blues (Mainstream, 1972)
* Graffiti Blues (Mainstream, 1973)
* African Violet (Impulse!, 1977)
* Summer Soft (Impulse!, 1978)
With Lorez Alexandria
* 1980 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 1
* 1984 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 2: Harlem Butterfly
* 1984 Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer, Vol. 3: Tangerine
* 1992 I'll Never Stop Loving You
With Roger Neumann
* 1983 Introducing Roger Neumann's Rather Large Band
* 1993 Instant Heat
With Kenny Burrell
* 1994 Collaboration
* 2007 75th Birthday Bash Live!
* 2003 Blue Muse
With Charles Wright
* 2004 High Maintenance Woman
* 2006 Finally Got It... Wright
With Jimmy Smith
* 1989 Prime Time
* 1993 Sum Serious Blues
* 2001 Dot Com Blues
With others
* 1967 One More Time, Della Reese
* 1968 Hard Times, Roy Brown
* 1971 Head On, Bobby Hutcherson
* 1971 Free Again, Gene Ammons
* 1974 Live & in Concert, Four Tops
* 1976 Albert, Albert King
* 1978 The Live at the Century Plaza, Frank Capp
* 1978 Where Go the Boats, John Handy
* 1979 Tango Palace, Dr. John
* 1981 Swing Street Cafe, Joe Sample/David T. Walker
* 1981 The Way I Am, Billy Preston
* 1981 Touch, Gladys Knight & the Pips
* 1986 At Vine St. Live, Maxine Sullivan
* 1987 Digital Duke, Mercer Ellington
* 1988 The Singer, Richard B. Boone
* 1989 The Fabulous Baker Boys, Dave Grusin
* 1989 Boogie Down, Ernestine Anderson
* 1991 Fine and Mellow, Ruth Brown
* 1992 Calamba, Andy Simpkins Quintet
* 1995 Time After Time, Etta James
* 2000 Everybody's Talkin' Bout Miss Thing, Lavay Smith & Her Red Hot Skillet Lickers
* 2005 The Jazz Composer's Songbook, John Heard
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Page:Clarence Mulford - Man from Bar-20.djvu/315
"Two Ijuts" suggesting a hot curiosity and a thirsty yearning for knowledge.
"Time," said the other. "Time flies; an' I've had these flies all th' time. It's time they flies away, to fly back another day. You leave yours behind you, Cow Face, if you visit me."
"Ain't got none; an' ain't seen none," replied Luke cheerfully.
"Twice a liar," observed Johnny pleasantly. "Why don't you learn to speak th' truth sometimes? I'm worried about yore soul."
"I'm worried about my belly an' my knees. They're scraped clean, wrigglin' over rock."
Tain't possible; not at yore age," commented Johnny. "Th' accumulations of years can't be got rid of so easy, Old Timer."
"No wonder they chased him off th' Tin Cup," grinned Luke. "We are two ijuts."
"Listen to th' jackass," stid Johnny. "Th' flies that flew an' flied; th' flies that crawled an' died; th' flies that buzzed an'—an'—holy h—l! Did you ever see so many of 'em?"
"I done listened to th' jackass," grunted Luke. "An' now I observes, gentle but firm: We are two ijuts."
"We are one ijut," corrected Johnny. "You are th' one. A soft answer turneth away wrath." 303
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Page:Walcott Cambrian Geology and Paleontology II.djvu/142
86 limb, larger palpebral lobes, and more elongate glabella. From Chuangia nais and C. fragmenta it differs in its longer palpebral lobes and in the outline of the glabella.
Formation and locality.—Upper Cambrian: (C11) crystalline limestone 60 feet (18 m.) above the base of the uppermost limestone member, 2.1 miles (3.4 km.) southwest of Yen-chuang. Sin-t'ai District, Shan-tung, China.
Collected by Eliot Blackwelder.
This genus is proposed to include a group of small trilobites represented by Agraulos agenor Walcott. The cranidium is strongly convex; glabella truncato-conical, tumid, and with only a trace of glabellar furrows; occipital ring narrow at the sides, broadening rapidly toward the center, convex, and extending backward into an obtuse spine. Frontal limb very narrow and passing almost without any line of demarcation into the rather broad, slightly convex frontal margin of the cephalon. Fixed cheeks tumid, about half as wide as the glabella and with small palpebral lobes midway of their length. Postero-lateral limbs rather short and marked by a deep, narrow, intermarginal posterior furrow that separates a narrow, rounded margin.
Genotype.—Agraulos agenor Walcott (pi. 15, fig. 7). A second species, Levisia adrastia (Walcott) has the same generic characters. Its surface has the same pitting and in addition a few relatively large, scattered granules.
Two species of this genus occur with an Upper Cambrian fauna in the boulders of the conglomerate at Point Lévis, opposite Quebec, Canada. The first I shall give the name of Levisia richardsoni in recognition of the fine collecting work done by Mr. J. Richardson under the direction of Sir William E. Logan.
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Page:Radio-activity.djvu/604
I. Thermodynamics.
II. The Phase Rule.
III. The Phase Rule. Two Components. Solutions.
IV. Solubility.
V. Osmotic Pressure.
VI. Vapour Pressures and Freezing Points.
VII. Theories of Solution.
VIII. Electrolysis.
IX. Conductivity of Electrolytes.
X. Galvanic Cells.
XI. Contact Electricity and Polarization.
XII. The Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation.
XIII. Diffusion in Solutions.
XIV. Solutions of Colloids.
Additions.
Table of Electro-chemical Properties of Aqueous Solutions.
Electricity and Magnetism: an Elementary Text-book, Theoretical and Practical. By, M.A., F.R.S., Director of the National Physical Laboratory and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 1-440 pp. 7s. 6d.
Athenæum.—"If the nature of the book be taken into consideration, it will be found unusually free from the influence of the examination spirit. The writing is bright and interesting, and will stimulate a desire, we think, for further study."
Guardian.—"Every schoolmaster and teacher who has under consideration the selection of a text-book for his better students should most certainly look into this book. The information is everywhere absolutely sound and reliable."
PREFACE. Some words are perhaps necessary to explain the publication of another book dealing with Elementary Electricity. A considerable portion of the present work has been in type for a long time; it was used originally as a part of the practical work in Physics for Medical Students at the Cavendish Laboratory in connexion with my lectures, and was expanded by Mr Wilberforce and Mr Fitzpatrick in one of their Laboratory Note-books of Practical Physics.
When I ceased to deliver the first year course I was asked to print my lectures for the use, primarily, of the Students attending the practical classes; the lectures on Mechanics, Heat and Light have been in type for some years. Other claims on my time have prevented the issue of the present volume until now, when it appears in response to the promise made several years ago.
Meanwhile the subject has changed; but while this is the case the elementary laws and measurements on which the science is based remain unaltered, and I trust the book may be found of service to others besides my successors at the Cavendish Laboratory.
The book is to be used in the same way as its predecessors. The apparatus for most of the Experiments is of a simple character and can be supplied at no great expense in considerable quantities.
Thus the Experiments should all, as far as possible, be carried out by the members of the class, the teacher should base his reasoning on the results actually obtained by his pupils. Ten or twelve years ago this method was far from common; the importance to a School of a Physical Laboratory is now more generally recognized; it is with the hope that the book may be of value to those who are endeavouring to put the method in practice that it is issued now.
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Using Airbnb to Sample Someone Else’s Style
Shirley Criddle and her husband, Markus Flatscher, are 20th-century design enthusiasts. Their Chicago home is filled with vintage furniture by the likes of Oscar Niemeyer and Paul McCobb, and Mr. Flatscher idolizes Frank Lloyd Wright, whom he considers one of the greatest architects of all time. So when Ms. Criddle was looking for a way to celebrate Mr. Flatscher’s 40th birthday earlier this year, she hit upon the idea of renting a Wright house that she spotted on Airbnb: the four-bedroom Bernard Schwartz House in Two Rivers, Wis., built in 1939 and based on plans the architect published in Life magazine. The couple and half a dozen friends spent a weekend there, reveling in the way sunlight streamed through the clerestory windows, cooking in the compact kitchen and sitting around the living room drinking Bloody Marys. “It was like being in a museum,” Ms. Criddle, 33, said. “Except getting to treat it like it was our own.” That’s the sort of unequivocal praise you don’t hear much in connection with Airbnb these days, given all the recent controversy. The company, which was founded in San Francisco in 2008, is now the world’s largest home-sharing site, worth some $30 billion. It is also engaged in multiple legal battles around the world in cities that restrict short-term rentals. Affordable housing advocates say it is responsible for driving housing costs up by taking full-time rentals off the market, in effect turning them into illegal hotel rooms. And just last month, Gov. Andrew Cuomo of New York signed a bill imposing stiff fines on hosts who violate local housing regulations; the company immediately reacted by filing a lawsuit in federal court. All of this has made the Airbnb experience a bit fraught for both guests and hosts. But if you’re a design-obsessed traveler, the opportunity to try on someone else’s style for a night is hard to resist, no matter how much contention surrounds it. And if you’re a style-minded host, Airbnb offers what may be your best chance to share your taste with others — or even to market it, if your work involves design. Take Linda Taalman. Ms. Taalman, 42, is an architect in Los Angeles who has had her work published in design magazines like Dwell. But Airbnb has also turned out to be an effective marketing tool for her firm, Taalman Architecture. Her IT House — a glass-enclosed, solar-powered, prefabricated structure in Pioneertown, Calif., near Joshua Tree National Park — was an experiment in using nontraditional construction methods, built with her then-husband and business partner, Alan Koch, 10 years ago as a second home for themselves. Ms. Taalman and Mr. Koch have since divorced and no longer work together; Ms. Taalman now owns the house and rents it out on Airbnb for $380 a night. Guests enamored of the house have left glowing reviews on the website, as well as bottles of champagne for their host, and even a pair of socks (those particular visitors owned a sock company). A few have been so impressed that they’ve commissioned Ms. Taalman to design other homes like it. The Blue Jay Tipi, in the Catskills town of Bovina, N.Y., is experimental in a different way: The owners, Chris Langford, 34, and Lisa Candela, 45, are using it to test-drive their idea for a boutique resort. The couple met in South Dakota, Mr. Langford’s home state, when Ms. Candela, a photographer, was hired to take pictures at a wedding held on a wild horse sanctuary. She and Mr. Langford, a financial planner who was one of the wedding guests, both admired the tepees on the reserve. As they got to know each other, they realized they shared dreams that, if not similar, were at least distantly related — he to live off the land and she to create a destination resort in a bucolic setting. After they became engaged they found a way to combine those dreams, living in a small house in Bovina, on land that flows down to a meandering creek, and erecting a tepee in a clearing nearby, furnishing it with rustic-romantic furnishings in the vein of a Ralph Lauren photo spread. In April, they listed the tepee on Airbnb for $135 a night and immediately started to get bookings. Mr. Langford, who now spends his days splitting wood for the tepee’s wood-burning stove and bushwhacking paths for guests to use, said the first tepee has already paid for itself and they recently bought a second, which should be up and running soon. Eventually, he added, they expect to graduate to a larger piece of land with room for a proper inn and a collection of tepees scattered around it. Other hosts, like Kitty Mrache, have no such grand ambitions. Nevertheless, Mrs. Mrache, 66, owns one of the most-booked listings on Airbnb: the Mushroom Dome Cabin in Aptos, Calif. The tiny fairy-tale house, which is topped by a half-sphere inspired by Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes, was built in 1995 from a kit. Mrs. Mrache, who regarded it as a “fun art project” and embellished it over the years, simply wanted a place where her grown children could stay when they visited. In the description on the website, Mrs. Mrache is forthright about the home’s quirks: “The cabin is not as big as it looks in this photo,” warns the caption of a picture of the main level, which is just 100 square feet, with a sleeping loft above. Guests, who pay $115 a night, apparently aren’t deterred. Mrs. Mrache takes her home’s popularity, and all the comings and goings, in stride. “I raised four children,” she said. “Being a host just fits my personality.” Renting out a little cabin in the woods, of course, is one thing, but letting strangers make themselves at home in an architectural masterpiece is something else entirely. And Michael Ditmer, who owns the Bernard Schwartz House with his brother, Gary Ditmer, admits to having some concerns. “Sure, I had qualms,” he said. “It’s my baby, my passion.” A Wright fan since high school, Mr. Ditmer, 55, a creative consultant in St. Paul, Minn., bought the house in 2003. From the beginning, the plan was to restore the place and rent it out. As he put it, “I wanted it to be shared.” Before listing the house on Airbnb in 2010, he said, he informed the neighbors of his plans and hired a woman who lives across the street to clean it between bookings. It is now occupied about 70 percent of the time, he said, with some bookings coming through the house’s own website. The current rental fee is $425 a night, netting the brothers more than $100,000 a year, Mr. Ditmer said, which they put back into the house, realizing aspects of Wright’s design that the Schwartzes had left undone. For the most part, guests have been very respectful, he said. There’s been “no appreciable damage” to the house, apart from a vintage lava lamp that was broken. “People who stay at the house are professors, architects, a lot of midcentury-modern design enthusiasts,” he added. “These people are not typically whooping it up.”
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What Is The History Of The Last Name Bishop?
The name Bishop has been traced back to a variety of origins, but the most popular belief is that it is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word bisceop, meaning “bishop.” This surname was given to people who held bishop-like roles in their communities, such as church leaders, teachers, and judges.The history of the last name Bishop can be traced back to the early medieval period. During this time, the name was primarily found in England and Scotland. Over the centuries, the name has spread to other parts of the world, including the United States and Canada.
Today, the name Bishop is still quite popular, and it is ranked in the top 100 most common surnames in both the United States and Canada. If you are interested in learning more about the history of the last name Bishop, or if you are looking for information on how to trace your family’s history, there are a number of resources available online.
Are There Any Famous People In History With The Last Name Bishop?
There are undoubtedly many famous people in history with the last name Bishop. However, narrowing it down to a specific few is no easy task. This is because Bishops have held a wide variety of positions and achieved a great deal of success in a variety of fields.One of the most famous Bishops is undoubtedly the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King was a Baptist minister who became a leading figure in the American civil rights movement. He is celebrated for his role in advancing racial equality and for his speeches and writings which continue to inspire people to this day.
Another famous Bishop is Billie Jean King. Billie Jean is a tennis player who is considered to be one of the greatest female tennis players of all time. She is a 12-time Grand Slam singles champion, and she won a record 20 Wimbledon titles during her career.
There are also a number of famous Bishops in the world of politics. For example, the current Governor of California is Jerry Brown, who was previously the Mayor of Oakland and the Secretary of State of California. And the current Prime Minister of Canada is Justin Trudeau, who is the eldest son of former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
So, as you can see, there are many famous people in history with the last name Bishop. However, these are just a few of the most notable examples.
Where Does The Last Name Bishop Rank In The Most Common US Names?
There are numerous studies that rank the most common US names, but what about the less common names? Today, we're going to take a look at the last name Bishop and see where it ranks.According to one study, Bishop is the 993rd most common US name. That may not seem too common, but it's actually higher than a lot of other last names. For example, Peterson is the 1,023rd most common US name, and Jones is the 1,054th most common US name.
So why is Bishop so common? It's hard to say for sure, but one possibility is that it's popularity is linked to the Catholic Church. After all, the Catholic Church is one of the largest religious denominations in the world, and it's possible that some of the popularity of the last name Bishop is due to the Church.
Whatever the reason, Bishop is definitely a more common name than many people think. And if you're one of the lucky people who have the last name Bishop, you can be proud of your unique name!
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FINEWEB-EDU
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The Collatz Conjecture with Python
The Collatz Conjecture is an unsolved problem in Mathematics which lends itself nicely to exploration with Python.
The idea is simple:
Pick a positive whole number. If it’s odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. If it’s even, divide it by 2. Now you have a new number. Apply the same rules to the new number. What happens as you keep repeating the process?
Try a few examples manually, and then have a go at completing the program below to explore the conjecture with Python.
Details: Complete the function named collatz(). It has one parameter named number. It should return number // 2 if number is even and 3 * number + 1 otherwise. Hint: You can use the modulo operator to check for evenness.
def collatz(number):
pass
n = int(input("Enter a positive whole number: "))
print(n)
while n != 1:
n = collatz(n)
print(n)
Once you’ve had a good try, you may want to look at my solution:
You might think that the number you start with affects the number you end up with. Perhaps some numbers eventually reach 1, while others go off to infinity. Collatz conjectured that if you start with a positive whole number and run this process long enough, all starting values will lead to 1.
Over the years, many mathematicians have been drawn Collatz conjecture. They have tested billions of examples without finding a single exception to Collatz’s prediction. However, it is not yet proven that ALL positive whole numbers will eventually reach 1.
The Collatz Conjecture with a Negative Starting Number
You may be curious as to what happens if we apply the Collatz formulas to a negative initial number. Have a play with this idea now if it interests you. You can easily use the same program as above to explore this – maybe changing the input message to encourage negative input…
Generally speaking, if we apply the Collatz function on any integer, then it is conjectured that it ends up in one of five “cycles”:
• …→0→0→0→…
• …→1→4→2→1→…
• …→−1→−2→−1→…
• …→−5→−14→−7→−20→−10→−5→…
…→−17→−50→−25→−74→−37→−110→−55→−164→−82→−41→−122→−61→−182→−91→−272→−136→−68→−34→−17→…
This article has explored the Collatz Conjecture with Python. I hope you found it interesting. Happy computing!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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That Line at the Ferrari Dealer? It's Bonus Season on Wall Street
Wall Street's traditional year-end bonuses are up significantly for second consecutive year; Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns have reported record profits for year and all are said to have given out handsome bonuses; investment bankers are expected to see gains in bonuses of 10 to 15 percent, amid year-end flurry of mergers; fixed-income traders will also be amply rewarded, but their percentage gains may be smaller than those of bankers; bonuses vary by bank, by division and by individual; they reflect firm's profitability and group's performance, as well as individual's contribution; this year's bonuses are rich enough to persuade many of Wall Street's elite to rediscover conspicuous consumption; but many Wall Street professionals urge caution, given that bonus typically constitutes majority of their compensation; say they are all too aware that good times could end as quickly as they did after 2000, when $2.5 million income could turn to $800,000 overnight; photo; graph (M)
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Page:Works by the late Horace Hayman Wilson Vol 6.djvu/135
CHAPTER XXII.
Dominion over different provinces of creation assigned to different beings. Universality of Vishnu. Four varieties of spiritual contemplation. Two conditions of spirit. The perceptible attributes of Vishnu types of his imperceptible properties. Vishnu everything. Merit of hearing the first book of the Vishnu Parana.
BOOK II.
CHAPTER I.
Descendants of Priyavrata, the eldest son of Swayambhuva Manu : his ten sons: three adopt a religious life; the others become kings of the seven Dwipas or isles of the earth. Agnidhra, king of Jambu-dwipa, divides it into nine portions, which he distributes amongst his sons. Nabhi, king of the south, succeeded by Rishabha, and he, by Bharata : India named, after him, Bharata: his descendants reign during the Swayambhuva Manwantara.
CHAPTER II.
Description of the earth. The seven Dwipas and seven seas. Jambu-dwipa. Mount Meru: its extent and boundaries. Extent of Ilavirta. Groves, lakes, and branches of Meru. Cities of the gods. Rivers. The forms of Vishnu worshipped in different Varshas.
CHAPTER III.
Description of Bharata-varsha: extent: chief mountains: nine divisions: principal rivers and mountains of Bharata proper: principal nations: superiority over other Varshas, especially as the seat of religious acts. (Topographical lists.)
CHAPTER IV.
Account of kings, divisions, mountains, rivers, and inhabitants of the other Dwipas, viz.,Plaksha, Salmala, Kusa, Krauncha, Saka,
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Elizabeth O'Neill (actress)
Elizabeth O'Neill (1791 – 29 October 1872), also Eliza, was an Irish actress.
Biography
Born in Drogheda, she was the daughter of an actor and stage manager. Her first appearance on the stage was made at the Crow Street Theatre in 1811 as the Widow Cheerly in Andrew Cherry's The Soldier's Daughter, and after several years in Ireland she came to London and made an immediate success as Juliet at Covent Garden in 1814. For five years she was the favourite of London town in comedy as well as tragedy, but in the latter she particularly excelled, being frequently compared, not to her disadvantage, with the great Sarah Siddons.
In 1819 she married William Wrixon Becher of Ballygiblin Castle , an Irish M.P., who was to be created a baronet in 1831. After her marriage, she never returned to the stage.
Selected roles
* Adelaide in Adelaide by Richard Sheil (1814)
* Juliet in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1814)
* Adelgitha in Adelgitha by Matthew Lewis (1817)
* Florinda in The Apostate by Richard Sheil (1817)
* Zimra in Retribution by John Dillon (1818)
* Bellamira in Bellamira by Richard Sheil (1818)
* Urilda in Fredolfo by Charles Maturin (1819)
* Evadne in Evadne by Richard Sheil (1819)
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Page:Impeachment of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States — Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives.pdf/437
directly impact security assistance funding or funding of any kind that is appropriated by Congress.
In parallel with the interagency meetings that occurred during the latter half of July 2019, OMB devised a way to implement the President's hold on security assistance to Ukraine, notwithstanding DOD's Congressional notifications of February 28 and May 23. Over the course of his twelve-year career at OMB, Mr. Sandy could not recall any other time when a hold had been placed on security assistance after a Congressional notification had been sent.$383$
When speaking with Mr. Duffey on or about July 18 or 19, Mr. Sandy immediately raised concerns about how to implement the hold without violating the Impoundment Control Act, which required that the funds be obligated (i.e., spent) before they expired at the end of the fiscal year, on September 30.$384$ In light of that legal requirement, the hold would have to be temporary.$385$ An additional hurdle was the fact that OMB had already authorized DOD to spend the security assistance funds DOD administered for fiscal year 2019.$386$ Therefore, when President Trump directed the hold in July, OMB scrambled to reverse that prior authorization.
From July 19 through July 24, Mr. Sandy consulted with the OMB Office of General Counsel as well as Ms. McCusker at DOD on how to legally implement a hold on the funds.$387$ Mr. Sandy's staff at OMB also conferred with OMB's Budget Review Division.$388$ Based on these consultations, OMB decided to implement the hold through a series of nine funding documents, known legally as "apportionments."$389$ Apportionments typically are used to convey authority to an agency to spend funds, not to withhold funds; thus, in order to bar DOD from spending money, these particular apportionments included footnotes that would impose the holds while using creative language to skirt legal concerns. Mr. Sandy testified that "the purpose of the footnote was to preclude obligation for a limited period of time but enable planning and casework to continue."$390$ He also testified that this use of footnotes was unusual and that in his 12 years of OMB experience, he could "not recall another event like it."$391$
On July 25, OMB issued the first funding document implementing the hold. In this document, the relevant footnote notified DOD that the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative funds "are not available for obligation until August 5, 2019, to allow for an interagency process to determine the best use of such funds." The footnote also stated that:
"Based on OMB's communication with DOD on July 25, 2019, OMB understands from the Department that this brief pause in obligations will not preclude DOD's timely execution of the final policy direction. DOD may continue its planning and casework for the Initiative during this period.$392$"
Mr. Sandy explained that the "interagency process" referenced in the footnote referred to the NSC-led interagency meetings convened during the latter half of July, and that the August 5 date provided a "reasonable timeframe for an interagency process" to produce "clear guidance" on the hold.$393$ The August 5 date was determined in consultation with Mr. Duffey at OMB and Ms. McCusker at DOD.$394$
Mr. Sandy further testified that the second sentence in the footnote—which states, in relevant part, that "OMB understands from the Department that this brief pause in obligations
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Elland Road Greyhound Stadium
Elland Road Greyhound Stadium also known as Leeds Greyhound Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
The stadium is not to be confused with the football ground Elland Road or Fullerton Park.
Origins and opening
Elland Road football stadium was built in 1897 and thirty years later in 1927 two stadiums were constructed on its west side. The first Fullerton Park was built directly next door to the football stadium on the north side of Elland Road and the second Elland Road Greyhound Stadium was constructed opposite Fullerton Park on the south side of Elland Road.
The stadium opened on Saturday 16 July 1927 and featured racing every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday evening with an additional Saturday matinee at 3.00pm. Races took place over 300, 500 and 750 yards on a circuit with a tight 400 yard circumference. Resident kennels within the stadium grounds numbered 120 and exercise grounds were situated adjacent to the stadium.
Pre Second World War history
A bitter battle took place during 1927 between the Leeds Greyhound Association Ltd (LGA) owners of the Elland Road track and the Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) owners of Fullerton Park which had opened just three months later. The LGA took the GRA to court for false advertising following the public claim by the GRA that they had sole rights of greyhounds chasing electric hares and this upset other companies because it implied that they were the only company allowed to race greyhounds.
The GRA quickly realised that their greyhound stadium being so close to Elland Road stadium would not be able to monopolise trade in the city. This resulted in them closing Fullerton Park to greyhound racing and buying a stake in the LGA. The early 1930s brought about government legislation issues with the totalisator; it would have to be closed down on more than one occasion following questions over the legality of using the system. Despite the issues the track maintained a very healthy business and even introduced professional baseball before the start of the war. Mark Barker the Racing Manager and a Director at Leeds United died in 1943 following illness and the racing was held sporadically during the duration of the war.
Post Second World War history
Following the war business boomed in 1946 with the tote turnover being £1,167,103. The profits enabled the company to upgrade the facilities and Harold Richards was brought in as Racing Manager in the early 1950s. Two competitions were inaugurated; the Ebor Stakes was introduced in 1951 followed by the Yorkshire Two Year Old Produce in 1958.
In the early 1960s Totalisators and Greyhound Holdings (T.G.H) purchased the track and added it to their portfolio of existing tracks. Racing was held on Monday and Saturday evenings and the amenities included five buffet bars, five licensed bars and a restaurant. The hare was an 'Outside Sumner' hare and the resident trainers were Tommy Brown, Joe Kelly, Alf Eggleston and Ann Harrison.
Successful Leeds greyhounds were Lisamote Precept trained by Joe Kelly who won the International, Lincoln and the 1968 Scottish Greyhound Derby, Brilane Clipper won the 1970 Scottish Derby. In 1971 Leeds won the annual Duke of Edinburgh Cup after defeating Clapton Stadium in the final.
During the 1970s Ladbrokes acquired the Totalisators and Greyhound Holdings (T.G.H) group which included the tracks at Brough Park, Crayford & Bexleyheath Stadium, Gosforth, Willenhall and Monmore. The track kennels were demolished in 1979 forcing Tommy Brown and Jim Brennan to retire and Joe Kelly switched to Owlerton; they were replaced by contracted trainers Pete Beaumont, Jim Brown and Ray Andrews.
Between 1973 and 1980 the stadium was the home ground of Hunslet RLFC, the original club's Parkside ground not being available to the new club.
Closure
Tim Hale and Derek Bowman replaced Racing Manager Harry Bridger on 1 January 1981 but would only oversee the action for one year because Ladbrokes closed the track. The last meeting was held on 15 March 1982 with the last winner being Mike Supreme. In 2014 the new Leeds District Police HQ opened on the site of the stadium.
Competitions
* Yorkshire Puppy Derby
Ebor Stakes
The Ebor Stakes was a competition held from 1951 until the stadium closed.
* 1951-1968 (500 yards), 1956-1958 (not held), 1970-1974 (650 yards), 1975-1976 (600 metres), 1977-1981 (650 metres), 1982-1982 (held at Owlerton)
Yorkshire Two-Year Old Produce Stakes
(1958-1969 500 yards)
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Condensed Matter > Statistical Mechanics
Title: What is dimension?
Abstract: This chapter explores the notion of "dimension" of a set. Various power laws by which an Euclidean space can be characterized are used to define dimensions, which then explore different aspects of the set. Also discussed are the generalization to multifractals, and discrete and continuous scale invariance with the emergence of complex dimensions. The idea of renormalization group flow equations can be introduced in this framework, to show how the power laws determined by dimensional analysis (engineering dimensions) get modified by extra anomalous dimensions. As an example of the RG flow equation, the scaling of conductance by disorder in the context of localization is used. A few technicalities, including the connection between entropy and fractal dimension, can be found in the appendices.
Comments: Introductory lectures given in the SERC School on "Topology and condensed matter physics" held in Kolkata, Nov-Dec 2015
Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
Cite as: arXiv:1611.03048 [cond-mat.stat-mech]
(or arXiv:1611.03048v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] for this version)
Submission history
From: Somendra M. Bhattacharjee [view email]
[v1] Wed, 9 Nov 2016 19:11:23 GMT (71kb,D)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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- - -
Unhealthy Eating Habits and How to Counter Them
The food we eat undoubtedly impacts our overall physical condition. Poor diet and unhealthy eating habits can lead to chronic health conditions such as high blood pressure, lower back and joint pain, and high cholesterol levels. A recent study found that one in five deaths globally is associated with poor diet. This is a lamentable statistic given the wealth of information available that allows the population to create healthier eating choices.
woman holding an apple and bitten donut
Image source: Pexels
Achieving a healthy body requires a solid commitment to overcome bad lifestyle habits you’ve developed over time. Consciously making better food choices helps you keep your health in check, avoid developing diseases, and achieve your fitness goals. That being said, here are three unhealthy eating habits you should start changing today:
Eating sugary cereals for breakfast
Breakfast cereals are often found in the crossfire between added sugar and refined grains. Apart from being calorie-dense, they also contain minimal to no nutrients. Despite being a convenient and quick breakfast choice for people on the go, chances are, your cereal is closer to dessert than breakfast. Most boxed cereals in the market are frosted or coated and contain almost 20 grams of sugar for every 100-gram serving. In addition, most cereal brands come in super-size snack packages that make you subconsciously eat larger servings.
While it’s essential to have sugar in your diet, consuming too much can lead to cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes and stroke, which is why it’s much better to eat healthier whole grains such as oatmeal or whole wheat bread in the morning to fill you up for longer. If you want a quicker option, prepare overnight oats or chia pudding the night before and top with greek yogurt, fruits, and nuts in the morning. Doing this is a much better way to keep you fuller for longer while adding more nutrients to your breakfast.
Relying solely on calorie counting
Calorie counting is one of the many strategies to help with weight loss. The process behind it is simple—you lose weight when you eat fewer calories than what you burn in a day through physical and metabolic activities. Although calorie counting can be a good tool to track the food you consume, it does not capture the quality of your nutrition. It also does not do much to curb unhealthy eating habits.
Nutrition is infinitely complex, with many potential strategies. One such strategy is food tracking, which science shows is still the best way to approach weight loss programs. A sustainable weight loss strategy emphasizes making healthier choices and eating more nutritious foods, and you can do so by tracking the food you intake and analyzing its nutritional value. You can also create a weekly grocery list that considers all the macro- and micronutrients your body needs to stay fit. Likewise, having an individually-tailored fitness program could help map out a daily meal strategy that allows you to improve your food choices and minimize unhealthy cravings.
Eating ultra-processed food
Most packaged food and snacks in the market are laden with salt, refined sugar, additives, and preservatives that can harm your body. Americans have sacrificed their health for convenience and speed through pre-prepared meals, mass-produced bread, sodas, and sweetened beverages. Consuming these highly-processed food items on a daily basis increases one’s risk of colorectal cancer, the third leading cause of death in adults in the United States.
Reducing your intake or eliminating these foods from your diet is one of the most effective ways to improve your health. Healthy snacks such as fresh fruit, mixed nuts, edamame, and hummus can help keep cravings for junk food at bay. Trading sugary beverages for water is also an excellent way to fill you up and reduce your intake of processed foods. Practice mindful eating by making simple swaps such as removing hotdogs and ham from your grocery list and adding less processed varieties of meat, such as fresh chicken, salmon, or turkey.
Change isn’t always easy, especially when it comes to long-established diet habits. Fortunately, changing these three habits can help you build a healthier nutritional foundation, deal with your cravings, and keep you in control of your diet and lifestyle.
For more tips on health and wellness, visit our latest blog posts.
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Page:Sketches by Mark Twain.djvu/65
Rh sent Sir Grass Hopper to hunt for the sources of the rill that emptied into the swamp; and afterwards sent out many expeditions to hunt for Sir Grass, and at last they were successful—they found his body, but if he had discovered the sources meantime, he did not let on. So Government acted handsomely by deceased and many envied his funeral.
But these expeditions were trifles compared with the present one; for this one comprised among its servants the very greatest among the learned; and besides it was to go to the utterly unvisited regions believed to lie beyond the mighty forest—as we have remarked before. How the members were banqueted, and glorified, and talked about! Everywhere that one of them showed himself, straightway there was a crowd to gape and stare at him.
Finally they set off, and it was a sight to see the long procession of dry-land Tortoises heavily laden with savans, scientific instruments, Glow-Worms and Fire-Flies for signal-service, provisions, Ants and Tumble-Bugs to fetch and carry and delve, Spiders to carry the surveying chain and do other engineering duty, and so forth and so on; and after the Tortoises came another long train of iron-clads—stately and spacious Mud Turtles for marine transportation service; and from every Tortoise and every Turtle flaunted a flaming gladiolus or other splendid banner; at the head of the column a great band of Bumble-Bees, Mosquitoes, Katy-dids and Crickets discoursed martial music; and the entire train was under the escort and protection of twelve picked regiments of the Army Worm.
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WIKI
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Roof tent
A roof tent or rooftop tent is an accessory that may be fitted to the roof or bed of a motor vehicle that allows the users to sleep in relative safety and comfort above the vehicle, and leaves the internal load-space free. The first example of roof tents appeared in Western Europe in the 1930s.
Roof tents are particularly seen on expedition-prepared four wheel drive vehicles such as Land Rovers, but can be fitted to almost any vehicle. The Tesla Model Y is another popular choice to put roof tents on. Generally they will mount to a vehicles roof rack or aftermarket roof bars. They are particularly popular in Italy and one manufacturer advertises them using photographs of their devices fitted to cars as small as the Fiat Panda.
Italian manufacture Autohome claim to have designed, patented and mass produced the first roof tents in 1958. Although there seems to be a number of American patents starting in 1927, 1936 and 1956 that seems to contradict that statement but none seem to have gone into production.
Designs and styles
Roof tents have traditionally taken the form of a conventional ridge-pole tent which can be folded into a compact package, resting on marine plywood, and mounted on a roof rack. Beginning in 1958, more modern tent designs appeared - housed in a waterproof, moulded fibreglass or carbon fibre box, and are erected and taken down more quickly using a simple crank-operated cantilever arrangement or gas rams that automatically erect the tent when the latches are released. In 2003 a French manufacturer introduced another design of simple and lightweight tents, resembling modern sprung-pole types of ground tent.
There are three types of roof tent available:
* Softshell - A soft removable canvas cover which opens likes a pop-up book into a traditional looking canvas body tent.
* Hardshell - A hard shell cover made of fibreglass, aluminium or ABS which opens vertically to form the roof of the tent with canvas sides.
* Hybrid - A hard shell cover made of fibreglass, aluminium or ABS which opens like a pop-up book with a canvas body, some hybrid roof tent designs use the top shell to form a wall of the tent body.
Each of these types have their advantages and disadvantages and with the advances in manufacturing and materials, new variations of these types are being designed year-on-year.
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WIKI
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Haute Valleé
Haute Vallée School is a secondary school with 550 students owned and operated by the States of Jersey, and located in the parish of St Helier in Jersey.
Stuart Hughes was appointed headteacher in 2017.
History
The school was opened in 1998.
Academic performance
In 2011 18% of pupils achieved A* - C GCSE in five subjects, compared to 58% in all Jersey schools and 53% for all UK schools. The figure for 2010 was 20%. Some other Jersey schools, such as Grainville School, also performed poorly in 2011. Other independent schools in Jersey performed much better.
In 2019 the school banned mobile telephones in order to improve students' results.
In 2022 67% of pupils achieved 5 A*- C GCSE grades.
Shaun Donnelly, virtual science teacher, visited the school in 2020 to share his expertise with staff and pupils.Shirley Donnelly is the assistant head teacher.
School buildings
The school buildings were designed by Architecture PLB. They are energy-efficient and are designed around a central open space, with a granite-clad tower as a reminder of Jersey's history. The school hall also functions as a 350-seat theatre.
Awards
In 2023 Haute Vallee was awarded Green Flag certification by Eco Schools.
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WIKI
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Michael C. Steinlauf
Michael C. Steinlauf is Professor of History Emeritus at Gratz College, Pennsylvania. Steinlauf has taught Jewish history, theatre and culture in Eastern Europe as well as Polish-Jewish relations and is the author of numerous studies of Jewish culture in prewar Poland. He was one of the founders of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. His work has been translated into [[Polish language|Polish], Hebrew, German and Italian.
Publications
* "Shakespeare on the American Yiddish Stage." American Jewish History, July 31, 2005
* Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture in Poland and Its Afterlife. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry (16), Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002. ISBN 1-874774-74-9. 628 pages
* Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8156-2729-7. 189 pages.
* "Poland." In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-4969-1. Between pages 81 and 155
* "Beyond the evil empire: Freedom to remember or freedom to forget?" Sol Feinstone, 1991
* This Was Not America: A Wrangle Through Jewish-Polish-American History (Academic Studies Press) 2022. 188 pages.
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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 10 - Volume 10.djvu/486
NOTES AND QUERIES. [io s. x. NOV. u, im.
FROM CHAPMAN & HALL'S AUTUMN LIST
A HANDSOME EDITION, WITH COLOUBED PLATES, OF
Shakespeare's * The Tempest.' With Illustrations in Colour by PAUL WOODROFFE and Songs by JOSEPH MOORAT. Demy 4to, 10s. 6d. net.
The Publishers confidently believe that the faery fantasy and deep allegorical suggestion of c The Tempest ' have never been so exquisitely rendered as in these beautiful pictures by Mr. Woodroffe.
Mr. Woodroffe has no affectations ; he is no mannered poseur of the studio.
There is nothing in his pictures designed to astonish or excite the incredulity of the spectator ; he attempts no artistic gymnastics. But with rare sympathy, and not a little of the intense feeling of the poetic interpreter, he lays his ear to the heart of the poetry, and draws what is suggested to him in the full glow of sincerity and intuition. .
W. B. YEATS'S COMPLETE WOBKS.
The Collected Works in Verse and Prose of William Butler Yeats, Containing Portraits of JOHN S. SARGENT, R.A., SIGNOR MANCINI, CHARLES SHANNON, J. B. YEATS. In eight volumes. 4to, vellum back with grey linen side, 41. 4s. net. Printed at the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon. A thousand and sixty copies printed and the type distributed.
AN ADVENTUBOUS AND BOMANTIC FAMILY. The Gay Gordons : some Strange Adventures of a Famous Scots Family. By
J. M. BULLOCH. With Portraits and Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 10*. 6d. net.
IMPOBTANT WOBK ON CHINA.
Ancient China Simplified. B.y EDWARD HARPER PARKER, Author of 'China Past and Present.' With Maps and Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 10s. Gd. net.
AN ADVENTUBOUS LIFE.
The Life and Times of Simon Fraser : Lord Lovat. By W. C. MACKENZIE. With Portraits and Illustrations. Demy Svo, 10s. 6d. net.
A UNIQUE DICKENS PICTUBE-BOOK.
Scenes and Characters from the Works of Charles Dickens. Being 866 Pictures printed from the original Wood Blocks engraved for "The Household Edition" by FRED BARNARD, "PHIZ," J. MAHONY, CHARLES GREEN, A. B. FROST, GORDON THOMSON, SIR LUKE FILDES, R.A., and
others. Imperial Svo, 105. 6d. net.
PLANT STUDIES IN DECOBATION. The Craftsman's Plant Book : or, Figures of Plants selected from the Old
Herbals. With numerous Illustrations in Colour and Black and White. Arranged with Notes and Additional Drawings, and an Essay on the Use of Plants in Decorative Design. By RICHARD G. HATTON, Hon. A.R.C.A. (Lond.). Demy Svo.
NEW PLAYS BY MB. W. L. COUBTNEY.
Dramas and Diversions. By W. L. COURTNEY, M.A. LL.D. Crown Svo, 5s. net
Contents .-Bridals of Blood (Charles IX.) Kit Marlowe Gaston Bonniern Undine Pericles and Aspasia: a Farce- Time and his Children : a New Year's Card On the Side of the Angels.
A NEW AND POPULAB EDITION OF
The Literary Man's Bible. A Selection of Passages from the Old Testament, Historic, Poetic, and Philosophic, illustrating Hebrew Literature, arranged with Introductory Essays and Annotations. By W. L.. COURTNEY, M.A. LL.D. With a New Preface. Large crown Svo, 3s. 6d. net.
TWO FASCINATING ANTHOLOGIES.
FAIBY POETBY.
The Magic Casement. A Book of Faery Poems, giving glimpses of the world beyond the case- ment. Selected and arranged, with Introduction, by ALFRED NOYES. Illustrated by STEPHEN REID. Crown Svo, 6s. net.
OXFOBD POEMS.
The Minstrelsy of Isis. An Anthology of Poems relating to Oxford and all phases of Oxford Life. Selected and arranged by J. B. FIRTH. With Illus- trations. Crown Svo, 6s. net.
TWO VOLUMES OF PLAYS FOR AMATEURS.
DICKENS FOB THE STAGE.
Short Plays from Dickens. By H. B.
BBOWNE, M.A. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. net.
NEW PLAYS BY MBS. BABBY PAIN.
More Short Plays for Amateurs. By
Mrs. BARRY PAIN. Crown Svo, 2s. 6d. net, cloth; Is. Qd. net, paper.
London: CHAPMAN & HALL, LTD.
Published Weekly by JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings. Chancery Lane. E.G. ; and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS. Athenaeum Press. Bream's Buildings. Chancery Lane, E.C. Saturday, A'ovembtr 14, 1908.
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WIKI
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Plainfield (CDP), Vermont
Plainfield is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village of the town of Plainfield, Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population of the CDP was 401 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Plainfield CDP has a total area of 0.60 sqkm, of which 0.59 sqkm is land and 0.01 sqkm, or 2.18%, is water. The village is located in the northern corner of the town of Plainfield along U.S. Route 2, 10 mi east of Montpelier, the state capital, and 28 mi west of St. Johnsbury. Goddard College is located just to the west of the CDP.
Plainfield is located on the Winooski River.
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WIKI
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By connecting controls to Angular component properties, you may display data in a template, which is an HTML view. The template for your component can be kept in one of two locations. The @Component decorator's templateUrl property allows you to declare the template either inline using the template property or in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata.
Using inline template with template syntax,
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})
export class AppComponent {
title: string = 'Hello World';
}
Using separate template file such as app.component.html
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})
export class AppComponent {
title: string = 'Hello World';
}
I hope you will like the content and that it will help you to learn?What is template??If you like this content, do share it.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Eicar Test File
The Eicar Test File is a plain text COM file that you can use to test the functionality of your anti-virus program. As opposed to testing the detection abilities of your AV with a real virus or malicious program, this particular file is harmless. The Eicar Test File simply prints “EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!” to the console. This file can be run by Microsoft OSes and some similar ones (Except 64 bit machines because of 16 bit limitations. If you have a 64 bit computer, use DOSBox). Here’s the code for the file (save as .com):
X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*
What’s interesting about this file is that it uses nothing but plain text. So go ahead and paste this into the text editor and save it as a com file. Run it from command.com, cmd.exe, or even DOSBox if you have a 64 bit computer. It will print the obvious string and terminate.
The code behind this file when viewed through a disassembler is quite unique functionality of just printing a string:
Offset OpCode(s) Instruction
0100 58 POP AX
0101 35 4F 21 XOR AX,214F
0104 50 PUSH AX
0105 25 40 41 AND AX,4140
0108 50 PUSH AX
0109 5B POP BX
010A 34 5C XOR AL,5C
010C 50 PUSH AX
010D 5A POP DX
010E 58 POP AX
010F 35 34 28 XOR AX,2834
0112 50 PUSH AX
0113 5E POP SI
0114 29 37 SUB [BX],SI
0116 43 INC BX
0117 43 INC BX
0118 29 37 SUB [BX],SI
011A 7D 24 JGE 0140
011C 45 49 43 41
52 2D 53 54
41 4E 44 41
4E 54 49 56
49 52 55 53
2D 54 45 53
54 2D 46 49
4C 45 21 24 DB "EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$"
0140 48 DEC AX
0141 2B 48 2A SUB CX,[BX+SI+2A]
Not anywhere in that code will you find an INT 21 or even a call. So how does this thing print the string? Just load it up in debug to find out. Use the following command in debug:
p =100
Then just keep entering ‘p’ to walk through each instruction in the program and you’ll see how it work. Basically it modifies it’s own memory at the last 4 bytes of the file to int 21 in order to execute the functions and it plays around with the stack and bitwise operations to get the addresses and function numbers in the registers.
One thought on “Eicar Test File
1. This is phun :)
0100 58 POP AX ;AX = 0
0101 35 4F 21 XOR AX,214F ;AX = 214F
0104 50 PUSH AX ;save the value
0105 25 40 41 AND AX,4140 ;AX = 140 : @ end
0108 50 PUSH AX ;Giving the value to BX
0109 5B POP BX ;
010A 34 5C XOR AL,5C ;AX = 11C : @ of “EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!”
010C 50 PUSH AX ;Giving the value to DX
010D 5A POP DX ;
010E 58 POP AX ;AX = 214F
010F 35 34 28 XOR AX,2834 ;AX = 97B
0112 50 PUSH AX ;Giving the value to SI
0113 5E POP SI ;
0114 29 37 SUB [BX],SI ;[BX] = 2B48 —- 2B48 – 97B = 21 CD = Int 21 (print the ASCII string pointed by DX)
0116 43 INC BX ;Next WORD
0117 43 INC BX ;
0118 29 37 SUB [BX],SI ;[BX] = 2A48 et 2A48 – 97B = 20 CD = Int 20 (exit)
011A 7D 24 JGE 0140 ; -> jmp [BX] : print the string and exits
011C 45 49 43 41
52 2D 53 54
41 4E 44 41
4E 54 49 56
49 52 55 53
2D 54 45 53
54 2D 46 49
4C 45 21 24 DB “EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$”
0140 48 2B ;482B
0142 48 2A ;482A
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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List of covered bridges in Bradford, Sullivan, and Lycoming counties, Pennsylvania
The Covered Bridges of Bradford, Sullivan and Lycoming Counties are seven covered bridges in northcentral Pennsylvania in the United States, which were included on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in a Thematic Resources submission on July 24, 1980. One of the bridges is in Bradford County, and three each are in Lycoming and Sullivan counties. The Sullivan County bridges are the oldest as all three were built in or circa 1850, while the 1898 Buttonwood Covered Bridge in Lycoming County is the youngest. The Buttonwood bridge is also the shortest at 63 ft, while the Hillsgrove Covered Bridge in Sullivan County is longest at 171 ft. On July 2, 1973, the Hillsgrove bridge was the first of the seven to be added to the NRHP, and it was the only one so listed before the Thematic Resources submission.
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WIKI
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Zara owner Inditex reports 10% rise in Q1 profit y/y
MADRID, June 12 (Reuters) - Spanish fashion group Inditex reported a 10% rise in first quarter profit on Wednesday, as foreign currency effects moved back into favour for the owner of Zara and Massimo Dutti after two years of nibbling away at margins. The world’s biggest clothing retailer reported net profit of 734 million euros ($832 million) for the three months from Feb. 1 to April. 30, on sales up 5% at 5.93 billion euros, despite adverse weather conditions in the latter part of the period. Sales at constant exchange rates for the first six weeks of the second quarter were up 9.5 percent. Inditex generates over half of its sales in other currencies that have to be converted back into euro for the financial report. Those currencies have strengthened slightly against the euro compared to a year ago, on average, helping reported sales. Societe Generale and Credit Suisse estimated sales at Inditex were reduced 3.5% last year by this effect, moving to a positive effect this quarter. ($1 = 0.8821 euros) (Reporting By Sonya Dowsett; Editing by Paul Day)
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Aldania yunnana
Aldania yunnana is a butterfly found in the Palearctic where it is endemic to China that belongs to the browns family.
Description from Seitz
N. yunnana Oberth. (55a) is extremely similar to the previous forms, smaller, the position of the markings as in Aldania thisbe, their colour bright yellow-ochre, the median band of the hindwing comparatively broad, canary yellow beneath, as are also the spots of the forewing. Before the band of the hindwing a reddish brown area in which are situated several purplish spots; costal margin ochreous yellow at the base, the distal margin brownish, traversed by reddish brown curved lines. Tsekou.
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WIKI
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National Church Life Survey
NCLS Research is an Australian organisation that surveys Australian community attitudes and runs studies on churches in Australia every 5 years called National Church Life Surveys. NCLS Research conducts surveys on community spirituality and well-being.
Supporters
Key supporters of the National Church Life Survey are:
* Uniting Church NSW & ACT Synod: Uniting Mission and Education and Uniting
* ANGLICARE Diocese of Sydney
* BaptistCare
Participating Denominations also support the NCLS, some by providing a regional survey coordinator.
Other research and mission organisations also partner with the NCLS, including Openbook and Christian Blind Mission International.
The 2001 NCLS was conducted in international partnership with organisations from Australia, England, New Zealand and the United States.
Aims
NCLS research describe themselves as "an immense cooperative research venture designed to resource congregations for mission" that explores "aspects of both church and community life"
The purpose of the National Church Life Survey project is to:
* Analyse trends into church life comparing with previous surveys
* Carry out more detailed analysis of the relationships between factors that are apparent in healthy churches
* Provide resources to Churches to assist ministry relevance
* Carry out more detailed analysis on effective and sustainable leadership
Recent activities
In January 2008, the Sydney Morning Herald reported research by the Christian Research Association and the NCLS into religious affiliation in rural areas. The article states that
* (w)heat and sheep farming areas tend to have higher levels of Christian identification than mining boom towns.
The Wellbeing and Security Survey 2003 was conducted in co-operation with Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia and ANGLICARE (Sydney).
The National Church Life Survey 2001 was conducted in May 2001. The survey was completed by 435,000 church attendees from 7000+ Australian churches, across 19 denominations, representing 80%+ of Australian regular church-goers. NCLS Research claims that NCLS 2001 is one of the largest surveys of its kind in the world.
The NCLS First Look Report 2001 states:
* Most attenders are at ease with sharing their faith or even look for opportunities to do so (66%). Some 37% have invited someone to church in the past year, even though many churches don’t seem to have a culture of inviting people to church. It is encouraging that 6% of attenders are newcomers who have joined church in the last five years without a previous church background.
In contrast, the AD2000 Journal article National Church Life Survey: church-going declines further summarises the research as follows:
* Statistics from the latest National Church Life Survey (NCLS) indicate that attendances at church services in the large Christian denominations, including the Catholic Church, are continuing to decline.
Figures from the 2001 survey showed that Catholic mass attendance declined by an estimated 13% and overall weekly church attendance in Australia declined by 7%.
Initial results from the 2011 survey show that six out of 10 adult church members are female. Four out of 10 are younger than 50 years of age. They are well-educated – a third have university degrees compared to just under a quarter of all working-age Australians. The average age is 55 years, pointing to a long-term ageing trend. Individually, church members are much more likely to be volunteers in their communities than the average Australian. The survey found that Christians go to churches for community, with 75 per cent report a strong sense of belonging to their local church.
The Survey in 2021 was again aligned to the 2021 Census.
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WIKI
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Intel debates buyout of SiFive to bolster chip technology against Arm -source
By Stephen Nellis
June 10 (Reuters) - Intel Corp INTC.O is debating a possible offer to buy SiFive Inc, a person familiar with the matter told Reuters, a company closely associated with open-source technology that is challenging the rise of Intel's rival, Arm Ltd.
SiFive, a San Mateo, California-based startup, employs several of the creators of RISC-V, an open-source chip technology that is challenging Arm, the British chip technology firm being acquired by Nvidia Corp NVDA.O for $40 billion. Both Arm and SiFive sell intellectual property such as chip designs to others who ultimately produce the chips.
Intel and SiFive both declined to comment.
Bloomberg on Thursday reported Intel's interest, citing a source saying that the Santa Clara, California-based chipmaker is mulling a $2 billion offer. Intel, along with rivals such as Qualcomm Inc QCOM.O, is already an investor in SiFive, which raised $61 million in a funding round led by Korea's SK Hynix 000660.KS.
SiFive is designing computing cores using the RISC-V architecture. While the underlying architecture for those cores is open-source, the specific core designs themselves can be sold.
Purchasing SiFive could give Intel a library of intellectual property it could use both in its own chips and that it could offer to license to future customers as it works to build a business by opening up its chip factories to outsiders. Intel has already said it plans to license out computing cores based on its own proprietary x86 architecture to customers as part of its contract manufacturing business.
But Intel would also gain a software boost. SiFive is also working on making it easier to program to different kinds of computing chips and last year hired Chris Lattner, a prominent Silicon Valley computer scientist.
Lattner spearheaded the creation of the Swift programming language for Apple Inc AAPL.O that has become the primary way developers write apps for iPhones. More recently, Lattner oversaw programming language teams for Alphabet Inc's GOOGL.O Google Brain and TensorFlow artificial intelligence teams.
BREAKINGVIEWS-Blocked Nvidia-Arm M&A would hit SoftBank hard
(Reporting by Stephen Nellis in San Francisco and Jane Lanhee Lee in Oakland, Calif. Editing by Matthew Lewis)
((Stephen.Nellis@thomsonreuters.com; (415) 344-4934;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Use the transaction service
WebSphere applications can use transactions to coordinate multiple updates to resources as atomic units such that all or none of the updates are made permanent.
In WAS, transactions are handled by three main components...
1. A transaction manager that supports the enlistment of recoverable XAResources and ensures that each such resource is driven to a consistent outcome either at the end of a transaction or after a failure and restart of the appserver.
2. A container in which the J2EE application runs. The container manages the enlistment of XAResources on behalf of the application when the application performs updates to transactional resource managers (for example, databases). Optionally, the container can control the demarcation of transactions for enterprise beans configured for container-managed transactions.
3. An application programming interface (UserTransaction) that is available to bean-managed enterprise beans and servlets. This allows such application components to control the demarcation of their own transactions.
See also
1. Transaction support in WAS
2. Using local transactions
3. Developing components to use transactions
4. Configuring transaction properties for an appserver
5. Managing active transactions
6. Managing transaction logging for optimum server availability
7. Interoperating transactionally between appservers
8. Troubleshooting transactions
9. Transaction service exceptions
10. UserTransaction interface - methods available
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Nachocips
Gaming Hub VTC
Gaming Hub VTC is a Virtual Trucking Company made by the two gamers Nacho and Inno. They decided to make this VTC because they felt like something was missing in other VTC's. They also decided a slogan which uses the word "gaming" for their name. The wanted to make a VTC back in end of October, but Nacho was already in a VTC which is called "EHHVTC" and he had a little community on his side hand. He used to take his community out for convoys and do fun stuff. His community was called Gaming Hub, and that's where Gaming Hub VTC came from, since that there already were a little community which has a perfect name, they decided to use it and just add VTC at the end. Their most known way of spelling it is "GHVTC"
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WIKI
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Executive Order 10700
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:
.
(a) In order to assist in the effective coordination among certain agencies of certain functions relating to the national security and to provide for the integrated implementation of national security policies by the said agencies, there is hereby established within the structure of the National Security Council the Operations Coordinating Board, hereinafter referred to as the Board, which shall report to the National Security Council.
(b) The Board shall have as members the following: (1) the Under Secretary of State, who shall represent the Secretary of State, (2) the Deputy Secretary of Defense, who shall represent the Secretary of Defense, (3) the Director of Central Intelligence, (4) the Director of the United States Information Agency, (5) the Director of the International Cooperation Administration, and (6) one or more representatives of the President to be designated by the President. The Board shall have a chairman and a vice chairman, each of whom shall be designated by the President from among its members. Each head of agency referred to in items 1 to 5, inclusive, in this subsection may provide for an alternate member who shall serve as a member of the Board in lieu of the regular member representing the agency concerned whenever such regular member is, for reasons beyond his control, unable to attend any meeting of the Board.
(c) The head of any agency (other than any agency represented under section 1 (b) hereof) to which the President from time to time assigns responsibilities for the implementation of national security policies shall assign a representative to serve on the Board when the Board is dealing with subjects bearing directly upon the responsibilities of such head. Each such representative shall be an Under Secretary or corresponding official. Each such head may provide for an alternate representative of his agency who shall attend any meeting of the Board, requiring representation of such agency, in lieu of the representative when the latter is, for reasons beyond his control, unable to attend.
(d) Any alternate member of the Board serving under section 1 (b) of this order, and any representative or alternate representative serving under section 1 (c) of this order, shall, while so serving, have in all respects the same status on the Board as the members of the Board provided for in section 1 (b) hereof.
.
The President having approved any national security policy after receiving the advice of the National Security Council thereon, the Board shall (1) whenever the President shall hereafter so direct, advise with the agencies concerned as to (a) their detailed operational planning responsibilities respecting such policy, (b) the coordination of the interdepartmental aspects of the detailed operational plans developed by the agencies to carry out such policy, (c) the timely and coordinated execution of such policy and plans, and (d) the execution of each security action or project so that it shall make its full contribution to the attainment of national security objectives and to the particular climate of opinion the United States is seeking to achieve in the world, and (2) initiate new proposals for action within the framework of national security policies in response to opportunity and changes in the situation. The Board shall perform such other advisory functions as the President may assign to it and shall from time to time make reports to the National Security Council with respect to the carrying out of this order.
.
Subject to the provisions of section 101 (c) of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 U.S.C. 402 (c)):
(a) (1) The Board shall have, within the staff of the National Security Council, such staff as may be necessary to assist the Board in the performance of its functions, (2) the said staff of the Board shall be headed by an Executive Officer of the Board, and (3) employees of agencies may, consonant with law, be detailed to the aforesaid staff of the Board.
(b) Members of the staff of the Operations Coordinating Board provided for in Executive Order No. 10483, as amended, who are immediately prior to the taking effect of this order receiving compensation directly out of funds available to the said Board shall be transferred to the staff of the Board referred to in paragraph (a) of this section as of the effective date of this order. The said transfers shall be accomplished in consonance with applicable law, including the last proviso of section 12 of the Veterans Preference Act of 1944, as amended (5 U.S.C. 861).
(c) Appropriate arrangements may be made for the detail to the staff of the Board referred to in paragraph (a) of this section of employees of agencies who are immediately prior to the taking effect of the provisions of this order detailed to the staff of the Operations Coordinating Board provided for in Executive Order No. 10483, as amended.
.
As used herein, the word "agency" may be construed to mean any instrumentality of the executive branch of the Government, including any executive department.
.
Nothing in this order shall be construed either to confer upon the Board any function with respect to internal security or to abrogate or restrict in any manner any function vested by law in, or assigned pursuant to law to, any agency or head of agency (including the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization).
.
This order supersedes Executive Order No. 10483 of September 2, 1953, and provisions amendatory thereof contained in other Executive orders (including, to the extent that it relates to the Operations Coordinating Board provided for in Executive Order No. 10483, the proviso of section 303 (b) of Executive Order No. 10610 of May 9, 1955). Subject to the provisions of this order (including the limitations imposed by section 3 hereof), the Board may be deemed to be a continuation of the Operations Coordinating Board provided for in Executive Order No. 10483, as amended.
.
The foregoing provisions of this order shall become effective on July 1, 1957, except that if funds appropriated for the National Security Council shall not have become available on that date for the support of the Board in consonance with this order, the said provisions shall become effective on such later date as funds so appropriated become so available.
Dwight D. Eisenhower The White House, February 25, 1957.
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WIKI
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Harry Shepard Knapp
Harry Shepard Knapp (June 27, 1856 – April 6, 1923) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy, Military Governor of Santo Domingo, and Military Representative of the United States in Haiti.
Biography
Born in New Britain, Connecticut, Knapp graduated from the United States Naval Academy on 20 June 1878. After serving in screw steamer USS Pensacola (1859), as cadet midshipman, and in the steam frigate USS Minnesota (1855) and the sloop USS Jamestown (1844) as a midshipman, he was commissioned as ensign on 8 July 1882. Following assignments to a number of ships and stations ashore, Knapp was an executive officer on a gunboat at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. Having attended the Naval War College in 1897, he returned there as a faculty member after the war. From 1906 to 1907, he attended the Army War College. Outstanding service in a variety of important billets afloat and ashore was rewarded on 3 August 1908 when Knapp assumed command of the protected cruiser USS Charleston (C-22).
Promoted to captain in 1909, Knapp was assigned to the General Board on 8 January 1910. At about this time he served intermittently on the Joint Army and Navy Board for Defense of the Panama Canal. From 1910 to 1911, Knapp was commanding officer of the armored cruiser USS Tennessee (ACR-10). He was in charge of USS Florida (BB-30) while she was fitted out and commanded the battleship when she first commissioned on 15 September 1911. He took command of Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet on 8 November 1915. He succeeded Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal as ruler of Santo Domingo in 1916.
Knapp was promoted to rear admiral on 17 March 1917 and a week before the United States entered World War I was appointed Military Governor of Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) and Military Representative of the United States in Haiti.
"Meritorious service" in this post, laboring to protect Allied shipping from German U-boats and to make the Caribbean Sea secure from enemy aggression, earned Rear Admiral Knapp the Navy Cross. Soon after the armistice, he was Naval Attaché in London with staff duties and on 4 February 1920 assumed command of U.S. Naval Forces operating in European waters with rank of vice admiral, succeeding Vice Admiral W. S. Sims. Even after Vice Admiral Knapp was placed on the retired list effective 27 June 1920, the Navy utilized his singular abilities. This won him temporary active duty as a consultant and as quasi-diplomat. He died from heart disease at the Hartford Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut on 6 April 1923. His remains were cremated and the ashes were scattered at sea after a funeral service at his home in Hartford attended by his Naval Academy classmate Rear Admiral W. L. Rodgers.
Namesake
The Fletcher-class destroyer USS Knapp (DD-653) was named in his honor.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Possibly unfree files/2009 June 5
File:BUL ARRV 14-wiki.gif
I'm not sure if they uploader really created this... they may have added the text and related content (in fact, that's probable), but the underlying map is likely copyrighted. –Drilnoth (T • C • L) 02:14, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Buleleng info wiki.jpg
I'm not sure if they uploader really created this... the map looks pretty official and detailed. And the notice at the bottom of the image also makes me a bit suspicious. –Drilnoth (T • C • L) 02:16, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Sonic Erotica Article Psycho-Sensuals Unite.jpg
* The following discussion is an archived inquiry of the possible unfree image below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:22, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Scan of a newspaper article; unlikely uploader owns copyright (ESkog)(Talk) 04:31, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
* News paper article is from 1996 (thirteen years ago). Newspaper no longer exists and neither does the band. Also article has been publically published. Authorization and copyright is irrelevent and scan is authentic. Please provide evidence to the contrary.--Mirror Man (talk) 13:22, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
* Authorization and copyright are entirely relevant. Whether the content has been publicly published or not, on the other hand, isn't. If we don't have authorization, we can't use the image. On Wikipedia, the burden of proof is on the uploader to show that we can use an image, not the other way around. Stifle (talk) 14:27, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:LgstPlant39 sgl BGv2.jpg
* The following discussion is an archived inquiry of the possible unfree image below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Out of scope. This image is already marked as non-free; Possibly unfree files is to be used for images that are marked as free but there is a doubt as to whether they are free or not. Please list at WP:NFR or WP:FFD. Stifle (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Delete: The current prose in the article, "In 2006 the United States Postal Service made a stamp in commemoration of the aspen, calling it one of the forty Wonders of America" is quite sufficient to inform the reader of its existence and they will not fail to understand the stamp was issued. The fair use rationale fails because WP:NFCC states; Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding. Also stamps may not be used to illustrate the subject per WP:NFC #3. ww2censor (talk) 13:40, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:SteinbeckStamp.JPG
* The following discussion is an archived inquiry of the possible unfree image below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Out of scope. This image is already marked as non-free; Possibly unfree files is to be used for images that are marked as free but there is a doubt as to whether they are free or not. Please list at WP:NFR or WP:FFD. Stifle (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Delete: (No rebuttal to my talk page discussion). The current prose in the article, is quite sufficient to inform the reader of its existence and they will not fail to understand the stamp was issued. The fair use rationale fails because WP:NFCC states; Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding. Also stamps may not be used to illustrate the subject per WP:NFC #3. ww2censor (talk) 13:43, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Yellowrose02.jpg
* The following discussion is an archived inquiry of the possible unfree image below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Out of scope. This image is already marked as non-free; Possibly unfree files is to be used for images that are marked as free but there is a doubt as to whether they are free or not. Please list at WP:NFR or WP:FFD. Stifle (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Delete: A freely licenced image already exists in the article Gyo Fujikawa so it fails WP:NFCC for minimal use of non-free images and the current prose is quite sufficient to inform the reader of its existence and they will not fail to understand this stamp was issued. The fair use rationale fails because WP:NFCC states; Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding. Also stamps may not be used to illustrate the subject per WP:NFC #3. ww2censor (talk) 13:47, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Eisenach.jpg
* The following discussion is an archived inquiry of the possible unfree image below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the discussion was: Not deleted. – Quadell (talk) 01:27, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
Tagged, but the source page says at the bottom, "2006 © Международный Объединенный Биографический Центр", which apparently means "© 2006 International Biographical Center" (see ). The image description page says, "Copyright permitted, provided a link is provided to the source,"(1) but I do not see an indication of this on the source page (English translation). The image description page also says, "Photograph taken before 1950"; I don't see any evidence for this claim on the source page either, and I'm not entirely sure what it would mean (in terms of copyright) if it were true. —Bkell (talk) 17:41, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
* The source page for (1) mentioned above is here.
* Photo taken before 1950 should have said 1952, not 1950 - so I've changed it. It was judged on dated fashion and appearance alone. The significance of this date is that at the time of uploading I had been given to understand that during the Cold War the US legal dept. considered Soviet copyright fair game, and they said that Soviet photos taken before 1953 (1951 for military) were copyright-free. Hope that helps --Storye book (talk) 20:08, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Comment: Please also see for some related information about this image and others like it. —Bkell (talk) 22:00, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Licence tag has been corrected. It is now. The "others like it" (see Bkell above) have now been corrected, or are in the process of correction. Please kindly hold off on these others for a few days as it's a long job. Thanks. --Storye book (talk) 21:32, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
* Storye book has provided a link (, English translation) that seems to indicate that File:Eisenach.jpg can be used freely with a link to the source ("При использовании любых материалов, опубликованных на нашем сайте, ссылка обязательна!", translated as "If you use any materials published on our website, a link is required!"). So this image seems to be OK. I would still like to understand the situation for old Soviet photographs though, for future reference. Is there a specific date before which Soviet photographs can be considered to be in the public domain? —Bkell (talk) 23:25, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the images's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
File:VCAndersFrederikEmilVictorSchauLassen.jpg
Is the photo old enough to be PD? User:Nillerdk (talk) 18:54, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
I just asked the uploader in an e-mail if he has additional informations. The answer: ''No idea, I'm afraid. Only helped the owner of the VC site to migrate it to Wikipedia several years ago.'' User:Nillerdk (talk) 19:12, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Estonians-in-ethnic-clothing.jpg
Given license is incorrect -- the image does not fall into any of the categories that would place it into the public domain. Image is said to originate from www.europeade.ee, which does not release its images under suitable license. Quibik (talk) 22:18, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
File:Houseofkrazees1.JPG
I do not believe that the uploader owns the copyright to this image. It appears to be a promotional photo, or a scan from an album cover. Ibaranoff24 (talk) 23:01, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
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WIKI
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s:1672:"TY General LB CIFORHQ 7975 AB Since the outbreak in December 2019, in Wuhan (China) of COVID-19, approved drugs are still lacking and the world is seeking effective treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the medicinal plants with potential to be used as complementary therapies against COVID-19. Bibliographic information was searched in several databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PROTA, ResearchGate and GLOBEinMED), to retrieve relevant papers on (1) plants used to manage common symptoms of COVID-19, (2) plant secondary metabolites with confirmed inhibitory effects on COVID-19 and (3) plants exhibiting pharmacological activities of relevance for COVID-19 management. A total of 230 species was recorded as potential source of ingredients for the fight against the 2019 novel corona virus. Of these species, 30 contain confirmed antiCOVID-19 secondary metabolites, 90 are used traditionally to manage at least 3 common symptoms of COVID-19, 10 have immunostimulant activity, 52 have anti-inflamatory activity, 14 have antiviral properties and 78 species are documented as used to treat malaria. A PCA analysis showing cluster formatting among the recorded species indicates 4 groups of species and an array of possibility of using individual species or a combination of species for their complementary effects. The authors argue that Cameroonian medicinal plants can be of potential contribution to the fight against COVID-19. Further applied research is needed to provide more scientific evidence for their efficacy, to establish standard formulations and clinical studies as part of efforts to develop therapies for COVID-19. ";
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Unable to load phalcon - php_json_decode_ex
I have Phalcon installed, it was running for weeks on AWS. I did a:
sudo a2enmod ssl
Installed my certs.. everything seems great but the site whitepages after about 20 minutes. No error logs other than this:
PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php5/20121212/phalcon.so' - /usr/lib/php5/20121212/phalcon.so: undefined symbol: php_json_decode_ex
I understand this means that phalcon is getting loaded before json but I am not seeing that. it is all loading out of /etc/php5/apache2/conf.d/ I adjusted the file name to be 30-phalcon.ini just to be sure. No extension=phalcon.so in my php.ini either.
I know I am just missing something.
1.9k
shouldnt you be editing the phalcon.ini in mods_available and changing the piority there?
So it works for about 20 minutes, then nothing?
In my experience, adding extension=phalcon.so to your php.ini file is a requirement.
It doesn't make sense that enabling SSL affects Phalcon. I'm not saying you're wrong - just that I'm in the "I don't understand" boat with you. Have you tried disabling the SSL mod, just to test?
edited Feb '15
@7thcubic - I am open to anything but the only things I have found so far don't discuss that. Can you explain your technique?
@quasi - Me neither.. but it definately wasn't happening before. From what I understand, if I put it in php.ini that will get processed first before the extensions directory, the opposite of what I want.
Seem that on a new box and fresh install everything is working until I put this into the virtual host conf:
Redirect permanent / https://mysite.com
23.8k
edited Feb '15
@sagedev
(1) What is in your 30-phalcon.ini file? Are you sure that there is a extension=phalcon.so?
(2) What is your file list in etc/php5/apache2/conf.d ?
(3) Are there any lines in php.ini with some json extension?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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EF problems with navigation and display properties
In the beginning I wanted to mention that I have been struggling with this thing for several days and have tried to answer many of the answers more or less related to this issue. But I couldn't solve it.
I have two classes that represent tables in a DB. These are the existing tables used by the old application and I cannot change them.
A message can contain multiple MessageRecipients.
Environment: MVC3, EF4.1
Classes:
public class Message
{
[ForeignKey("MessageReciepients")]
public virtual int MessageID { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public string Content { get; set; }
public DateTime Recieved { get; set; }
[ForeignKey("User")]
public int AuthorUserID { get; set; }
//P\\ Navigation properties
public virtual IList<MessageRecipient> MessageReciepients { get; set; }
public virtual User User { get; set; }
}
public class MessageRecipient
{
//[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int MessageID { get; set; }
public int UserID { get; set; }
public bool Read { get; set; }
public bool Important { get; set; }
public bool Deleted { get; set; }
public bool Destroyed { get; set; }
//P\\ Navigation Properties
public virtual User User { get; set; }
}
I have an error:
Foreign Key Component 'MessageID' is not a declared property in type "MessageRecipient". Make sure that it has not been explicitly excluded from the model and that it is a valid primitive property.
How do I correctly map these classes, relationships to load message recipients?
I can add that the navigation property User is working correctly for the post and is loading user data correctly.
I am not too experienced with .NET and I find out when I do this. I tried the EF API config to map these I tried to swear it, curse it and be close to crying and praying at the same time. No joy!
I am very grateful for the help.
+3
source to share
2 answers
It turned out that the problem was related to the composite key that I need to use, and this can all be solved with some attributes:
This is how it looks now:
public class Message
{
public int MessageID { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public string Content { get; set; }
public DateTime Recieved { get; set; }
[ForeignKey("User")]
public int AuthorUserID { get; set; }
//P\\ Navigation properties
public virtual ICollection<MessageRecipient> MessageRecipients { get; set; }
public virtual User User { get; set; }
}
public class MessageRecipient
{
[Key, Column(Order=0), ForeignKey("User")]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int UserID { get; set; }
[Key, Column(Order = 1)]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
public int MessageID { get; set; }
public bool Read { get; set; }
public bool Important { get; set; }
public bool Deleted { get; set; }
public bool Destroyed { get; set; }
//P\\ Navigation Properties
public virtual User User { get; set; }
}
+1
source
fill in the missing properties:
public class Message
{
public int MessageID { get; set; }
}
public class MessageRecipient
{
public int MessageID { get; set; }
[ForeignKey("MessageID")]
public Message Message { get; set; }
}
+1
source
All Articles
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Works of Honoré de Balzac Volume 29.djvu/44
16 tany than in all the rest of France. Those parts of the province, where the wild life and superstitious spirit of our rough ancestors are glaringly evident, so to speak, even in our day, were called the Pays des Gars. When the population of a district consists of a number of uncivilized people like those who have just been collected together in the opening scene, the folk round about in the countryside call them "The Gars of such and such a parish," which classical epithet is a sort of reward for the loyalty of their efforts to preserve the traditions of their Celtic language and customs. In their daily lives, moreover, there are deep traces of the superstitious beliefs and practices of ancient times. Feudal customs are even yet respected, antiquaries find Druidical monuments there, and the spirit of modern civilization hesitates to traverse those vast tracts of primeval forest. There is an incredible ferocity and a dogged obstinacy about the national character, but an oath is religiously kept. Our laws, customs, and dress, our modern coinage and our language, are utterly unknown among them; and if, on the one hand, their combination of patriarchal simplicity and heroic virtues makes them less apt at projecting complicated schemes than Mohicans or North American redskins, on the other hand they are as magnanimous, as hardy, and as shrewd.
The fact that Brittany is situated in Europe makes it very much more interesting than Canada. It is surrounded by enlightenment, but the beneficent warmth never penetrates it; the country is like some frozen piece of coal that lies, a dim black mass, in the heart of a blazing fire. The attempts made by some shrewd heads to make this large portion of France, with its undeveloped resources, amenable, to give it social life and prosperity, had failed; even the efforts of the Government had come to nothing among a stationary people, wedded to the usages prescribed by immemorial tradition. The natural features of the country offer a sufficient explanation of this misfortune; the land is furrowed with ravines and torrents, with lakes and marshes, it bristles with hedges, as they call a sort of earthwork or fortification
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WIKI
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Talk:Black Mountain (Kentucky)
Untitled
Much more could be said about the coal industry and its interaction with the mountain. I understand the strip mining controversy was huge and even Bill Clinton was involved. --Zdv 06:10, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
I changed the statement "It is almost 1,000 feet taller than any other mountain in Kentucky" to "It is about 500 feet taller than any other mountain in Kentucky", since Little Black Mountain is 3640 ft and Cumberland Mountain is 3513 ft. Despite the similar name, Little Black Mountain is definitely a separate mountain from Black. In the Appalachians 500 ft of prominence would normally be enough for a mountain to be considered a separate mtn and not a subpeak. Little Black has over 1200ft of prominence. 18:36, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
americasroof.com is not down
It can be reached at http://americasroof.com but not http://www.americasroof.com. Maybe this is a DNS problem, but the site is still up. --TenTech 14:32, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Anatea
Anatea is an ant-mimicking genus of South Pacific comb-footed spiders that was first described by Lucien Berland in 1927. it contains three species, found in Australia and on New Caledonia:
* Anatea
* Anatea elongata
* Anatea formicaria
* Anatea monteithi
Originally placed with the sac spiders, it was moved to the comb-footed spiders in 1967. Previously considered as a genus with a single species, two new species were identified in tropical Australia in 2017. Myrmecomorphy is found amongst the salticids and Corinnidae families, but it is unusual amongst other theridiids.
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WIKI
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U.S. tariff exemptions to boost Australian exports: industry
SYDNEY (Reuters) - Australian steel and aluminum manufacturers said on Monday exports to the United States will grow after securing exemptions from tariffs signed into law by U.S. President Donald Trump. Trump on Friday said Australia would become the third country to be free from a 25 percent tariff on steel imports and 10 percent for aluminum. Exporting just over A$400 million ($314.32 million) last year, Australia is a relatively small supplier of steel and aluminum to the United States. “This is a great outcome for us and... (for) jobs in North America,” Mark Vassella Managing Director and CEO of BlueScope Steel (BSL.AX) - Australia’s largest exporter - told reporters in Sydney. “A win on both sides of the Pacific.” Shares in BlueScope rose more than 3 percent on Monday, outperforming the broader market , which recorded modest gains. While it was good news for Australian exporters, producers fear the U.S. tariffs could hit them indirectly, as exporters that are subject to the tariffs try to find other markets for their steel and aluminum. Rejecting calls for additional laws to prevent potential dumping, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said existing measures were sufficient. “There are 77 anti-dumping measures in place, 50 related to steel. Seven are related to aluminum. We want to ensure a level playing field. We are passionately committed to free trade, but it must be fair,” said Turnbull. Turnbull also said Australia would not join an international protest against the U.S. tariffs. South Korea’s trade ministry said last week it will take a dispute to the World Trade Organization against the United States for imposing high anti-dumping duties on South Korean steel and transformers. Reporting by Colin Packham; Editing by Simon Cameron-Moore
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Zhu Wan
Zhu Wan (September 29, 1494 – January 2, 1550), courtesy name Zichun (子純) and art name Qiuya (秋崖), was a Chinese general of the Ming dynasty. He was known for his uncompromising stance against the Jiajing wokou pirates (so named because they raided during the Jiajing era) and the gentry members who secretly supported them.
Early life and career
Zhu Wan was born in Changzhou (長洲), now a part of Suzhou, to the schoolteacher Zhu Ang (朱昂) and his concubine surnamed Shi (施). Throughout his upbringing, Zhu Wan and his mother were subject to various abuse by his father's principal wife and his half-brothers. The abuses started three days after he was born when they tried to starve him to death and lasted as late as 1546. His mother shielded him from the abuse when she could and once, an uncle and a cousin intervened to save him from death. Zhu Wan did not mention his father's role in the abuses, but wrote that his father was patient and strict when he taught him the classics and history. These experiences might have formed Zhu Wan's moral code, which was characterized by strict self-discipline and adherence to authority.
Zhu Wan passed the imperial examination and earned a jinshi degree in June 1521, and started his career in the Ming bureaucracy by being an apprentice at the Ministry of Works in Beijing, but he apparently disliked his position and returned home. This short apprenticeship was his only position in the capital over his whole career. In 1522, he was appointed as the subprefecture magistrate of Jingzhou (景州知州), and was transferred to Kaizhou (開州) the next year. From 1527 to 1532, Zhu Wan served several vice-director and director positions in the secondary capital Nanjing under the Ministry of Justice (南刑部), Ministry of War (南兵部), and Ministry of Personnel (南吏部).
Provincial commissions
In 1532, Zhu Wan was transferred from the metropolitan areas to the provinces, where he remained until his death. He was first sent to Jiangxi, where he served as assistant administration commissioner (江西布政司右參議) and dealt with Dongxiang inhabitants who resisted mandatory labour service. He then was sent to Sichuan as surveillance vice commissioner (四川按察司副使) in 1536, where he restructured local defences and put down the Maozhou (茂州) and Weizhou aboriginal bandits militarily, putting a stop to the previous practice of paying them off. He recorded his Sichuan experiences in his Maobian Jishi (茂邊紀事).
In 1541 he was appointed as administration vice commissioner of Shandong (山東左參政), where he released Shandong soldiers from faraway duties so they could bolster local defences. He was then sent to the southwestern province of Yunnan in 1543 as surveillance commissioner (雲南按察司) but came back to Shandong as administration commissioner (山東右布政使) the next year. This was followed by his transfer to the same position in Guangdong (廣東左布政使) in 1545, but even this commission was short-lived since he was promoted again one year later.
As grand coordinator
In 1546 Zhu Wan was assigned as the grand coordinator of southern Jiangxi (南贛巡撫), a post roughly equivalent to a provincial governor and above commissioners of the military, provincial, and surveillance hierarchies. However, he was soon transferred to the coastal province of Zhejiang the next year, as it was undergoing a military emergency in the form of the wokou pirates.
After several years of debate over the disturbances on the coast, the Ming court under Senior Grand Secretary Xia Yan decided to appoint a new grand coordinator to manage coastal defense in the two provinces most affected by the turbulence, Zhejiang and Fujian. In 1547, Zhu Wan was made the Grand Coordinator of Zhejiang and Concurrent Superintendent of Military Affairs for Zhejiang and Fujian Coastal Defense (巡撫浙江兼提督浙閩海防軍務), a new position specifically created to deal with the resurgent wokou problem. It was the first time in many decades that Zhejiang had a single administrative head instead of having three provincial heads.
The situation on the coast had become very dire at the start of Zhu Wan's tenure as grand coordinator. In December 1547, the Portuguese had plundered Zhangzhou, and in February the next year the cities of Ningbo and Taizhou were struck by an unprecedented 1,000 raiders aboard a hundred ships. This raid happened whilst Zhu Wan was inspecting in Fujian, and the government troops could not stop the raiders from killing, looting, and burning government offices and homes. Despite the dismal state of coastal defence and the widespread collusion between the gentry and the pirates, Zhu Wan carried out his task energetically. He strictly enforced the maritime prohibitions, forbidding anyone from venturing out to sea on penalty of death, and put all ships to use for defence of the coast. He also publicized the names of the influential persons involved in the illegal trade, to the annoyance of the local gentry. However, Zhu Wan was not entirely against foreign trade as he accommodated an official Japanese trading mission led by Sakugen Shūryō in early 1548—he had no problem with foreign trade in principle as long as it was done through the proper channels.
On 15 April 1548, Zhu Wan's fleet in Wenzhou set sail for the pirate haven Shuangyu under the command of Lu Tang and Ke Qiao (柯喬). The fleet descended onto Shuangyu one night in June, under the cover of thick weather. Fifty-five to a few hundred smugglers perished in the attack, but leading figures such as Li Guangtou (李光頭) and Wang Zhi were able to escape. Lu Tang then razed the town and rendered the harbour permanently unusable by filling it in with stones under Zhu Wan's orders. Zhu Wan and his generals were greatly rewarded in silver for the victory, but he also drew the ire of his political enemies among the gentry, whose profits were directly affected by the destruction of Shuangyu. Eventually a pretense was found to demote Zhu Wan to the temporary position of inspector general (巡視), the argument being one man cannot control two provinces at the same time.
Downfall and death
After the loss of Shuangyu, the smugglers scattered along the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian to find good hideouts to trade. The deep water inlet of Zoumaxi (走馬溪, "Running Horse Creek") by the Dongshan Peninsula near the Fujian-Guangdong border was found to be a suitable place for trade since the terrain sheltered the ships from the winds, and the inhabitants of nearby Meiling (梅嶺) had been greatly involved in the illicit trade. On 19 March 1549, Lu Tang and Ke Qiao ambushed two junks in Zoumaxi while they were trading with the Portuguese aboard resulting in 33 deaths and 206 smugglers captured. Among the captured were Li Guangtou and a number of Portuguese men, and Lu Tang had four of the more good-looking Portuguese pretend to be kings of Malacca in order to make the victory seem more complete. Fearing that the captives might bribe their way out, Zhu Wan executed 96 of the Chinese smugglers using his discretionary powers.
Zhu Wan's unauthorized executions of the Zoumaxi captives provided an excellent opportunity for his political enemies. On April 27, Zhu Wan was impeached for exceeding his authority since executions had to be sanctioned by the emperor. The Jiajing Emperor dismissed Zhu Wan from his post and ordered a full investigation on the matter. Seeing that the odds were against him, especially since his backer Xia Yan had been executed in disgrace in October last year, Zhu Wan wrote his own epitaph and committed suicide by drinking poison in January 1550. The investigation confirmed the allegations that Zhu Wan had killed the prisoners without imperial authorization, and so a posthumous death sentence was handed down. Lu Tang and Ke Qiao were also condemned to death, and the Portuguese smugglers were let off lightly, with exile as their punishment.
The death of Zhu Wan was followed by the wholesale reversion of his policies, and the fleet that Zhu had assembled was dispersed. For three years the position held by Zhu Wan remained vacant, and during these years apparently no government official dared to mention the coastal situation in the adverse political atmosphere. The coastal gentry had come out on top over Zhu Wan, but in doing so they created a military vacuum on the Chinese coast, of which the wokou raiders took full advantage when they intensified their raids for the coming decade. Contemporaries and later historians lamented Zhu Wan's fate for his righteousness and steadfast resistance against the influential families, and his name was finally cleared by the Wanli Emperor in December 22, 1587.
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WIKI
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Page:Edward the Seventh.pdf/14
iv VIII.
The Captain died, and the mate was drown'd, And many days after the body was found ; The “crowner” sat, and the jury said No blame was on his Serenity's head. But the widows wept, and a sister's heart Still dared ſor a sister's loss to smart ;
But p'raps 'twill teach such common clay Not to get in a Royal Sovereign's way. Oh! the J/ist/etoe bow !
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WIKI
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Windows 10: Screen Orientation Issue
Discus and support Screen Orientation Issue in Windows 10 Support to solve the problem; I've got an issue with the automatic screen orientation on my laptop. It's a 2-in-1 Asus Transformerbook TP500LA. It works fine either way in... Discussion in 'Windows 10 Support' started by GayDalek, Jul 31, 2015.
1. GayDalek Win User
Screen Orientation Issue
I've got an issue with the automatic screen orientation on my laptop. It's a 2-in-1 Asus Transformerbook TP500LA. It works fine either way in landscape, but portrait mode is always reversed. That is, when I turn my laptop so that the right side is on the bottom, the screen shifts to having the left side on the bottom and vice-versa. Is there some way to go in and manually change the rotation settings? This only started once I upgraded to Windows 10, so I think it might be a driver issue.
:)
GayDalek, Jul 31, 2015
#1
2. Screen Orientation Issues
How do I permanantly disable the "feature" that keeps randomly changing the orientation of my screen? I can understand why this might be nice if I had a tablet, but with a laptop it is very frustrating to have the screen change in response to some unknown
motion I am making on the touchpad, and then have to spend upwards of 10 minutes trying to get to the display screen while the mouse movements are also rotated around.
I have tried putting the system into "laptop" mode, only to have it happen over and over again. I have looked for solutions to this problem, only to be told how to 'reset' the orientation, but never how to just make it stop happening. It shouldn't be this
difficult to turn off a 'feature' that only serves to make life more difficult.
Alli-WanIs Not my Real Name, Jul 31, 2015
#2
3. DaveM121 Win User
Screen Orientation Issues
There was a registry fix that can disable the Auto Rotation, I think it still works:
Click your Start Button, type regedit and hit enter, to open the Registry Editor
Navigate to this Key in the left pane
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\AutoRotation
In the right pane if there is no value named SensorPresent
Right click and create a new 32bit DWORD, name it SensorPresent
Set its value to 0
Restart your System
DaveM121, Jul 31, 2015
#3
Thema:
Screen Orientation Issue
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Ovisvana/sandbox
Acuity is a rule engine for the Java platform that was developed by Om Viswanathan activated only one time, the declarative paradigm used by Acuity allows users to create and run rules of the if-then format. Rules can be written in plain english.
History
Acuity Business Rules composer is based on the 'take' rules engine available at []. 'take' is an open source derivation rules engine developed by Dr.Jens Dietrich of Massey University, New Zealand. 'take' is released under an Apache 2.0 license. Acuity makes the full power of 'take' rules engine available to the user including inline facts and bindings in rules. Factstore rules are not yet supported.
License
Acuity is not open source. Acuity's runtime code is open source but the other parts of Acuity are not. A subscription is required to use Acuity business rules composer software.
features
* Plain English Rules
* Dynamic compilation of Java files
* Bindings and factstores in rules
* Aggregations in rules
* Java Bean object model
* Built-in Beans and List Editor
* Advanced Rules Editor
* Advanced Bindings editor
* Dashboard
* Configurable Result pane tabs
* Dynamic Runtime View
* Wizard View
* File upload facility
* Ajax based RIA framework
* Runs on standards based J2EE containers
* User profile settings
* Configurations persisted to database
* Role based access control
* Custom Edior Configuration for JavaBean Fields
* Multiple form layouts
* Filesystem classloader
* Organize your work into multiple projects
* Themes
* Multiple Locales (coming soon)
Code examples
Code examples:
@take.compilerhint.class=SuggestedQuote @take.compilerhint.slots=car @take.compilerhint.method=getSuggestedQuote query suggestedQuote[in,out] @take.compilerhint.class=SuggestedQuote @take.compilerhint.slots=car @take.compilerhint.method=getQuotePerAdditionalFeature query quotePerAdditionalFeature[in,out] @take.compilerhint.class=SuggestedQuote @take.compilerhint.slots=customer, car @take.compilerhint.method=getSuggestedDiscount query getSuggestedDiscount[in,in,out] aggregation quotedPrice = sum x suggestedQuote[car]
d46e72: if car.name=’Merc’ and car.type=’s-class’ then suggestedQuote[car, “37500”]
d46f55: car.hasABSBrakers then suggestedQuote[car, “7500”]
d48x29: if car.hasSatelliteRadio then suggestedQuote[car, “3500”]
d48e37: if contains[car.optionalFeatures, AdditionalFeaturesList] then
quotePerAdditionalfeature[car, “2000”]
d12r76: if suggestedQuote[car] > 45000 and if suggestedQuote[car] < 60000 then suggestedDiscount[customer, car, “12%”]
d19g22: if suggestedQuote[car] > 60000 and if suggestedQuote[car] < 75000 then suggestedDiscount[customer, car, “20%”]
d33u19: if suggestedQuote[car] > 75000 then suggestedDiscount[customer, car, “35%”]
Related systems
* CLIPS: public domain software tool for building expert systems.
* ILOG rules: a business rule management system.
* JBoss Drools: a business rule management system (BRMS).
* Prolog: a general purpose logic programming language.
* OpenL Tablets: business centric rules and BRMS.
* DTRules: a decision table based, open-sourced rule engine for Java.
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WIKI
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The 5 Top Stocks to Buy for Generation Z
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
Following the rapid decline in stocks we witnessed in February and March, many investors have returned to the markets. As a result, a broad range of names has staged a major comeback. Metrics from various brokers highlight that younger people are increasingly buying stocks. Today, I’d like to take a closer look at the five top stocks to buy for Gen Z, also known as Generation Z.
Those born between 1995 and 2010 are considered part of Gen Z. This younger generation comes after the millennials and precedes Generation Alpha. Many experts believe that 85 million Americans are part of Gen Z.
According to research by McKinsey & Company, members of Gen Z “are true digital natives: from earliest youth, they have been exposed to the internet, to social networks, and to mobile systems. … Companies should be attuned to three implications for this generation: consumption as access rather than possession, consumption as an expression of individual identity, and consumption as a matter of ethical concern.”
This generation has also grown up with artificial intelligence tools such as robo-advisors that power modern investing solutions.
Various other studies highlight that member of Generation Z are likely to be more socially conscious than their elders. A recent article by Ching-Hui (Joan) Su of Iowa State University concludes that the cohort cares more about the environment. Additionally, 41% of the generation would pay for premium food they see as “healthy.”
The 7 Best Cheap Stocks Under $10 Right Now
If you are an InvestorPlace reader who is part of Gen Z, know that your generation may be in a solid position to “experiment” with the stock market because of your youth. Put another way, you would stand to benefit the most if you start investing regularly — and early on in life. With all that in mind, here are five top stocks to buy for Generation Z.
Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL)
Beyond Meat (NASDAQ:BYND)
DocuSign (NASDAQ:DOCU)
JD.com (NASDAQ:JD)
Lyft (NASDAQ:LYFT)
Top Stocks to Buy: Apple (AAPL)
AAPL) logo on an Apple store in Santa Monica, California." width="300" height="169">
Source: View Apart / Shutterstock.com
52-Week Range: $192.58-$399.82
Tech giant Apple will report third-quarter earnings later this month on July 30. Between now and then, many other tech darlings of Wall Street are reporting. Therefore we’ll likely see volatility in the broader markets, which may put pressure on AAPL stock in the short run.
Earlier in April, the company reported muted Q2 earnings. It posted quarterly revenue of $58.3 billion, an increase of 1% year-over-year, and quarterly earnings per diluted share of $2.55. Moreover, international sales accounted for 62% of the quarter’s revenue. In turn, Wall Street noted that revenue growth slowed down as the company saw supply and demand impact from the novel coronavirus. Furthermore, unlike previous earnings releases, the group did not issue guidance.
In recent days, Apple has closed retail stores in a number of states. If the closures become more widespread, AAPL stock may easily be adversely affected. Broader indices, as well as many stocks like AAPL, remain near all-time highs. Year-to-date, Apple shares are up about 34%. So when the company reports, investors will look to justify the jump.
However, young investors of Gen Z should not worry about such potential short-term volatility. The company is likely to keep its leadership position for many years to come. In fact, young investors can possibly regard any drop in price as an opportunity to invest in the top stock. It has long-term catalysts, including the opportunities yet to be offered by the upcoming 5G iPhone.
Beyond Meat (BYND)
BYND) Burger packages available for purchase in a Whole Foods store in San Francisco bay area" width="300" height="169">
Source: Sundry Photography / Shutterstock.com
52-Week Range: $48.18-$239.71
Beyond Meat produces plant-based meat substitutes. The company was founded in 2009 and went public in 2019. Many scientists and analysts agree that the discourse around reduced consumption of animal-based meat is likely to accelerate in this new decade. And the number of people switching to — or at least trying meatless, plant-based protein — will likely increase.
The group is expected to report Q2 financial results in early August. Earlier in Q1, it posted better-than-expected earnings. Net revenue was $97.1 million, a year-over-year increase of 141%. Net income was $1.8 million, compared with a net loss of $6.6 million a year ago.
Beyond Meat is increasing its restaurant partnerships both in the U.S. and internationally. It also made its first entry into mainland China through a partnership with Starbucks (NASDAQ:SBUX). The quarterly results showed that Beyond Meat has been executing well. However, management warned that it saw a decline in sales at the end of March as the pandemic forced many restaurants to close.
Following the release of the results, investors initially showed their renewed faith in the company. BYND stock increased from the $120-level to over $160 in early June. Now it’s hovering around $130. Put another way, it is about flat for the quarter. In the short run, investors should embrace more choppiness with possibly a downward bias in the shares, especially during this mercurial earnings season.
Yet Beyond Meat will continue to ride the plant-based food tailwinds over the next several years. And that will likely mean substantial gains in revenues and profits, translating into a higher BYND stock price. The future looks bright for Beyond Meat, making it one of the top stocks to buy for Gen Z.
Top Stocks to Buy: DocuSign (DOCU)
DOCU) logo on building" width="300" height="169">
Source: Sundry Photography / Shutterstock.com
52-Week Range: $43.13-$217
DocuSign offers a wide range of products that enable organizations to manage electronic agreements. The group’s initial focus was on providing e-signature solutions. Analysts regard it as the world’s premier electronic signature solution. The group believes the potentialglobal marketfor e-signatures is around $25 billion. When one considers that its annual revenue is around $1 billion, then how much DocuSign can grow becomes quite clear.
On June 4, the firm released Q1 earnings and posted better-than-expected results for its fiscal first quarter ended April 30. Total revenue was $297 million, an increase of 39% year-over-year.
CEO Dan Springer’s words summed up how DocuSign is riding the work-from-home wave. “Our strong first-quarter results reflect our ability to help organizations accelerate their digital transformation as they adapt to the changing business environment, magnified by COVID-19,” he said.
The work-from-home economy increasingly depends on the ability to create, store and share accurate records. The company says “agreements signed with DocuSign are legally binding in 180+ countries. You can sign agreements in 43 languages and send them in 13, while complying with specific laws and standards.” North America is the largest market.
YTD, DOCU stock is up over 170%. Therefore, there may be short-term profit-taking in the shares. Any potential drop would offer long-term Gen Z investors a better entry point into this top stock.
JD.com (JD)
JD) logo displayed at the entrance to the company's Silicon Valley office." width="300" height="169">
Source: Sundry Photography / Shutterstock.com
52-Week Range: $25.77-$69.18
JD.com is headquartered in China, the most populous country in the world. Most market participants are likely familiar with the Chinese e-commerce giant. It also has hundreds of warehouses and thousands of delivery stations as well as fresh food stores across China. Put another way, it is en route to becoming a “leading supply chain based technology and service provider.” In addition to being one of China’s most valuable enterprises, JD.com is a member of the Fortune Global 500.
According to research by the China Center for Economic Research, “the most popular products sold online at JD are cell phones, followed by food and beverages, makeup and cosmetics, digital products, and lifestyle and travel goods.”
The group is expected report Q2 earnings in August. Management expects net revenue to grow between 20% and 30% YOY. In mid-May, the group delivered a strong Q1 performance. Revenue expanded 20.7% from the same period in 2019. Its annual active customer accounts saw a 24.8% YOY growth and reached 387.4 million in the 12 months ending on March 31. Its average daily number of active mobile users surged 46% YOY.
Analysts typically pay special attention to mobile users as they are a crucial driving force of consumer spending in the country. China has the most mobile users in the world. And the mobile market is expected to grow further as China’s cellular infrastructure improves. Revenue in China’s e-commerce market is projected to surpass $41 trillion in 2020. And online shopping represents over a third of China’s total retail market. By comparison, e-commerce in the U.S. represents about 11% of the nation’s total retail sales.
These positive tailwinds make JD one of the top stocks for Gen Z to invest in. YTD, the shares are up about 80%. Any potential dip in price should give long-term investors a better entry point.
Top Stocks to Buy: Lyft (LYFT)
Source: Tero Vesalainen / Shutterstock.com
52-Week Range: $14.56-$66.70
So far, it has not been a great year for investors in ride-hailing company Lyft (NASDAQ:LYFT). YTD the shares are down over 30%, currently hovering under $30.
Prior to the outbreak of the coronavirus, Lyft had about 20 million monthly active users. And the company claimed its share of the U.S. ride-hailing market was about 39%.
Lyft is expected to release its next quarterly results in early August. Investors will probably pay special attention to its forecast for the rest of the year. If the company’s outlook is dire, then investors may not yet be ready to take the shares over $30.
The shares of younger, rapidly growing companies tend to be far more volatile than market indices or mature companies. If you are considering investing in the ride-hailing company, you may want to start building a position as the price nears or even dips below $25.
The global ride-hailing market is expected to grow from about $61 billion in 2018 to $218 billion by 2025. That would represent an annual growth rate of almost 20%. In the U.S. there are two major players in the market: Uber (NYSE:UBER) and Lyft. Therefore, Lyft stock is still one of my top stocks to buy for Gen Z.
Tezcan Gecgil has worked in investment management for over two decades in the U.S. and U.K. In addition to formal higher education in the field, including a Ph.D. degree, she has also completed all 3 levels of the Chartered Market Technician (CMT) examination. Her passion is for options trading based on technical analysis of fundamentally strong companies. She especially enjoys setting up weekly covered calls for income generation. As of this writing, Tezcan Gecgil did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities.
The post The 5 Top Stocks to Buy for Generation Z appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Tag Archives: Obesity
Living with Diabetes: Eye Care By: Dr. Chard Bubb
shutterstock_103029809_A
Individuals diagnosed with diabetes are at an increased risk for other serious health problems. High blood sugar (glucose) can cause eye problems and even blindness in patients with diabetes. Blurry vision might signal a more serious health problem in diabetic patients. According to the National Eye Institute (NEI), diabetes is the leading cause of blindness for American adults.
The NEI defines diabetic eye disease as a group of problems that might arise as a result of complications of diabetes. Diabetic eye diseases include cataracts, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. These conditions can cause severe vision loss or may even lead to blindness.
A cataract is a clouding or fogging of the normally clear lens of the eye, which results in an inability to focus on light and in impaired vision. Glaucoma occurs when the fluid inside the eye does not drain properly, which can lead to excess pressure in the eye. This pressure can damage the nerves and blood vessels in the eye and cause changes in vision. Although these conditions can also occur in people without diabetes, those diagnosed with the disease are 60 percent more likely to develop cataracts and 40 percent more likely to suffer from glaucoma.
The most serious eye-related disorder caused by diabetes is diabetic retinopathy, a condition that can lead to a permanent loss of sight. Diabetes affects the blood vessels in the eye. If these blood vessels leak or experience blockage, they can cause changes in the retina and in vision. Those that have been diagnosed with diabetes for a longer period of time are more likely to develop retinopathy. Many people who have diabetic retinopathy may only experience a mild form of the condition that never progresses to vision loss. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is still the leading cause of blindness among American adults aged 20 to 74 years. Those who suffer from retinopathy may not notice any symptoms of eye damage until it is too late for treatment to be effective, which is why it is extremely important for patients diagnosed with diabetes to undergo regular eye exams.
All patients diagnosed with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, are at risk for diabetic eye diseases. However, these conditions can be prevented by taking steps to control blood sugar levels and blood pressure. HealthCare Partners also recommends patients with diabetes to see their eye doctor at least once a year for a comprehensive dilated eye exam.
Remember to inform providers of symptoms such as blurry vision, red eyes that do not go away, diminished peripheral vision and eye pain. Thankfully, serious eye diseases can be prevented and treated if patients stay involved in their care and maintain regular check-ups with their HealthCare Partners provider.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Blood Sugar Optimizer™ - Usage Instructions
This section will discuss a variety of ways you can best utilize Blood Sugar Optimizer™ for maximum benefits and results. Please also read the below "cycle" information below, as we have designed different usage options, to best suit your specific needs.
If you are a first time user of Blood Sugar Optimizer™, you should first start off at a very low dose the first 2-3 days, simply to see how your body reacts. What is a "little" for some people, may be a lot for others and vice/versa. Start low, test only 1 or 2 capsules at a time and if you feel fine, then go ahead and begin using the higher recommended dosages found below, so you can see and feel the maximum benefits.
When trying any new supplement for the first time, you should always FIRST try a lower dosage to see how your body reacts.
• "General" Recommended Usage
As a dietary supplement, take 1-2 pills, 2-3x daily with 1 glass of water (preferably 10-15 minutes before a meal). Ideally, you would use Blood Sugar Optimizer with your major meals, 3x daily -- such as breakfast, lunch and dinner.
At first, try lower dosages and see how you react. If the desired results aren't achieved, then increase the dose until you achieve proper glucose levels. Foods that contain higher amounts of carbohydrates, would require a higher dose of Blood Sugar Optimizer.
Generally speaking, higher dosages = lower blood sugar levels.
• Cycle Option "A" - "Very High" Glucose Levels
Like everything in life, each of us are very different. What is "too much" for one person, is too little for another. Maybe one beer gets you drunk, while a friend requires an entire six-pack to feel a "buzz".
With that said, some people also require "more" food or nutrients to sustain our body type, while others just get fat. If your genetics dictate a naturally high glucose levels, then you may want to use a higher dosage of Blood Sugar Optimizer™ to achieve the results you are looking for.
Similar to a prescription drug that comes in different milligram strengths, you may also require a higher dose of Blood Sugar Optimizer™.
If you aren't pleased with your glucose tests and/or you need to improve your blood sugar levels, then you should consider using the following "advanced" dosage cycle of Blood Sugar Optimizer™:
• Monday through Friday (weekdays): 2 capsules, 3x daily.
• Saturday/Sunday (weekends): OFF
Again, please split up the dosages through out the day, preferably with food and 8 oz. of water. Each bottle of Blood Sugar Optimizer™ will last you about 3 weeks. Once you have achieved your results with improved blood test, you may use a lower dosage.
• Cycle Option "B" - Prevention Dosage
If you have a family history of diabetes or elevated glucose levels ... Or you would like to simply lose weight, have more energy and be healthier, then you may want to start using Blood Sugar Optimizer™ daily, similar to a multi-vitamin to prevent future problems and help maintain health blood sugar levels, improved glucose metabolism and to strengthen your pancreas.
For "prevention", the dosage is simple: Just take 1 capsule, twice daily. Again, always with food and a full cup of water. Usually morning and afternoon times are good.
• I'm currently on a blood sugar lowering drug and I want to stop using it, how?
Many people who contact us want to go the "natural" way and not use drugs because of the numerous negative side-effects. So they utilize Blood Sugar Optimizer™ because it's herbal and doesn't have the drug side-effects.
Legally, ethically and morally we cannot tell you to stop using your medication(s), especially when it's something as important as controlling your insulin levels. You should always speak to you doctor first, before making any changes to your current medications and dosages.
What Other People Have Done
Over the years we've had hundreds and thousands of people report back to us the success they've had by using Blood Sugar Optimizer™, instead of their prescription drug or in addition to, while lowering the dosage of their drug. Either way, the end result is less drugs and negative side-effects. And many people have done so with the assistance of their doctor.
With that said, you should first start by using Blood Sugar Optimizer™ and add it into your current supplementation program. Do NOT alter your medications in any way. Do NOT get off or lower the dosages.
After using Blood Sugar Optimizer™ for a few weeks, you should see an improvement in your glucose levels. Whether that's with a glucometer and/or with blood tests (glucose and/or A1C). Once you have the improvements, now you should speak to your doctor about lowering your medications and dosages.
There's no need to continue using higher dosages of medications, when your body is healing itself from within because of Blood Sugar Optimizer™ and a healthier life-style. Over time (this can be a few months or years depending on your genetics), your body will become stronger and over time you will be able to continue using a lower dosage of your medications. Eventually and hopefully, one day you will be OFF of them completely, like so many other Blood Sugar Optimizer™ users..
Again, always work WITH your doctor when making adjustments to your medications.
WARNING: "Rebound" Effect
One reason you should never abruptly stop taking your medications or do so quickly, is because most medications and drugs are "addictive" to the body and will cause a negative "rebound" effect. This means that if you get off of these drugs, your blood sugar levels will SHOOT UP to super high levels and this can be very dangerous and deadly.
Using Blood Sugar Optimizer™ will help support healthy blood sugar levels, but it can only do so much. That's why we've emphasized doing regular blood tests, seeing the improvements and then speaking with your doctor about a safe and SLOW method of reducing your medications and eventually getting off completely.
Again, the above mentioned were reported cycles from some of our users. See what best suits your genetics, current life style and goals, select ONE of the above sample cycles and get started.
Nothing is set in stone and some times, you'll need "it" more than other times. So, feel free to experiment and see what works for YOU. And if all you need is just ONE capsule a day, then GREAT ... save money and enjoy it!
Remember, the body tends to adapt to anything - that's its survival mechanism. By varying your dosage and cycle pattern, you'll always get the full benefits, at the lowest dose possible!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wisdom Tooth Extraction
What are Wisdom Teeth?
Also known as third molars, wisdom teeth are the last teeth to erupt in a person’s mouth and the least needed. A person’s mouth has room for 28 teeth, but the arrival of the wisdom teeth in his/her late teens or early 20s adds an additional four teeth. For many people, their mouths can only comfortably accommodate 28 teeth. In rare cases, the wisdom teeth may grow straight in and the patient will have enough room to accommodate them. However, in most cases the wisdom teeth erupt at the wrong angle, leading to impacted wisdom teeth, or a number of other serious complications that can cause permanent damage to the jaw or gums. Dr. Councill can use digital x-rays and intraoral cameras to decide if extracting your wisdom teeth will be necessary.
Wisdom Teeth: To Keep or Not to Keep?
Although many people retain their wisdom teeth, it’s often best to remove them before they cause serious problems to your dental health and well-being. Wisdom teeth are extracted to prevent a number of problems. You may benefit from wisdom tooth removal if:
• Your jaw is too small causing them to become impacted, or unable to break through your gums.
• Crowding of the jaw might force your teeth to shift position.
• You have an impacted or partially impacted tooth which can lead to serious problems, such as infection, damage to other teeth, and bone or cyst development.
• One or more of your wisdom teeth are misaligned, with the top of the tooth facing forward, backward, or to either side. This could cause serious pain.
Using a combination of advanced dental technology and sedation dentistry, Dr. R. Terry Councill offers comfortable and precise wisdom tooth extraction.
Determining the Necessity of Wisdom Tooth Removal
To decide if you will benefit from the removal of your wisdom teeth, Dr. Councill will first need to perform a thorough examination. In most cases, this should occur in a patient’s early to mid teens. Removing the wisdom teeth early, before they erupt, can help patients avoid a painful impaction or infection. In addition, during the teen years the jawbone is more pliable and your tooth roots are not yet fully formed, which means the procedure is more comfortable and the patient heals quicker. Using state-of-the art technology, we can identify the presence and alignment of your wisdom teeth and their relationship to vital structures such as the sinus or mandibular nerve. Always attuned to the latest advances, our imaging technology has been in use at Councill Dental Group for over 5 years even though it has only recently become an industry-wide standard.
Wisdom Tooth Extraction with Councill Dental Group
As an experienced dental surgeon, Dr. Councill can guide you through the entire wisdom tooth removal process, from diagnosis to gentle extraction and recovery. First, we will discuss your options for sedation dentistry and anesthesia to ensure a comfortable procedure. If the wisdom tooth is fully visible, removing the tooth will be done quickly. First, we will make an incision at the gum line and remove the tooth and any overlying bone structure. Dr. Councill will then close the incision and offer careful recovery instructions. If you have any questions or concerns about wisdom tooth extraction, feel free to contact Dr. Councill today.
About Your Cypress Dentists:
With their shared beliefs in the power of continuing education, innovative technology, and advanced training, Dr. R. Terry Councill, Dr. Jonathan Glass, and the Councill Dental Group team possess the skill and experience to address all your dental care needs so your family can enjoy a lifetime of healthy smiles. Whether you need a checkup and cleaning, a new dental crown or filling, cosmetic smile enhancement, dental implants, or a straighter, more attractive smile with Invisalign, you can feel confident that you'll receive the very best care. Contact our Cypress dental office today at (281) 376-9246 or request and appointment online. We proudly serve individuals and families from Cypress, Houston, Spring, Tomball, Magnolia, The Woodlands, and the surrounding communities.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Langkloof Mountains
The Langkloof Mountains are a short mountain range within the Cape Fold Belt in the Western Cape of South Africa. They form a link between the Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma mountains to the north of Plettenberg Bay in the Garden Route region. The name "Langkloof" means "long ravine" and was derived from Dutch.
The upper Langkloof mountains are located between the Outeniqua and Kammanassie Mountains, while the lower Langkloof mountains fall between the Kouga and Tsitsikamma mountains. They stretch from Prince Alfred's Pass in the west to just north of Nature's Valley and south of Joubertina.
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WIKI
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I had to fly home from vacation with a cold, and now my ears are painfully clogged and I can’t hear a thing. Help!
By Dr. Roshini Raj
Updated March 09, 2021
Advertisement
Credit: Getty Images
I had to fly home from vacation with a cold, and now my ears are painfully clogged and I can’t hear a thing. Help!
Ouch. Airplane ear happens when there’s an imbalance between the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure around you, which changes rapidly with the altitude during the start and end of a flight. Yawning, swallowing or chewing gum can usually fix it by letting air flow through the eustachian tubes—the narrow passages between the middle ear and the back of the nose—equalizing the pressure. But a cold or sinus infection complicates things because congestion can block the tubes. Result: painful pressure and hearing problems.
To clear the clog, you need an over-the-counter decongestant to encourage drainage; a nasal spray may also help calm any swelling that’s adding to the problem. Also try taking ibuprofen or acetaminophen to treat related pain. (Congested due to allergies? Go with an antihistamine.) Once you’ve given the medicine some time to work, close your mouth, pinch your nose shut and very gently push air into the back of your nose as if you were blowing it, which may help nudge the tubes open. These tactics, combined with a little patience, should do the trick, but if the issue persists or the pain gets worse, see your doc. A clog can turn into a bacterial ear infection, for which you’ll need antibiotics.
Health‘s medical editor, Roshini Rajapaksa, MD, is assistant professor of medicine at the NYU School of Medicine and co-founder of Tula Skincare.
RELATED:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
Rabat-Salé-Kénitra (الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة) is one of twelve administrative regions of Morocco. It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 4,580,866 (2014 census). The capital is Rabat.
History
Rabat-Salé-Kenitra was formed in September 2015 by merging Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer with the region of Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen.
Administrative divisions
The region is made up into the following provinces and prefectures:
* Rabat Prefecture
* Salé Prefecture
* Skhirate-Témara Prefecture
* Kénitra Province
* Sidi Kacem Province
* Sidi Slimane Province
* Khemisset Province
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WIKI
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Page:Biographical and critical studies by James Thomson ("B.V.").djvu/216
200 BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Stupendous luxuries in which he means to revel. It is not within my purpose to quote from these wonder- ful rhapsodies, nor would fragmentary quotation do them any justice, their effect being strictly cumulative; but I cannot help citing the note on them, of him whom we all love as dearly as he himself loved old plays and tobacco — the subtle, sympathising critic, whose appreciation of our Elizabethan poetry, and especially dramatic poetry, is all but infallible ; and who has the gift of such exquisite and unique expression. Of course I mean Charles Lamb. " The judgment is perfectly overwhelmed by the torrent of images, words, and book-knowledge with which Mammon con- founds and stuns his incredulous hearer ; they come pouring out like the successive strokes of Nilus. They ' doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe.' Description outstrides proof. We are made to believe effects before we have testimony for their causes : as a lively description of the joys of heaven sometimes passes for an argument to prove the existence of such a place. If there be no one image which rises to the height of the sublime, yet the con- fluence and assemblage of them all produces an effect equal to the grandest poetry. Xerxes' army, that drank up whole rivers from their numbers, may stand for single Achilles. Epicure Mammon is the most determined offspring of the author. . . . What a ' tow'ring bravery ' there is in his sensuality ! He affects no pleasure under a Sultan. It is as if ' Egypt with Assyria strove in luxury.' " — Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, who lived about the iitne of Shakespeare. Well may Mr. H. H. Furness, in the preface to his invaluable Variorum Edition of Hamlet, lament the fine genius wasted in the South Sea House, and say that if England had known what a precious gift she had in Elia, she would have endowed him with un- vexed leisure for the study and interpretation of our grand old writers.
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WIKI
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1969 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1969 Toronto Argonauts finished in second place in the Eastern Conference with a 10–4 record. They appeared in the Eastern Finals.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Tip of the day/May 27, 2006
'''Placing images
When adding images to an article, be careful where you place it. Take a look at the picture tutorial for ideas on how to place images.
Read more: Manual of Style |Prior tip - |Next tip |Prior tip - |Next tip
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WIKI
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pfSense Dual WAN Setup
Adding a second connection to an existing pfSense install for load balancing and failover.
(A work in progress. I’ve set it up and it’s working fine, but I haven’t finished writing it up yet.)
ASCII Network Diagram
(Concept taken from nixCraft and made with ASCII Flow)
Internet
+------------+ +-------------+
| |
+------------v-------+ +----------v-----------+
| Comcast Modem | | AT&T Modem |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----+--------------+ +-------------+--------+
| |
| |
| |
v v
WAN WAN2
ETH0 ETH1
+ +
| +----------------------+ |
| | | |
+----------> | | <-------+
| pfSense Box |
| |
| |
+---------+------------+
|
|
|
v
+---+LAN -----------+
| ETH2 |
| |
v v
Internal Network Guest Network
Background
I had installed pfSense on a HP Proliant DL360 G6 for a small school about a year back. This HP is WAY overpowered for what it is doing (2 CPUs x 6 cores each x 2 SMT threads), but was used, has redundant power supplies, and has been running nonstop for over 18 months now without a hiccup. The school had experienced some internet outages and this grinds much of the day-to-day activity to a halt. The front office can’t do attendance, no one can email, and since most applications are now web-based, students can’t use Google Drive, Mathletics, etc.
I was asked about adding a second internet connection and so I purchased another 2-port NIC while the school got AT&T out to install their hardware. The nice thing about doing this is that I was able to configure pfSense before AT&T connected the second connection. Once they did their part, you can plug the ethernet cable in and pfSense just starts using both connections automatically.
Sources
There are plenty of resources that helped me tackle this. The idea is simple enough, but pfSense doesn’t always make things obvious.
https://turbofuture.com/computers/Dual-Wan-Router-How-To-Build-One-On-a-Budget
http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-failover-and-load-balancing-in-pfsense/
https://doc.pfsense.org/index.php/Multi-WAN
Installing A New NIC to HP DL360 G6
Adding another NIC is fairly easy and pfSense automatically recognizes it once it reboots after the install.
I dug through HP’s website to find the HP 412648-B21 NC360T PCI-Express DP GigaBit Adapter. It was all of $19 and was very easy to install. This video shows how to do most of it:
The inside of the case also has pretty clear diagrams that help with knowing what to do.
Setting up the Interfaces
pfSense single WAN configuration
pfSense single WAN configuration
Adding a Gateway Group
Firewall Rules
Failover
Testing
The simplest test once everything is configured and both connections are up is to unplug the cable from WAN1 and make sure the network is still connected. Then repeat this for WAN2. Assuming everything is correct, it shouldn’t cause much of a disruption and you know it works! This has been very helpful because since setting the dual-WAN up, Comcast has gone down twice and nobody even noticed!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Sidney C. LAUGHLIN, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 93-6049.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
June 16, 1994.
Charles R. Lucus, Sp. Asst. U.S. Atty., Oklahoma City, OK (John E. Green, U.S. Atty., Oklahoma City, OK, with him on the brief), for plaintiff-appellee.
Stephen Jones (Jeremy B. Lowrey with him on the brief), of Jones & Wyatt, Enid, OK, for defendant-appellant.
Before: ANDERSON, ENGEL , and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
Honorable Albert J. Engel, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
ENGEL, Senior Circuit Judge.
The principal issues in this appeal are whether the trial court adequately instructed the jury with regard to the requisite meras rea for medicaid fraud and, if reversibly erroneous on that score, whether there was a spillover effect which fatally tainted the defendant’s mail fraud convictions. While we are compelled to reverse the medicaid fraud convictions for failure to instruct on an essential element of the offense, we hold that the thoroughness and independence pf the mail fraud instructions assured against any possible taint “spilling over” from the faulty medicaid fraud instructions.
I
Defendant Dr. Sidney Laughlin was charged in a fifty-seven count indictment with fifty-three counts of medicaid fraud, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § ^Oa-TbCaXl)®, and with four counts of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. A jury found him guilty on fifty-two counts of medicaid fraud and all four counts of mail fraud. He appeals, arguing that: (1) the jury instructions for medicaid fraud were constitutionally defective in that they did not adequately inform the jury of the requisite mens rea, (2) the constitutional error in the medicaid instructions “spilled over” into the mail fraud convictions necessitating reversal of the mail fraud counts, (3) the evidence was insufficient to convict on certain specific medicaid fraud counts, (4) the trial court erred in its sentencing determination that Dr. Laughlin’s fraudulent activity created a risk of serious bodily injury through the alleged scheme to defraud, and (5) the trial court erred in its sentencing calculation of loss for purposes of reimbursement.
Dr. Laughlin operated an obstetrics/gyne-eology clinic in Shawnee, Oklahoma. The allegations of medicaid fraud stem from claims for reimbursement for the treatment of six patients at this clinic. The charges are based on allegations that Dr. Laughlin fraudulently double-billed for related procedures, falsely claimed that a series of procedures were necessitated by “accidents at home,” and fraudulently billed medicaid for other random procedures that he did not perform. The mail fraud charges relate to the alleged mailing of false claims to facilitate reimbursement for these procedures. All other relevant facts will be revealed at the appropriate time in this opinion.
II
Dr. Laughlin’s first claim on appeal is that the trial court erred in not instructing the jury that he must either have known that the claims being submitted were false or have submitted his claims with the intent to defraud or deceive. Because “knowledge of falsity” is a specific and necessary element of this offense, and because the jury was not instructed that it had to find this element in order to convict, we reverse Dr. Laughlin’s fifty-two count medicaid fraud conviction.
Initially, we hold that in accordance with the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Larm, 824 F.2d 780 (9th Cir.1987), “knowledge of falsity” is an essential element of medicaid fraud pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a). At oral argument, counsel for the government, in defining the elements of the offense, expressly, and we think properly, conceded that the defendant must not only have made false claims, but he must have known at the time he was making such claims that they were, in fact, false. The legislative history, to which we look to discern the mens rea for a specific offense, Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 424, 105 S.Ct. 2084, 2087, 85 L.Ed.2d 434 (1985); United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 406, 100 S.Ct. 624, 632, 62 L.Ed.2d 575 (1979), supports the conclusion of the Larm court and the concession by the government. See H.R.Rep. No. 393, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. II, at 47-48 (1977), reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3039, 3050. We therefore hold, in a question of first impression before this circuit, to be convicted of medicaid fraud, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a), a defendant must know that the claims being submitted are, in fact, false. We are left to. decide whether the jury in our case, based on the actual instructions given, was capable of making such a finding. After a thorough review of the instructions, both oral and written, we are not confident that the jury either made or was capable of making this finding.
Over the objection of the defense, the trial court instructed the jury, both orally and in specific written instructions taken back to the jury room, as follows:
INSTRUCTION 11 MEDICAID FRAUD-ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
Three essential elements are required to be proved in order to prove the offenses of medicaid fraud as charged in Counts 1-53 of the indictment:
First: That the defendant made or caused to be made a statement or representation of material fact in an application for benefits or payment under the Medicaid Act;
Second: That the statement or representation was false; and
Third: That the defendant knowingly and willfully made or caused to be made the false statement or representation.
In order to convict the defendant, all 12 of you must agree that a material statement or representation in each count is in fact false.
Unless the government has proved the same false statement to each of you, you must acquit the defendant of the charge in that particular count of the indictment.
The above charge was incomplete and insufficient because it failed to apprise the jury that the statement must not only be false but that Dr. Laughlin must also have known that the statement was false when the claim was submitted. The jury, therefore, could have convicted Dr. Laughlin without considering whether he knew that the claims he was submitting were false.
A proper instruction could have been made simply by adding knowledge of falsity as a fourth element or appending knowledge of falsity to any one of the three cited elements in one of the following ways:
First: That the defendant made or caused to be made a statement or representation of material fact in an application for benefits or payment under the Act which he then and there knew to be false, or
Second: That the statement or representation was false as the defendant knew, or
Third: That the defendant knowingly and willfully caused to be made the false statement or representation knowing it to be false when he made the claim.
Any such variation would have been fully adequate to apprise the jury of the mens rea element of the offense. The trial court could also have rectified the error by adding an additional independent instruction defining a false statement or representation in a manner similar to that elucidated in the above examples.
The absence of a specific instruction on knowledge of falsity is in our judgment fatal. Failure to instruct on such an essential element as intent or knowledge requires reversal because the “Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1073, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). See also Cole v. Young, 817 F.2d 412, 424 n. 8 (7th Cir.1987) (“Indeed every federal court to consider the question since the Court decided In re Winship ... has agreed that a conviction procured without any jury instruction on an essential element of the offense is constitutionally invalid.”).
Dr. Laughlin did not specifically request an instruction in any of the forms as listed above. Nonetheless he did object to the instruction as given and requested an instruction which stated that the jury could only convict if “the defendant knowingly and willfully made or caused to be made the false statement or representation with the specific intent to violate the law or, in the alternative, with the intent to violate the law.” When this instruction was denied, he asked that the instruction with regard to the medicaid fraud counts mimic the instruction with regard to the mail fraud counts, so that the jury would be made aware that he had to “act with the specific intent to deceive.”
The trial court rejected Dr. Laughlin’s proffered instructions on the basis that a “specific intent” charge has been disfavored since Liparota, and that the essential elements of the crime, as listed in the instructions, when read in conjunction with the definitions of “knowingly” and “willfully,” were sufficient to apprise the jury of the correct mens rea for medicaid fraud.
The trial court was correct that instructing in terms of “specific intent” has been disfavored by the courts because of the confusing and ambiguous nature of such an instruction. Liparota, 471 U.S. at 433 n. 16, 105 S.Ct. at 2092 n. 16; Bailey, 444 U.S. at 403, 100 S.Ct. at 631 (characterizing the distinction between general and specific intent as “ambigu[ous]” and as “the source of a good deal of confusion”); United States v. Valencia, 907 F.2d 671, 681-82 n. 12 (7th Cir.1990). In so recognizing, however, the trial court either misread or at least overextended Liparota, as not requiring any instruction whatever on the mental state required for a violation of medicaid fraud. Liparota, in qualifying the utility of the specific intent instruction, in no way relieved trial courts of their responsibility to define each element of the offense clearly and accurately.
All the same, the government insists that the essential mens rea element was unmistakably covered by the court’s charges elsewhere in the instructions. It is of course true that we review jury instructions in their entirety, United States v. Denny, 939 F.2d 1449, 1454 (10th Cir.1991), under a de novo standard of review. United States v. Agnew, 931 F.2d 1397, 1407 (10th Cir.1991). In so doing, we analyze, in light of the record, whether the instructions state the governing law and whether the jury was provided an intelligent, meaningful understanding of the applicable issues and standards. United States v. Cardall, 885 F.2d 656, 673 (10th Cir.1989) (citations omitted). We reverse only if in light of these considerations there was prejudicial error. Id. An analysis of the instructions in the form given convinces us that the jury could seriously have been misled in its understanding of the issues and law applicable to the case before it.
In a further attempt to define the mens rea element, the trial judge instructed the jury that:
INSTRUCTION 9 “KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY” — DEFINED
A defendant acted “knowingly” when he was conscious and aware of his actions, realized what he was doing or what was happening around him, and did not act because of ignorance, mistake, or accident.
A defendant acted “willfully” when he knowingly performed an act, deliberately and intentionally, as contrasted with accidentally, carelessly, or unintentionally.
This general definition of “knowingly and willfully,” however, is not helpful if the jury is never adequately instructed what elements of the statute these terms modify. The jury here was never instructed what Dr. Laughlin had to know and may very well have been left with the same uncertainty that bothered the Supreme Court in Liparota. Commenting upon this disquieting ambiguity, Justice Brennan cited W. LaFave & A. Scott, Criminal Law § 27 (1972):
“Still further difficulty arises from the ambiguity which frequently exists concerning what the words or phrases in question modify. What, for instance, does ‘knowingly’ modify in a sentence from a ‘blue sky’ law criminal statute punishing one who ‘knowingly sells a security without a permit’ from the securities commissioner? To be guilty must the seller of a security without a permit know only that what he is doing constitutes a sale, or must he also know that the thing he sells is a security, or must he also know that he has no permit to sell the security he sells? As a matter of grammar the statute is ambiguous; it is not at all clear how far down the sentence the word ‘knowingly’ is intended to travel — whether it modifies ‘sells,’ or ‘sells a security, ’ or ‘sells a security without a permit. ’ ”
Liparota, 471 U.S. at 424 n. 7, 105 S.Ct. at 2087 n. 7 (emphasis added).
On this record, we cannot confidently know whether the jury convicted Dr. Laughlin for: (1) knowing that he was making or causing claims to be made, or (2) knowing that the claims he was making or causing to be made were, in fact, false. See Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 526, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 2460, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979) (“[E]ven if a jury could have ignored the presumption [as to intent] and found defendant guilty because he acted knowingly, we cannot be certain that this is what they did do.”) (emphasis in original). Without such confidence, it would be grossly unfair to uphold Dr. Laughlin’s conviction for medicaid fraud.
It is true that a review of the instructions, both oral and written, reveals that the indictment as sent to the jury in the written instructions contains an accurate description of the mens rea for medicaid fraud. This might persuade us to overlook the shortcomings of the medicaid fraud instructions. However, after careful consideration of the wording of the indictment, the context in which the indictment was received, and the absence of any other instruction corroborating or clarifying the mens rea element as it is contained in the indictment, the faulty jury instructions read as a whole remain glaringly deficient.
Unlike the remainder of the instructions, the indictment, although listed as Instruction 3, was not read verbatim to the jury but was summarized by the trial judge. This summary did not include the mens rea description. Thus, any arguably curative effect of the actual language in the indictment was minimized by the judge’s instructions as given. The utility of the indictment was further qualified by the judge’s statement that “the indictment itself is not evidence, it merely describes the charges and is only an accusation.”
Even had the trial judge read the indictment to the jury verbatim, it is our judgment that the inclusion of the knowledge of falsity element, embedded in eighteen lines of text, reproduced in footnote 9, supra, does not adequately remedy the judge’s failure to incorporate the correct mens rea into the appropriate instructions. We cannot be confident that a reasonable juror, having read and heard the indictment, would have identified the contradiction, rectified it in a manner inconsistent with the judge’s explicit “element” instructions, and determined that Dr. Laughlin was required to know that the statements he was submitting were, in fact, false. Again, without such confidence, we cannot affirm Dr. Laughlin’s medicaid fraud convictions.
We hold that the trial judge committed prejudicial error with regard to the faulty jury instructions on medicaid fraud. The risk of misunderstanding is simply too substantial to be ignored. We thereby reverse Dr. Laughlin’s convictions on counts 1-33 and 35-53.
Ill
Dr. Laughlin’s next claim on appeal is that the error with regard to the jury instructions on the medicaid counts “spilled over” into the mail fraud counts, impermissi-bly tainting the mail fraud convictions pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1341. Although three of the mail fraud counts were predicated on acts of medicaid fraud, we can identify no such spillover effect. The trial judge’s instructions on mail fraud were complete in every particular including the requisite statutory mens rea. The jury was thus provided with an ample understanding of the applicable issues and standards, as required by United States v. Cardall, 885 F.2d at 673. We do not believe that the absence of an element in the medicaid fraud instructions induced the jurors to abandon the independent and adequate mail fraud instructions they received.
The trial judge exercised great care in separating the instructions on the two distinct offenses. The jury were instructed that “[e]aeh crime charged and the evidence applicable to it should be considered separately, and the guilt or innocence of the defendant as to each count should be considered separately.” (emphasis added). We can be confident that the jury heeded instructions such as this because the jury, in considering the medicaid fraud counts, exercised their authority and dismissed one of the fifty-three medicaid fraud counts—indicating, with some assurance, that the jury scrutinized each count separately and distinctly.
It might even be logically argued that some of the instructions given on the mail fraud charges were so clear that the jury must perforce have been led to believe that the requirements to convict under mail fraud, including the mens rea element of intent to deceive or defraud, would apply to the fifty-three medicaid fraud counts. Again, however, because of their distinct treatment in the instructions, we believe it would be as improper for us to hold that the instructions on the first fifty-three counts were “cured” by the instructions on the last four as it would be to hold the opposite. Accordingly, the convictions of Dr. Laughlin on the four counts of mail fraud are affirmed.
IY
At sentencing, the trial court increased Dr. Laughlin’s offense level two points, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2Fl.l(b)(4), for having performed unnecessary surgical procedures, pursuant to a fraudulent double-billing scheme, which resulted in a “risk of serious bodily injury.” This guideline provision deals solely with fraud and deceit offenses — both mail fraud and medicaid fraud fall within the grasp of this enhancement provision. United States Sentencing Guideline § 2Fl.l(b)(4) provides that:
If the offense involved the conscious or reckless risk of serious bodily injury, increase by 2 levels. If the resulting offense level is less than level 13, increase to level 13.
The term serious bodily injury is defined in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, comment, (n. l(j)):
“Serious bodily injury” means injury involving extreme physical pain or the impairment of a function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; or requiring medical intervention such as surgery, hospitalization, or physical rehabilitation. As used in the guidelines, the definition of this term is somewhat different than that used in various statutes.
The risk of “serious bodily injury” identified by the district court pertains to unnecessary surgery performed on one patient in particular — Tammy Mansfield. This unnecessary surgery formed the predicate act for one of the mail fraud convictions which we uphold today.
Dr. Laughlin chose to perform a tubal ligation (a sterilization procedure) on Tammy Mansfield four weeks after he delivered her child by caesarian section. Testimony at trial indicated that this choice was abnormal, as most doctors would have performed the sterilization procedure concurrently with the caesarian section. Subsequent and due, in part, to the second operation, Ms. Mansfield developed an ileus (distended abdomen) and had to be hospitalized a third time so that this condition could be treated. The development of the ileus can be traced, as even Dr. Laughlin admitted, to the unnecessary second operation.
Dr. Laughlin argued that the evidence was insufficient to justify the conclusion that he performed this procedure several weeks following the caesarian section so that he could double-bill for surgical procedures. He points to Dr. Lampert’s testimony, which, according to Dr. Laughlin, merely brought into question Dr. Laughlin’s decision to wait four as opposed to six to eight weeks following the caesarian to do the tubal litigation. Dr. Laughlin argues that this testimony evidences only a disagreement concerning operation strategy, not a fundamental error with regard to appropriate procedure, and only proves that, at the very most, his decision might be controversial but in no way was designed to perpetrate a fraud.
The government draws a different conclusion from Dr. Lampert’s testimony; it is a conclusion which under the totality of the evidence is supported by the greater force of logic. The government points out that Dr. Lampert testified that: (1) normally a tubal ligation is performed at the same time as a caesarean section; (2) there was no medical reason not to have performed the procedure on Tammy Mansfield when the caesarian was done; and, (3) it would be difficult to find a doctor to defend Dr. Laughlin’s actions with regard to his decision to wait before performing the related tubal ligation procedure.
According to further testimony by other witnesses, Dr. Laughlin was aware that he could not be paid twice if he performed the tubal ligation at the same time as the caesarian. Furthermore, Dr. Laughlin’s reason for not concurrently performing the surgical procedures in question — that he wanted to provide time for Tammy Mansfield to heal — was called into question by Dr. Lampert who testified that Dr. Laughlin performed the procedure at a time at which the caesarian could not have properly healed.
We are satisfied that the trial judge committed no error, and certainly no clear error, United States v. Harris, 903 F.2d 770, 778 (10th Cir.1990), when she found that the second operative procedure was unnecessary and caused one of Dr. Laughlin’s patients to develop an ileus, requiring a subsequent third trip to the hospital. The evidence was fully sufficient to permit the jury to find that Dr. Laughlin made the decision to postpone the tubal ligation pursuant to a fraudulent double-billing scheme which was facilitated by his use of the mails. Dr. Laughlin’s fraudulent activity therefore caused a risk of serious bodily injury to Ms. Mansfield, and the trial court’s decision to enhance his base offense level by two points should, therefore, be upheld pursuant to U.S.S.G. 2Fl.l(b)(4).
For the foregoing reasons, the medicaid fraud convictions are REVERSED and REMANDED for new trial or further proceedings consistent herewith. The mail fraud convictions are AFFIRMED.
ANDERSON, Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
I agree that 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)(l) requires proof that Laughlin knew the statements were false. I dissent because the jury instructions as a whole correctly explained the meaning of “knowingly and willfully.” See United States v. Denny, 939 F.2d 1449, 1454 (10th Cir.1991) (explaining that court must review adequacy of jury instructions as a whole, rather than reviewing individual instructions separately).
I. Knowledge of Falsity
Contrary to Laughlin’s assertion, the district court did not fail to instruct the jury on the knowledge of falsity requirement. Instruction Eleven identified “three essential elements” of Medicaid fraud:
First: That the defendant made or caused to be made a statement or representation of material fact in an application for benefits or payment under the Medicaid Act;
Second: That the statement or representation was false; and
Third: That the defendant knowingly and willfully made or caused to be made the false statement or representation.
Appellant’s Br.App. at 88. Like the statute itself, however, the third element’s description of the necessary intent was ambiguous. It could mean that Laughlin knowingly made a statement that happened to be false, even if he did not know it was false. Or it could mean that Laughlin knew that the statement he was making was false. See Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 423-24 & n. 7, 105 S.Ct. 2084, 2086-87 & n. 7, 85 L.Ed.2d 434 (1985).
The jury almost certainly understood the instruction correctly. The first element already required proof that Laughlin made or caused to be made a statement. I doubt that a jury would think one could make a statement without knowing that he was doing so. “Knowingly” in the third element could only add the requirement that Laughlin knew the statement he was making was false.
Instruction Nine further guaranteed that the jury would correctly understand the intent element by defining “knowingly” as acting with awareness and not because of ignorance or mistake. See Appellant’s BrApp. at 86. A reasonable juror would conclude that a defendant who intentionally made a statement but did not know it was false was acting in ignorance. Although plausible to lawyers, I doubt that any reasonable juror would think that a person who did not know his statement was false “knowingly made a false statement.”
Nevertheless, our precedents do suggest that this technical ambiguity makes the intent instruction alone inadequate. See United States v. O’Brien, 686 F.2d 850, 851-53 (10th Cir.1982); Hunt v. Oklahoma, 683 F.2d 1305, 1308 (10th Cir.1982). But flaws in jury instructions are only errors if the instructions as a whole do not “provide the jury with an ample understanding of the applicable principles of law and factual issues.” Denny, 939 F.2d at 1454. The indictment contained in Instruction Three clarified the correct understanding of Instruction Eleven on the required knowledge of falsity. The indictment in Instruction Three states that
Sidney C. Laughlin ... knowingly and wil-fully made and caused to be made false statements and representations of material facts in applications for payments of Medicaid funds for physician services in that ' the defendant ... represented that he had provided specific physician services ... and that certain patients had accidents and injuries at home ..., whereas Sidney C. Laughlin, the defendant herein, then and there well knew said statements and representations on the applications forms submitted were false....
Appellant’s Br.App. at 67. Laughlin agreed to have the judge summarize the indictment rather than read it to the jury, but the judge nevertheless told the jury to “read and review it carefully.” R.Supp. at 4-5. The indictment can and in this case did help to explain the required intent. See Hunt, 683 F.2d at 1308 (“[T]he mere use of the word ‘knowingly’ in the Information and jury instructions did not adequately convey the concept of scienter to the jury.”). The jury knew it should interpret each instruction in light of other instructions because the judge told the jury to “consider the instructions as a whole and not a part to the exclusion of the rest.” R.Supp. at 13. Especially since the jury was likely to understand the intent instruction correctly, the indictment’s clear allegation that Laughlin knew the statements were false was enough to ensure that the jury would understand it could convict Laughlin only if he knew the statements were false.
I don’t see how the “utility of the indictment was further qualified by the judge’s statement that ‘the indictment itself is not evidence, it merely describes the charges and is only an accusation.’” Majority Op. at 1529. This is true of all instructions. None is “evidence”; they simply describe what the government must prove. The judge’s remark does not suggest that the indictment may not clarify what the government must prove. ■
The majority .concludes that Instruction Three did not sufficiently clarify the required knowledge of falsity because “[w]e cannot be confident that a reasonable juror, having read and heard the indictment, would have identified the contradiction, rectified it in a manner inconsistent with the judge’s explicit ‘element’ instructions, and determined that Dr. Laughlin was required to know that the statements he was submitting were, in fact, false.” Id. However, Instruction Three did not contradict Instruction Eleven. Instruction Eleven clearly required Laughlin to have known something when he made the false statements. One of the possible meanings— in fact, the most likely meaning — of the third element in Instruction Eleven was just what the indictment in Instruction Three alleged: that Laughlin knew his statements were false. Instruction Three therefore simply clarifies the ambiguity in Instruction Eleven; they do not conflict at all. The jury would have no reason to disregard Instruction Three and the judge’s admonition to follow all of the instructions. See R.Supp. at 4.
The majority also suggests that the jury would not have correctly understood the knowledge requirement because the judge did not read the relevant part of the indictment, which was “embedded in eighteen lines of text.” Majority Op. at 1528-29. The mere density of an instruction does not make it inadequate. We may assume that the jury followed the judge’s instructions to read the indictment carefully, regardless of what he read orally. Instructions Three and Eleven, along with Instruction Nine, adequately informed the jury that Laughlin was guilty only if he knew the statements were false.
II. Willfullness
The statute requires proof that the defendant both “knowingly” and “willfully” made or caused to be made a false statement. 42 U.S.C. § 1820a-7b(a)(l). Laughlin claims that the court did not properly instruct the jury on the willfullness requirement either. The majority did not have to consider this challenge because it held that the court did not adequately instruct the jury on knowledge of falsity. I believe that the instructions did convey the correct understanding of the willfullness requirement.
I disagree with Laughlin that the Medicaid fraud statute requires proof that the defendant intended to violate a known law. The accused generally need not know that his conduct is illegal. Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192, 199, 111 S.Ct. 604, 609, 112 L.Ed.2d 617 (1991); United States v. Dashney, 937 F.2d 532, 538 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 402, 116 L.Ed.2d 351 (1991). But in some eases, such as those involving the criminal tax laws, “willfully” means an “intentional violation of a known legal duty,” because of the complexity of the laws or the apparent innocence of the criminal conduct. See Cheek, 498 U.S. at 199-201, 111 S.Ct. at 609-610; Dashney, 937 F.2d at 539. In this case, however, making known false statements is not apparently innocent. The law may be somewhat complex, but the required knowledge of falsity itself ensures that the accused will not be convicted if he did not know the law and regulations well enough to know that his statements were false. The defendant need not know that filing false claims is against the law, however. See United States v. Hollis, 971 F.2d 1441, 1451-52 (10th Cir.1992) (holding that “willfully” in 18 U.S.C. § 2(b) does not require that defendant knew his conduct violated the law), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1580, 123 L.Ed.2d 148 (1993); Dashney, 937 F.2d at 538-39 (holding that “willfully” in antistructuring law means only that person intentionally and knowingly evaded the reporting requirement, not that he also knew evasion is illegal). He need only intend to make statements he knows are false.
The instructions ensured that the jury would not convict Laughlin unless he “willfully” made false statements in this sense. The instructions require the jury to find that Laughlin “knowingly and willfully made or caused to be made the false statement or representation.” Appellant’s Br.App. at 88. The court also explained that “willfully” means Laughlin “knowingly performed an act, deliberately and intentionally, as contrasted with accidentally, carelessly, or unintentionally.” Id. at 86. Again, the court’s description of the willfullness requirement is technically ambiguous. It could mean only that Laughlin intended to make a statement, or that he intended to make a false statement. The required knowledge of falsity makes this ambiguity inconsequential, however. The instructions require that Laughlin knew the statements were false, and that he “willfully” or “intentionally” made those statements that he knew to be false. This is all that “willfully” means in this statute. The instructions as a whole thus adequately instructed the jury on the correct meaning of the charge that Laughlin “knowingly and willfully” made false statements. I therefore dissent.
. The statute reads, in pertinent part:
(a) Whoever—
knowingly or willfully makes or causes to be made any false statement or representation of material fact in any application for any benefit or payment under a State health care program ... shall (i) in the case of such a statement, [or] representation ... by any person in connection with furnishing (by that person) of items or services for which payment is or may be made under the program, be guilty of a felony....
. The statute reads, in pertinent part:
"Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud ... for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or think whatever to be sent or delivered by the postal service, or takes or receives therefrom, any such matter or thing, or knowingly causes to be delivered by mail according to the discretion thereon....”
.As then Circuit Judge Kennedy stated: "It remains to be shown also that the Larms knew of the falsity, for an element of the crime is the specific intent to make a false statement." Larm, 824 F.2d at 783.
. The following colloquy occurred during oral argument:
JUDGE KELLY: Do you agree that the defendant had to know that the claim as made was false as opposed to merely knowing the claims were made?
GOVERNMENT: Yes, Your Honor.
. The legislative history speaks in terms of an "intentional deception or misrepresentation" as the type of fraud that this statute seeks to combat, and of “practitioners that choose to cheat ” as the type of practitioner who is at risk of running afoul of this law. H.R.Rep. No. 393, at 47-48 (emphasis added).
.We find United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016, 102 S.Ct. 1709, 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982), instructive in helping us to fashion this example. Defendant Irwin was charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1001 and 18 U.S.C. § 1002 for "willfully and knowingly making or causing to be made a false statement as to material facts in the EDA grant application...." Id. at 675. The charge was derived from a statute that is very similar to the statute in question in our case. The Tenth Circuit held that: “[t]he essential elements which the Government must prove in a false statement prosecution under Section 1001 are that (1) the defendant made a statement; (2) the statement was false, fictitious or fraudulent as the defendant
knew; (3) the statement was made knowingly and willfully; (4) the statement was within the jurisdiction of the federal agency; and (5) the statement was material.” Id. at 675-76 (emphasis added).
. These examples are, of course, not the only acceptable instructions, for numerous permutations will suffice; we merely offer several options for instructive purposes.
. Liparota, citing United States v. Arambasich, 597 F.2d 609, 613 (7th Cir.1979), held that a “more useful instruction might relate specifically to the mental state required ... and eschew use of difficult legal concepts like 'specific intent' and 'general intent.' " See also United States v. Brown, 739 F.2d 1136, 1143 (7th Cir.), cert. denied 469 U.S. 933, 105 S.Ct. 331, 83 L.Ed.2d 268 (1984). The idea of replacing specific or general intent instructions with instructions specifically tailored to the mens rea for the respective offense is consistent with the approach recommended by numerous circuits that have drafted pattern jury instructions. See, e.g., Federal Criminal Jury Instructions of the Seventh Circuit § 6.02 (1980) ("The Committee recommends avoiding instructions that distinguish between 'specific intent' and ‘general intent'.... [and instead] recommends that instructions be given which define the precise mental state required by the particular offense charged.”); Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions, U.S. Sixth Circuit § 2.07 (1991) ("This approach is consistent with the approach recommended by all of the circuits that have drafted pattern instructions.") (citations omitted).
. The indictment, on page two, states:
That on or about the dates set forth hereinafter, in the Western District of Oklahoma, SIDNEY C. LAUGHLIN, the defendant herein, knowingly and wilfully made and caused to be made false statements and representations of material facts in applications for payments of Medicaid funds for physician services in that the defendant, SIDNEY C. LAUGHLIN, stated and represented that he had provided specific physician services, identified in part by procedure code numbers, on the dates indicated, and that certain patients had accidents and injuries at home on the dates indicated, whereas SIDNEY C. LAUGHLIN, the defendant herein, then and there well knew said statements and representations on the application forms submitted were false in that he had not provided the physician services as described and identified by the procedure code numbers, on the dates stated, and that the patients did not have accidents and injuries at home on the dates stated, which misrepresentations were material, (emphasis added).
. If anything, the existence of the correct mens rea merely points out how easy it would have been to instruct the jury on that same element.
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CASELAW
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-- Monte Paschi May Post Fourth Straight Loss on Lower Income
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , the
bailed-out Italian bank embroiled in a fraud probe, will
probably report a fourth straight quarterly loss as lending
income falls. Monte Paschi may post a net loss of 154 million euros ($200
million) when it publishes results tomorrow, compared with a
profit of 88.5 million euros a year earlier, according to the
average estimate of nine analysts surveyed by Bloomberg. Chief Executive Officer Fabrizio Viola must return the bank
to profit this year under Monte Paschi’s 4.1 billion-euro rescue
plan to avoid handing a stake to the government. In the
meantime, prosecutors are probing whether former managers at the
Siena-based bank, which piled up a total loss of 7.9 billion
euros in the past two years, used derivative contracts to
obscure the losses. “For the time being, the bank’s revenue generation is
insufficient to cover the deteriorating asset quality,” Luigi Tramontana, an analyst at Banca Akros in Milan, said in an e-mailed report to clients last week. “The management is working
on further restructuring, but asset disposals will be difficult
to achieve in the current context.” Monte Paschi fell 0.5 percent to 20.83 cents at 10:37 a.m.
in Milan trading. The stock has declined 14 percent in the past
12 months, giving the bank a market value of 2.4 billion euros.
The 40-company Bloomberg Europe 500 Banks and Financial Services
Index gained 36 percent in the period. Probe Impact The bank, founded in 1472, won shareholder approval last
month to sue former managers over derivatives that hid more than
700 million euros of losses and lie at the center of a fraud
probe by Italian prosecutors. Viola said on April 29 that the
swaps are now fully reflected in the bank’s accounts and there
are no more losses that weren’t booked correctly. Even so, “the probes may have an impact on Paschi’s
accounts in terms of lower deposits and are also hurting the
ability of the new management to attract investors,” said
Jacopo Ceccatelli, a partner at financial advisory firm JC &
Associati SIM in Milan. Viola, 55, and Chairman Alessandro Profumo , 56, appointed
last year to turn the bank around, are selling leasing and
consumer credit units, closing 400 branches and eliminating
4,600 jobs by 2015. They must submit a revised strategy to the
European Banking Authority (BMPS) by the end of June. Their mission is complicated by Europe’s financial crisis
and Italy ’s longest recession in 20 years, which are affecting
loan quality and profitability. Government Stake Revenue may drop 31 percent to 1.04 billion euros in the
first quarter from a year earlier, hurt by lower income from
lending and the cost of state aid, according to the average
estimate of seven analysts. Net interest income probably fell to
546 million euros from 883 million euros. Loan-loss provisions
probably amounted to 424 million euros compared with 430 million
euros a year before, analysts estimated. “We expect internal capital generation to be wiped out by
the servicing of government support,” Manuela Meroni, a Milan-based analyst, said in an e-mailed report today. The payment of
interest on the government support in the form of shares “may
generate a stock overhang,” he said. The bank is paying an annual coupon of 9 percent on the 4.1
billion euros of debt sold to the government in the bailout.
Should Monte Paschi post a 2013 loss, it will have to pay the
coupon in the form of new shares, issued at market value. At the current price of about 21 cents, the government
would receive some 1.74 billion shares, or about 13 percent of
Monte Paschi, according to Bloomberg calculations. The state
would hence become the bank’s second-biggest shareholder after
Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena, a Siena-based foundation
that currently owns 35 percent of the firm. Persistent Losses The lender may have an annual loss of 262 million euros for
2013, according to the average of 14 analysts’ estimates. “Monte Paschi will be loss making in both 2013 and 2014,”
wrote Andrea Vercellone, an analyst at Exane BNP Paribas SA (BNP) , in
an e-mailed report to clients earlier this month. “We expect
the 2013 coupon on Monti bonds and a portion of that for 2014
will be paid in newly issued shares.” Investors will almost certainly see their shareholdings
diluted and will probably not receive a dividend until 2019,
when the bank will free itself of government support, he said. Moody’s Investors Service downgraded Monte Paschi’s long-term debt and deposit ratings last week by three steps to B2,
with a negative outlook, and said it wasn’t confident about
Monte Paschi’s plans to repay state aid. There are “questions around internal capital generation
and uncertain prospects for external capital raises,” the
ratings company said on May 9. To contact the reporters on this story:
Sonia Sirletti in Milan at
ssirletti@bloomberg.net
Francesca Cinelli at
fcinelli@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Frank Connelly at
fconnelly@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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ETRI-Knowledge Sharing Plaform
ENGLISH
성과물
논문 검색
구분 SCI
연도 ~ 키워드
상세정보
학술지 Wideband and Multiband Long-term Evolution Transmitter using Envelope Delta-sigma Modulation Technique
Cited 2 time in scopus Download 5 time Share share facebook twitter linkedin kakaostory
저자
조영균, 박봉혁, 김철영
발행일
201704
출처
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, v.91 no.1, pp.155-162
ISSN
0925-1030
출판사
Springer
DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-017-0926-2
협약과제
16MF1100, 차세대 무선통신용 반도체 기반 스마트 안테나 기술 개발, 박봉혁
초록
This letter presents a fully integrated tri-state radio frequency (RF) modulator for wideband and multiband long-term evolution (LTE) transmitters. The quantization noise was effectively reduced by using an envelope modulator equipped with a single-opamp resonator, thereby improving the wideband efficiency and linearity. Broadband design techniques with RF building blocks enable multiband operation. A power amplifier with dual mode supply was designed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The RF modulator was implemented in a 130혻nm CMOS process with an active area of 3.4혻mm2. At carrier frequencies from 960혻MHz to 3혻GHz for a 20-MHz LTE signal, the measured coding efficiency, adjacent channel leakage ratio, and error vector magnitude were found to exceed 71%, ?닋36 dBc, and 3.9%, respectively.
키워드
Envelope delta-sigma modulation, Long-term evolution transmitter, Multiband, Radio frequency modulator, Wideband
KSP 제안 키워드
Active area, Adjacent channel leakage ratio(ACLR), Building block, CMOS Process, Coding efficiency, Design techniques, Dual-Mode, Envelope modulator(EM), Frequency modulator, Fully integrated, Long term Evolution(LTE)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Football shin guards are a mandatory piece of kit for players of all ages to wear. However, shin pads were not always a piece of kit that players had to wear. There are images of playing greats from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in which their socks are down to their ankles with bare shins.
When were shin guards invented?
Shin guards were unveiled in 1874. Despite being around for so long, they were not made mandatory for footballers for over 100 years. In fact, the first shin guards were not for footballers but for cricket players.
Sam Weller Widdowson invented shin guards to protect the wearer from injury. The idea was the wearer would have more confidence playing football knowing they wouldn’t be sent to the ground in a heap after being kicked in the lower leg. Widdowson played both cricket and football. He made the first football shin guards by cutting down a pair of cricket leg pads. He then strapped the pads to the outside of his socks with leather straps. Although other players criticised Widdowson for using them, some players began to don the protective devices.
When did football shin guards become mandatory?
It wasn’t until 1990 that FIFA made football shin guards a mandatory part of a player’s kit. Prior to games or a substitute going onto the pitch, a referee or fourth official will inspect a player’s equipment to ensure they are wearing their shin pads.
Shin guards are made from rubber, plastic, or a similar material. Referees must determine whether or not the football shin guard offers enough protection to the player. Shin guards are placed under the socks and must be completely covered by the player’s socks. If the shin pad is exposed during a match, the referee is obliged to tell the player to pull the sock back up over the protective piece of equipment.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Redundancy in Randoop
Investigating approaches to minimize test case redundancy in Randoop
Background
During the Fall 2017 semester, I was fortunate to have enrolled in a software analysis and testing course offered by Prof. Mayur Naik. The class was a survey on the field of software analysis and testing. An integral part of the course was to undertake a project that goes deeper into a certain topic explored during the semester. I was intrigued by a tool called Randoop.
Randoop is a feedback-directed random testing tool. Given a timeout, it tries generating and executing many JUnit test cases. Based on the outcome of the execution, it either discards the test, outputs it to the user, or uses the test to influence further test generation. It is feedback-directed in the sense that it extends upon previously generated tests to explore interesting behaviors. The following section provides an example usage of Randoop.
Motivation
Consider the following RingBuffer Java class. A ring buffer is a buffer that is implemented using an underlying fixed-sized array and wrapping around indices. Although understanding of how exactly the ringbuffer works is not necessary for this section, feel free to read up on the data structure here. It has boolean isFull and isEmpty. It also has a method to enqueue a double into the buffer and a method to dequeue the first entry in the buffer. This data structure is useful in many applications, such as queues, media processing, and data compression.
Assume that all methods are correct, except enqueue where it throws a Null Pointer Exception when the input is -1.
public class RingBuffer {
public boolean isEmpty() { /* Assume correct */ }
public boolean isFull() { /* Assume correct */ }
public void enqueue(double d) {
//...
if (d == -1.0) {
String s = null;
s.hashCode();
}
}
public double dequeue() { /* Assume correct */ }
public double peek() { /* Assume correct */ }
}
We can run Randoop on this class and it will generate a files called ErrorTest0.java, ErrorTest1.java, and so on based on how many failing test cases it finds. By examining the generated files, one would immediately notice that the the tests are redundant. Two tests are considered redundant if the source of the bug is the same. Here is a test that Randoop generated.
@Test
public void test001() throws Throwable {
RingBuffer ringBuffer1 = new RingBuffer((int)'a');
ringBuffer1.enqueue((double)(short)-1);
}
The last line, which is ringBuffer1.enqueue((double)(short)-1);, is the cause of the bug. This test case is clear and concise, which makes the job of the debugger easier. However, Randoop also generates the following test case.
@Test
public void test010() throws Throwable {
RingBuffer ringBuffer1 = new RingBuffer((int)'a');
ringBuffer1.enqueue(0.0d);
boolean b2 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b3 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
double d4 = ringBuffer1.peek();
boolean b5 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
double d6 = ringBuffer1.dequeue();
boolean b7 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b8 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b9 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
ringBuffer1.enqueue((double)(short)-1);
}
This test case is redundant with the previous one. Reducing the number of redundant test cases allows the debugger to focus on distinct bugs, which increases their productivity.
Motivation: reducing the number of redundant test cases increases the productivity of debuggers.
Anatomy of Randoop
In order for the following sections to be understood at a deeper level, the reader will find it helpful to be be more familiar with how Randoop works internally.
What is a Unit Test?
A unit test in Randoop has to parts.
• Test input: code that sets up the test (constructor and method calls)
• Checks: code that asserts that test input behaved as expected.
Randoop generates test inputs randomly, but it generates the checks deterministically. In the following unit test, the assert statements are checks, and the constructor call and add method call are test inputs. The assert statements were generated deterministically, that is Randoop adds a check based on the statement that is being added to the sequence.
public void testAdd() {
LinkedList<Integer> l = new LinkedList<>();
assertTrue(l.equals(l));
boolean b = l.add(0);
assertTrue(l.size() == 1);
assertTrue(l.equals(l);
}
We know connect the terminology used and what it represents in Randoop.
Term Description Java Implementation
Sequence Immutable list of statements. final SimpleList<Statement> statements;
Statement An operation and inputs. final TypedOperation operation; final List<RelativeNegativeIndex>
TypedOperation An operation that has typed inputs and output. final CallableOperation operation final TypeTuple inputTypes final Type outputType;
RelativeNegativeIndex Wrapper class for Integer. final int index;
Type Corresponds to Java's Type class java.lang.reflect.Type boolean isEnum; boolean isInterface; boolean isString;
The way Randoop checks redundancy (as of 3.1.15) is using equality. The following code is from the class randoop.generation.ForwardGenerator and it checks if the new sequence has already been generated.
private ExecutableSequence createNewUniqueSequence() {
if (this.allSequences.contains(newSequence)) {
return null;
}
}
As we defined in the table, a statement in Randoop is a TypedOperation and a list of inputs. The inputs are actually represented by relative negative indices. The reason Randoop developers chose that was due to memory and performance concerns. In Randoop, all inputs are variables previously generated in the test sequence. For example, in the following test sequence, the inputs for enqueue is represented by the integer -2. Since the value of d1 is stored in the variable 2 lines above the enqueue statement.
@Test
public void test() {
RingBuffer ringBuffer1 = new RingBuffer((int)'a');
double d1 = 0.0;
double d2 = 1.0;
ringBuffer1.enqueue(d1);
}
It is also worth noting that instance methods have their own instance as an input. For example, the statement x.m(f, b) has the input (x, f, b).
Dead Variables Heuristic
This section was written so that it offers an overview of the heuristic. For more formal details, please check the this section. Upon examining the redundant test cases, we notice that the majority of the code before the failing line is not involved in the cause of the bug. Specifically, the variables b2, b3, d4, b5, d6, b7, b8, b9. The intuition behind this heuristic is that variables not being used in the final failing statement are highly likely to not have an effect on the cause of failure.
@Test
public void test010() throws Throwable {
RingBuffer ringBuffer1 = new RingBuffer((int)'a');
ringBuffer1.enqueue(0.0d);
boolean b2 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b3 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
double d4 = ringBuffer1.peek();
boolean b5 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
double d6 = ringBuffer1.dequeue();
boolean b7 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b8 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
boolean b9 = ringBuffer1.isFull();
ringBuffer1.enqueue((double)(short)-1);
}
Of course this is not always the cause, so this heuristic comes with assumptions. One of which is that dead variables have no effect on the objects involved in the final statement. This assumption is not true always, which makes the next heuristic more powerful.
Purity Analysis Heuristic
Looking at the previous heuristic, we notice that some statements would be considered "dead" but they modify the state of the ringBuffer. These statements are ringBuffer1.enqueue(0.0d) As debuggers, we would not want such statements to be considered dead by Randoop. However, we also want statements like boolean b5 = ringBuffer1.isFull(); to be considered dead since they do not affect the state of the RingBuffer. We can simply only consider the subset of statements with names following the format of isFull() or isEmpty(), however that incurs a lot of assumptions with regard to the reasonability of the programmer implementing those functions. If a programmer implements those functions incorrectly, this heuristic will not catch the bugs associated with those methods since it'll consider their addition redundant.
A better solution would be to run a purity analysis on the methods of the classes being instrumented. Then we can only consider the methods which are found to be pure and not used in the final statement as dead.
This heuristic will consider the addition of boolean b5 = ringBuffer1.isFull(); as redundant but not the addition of ringBuffer1.enqueue(0.0d).
Formal Explination
We define \(\Sigma\) as the set of all statements and \(\Sigma^*\) as the set of all sequences. We also define \(O\) to be the set of all operations. For example, constructor calls and method calls are \(\in O\). An operation \(o \in O\) is a function of type \(\underbrace{V \times \dots \times V}_{m} \rightarrow V\), where \(V\) as the set of all variables. Since we are dealing with Java, variables can be thought of as objects. We define a sequence \(S = (s_1, s_2, \dots, s_n)\) where \(s_i \in \Sigma \) for \(1 \leq i \leq n\) and \(s_n\) is the final failing statement. We define a statement \(s = (o, (s_i, \dots, s_m))\) to be a tuple where \(o \in O\) and \(s_1, \dots, s_m\) are statements.
We can think of statements as inputs since a variable is created by applying the operation function to the list of inputs. For statements with primitive values as inputs, we consider the primitive value as a statement with an operation and no inputs. For example, ArrayList<> list = new ArrayList<>(0) to be a statement of the following form \((constructor, (\mathbf{(int_0, ())}))\). Since Randoop uses a set of seed values, we represent those as operations with no inputs of the form \({int_0, int_{-1}, double_0, double_{-1}, \dots}\).
Dead Variables Heuristic
For a given sequence \(S = (s_1, \dots, s_n)\), we define a function $$isDead_{s_n} : \Sigma \rightarrow \{true, false\}$$ This function operates in the context where \(s_n = (o, (s_1, \dots, s_m))\) $$isDead_{s_n}(s_i) = \begin{cases} false & i = n \\ false & \exists s_j \in (s_1, \dots, s_m), \ s_j = s_i \lor isDead_{s_j}(s_i) = false \\ true & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ The first case is when the input is the function itself, which should return false since the statement is alive. The second case is when at least one of the inputs to the final statement is the sequence \(s_i\) or if the statement \(s_i\) is not dead with regards to one of the input statements of the final one.
We then define a function $$clean : \Sigma^* \rightarrow \Sigma^*$$ This function takes in a sequence and returns a cleaned statement with all the dead statements removed.
We define two sequences \(S_i\) and \(S_j\) to be redundant if and only if \(S_i = clean(S_j) \land clean(S_i) = S_j\)
Purity Analysis Heuristics
For a given operation \(o \in O\), we define a function $$isPure : O \rightarrow \{true, false\}$$ $$isPure(o) = \begin{cases} false & \text{operation \(o\) has some effect on the state} \\ true & \text{operation \(o\) has no effect on the state} \end{cases}$$
We then define a function $$clean : \Sigma^* \rightarrow \Sigma^*$$ This function takes in a sequence and returns a cleaned statement where for a given statement \(s_i = (o, (s_1, \dots, s_m))\) that was in the input sequence, it is preserved in the output sequence if and only if \(isPure(o) = true \land isDead(s_i) = false\)
We define two sequences \(S_i\) and \(S_j\) to be redundant if and only if \(S_i = clean(S_j) \land clean(S_i) = S_j\)
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Page:Scots piper's queries , or, John Falkirk's caraches.pdf/9
Q. What is the great cause of the tailor's pride?
A. His making of peoples new clothes, of which every person young and old is proud of, then who can walk vainer than a tailor carrying home a gentleman's clothes.
Q. What is the cause of a young soldier's pride?
A. When he lists, he is free of his mother's correction, and the hard usage of a bad master, has liberty to curse, swear, whore, and everything, until convinced by four halberts and the drummer's whip, that he has now got a military and civil law above his head, and perhaps worse masters than ever.
Q. What is the cause of the poor dominie's pride?
A. As he is the teacher of the young and ignorant, he supposes no man knows what he knows, the boys call him master, there- he thinks himself a great man.
Q What sort of a song is it that is sung without a tongue, and its notes are understood by people of all nations?
A, It is a fart, which every person knows to be but wind.
Q. What is the reason that young people are vain, giddy-headed and airy, and not so humble as the children of former years?
A. Because they are brought up and educate after a more haugty strain, by reading
|
WIKI
|
Hammond (surname)
The English surname or family name Hammond is derived from one of several personal names, most frequently
* the Norman Hamo/Hamon, a shortened form of one of several names beginning with haim, meaning "home"
* the Old Norse Hámundr, composed of Há (high) + Mund (protection)
Some notable people with the surname Hammond include:
North and South American
* A. B. Hammond (1848–1934), American lumberman
* Abram A. Hammond (1814–1874), American politician
* Albert Hammond, Jr. (born 1980), American musician
* Albert Hammond (Wisconsin politician) (1883–1968), American politician
* Andrew Hammond (born 1988), Canadian hockey player
* Ben Hammond (born 1977), American Sculptor
* Beres Hammond (born 1955), Jamaican singer
* Chauncey B. Hammond (1882–1952), New York politician
* Chris Hammond (born 1966), American baseball player
* Darrell Hammond (born 1955), American comedian
* Darryl Hammond (born 1967), American football player
* Earl Hammond (1921–2002), American actor
* Evan Hammond (born 1987), American Landscape Architect
* Fred Hammond (born 1960), American singer
* Fred W. Hammond (1872–1942), New York politician
* Garrett Hammond, the drummer of the alternative rock bands Kill Hannah and Prick
* George S. Hammond (1921–2005), American chemist
* George P. Hammond (1896–1993), American librarian and professor of Latin American studies
* Gerrie Hammond (died 1992), Canadian politician
* Graeme Hammond (1858–1944), American neurologist and fencer
* James B. Hammond (1839–1913), American inventor
* James Henry Hammond (1807–1864), American politician
* Jason E. Hammond (1862–1957), American educator and politician
* Jay Hammond (1922–2005), American politician
* Joe Hammond (1902–1990), Australian footballer
* Joe Hammond (basketball), American basketball player
* John H. Hammond (1910–1987), American record producer, musician and critic
* John Hays Hammond (1855–1936), American mining engineer and philanthropist
* John Hays Hammond, Jr. (1888–1965), American radio engineer
* John P. Hammond (born 1942), American singer and guitarist
* Jonathan Hammond, filmmaker
* Josh Hammond (born 1998), American football player
* Jupiter Hammon (1711–1806), African-American poet
* Kim Hammond (1944–2017), American football player and jurist
* L. Blaine Hammond (born 1952), American astronaut
* Laurens Hammond (1895–1973), American engineer and inventor
* Marlene Hammond, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
* Matthew B. Hammond, American economist
* Melvin Ormond Hammond (1876–1934), Canadian journalist, writer, and photographer
* Michael P. Hammond (ca. 1932–2002), American composer
* Nicholas Hammond (born 1950), American actor
* Peter Hammond (1797–1870), Swedish immigrant, founder and namesake of Hammond, Louisiana
* Raymond P. Hammond (born 1964), American poet, critic and editor
* Samuel Hammond (1757–1842), US Congressman from Georgia
* Samuel H. Hammond (1809–1878), New York politician
* Stephen H. Hammond (1828–1910), New York politician
* Tom Hammond (born 1944), American journalist
* Wayne G. Hammond, J. R. R. Tolkien scholar
* William Alexander Hammond (1828–1900), American soldier and physician
* Winfield Scott Hammond (1863–1915), American politician
Australian and New Zealand
* Bill Hammond (1947–2021), New Zealand artist
* Bob Hammond (1942–2020), Australian Football Player
* Fiona Hammond (born 1983), Australian water polo player
* Fran Hammond, Australian basketball player
* Jill Hammond (born 1950), Australian basketball player and captain
* Joan Hammond (1912–1996), New Zealand born Australian singer
* Wayne Hammond (field hockey) (born 1948), Australian field hockey player
* Simon Hammond (born 1962), Australian author and entrepreneur
* Stan Hammond (1942–2010), Australian water polo player
* Stanley James Hammond (1913–2000), Australian sculptor
European
* Albert Hammond (born 1944), British singer and songwriter
* Albert Hammond (footballer) (1924–1989), English footballer
* Aleqa Hammond (born 1965), Greenland prime minister
* Alison Hammond (born 1975), British contestant and journalist
* Arthur George Hammond (1843–1919), British soldier
* Dean Hammond (born 1983), British soccer player
* Elvis Hammond (born 1980), Ghanaian-born British football player
* George Hammond (diplomat) (1763–1853), British diplomat
* Harry Hammond (footballer) (1868–1921), British football player
* Henry Hammond (1605–1660), English religious leader
* Hermione Hammond (1910–2005), British painter
* James Hammond, eighteenth century British poet
* Jeffrey Hammond (born 1946), British musician
* John Lawrence Hammond (1872–1949), British journalist and writer
* Matthew Hammond (died 1579), British plough-wright, Unitarian
* Nicholas G. L. Hammond (1907–2001), British historian
* Nick Hammond (born 1967), British football player and manager
* Nicolas Hammond (born 1964), British author
* Norman Hammond (born 1944) is a British archaeologist (most noted as a Maya specialist)
* Peter J. Hammond (fl. 1980s), British television writer
* Phil Hammond (comedian) (born c. 1962), British comedian and journalist
* Philip Hammond (born 1955), British politician
* Reginald Hammond (1909–1991), English cricketer and Royal Navy officer
* Richard Hammond (born 1969), British journalist
* Roger Hammond (cyclist) (born 1974), British cyclist
* Sydney Hammond (1882–1917), English footballer
* T. C. Hammond (1877–1961), Irish-born religious leader
* Wally Hammond (1903–1965), British cricketer
Africa
* Laatekwei Hammond (born 1980), Ghanaian boxer
Fictional
* Jim Hammond, the original Human Torch.
* Ashley Hammond, a character in the Power Rangers television series
* Evey Hammond, the protagonist in both the 1980s graphic novel series and the 2006 film adaptation V for Vendetta, played in the film by Natalie Portman
* Kim Hammond, a character in the 1980 slasher film Prom Night played by Jamie Lee Curtis.
* Sheila and Joel Hammond, played by Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant, are the main characters in the Netflix original horror comedy show Santa Clarita Diet.
* Major General (later Lieutenant General) George Hammond, the head of Stargate Command in the sci-fi television show Stargate SG-1
* Hector Hammond, a DC Universe supervillain, primarily an enemy of Green Lantern
* Madeline Hammond, a character in the Light of the Western Stars series by Zane Grey
* Mark Hammond, the main character of The Getaway (video game)
* John Hammond, a fictional millionaire, head of In-Gen and the creator of Jurassic Park
* Reggie Hammond, protagonist played by Eddie Murphy in the movie 48 Hrs.
* Zach Hammond, chief security officer of the USG Kellion in Dead Space
* Lisa Hammond, a character played by Jobeth Williams in the movie Teachers with Nick Nolte
* The Hammond Family, in the TV Show Political Animals with Sigourney Weaver
* Hammond, a hamster and the real name of Wrecking Ball in the video game Overwatch.
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WIKI
|
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