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River Sheaf
The River Sheaf in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, flows northwards, past Dore, through Abbeydale and north of Heeley. It then passes into a culvert, through which it flows under the centre of Sheffield before joining the River Don. This lower section of the River Sheaf, together with the Don between the Blonk Street and Lady's Bridges, formed two sides of the boundary of Sheffield Castle.
The main tributaries of the Sheaf are the Porter Brook, which joins it beneath Sheffield Midland station, and the Meers Brook. The river has been polluted upstream through centuries of industrial activity, including iron and steel working, and is only slowly recovering. The river used to provide the power for metal works such as the Grade I-listed Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet.
A River Sheaf Walk has been developed which follows the river from Granville Square out to Millhouses Park and beyond to the Peak District.
Name
Until the 17th century the name Sheaf was written as Scheth or Sheath. Sidney Oldall Addy equates the origins of this word with the Old English shed (as in water-shed) or sheth, which mean to divide, or separate. Historically, the Sheaf—along with its tributaries the Meers Brook and the Limb Brook—formed part of the border separating the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria; it remained on the border between Yorkshire and Derbyshire into the 20th century. The city of Sheffield derives its name from the Sheaf.
Course
The waters which form the River Sheaf rise as a series of streams on a ridge of gritstone between 6 and 7 mi to the south west of the main city centre. The Blacka Dike, Needhams Dike and Redcar Brook combine to form Old Hay Brook, while Totley Brook is joined by Rodmoor Brook, and itself joins Old Hay Brook between Totley and Dore, after which the combined flow forms the Sheaf. Immediately below the junction, the river is crossed by the Hope Valley railway line, which then joins the Midland Main Line, and both cross back over to reach Dore & Totley railway station, which was built on the site of Walk Mill in 1872. The river shares its valley with the railway, and there are a further five crossings before both reach Sheffield station.
From the junction of the Redcar Brook and the Old Hay Brook to the city centre, the river descends by around 400 ft, and this fall has resulted in it being harnessed to provide water power for a number of industries from at least the 16th century.
The river valley is broad, cutting through the underlying coal measures with its sandstones and clays, and the location of harder rock has been a major factor in where weirs and dams (a local word for the ponds used to hold water rather than the structure that creates the pond) have been located. There are some 28 sites which have well-documented and long standing mills associated with them, and a further seven were located on some of the smaller tributaries, or were more transitory in nature. The Sheaf supplied a greater variety of industry than the other Sheffield rivers, partly because of its close proximity to Derbyshire, with its mineral reserves of lead. The lead ore was brought to the area around Dore, Totley and Norton, which was then in Derbyshire. There were at least ten mills where the ore was smelted in ore hearths, which used kiln-dried wood as the heat producing agent, and water-powered bellows to produce the temperatures required. As well as the lead smelting mills, there were a variety of corn and paper mills along the river, some of which were adapted in the 18th century to service the metal trades as they grew and expanded.
Walk Mill was one of the earliest known mills on the Sheaf, having been built around 1280 by the Canons of Beauchief Abbey as a fulling mill. After the abbey was dissolved in the reign of Henry VIII, it was used as a cutlers wheel. By 1746, John Tyzack was using it for grinding scythes, in 1797 Thomas Biggin was making knives for cutting hay and straw, and it was being used as a sickle mill in 1805. After a brief spell as a paper mill around 1826, it was occupied by Thomas Tyzack and Sons, who made saws. The site was sold to the Midland Railway by the Duke of Devonshire in 1871 to enable the construction of Dore and Totley station, and the last mill buildings were taken down in 1890.
Below Walk Mill, the Limb Brook flows in from the west. Whirlow Wheel was situated on the brook, and was used for milling corn between about 1586 until 1803, when a grinding wheel was added. With the building decaying, the site was sold to Sheffield Corporation in 1935. The roof of the building collapsed in 2006, but although there were calls to demolish it, the Friends of Whirlow Wheel campaigned for it to be retained until a use could be found for the site.
Abbeydale Works is located just below the Limb Brook and was powered by two water wheels. In 1855, these were supplemented by a steam engine, but the site declined after 1900. It was given to Sheffield Corporation in 1935 as an industrial museum, and only an active campaign by members of a local history group prevented its demolition. Restoration eventually began in 1964, and in 1970 it was opened as a museum, known as Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet. The Abbey Brook then joins the river from the east, below which the river is bordered by Millhouses Park. In order to reduce flooding and pollution of the river when the sewerage system is overloaded by heavy rainfall, Yorkshire Water excavated the park in 2004/5 to construct a tank capable of holding 10000 m3 of storm water. The decision to build a tank rather than a vertical shaft was made after test boreholes found hard rock and high groundwater pressure in the area. The project cost £7.5 million, and included three more conventional shafts further down the river, which provide an additional 3175 m3 of storage.
Little London wheel was used for the cutlery trade from the earliest known records in 1720. By 1814 it was described as a grinding and plating forge, and later was used for the production of scythes. When the railway was constructed, it crossed part of the dam, which was reduced in size by one eighth. By 1912, the water wheels had been modernised and there were two tilt hammers in operation. The owners moved their scythe production from Abbeydale Works to Little London on 1935, and the tilt hammers continued to be water-powered until the mid-1950s. Some of the equipment was dismantled in the 1970s and taken to Beamish Museum to be restored.
The next tributary is the Meers Brook, culverted for its last section under the suburban district of Meersbrook. Just below the junction is Heeley Station, built on the site of Heeley Wheel. The mill was demolished and the river was diverted by the railway company. Other sections of the river were also re-aligned in the 1860s to make way for the railway, and the weir at the site of Cooper Wheel, which can be seen from Havelock bridge, was probably built by the Midland Railway, as its orientation changed around that time.
From Granville Square to the Don, the river is almost entirely in culverts. The Midland Railway bought the water rights to allow them to build their station over the river. The site of Pond Tilt is now occupied by the station forecourt, and the goods yard covered its dam. The owners of Pond Forge vacated their site soon after the station was built, but attempted to get compensation for loss of water power as a result of the work.
At Granville Square, a large screen prevents debris from entering the culverts. Serious flooding in 1990 led to the construction of the first screen, and it was then refurbished in 2010, so that it could be continuously monitored by the Environment Agency. The Sheaf Screen was replaced by a larger, automated version in 2020. The river continues below ground to the edge of the station, where it is joined underground by the Porter Brook, which emerges from its own culvert to flow beside the station car park before passing under the station from the west. The two rivers meet under platform 5a, currently under a wooden access cover but the Sheaf & Porter Rivers Trust intend to replace this with a lightwell and information signs.
The river surfaces briefly by Pond Hill, before passing under the Ponds Forge district. It flows through a series of huge tunnels. A decaying concrete section of culvert follows until the Sheaf joins the Don under Castlegate bridge, opposite Blonk Street bridge, named after Benjamin Blonk, who was the tenant of Castle Orchards Wheel from the 1750s to the 1770s.
Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
The water quality of the Sheaf was as follows in 2019: The river is only rated moderate for ecological status due to the fact that the channel has been heavily modified by human activity. Like most rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and mercury compounds, none of which had previously been included in the assessment.
Planned flood defence scheme
In September 2014 Sheffield City Council announced plans for flood defences on the River Sheaf and its tributaries costing £12 million.
Sheaf & Porter Rivers Trust
In early 2019, the Sheaf & Porter Rivers Trust was set up to encourage the regeneration and improvement of the River Sheaf & Porter Brook. Aims and Objectives of the Organisation
* 1) Deculverting – the first priority is likely seizing the immediate opportunity at the Castle Market site where a 100-metre section of culvert is in an advanced state of decay and requires repair or removal. Other possible opportunities may arise from the master planning of the lower Sheaf Valley around the accommodation of High Speed Rail 2 at Midland Station – for instance the section of culverted river which runs between Ponds Forge leisure centre and Sheaf Street
* 2) Daylighting – whilst removal of the culverts under the railway tracks of Midland Station is probably unrealistic the potential of sinking light‐pipes into the dark tunnels to allow fish and animal passage could be considered as part of the environmental mitigation of the scheme c) Improved public access to existing open channel sections and newly deculverted ones including access for fishing, kayaking and stewardship e.g. Pond Hill, Sheaf Gardens, Cutlers Walk, the Primrose etc.
* 3) Marking, celebrating the concealed course of the river where it remains hidden for now, using public art, trails etc. and guided visits using trained guides
* 4) Interpretation of the river's history, wildlife and environmental functions and engagement with its neighbouring communities
* 5) Promotion of good practice by riparian owners
* 6) More sustainable urban drainage in the Sheaf corridor following the example of Grey to Green
River Sheaf Walk
Although some key gaps remain missing, the River Sheaf Walk is fully signposted and contains 10 'Sheaf Wheels'.
River Sheaf Walk link
Future
Sheffield City Council, the Environment Agency and Sheaf & Porter Rivers Trust are currently working on a vision for the former Castle Market site. This involves removing the structurally decaying concrete culvert at the end of the River Sheaf, daylighting the section and replacing it with a new city centre park. The Sheaf & Porter Rivers Trust are also campaigning for improvements to the River Sheaf Walk and Cycleway. This follows the course of the river for much of its length, but there are some significant gaps, and the Trust is working to ensure that the routes for the missing links are protected in the planning process.
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launch sneek from virgin Wii U?
Discussion in 'Wii U - Hacking & Backup Loaders' started by Mariosegafreak, Jul 8, 2014.
1. Mariosegafreak
OP
Mariosegafreak AKA ZeroTheSavior
Member
313
33
Aug 7, 2011
United States
Gensokyo
I want to keep my vWii 100% virgin because I don't want to be banned from Nintendo Network (Not that they've ever banned anyone ever on a hacked vWii). Is it possible to load sneek from something like Smash Stack?
2. migles
migles Mei the sexiest bae
Member
GBAtemp Patron
migles is a Patron of GBAtemp and is helping us stay independent!
Our Patreon
6,649
4,370
Sep 19, 2013
Saint Kitts and Nevis
my dad works for nintendo.
sorrz for stealing topic, what is sneek? i do see this term a lot specially on launchers options... and everytime i wonder what is that
also there are xneek or other stuff...
from this post i assume its a redirect from a game exploit, is that correct?
3. Cyan
Cyan GBATemp's lurking knight
Global Moderator
17,710
8,318
Oct 27, 2002
France
Engine room, learning
neek is a NAND emulation environment where the console is tricked to run with a fake "internal wii memory", which is in fact located on an external device like in Sd (Sneek) or Usb (Uneek).
as it can be "S" for Sneek, or "U" for usb, users often use "x" to tell "whatever version" xNeek.
in neek environment, everything is running from the emulated (redirected) NAND, no access is done on your Real internal NAND memory.
It's useful to test things like channel creation/edition, if you brick your Wii ... it's in fact the copy of your Wii that you broke, your Wii is still fine.
It's often use to play WiiWare and VC, as you can install a lot more games, you are not limited by the 528MB space, you can store up to 2TB of data.
4. obcd
obcd GBAtemp Advanced Maniac
Member
1,594
278
Apr 5, 2011
Belgium
To launch xneek, you normally use bootmii installed as ios 254.
Another way to do it on the wii was using casper from giantpune if I remember well.
To my knowledge, Casper no longer works.
I know tricore linux has a way to patch the ios in memory and launch the linux armboot.bin like that, but there were problems with some usb devices
not properly enumerating afterwards. There also were issues with pending interrupts not being properly handled.
I have no idea if the situation has improved yet and if it also influences the startup of a neek environment.
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Talk:Facedown Records
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
John Lockjaw
To my knowledge JLJ was never in Point Of Recognition. He was, however, in Through It All. A christian band that was (arguably) an obvious ploy to cash in on the money christian hardcore was raking in. Besides, this is an article about Facedown, why does there need to be a stab on JLJ? Since you don't name any member of any other band mentioned it makes it even more out of place to bring him up--<IP_ADDRESS> 19:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)--Skeev 15:57, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
I'm not sure why, but it seems that every time I find an article about something related to Christian metal, someone has decided that either there aren't enough citations, or that the article is biased, or, like this one, that the subject is not notable... just read the article to see that there should not be a notability tag at the top. And stop attacking Christian metal articles. Jlricherson 19:07, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
"including David Baugh with his bed with a hole in the middle of it"
what the heck does this in the Facedown Fest section mean?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:44, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
Facedown Discography
Hey would someone help me find all the albums released under Facedown, Strike First, and Dreamt? --Metalworker14 (Yo) 19:38, 6 November 2015 (UTC)
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The basic concept of a wartime economy is the actions taken by the modern state to prepare its economy for war production. The government prepares and organizes troops for active service. A wartime economy also encourages people to act in a concerted way in order to bring about a particular objective. Lastly, it brings in resources to use to achieve that particular goal.
The major economic effect of WW1 was a massive increase in US industrial production coupled with stable prices. During the 1920’s, the USA experienced a boom such as never before, but was marred by weak government and incoherent policies. So, as an example, prohibition was meant to improve the quality of life but resulted in the growth of organized crime, strengthening of Federal control over the population through the FBI and other agencies, and the militarization of police forces.
National Bureau of Economic Research says "When the war began, the U.S. economy was in recession. But a 44-month economic boom ensued from 1914 to 1918, first as Europeans began purchasing U.S. goods for the war and later as the United States itself joined the battle. Rockoff writes “The long period of U.S. neutrality made the ultimate conversion of the economy to a wartime basis easier than it otherwise would have been, plant and equipment were added, and because they were added in response to demands from other countries already at war, they were added precisely in those sectors where they would be needed once the U.S. entered the war.”
WW2 began as America was going through the Great Depression, and it also brought us out of it. When the U.S. entered the war there was a need for war material such as guns, tanks, bullets, and steel to create them. This created jobs for many which created wealth for the people. Spending increased and the economy was beginning to prosper. The programs that FDR creates in the New Deal
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List of people from Devon
This is a list of people from Devon, a county in South West England. The demonym of Devon is Devonian. This list is arranged alphabetically by surname.
A more complete listing is at Category:People from Devon.
A
* Henry Avery (1659 – after 1696), pirate
B
* Charles Babbage (1791–1871), inventor
* Baldwin of Exeter (d. 1190), Archbishop of Canterbury
* W. N. P. Barbellion: pen name of Bruce Frederick Cummings, diarist
* Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (1740–1810), banker
* Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924), scholar, clergyman, novelist and antiquary
* Sue Barker (born 1956), tennis player and television presenter
* Kenneth Barnes (1878–1957), director of RADA
* Cliff Bastin (1912–1991), Arsenal and England footballer
* Phil Beer (born 1953), musician and composer (born at Exminster)
* Matthew Bellamy (born 1978), guitarist, pianist, and vocalist of rock band Muse
* John Bidlake (1755–1814), clergyman, author, artist
* John Carne Bidwill (1815–1853), botanist, first Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
* Margaret Bingham (1740–1814), countess, painter and writer
* Sir Thomas Bodley (1545–1613), diplomat and founder of the Bodleian Library at Oxford
* Zachary Bogan (1625–1659), English scholar
* Saint Boniface (c. 675–754), patron saint of the Netherlands and Germany
* Sir John Bowring (1792–1872), political economist and Governor of Hong Kong
* Henry de Bracton (d. 1268), jurist
* Eustace Budgell (1686–1737), writer
* Tony Burrows (born 1942), pop singer
* Richard Burton (1821–1890), explorer and linguist
C
* Michael Caines (b. 1969), chef and restaurateur
* Edward Capern (1819–1894), poet
* Mary Carpenter (1807–1877), educational and social reformer
* William Benjamin Carpenter (1813–1885), physiologist and naturalist
* Pearl Carr (1921-2020), entertainer and runner up in, born in Exmouth
* Raymond Cattell (1905–1998), psychology pioneer
* Jim Causley (b. 1980, Heavitree), folk singer and radio presenter
* Jimmy Cauty (b. 1956), pop musician
* Henry Chadwick (1824–1908), journalist, "the father of baseball"
* Sir Francis Chichester (1901–1972), aviator and sailor
* Agatha Christie (1890–1976), novelist
* Lady Mary Chudleigh (1656–1710), early feminist and poet
* William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879), mathematician
* Eleanor Coade (1733–1821), inventor of Coade stone
* Lily Cole (b. 1988), supermodel and actress
* Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), poet
* David Collins (1756–1810), first Governor of Van Diemens Land (Tasmania)
* Peter Cook (1937–1995), comedian, born in Torquay
* William Cookworthy (1705–1780), pharmacist and industrialist
* Tommy Cooper (1921–1984), comedian, was born in Caerphilly but lived in Exeter from the age of 3
* William Johnson Cory (1823–1892), educator and poet
* Samuel Cousins (1801–1887), engraver
* Edmund Crispin (1921–1978), novelist and composer
* Lisa Cross (b. 1978), IFBB professional bodybuilder
* William Crossing (1847–1928), author
* Richard Cosway (1742-1821), miniature painter
* Thomas Cameron (born 1998), classical singer/radio host
D
* Thomas Daley (born 1994), diver
* Sharron Davies (born 1962), Olympic swimmer and television presenter
* David Rodgers (born 1952), Former TSW Presenter and Radio Station owner
* Roger Deakins (born 1949), cinematographer
* Kristian Digby (b. 1977 Torquay. d. 2010 London), television presenter
* Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540–1596), sailor
* Thomas d'Urfey (1653–1723), dramatist
E
* Charles Lock Eastlake (1793–1865), artist
* Marc Edworthy (born 1972), footballer
* Samuel Eyles Pierce (1746–1829), preacher, theologian, and Calvinist divine
* Henry Every (c. 1653/59–?), pirate
* Sir Richard Eyre (born 1943), theatre, television, and film director
F
* Percy Fawcett (1867–1925), archaeologist and explorer
* Michael Foot (1913–2010), Labour politician
* Trevor Francis (born 1954), professional footballer
* Dawn French (born 1957), comedian
* George Friend (born 1987), professional footballer for Middlesbrough F.C.
* Luke Friend (born 1996), X Factor finalist
G
* John Gay (1685–1732), poet and dramatist
* Geraint (died 710), King of Dumnonia
* Beth Gibbons (b. 1965), singer with Portishead
* Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539–1583), sailor and explorer
* John Glanville (1542–1600), MP and High Court Judge
* Elizabeth Godwin, first female officer of The Life Guards
* Matthew Goode (b. 1978), actor in such movies as Brideshead Revisited and Watchmen
* Dan Gosling (born 1990), English footballer
* Francis Carruthers Gould (1844–1925), caricaturist and politician
* William Greening, politician
* Richard Grenville (1542–1591), sailor and explorer
H
* George Hakewill (1578–1649), clergyman and author
* William Hakewill (1574–1655), legal antiquarian
* Carl Harbord (1908–1958), film actor
* Theodore Bayley Hardy (1863–1918), Army chaplain and VC
* Miranda Hart (b. 1972), actress and comedian
* Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (1834-1923), English topographer, geologist, naturalist and surveyor
* Harriet Hawkins (b. 1980), professor of cultural geography
* Matt Harvey, poet
* Benjamin Haydon (1786–1846), painter and writer
* Francis Hayman (1708–1776), Rococo artist
* Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925), mathematician
* Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1547–1619), portraitist
* Christopher Hitchens (1949–2011), writer, journalist, and literary critic
* James Holman (1786–1857), noted blind traveller
* John Hooker (c. 1527–1601), constitutionalist
* Richard Hooker (1554–1600), Anglican theologian
* W. G. Hoskins (1908–1992), historian of the English landscape
* Ben Howard (b. 1987), folk musician
* Dominic Howard (b. 1977), musician, drummer of rock band Muse
* Thomas Hudson (1701–1779), portrait painter
* Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (b. 1987), model
J
* Bradley James (born 1983 or 1984), actor
* Thomas B. Jeffery (1845–1910), automotive pioneer who emigrated to the United States
* Richard Roach Jewell (1810–1891), architect
* Joseph of Exeter (12th century), poet
K
* Fred Karno (1866–1941), comedy pioneer and impresario
* Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783), Hebrew scholar
* Peter King, 1st Baron King (1669–1734), Lord Chancellor
* Charles Kingsley (1819–1875), novelist
* Steve Knightley (born 1954), musician (born in Poole, Dorset)
* George Knight-Bruce (1853–1896), clergyman becoming Bishop of Bloemfontein, then translated to be the first Bishop of Mashonaland
L
* Seth Lakeman (b. 1977), folk musician (Born in Frome, Somerset to Cornish parents)
* William Elford Leach (1791–1836), scientist
* Jon Lee (b. 1982 Newton Abbot), singer with S Club 7
* Zion Lights (b. 1984), writer
* Chris Lintott (b. 1980), scientist and writer
* Matthew Locke (ca. 1621–1677), baroque composer.
M
* Chris Martin (b. 1977), singer with Coldplay
* Jane McGrath (1966–2008), co-founder of the McGrath Foundation and late wife of fast bowler Glenn
* Liam Mooney (b. 1972), entrepreneur
* Penny Mordaunt (b. 1973), politician
* Clare Morrall (b. 1952), novelist
* Ian Mortimer (b. 1967), historian
* Dean Moxey (b. 1986), professional footballer for Crystal Palace
* Jerri Mumford (1909–2002), British-born Canadian servicewoman during World War II
* Dermot Murnaghan (b. 1957), TV journalist and news presenter
N
* Ben Nealon (b. 1966), actor
* Luke Newberry (b. 1990), actor
O
* Simon Ockley (1678–1720), orientalist
* Ponsonby Ogle (1855–1902), British writer and journalist
P
* Richard Parker (1767–1797), sailor and mutineer
* James Parsons (1705–1770), physician, antiquary and author
* Jo Pavey (b. 1973), Olympic Runner
* William Peryam (1534–after 1603), lawyer
* St Petroc (c. 468), saint
* Sergio Pizzorno (b. 1980), guitarist from the band Kasabian
* John Prince (1643–1723), clergyman and biographer
* Poker Alice (1851–1930), American frontier gambler
* John Skinner Prout (1805–1876), writer and artist in Tasmania
* Samuel Prout (1783–1852), watercolour artist
R
* John Rainolds (1549–1605), Puritan scholar
* Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618), sailor and writer
* Chris Read (b. 1978), English test cricket wicket-keeper
* Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792), influential English painter
* Peter Richardson (b. 1952), actor, comedian, director and writer
* Bertram Fletcher Robinson (1870–1907), author, journalist, editor and sportsperson
* Philip Hutchins Rogers (1794–1853), artist
* Sir Henry Rosewell (1590–1656), Puritan, of Forde Abbey, adventurer of the Dorchester Company
* John Rowe (1715–1787), merchant and owner of ship involved in the Boston Tea Party
* John "Jack" Russell (1795–1883), eponymous dog-breeder and a founder member of the Kennel Club
* Lobsang Rampa (1910–1981), author and plumber
S
* Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912), RN officer and Antarctic explorer
* Sir Nicholas Slanning (1606–1643), MP, Royalist soldier in the English Civil War
* Wayne Sleep (b. 1948), dancer and choreographer
* Lilly Martin Spencer (1822–1902), US painter
* Samuel Stennett (1727–1795), Baptist minister and hymnwriter
* John Stockham (1765–1814), naval officer
* Robert Stone (1516–1613), composer and member of the Chapel Royal.
* Henrietta Anne Stuart (1644–1670), daughter of King Charles I
* Anthony Sullivan (b. 1969), TV commercial pitchman, and co-star of the show Pitchmen on Discovery Channel
* Sam Simmonds (b. 1994), Exeter Chiefs and England rugby player
T
* Liam Tancock (b. 1985), Olympic swimmer
* William Temple (1881–1944), Archbishop of Canterbury
* Clive Toye (b. 1932), first general manager of New York Cosmos
V
* Irene Vanbrugh (1872–1949), actress
* Phil Vickery (b. 1976), rugby player
* David Vine (1935–2009), TV sports presenter
W
* Snowy White (b. 1948), guitarist
* William John Wills (1834–1861), explorer
* Chris Wolstenholme (b. 1978), musician, bass player for the band Muse
* Rebecca Worthley (b. 1981), singer-songwriter
* Rosemary West (b. 1953), serial killer with Fred West
* Josh Widdicombe (b. 1983), comedian
Y
* Thomas Yalden (1670–1736), poet
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Page:Sanskrit syntax (IA cu31924023201183).pdf/86
70 § 95-96. death from the hunter), Mhbh. 1, 159, 17 arall: 971 aftuanie Sadn 6. the so called partitive ablative, see 116 R. 1. NB. In the cases 3-6 the genitive is the concurrent idiom, with those of asking also the accus. (46). 96. The ablative also attends words of separation and disjoin- Abla- tive of ing to denote from whence there is a withdrawal, as Kathas. 72, 13 en fautisid: (separated from you). separa- As we have shown above (62), the instrumental is here the concurrent idiom. The following examples may illustrate the various applications of this employment. a.) to draw off, to sever; to disagree with. Pane, 50 miffufa, Mudr. IV P. 136 Argityle 47 ant: Ar: (being disinclined to C.) b.) to release of. Panc. 45 a afya, Mahâv. I, p. 9 à¤44 Asıldaì Argan (she has now been released from that sin), — c.) to deprive of. R. 2, 8, 25 latyna get ufaufa gàu star (he will be wholly spoliated [lit. dísinherited], your son, of enjoyments, yea, of all connection with the royal family), M. 5, 161 T.... aft, Panc. II, 117 ms (he forfeits heaven), ep. 95, 2., d.) those of desisting from, stopping, cea- sing. Kumar. 3, 58 aug (he desisted from his exertions), Daç. 132 for fun stan, Kumâr. 5, 73 dan sedia
* (turn away your mind from this bad design).
Rem. 1. Note suf (to cheat of)') with abl. Kathâs. 42, 75 e grung: aumen anfanar (she, my fellow-consort, has by trickery taken away my ohtaining a son), Panc. III, 117 af tui am fara (to cheat a brahman of his he-goat). Rem. 2. With qaf and the like, the thing neglected is put in the ablat. (vârtt. on P. 1, 4, 24). Taitt. Up. 1, 11, 2 UTFIT QA Pat. I, p. 326 ufusrala, wafagufa (he neglects his duty). 10 - $ 1 1) Literally to cause to tumble out of," for a (cp. a) is akin to lat. vacillare, germ. wanken, dutch waggelen.
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Enhancing the body's innate ability to heal
North Texas Musculoskeletal Medicine
Regenerative Orthopedics Osteopathic Manipulation
Osteopathic Manipulation Treatment
Osteopathic Manipulation Treatment (OMT) is a system of hands-on techniques used to alleviate pain and correct structural impingements in the body that inhibit healthy function. It is effective in treating muscle pain, joint injuries, and fascia dysfunction. Because OMT improves blood flow and opens lymphatic pathways through the body, it also helps to nourish tendons and ligaments, relieves stress, and aids in detoxification.
Several techniques may be used to restore tissue health. A precise amount of manual pressure is gently applied in a specific direction, either directly on the affected areas or at some distance away, relaxing the tissues. The physician may also engage the muscles at their functional limit to:
• Correct structural and tissue abnormalities (vertebrae, muscles, myofascial structures, etc)
• Relieve joint restriction and misalignment
• Restore muscle and tissue balance
• Promote the movement of bodily fluids
Osteopathic Manipulation Therapy
How Does Osteopathic Manipulation Work?
A healthy musculoskeletal system requires normal nerve function and fluids that circulate freely. The body's primary fluid systems include blood, lymph, cerebrospinal systems. These fluids are what carry oxygen, nutrition, enzymes, and hormones to all the cells of your body. Any kind of blockage of the nerves or fluids will result in pain and disease over time.
Structural blockages include damage to bones, tissues, and organs. Non-structural blockages include emotional or mental stress. Either one can impair the musculoskeletal system and cause pain, loss of motion, and illness. Structural blockages can be treated through a variety of techniques that include:
• Muscle Energy
• Counterstrain
• Myofascial Release
What is fascia and why is it important?
Fascia is a continuous sheath composed of elastin and collagen that extends from head to toe, surrounding every organ, blood vessel, nerve cell, bone, and muscle. This sheath is the basis of a key Osteopathic principle: unity of function. Its purpose is to provide support and reduce friction. Fascia has a large number of nerve endings, which means that it also plays a large role in proprioception and our body’s interpretation of pain.
In health, fluids flow with relative ease from one fascial compartment to the next. When a traumatic injury occurs, the fascia may twist and compress. The exchange of fluid may become compromised, and physiology may be impaired. Degenerative Arthritis is often a result of longstanding traumatic influence and can change the shape of the bones. OMT cannot correct this structural change in the bones, but it can correct the resulting strain in the surrounding soft tissue, restoring some physiologic flexibility to allow the tissues to better negotiate the arthritic changes.
OMT in Infants and Children
Birth is often our first trauma. Even with a healthy delivery, the pressures applied to a newborn's cranium can cause problems. The infant's head plays a significant role in opening the birth canal. The normal pressures of birth cause the cranial bones to fold over one another. The membranes (meninges) and cerebral spinal fluid surrounding the brain act as a shock absorber.
Osteopathic manipulation eases the shock to the infant's system, allowing the nervous system to relax and heal. Normal maturation processes can then occur more naturally. Not all problems can be resolved, but many can be eased. Every child is different; some have a rapid and complete resolution and Osteopathic Manipulation Therapysome require many treatments and recover only partially. Children with developmental delays may not change immediately, but will begin to mature at a more normal rate of development.
As a general rule, it is always best to receive treatment as close in time to the traumatic event as possible. Infants may actually benefit from receiving treatment immediately after birth. The less time the traumatic forces have to establish themselves in the tissues, the easier it is to clear them.
Common problems associated with birth trauma:
• Sleeplessness
• Infantile colic
• Spitting up/reflux
• Difficulty breastfeeding
• Developmental delays
• Allergies
• Chronic ear infections
Benefits of OMT During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, enormous physical, chemical and emotional changes take place over a relatively short period of time. The body has to get used to carrying up to 20+ lb of baby, amniotic fluid, and placenta, causing great physical strain on the, tissues, joints, and ligaments of the body.Osteopathic Manipulation Therapy In order for the pregnant body to adapt to these changes, it finds new ways to walk, sit, and sleep. Ligaments that support the pelvis and lower back increase in laxity and muscles can weaken causing joint irritation and severe pain.
Back pain during pregnancy may also occur due to hormonal changes or from the body adjusting to a changing center of gravity. As the womb grows larger, the round ligaments, or the thick ligaments supporting the womb, stretch. This strain on the ligaments causes pain in the lower abdomen or groin area. Any sudden movement, such as sneezing or standing up too quickly, can cause spasms that pull on already stressed ligaments.
Research studies show that OMT significantly improves back dysfunction during the third trimester. Osteopathic treatment during pregnancy can ease some of the symptoms typically associated with pregnancy:
• Aches and pains of the back, neck, shoulder area and muscular tension
• Pain in the groin, lower abdomen, or pubic symphysis
• Nausea and vomiting
• Heartburn
• Sciatica
Benefits of OMT After Birth
Osteopathic Manipulation after a pregnancy can:
• Ensure your body returns back to shape quickly
• Help you regain your strength and flexibility
• Check and correct any remaining strains in the back and pelvis
OMT: Procedure Snapshot
Below are two brief videos that demonstrate the process of OMT in adults and infants.
Adults
Adult OMT presented by Michael A. Seffinger, DO, Chair and Associate Professor,
Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine/Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine,
College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific.
Video available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u05jAt4gR9s&feature=youtu.be
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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PSP/Motherboards
The PSP has a smörgåsbord of different motherboards, each with different abilities and restrictions. They all support the same custom firmware and homebrew nowadays, but to a different extent, so it is important to identify which motherboard you use with the below tools and our motherboard table.
Table
The motherboard table can be said to be the periodic table of the PSP; it is the fundamental guide to understanding which PSPs support which CFW installation method. Since the motherboard table has never been built in its entirety, we took the effort to build one ourselves on this wiki. Credits to antonizoon, MrShyCity, DWG21R, and WulfyStylez.
Note: Latest version of 6.60 PRO-C is 6.60 PRO-C (Update 3) or higher. Do not use lower versions of PRO-C since they have problems!
Table Notes
* Infinity is a solution functionally equivalent to cIPL, while being technically different. It exploits a bug in 6.31 and lower, and is thus not supported on the PSP Street (6.50 minimum firmware.)
* Some PSP Identification programs have recognized a non-existent "TA-090v3" motherboard. This is a typo, it is actually a "TA-090v2" motherboard. But to reduce confusion, we have added it to the chart with the same attributes as a "TA-090v2".
Image Tables
These are the outdated originals. Only kept for archival purposes, don't use them.
LCFW
In order to use PSP identification software, we will need custom firmware (CFW) installed. This is no longer a Chicken-and-Egg problem as life was in the Dark Days, since Temporary Custom Firmware (LCFW) works on any PSP without risk of bricking.
* In theory, you are finished, since custom firmware is already installed to your PSP.
* Continue only if you want to install CFW permanently (which does not bring much benefit anyway) and your PSP motherboard supports cIPL or 6.20 Permapatching (use PSPIdent and check the table).
PSPIdent
* 1) Make sure Temporary Custom Firmware or equivalent is installed.
* 2) Download PSPIdent v0.75 and extract the archive.
* 3) Copy the PSPIDENT folder under the /PSP/GAME/ folder in the PSP's memory stick.
* 4) Run PSPIdent from the XMB (main PSP menu), under Games -> Memory Stick.
* 5) PSPIdent will display your motherboard model. Check the motherboard table on this page to see which method is right for you.
* 6) Press Circle to create a screenshot for later use, and keep that picture in a safe place on your computer for reference.
* 7) Press Home to exit PSPIdent.
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WIKI
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Page:The Eternal Priesthood (4th ed).djvu/110
98 present. To realise is to have a vivid and abiding perception of things unseen as if they were palpable, and things future as if they were already come. We read of Moses that he endured the wrath of Pharao as seeing Him that was invisible. All the terror of the earthly king was lost in the sense of the Divine Presence behind the throne which overpowered all human majesty. S. Paul says we walk by faith, not by sight; but the objects of faith are eternal, the objects of sight are passing away. The invisible world is the substance, the visible world but the shadow. To minds that are not supernatural this world, loud and glaring, is palpable, and therefore thought to be real. The unseen is impalpable, and though not to be denied, yet upon such minds it has no action or constraining power. The great multitude of men live all day long as if there were no unseen world and no world to come. They do not meditate. They say prayers, but their prayers are not mental, The mind does not realise or aspire or stay itself upon God, upon the glory of the ever-blessed Trinity, upon the beauty of the sacred Manhood, upon the bliss of the Mother of God, upon the rest and joy of the Saints, upon the fellowship we have with them now, upon the share which is promised to us in their rest and joy hereafter, upon the presence of
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WIKI
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Law enforcement officials rebuff Trump over prosecution of Huawei executive
(CNN)Top law enforcement officials on Wednesday pushed back on comments from President Donald Trump suggesting the prosecution of a Chinese telecommunications executive could be used as leverage in trade negotiations. "What I do, what we do at the Justice Department, is law enforcement. We don't do trade," assistant Attorney General John Demers, the department's top national security official, said at a Senate hearing. "We follow the facts and we vindicate violations of US law. That's what we're doing when we bring those cases, and I think it's very important for other countries to understand that we are not a tool of trade when we bring the cases," he added. Demers said Wednesday that if Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou is extradited from Canada, as the US has requested, "our criminal case will continue," he said. He declined to comment further on the case. In an interview with Reuters Tuesday, Trump said he would intervene in the case against Meng if it proved beneficial in securing a trade deal that has splintered relations between the two countries in recent months. "Whatever's good for this country, I would do," Trump said. "If I think it's good for what will be certainly the largest trade deal ever made -- which is a very important thing -- what's good for national security, I would certainly intervene if I thought it was necessary." Sen. Richard Blumenthal, a Connecticut Democrat, called the comments "extremely disturbing." The Senate Judiciary Committee heard testimony Wednesday from Demers and other top counterintelligence and cybersecurity officials on Chinese espionage threats. Bill Priestap, the FBI assistant director in charge of the counterintelligence division, detailed law enforcement's concerns with Huawei, noting that Chinese cybersecurity laws allow the country to exploit data from some of their companies, like Huawei, "however they want." "With Huawei's growing position globally and other telecomms, we have to understand that that means the company, the user data that those companies possess, can be utilized by the Chinese government in whatever manner possible. To me that's extremely worrisome," Priestap said. Regarding Trump's comments, Priestap said the FBI would simply follow the motto "do your job." "From the FBI's end, we're going to continue to do our job," he said. Meng was arrested earlier this month at an airport in Vancouver, Canada, at the request of the US government, authorities have said. Meng is accused of helping Huawei get around US sanctions on Iran by telling financial institutions such as HSBC that a Huawei subsidiary, Skycom, was a separate and unaffiliated company. On Tuesday, Meng stepped out of detention after 10 days behind bars when a judge in Canada approved her release on $10 million Canadian bail ($7.5 million US).
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Page:Das Kapital (Moore, 1906).pdf/179
Rh is begotten, so soon does their difference vanish, and they again become one, £110.
Value therefore now becomes value in process, money in process, and, as such, capital. It comes out of circulation, enters into it again, preserves and multiplies itself within its circuit, comes back out of it with expanded bulk, and begins the same round ever afresh. M—M', money which begets money, such is the description of Capital from the mouths of its first interpreters, the Mercantilists. Buying in order to sell, or, more accurately, buying in order to sell dearer, M—C—M', appears certainly to be a form peculiar to one kind of capital alone, namely, merchants' capital. But industrial capital too is money, that is changed into commodities, and by the sale of these commodities, is reconverted into more money. The events that take place outside the sphere of circulation, in the interval between the buying and selling, do not affect the form of this movement. Lastly, in the case of interest-bearing capital, the circulation M—C—M' appears abridged. We have its result without the intermediate stage, in the form M—M', "en style lapidaire" so to say, money that is worth more money, value that is greater than itself.
M—C—M' is therefore in reality the general formula of capital as it appears prima facie within the sphere of circulation.
form which circulation takes when money becomes capital, is opposed to all the laws we have hitherto investigated bearing on the nature of commodities, value and money, and even of circulation itself. What distinguishes this form from that of the simple circulation of commodities, is the inverted
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WIKI
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is this normal on the MBA (screen goes off for a few seconds when opening)
Discussion in 'MacBook Air' started by mariov, Jul 21, 2011.
1. mariov, Jul 21, 2011
Last edited: Jul 23, 2011
macrumors member
Joined:
Nov 6, 2008
#1
I have a 2010 11´MBA. Every time I open it from sleep, the screen goes on, then it goes off for a few seconds, then it goes on again, and everything runs fine. Is that normal? I´m not sure, but when it was new, i did not noticed...
It came with SL and now with Lion, no difference.
EDIT: Repairing permissions did the trick. Now it does not happens anymore.
EDIT 2: it´s happening again!!
2. thread starter macrumors member
Joined:
Nov 6, 2008
#2
It is happening again... after repairing permissions twice. It just stopped for one day.
3. macrumors 6502a
Joined:
Jul 17, 2011
#3
I've had the 2010 for nearly a year now and never experienced that. It is most definitely not a normal occurrence.
4. thread starter macrumors member
Joined:
Nov 6, 2008
#4
Very weird. It happens most of the time, but not always. Everything else runs fine. Do I have to worry?
5. thread starter macrumors member
Joined:
Nov 6, 2008
#5
i know this is old, but in case someone else is having the same issue... looks like resetting the SMC did the trick. :)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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粗い
Etymology
Cognate with.
Adjective
* 1) coarse; rough (in regards to physical attributes such as texture)
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WIKI
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Tips To Manage Diabetes during Hot Summer Season
Diabetic People
Mostly the diabetic people are sensitive to the hot summer season. People who are suffering from diabetes should take care of themselves during the hot sweltering summer season. Adverse hot weather will make it difficult for you to control your blood sugar level.
Diabetic people whose blood sugar level is not properly are vulnerable to various health issues. It will make the condition of diabetic people worse. Therefore, it is recommended that diabetic people should adopt healthy changes in their lifestyles so that they can live a normal and healthy life.
How Heat Affects The Diabetic People?
According to the experts, extreme heat during the sweltering summer season affects the blood sugar level of diabetic people. What you have eaten also affects your body temperature. In addition to this, body hydration level and activity level of your body also are some important factors that will affect the body temperature.
If you stay physically active in hot weather, your body will produce a huge amount of sweat. Your body will start dehydrating and it will also lead to a high glucose level in your body. The rise in glucose level will lead to frequent urination and high blood sugar level.
This condition will go worse if you are taking insulin treatment. A high level of dehydration in the body will lead to a high blood sugar level.
Ultimately, it also affects the absorption level of insulin. It will make the condition of diabetic people worse. Therefore, it is recommended that diabetic people should maintain cool indoors by installing air conditioning Sydney at home.
Tips To Control Your Blood Sugar Level
It is very important to prevent your body from high temperature because it can lead to various other health problems. Here, in this article, we are going to discuss various tips and tricks that will help you to control your blood sugar level during the hot sweltering summer season:
• Drink Huge Volume Of Water
Hot summer season leads to excessive sweating and loss of water from the body.Diabetic people should pay special attention to the hydration level of their body. It is so because dehydration can lead to an increase in the blood sugar level.
• Prevent Yourself From Dehydration
You should always carry a water bottle with you to replenish the loss of water in your body. If you are playing sports or hiking, you should carry a bottle with the low-calorie electrolyte replenishing drink.
• Maintain Good Insulin Level In Body
You should ask your health educator about maintaining the insulin level of your body. You should consider doing exercise regularly to maintain a good insulin level in your body.
Frequently Test Your Blood Sugar Level
The hot atmospheric condition leads to fluctuation in the blood sugar level of your body. Therefore, it is a good idea to test your blood sugar level frequently. It is recommended that you should take care of the blood sugar level of your body.
You should invest in a good quality blood sugar level testing machine. If you know that the blood sugar level of your body is very high, you can easily take immediate measures.
Ultimately, it will lead to the bad condition of your body. It is recommended that you should check the blood sugar level of your body after doing the regular workout.
Prevent Your Medicines
You should take proactive steps to protect your medicines and various others essentially supplies. It is recommended that you should always carry an insulin and glucagon kit with you. No matter what kind of temperature is outside, you should always carry the necessary supplies with you.
You should invest in the car cooler that will help you to plug-in the 12-volt car adapters. This adapter will help you to store your supplies at the proper temperature. This adapter will help to maintain the optimum temperature level for some time.
Prevent Yourself From Sunburn
Sunburn is common during the summer season. But, diabetic people should prevent themselves from sunburn. If you continually expose your skin for a long duration of time to the harsh sun rays, it will lead to sunburn. Most people get a sunburn during the summer season while skiing on the slopes or hiking.
The recovery mechanism of diabetic people is not efficient. Therefore, they should prevent themselves from any kind of cut, scratch, and sunburn. Diabetic people should wear protective sunglasses, hat and apply sunscreen lotion before stepping outside of the house.
Final Words
You should stay indoors and limit the time that you spend outside of your house. You should install ducted air conditioning Sydney at your home to prevent your body from extremely hot weather. Diabetic patients should take necessary precautions and prevent themselves from bad summer weather.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Golden Horseshoe/Archive 1
Haldimand and Norfolk
Should we mention that Haldimand and Norfolk would also be considered part or potentially part of the Golden Horseshoe in common usage? Samaritan 04:23, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
Origin of "Golden"
The term predates space flight. A more likely attribution for "golden" is the region's wealth and role as the economic engine of Canada. With the consent of other readers I would like to revise this.
* The Canadian Oxford Dictionary attributes the "golden" to wealth. What better authority? Go ahead and change it.--BrentS 03:56, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* I always thought it was called "golden" because the land was fertile for growing things... and, for example wheat grows golden coloured. could be wrong.SECProto 16:36, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
* Corn is golden, and its history in Ontario dates back to 1615. That said, I prefer the "economic" angle (which encompasses agricultural, industrial, and commercial). -- Robocoder ( talk | contribs ) 06:19, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
Northumberland
In there latest report the Gov of Ontario added Northumberland to the Greater Golden Horseshoe so I believe it should be added to the map, etc here.Copper12 03:00, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
* You're absolutely right about Northumberland County being part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe in the recent February publications. Brantford/Brant County and Haldimand County are included too, but not Norfolk. Feel free to add them when you update the map. (I moved this message to maintain chronologic order) --NormanEinstein 21:06, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
* I've updated the map. IceKarma 14:44, 2005 Apr 10 (UTC)
objection
"pedestrian friendly, green and safe city." OK, Toronto is safe, and maybe even green, but it certainly isn't pedestrian frieldny... this reads like something city officials wrote, not encyclopedia content. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC).
map?
Does anyone know why the map was deleted? If someone who made the original is reading this, can you re-upload? If not, can anyone make a new one? --qviri 05:17, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* The map was deleted on 8 October 2005 in accordance with Wikipedia image policy because it had no source information. I have no useful source information for the image either, so I've left User:Bearcat a message asking for such. If he can provide it, I'll be happy to undelete the map. IceKarmaॐ 06:54, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* The map was created originally by Earl Andrew and is apparently GFDL, so I've reuploaded it (good thing I'm a packrat, eh) and annotated it thus. IceKarmaॐ 10:35, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* Earl Andrew responded that he derived the original map from a government source and uploaded it as PD-self. Bearcat's derivative work is GFDL. IceKarmaॐ 21:02, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
Do we really need the (Ontario) in the name?
Seeing as Golden Horseshoe redirects here anyway, and I am not aware of any other geographical region bearing the same name, how about moving this page to just Golden Horseshoe? --Qviri 03:05, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
* I'd support a move back to Golden Horseshoe, but we'd need to find an admin to do it. I believe User:BrentS moved the article not because of disambiguation concerns, but because he feels all geographic article titles should include a geographic reference. --NormanEinstein 16:42, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
population rank
If using combined metropolitan areas, the population of the Golden Horseshoe is still below that of the Baltimore-Washington CSA. It might be on par with the San Francisco-San Jose CSA. It could rank anywhere between 6th and 8th. It's probably better to make rankings more fuzzy, e.g. "among the ten largest conurbations in North America". Polaron | Talk 23:22, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
The Golden Horseshoe *is* a combined metropolitan area (consists of five CMAs). If you're going to put a comparison, you should compare it to other combined metropolitan areas. Polaron | Talk 01:48, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
IF the golden horseshoe includes Buffalo, New York, it reaches well over 9.5 million. However I would find more sources before I write this on the article. Glad to hear thoughts about it.
I did find | this one
* 1) NYC
* 2) Mexico City
* LA
* 1) Chicago
* 2) Washington-Baltimore (8.03 million in 2004 growing at 1.6%)
* 3) San Francisco Bay Area (7.16 million in 2004 growing at 0.2%)
* 4) Extended Golden Horseshoe (7.04 million in 2004 growing at 1.7%)
By 2006, the Golden Horseshoe should have overtaken the Bay Area so it would be sixth With Buffalo: 1 NYC 2 LA (Mexico City may or may not be included) 3 Golden Horseshoe (9.7 million) 4 Wash-Balt
Population Forecasts
I removed the following text from the article:
* with an estimated population of 7,400,000 as of early 2006. Of these people, 5,857,550 (July 1, 2006 est.) live in the Greater Toronto Area.
because:
* 1) I couldn't find a source for the 7.4M estimate (likely some interpolation from one of the cited population growth forecasts...in which case, it might be considered original research)
* 2) without support for this claim, the GTA population has no context
* 3) There is disagreement on the forecasting methods used (StatsCan vs PIR vs ...)
I recommend waiting until the preliminary census of the population numbers are released in early 2007. -- Robocoder ( talk | contribs ) 20:18, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
Western New York in the Golden Horseshoe
While I appreciate that a reference was found for the claim that Buffalo is part of the Golden Horseshoe, it is but one reference. I've looked for others, and haven't found any yet. For a claim like " Some consider the Buffalo, New York region to be part of the Golden Horseshoe", there needs to be more than a solitary unpublished, unreferenced paper on the subject. Wikipedia doesn't accept original research. Since the paper was part of a presentation about a Political Economy of Scale, there's a chance that someone has cited that paper, or used it as part of further research, which would lend the definition more credence. As it stands right now, it is one person's definition, and insufficient for inclusion. I welcome comments about this, though. Mind matrix 15:48, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
* I will gladly find another source like this one <IP_ADDRESS> 22:16, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
* Lets analyze what that source says:
* expressways surrounding Lake Ontario have become congested, in particular, those that serve the Golden Horseshoe between Toronto and Buffalo
* So, all it is saying is that the highways between Buffalo and Toronto are congested, and that these highways are in the Golden Horseshoe; this does not say that Buffalo is in the Golden Horseshoe.
* the development of an increased level of industrial, social and cultural interaction between the economies of Southern Ontario and northwest New York state
* improve the City's access to markets in New York and the eastern U.S. and increase opportunities for international tourism
* Ferry service would effectively establish a new boarder crossing at the base of the City and would thereby increase our access to the business and tourism markets in upper New York state and along the eastern United States.
* These say that the two regions have economic ties, but there is no mention of western New York being a part of the Golden Horseshoe.
* that the demographic and attitudinal profile of people within the Ontario/New York travel corridor can support an automobile/passenger ferry service between the Toronto and Rochester areas as measured by current and induced demand
* This just says that people in each region visit the other. So, I've covered all mentions of New York and Buffalo in that article, and not one actually states that either is part of the Golden Horseshoe. We still have only one source that makes any such claim, and it is an unreferenced source with no peer review, as I stated earlier.
* Also, there are no citations for inclusion of London, or any regions near it. The province has only recently defined the Extended Greater Golden Horseshoe, which barely stretches to the KW area. You will need to provide reliable, peer-reviewed sources for this too. Mind matrix 16:47, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
1. I never claimed that London is in the GH, I merely stated that the 2 were highly intersperced. 2. To say that KW is not in it is an opinion by you, not the provinces definition. 3. I can find more and more sources if that will change your decisions. By the way, it is commonly included anyway in regular discussions, but that is opinion, and I will not include that <IP_ADDRESS> 22:03, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
Another source including: "While New York City and Toronto have prospered in the recent decade as part of an increasing global economy, the common border of Niagara that serves as the interface for much of the binational economic interaction has not been fully successful in that role nor shared in the new prosperity. Opportunity is evident. While the metropolitan New York City area is the largest in North American population, the "Golden Horseshoe" of the Toronto area and upstate New York, including the Erie-Niagara Region, is the third largest area and has clear global name recognition." <IP_ADDRESS> 22:16, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
Niagara is NOT part of the outer Golden Horseshoe
Niagara is not part of the Outer Golden Horseshoe (and no, Hamilton is not GTA), regardless of what McGunity and his minions in Toronto may think. To back this argument:
* Niagara has -always- been a part of the Golden Horseshoe, even before the creation of the Extended Golden Horseshoe.
* The urban area of the Golden Horseshoe exists from Niagara Falls to Oshawa - albeit that the 'urban' area between St. Catharines and Hamilton is very narrow and close to the QEW, it is far from rural.
* A number of urban development centres are defined within the Niagara Region (St. Catharines brownfield, Niagara Falls-Fort Erie) along with the GTA and Hamilton portions of the inner ring.
* Niagara's economic ties with the rest of the region are much stronger than the extended portion, to the point where the MTO lumps Niagara in as part of the GTA for transit and traffic purposes.
* Portions of Niagara exist -within- the GTA greenbelt.
Unless someone can come up with an explanation better than a single PDF file to throw away decades of history and economic development, the current format broken into three sections should remain. Snickerdo 02:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* In the absence of other official references, if we create our own groupings, that is original research. I think to alleviate this conflict, why don't we just list all the census divisions alphabetically without grouping them into inner and outer rings? --Polaron | Talk 02:38, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* That is an acceptable compromise. Still, as one of my friends puts it, "If it weren't for Niagara, the Golden Horseshoe wouldn't exist." This isn't original research - it's an historical term, of which Niagara has always been at the core along with Hamilton, Toronto and Oshawa. Snickerdo 02:43, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* I agree with you since the original Census Region did include Niagara. I'm just trying to make sure what is stated in the article is verifiable and not original research. For that, we need citations and references. In any case, I'll leave it as it is now since I actually do think Niagara should be in the inner ring. --Polaron | Talk 02:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
anti New York sentiment?
I dont understand the anti New York sentiment on various wikipedia articles about the GGH. Western New York is part of the GGH. It is bi national. Heres a Canadian source that says so. --eLeigh33 23:43, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
NPOV and "Golden Triangle"
* "It is an extremely pedestrian friendly, green and safe city."
"And the streets are always clean, and the girls are prettier than anywhere else in Canada. In fact, Toronto really is the greatest city on earth and loved by all, despite the lies people in Calgary tell you."
Seriously, some of this stuff is horribly op-ed in nature and needs to be cleaned up.
Also, should perhaps some note by made that this Golden Horseshoe is in fact one of the pillars of the so-called "Golden Triangle"? It's not as "buzz word" as it was in the late 90s, but though the term Golden Triangle may not have been known in the cities which it comprised (Toronto-Montreal-Ottawa), it was definitely a well understood term in the West, and was part of several Preston Manning speaches.
CMAs as opposed to cities
It seems that major urban centres have been left from the CMA list due to the classification of CMA. Cities like Brampton, Mississauga, Oakville, and Burlington are considered are major cities in the Golden horseshoe, so there should be a ranking of cities as opposed to cmas. (Parihav 23:32, 20 June 2007 (UTC))
* I agree with your concern and have taken the liberty to change the CMA section to Municipalities and list the 16 municipalities (cities) that have populations of 100,000+. --JackHanlon 19:25, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
Origin of 'Horsehoe'
I was wondering if the origin of the term 'horseshoe' is also attributed to Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls?
* It has to do with the Western-end of Lake Ontario, which Hamilton, Ontario is a center of, is shaped like a horseshoe. Nhl4hamilton 04:44, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
My recent reversion
I just (tried to) reverted a series of changes made by IP <IP_ADDRESS>. The reason I did this is that: I didn't see any referenced justification; there were a series of changes made; and the changes were made by an un-registered user. Anyone watching should check my reversion and the original edits - if I have made a mistake, I offer my apologies and thanks here! Regards. Franamax (talk) 04:32, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
Other Great Lakes Urban Agglomerations
We should include Milwaukee with Chicago if we're gonna start combining cities around the Great Lakes. Unlike the cities around Lake Ontario, these metro areas are actually contiguous. Maybe we could call this new area, which will be similarly defined by locals trying to make their cities seem larger and more important than they actually are, "The Silver U", or maybe even "The Platinum Penis". I'm drafting the article as you read this. --Antigrandiose (talk) 02:14, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
I'm not sure why you inserted this section into the middle. Anyways, I'm not sure what you are referring to... The Golden Horseshoe is a political area in Ontario, and thousands of reliable sources attest to its existence. I don't think it has anything to do with having the city with the biggest penis. Also, aside from Niagara Falls, Barrie and narrow greenbelts, the GTA is contiguous from Hamilton to Oshawa and Lake Ontario to Newmarket. - ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ τ ¢ 06:51, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
It was originally put after the section that had a sentence that began, "IF the golden horseshoe includes Buffalo, New York...." I thought it related to that section nicely, although it seems as if I’d committed a faux padia.
I was being facetious. My intent was to have a teaching moment by parodying the promotional tone of this article. Also, and I know I'm partially to blame for this, but let's stop talking about penises. It's just that if western Lake Ontario reminds some people of a horseshoe then, oh well, Lake Michigan reminds me of something else. But back to my main point: it's easy to combine areas and make them seem larger than they are. I could be wrong, and I'll be the first to admit if I am, but I can't seem to find any other articles that combine distinct metro areas like this one does. (Regions don't count). Just because some cat who makes dishwashers thinks that a section of a great lake is a distinct region doesn’t make it so.
Even the name has the ring of promotionalism. It makes me think of the Golden Nugget, the Golden Corral, or--and this is regionally relevant--the Golden Corridor.
If the State of California were to merge (you know, like Toronto does) Orange and San Diego Counties, it would add over three million people to the LA region. (I would propose we call it La Costa Ora, by the way). Also, as I originally stated, if you were to put everything from Michigan City, IN to Bayside, WI within the sphere of Chicago (also contiguous with a few greenbelts), it would add about two million people to my proposed Platinum Penis region. (Sorry, I slipped).--Antigrandiose (talk) 04:25, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* If those cities were in Ontario or Canada they wouldn't have nearly as many people as they do now because Canada doesn't have census metropolitan areas that are 25-35 thousand square km's in area. how many metro areas in the US cover less than the area the horseshoe area around Toronto covers ? Montreal and Vancouver would easily each add 1.5-2.5 million people to their metro populations just by adopting the generous standards south of the border. with Toronto all those cities around it are well connected to it. places like oshawa and a couple other 100 thousand population cities around it that aren't in Toronto's greater area make it more laughable that anyone would think the horseshoe area is not a better representation. Denver and houston are 2 other examples of cities with areas that legitimize Toronto's claim to the horseshoe area.
* When the Detroit-Toronto-Buffalo area becomes even more integrated I'm sure it will rank near the top of lists of urban regions in North America. I think many Americans will be surprised by just how large Canadian metro cities really are due to the sizeable difference in the definitions of such areas between the two countries. In Europe many cities like Athens and Berlin would benefit from the US way of characterizing such regions.Grmike (talk) 01:34, 13 July 2010 (UTC)grmike
* Those who wish to persue the context more should read Shape of the City: Understanding Toronto's Urban Sprawl by John Sewell. Amongst its interesting history of the city from 1945 to 1990 is the concept of how Toronto became the way it is today. The entire book essentially boils down things as all the cities around Toronto being sprawl of Toronto. The minor villages located in many of these places (Long Branch, Pickering Village, Port Credit, etc.) existed more or less as is up until 10 years before "the blob" (as I call it) consumed them. They swelled in size in the years leading up, and as the fringes reached them, new subdivisions were planned within each concession. All of these places serve Toronto as bedroom communities (though this is starting to change). Only Hamilton, Oshawa and Barrie have grown independently. - ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ τ ¢ 02:14, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
* This has little to do with the article, which needs to be based on reliable sources (WP:RS), not our own opinions -- we call that 'original research', see WP:OR. If you want to talk about new ideas, you need to find a forum and this is not a forum. Most of us make this sort of mistake when we're new here, no problem. Dougweller (talk) 10:38, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
* I added the template at the top of this talk page to prevent any more discussions like this here. Johnny Au (talk/contributions) 03:37, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
Subregion
Someone changed the settlement type in the infobox from "Subregion" to "Urban agglomeration". The Golden Horseshoe and especially the Greater Golden Horseshoe are absolutely not an urban agglomeration. It is not continuous and contains a lot of rural farmland between non-connected urban centres. UrbanNerd (talk) 01:38, 17 February 2012 (UTC)
External links modified
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Population golden horseshoe
List of CMAs within Golden Horseshoe with population figures 2016: GTA 6,417,516, Hamilton 747,545, Niagara 447,773, Haldimand 45,000, Brant 36,707, Brantford 97,496, Waterloo 534,986, Guelph 131794, Wellington 92,652, Dufferin 61,715, Simcoe 479,517, Kawartha Lakes 75,410 Peterborough 136,907 Northumberland 85,086. Adding these official numbers will come to 9,390,103 persons inhabiting the Golden Horseshoe. Chris Bruno (talk) 01:44, 21 February 2017 (UTC) Government of Canada Census statistics 2016
* The population probably excludes the "extended region". I haven't done the math, but that's the first thing that came to mind. By the way to sign your post, you use four tildes ~ Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 01:52, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
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Tips to Prevent Frozen Pipes
Winter can be unpredictable in St. Louis, and the frigid temperatures can put your pipes at risk of freezing. Frozen pipes can lead to expensive issues, such as breaks and bursts. Fortunately, there are some simple steps you can take to help prevent frozen pipes this season. Here are some tips from plumbing professionals to protect your pipes during the winter months.
Remove and Secure Outdoor Faucets and Valves
Disconnect all garden hoses and allow the faucets to drain completely. Shut-off valves attached to outdoor faucets should also be closed, and faucet covers can provide additional protection for your pipes.
Keep Your Indoor Faucets Dripping
Allowing your indoor faucets to drip overnight or during a freeze can prevent your interior pipes from freezing over. Running water, even at a drip, keeps the water moving through the pipes and helps prevent them from freezing.
Insulate All Unprotected Pipes
Check your home’s attic, crawlspaces, and any other areas for exposed pipes. If you find any, wrap them with heat tape or thermostat-controlled heat cables to help prevent freezing.
Open Cabinets Under Sinks
Keeping the cabinets under your sinks open can allow heat to circulate around the pipes beneath them, helping to keep them from freezing. This can also decrease the workload on your furnace.
Seal All Cracks
Check around the doors, windows, and vents in your home for cracks or openings where cold air may seep in. Use caulk to fill any gaps that might let in cold air and help prevent freezing.
Keep Your Thermostat Set at the Same Temperature
Keeping your thermostat at the same temperature day and night will help prevent your pipes from freezing over and save you money on your heating bill. Even if you’re going to be away from home, don’t turn the temperature down too low to avoid freezing pipes.
When Leaving Town, Shut Off Water and Leave Heat On
If you’re leaving your home for an extended period of time during the cold months, turn off the water system after it has fully drained and keep your thermostat set to above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. This will help prevent frozen pipes and other cold-weather issues.
By following these simple tips, you can help protect your pipes from freezing and avoid costly plumbing repairs. Stay safe and warm this winter season! And as always, if you have any more questions or concerns, relax! Just Call Budget.
We Support #AutismAwareness
Budget is proud to support the Center for Autism Education here in St. Charles. We are passionate about spreading autism awareness and encouraging people to give back to their community.
Together we work hand in hand with the center on their journey to ensure that everyone receives a respectful, supportive and safe environment. That’s why all service vans and uniforms feature a puzzle piece. To learn more about this cause visit their website.
Make a Donation Today!
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I recently had the pleasure of working with Budget to install a new tankless water heater in my home. From start to finish, the experience was seamless and stress-free. The team of installers were incredibly professional and friendly.
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Budget sent a technician to unclog my drain and he was very professional through the whole experience. He quickly resolved the issue and even provided some helpful tips for preventing similar issues in the future.
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Budget recently performed maintenance on my furnace and AC. The technician that they sent was professional, knowledgeable, and thorough. He went above and beyond to ensure that everything was working efficiently. I would highly recommend Budget!
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I recently had the pleasure of working with Budget to install a new tankless water heater in my home. From start to finish, the experience was seamless and stress-free. The team of installers were incredibly professional and friendly.
- Emily W.
Budget sent a technician to unclog my drain and he was very professional through the whole experience. He quickly resolved the issue and even provided some helpful tips for preventing similar issues in the future.
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Budget recently performed maintenance on my furnace and AC. The technician that they sent was professional, knowledgeable, and thorough. He went above and beyond to ensure that everything was working efficiently. I would highly recommend Budget!
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Portal:San Francisco Bay Area/Selected historical image/25
The Lark, magazine published by Gelett Burgess, 1895. image credit: Night Ranger
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Because troubadours performed and sang their music, stringed instruments were a practical accompaniment as they left the mouth unoccupied and available for singing.
He was the first known troubadour, although as many scholars have suggested he almost certainly was drawing on a tradition of oral singers and poets that prior to his time had not found its way into literature. Bond, Gerald A.
The Music and Poetry Most troubadours composed their own music and paired this with original lyrics, which demonstrated that the troubadours were very talented and capable individuals. Troubadour Medieval Musicians What were medieval Troubadours Medieval Troubadours were musicians during the medieval period.
The early troubadours developed many genres and these only proliferated as rules of composition came to be put in writing.
His composition "Lanquan li jorn" is thought to be the model for the Minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide's song "Allerest lebe ich mir werde", which in turn became one of the most influential of all the Minnesingers' songs.
He and Philippa did capture Toulouse inan act for which they were threatened with excommunication. The German minnesingers differed from the French troubadours in that they themselves accompanied their songs on the viol, instead of employing jongleurs.
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Kavanaugh confirmation vote: Sen. Jeff Flake announces he plans to vote yes
Sen. Jeff Flake (R-AZ) has announced he plans to vote to confirm embattled Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh, barring any major last-minute changes. Flake said he would vote to confirm Kavanaugh this weekend unless “something big changes,” according to NBC News reporter Alex Moe. He doesn’t anticipate anything like that: “I don’t see what would,” Flake said, adding he believes Kavanaugh will be confirmed. Q: you plan to vote yes tomorrow?FLAKE: “Unless something big changes - I don’t see what would. But anyway I’m glad we had a better process. We needed a better process.”Q: you think Kavanaugh gets confirmed tomorrow?FLAKE: “I would think so.” Flake’s decision to vote yes comes a week after the senator delayed the Senate confirmation vote on Kavanaugh to call for an FBI investigation into the sexual assault allegations Christine Blasey Ford brought against the nominee (which Kavanaugh continues to deny). He has been considered a pivotal swing vote that could make or break the nomination — along with Sens. Susan Collins (R-ME), Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), and Joe Manchin (D-WV). Flake, Manchin, and Collins all voted to proceed to advance Kavanaugh’s nomination on Friday morning, while Murkowski voted no. This vote sets up the final confirmation vote on the Supreme Court nominee, which will likely take place Saturday. Even though Flake had expressed concerns about Kavanaugh throughout the confirmation hearing, he had announced he would vote to confirm the judge to the Supreme Court last week, before surprising Republicans by calling for the FBI investigation at the last minute. On Thursday, Flake implied that the limited FBI investigation had assuaged what concerns he had about Kavanaugh. “I think Susan Collins was quoted saying it was very thorough but no new corroborative information came out of it. That’s accurate,” he told reporters at the Capitol on Thursday. Flake did a rare thing in a Republican Senate that seems to be rushing full steam ahead to Kavanaugh’s confirmation vote — he asked to slow down to more fully examine Ford’s allegations that Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her when the two were high school students. He had also expressed some doubts about Kavanaugh’s attacks on Democrats during his testimony in front of the Senate Judiciary Committee last week, calling them “sharp and partisan.” “We can’t have that on the Court,” he continued, according to the Atlantic’s Elaina Plott. (When Plott followed up with Flake shortly after the event Flake was speaking at, he attempted to reverse what he had said about Kavanaugh, adding, “I wasn’t referring to him.”) But after reviewing the results of the FBI’s limited, four-day investigation on Thursday, Flake sounded satisfied with what the agency found. “I wanted this pause; we’ve had this pause,” he told reporters. “We’ve had the professionals, the FBI, determine — given the scope that we gave them, current credible allegations — to go and do their review, which they’ve done.”
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Livingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airport
Livingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three miles (5 km) northwest of the central business district of Howell, a city in Livingston County, Michigan, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a regional reliever airport facility.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Livingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airport is assigned OZW by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.
History
The airport was originally on land where an elementary school currently sits, near an area where baseball and softball games were played. The airport received a single air mail flight in the late 1930s, drawing significant attention from the town.
The airport was moved to its current location in the 1940s, and Livingston County purchased it for $1 in the 1960s. The airport was soon expanded and received its first paved runway. The current airport terminal was built in the mid-1960s, followed by T-hangars in the 1970s.
The airport got a runway extension in 1988 as business aircraft became more advanced, and a full-length, lighted parallel taxiway was also constructed. A weather observation system was commissioned soon after.
In the 2010s, airport expansions were approved multiple times when the airport was allowed to lease new land for hangars.
In 2021, the airport received a grant from the federal Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to improve runway facilities, airport/transit connections, and nearby roadway projects.
The airport generates $1.5 million in direct economic benefits and over $25 million in total economic benefits to the community.
Facilities and aircraft
Livingston County Spencer J. Hardy Airport covers an area of 217 acre which contains one runway designated 13/31 with a 5,002 x 100 ft (1,525 x 30 m) concrete surface.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had almost 45,000 aircraft operations, or 123 per day. It was all general aviation. For the same time period, there are 115 aircraft based on the airport: 89 single-engine and 154single engine airplanes, 7 jets, and 5 helicopters.
The airport is staffed Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. until 5 p.m., and Saturday and Sunday from 8 a.m. until 12 p.m. It has a fixed-base operator offering fuel, catering, aircraft parking, courtesy cars, conference rooms, a crew lounge, snooze rooms, and showers. It is accessible by road from County Airport Drive, and is close to M-59 and I-96.
Accidents and incidents
* In January 2017, a private Cessna Citation jet overshot the runway in Livingston, crashing through an airport fence and came to rest on a nearby road.
* On August 20, 2019, an Aero Commander crashed while attempting to land at Hardy Airport. The two on board were killed. The crash was eventually blamed on a faulty air filter that became dislodged and blocked air from getting into the engine, causing a loss of engine power.
* On September 16, 2021, a Mooney M20 landed in a field while trying to make an emergency landing in Livingston.
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WIKI
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11 July 2010
Evaluating Textual Expressions with CLR UDFs
The developers having experience with scripting languages like VBScript or JavaScript are most probably used with Eval (VBScript/JavaScript) or Execute (VBScript) functions, functions that parse a string evaluating its content to an expression or evaluating a given set of instructions, allowing thus to create and execute code at runtime. In several occasions I needed similar functionality also in T-SQL, having to evaluate a formula stored in a text field or text variable. The latest situation of this type I could recall was when importing a set of BOM (Bill of Materials) data from Oracle into SQL Server. I had two problems then, one related to Oracle and the second to SQL Server. As each level in the (Oracle) BOM has a Quantity which needs to be multiplied with the Quantities from the child levels in order to get the total Required Quantity for each level, I needed a method to aggregate the respective values. Unlike in SQL Server, in Oracle (as far I know) there is no built-in functionality for that, however SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function (see example) allows to built a string with the total quantities available in the BOM structure and is even possible to evaluate the resulted string using a function, though as I was not allowed to create a function in the production environment then, I had to solve the issue in SQL Server (2000) itself. The concatenated string of quantities at each BOM level was looking something like ‘1*1*2*4*1’ (here for the 5thBOM level), so I needed a way to evaluate easily the respective product.
In SQL Server the Cast and Convert functions allow to cast a string holding a numeric value to a numeric data type but their utility stops there.
-- Cast/Convert (working) example
SELECT Cast('1' as int) * 25
, Convert(int, '1') * 10
Many years ago, I remember I “tried my luck” and attempted to run a similar script like the below one:
-- Cast/Convert (not working) example
SELECT Cast('1*2' as int) * 25
, Convert(int, '1*2') * 10
No wonder that I got an error:
Msg 245, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Conversion failed when converting the varchar value '1*2' to data type int.
I attempted to find, again without luck, a built-in solution for my problem. For dynamic created scripts could be used, in general, the sp_executesql stored procedure:
-- expression evaluation using sp_executesql (output: 6) DECLARE @retval int;
DECLARE @param int;
SET @param = 3
EXECUTE sp_executesql N'SELECT @retval = 1*2*@param', N'@param int, @retval int output', @param=@param, @retval = @retval output;
SELECT @retval
Unfortunately the sp_executesql can’t be used from UDFs, therefore the functionality can’t be used in queries involving a select from a given object. However, given its simplicity, the string could be regarded as a list of numbers delimited by “*” (multiplication) sign, a loop or starting with SQL Server 2005, a common table expression could solve the problem but it will work only for this type of multiplications, unless the expression is parsed using specific mathematical algorithms. Then I wrote a function similar with the below one:
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.EvalProduct(
@ListValues varchar(max))
RETURNS decimal(18,2)
/*
Purpose: evaluates the product of multiple numbers written as a text expression
Parameters: @ListValues varchar(max) - List of values to be multiplied
Sample call: SELECT dbo.EvalProduct('1*2*3*4')
SELECT dbo.EvalProduct('1.2*2.3*3.4')
SELECT dbo.EvalProduct('1.2')
SELECT dbo.EvalProduct('NULL')
*/ AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @Index int
DECLARE @Product decimal(18,2)
SET @Index = CharIndex('*', @ListValues)
SET @Product = CASE
WHEN @Index>1 OR (@Index = 0 AND IsNumeric(@ListValues) = 1) THEN 1
ELSE NULL
END
WHILE @Index > 0
BEGIN
SET @Product = @Product * Cast(Left(@ListValues, @Index-1) as decimal(18,2))
SET @ListValues = Right(@ListValues, Len(@ListValues)-@Index)
SET @Index = CharIndex('*', @ListValues)
END
IF IsNumeric(@ListValues)=1
SET @Product = @Product * Cast(@ListValues as decimal(18,2))
RETURN @Product
END
The function, even if handy, it has its limitations, first of all it works only with products of positive numeric values, and secondly there is no chance to use it for more complex expressions. Fortunately, starting with SQL Server 2005 there is an alternative. In last post, Data Profiling Using CLR Functions I introduced ExecuteScalarToInt and ExecuteScalarToDecimal CLR functions which could be used to evaluate a text expression to an integer, respectively a decimal value, and thus they could be used also to solve the above problem:
-- CLR functions approach (Output: 120, respectively 236.48)
SELECT dbo.ExecuteScalarToInt('SELECT 1*2*3*4*5') IntExample
, dbo.ExecuteScalarToDecimal('SELECT 1.2*2.3*3.4*4.5*5.6') DecimalExample
The functions could be actually used with any type of expression that returns a numeric value, the expressions could include also built-in or user-defined functions:
-- CLR with built-in mathematical functions (Output: 21.76)
SELECT dbo.ExecuteScalarToDecimal('SELECT Pi()*SQRT(47.98)')
--CLR with UDF (Output: 9.38)
SELECT dbo.ExecuteScalarToDecimal('SELECT dbo.EvalProduct(''1.2*2.3*3.4'')')
This means that the two functions could be used for example in queries in which the formulas following to be executed are stored in tables or built dynamically. Let’s look at an example based on the values stored in a table:
-- creating a simple table
CREATE TABLE dbo.TestTextExpressions (
Expression varchar(max))
--inserting the values
INSERT INTO dbo.TestTextExpressions
VALUES ('1*2*3*4')
, ('Pi()*SQRT(47.98)')
, ('Cos(10)')
, ('Year(GetDate())')
, ('Square(10.45)')
-- running the formulas
SELECT Expression
, dbo.ExecuteScalarToDecimal('SELECT ' + Expression) [Output]
FROM dbo.TestTextExpressions
CLR UDF - expression evaluation
Notes:
1. Instead of adding the SELECT in the parameter string, it could be created a CLR function (e.g. EvalToInt) that includes it already. Not sure how much benefit could be obtained from this, however I prefer to have generalized functionality rather then providing specific functions for each scenario.
2. Most probably there are also exceptions in which this approach can’t be used. As the two CLR functions don’t perform any validation, the usefulness of such functions depends also on the validity of the input. If the input is invalid, then an error will be thrown; on the other side, even if it’s possible to catch the error in the CLR functions itself, it could prove to be difficult to alter function’s behavior (for example returning a NULL value) without impacting the result.
3. In order to run UDFs from CLR UDFs, the SystemDataAccess:=SystemDataAccessKind.Read must be added in CLR functions definitions, otherwise “This statement has attempted to access data whose access is restricted by the assembly” error message will be thrown.
PS: It would be nice to receive some feedback on how the above functions helped you to solve a similar problem!
1 comment:
ZZZ Projects said...
Just to let you know that starting from SQL Server 2012, it's possible to evaluate arithmetic expression in T-SQL with Eval SQL.NET library
DECLARE @table TABLE
(
Formula VARCHAR(50) ,
X INT ,
Y INT ,
Z INT
)
INSERT INTO @table
VALUES ( 'x*y+z', 2, 4, 6 ),
( 'x+y*z', 2, 4, 6 ),
( '(x+y)*z', 2, 4, 6 )
DECLARE @sqlnet SQLNET = SQLNET::New('')
-- 14
-- 26
-- 36
SELECT @sqlnet.Code(Formula)
.Val('x', X)
.Val('y', Y)
.Val('z', Z).Eval()
FROM @table
Disclaimer: I'm the owner of the project Eval SQL.NET on GitHub
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Control of Insulin Secretion by Production of Reactive Oxygen Species: Study Performed in Pancreatic Islets from Fed and 48-Hour Fasted Wistar Rats.
ABSTRACT: Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase are important sources of reactive oxygen species in particular the superoxide radical (ROS) in pancreatic islets. These molecules derived from molecular oxygen are involved in pancreatic ?-cells signaling and control of insulin secretion. We examined the involvement of ROS produced through NADPH oxidase in the leucine- and/or glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets from fed or 48-hour fasted rats. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in isolated islets was evaluated at low (2.8 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose concentrations in the presence or absence of leucine (20 mM) and/or NADPH oxidase inhibitors (VAS2870-20 ?M or diphenylene iodonium-DPI-5 ?M). ROS production was determined in islets treated with dihydroethidium (DHE) or MitoSOX Red reagent for 20 min and dispersed for fluorescence measurement by flow cytometry. NADPH content variation was examined in INS-1E cells (an insulin secreting cell line) after incubation in the presence of glucose (2.8 or 16.7 mM) and leucine (20 mM). At 2.8 mM glucose, VAS2870 and DPI reduced net ROS production (by 30%) and increased GSIS (by 70%) in a negative correlation manner (r = -0.93). At 16.7 mM glucose or 20 mM leucine, both NADPH oxidase inhibitors did not alter insulin secretion neither net ROS production. Pentose phosphate pathway inhibition by treatment with DHEA (75 ?M) at low glucose led to an increase in net ROS production in pancreatic islets from fed rats (by 40%) and induced a marked increase (by 144%) in islets from 48-hour fasted rats. The NADPH/NADP+ ratio was increased when INS-1E cells were exposed to high glucose (by 4.3-fold) or leucine (by 3-fold). In conclusion, increased ROS production through NADPH oxidase prevents the occurrence of hypoglycemia in fasting conditions, however, in the presence of high glucose or high leucine levels, the increased production of NADPH and the consequent enhancement of the activity of the antioxidant defenses mitigate the excess of ROS production and allow the secretory process of insulin to take place.
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4928816 | BioStudies |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies
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Recovery of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage by ion exchange
dataset
posted on 14.01.2020 by E. C. B. Felipe, K. A. Batista, A. C. Q. Ladeira
The current work addresses the study of the recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from acid mine water by using cationic exchange resin. The acid water was obtained from a closed uranium mine in Brazil. Ion exchange experiments were carried out in batch with three different resins at 25 ± 0.5°C and pH values 1.4, 2.4 and 3.4 (natural). Data were adjusted to the Langmuir equation in order to calculate the maximum loading capacity (qmax) of the resins. The results of qmax for individual REE revealed that the resins present higher loading for La in detriment to the other REE. The Dowex 50WX8 and Lewatit MDS 200 H resins demonstrated favourable sorption profiles to REE, evidenced by values of equilibrium factor (RL) and higher values of the Langmuir constants (b). The separation factors (αHREELREE) indicates that resins are more selective for light REE at all pH studied. The selectivity of the resins for the REE can be described as light REE > heavy REE. The pH 1.4 and 3.4 are more favourable for the recovery of REE.
Funding
This work was supported by Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear: [Grant Number 1]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico: [Grant Number 3]; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior: [Grant Number 5]; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos: [Grant Number 4]; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais: [Grant Number 2].
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Talk:G.I. Joe: Classic Collection
Untitled
Hi
This page is intended to be an image resource for the main G I Joe page, linked to the Classic Collection header under "Incarnations".... what do I need to add to make it legit?
I will add background & info on Classic Collection figures to make this a complete article in it's own right.
Good
It's good to know someone cares about this classic collection. I think it should be put on wiki, and let him have the chance to work on it. I plan on editing some myself.
Needs an intro
Err, this article needs an intro for the casual reader.--Destron Commander 03:42, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
G.I. Joe 2010?
Is anyone going to cover GI Joe 2010, which was supposedly released to compete with Max Steel? It used the Classic Collection body, as well. Joe Webster 05:57, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
Miscellaneous
Why is 21st C figure information in THIS article? Doesn't it belong in the Ultimate Soldier entry? Joe Webster 04:09, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
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Pasion was an
ancient Greekslave from the 4th century BC. He was owned by the bankers Antisthenesand Archestratus, located at Piraeus, the harbor five miles out of Athens. During his slavery, he quickly rose to chief clerk in charge of a money-changing table at the port, and proved so valuable that he was finally freed in gratitude of his faithful service. When his owners retired, Pasion inherited the bank and established a shield factory. The gifts he provided Athens entailed one thousand shields and a trireme. Ultimately, Pasion was granted Athenian citizenship and started investing in real estate in order to accumulate more wealth. When he became too old to work, Pasion had Phormio, another slave, take care of the bank. When Pasion passed away, his widow married Phormio in order to keep the bank in the family. [Meltzer, pp. 77-78. "One slave we know about in the fourth century B.C. had these qualities in abundance. His name was Pasion. He was bought in the Athenian slave market by two bankers who needed another man on their staff. For the barbarian, it was a lucky break. He might have had a long, dull life laboring at farm chores or a short, violent one sweating in a mine. The gods let him join the Antisthenes and Archestratus Banking and Loan Company, located at Piraeus, the harbor five miles out of Athens. He rose swiftly to chief clerk in charge of a money-changing table at the port, and proved capable and reliable that the partners finally freed him in gratitude for his faithful service. When the partners retired, Pasion took charge of the bank. Both prospered. With his growing capital, Pasion bought ships and founded a shield factory. He made many gifts to the state (a thousand shields at one time, and a ship known as a trireme at another). Finally he was rewarded with the state's highest gift — citizenship. As a citizen Pasion could now invest in real estate and swell his riches even more. When he got too old to work, he put his bank in the care of his manager, Phormio, a slave he had bought years earlier, trained, and then freed. When Pasion died, his widow married Phormio, keeping the bank in the family. Like his old master, Phormio became one of the richest men in fourth-century Athens."]
Pasion's son, Apollodorus, did not engage in banking but lived off his inheritance like a gentleman; Pasion had left 20 talents in land and 40 in outstanding debt. Much of what we know about Pasion comes from speeches Apollodorus gave in lawsuits. These come down to us among the speeches Demosthenes wrote for litigants, but it is now thought that Apollodorus wrote them himself.
There is also a Greek mercenary leader of the Ten Thousand Expedition also named Pasion.
*Meltzer, Milton. "Slavery: A World History". Da Capo, 1993. ISBN 0306805367
*"Oxford Classical Dictionary", "s.v." Pasion.
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Page:Archaeological Journal, Volume 7.djvu/87
Rh days warnyng' eftir ye Indent'e makes mencion yt yane ye saides Nich' and his felaws sall' pai yame yair wage daly to ye tyme yt yai haue yair couantz fultilde. mor our ye saides Thomas Joh'n And Rob't sall' mak ye pilers of ye forsaid brigge Als substanciell' in lenth and bred' has te was acorded' wyth' ye forsaid Joh'n Garett be a Indent'e trip'tit be twene ye saide Nicholas And hyme made if ye counsell of ye forsaid Nicholas And his felaws acord yaim y'to; To ye wyttnesse of quilk thinge ye p'ties aboven̄ nevend' has sett yair seals Wrytyn̄ atte Catrike in ye fest of seint hillar' ye zere of our lord kyng' Henri' ye fift eftir ye ye conquest ye nyend'.
It will be found, on comparing this document with the church contract, that the phraseology and peculiar terms are so closely similar, that it may fairly be concluded they were both indited by the same hand, an interval of nine years only having intervened. The contracting parties are here more numerous, the bridge being a matter of general interest to the neighbourhood, since the passage of the Swale at this spot, on the ancient line of Roman way, must at all times have been of importance. At this period it appears that two bridges existed, the old stone bridge and the new wooden bridge ("ye New brigg' of tree "). Sir William Lawson has kindly given us certain particulars relative to the persons here named. Nicholas de Blakburne, the first contracting party, was probably one of the family settled at Blackburne Hall, on the north side of the church-yard at Grinton, previously the property of the Hillarys. The Blackburnes, as Whitaker informs us, were an old family in Swaledale. Christopher Conyers was of Hornby Castle; he married Elena, d. & heiress of. . . . Ryleston. Their monument is in Hornby Church; it records her death in 1444, the date of Christopher's decease is obliterated. William de Burghe, of Burghe or Brough, was son of John de Burghe and Katerine, d. of Roger de Aske. She was the principal party in the contract for building Catterick church, before mentioned. He espoused Matilda, d. of. . . . Lascelles, of Sowerby, and died Nov. 4, 1442; his wife died Nov. 12, 1432, and both were interred in "Our Lady's porch" in Catterick Church. The de Barton family held lands in Hornby, but no particulars of John de Barton have been ascertained. Roger de Aske was the representative at that time of the very ancient family of Aske, of Aske near Richmond, now the seat of the Earl of Zetland. Conan, his son, married Isabella, d. of Christopher Conyers, before named. Of William Frank nothing is known;
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User:Jpinskey17/sandbox
referring to the hoplite's equipment. Originally the term hoplon was believed to refer to the hoplite's shield, research has found the term aspis instead refers to the large round shield.
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WIKI
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From af3f929f9546268ede788b4217ff0b6a655ab62a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linus Torvalds Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2005 08:11:47 -0700 Subject: git-apply: creatign empty files is nonfatal (but it will result in a warning) diff --git a/apply.c b/apply.c index 1f48ef9..20c41c5 100644 --- a/apply.c +++ b/apply.c @@ -630,8 +630,11 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, s if (patch->is_new != !oldlines) return error("new file depends on old contents"); - if (patch->is_delete != !newlines) - return error("deleted file still has contents"); + if (patch->is_delete != !newlines) { + if (newlines) + return error("deleted file still has contents"); + fprintf(stderr, "** warning: file %s becomes empty but is not deleted\n", patch->new_name); + } /* Parse the thing.. */ line += len; -- cgit v0.10.2-6-g49f6
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Anna Krasteva
Anna Krasteva (born 17 May 1977) is a Bulgarian former short track speed skater. She competed in two events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Krasteva has won three bronze medals in 3000 metre relay at the 1999, 2001, and 2003 World Championships, respectively.
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WIKI
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Treatment Options for PTSD and Addiction
About 10 percent of people ages 12 and older in the US struggle with some kind of substance abuse or addiction problem.
However, people who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder are much more likely to also struggle with substance abuse.
Post-traumatic stress disorder can be caused by multiple sources of trauma. Potential sources include fighting in a warzone, witnessing a terrorist attack, experiencing or witnessing sexual or physical assault, or being in a severe car accident. For people who have concurrent PTSD and substance abuse problems, the addiction could have started after the post-traumatic stress disorder took hold, or the PTSD could be the result of violence or an accident suffered while the individual was intoxicated.
Past theories have suggested that individuals who suffer these concurrent conditions should be first treated for their addiction, and once they have ended their substance abuse, they can then be successfully treated for PTSD. However, modern studies suggest that treating the two conditions at the same time gives better outcomes. As a result, integrated treatment is recommended, which addresses both disorders concurrently.
Prevalence of Co-occurring PTSD and Substance Abuse
ptsd Although it is statistically clear that PTSD and substance abuse or addiction often go hand in hand, the relationship between the two disorders is complex and sometimes difficult to define.
Trauma could induce an addiction to a substance. For example, suffering abuse as a child could lead an individual to struggle with alcohol addiction as an adult. This theory suggests that PTSD leads to self-medicating behaviors, so that the person suffering from PTSD does not feel as much emotional pain or is able to dissociate from their mental state. Among teens with substance use disorders, 25-76 percent of those with PTSD abused substances after the onset of trauma, and 14-59 percent developed a substance abuse problem at the onset of PTSD.
Substance abuse could put people at a higher risk of suffering trauma as well. Drinking alcohol or using illegal substances like marijuana lowers inhibitions and makes people more likely to engage in risky behavior, such as walking through unsafe neighborhoods or driving a vehicle while under the influence. These individuals are at a higher risk of accidentally harming themselves or witnessing traumatic events. Additionally, emotional and cognitive impairment as the result of an addiction could lower a person’s ability to cope with trauma, leading to PTSD.
Signs of Drug Abuse
General symptoms of alcohol or drug addiction include:
• Needing the substance to feel “normal”
• Inability to stop taking the substance, even when quitting is desired
• Suffering from withdrawal symptoms like muscle pain, nausea, anxiety, and lethargy when attempting to stop taking the substance
• Failing to meet work, school, and social obligations, specifically to take the substance
• Feeling extreme anxiety when unable to obtain more of the substance
• Lying about taking the substance and/or performing risky activities to obtain more of the substance
• Needing larger quantities of the substance to achieve the “high” associated with use
Signs of PTSD
General symptoms of PTSD include:
• Reliving the traumatic event
• Avoiding activities or geographic areas that remind a person of the trauma-inducing event
• Difficulty expressing feelings
• Difficulty feeling emotions, especially pleasure
• Feeling constantly alert or on edge
• Feeling hopelessness or despair
• Self-destructive or impulsive behaviors
Causes of PTSD and Substance Abuse or Addiction
Although any traumatic event can lead to PTSD, even years down the line, and substance abuse is a frequently concurrent condition with PTSD, there are some situations that put individuals at higher risk of suffering from both PTSD and substance abuse or addiction problems.
One of the highest risk groups for both PTSD and substance addiction is the veteran population. According to the National Center for PTSD, about a third of combat veterans who seek out treatment for a substance use disorder also suffer from PTSD. Due to the severe emotional, physical, and mental strain of combat, veterans often deal with the aftereffects of trauma, and this leads many to substance abuse.
Those who are victims of domestic violence or sexual abuse are more likely to suffer from addiction disorders. These individuals are at a high risk of developing PTSD due to their past or ongoing abusive situations.
Individuals often develop PTSD after repeated exposure to violence. However, anyone can develop PTSD after a single traumatic event, such as in cases of rape or physical attacks. Experiencing a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, hurricane, or flood, could also trigger PTSD in certain individuals.
Regardless of the original cause, medical professionals believe it is important for people who suffer from both PTSD and addiction to get treatment for both conditions at the same time.
Treatment for Both PTSD and Substance Abuse or Addiction
People who suffer from both PTSD and substance abuse issues are more likely to turn to substances when they feel worthless or out of control. If the underlying trauma isn’t addressed, it will always cause problems that result in substance abuse or other self-harming behaviors, even if the individual attempts sobriety with professional help. In order for sustained recovery to take hold, the issues related to PTSD must be adequately addressed.
People with these co-occurring disorders are more likely to suffer other psychological conditions, like major depression or anxiety, which can lead to even further social isolation. Without social support, people who struggle with either PTSD or substance addiction generally get worse. In recovery from both conditions, ongoing social support is necessary. This can be found in inpatient treatment programs and then through 12-Step meetings and other peer support groups on a long-term basis.
Exposure therapy has shown great promise for helping individuals who struggle with both PTSD and addiction. This type of therapy exposes the individual to “triggers” or memories of the traumatic event in some way, but this exposure occurs in a safe setting where the client has control. The client is guided by a psychologist or therapist, and can always stop the experience at any time. A medical professional, like a psychologist, monitors the sessions to ensure the exposure is gradual and doesn’t overwhelm the individual.
Get Help Today
People who suffer from PTSD are likely to deal with substance abuse issues, and vice versa. If individuals with these co-occurring disorders get professional help at an integrated treatment program, both disorders can be addressed concurrently, ensuring the best chances of sustained recovery in all areas of life.
Last updated on October 14, 20182018-10-14T09:21:42
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User:Helgorandhildi
Holden Barnes (1998) is a DJ and music producer who attends Devon Preparatory School. Holden is the first major DJ to get his start on Soundcloud. He has parlayed this support into a record deal in which he will be releasing GODS EP in 2015. His past hits include classics such as Breeze, Shatter, and Raindrops. His notable remix of Bang Bang by Jessie J, Ariana Grande, and Nicki Minaj. This has received thousands of views on Soundcloud and was featured in such shows as Castle and Survivor. DJ Holden is also very politically active as he has started a campaign to move to a bimetallic standard. He has been a vehemently supporter of the free silver movement at a 16:1 ratio. He has frequently included these political themes in his songs. His recent song WJB, dedicated to William Jennings Bryan, includes a voice over chorus of "Free Silver for all!" directly before the bass drop. Holden's music is frequently noted for his smooth transitions, his relevant political material, and his dedication to the bass. Holden carries out the goal of dubstep by conveying political themes through his dubstep. This is done through variation of beats per minute and the amount of screams included in the chorus. Holden believes that he has been influenced by Henry "Box" Brown, Skrillex, Peking man, and Ronald Reagan. He is currently collaborating with DJ DeFabe on Helgor Smash, his new EP. This EP is inspired by gym class heroics at his current school Devon Prep.
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Page:Vol 4 History of Mexico by H H Bancroft.djvu/563
Rh On the 6th of April the attack was made, Galeana taking possession of the Iguanas hills; Julian Áyila, La Mira hill; and Felipe Gonzalez, in command of Morelos' escort, occupying the first houses of the town. None of the assailants met with any opposition. The whole force did not exceed 1,500 men, with only a few pieces of artillery of small calibre. It is indeed remarkable that Morelos undertook to capture with so small an army a town and fortress having for their defence eighty pieces of artillery, and some armed vessels, besides a free use of the sea. The city was thus surrounded and closely besieged on the land side. The following days the firing was kept up against the defences, being energetically answered by the castle San Diego, the advanced works, and the fort at the hospital garrisoned by 100 men with four guns under Pedro Ruvido, a Spaniard. On the 10th, Morelos occupied the line of the creek without resistance, and on the 12th a general assault was made. Ávila was seriously wounded at the first shot, and was obliged to retreat to the Veladero; but at nightfall the explosion of a box of ammunition in the hospital frightened its defenders, who thereupon fled, leaving the wounded and sick. The city was also abandoned by the inhabitants, and the captors lost no time in plundering it. Drunkenness and disorder followed; and if the garrison had then made an attack it could have won an easy victory. Morelos somewhat later captured the fort named El Padrastro, and other advanced works, and caused all the houses standing around the castle to be burned, notwithstanding the efforts of the garrison to prevent it. Morelos lodged his men in the other houses, and occupied one of them himself. Soon after he made this arrangement a ball struck and killed his aid, Felipe Hernandez, at his side, and Morelos was spattered with the blood. At this time he was joined by an Indian woman of Tasco,
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Craig Armstrong (footballer)
Steven Craig Armstrong (born 23 May 1975) is an English former professional footballer, manager and academy recruitment manager Premier League side Crystal Palace.
As a player, he was a defender and midfielder from 1992 to 2012 and represented Nottingham Forest, Burnley, Bristol Rovers, Gillingham, Watford, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday, Grimsby Town, Bradford City, Cheltenham Town, Burton Albion, Kidderminster Harriers, Mansfield Town, Forest Green Rovers, Boston United and Hucknall Town. In 2011, he briefly held the position of player-manager of Eastwood Town and later had a spell as manager of Quorn.
Nottingham Forest
Born in South Shields, Armstrong started his career at Nottingham Forest in graduating from their youth system in 1992. Lack of first team action meant in December 1994 he moved on loan to Burnley. He made his debut for the Lancashire club in the 5–1 win over Southend United on 31 December 1994, playing in place of the injured Chris Vinnicombe. Armstrong appeared in three more league matches for Burnley before being recalled by Forest. In January 1996, he joined Bristol Rovers on another loan deal, again making four appearances. However, he was recalled a month later to play a further nine matches at Twerton Park. In October 1996, Armstrong was loaned to Gillingham for whom he played 13 matches as a defensive midfielder. In January 1997, he was loaned to Watford for a month, but his loan deal was cut short through injury. However, he was recalled for a further month in March 1997, with a view to a transfer. However, no move came to fruition. Armstrong scored twice during his spell at Forest with both goals coming in the League Cup in games against Walsall and Cambridge United.
Huddersfield Town
Armstrong left Forest in 1999 when Huddersfield Town agreed a £750,000 transfer. He played 112 matches at Huddersfield and in 2001 he won the Hargreaves Memorial Trophy (Huddersfield Player of The Year Award).
Sheffield Wednesday
He then left Huddersfield, moving to First Division club Sheffield Wednesday for £100,000. He played 29 times (scoring once against Rotherham United) before moving on loan to Grimsby Town in a bid to regain match fitness after suffering an injury. During his spell at Grimsby he scored once against Barnsley. When his contract expired at Sheffield Wednesday, Armstrong found himself without a club.
Bradford City
A year later he signed a short-term contract at Bradford City, where he played only seven games.
Cheltenham Town
In July 2005, he signed for Cheltenham Town, for whom he played 76 times, helping the club gain promotion against former club Grimsby. Although he arrived at the club as a midfielder, he made the majority of his appearances at left-back due to Jamie Victory's long-term injury problems. He also operated effectively in the centre of midfield on occasions and was comfortable at centre half. Armstrong's Cheltenham contract ran out at end of the 2006–07 season.
Gillingham
In June 2007 he rejoined Gillingham on a two-year contract. He made his debut on the first day of the season against Cheltenham, but Gillingham lost 1–0. He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for Gillingham against Dagenham & Redbridge in the Football League Trophy on 13 November 2007. On 31 January 2008, he was released from his contract.
Cheltenham Town (second spell)
On 4 February 2008 he rejoined Cheltenham Town until the end of the season. In November 2008, Armstrong joined Burton Albion on loan until January 2009. He scored his first goal on his full debut in a 2–0 win against Eastbourne Borough. Following his return from Burton, Armstrong and Cheltenham parted company by mutual consent.
Kidderminster Harriers
Later the same month, he signed with Conference side, Kidderminster Harriers and remained with the club until the end of the 2008/2009 season.
Mansfield Town
Armstrong signed for Mansfield Town for the 2009/10 season. He was loaned out to fellow Conference side Forest Green Rovers in February 2010. Armstrong made his Forest Green debut on 6 March 2010 in a 2–1 home victory over York City. Armstrong went on to make 13 appearances for Forest Green but was unable to help his loan club avoid relegation. Forest Green were however later reprieved and returned to the Conference.
Forest Green Rovers
In June 2010, Armstrong signed for Forest Green permanently following his release by Mansfield. As well as signing as a player Armstrong spent the first few months undertaking a coaching role. However, he reverted to being a player when Gary Seward was appointed as assistant manager at the club.
Armstrong revealed on his Twitter page following Forest Green Rovers final home league game of the season, a 0–0 draw with Wimbledon, that he would not be offered a new contract with the club at the end of the season. He was released following Rovers final day loss against Tamworth.
Boston United
In September 2011 Armstrong returned to a playing career with Conference North side Boston United. Armstrong made his debut against Altrincham in a league game on 8 October 2011 and also featured against Histon and Workington in his month with the Pilgrims.
Hucknall Town
In October 2011, Armstrong signed for Hucknall Town as a player-coach, linking up with manager Des Lyttle. Armstrong left Hucknall because of a budget cut at the club in March 2012.
Coaching career
Having learnt from some of the best managers in the business on 26 May 2011, Armstrong was appointed as joint manager of Eastwood Town alongside Jamie Brough. The season started well with victories against Solihull Moors and Gloucester City. However defeats against Corby Town and Stalybridge Celtic caused friction and after just eight games in charge Armstrong quit as Eastwood boss in September 2011.
After leaving his post as player-coach at Hucknall Town, Armstrong became manager of Quorn in late March 2012.
He moved on to work at Nottingham Forest as an elite development coach, later working as a regional co-ordinator for Arsenal and presently the academy recruitment manager Premier League side Crystal Palace.
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Is your sleeping position causing you back pain?
Sleep is essential. As we sleep, our body works to heal and restore various functions, ensuring we wake up energised and refreshed. However, you could be doing serious damage to your body by sleeping in a position that is harmful to your spine. If you find yourself constantly suffering from backache, consider changing your sleeping position. Below we outline potentially helpful changes you can make.
1. Sleep on your back
While it may feel unnatural at first, attempt to get into the habit of sleeping on your back. Sleeping on your back is the best position for your spine as it prevents the spine from twisting and contorting.
2. Keep your spine as straight as possible
If you are unable to sleep on your back, try sleeping on your side in the foetal position. Even though you are on your side, try to keep your spine as straight as possible. An easy way to do this is to place a pillow between your knees which reduces pressure on your pelvis and spine, potentially preventing back and hip pain.
3. Support the neck
No matter what position you fall asleep in, always ensure your neck is fully supported. Your pillow should support the space between your head and neck, not just your head or shoulders. Supporting your neck helps keep your spine in a relaxed, neutral position.
4. If you have to sleep on your front, use a pillow
Sleeping on your front is commonly agreed to be the worst sleeping position for your back as it unnaturally flattens the curve of your spine. However, if you cannot fall asleep in any other position, place a pillow underneath your hips to improve the curve of your spine.
If you have tried the above tips and your back pain is persistent, it may be time to see a chiropractor. A reliable chiropractor can help to determine the source of your pain and offer guidance that may potentially relieve the pain. Book a consultation now with My Chiro, for chiropractic services Sydney residents rely on.
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Module cgmath::conv [] [src]
Constrained conversion functions for assisting in situations where type inference is difficult.
For example, when declaring glium uniforms, we need to convert to fixed length arrays. We can use the Into trait directly, but it is rather ugly!
#[macro_use]
extern crate glium;
extern crate cgmath;
use cgmath::{Matrix4, Point2};
use cgmath::prelude::*;
let point = Point2::new(1, 2);
let matrix = Matrix4::from_scale(2.0);
let uniforms = uniform! {
point: Into::<[_; 2]>::into(point),
matrix: Into::<[[_; 4]; 4]>::into(matrix),
// Yuck!! (ﾉಥ益ಥ）ﾉ ┻━┻
};
Instead, we can use the conversion functions from the conv module:
#[macro_use]
extern crate glium;
extern crate cgmath;
use cgmath::{Matrix4, Point2};
use cgmath::prelude::*;
use cgmath::conv::*;
let point = Point2::new(1, 2);
let matrix = Matrix4::from_scale(2.0);
let uniforms = uniform! {
point: array2(point),
matrix: array4x4(matrix),
// ┬─┬ノ( º _ ºノ)
};
Functions
array2
Force a conversion into a 2-element array.
array2x2
Force a conversion into a 2x2-element array.
array3
Force a conversion into a 3-element array.
array3x3
Force a conversion into a 3x3-element array.
array4
Force a conversion into a 4-element array.
array4x4
Force a conversion into a 4x4-element array.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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1. Goal : To inculcate rational and scientific basis of therapeutics
2. OBJECTIVES : To acquire knowledge and develop skills as under
• Knowledge
• a.Comprehend the normal disposition, clinically relevant interrelationship, Functional and cross sectional anatomy of the various structures in the body.
• b.Identify the microscopic structure and correlate elementary infrastructures of Various organs and tissues and correlate the structures with the functions as a prerequisite for understanding the altered state in various disease process.
• c.Comprehend the basic structure and connection of the central nervous system To analyse the integrative functions of the organ and system. He/She shall be able to locate the site of gross lesions according to the deficits encountered.
• d.Demonstrate the knowledge of the basic principles and sequential development of the organs and systems, recognize the critical stages of development and effects of common teratogens, genetic mutations and environmental hazards. He/She shall be able to examine the developmental basis of the major variations and abnormalities.
• Skills
• Identify and locate all the structures of the body and mark the topography of the living anatomy.
• Identify the organs and tissues under the microscope.
• Understand the principles of karyotyping and identify the gross congenital abnormalities.
• Understand the principles of newer imaging techniques and interpretation of Computerised tomography (CT) scan, sonogram etc.
• Understand clinical basis of some common clinical procedures. i.e. intramuscular and intravenous injection, lumbar puncture, kidney biopsy etc.
• INTEGRATION: horizontal and vertical integration with different subjects
• CURRICULUM:
• Theory
• GENERAL ANATOMY:
1. Tissues of the body, organs and organ system.
2. Bone-types, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatics, ossification.
3. Cartilage-types and distribution.
4. Muscle-types, function, blood and nerve supply.
5. Joint-classification, structure, distribution and function of each type
6. Blood vessels-tyoe of vessel, anastomosis, collateral circulation, arterio-venous anastomosis.
7. Lymphatic system-lymph nodes, lymphatics, circulation of lymph and functions of lymphatic system.
8. Functions of lymphatic system.
• HISTOLOGY:
• Generic Histology
1. Cell structure
2. Tissues of the body: epithelium, connective tissue, bone, muscle, cartilage, glands and nervous tissue.
3. Blood vessels and lymphatic tissue.
• Systemic Histology:
1. Gastrointestinal,respiratory, cardiovascular,urinary, reproductive Systems-male and female
2. Special senses
3. Endocrine and exocrine glands
• GROSS ANATOMY
• General Introduction
1. Anatomical positions, Anatomical terms.
2. Regional anatomy, superior xtremity, inferior extremity, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, neck and brain.
3. Radiological anatomy.
4. Surface anatomy
5. Applied and clinical anatomy.
• EMBRYOLOGY:
• Introduction:
Male and female genital tracts, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, Cleavage, implantation, placetnta, embryonic stage, formation of systems of body, Twins, common foetal malformations.
• Organisation:
Development of organs and systems of the body: alimentary, circulatory, Respiration, urogenital, nervous system, endocrine, special senses, Integumentary system etc., congenital malformations
• Genetics:
1. Fundamentals of human genetics.
2. Cell division-mitosis and meiosis.
3. Human chromosomes, karyotype, structure and abnormality,Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome etc.
4. Sex chromosomes, sex linked genes, sex chromatin.
5. Chromosomal abnormalities.
6. Reprductive organs – male and female
7. Ovulation, corpus luteum,ovarian cycle
8. Trasport of sperm, fertilization
9. Viability of ovum and sperm,safe period
10. Cleavage and transport of ovum
11. Uterine cycle,Menstrual cycle
12. Embedding of blastocyst
13. Formation of embryo
14. Form of embryo at various stages
15. Membrane and placenta
• Practical
• GROSS ANATOMY
• Dissection of entire cadaver: of dissected soft parts and organs. Supplemented by study of museum specimens, models and charts.
• Study of human bones and joints
• Determinations of age and sex from the bones
• HISTOLOGY:
1. Study of light microscope
2. Common objects seen under the microscope.
3. Appearance of objects in section.
4. Demonstration of tissue processing, section cutting and staining section
5. Study of prepared histological slides of normal mammalian tissues and organs of the body
• EMBRYOLOGY:
1. Demonstrations of embryology models.
2. Sections of developing chick embryo
3. Specimens of congenital anomalies.
• RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY:
1. Demonstration of normal skiagrams of various parts and organs of the Body.
2. Skiagrams of special investigations of various systems of the body.
3. Skiagrams showing ossification of bones and determination of age.
4. Skiagrams of pregnant uterus showing foetus of various ages
• SURFACE ANATOMY:
Surface marking of various organs and structure:
1. On the living body
2. On the cadaver.
Ossification of bones, diaphysis, union and age determination.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category:People associated with Queen Margaret University
People associated with Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
* Former students and graduates should be categorised in Category:Alumni of Queen Margaret University below.
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WIKI
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Migrating from CGI to WSGI for Python Web Scripts on Apache
I began finally migrating some old scripts from PHP to Python late last year, and while I was happy to finally have my PHP days behind me, I noticed the script execution was disappointing. On average, a Python CGI script would run 20-80% slower than an equivalent PHP script. At first I chalked it up to slower libraries, but even basic ones that didn’t rely on database or anything fancy still seemed to be incurring a performance hit.
Yesterday I happened to come across mention of WSGI, which is essentially a Python-specific replacement for CGI. I realized the overhead of CGI probably explained why my Python scripts were slower than PHP. So I wanted to give WSGI a spin and see if it could help.
Like PHP, WSGI is an Apache module that is not included in many pre-packaged versions. So first step is to install it.
On Debian/Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi-py3
The install process should auto-activate the module.
cd /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/
ls -la wsgi*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Mar 23 22:13 wsgi.conf -> ../mods-available/wsgi.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 Mar 23 22:13 wsgi.load -> ../mods-available/wsgi.load
On FreeBSD, the module does not get auto-activated and must be loaded via a config file:
sudo pkg install ap24-py37-mod_wsgi
# Create /usr/local/etc/apache24/Includes/wsgi.conf
# or similar, and add this line:
LoadModule wsgi_module libexec/apache24/mod_wsgi.so
Like CGI, the directory with the WSGI script will need special permissions. As a security best practice, it’s a good idea to have scripts located outside of any DocumentRoot, so the scripts can’t accidentally get served as plain files.
<Directory "/var/www/scripts">
Require all granted
</Directory>
As for the WSGI script itself, it’s similar to AWS Lambda, using a pre-defined function. However, it returns an array or bytes rather than a dictionary. Here’s a simple one that will just spit out the host, path, and query string as JSON:
def application(environ, start_response):
import json, traceback
try:
request = {
'host': environ.get('HTTP_HOST', 'localhost'),
'path': environ.get('REQUEST_URI', '/'),
'query_string': {}
}
if '?' in request['path']:
request['path'], query_string = environ.get('REQUEST_URI', '/').split('?')
for _ in query_string.split('&'):
[key, value] = _.split('=')
request['query_string'][key] = value
output = json.dumps(request, sort_keys=True, indent=2)
response_headers = [
('Content-type', 'application/json'),
('Content-Length', str(len(output))),
('X-Backend-Server', 'Apache + mod_wsgi')
]
start_response('200 OK', response_headers)
return [ output.encode('utf-8') ]
except:
response_headers = [ ('Content-type', 'text/plain') ]
start_response('500 Internal Server Error', response_headers)
error = traceback.format_exc()
return [ str(error).encode('utf-8') ]
The last step is route certain paths to WSGI script. This is done in the Apache VirtualHost configuration:
WSGIPythonPath /var/www/scripts
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName python.mydomain.com
ServerAdmin nobody@mydomain.com
DocumentRoot /home/www/html
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin: "*"
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Methods: "*"
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Headers: "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
WSGIScriptAlias /myapp /var/www/scripts/myapp.wsgi
</VirtualHost>
Upon migrating a test URL from CGI to WSGI, the page load time dropped significantly:
The improvement is thanks to a 50-90% reduction in “wait” and “receive” times, via ThousandEyes:
I’d next want to look at more advanced Python Web Frameworks like Flask, Bottle, WheezyWeb and Tornado. Django is of course a popular option too, but I know from experience it won’t be the fastest. Flask isn’t the fastest either, but it is the framework for Google SAE which I plan to learn after mastering AWS Lambda.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Jtdelamata it3a
Ubuntu (pronounced /uːˈbuːntuː/[1] oo-BOON-too),[2] is a computer operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux. It is distributed as free software. Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date, stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease-of-installation. Ubuntu has been selected by readers of desktoplinux.com as the most popular Linux distribution for the desktop, claiming approximately 30% of their desktop installations in both 2006 and 2007. Ubuntu is composed of multiple software packages distributed under either a free software or an open source license. The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Instead of selling Ubuntu for profit, Canonical creates revenue by selling technical support and from creating several services tied to Ubuntu including Ubuntu One, Landscape and Launchpad. Canonical is yet to turn profitable, however. By keeping Ubuntu distribution itself free software and open source, Canonical is able to take advantage of the talents of outside developers in Ubuntu's constituent components without developing the entire operating system itself (which is based primarily on current Linux kernels). Canonical endorses and provides support for four additional Ubuntu-like operating systems: Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Edubuntu (a subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users), and Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice", a stripped-down version of Ubuntu optimized for virtual appliances). Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) versions, which are released every two years, are supported for three years on the desktop and five years for servers. The current version of Ubuntu, 9.04, was released on April 23, 2009, and the upcoming version, Karmic Koala, is planned to be released on October 29, 2009. History and development process Ubuntu was initially forked from the Debian project's code base.[9] The aim was to release a new version of Ubuntu every six months, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004. The name Ubuntu comes from the Zulu word "ubuntu" ([ùɓúntú]), translated as "humanity to others", describing the ubuntu philosophy: "I am what I am because of who we all are", a positive aspect of community. Orange Phone company also use a variation of the "Ubuntu" philosophy in their motto, "i am who i am because of everyone". New releases of Ubuntu coincide a month after GNOME releases.In contrast to previous general-purpose forks of Debian — such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model — Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools, APT and Synaptic, although Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, and may need to be rebuilt from source. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian — to some extent pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this doesn't happen often enough. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, expressed concern about Ubuntu packages diverging too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible. Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and soon after a feature freeze is instated, which allows for packagers to work on ensuring that the current software works well, rather than supporting the moving target that is Unstable. Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends. The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon. The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged. The font is available as a package for Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical has released previous LTS versions every two years, and has committed to releasing the next LTS version in 2010, two years after 8.04.[19][20][21] Meanwhile, the current standard-support period release, Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope), was released on April 23, 2009. On March 12, 2009, Ubuntu announced full developer support on 3rd party cloud management platforms to deploy and manage cloud applications on cloud infrastructures such as Amazon EC2.
Features Installing and removing software in Ubuntu Ubuntu focuses on usability, including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks. The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange. The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software including OpenOffice, Firefox, Pidgin, Transmission, and GIMP. Several lightweight card, puzzle, and board games are pre-installed, such as Sudoku and chess. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security; its firewall offers fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections. GNOME 2.22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8.04—offers support for 46 languages. There are several ways to install Ubuntu, outlined below.[28] Ubuntu may also run several programs designed for Microsoft Windows, through Wine (or a Virtual Machine like VMware Workstation or VirtualBox), such as Microsoft Office.
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WIKI
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User:Piespies8/First star
"First Star" is an illustrated children book published in 2006 that explains the Polish,Slovac and Lithuanian custom of sharing bread- Oplatek on Christmas Eve and wishing each other good fortune for the coming new year.
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WIKI
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Etzer Vilaire
Etzer Vilaire (7 April 1872 - 1951) was a Haitian poet and attorney.
Early life and education
Born in Jérémie, Vilaire was educated in private schools. He attended law school and passed the bar.
Career
Entering a law practice, he wrote poetry in his spare time but it was his true vocation.
He was a member of the literary society La Ronde.
Literary career
He published several books of poetry. His most remembered works are Page d'Amour (1897), Dix Hommes Noirs (1901), Années Tendres (1907), and Nouveaux Poèmes (1910).
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WIKI
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Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson (disambiguation)
Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson may refer to:
Film
* Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, a 1979 Soviet film adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's novels
* The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson the entire series of adaptations
Television
* Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson, a 1979 television series
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WIKI
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File:Incinerator100 001.jpg
Summary
THis is a photo of the inside of a low throughput incinerator, nearing the end of a burn cycle and after having incinerated chicken carcasses. I am the author and took the photo
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WIKI
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User:RichsLaw
Stuff I've written:
Contract law
* Capacity in English law
* Creation of legal relations in English law
* Frustration in English law
* Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
* Bisset v Wilkinson
* Cundy v Lindsay
* Gordon v Selico
* Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton
* Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd
* Phillips v Brooks
* With v O'Flanagan
Criminal law
* Intoxication in English law
* Omissions in English criminal law
* R v Cheshire
* R v Jordan
* R v Lawrence
* R v Lipman
Land law
* Easements in English law
* Copeland v Greenhalf
Tort law
* Duty of care in English law
* Vicarious liability in English law
* Attia v British Gas plc
* Bourhill v Young
* Gregg v Scott
* Honeywill and Stein Ltd v Larkin Brothers Ltd
* Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd
* Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd
* Mattis v Pollock
* Morris v CW Martin & Sons Ltd
* Rose v Plenty
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WIKI
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What is your backup policy?
You are responsible for your backups and web contents. It is recommended that you keep copies of your content safe and make your own backups. You can take a backup from your cpanel, or any other control panel or use a remote backup solution.
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Hypervisor technology is software on which multiple virtual machines can run, with the hypervisor...
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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K. S. Lal
Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002), better known as K. S. Lal, was an Indian historian. He is the author of several works, mainly on the medieval history of India.
Career
He obtained his master's degree in 1941 at the University of Allahabad. In 1945 he obtained his D.Phil. with a dissertation on the history of the Khaljis. This dissertation formed the basis for his book History of the Khaljis. He started his career as a Lecturer of History in the Allahabad University, though he served in this position only for a brief period.
From 1945 to 1963 he was with Madhya Pradesh Educational Service and taught at the Government Colleges at Nagpur, Jabalpur, and Bhopal. In 1963, he joined University of Delhi as a reader and taught Medieval Indian history in its History Department.
For the next ten years, starting 1973, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History, first at the University of Jodhpur (1973–79), and then at the Central University of Hyderabad (1979–83).
Besides his mother tongue Hindi, he was also fluent in Persian, Old Persian and Urdu.
In 2001 he was appointed chairman of the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) and also placed on the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Committee to draft the model school syllabus on Indian history.
List of works
* History of the Khaljis (1950, 1967, 1980)
* Twilight of the Sultanate (1963, 1980)
* Studies in Asian History (edited – 1969)
* ''Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India' (1973)
* Early Muslims in India (1984)
* The Mughal Harem (1988) ISBN 81-85179-03-4 is study on the history and nature of the Mughal Harem of medieval India. K.S. Lal writes about many obscure topics like the role of the Eunuchs and drugs like opium in the Mughal Harem.
* Indian Muslims: Who are they (1990) ISBN 81-85990-10-7
* The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India is a book published in 1993. (Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 81-85689-03-2).
* Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (1994) ISBN 81-85689-67-9
* Historical essays
* Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999) ISBN 81-86471-72-3
* Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India (1995)
Reception
Lal's early books were uncontroversial, and some of his books, such as History of the Khaljis and Twilight of the Sultanate, have been called "standard works." Some of his later works were controversial, including allegation of being a spokesman for the RSS. Lal himself noted: "As usual [my books] have been reviewed in journals in India and abroad, bestowing both praise and blame as per the custom of the reviewers. However, during the last fifteen years or so, some of my books have received special attention of a certain brand of scholars for adverse criticism." The controversy surrounding these events is reflected in the theme of the discourses of his books which allegedly describe Muslims as foreigners, destructive barbarians and immoral degenerates, Lal himself disputes these allegations, citing, in turn, that the ICHR has always been dominated by historians with a 'strong leftist bias' and that the current controversy is "merely the outcome of an exaggerated sense of pique on the part of the excluded Left wing".
Avril A. Powell praised Lal's works on Indian history in the 1950s and 60s, but concluded that by 1990s Lal's work represented "political agendas".
Historian Jeremy Black in his book Contesting History: Narratives of Public History (2014), referenced his book The Muslim Slave System in Medieval India as a "good modern work"; he also comments that K. S. Lal " is regarded as right-wing by Indian Muslim Marxist scholars".
Irfan Habib in a dispute over positions at Indian Council of Historical Research remarks: "K.S. Lal may have written a worthwhile work of history in the distant past, but his more recent works - which have focussed almost exclusively on the supposed historical injuries suffered by Hindus - have been tendentious, communal and deeply objectionable."
Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India
The 1973 book Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India estimated the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. Lal had clarified he "claim no finality" regarding the estimates he provided in the book. He added that "any study of the population of the pre-census times can be based only on estimates, and estimates by their very nature tend to be tentative".
The book gained mixed reviews. Simon Digby disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a review in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Digby stated that estimate lacks accurate data in pre-census times. Indian historian Irfan Habib criticized the book in 1978 in The Indian Historical Review. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates. K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book Bias in Indian Historiography (1979) and Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999).
The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India
The 1993 book The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India attempted to assess the legacy of Muslim rule in India and describes its history. The book was criticized by Peter Jackson in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, stating that book contains "a markedly selective and one-sided account of India's Muslim past". K. S. Lal wrote a rebuttal to Jackson's criticism in his book Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India.
Avril A. Powell of University of London said the book was "propaganda" that was especially dangerous as it was written by a historian as esteemed as Lal.
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WIKI
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Calcium-induced conformational changes of the regulatory domain of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers.
TitleCalcium-induced conformational changes of the regulatory domain of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2014
AuthorsThangaratnarajah, C, Ruprecht, JJ, Kunji, ERS
JournalNat Commun
Volume5
Pagination5491
Date Published2014 Nov 20
ISSN2041-1723
KeywordsAspartic Acid, Calcium, Crystallography, X-Ray, Glutamic Acid, Humans, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins, Protein Conformation, Protein Structure, Tertiary
Abstract
The transport activity of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers is central to the malate-aspartate shuttle, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis and myelin synthesis. They have a unique three-domain structure, comprising a calcium-regulated N-terminal domain with eight EF-hands, a mitochondrial carrier domain, and a C-terminal domain. Here we present the calcium-bound and calcium-free structures of the N- and C-terminal domains, elucidating the mechanism of calcium regulation. Unexpectedly, EF-hands 4-8 are involved in dimerization of the carrier and form a static unit, whereas EF-hands 1-3 form a calcium-responsive mobile unit. On calcium binding, an amphipathic helix of the C-terminal domain binds to the N-terminal domain, opening a vestibule. In the absence of calcium, the mobile unit closes the vestibule. Opening and closing of the vestibule might regulate access of substrates to the carrier domain, which is involved in their transport. These structures provide a framework for understanding cases of the mitochondrial disease citrin deficiency.
DOI10.1038/ncomms6491
Alternate JournalNat Commun
Citation Key10.1038/ncomms6491
PubMed ID25410934
PubMed Central IDPMC4250520
Grant ListMC_U105663139 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Julie Bradbury
Julie Jane Bradbury (born 12 February 1967) is a former English badminton player who represented Great Britain at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games. She was part of the national mixed team that won the gold medal at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, also captured the silver medals in the mixed and women's doubles events. Along with those sporting achievements she is only the second person to hold all five titles in all three disciplines of badminton (singles, doubles, and mixed) at the English National Championships. She reached a career high as world No. 1 in the mixed doubles and No. 4 in the women's doubles.
1992 Summer Olympics
Bradbury competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in women's doubles with Gillian Clark. In the first round they beat Erma Sulistianingsih and Rosiana Tendean of Indonesia and in the second round Katrin Schmidt and Kerstin Ubben of Germany. In the quarterfinals they were beaten by the eventual gold medalists, Hwang Hye-young and Chung So-young of Korea, 5–15, 5–15.
1996 Summer Olympics
Bradbury competed in badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the mixed and women's doubles events. Teamed-up with Joanne Goode, they had a bye in the first round, but was defeated by Ann Jørgensen and Lotte Olsen of Denmark 4–15, 5–15 in the second round. In the mixed doubles event, she and Simon Archer were eliminated in the early rounds to Indonesian pair Flandy Limpele and Rosalina Riseu.
World Cup
Women's doubles
Commonwealth Games
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
European Championships
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
IBF World Grand Prix
The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
IBF International
Women's singles
Women's doubles
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WIKI
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Quaker, Lutheran, Anglican, Catholic, and Judaism were among the religions practised in New York Colony. Peter Minuit started the New York Colony as New Sweden in 1626, and it was eventually renamed New Netherlands. In 1664, the Duke of York took possession of the colony and called it New York after himself.
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were among the original 13 colonies. It was categorised as a component of the Middle Colonies.
In contrast to New England, which was largely Puritan, New York and the other middle colonies witnessed a diversity of religions. Instead of meetinghouses in New England, colonists in the middle colonies flocked to churches that looked like modern churches. Families would devote a significant portion of their Sunday to attending church. In the late 1600s, church attendance became more steady, and by the end of the colonial period, it had risen to almost 60%.
Geographically, the religious sects of New York Colony were divided into several areas. The Hudson River Valley, where the Dutch had settled, was home to the Dutch Reformed Church. The Lutherans and German Reformed Church were located west of Albany, along the Mohawk River. Long Island’s Suffolk County was inhabited by Congregationalists, whereas Westchester County’s New Rochelle was founded by French Huguenots.
Read more: What Are the Most Popular Clothes in Mexico?
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User:Arlarsen/be bold
Being bold is important on Wikipedia."All work and no boldness makes Wikipedia a dull encyclopedia.""All work and no boldness makes Wikipedia a dull encyclopedia""All work and no boldness makes Wikipedia a dull encyclopedia""All work and no boldness makes Wikipedia a dull encylcopedia"
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1966: Gromyko Tells U.S. To Get Out Of Europe
MOSCOW — Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko told the United States yesterday [Apr. 2] to get out of Europe. In a long, hard-hitting speech that often echoed the words of President Charles de Gaulle, Mr. Gromyko said the United States was a ‘‘non-European power’’ and must leave Europe to the Europeans. Mr. Gromyko told the 23d Soviet Communist party congress that the United States ‘‘believes that Europe cannot do without its presence and trusteeship, bases and soldiers, planes and crews which have reached such a height of perfection that they started losing hydrogen bombs.’’ ‘‘By every indication,’’ he said, ‘‘the American Army claims a permanent status here. But the peoples of Europe are saying and will yet say their word on this score.’’ The foreign minister repeated the Soviet call for a European international conference to ‘‘strengthen European security.’’ Mr. Gromyko also accused the Johnson administration of crossing ‘‘the line which no government can cross, if it does not replace by responsible policy its dangerous and reckless gamble,’’ in Vietnam. But most of his speech looked toward Europe, with particularly harsh words for both the United States and West Germany. He joined Gen. de Gaulle in condemning any nuclear arms for West Germany.— New York Herald Tribune, European Edition, April 4, 1966
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Shawn Johnson, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Roma II - Waterford LLC and Roma's E.T., Inc., Defendants-Respondents.
Court of Appeals
No. 2012AP1028.
Submitted on briefs November 19, 2012.
Decided February 7, 2013.
2013 WI App 38
(Also reported in 829 N.W.2d 538.)
On behalf of the plaintiff-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Sally A. Piefer of The Schroeder Group, S.C., Waukesha.
On behalf of the defendants-respondents, the cause was submitted on the brief of Kathryn A. Keppel and Erin M. Strohbehn of Gimbel, Reilly, Guerin & Brown LLP, Milwaukee.
Before Higginbotham, Blanchard and Kloppenburg, JJ.
BLANCHARD, J.
¶ 1. This case involves claims for unpaid wages under both the Federal Labor Standards Act (the "Act") and Wisconsin wage law. A jury awarded Shawn Johnson $3,648 in compensation for unpaid wages from her employer for the employer's failure to pay her at the minimum wage rate for a period of time. The circuit court denied Johnson's postverdict requests for "liquidated damages" under the Act and for a penalty under a provision in the state wage law. In addition, the court awarded Johnson only $10,000 of her requested $112,000 in attorney's fees under fee-shifting provisions in the Act and the state law.
¶ 2. Johnson appeals the resulting judgment. She argues that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion in denying her request for the liquidated damages and the penalty, and in awarding her only $10,000 in attorney's fees. For the reasons explained below, we agree. However, we may not exercise the circuit court's discretion on these topics, and therefore we reverse and remand for the court to reexamine each of these issues in a manner consistent with our decision.
BACKGROUND
¶ 3. This case has a relatively lengthy factual and procedural history, but we need not describe that history in great detail for purposes of the issues on appeal. Instead, we provide a limited set of background facts and reference additional facts as needed in the discussion below.
¶ 4. Johnson began working for Roma as a waitress in 2003 and soon became a manager or "operator" of one of Roma's restaurants. At some point, Johnson concluded that she had been inadequately compensated for a period of time, in violation of federal and state wage laws. She resigned from Roma and retained an attorney.
¶ 5. In September 2006, Johnson filed an administrative complaint with the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development (the "department"). She alleged that Roma owed her $9,500 in unpaid wages.
¶ 6. In April 2007, the department issued its final decision. The department's decision included findings in favor of Johnson and a "request[]" that Roma pay Johnson $8,155.53 in compensation, less appropriate payroll withholding amounts.
¶ 7. Roma declined to pay the compensation requested by the department, and Johnson filed a complaint in circuit court in September 2007. Johnson's complaint alleged wage claims under the Act and state wage law, unjust enrichment, and promissory estoppel.
¶ 8. Johnson obtained a default judgment against Roma in 2008, but the judgment was reversed on appeal. See Johnson v. Roma II - Waterford, LLC, No. 2008AP1396, slip op. (WI App Apr. 08, 2009). On remand, the circuit court denied motions for summary judgment, and the case proceeded to a jury trial in April 2010. After the jury returned its verdict, the circuit court concluded that the verdict was hopelessly inconsistent and ordered a new trial.
¶ 9. At the second trial, in November 2010, the jury found: that Roma failed to pay Johnson at the minimum wage rate for a period of her employment with Roma; that as a result Roma owed Johnson $3,648 in compensation; and that Roma was liable to Johnson for an additional $9,287.40 in damages relating to her other claims.
¶ 10. Johnson filed a postverdict petition seeking additional relief from the circuit court. The requested relief included liquidated damages that would double the amount of the verdict under a provision in the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), and, separately, a penalty as allowed under a provision in the state wage law, Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b) (2011-12). In addition, Johnson requested approximately $112,000 in attorney's fees under fee-shifting provisions in 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) and Wis. Stat. § 109.03(6).
¶ 11. As noted above, the circuit court denied Johnson's request for liquidated damages under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) and the penalty under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b). The court awarded Johnson $10,000 of her attorney's fees.
DISCUSSION
¶ 12. The parties in their briefing address the liquidated damages and penalty issues before the attorney's fees issue, but we conclude that our discussion will be better facilitated by analyzing the attorney's fees issue first. We therefore begin with that issue.
A. Attorney's Fees
¶ 13. As indicated above, the circuit court awarded Johnson only $10,000 of the approximately $112,000 in attorney's fees that Johnson incurred and requested. Johnson argues the court erroneously exercised its discretion because the court's decision fails to demonstrate a reasonable basis for this greater than ninety percent reduction in her request. We agree.
¶ 14. Both 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) and Wis. Stat. § 109.03(6) provide for an award of attorney's fees to a prevailing plaintiff in a wage claim case such as Johnson's. More specifically, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) provides that "[t]he court. . . shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow a reasonable attorney's fee to be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action." Section 109.03(6) provides that "the court may allow the prevailing party, in addition to all other costs, a reasonable sum for expenses." This provision has been interpreted to include a prevailing employee's attorney's fees. See Jacobson v. American Tool Cos., 222 Wis. 2d 384, 398-99, 401, 588 N.W.2d 67 (Ct. App. 1998).
¶ 15. Initially we note that the federal statute provides that the court "shall" allow reasonable attorney's fees, while the state statute provides that the court "may" allow reasonable expenses, which includes attorney's fees. However, neither Johnson nor Roma argues that this difference matters for purposes here, where both statutes apply and where the only dispute as to attorney's fees now before us is whether the amount of fees that the court awarded was reasonable.
¶ 16. It is undisputed that the amount of the attorney's fees awarded is a discretionary decision for the circuit court. See Bankston v. State of Illinois, 60 F.3d 1249, 1255 (7th Cir. 1995); Kolupar v. Wilde Pontiac Cadillac, Inc., 2004 WI 112, ¶ 22, 275 Wis. 2d 1, 683 N.W.2d 58. A reasonable exercise of discretion requires that the court use "a logical rationale based on the appropriate legal principles and facts of record." Kolupar, 275 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 22 (citation omitted).
¶ 17. In addition, it is undisputed that, in exercising this discretion in the context of a fee-shifting statute as here, the circuit court must use the "lodestar" approach. See Bankston, 60 F.3d at 1255; Lynch v. Crossroads Counseling Ctr., Inc., 2004 WI App 114, ¶ 41, 275 Wis. 2d 171, 684 N.W.2d 141. "Under the lodestar approach, the starting point is the number of hours reasonably expended, multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate, with upward or downward adjustments then made after taking other relevant factors into account." Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 35. The "other relevant factors" include but are not limited to the factors set forth in the rule of professional responsibility that addresses the fees that attorneys are ethically permitted to charge, SCR 20:1.5. See Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 41.
¶ 18. In her postverdict petition, Johnson addressed the legal standards for awarding attorney's fees, including the lodestar approach. She also submitted a detailed affidavit with attachments that included twenty-five pages of itemized billing records. Those records showed that her attorneys worked approximately 480 hours from April 2006 to December 2010. The affidavit and attachments further showed that the bulk of the work was performed by attorneys specializing in employment law at the law firm Johnson retained, with rates ranging from $160 to $250 per hour, depending on the attorney's experience.
¶ 19. In addition, Johnson submitted to the circuit court the affidavit of an experienced employment law attorney from another law firm. That attorney averred that Johnson's attorney's rates were reasonable, that the work her attorney performed was necessary for proper presentation of Johnson's case, and that the number of hours expended was reasonable.
¶ 20. Roma did not submit evidentiary materials to the contrary. However, Roma objected on several grounds, including over-litigation, to Johnson's request for fees.
¶ 21. In addressing Johnson's request for attorney's fees, the circuit court made no express reference to the lodestar approach. As the bases for its decision, the circuit court found that (1) the litigation had been emotionally driven, apparently as a result of a prior romantic relationship between Johnson and Roma owner Mark Galluzzo, and (2) both parties had been "extremely loose" in handling financial aspects of the business. As to the relationship aspect, the court compared the case to a divorce, concluding that Johnson and Galluzzo both allowed their emotions to "basically guide[] their behavior and demeanor throughout the lawsuit, bumping up fees that should never have gone this far." In other words, the court concluded, in part, that awarding Johnson only $10,000 in attorney's fees was justified by the parties' mutual over-litigation of what should have been a less emotional legal case. As to the manner in which the parties handled restaurant finances, the court found that "[b]oth parties were free to enter the cash register and remove sums of money that were not reported, pretty much at will."
¶ 22. Before addressing the circuit court's rationales of over-litigation based on emotion and "loose" financial dealing, we begin by noting that the court's decision does not suggest that the court questioned the reasonableness of Johnson's attorney's hourly rates. Indeed, Roma concedes that it did not dispute those rates in the circuit court, and does not dispute them now. Thus, the question is limited to whether the court reasonably reduced, by over ninety percent, the number of hours of attorney time awarded to Johnson.
¶ 23. Returning to the court's two rationales, we first conclude that Johnson fails to persuade us that either of those rationales is not a legitimate potential basis on which to reduce the amount of hours for which attorney's fees should be awarded. Under the first rationale, a court may reduce attorney's fees for a party by a particular amount that represents legal work generated by or driven by the party's emotional, and not by factual or legal, approaches to a dispute. Under the second rationale, a court may reduce fees by a particular amount for a party if those fees represent legal work necessitated by that party's sloppy or excessively casual methods of doing business. Both rationales describe a type of over-litigation, which clearly constitutes a legitimate basis, under the lodestar approach, to reduce the amount of hours for which attorney's fees should be awarded. See, e.g., Lewis v. Hurst Orthodontics, PA, 292 F. Supp. 2d 908, 909, 913 (WD. Tex. 2003) (reducing attorney's fees award in a Federal Labor Standards Act case based, in part, on over-litigation); see also Norman v. Housing Auth. of Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1301 (11th Cir. 1988) (when using the lodestar approach, " 'excessive, redundant or otherwise unnecessary' hours should be excluded from the amount claimed") (citation omitted); Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 35 (lodestar approach involves "number of hours reasonably expended") (emphasis added).
¶ 24. Thus, the problem here is not a lack of potentially legitimate reasons for at least some reduction in the attorney's fees award. Instead, as discussed further below, the problem is that we lack an explanation or pertinent record evidence to support the particular substantial reduction made by the circuit court.
¶ 25. We ordinarily defer to a circuit court's determination as to hours awarded. "An attorney's hours are subject to the scrutiny of the court and unreasonable hours should not be compensated." People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of Educ., 90 F.3d 1307, 1314 (7th Cir. 1996). Moreover, the circuit court's determinations that the parties over-litigated and were "loose" in their financial dealing are findings of fact to which we defer unless shown to be clearly erroneous. See Royster-Clark, Inc. v. Olsen's Mill, Inc., 2006 WI 46, ¶ 11, 290 Wis. 2d 264, 714 N.W.2d 530. Johnson does not make a showing of clear error.
¶ 26. Nonetheless, we must "probe the court's explanation to determine if the court 'employ[ed] a logical rationale based on the appropriate legal principles and facts of record.'" Kolupar, 275 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 22 (citation omitted). "The record ought to assure us that the [trial-level] court did not 'eyeball' the fee request and 'cut it down by an arbitrary percentage because it seemed excessive to the court.'" People Who Care, 90 F.3d at 1314 (citation omitted); see also Crawford Cnty. v. Masel, 2000 WI App 172, ¶ 16, 238 Wis. 2d 380, 617 N.W.2d 188 (circuit court must not simply "eyeballG" a fee request or "reduceG a fee request by the prevailing party without evidence to support the reduction").
¶ 27. Here, when we consider the court's fact findings and probe its reasoning, we conclude that they are insufficient to explain the $10,000 award. The court's decision does not demonstrate a logical connection between its limited findings and the ninety-percent reduction in the number of attorney hours awarded. Rather, the court appeared to "eyeball" a figure of $10,000 in light of its findings that the parties over-litigated their case and engaged in "loose" financial dealings.
¶ 28. Our conclusion is supported by Lynch, another case in which we reversed a circuit court's discretionary award of attorney's fees. See Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 2. There, the court accepted the asserted hourly rate but reduced a requested award by about half based on a number of findings, including that the legal issues involved were not novel or difficult and that a high level of attorney skill was not required. Id., ¶¶ 15-16, 42. We concluded, in part, that those findings failed to indicate "what amount of time was reasonably necessary" or to show that "the amount of time . . . counsel spent was not reasonable." Id., ¶ 43.
¶ 29. We recognized in Lynch that the circuit court was "better situated than we are to discern unnecessary expenditures." Id. We explained, however, that, "without the aid of more specific comments, we are unable to tell from the record which expenditures of time the court viewed as unnecessary or excessive." Id. We concluded that "nothing in the record explains why approximately half of the attorney's time was unnecessary." Id. We stated that "[w]e are not suggesting that the circuit court needs to itemize each entry it determines is unnecessary, but some explanation of the unnecessary tasks is needed to assist us in reviewing the circuit court's decision." Id., ¶ 44.
¶ 30. As explained above, and as in Lynch, the circuit court here made findings that may well have supported some reduction in the requested award. However, the court failed to make specific comments, based on those findings, explaining what aspects of the litigation were unnecessary or excessive due to emotional actions or sloppy bookkeeping. We are therefore unable to discern whether the reduction the court made was reasonably supported by those findings.
¶ 31. Roma seems to argue that Kolupar is more factually analogous than Lynch. We disagree. In Kolupar, the party seeking attorney's fees failed to produce adequate documentation showing the number of attorney hours. Kolupar, 275 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 31. Here, in contrast, Johnson submitted materials that are a model of thorough documentation.
¶ 32. There is another reason why we conclude that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion, namely, that the decision appears to turn the purpose of the fee-shifting provisions on its head. The purpose of the fee-shifting provisions at issue is to encourage wage claimants to bring meritorious claims and to help ensure that successful claimants are made whole. See, e.g., Fegley v. Higgins, 19 F.3d 1126, 1134-35 (6th Cir. 1994) ("The purpose of the [Federal Labor Standards Act] attorney fees provision is 'to insure effective access to the judicial process by providing attorney fees for prevailing plaintiffs with wage and hour grievances.'") (citation omitted); Roman v. Maietta Constr., Inc., 147 F.3d 71, 76-77 (1st Cir. 1998) (the plaintiff in a case under the Act is " 'entitled to be made whole'"); Jacobson, 222 Wis. 2d at 401 (suggesting that the purpose of the attorney's fees provision in Wis. Stat. § 109.03(6) is to make a successful wage claimant whole).
¶ 33. Here, so far as we can discern, the court's findings of fact place equal blame on Johnson and Roma for both over-litigation and "loose" financial dealings. Yet, the court's award of only $10,000 in attorney's fees seems to have effectively placed almost all of the blame on Johnson, without an explanation as to why this is appropriate. It is difficult to see how the court's approach could be a reasonable exercise of discretion, at least absent additional explanation.
¶ 34. Roma makes a number of assertions which, in Roma's view, provide an alternative reasonable basis on which to uphold the circuit court's $10,000 attorney's fees award. Roma correctly points out that we "generally look for reasons to sustain discretionary decisions," and that, "[w]hen the trial court's reasoning is inadequate or incomplete, we may independently review the record to look for additional reasons to support the court's exercise of discretion." See Wolnak v. Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgeons of Cent. Wis., 2005 WI App 217, ¶ 55, 287 Wis. 2d 560, 706 N.W.2d 667. Thus, we consider Roma's assertions.
¶ 35. Roma's assertions include: that Johnson failed to apportion the attorney hours spent on her non-wage claims; that Johnson's requested attorney's fees were grossly out of proportion to the amount of Johnson's recovery on her wage claims; that Johnson had only limited success on her claims; that Johnson's attorney spent sixty-five hours pursuing a default judgment that was later reversed on appeal; that Johnson's attorney spent sixty-six hours on a summary judgment motion, even though there were genuine issues of material fact; and that Johnson's attorney spent fifty hours on the first trial, which Roma concedes was "necessary" work when performed but which Roma asserts should be disregarded because the verdict in that trial was not favorable to Johnson.
¶ 36. Johnson asserts in reply that case law shows: that apportionment of fees is not required when claims arise out of a "common core of facts"; that there are published cases in which the award of attorney's fees is similarly disproportionate to the plaintiffs recovery; that Roma misconstrues the extent of Johnson's success on her claims; and that Roma's assertions regarding over-litigation ignore Roma's own role in driving the litigation.
¶ 37. It is apparent to us from the parties' competing assertions that we are unable in this case to uphold the circuit court's award of attorney's fees on some alternative basis. Addressing the parties' assertions would require us to exercise the circuit court's discretion for it by balancing multiple discretionary factors after choosing from competing factual inferences. This we cannot do. See Milwaukee Women's Med. Serv., Inc. v. Scheidler, 228 Wis. 2d 514, 528 n.5, 598 N.W.2d 588 (Ct. App. 1999) (citing Barrera v. State, 99 Wis. 2d 269, 282, 298 N.W.2d 820 (1980)) (an appellate court must not exercise the circuit court's discretion).
¶ 38. Accordingly, we conclude that the proper course is for the circuit court to reexamine the attorney's fees issue on remand and to exercise its discretion using the lodestar approach in a manner consistent with our decision. See Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 50 ("Because the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion in determining a reasonable attorney fee, we reverse and remand for a determination of a reasonable fee consistent with this opinion.").
B. Liquidated Damages and Penalty
¶ 39. We turn to the remaining issues of liquidated damages under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) and the penalty under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b). Johnson argues that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion in denying her request for both liquidated damages and the penalty. We agree.
¶ 40. Section 216(b) of Title 29, U.S.C., provides that an employer who violates pertinent provisions of the Act "shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation,.. . and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages." (Emphasis added.) However, 29 U.S.C. § 260 provides an exception "if the employer shows to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission giving rise to [the] action was in good faith and that [the employer] had reasonable grounds for believing that [the] act or omission was not a violation of the . . . Act."
¶ 41. The interaction of 29 U.S.C. §§ 216(b) and 260 has been described as follows. "Th[e] statute makes liquidated damages mandatory unless the [trial-level] court finds that the defendant-employer was acting in good faith and reasonably believed that its conduct was consistent with the law." Shea v. Galaxie Lumber & Constr. Co., 152 F.3d 729, 733 (7th Cir. 1998). "The employer bears the burden of proving both good faith and reasonable belief." Id. "Although in the final analysis we review a [trial-level] court's decision on liquidated damages for abuse of discretion, that discretion must be exercised consistently with the strong presumption under the statute in favor of doubling." Id.; see also Walton v. United Consumers Club, Inc., 786 F.2d 303, 310 (7th Cir. 1986) (referring to the "strong presumption" in favor of doubling damages).
¶ 42. When relying on 29 U.S.C. § 260 to avoid liquidated damages under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), employers face a burden that has been characterized as "substantial." Bankston, 60 F.3d at 1254. "Doubling [damages] is the norm, not the exception." Uphoff v. Elegant Bath, Ltd., 176 F.3d 399, 405 (7th Cir. 1999).
¶ 43. Turning to the Wisconsin provision, Wis. Stat. § 109.11 is entitled "Penalties" and provides in paragraph (2)(b), as pertinent here, that "a circuit court may order the employer to pay to the employee, in addition to the amount of wages due and unpaid to an employee . .., increased wages of not more than 100% of the amount of those wages due and unpaid." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 44. This court has explained that Wis. Stat. § 109.11 (2) (b) "does not require a court to impose a penalty but authorizes a court to do so in the exercise of its discretion." Lynch, 275 Wis. 2d 171, ¶ 31; see also Hubbard v. Messer, 2003 WI 145, ¶ 22, 267 Wis. 2d 92, 673 N.W.2d 676 ("the legislature granted circuit courts discretion to award civil penalties"). The court has further explained that "[o]nly wrongful withholding of wages for dilatory or other unjust reasons should be penalized." Wolnak, 287 Wis. 2d 560, ¶ 54.
¶ 45. As a preliminary matter relating to the applicable legal standards, Johnson asserts that the Wisconsin statute fails to specify what standard the circuit court should use to determine whether a penalty is warranted. She argues that we should therefore apply the federal statutory framework on doubling to the Wisconsin penalty statute. In other words, Johnson argues that the circuit court should be required to impose a penalty under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b) unless the employer shows both "good faith and reasonable belief." We disagree with Johnson on this point.
¶ 46. First, as already indicated above, and as Roma correctly points out, the court in Wolnak has specified the substantive standard that applies under the Wisconsin statute. Before a circuit court may exercise its discretion to award a penalty, the record must show "wrongful withholding of wages for dilatory or other unjust reasons." Wolnak, 287 Wis. 2d 560, ¶ 54. While there may be substantial overlap between the federal "good faith and reasonable belief' standard, see Shea, 152 F.3d at 733, and the state "dilatory or other unjust reasons" standard, see Wolnak, 287 Wis. 2d 560, ¶ 54, that overlap does not persuade us that it would be proper to graft the federal presumption and burden-shifting framework onto the Wisconsin statutory scheme.
¶ 47. Second, neither the text of Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b) nor the case law interpreting it appear to support applying the federal "strong presumption" of double damages and burden-shifting framework to § 109.11(2)(b). Rather, that text and case law make clear that the circuit court has broad discretion under § 109.11(2)(b) to choose not to award a penalty and that, even when a penalty is appropriate, the court has discretion to award a penalty amounting to less than double damages. See § 109.11(2)(b) (referring to penalty "of not more than 100% of the amount of those wages due and unpaid") (emphasis added). In short, the circuit court's discretion under § 109.11(2)(b) is broader than the court's discretion under the federal statute. As the court in Hubbard stated, "[a] circuit court ultimately has discretion [under § 109.11 (2) (b)] to award few or no civil penalties." Hubbard, 267 Wis. 2d 92, ¶ 40.
¶ 48. In a related argument, Johnson asserts that "the Hubbard court concluded that an employee is entitled to the civil penalty [under the Wisconsin statute] if the wages are due and unpaid at the time the employee commences his/her action in court." (Emphasis added.) However, Hubbard does not contain this asserted conclusion. Rather, Hubbard makes clear that the due and unpaid status of wages at the time an action is commenced is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for imposing a corresponding penalty under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b). See Hubbard, 267 Wis. 2d 92, ¶ 42.
¶ 49. Having resolved this preliminary matter against Johnson, we nonetheless agree with Johnson that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion under both the federal and state statutes. As indicated above, a discretionary decision must show that the court used "a logical rationale based on the appropriate legal principles and facts of record." See Kolupar, 275 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 22 (citation omitted).
¶ 50. Here, the circuit court provided essentially no rationale for denying liquidated damages under the federal statute or for denying the penalty under the state statute. The court's only statement in reference to Johnson's requests for either the liquidated damages or the penalty was to state that "I'm satisfied that the basis of the Court's ruling is supported by the facts and the law." We thus have no way of knowing whether the circuit court applied the legal standards above to the relevant facts of record in a logical manner.
¶ 51. Roma may be arguing that the circuit court denied liquidated damages, the penalty, or both based on the court's findings and reasoning pertaining to its decision on attorney's fees. However, we conclude that a more reasonable reading of the record is that the court simply failed to provide any reasoning for its rulings on the liquidated damages and penalty.
¶ 52. Moreover, even if we considered the circuit court's reasoning as to attorney's fees, that reasoning is insufficient to demonstrate that the court made the conclusions required to deny the liquidated damages and penalty. That is, the court's reasoning as to attorney's fees does not demonstrate that the court concluded that Roma acted in good faith and with a reasonable belief that Roma was complying with the law, nor does it demonstrate whether the court concluded that Roma was not dilatory or otherwise unjust in its actions. Indeed, the court's findings, at least without additional explanation, may easily be read to imply the opposite.
¶ 53. As with the attorney's fee issue, Roma makes several assertions which, in its view, provide alternative reasonable bases for upholding the circuit court's rulings on the liquidated damages and the penalty, and Johnson replies with competing assertions. As with the attorney's fees issue, it is again apparent to us from the parties' competing assertions that we are unable to uphold the circuit court's discretionary decision on some alternative basis. Addressing the parties' assertions would require us to exercise the circuit court's discretion for it. Therefore, we cannot agree with Johnson that it would be appropriate for us to direct on remand that the circuit court must impose liquidated damages, the penalty, or both. Rather, we remand for the circuit court to reexamine the liquidated damages and penalty issues in a manner consistent with our decision.
¶ 54. If, on remand, the circuit court concludes that the pertinent conduct by Roma was in good faith and that Roma reasonably believed that that conduct was consistent with the Act, then the court may deny liquidated damages under 29 U.S.C. 216(2)(b). Otherwise, the court must impose those damages. In addition, the court must consider whether the pertinent Roma conduct was dilatory or otherwise unjust. If it was, then the court may exercise its discretion to impose a penalty under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b).
CONCLUSION
¶ 55. In sum, for the reasons stated, we reverse the circuit court's judgment and remand for further proceedings.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
The respondents in this appeal are restaurant-related business entities, Roma II - Waterford LLC, and Roma's E.T., Inc. We recognize that, in prior proceedings, the parties disputed which Roma entity or entities were proper parties to Johnson's claims, but that dispute is not material to our resolution of this appeal. For purposes of this appeal, we refer to the employer simply as "Roma" for ease of reference.
Johnson's other claims relate to Johnson's purchase of a freezer for Roma and a loan that Johnson made to Roma.
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2011-12 version unless otherwise noted.
Based on a concession by Roma in the circuit court, the court ordered a separate penalty under the "Employment Regulations" chapter of the statutes, Wis. Stat. ch. 103, in an amount of $2,820, specifically a penalty as allowed under Wis. Stat. § 103.005(12). That penalty under § 103.005(12) is not at issue in this appeal. In the remainder of this opinion, when we refer to a "penalty," we mean only the type of penalty allowed under Wis. Stat. § 109.11(2)(b), a provision in the Wisconsin wage claim law. Roma does not argue that its obligation to pay the penalty under ch. 103 for any reason obviates its potential obligation to pay a penalty under Wis. Stat. ch. 109.
The $112,000 figure does not include a comparatively small amount of additional attorney's fees that Johnson anticipated she would incur after filing her petition for postverdict relief. However, we refer to the $112,000 figure because that is the figure the parties reference in their briefing.
The factors in SCR 20:1.5(a) include the following:
(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;
(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;
(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;
(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.
It is apparent that many of these factors could additionally be considered under the first part of the lodestar approach, which, as indicated above, is based on "the number of hours reasonably expended, multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate." See Lynch v. Crossroads Counseling Ctr., Inc., 2004 WI App 114, ¶ 35, 275 Wis. 2d 171, 684 N.W.2d 141 (emphasis added).
Some of the work was performed by paralegals, but the parties do not suggest that this time is not compensable or otherwise makes any difference in our analysis.
We recognize that the circuit court judge who presided over Johnson's request for attorney's fees is deceased. Nonetheless, the circuit court on remand will be in a better position than this court to further address the issues on which we remand. Separately, we note that Johnson seeks attorney's fees for this appeal and that Roma concedes that such fees may be allowable. Both parties recognize, however, that the amount of the award of fees for this appeal should be determined in the first instance by the circuit court on remand.
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@article { author = {Morla, R. and Karekal, Sh. and Godbole, A.}, title = {DPM flow pattern of LHD in underground mines with different ventilation conditions}, journal = {Journal of Mining and Environment}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {315-326}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Shahrood University of Technology}, issn = {2251-8592}, eissn = {2251-8606}, doi = {10.22044/jme.2019.7961.1666}, abstract = {Diesel-operated Load Haul Dumper (LHD) vehicles are commonly used in underground coal mines. Despite their value as utility vehicles, the main drawback of these vehicles is that they generate diesel particulate matter (DPM), a known carcinogenic agent. In this work, an attempt is made to model DPM flows generated by LHDs in an underground coal mine environment for different DPM flow and intake air flow directions. The field experiments are conducted and used to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and used to map the DPM flow patterns. The results obtained show that if DPM and the intake air co-flow (flow in the same direction), DPM is confined predominantly in the middle of the roadway. To the contrary, if the DPM and intake air counter-flow (flow in the opposite directions), the DPM spread occurs throughout the entire cross-section of the roadway. In the latter case, the operator will be more susceptible to exposure to high concentrations of DPM. Overall, the DPM concentration decreases with an increase in the intake air velocities. For co-flow for intake air velocities of 2 m/s, 3 m/s, and 4 m/s, the DPM concentrations at 50 m downstream of the vehicles are 39 µg/m3, 23 µg/m3, and 19 µg/ m3, respectively. The DPM concentration is also influenced by the DPM temperature at the source. For the DPM temperatures of 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, and 60 oC, the DPM concentrations at 50 m downstream of the source are 43 µg/m3, 34 µg/m3, 12 µg/m3, and 9 µg/m3, respectively.}, keywords = {Coal Mines,DPM,Diesel-Operated LHD,CFD Simulation}, url = {https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_1406.html}, eprint = {https://jme.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_1406_af2d7b2acd5c08f0ad504a7e1eb504f7.pdf} }
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How to use @angular/compiler - 10 common examples
To help you get started, we’ve selected a few @angular/compiler examples, based on popular ways it is used in public projects.
Secure your code as it's written. Use Snyk Code to scan source code in minutes - no build needed - and fix issues immediately.
github angular / angular / packages / compiler-cli / src / ngtsc / imports / src / emitter.ts View on Github external
emit(ref: Reference, context: ts.SourceFile, importMode: ImportMode): Expression|null {
// If the emitter has specified ForceNewImport, then LocalIdentifierStrategy should not use a
// local identifier at all, *except* in the source file where the node is actually declared.
if (importMode === ImportMode.ForceNewImport &&
getSourceFile(ref.node) !== getSourceFile(context)) {
return null;
}
// A Reference can have multiple identities in different files, so it may already have an
// Identifier in the requested context file.
const identifier = ref.getIdentityIn(context);
if (identifier !== null) {
return new WrappedNodeExpr(identifier);
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
github johandb / svg-drawing-tool / node_modules / @angular / compiler / src / render3 / view / compiler.js View on Github external
var _b = parseNamedProperty(name_1), propertyName = _b.propertyName, unit = _b.unit;
styleBuilder.registerStyleInput(propertyName, binding.expression, unit, binding.sourceSpan);
}
else if (stylePrefix === 'class') {
styleBuilder.registerClassInput(parseNamedProperty(name_1).propertyName, binding.expression, binding.sourceSpan);
}
else {
// resolve literal arrays and literal objects
var value = binding.expression.visit(valueConverter);
var bindingExpr = bindingFn(bindingContext, value);
var _c = getBindingNameAndInstruction(binding), bindingName = _c.bindingName, instruction = _c.instruction, extraParams = _c.extraParams;
var instructionParams = [
elVarExp, o.literal(bindingName), o.importExpr(r3_identifiers_1.Identifiers.bind).callFn([bindingExpr.currValExpr])
];
updateStatements.push.apply(updateStatements, tslib_1.__spread(bindingExpr.stmts));
updateStatements.push(o.importExpr(instruction).callFn(instructionParams.concat(extraParams)).toStmt());
}
}
}
catch (e_3_1) { e_3 = { error: e_3_1 }; }
finally {
try {
if (bindings_1_1 && !bindings_1_1.done && (_a = bindings_1.return)) _a.call(bindings_1);
}
finally { if (e_3) throw e_3.error; }
}
if (styleBuilder.hasBindingsOrInitialValues()) {
// since we're dealing with directives here and directives have a hostBinding
// function, we need to generate special instructions that deal with styling
// (both bindings and initial values). The instruction below will instruct
// all initial styling (styling that is inside of a host binding within a
// directive) to be attached to the host element of the directive.
github johandb / svg-drawing-tool / node_modules / @angular / compiler / src / render3 / view / compiler.js View on Github external
var name_1 = binding.name;
var stylePrefix = getStylingPrefix(name_1);
if (stylePrefix === 'style') {
var _b = parseNamedProperty(name_1), propertyName = _b.propertyName, unit = _b.unit;
styleBuilder.registerStyleInput(propertyName, binding.expression, unit, binding.sourceSpan);
}
else if (stylePrefix === 'class') {
styleBuilder.registerClassInput(parseNamedProperty(name_1).propertyName, binding.expression, binding.sourceSpan);
}
else {
// resolve literal arrays and literal objects
var value = binding.expression.visit(valueConverter);
var bindingExpr = bindingFn(bindingContext, value);
var _c = getBindingNameAndInstruction(binding), bindingName = _c.bindingName, instruction = _c.instruction, extraParams = _c.extraParams;
var instructionParams = [
elVarExp, o.literal(bindingName), o.importExpr(r3_identifiers_1.Identifiers.bind).callFn([bindingExpr.currValExpr])
];
updateStatements.push.apply(updateStatements, tslib_1.__spread(bindingExpr.stmts));
updateStatements.push(o.importExpr(instruction).callFn(instructionParams.concat(extraParams)).toStmt());
}
}
}
catch (e_3_1) { e_3 = { error: e_3_1 }; }
finally {
try {
if (bindings_1_1 && !bindings_1_1.done && (_a = bindings_1.return)) _a.call(bindings_1);
}
finally { if (e_3) throw e_3.error; }
}
if (styleBuilder.hasBindingsOrInitialValues()) {
// since we're dealing with directives here and directives have a hostBinding
// function, we need to generate special instructions that deal with styling
github angular / angular / packages / localize / src / tools / src / translate / translation_files / message_serialization / message_serializer.ts View on Github external
visitContainedNodes(nodes: Node[]): void {
const length = nodes.length;
let index = 0;
while (index < length) {
if (!this.isPlaceholderContainer(nodes[index])) {
const startOfContainedNodes = index;
while (index < length - 1) {
index++;
if (this.isPlaceholderContainer(nodes[index])) {
break;
}
}
if (index - startOfContainedNodes > 1) {
// Only create a container if there are two or more contained Nodes in a row
this.renderer.startContainer();
visitAll(this, nodes.slice(startOfContainedNodes, index - 1));
this.renderer.closeContainer();
}
}
if (index < length) {
nodes[index].visit(this, undefined);
}
index++;
}
}
github angular / angular / packages / language-service / src / utils.ts View on Github external
export function getPathToNodeAtPosition(nodes: Node[], position: number): HtmlAstPath {
const path: Node[] = [];
const visitor = new class extends RecursiveVisitor {
visit(ast: Node) {
const span = spanOf(ast);
if (inSpan(position, span)) {
path.push(ast);
} else {
// Returning a truthy value here will skip all children and terminate
// the visit.
return true;
}
}
};
visitAll(visitor, nodes);
return new AstPath(path, position);
}
github johandb / svg-drawing-tool / node_modules / @angular / compiler-cli / src / perform_compile.js View on Github external
if (options.diagnostics) {
var afterDiags = Date.now();
allDiagnostics.push(util_1.createMessageDiagnostic("Time for diagnostics: " + (afterDiags - beforeDiags) + "ms."));
}
if (!hasErrors(allDiagnostics)) {
emitResult =
program.emit({ emitCallback: emitCallback, mergeEmitResultsCallback: mergeEmitResultsCallback, customTransformers: customTransformers, emitFlags: emitFlags });
allDiagnostics.push.apply(allDiagnostics, tslib_1.__spread(emitResult.diagnostics));
return { diagnostics: allDiagnostics, program: program, emitResult: emitResult };
}
return { diagnostics: allDiagnostics, program: program };
}
catch (e) {
var errMsg = void 0;
var code = void 0;
if (compiler_1.isSyntaxError(e)) {
// don't report the stack for syntax errors as they are well known errors.
errMsg = e.message;
code = api.DEFAULT_ERROR_CODE;
}
else {
errMsg = e.stack;
// It is not a syntax error we might have a program with unknown state, discard it.
program = undefined;
code = api.UNKNOWN_ERROR_CODE;
}
allDiagnostics.push({ category: ts.DiagnosticCategory.Error, messageText: errMsg, code: code, source: api.SOURCE });
return { diagnostics: allDiagnostics, program: program };
}
}
exports.performCompilation = performCompilation;
github angular / compiler-builds / src / render3 / view / template.js View on Github external
function getLiteralFactory(constantPool, literal, allocateSlots) {
var _a = constantPool.getLiteralFactory(literal), literalFactory = _a.literalFactory, literalFactoryArguments = _a.literalFactoryArguments;
// Allocate 1 slot for the result plus 1 per argument
var startSlot = allocateSlots(1 + literalFactoryArguments.length);
literalFactoryArguments.length > 0 || util_1.error("Expected arguments to a literal factory function");
var _b = pureFunctionCallInfo(literalFactoryArguments), identifier = _b.identifier, isVarLength = _b.isVarLength;
// Literal factories are pure functions that only need to be re-invoked when the parameters
// change.
var args = [
o.literal(startSlot),
literalFactory,
];
if (isVarLength) {
args.push(o.literalArr(literalFactoryArguments));
}
else {
args.push.apply(args, tslib_1.__spread(literalFactoryArguments));
}
return o.importExpr(identifier).callFn(args);
}
var BindingScope = /** @class */ (function () {
github angular / compiler-builds / src / render3 / view / styling_builder.js View on Github external
params: function (convertFn) {
// params => stylingProp(propName, value)
var params = [];
params.push(o.literal(input.name));
var convertResult = convertFn(value);
if (Array.isArray(convertResult)) {
params.push.apply(params, tslib_1.__spread(convertResult));
}
else {
params.push(convertResult);
}
if (allowUnits && input.unit) {
params.push(o.literal(input.unit));
}
return params;
}
};
github angular / compiler-builds / src / render3 / r3_pipe_compiler.js View on Github external
definitionMapValues.push({ key: 'name', value: o.literal(pipe.name), quoted: false });
// e.g. `type: MyPipe`
definitionMapValues.push({ key: 'type', value: outputCtx.importExpr(pipe.type.reference), quoted: false });
// e.g. `factory: function MyPipe_Factory() { return new MyPipe(); }`
var deps = r3_factory_1.dependenciesFromGlobalMetadata(pipe.type, outputCtx, reflector);
var templateFactory = r3_factory_1.compileFactoryFunction({
name: compile_metadata_1.identifierName(pipe.type),
fnOrClass: outputCtx.importExpr(pipe.type.reference), deps: deps,
useNew: true,
injectFn: r3_identifiers_1.Identifiers.directiveInject,
useOptionalParam: false,
});
definitionMapValues.push({ key: 'factory', value: templateFactory, quoted: false });
// e.g. `pure: true`
if (pipe.pure) {
definitionMapValues.push({ key: 'pure', value: o.literal(true), quoted: false });
}
var className = compile_metadata_1.identifierName(pipe.type);
className || util_1.error("Cannot resolve the name of " + pipe.type);
var definitionField = outputCtx.constantPool.propertyNameOf(3 /* Pipe */);
var definitionFunction = o.importExpr(r3_identifiers_1.Identifiers.definePipe).callFn([o.literalMap(definitionMapValues)]);
outputCtx.statements.push(new o.ClassStmt(
/* name */ className,
/* parent */ null,
/* fields */ [new o.ClassField(
/* name */ definitionField,
/* type */ o.INFERRED_TYPE,
/* modifiers */ [o.StmtModifier.Static],
/* initializer */ definitionFunction)],
/* getters */ [],
/* constructorMethod */ new o.ClassMethod(null, [], []),
/* methods */ []));
github angular / compiler-builds / src / render3 / view / styling_builder.js View on Github external
StylingBuilder.prototype.populateInitialStylingAttrs = function (attrs) {
// [CLASS_MARKER, 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ...]
if (this._initialClassValues.length) {
attrs.push(o.literal(1 /* Classes */));
for (var i = 0; i < this._initialClassValues.length; i++) {
attrs.push(o.literal(this._initialClassValues[i]));
}
}
// [STYLE_MARKER, 'width', '200px', 'height', '100px', ...]
if (this._initialStyleValues.length) {
attrs.push(o.literal(2 /* Styles */));
for (var i = 0; i < this._initialStyleValues.length; i += 2) {
attrs.push(o.literal(this._initialStyleValues[i]), o.literal(this._initialStyleValues[i + 1]));
}
}
};
/**
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Dystonia: Types, Symptoms, Complications and Treatment
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Dystonia: Types, Symptoms, Complications and Treatment
Dystonia: Types, Symptoms, Complications and Treatment
Overview
Multiple disorders may affect the normal movement of the human body. These disorders may happen due to a malfunctioning nervous system or genetic reasons. Let us delve deep into one of the significant movement disorders, dystonia, to understand it better and catch the signs early. This blog is a comprehensive guide on dystonia, its symptoms and treatment options.
What is dystonia?
Dystonia is a movement disorder that creates uncontrollable muscle contractions. The specific body part affected by dystonia twists involuntarily due to the contraction, leading to repetitive motions or strange postures. Dystonia may affect one muscle, a set of muscles, or the entire body. About 1% of people have dystonia, and women are more likely than men to get it.
What signs and symptoms indicate dystonia?
Symptoms of dystonia may be either very subtle or extremely severe. Different body parts may be affected by dystonia, and the condition’s symptoms frequently change over time. Some early signs are cramping of the foot, involuntary neck spasm, uncontrollable blinking of the eyes or difficulty speaking.
The symptoms may appear or get worse due to stress or exhaustion. Because the muscles constantly contract, people with dystonia frequently complain of pain and tiredness. Usually, it is during early adulthood that dystonia starts manifesting, and it starts in the upper body. Over time, the symptoms gradually develop. Early-onset adult dystonia is segmental or focal, affecting one specific body part or the nearby parts.
When dystonia symptoms manifest in children, it usually shows up first in the foot or hand, but they soon progress to the rest of the body after that.
Why does dystonia occur?
The majority of dystonia instances lack a clear cause. The basal ganglia, a part of the brain, appear to be the source of dystonia. This part of the brain is in charge of initiating muscular contractions. A glitch in the communication between nerve cells is the cause.
Dystonia can also be symptom of another disease, like:
Primary dystonia or dystonia, which occurs due to an unknown cause, is frequently passed down from parents. Some people who have the condition in the genes may never develop dystonia. Additionally, even among family members, the symptoms can differ significantly.
What are the different types of dystonia?
By the body part they impact, dystonia is categorised into various types. They are:
1. Generalised dystonia: The entire body may be affected by generalised dystonia.
2. Focal dystonia: Only one portion of the body is impacted by focal dystonia.
3. Multifocal dystonia: Multiple disconnected body parts are impacted by multifocal dystonia.
4. Segmental dystonia: Adjacent body parts are affected by segmental dystonia.
5. Hemi dystonia: When dystonia affects both arms and legs on the same side of the body, it’s called Hemi dystonia.
Based on their patterns, dystonia can also be classed as a syndrome:
• Blepharospasm: This is a form of dystonia that impacts the eyes. Uncontrollable blinking frequently marks the beginning of it. Usually, during the initial stages, it only affects one eye. But eventually, both eyes are impacted. The eyelids unconsciously close due to the spasms, and sometimes, the condition makes them stay closed. The affected person may see clearly even if the blinking happens. However, they may become functionally blind if the eyelids close permanently.
• Torticollis: This type of cervical dystonia is most prevalent in middle-aged people. Due to cervical dystonia, the neck muscles may get affected, and the head may turn and move backwards or forwards.
• Cranial dystonia: Muscles in the head, face, and neck are impacted by cranial dystonia.
• Oromandibular dystonia: The jaw, lips, and tongue muscles spasm due to this dystonia. For people affected, it may be challenging to speak and swallow.
• Spasmodic dystonia: This type of dystonia impacts the muscle that enables speaking.
• Tardive dystonia: This type occurs due to a reaction to any medication. Typically, the symptoms are temporary and are curable with treatment.
• Paroxysmal dystonia: This kind of dystonia occurs only during specific episodes. The individual remains normal the rest of the time.
• Torsion dystonia: This is an extremely unusual condition where an individual is severely disabled and is affected throughout their entire body. Symptoms typically start in childhood and worsen with age. Research shows that torsion dystonia may be inherited and brought on by a DYT1 gene mutation.
• Writer’s cramp: Dystonia specific to writing is known as writer’s cramp. The hand or forearm muscles are significantly affected.
When to visit a doctor?
Early dystonia symptoms are frequently sporadic, minor, and associated with a particular activity. If you experience involuntary muscle contractions, consult the healthcare provider.
What are the complications of dystonia?
The following complications may occur depending on the type of dystonia:
• Physical limitations that interfere with the patient’s ability to do certain chores or daily activities
• Pain and exhaustion due to continual contraction of muscles
• Depression, anxiety, and isolation from society
• Vision issues that can have an impact on the eyelids
• Difficulty chewing, swallowing or speaking
What are the treatment options for dystonia?
Treatment options for dystonia are numerous, and based on the nature and severity of the dystonia, the doctor may choose the appropriate course of treatment.
Botulinum toxin, popularly known as Botox, is a modern medication. The affected muscle receives an injection of the drug to block the acetylcholine molecule, which causes muscular contractions. Every three months, the injection is administered.
Deep brain stimulation is an alternative for people who have dystonia and are disabled. During deep brain stimulation, an electrode is inserted into a particular section of the brain. A battery-powered stimulator implanted in the chest is then attached to the electrode. To stop muscular contractions, the electrode sends electrical pulses generated by the stimulator to the critical brain area.
Medication can also lessen the signals that lead to dystonia’s excessive muscular contractions. The symptoms of dystonia may also be managed by stress reduction, physical treatment, and speech therapy.
Another choice of treatment is a sensory trick. The muscles may contract less forcefully by applying stimulation to the affected or neighbouring body region. The patients can control their own contractions by simply touching those spots. Applying heat or cold in those spots may also help relieve muscle pain.
Conclusion
Living with dystonia is not easy. The body won’t let the patient move as freely as they used to or do chores like other people. This creates a frustrating situation, and the family and friends of the patient need to be empathetic and supportive of the patient. It is vital to check the underlying cause and seek the proper treatment and coping mechanisms for a better quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the alternative treatment methods for dystonia?
Research is still going on to prove the effectiveness of alternative treatments for dystonia. But yoga, meditation, breathing technique and others may help relieve tension and pain in the body.
Does therapy help manage dystonia?
Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy etc., can help ease the symptoms of dystonia.
What tests help in diagnosing dystonia?
To diagnose dystonia, the healthcare provider may prescribe blood tests, urine tests, MRI/CT scan, electromyography test or gene testing to determine the cause.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Switch language question:
Due to design reasons, I would like to stick with this line for switching languages, which only shows the other language in short form:
<a class="fancynavbar-addon-item" href=""<span class="text-sans-serif ls font-weight-black fs-0">TR</span></a>
I found some code in the Kirby Guide which shows all available languages:
<nav class="languages">
Is it possible to „show“ only the other language?
Not:
TR / DE
Only TR or only DE, however not the current language but the other one.
Thanks a lot in advance for any help.
Best regards,
Nedim
$languages = $kirby->languages()->not($kirby->language());
Should give you all languages but the current language.
I found another way. Thank you anyway for your help.
Would you mind to share your approach?
There were too many options to put in the php code, options which I simply cannot code with my present knowledge:
1. If the page is in Turkish then I want to see DE or the other way around (not a selection area)
2. The url of the page in the other language
3. Put inline css style “display:none” if the page is not (or will not) be translated into the other language.
I created a field in the panel to put the variables manually:
<a class="fancynavbar-addon-item" href="<?= url('/ok') ?>"><span class="text-sans-serif ls font-weight-black fs-0">TR</span></a>
<a class="fancynavbar-addon-item" href="<?= url('/tr/ok') ?>"><span class="text-sans-serif ls font-weight-black fs-0">DE</span></a>
<a class="fancynavbar-addon-item" href="#"><span class="text-sans-serif ls font-weight-black fs-0" style="display:none">TR</span></a>
I know it is not a good solution. But what can I do? :slight_smile:
Best,
Nedim
This is certainly not a good solution and will get messy very soon if you have more than one page.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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×
Methods to Log Out of Linux Mint 20 ?
This article will guide you on methods to logout from the Linux #Mint. Based on your convenience, you can use either the keyboard shortcut or the system menu to logout from your session. When you use a terminal or if you log in to an #Ubuntu system via #SSH, you open a shell session. If you want to logout from your session, you simply exit the #shell. This is why the exit command is equivalent to log out command in Linux.
To switch users in #Linux:
The su command lets you switch the current user to any other user.
If you need to run a command as a different (non-root) user, use the –l [username] option to specify the user account.
Additionally, su can also be used to change to a different shell interpreter on a go.
Methods to Log out of Ubuntu 20.04 LTS ?
This article will guide you on different methods to log out of your #Ubuntu 20.04 system very conveniently. By logging out of a current user session, we essentially attempt to stop all the running #applications.
It means that when we will log into the same user account again, we will have to start everything from scratch.
Steps to Log Out from Ubuntu #Linux:
1. To log out from Ubuntu desktop #session, go to the top right corner and click to bring the system tray.
2. You should see Power Off / Log Out option.
3. Click on it and it will show the Log Out option.
4. When you click on the Log Out button, it will open a dialogue box and ask for your conformation.
You can Use #logout to log out of the #terminal. Or alternatively we can use ctrl + d to log out of the terminal session.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Deborah D. KLEIN v. Douglas M. WEIDNER; Kathleen K. Weidner; DMW Marine, LLC; Jean M. Weidner; John Doe. Douglas M. Weidner, Kathleen K. Weidner, DMW Marine, LLC, Appellants.
No. 10-3218.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Argued April 17, 2013.
Filed: Sept. 3, 2013.
William J. Gallagher, Esq., Kristin A. Molavoque, Esq., Jane M. Shields, Esq., (argued), MacElree Harvey, West Chester, PA, Counsel for Appellants Douglas M. Weidner, Kathleen K. Weidner, DMW Marine, LLC.
Mary E. Kohart, Esq., (argued), Elliott Greenleaf & Siedlkowski, Blue Bell, PA, Counsel for Appellee Deborah D. Klein.
BEFORE: AMBRO, HARDIMAN and COWEN, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
COWEN, Circuit Judge.
Defendants Douglas M. Weidner, Kathleen K. Weidner, and DMW Marine, LLC (“DMW”), appeal from the order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granting Plaintiff Deborah D. Klein’s motion for summary judgment as to her claim that Mr. Weidner’s transfer of a parcel of real estate to himself and Ms. Weidner as tenants by the entirety violated the Pennsylvania Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“PUFTA”). They also appeal from the subsequent order entering judgment pursuant to the District Court’s decision on partial summary judgment, which specifically ordered the Weidners to execute a deed transferring this parcel of real estate to Mr. Weidner in fee simple. In addition, Appellants challenge the District Court’s order directing that judgment of $548,797.07 in punitive damages be entered against Mr. Weidner for his PUFTA violations. We will affirm.
I.
In 1999, Ms. Klein and Mr. Weidner obtained a divorce in California. As part of this divorce decree, the Orange County Superior Court ordered Mr. Weidner to make spousal and child support payments to Ms. Klein. Appellants acknowledge that “Weidner made some child support payments but had paid no spousal support as of the date of trial in this case.” (Appellants’ Brief at 3 (citing Klein v. Weidner, Civil Action No. 08-3798, 2010 WL 2671450, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Jul. 2, 2010) (“Klein III”)).) Mr. Weidner and Ms. Weidner, his current wife, “were aware of Klein’s claim that Weidner owed her spousal and child support at the time they married” on January 1, 2006. (Id. at 4 (citing Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *2).) On June 2, 2008, the Orange County Superior Court determined that Mr. Weidner owed Ms. Klein $548,797.07 in unpaid spousal and child support. A judgment in this amount was entered in the Chester County Court of Common Pleas on August 25, 2008.
On March 17, 2005, Mr. Weidner purchased a parcel of real estate located in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania (“Property”), from his mother. On January 17, 2006, he transferred the Property to himself and Ms. Weidner as tenants by the entirety.
Ms. Klein alleged in the first count of her amended complaint that Mr. Weidner’s transfer of the Property violated the PUF-TA. On January 6, 2010, the District Court granted her motion for summary judgment as to this claim because “Weidner’s transfer of the Property satisfies all three of the fraudulent transfers described by PUFTA.” Klein v. Weidner, Civil Action No. 08-3798, 2010 WL 27910, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 6, 2010) (“Klein I”). According to the District Court, the transfer constituted an actual fraudulent transfer under 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5104(a)(1) and a constructive fraudulent transfer under 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. §§ 5104(a)(2) and 5105. On January 13, 2010, the District Court entered an order for entry of judgment pursuant to the District Court’s partial summary judgment decision, and the Weidners were ordered to execute a deed transferring the Property back to Mr. Weidner in fee simple by 10 a.m., January 15, 2010.
Ms. Klein also attacked Mr. Weidner’s transfer of an ownership interest in DMW and attempted to pierce DMW’s corporate veil. The District Court denied Ms. Klein’s motion for summary judgment as to these counts in Klein I. Following a bench trial, it entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law on February 18, 2010. According to the District Court, the transfer of the ownership interest in DMW to the Weidners as joint owners—just like the transfer of the Property to the couple as tenants by the entirety—constituted both an actual and a constructive fraudulent transfer under Sections 5104(a)(1), 5104(a)(2), and 5105 of the PUFTA. The District Court also determined that “Weid-ner has improperly used the LLC form to perpetrate an injustice and therefore Klein may reverse-pierce the corporate veil and treat DMW’s assets as Weidner’s assets for the purpose of collecting her judgment against Weidner.” Klein v. Weidner, Civil Action No. 08-3798, 2010 WL 571800, at *10 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 17, 2010) (“Klein II”). Judgment was entered against Mr. Weid-ner, Ms. Weidner, and DMW on the second and third counts, and the parties were directed to brief the issue of whether punitive damages should be awarded and, if so, in what amount.
In a memorandum entered on July 6, 2010, the District Court concluded that “[pjunitive damages may be awarded for violations of PUFTA.” Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *10. Determining that Mr. Weidner—but not Ms. Weidner—en-gaged in conduct in connection with his fraudulent transfers that was so outrageous as to warrant an award of punitive damages, the District Court ordered that “judgment of $548,797.07 in punitive damages is entered” against Mr. Weidner. Id.
II.
The District Court had jurisdiction over this diversity matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
It is undisputed that the substantive law of Pennsylvania applies here. After all, Ms. Klein alleged violations of the PUFTA, i.e., Pennsylvania’s specific version of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“UFTA”). In the absence of a Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruling on the precise question of law presented, we must predict how it would resolve the question. See, e.g., Orson, Inc. v. Miramax Film Corp., 79 F.3d 1358, 1373 n. 15 (3d Cir.1996). In addressing the statutory predecessor to the PUFTA (i.e., Pennsylvania’s version of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (“UFCA”), the Pennsylvania Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (“PUFCA”)), we explained that, “[wjhere Pennsylvania law is silent, we may look to the law in other jurisdictions that have adopted the UFCA, and decisions construing analogous provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.” Moody v. Security Pac. Bus. Credit, Inc., 971 F.2d 1056, 1063 (3d Cir.1992) (citations omitted).
We exercise plenary review over a district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying the same standard that the district court should have applied. See, e.g., Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 278 (3d Cir.2000). As the District Court noted, “[sjummary judgment may be granted only ‘if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Klein I, 2010 WL 27910, at *1 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) (2009)).
III.
A. The Property Transfer Claim
Appellants argue that the District Court committed reversible error by granting summary judgment on Ms. Klein’s claim that the transfer of the Property violated the PUFTA. We nevertheless agree with the District Court that this action constituted an actual fraudulent transfer as well as a constructive fraudulent transfer.
The District Court began with the actual fraudulent transfer category. Section 5104(a)(1) states that “[a] transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation ... with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud any creditor of the debtor.” Section 5104(b) then lists a number of factors—the “badges of fraud”—that may be considered in determining “whether the debtor had an actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud one or more creditors.” 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5104 cmt. 5. These Section 5104(b) factors include:
(1) the transfer or obligation was to an insider;
(2) the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred after the transfer;
(3) the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;
(4) before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor had been sued or threatened with suit;
(5) the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets;
(6) the debtor absconded;
(7) the debtor removed or concealed assets;
(8) the value of the consideration received by the debtor was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the obligation incurred;
(9) the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred;
(10) the transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a substantial debt was incurred; and
(11) the debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a lienor who transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.
“Proof of the existence of any one or more of the factors enumerated in subsection (b) may be relevant evidence as to the debt- or’s actual intent but does not create a presumption that the debtor has made a fraudulent transfer or incurred a fraudulent obligation.” 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5104 cmt. 5. The court should take into account all of the relevant circumstances in applying these statutory factors. See, e.g., 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5104 cmt. 6.
Although Appellants argue at some length that there were genuine issues of material fact as to several Section 5104(b) factors, we conclude that the District Court did not commit any reversible error given the undisputed evidence in the record.
Initially, it is undisputed that “the transfer ... was to an insider” under Section 5104(b)(1)—namely, Mr. Weidner’s own spouse—-and that Mr. Weidner “retained possession or control of the property transferred after the transfer” pursuant to Section 5104(b)(2). With respect to Section 5104(b)(4), both Mr. Weidner as well as Ms. Weidner knew at the time of their marriage that Ms. Klein claimed that Mr. Weidner owed both spousal and child support. Appellants also acknowledge that “there had been an ongoing dispute since 2002 regarding the amount of support arrearages Weidner owed Klein” (Appellants’ Brief at 19 (citing Klein I, 2010 WL 27910, at *1)) and that “Weidner made some child support payments but had paid no spousal support as of the date of trial in this case” (id. at 3 (citing Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *1)). With respect to whether “the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets” under Section 5104(b)(5), Appellants contend that the Property did not constitute an asset because it was subject to a mortgage at the time of its transfer and the statutory definition of “Asset” excludes “property to the extent it is encumbered by a valid lien,” 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5101(b). Even with the mortgage (which Mr. Klein granted to his mother as part of his purchase of the Property from her), it appears undisputed that there was still $525,000 of equity in the Property itself. While Appellants contend that, among other things, Ms. Weidner paid over $300,000 for improvements to the Property, “ ‘reasonably equivalent value’ is measured from Klein’s perspective, not the Weidners’.’” Klein I, 2010 WL 27910, at *2 (citing In re Walter, 261 B.R. 139, 143 (Bankr.Ct.W.D.Pa.2001); In re Erie Marine Enters., Inc., 213 B.R. 799, 803 (Bankr.Ct.W.D.Pa.1997)). The transfer to the Weidners as tenants by the entirety removed the Property from Ms. Klein’s reach, and Ms. Weidner’s payments (and any promises she made to pay for renovations) therefore could not constitute reasonably equivalent value under Section 5104(b)(8). See, e.g., United States v. Parcel of Real Property Known as 1500 Lincoln Ave., 949 F.2d 73, 77-78 (3d Cir.1991) (noting that tenant by entirety is protected against levy upon property by co-tenant’s creditor). Mr. Weidner also indicated in his own deposition testimony that he held no assets in only his name after he transferred the Property and the DMW interest to himself and Ms. Weidner. Mr. Weidner accordingly “was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer was made” pursuant to Section 5104(b)(9).
Ultimately, the first, second, fourth, fifth, eighth, and ninth statutory factors indicated that the transfer at issue here was actually fraudulent. In addition to the statutory “badges of fraud,” the District Court also looked to Mr. Weidner’s own “words and conduct” as evidence of his intent. Klein I, 2010 WL 27910, at *3. For example, Mr. Weidner stated in a 2001 email to Ms. Klein that “he would ‘never ever give her a red cent again’ and Klein would ‘never ever see a penny from [him] again.’ ” Id. at *3 (citing 11/27/01 E-mail). Mr. Weidner’s California attorney likewise notified his counterpart that “ T have been informed by Mr. Weidner that his assets that do exist have been protected in such a way that while the children will be provided for, it will be impossible for [Klein] to recover any of the court ordered arrearag-es.’ ” Id. (citing 2/1/05 Letter). Given these undisputed circumstances, the District Court properly concluded that Mr. Weidner transferred the Property with an actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud.
Under Section 5104(a)(2), a transfer (or obligation) is constructively fraudulent as to present and future creditors if the debt- or made the transfer (or incurred the obligation):
(2) without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation, and the debtor:
(i) was engaged or was about to engage in a business or transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor were unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction; or
(ii) intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that the debtor would incur, debts beyond the debtor’s ability to pay as they became due.
Section 5105 states the following:
A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation and the debtor was insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfer or obligation.
In applying these constructive fraudulent transfer provisions, the District Court relied on the same basic line of reasoning it applied in concluding that the transfer was actually fraudulent pursuant to Section 5104(a)(1). Given our discussion of the actual fraudulent transfer category, we agree that Mr. Weidner transferred the Property without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange, his transfer of the Property and the DMW interest rendered him insolvent, he either believed or should have believed that he would incur debts beyond his ability to pay, and Ms. Klein herself was a present creditor at the time of the transfer.
Appellants take issue with the District Court’s failure to consider Ms. Weidner as an alleged good faith transferee under 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5108(a). This subsection states that “[a] transfer or obligation is not fraudulent under section 5104(a)(1) (relating to transfers fraudulent as to present and future creditors) against a person who took in good faith and for a reasonably equivalent value or against any subsequent transferee or obligee.” We have already explained that Ms. Weidner did not provide reasonably equivalent value, and we accordingly reject Appellants’ invocation of this defense.
B. Availability of Punitive Damages under the PUFTA
It appears undisputed that neither this Court—nor any Pennsylvania appellate court—has addressed the specific question of whether or not punitive damages are available under the PUFTA or the PUFCA. We predict that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would answer this question in the affirmative.
Following the example set by Appellants themselves, we turn to the general rules of statutory construction set forth in Pennsylvania’s Statutory Construction Act of 1972. “The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1921(a). Accordingly, “[ejvery statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.” Id. Conversely, “[w]hen the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1921(b). “When the words of the statute are not explicit, the intention of the General Assembly may be ascertained by considering,” inter alia, the occasion and necessity for the statute, the circumstances under which it was enacted, the mischief to be remedied, the object to be attained, the former law, and the consequences of a particular interpretation. 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1921(c)(l)-(6). In short, the court should consider the nature and purpose of the statute. Appellants specifically emphasize 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1504, entitled “Statutory remedy preferred over common law.” This general rule of statutory construction states that:
In all cases where a remedy is provided or a duty is enjoined or anything is directed to be done by any statute, the directions of the statute shall be strictly pursued, and no penalty shall be inflicted, or anything done agreeably to the common law, in such cases, further than shall be necessary for carrying such statute in effect.
The Pennsylvania Statutory Construction Act further provides that “[sjtatutes uniform with those of other states shall be interpreted and construed to effect their general purpose to make uniform the laws of those states which enact them.” 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1927.
12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5107 governs the “Remedies of creditors” under the PUFTA:
(a) Available remedies.—In an action for relief against a transfer or obligation under this chapter, a creditor, subject to the limitations in sections 5108 (relating to defenses, liability and protection of transferee) and 5109 (relating to extin-guishment of cause of action), may obtain:
(1) Avoidance of the transfer or obligation to the extent necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim.
(2) An attachment or other provisional remedy against the asset transferred or other property of the transferee in accordance with the procedure prescribed by applicable law.
(3)Subject to applicable principles of equity and in accordance with applicable rules of civil procedure:
(i) an injunction against further disposition by the debtor or a transferee, or both, of the asset transferred or of other property;
(ii) appointment of a receiver to take charge of the asset transferred or of other property of the transferee; or
(iii) any other relief the circumstances may require.
(b) Execution.—If a creditor has obtained a judgment on a claim against the debtor, the creditor, if the court so orders, subject to the limitations of sections 5108 and 5109, may levy execution on the asset transferred or its proceeds.
In turn, 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5108 (“Defenses, liability and protection of transferee”) includes the following subsection:
(b) Judgment for certain voidable transfers.—Except as otherwise provided in this section, to the extent a transfer is voidable in an action by a creditor under section 5107(a)(1) (relating to remedies of creditors), the creditor may recover judgment for the value of the asset transferred, as adjusted under subsection (c), or the amount necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim, whichever is less. The judgment may be entered against:
(1) the first transferee of the asset or the person for whose benefit the transfer was made; or
(2) any subsequent transferee other than a good faith transferee who took for value or from any subsequent transferee.
“If the judgment under subsection (b) is based upon the value of the asset transferred, the judgment must be for an amount equal to the value of the asset at the time of the transfer, subject to adjustment as the equities may require.” 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5108(c). The PUFTA also includes a “Supplementary provisions” section. Pursuant to 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5110, “[ujnless displaced by the provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relating to principal and agent, estoppel, laches, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, insolvency or other validating or invalidating cause, supplement its provisions.”
In addition to the Pennsylvania Statutory Construction Act, Appellants turn for support to the statutory language, nature, and purposes of the PUFTA as well as case law addressing the PUFTA, the PUF-CA, and other allegedly similar Pennsylvania statutory schemes. They additionally “look to the law in other jurisdictions that have adopted the UFCA [and the UFTA].” Moody, 971 F.2d at 1063 (citation omitted). With respect to Pennsylvania case law, Appellants place particular emphasis on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s 1930 decision in Schline v. Kine, 301 Pa. 586, 152 A. 845 (1930), which discussed the PUFCA, and its more recent ruling in Hoy v. Angelone, 554 Pa. 134, 720 A.2d 745 (1998), which held that punitive damages are not available under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”). According to Appellants, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in cases like Hoy, has decided that punitive damages are unavailable in statutory actions unless the statute expressly provides for such damages. With respect to the PUFTA itself, Appellants emphasize the remedial nature and purposes of this fraudulent transfer statute. They believe that “the remedies are all focused upon preservation of assets and making the creditor whole-and no more.” (Appellants’ Brief at 8.) The PUFTA accordingly does not expressly state that punitive damages may be awarded. Appellants, in turn, claim that Section 5107(a)(1) provides that transfers and obligations may be avoided only to the extent necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim and that Section 5108(b) limits the monetary damages that a creditor may recover. According to Appellants, “punitive damages were not required to afford Klein the remedies of PUFTA,” “[t]he common law principles of punitive damages conflict with and far exceed the remedies available under PUFTA because such remedies are designed to compensate plaintiffs to the extent of the value of the transferred property, while at the same time, protecting (not punishing) transferees,” and “an award of punitive damages under PUFTA is inappropriate because it exceeds that which is necessary to obtain the protections of the statute.” (Id. at 15-16 (citations omitted).)
Having considered the various contentions raised by the parties as well as the District Court’s own reasoning, we predict that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would conclude that punitive damages are available under the PUFTA. We make this prediction based on the actual language of the statute itself—especially the “catch-all” provision in Section 5107(a)(3)(iii). We also rely on the nature and purposes of this uniform statutory scheme as well as prior case law from Pennsylvania and other jurisdictions.
As an initial matter, we do not believe that Schline has much, if any, bearing on the present inquiry. Appellants turn to a single sentence from this opinion: “As this act does not specify a particular course of procedure, that previously existing and any necessary modification thereof may be adopted, in order to enable the one attacking the ‘conveyance’ to obtain the rights accorded by the statute.” Schline, 152 A. at 846. The state supreme court actually disposed of the appeal in that case on different grounds, before briefly calling attention to the PUFCA because “the case goes back for a trial.” Id. More importantly, it did not actually identify the “rights accorded by the statute” and therefore did not consider whether such “rights” could include punitive damages. If anything, the Schline court seemed to be more concerned with the proper procedure to use (i.e., “that previously existing and any necessary modification thereof’) than the actual forms of relief available under the PUFCA itself.
In Hoy, the state supreme court did consider the availability of punitive damages under Pennsylvania’s anti-discrimination statute. In a rather lengthy opinion, the Hoy court specifically addressed the following statutory provision:
“If the court finds that the respondent has engaged in or is engaging in an unlawful discriminatory practice charged in the complaint, the court shall enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful discriminatory practice and order affirmative action which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, granting of back pay, or any other legal or equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than three years prior to the filing of a complaint charging violations of this act.”
Hoy, 720 A.2d at 748 (quoting 43 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 962(c)(3)). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that, “[i]n the absence of express statutory language or any further legislative guidance,” punitive damages are not available under the PHRA. Id. at 751.
The court began by noting that the Pennsylvania General Assembly was free to provide for punitive damages under the PHRA and that a cursory survey of other statutory enactments revealed that it knew how to do so in clear and unambiguous terms. Id. at 748 & n. 3. “Thus, as a starting point, it is reasonable to infer that the General Assembly’s use of specific language to permit the award of punitive damages in numerous statutes reflects an intention to allow such a remedy only when expressly provided for.” Id. at 748. Asking the court to read this remedy into the statute, the plaintiff focused on the “any other legal or equitable relief’ language as well as the statute’s liberal construction requirement. Id. Pursuant to the canon of ejusdem generis (“ ‘[gjeneral words shall be construed to take their meanings and be restricted by preceding particular words,”’) id. (quoting 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 1903(b)), the state supreme court turned to the introductory phrase “affirmative action” as well as the specific examples provided thereafter. Id. at 748-49. “Indeed, to focus solely on the phrase ‘any other legal and equitable relief and contend that any and all remedies are available under the Act would be to relegate the introductory phrase ‘affirmative action’ to mere surplusage, an approach which we are not at liberty to take.” Id. at 749 n. 4 (citing 1 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 1922(2)). “Thus, the seemingly limitless phrase ‘any other legal or equitable relief must be construed in this light.” Id. at 749. The Hoy court concluded that “the phrase ‘any other legal or equitable relief is clearly a subset of the ‘affirmative action’ which a court may order,” and it therefore considered “whether punitive damages are properly awarded as affirmative action for purposes of the Act.” Id. According to the state supreme court, the PHRA constitutes a remedial statute whose purpose is to protect the rights of individuals to obtain and hold a job without discrimination and to foster the employment of all individuals in accordance with their abilities, regardless of their sex or similar characteristics. Id. The statutory provision thereby offers various examples of “make-whole measures” (e.g., reinstatement, hiring, and back pay). Id. Accordingly, “affirmative action contemplates make whole measures and remedial action.” Id. On the other hand, punitive damages, which are based on the defendant’s culpability and are purely penal in nature, “are not consistent with this goal of achieving the remedial purposes of the statute and are not a make-whole remedy.” Id. “While punitive damages also serve to deter, simply put, we do not consider punitive damages to be consistent with the remedial nature of the Act.” Id. Instead, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court believed that, “when interpreted in the context of contemplated affirmative action, the phrase ‘any other legal or equitable relief does not include punitive damages.” Id.
The Hoy court reached the following conclusion: “In sum, we are of the view that the Legislature’s silence on the issue of punitive damages, together with the statutory language, interpreted consistent with the laws of statutory construction and in the context of the nature and purpose of the Act, requires the conclusion that the Legislature did not intend to permit the award of exemplary damages.” Id. Although not necessary to its disposition, it also addressed the other arguments advanced by the parties, including the plaintiffs theory that “public policy requires the remedy of exemplary damages.” Id. at 751. The court did not dispute the premise that punitive damages would deter discrimination. Id. Nevertheless, it believed that such a premise is insufficient to support an inference that the General Assembly intended an award of punitive damages given the extraordinary nature of such relief. Id. According to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, “punitive damages are not absolutely necessary to achieve the Act’s goals of eliminating discrimination and redressing injury” because the courts already possess broad authority under the statutory scheme to fashion remedies that discourage discrimination and restore the injured party (i.e., the PHRA expressly permits injunctive relief, reinstatement, hiring, and an award of back pay). Id. “While it can be persuasively argued that punitive damages are entirely appropriate, and even necessary, we do not sit as a super legislature.” Id.
Especially in light of our task of predicting how the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would resolve this question of state law, its prior decision in Hoy does at least provide a useful framework for considering the language, nature, and purpose of the PUF-TA. We nevertheless believe that this uniform fraudulent transfer statute differs in a number of important—and ultimately dispositive—ways from the antidiscrimi-nation statute addressed by the state supreme court in Hoy.
As the District Court admitted, “[p]uni-tive damages are not explicitly authorized by PUFTA.” Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *4. In other words, the PUFTA—like the PHRA—does not include a specific provision stating, for example, that a creditor “may obtain ... punitive damages.” However, its “Remedies of creditors” section does contain a critical “catch-all” provision—Section 5107(a)(3)(iii) expressly provides that a creditor may obtain “any other relief the circumstances may require.” Based simply on the language of this catch-all provision, a court evidently could award punitive damages as a form of “any other relief’ that a creditor “may obtain” where “the circumstances may require.”
According to Appellants, both statutes appear to contain a catch-all phrase that may provide for unlimited remedies. However, the so-called catch-all provision at issue in Hoy, i.e., “any other legal or equitable relief as the court deems appropriate,” actually constitutes a “subset” of another statutory term or category, i.e., “affirmative action.” The PHRA itself is clear on this point, stating that “the court shall ... order affirmative action which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employes, granting of back pay, or any other legal or equitable relief as the court deems appropriate.” 43 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 962(c)(3) (emphasis added).
In contrast, the basic language and structure of Section 5107(a)(3)(iii), Section 5107 in general, and the PUFTA as a whole differ in several significant ways from the language and structure of the PHRA’s own remedial scheme. Initially, the critical catch-all provision at issue here—“any other relief the circumstances may require”—is not a “subset” of an express statutory category, at least not in the same way in which “any other legal or equitable relief as the court deems appropriate” constitutes a subset of “affirmative action.” Instead of simply authorizing the trial court to order “legal or equitable relief’ as a form of “affirmative action,” the PUFTA provides the court with broad authority to fashion the remedy—or package of remedies—based on the specific circumstances of each individual case. We further note that this catch-all provision is not even phrased in terms of “legal” (e.g., compensatory damages) or “equitable” (e.g., an injunction) forms relief. We acknowledge that, under Section 5107(a)(3), a creditor may obtain “any other relief the circumstances may require” subject to the “applicable principles of equity” and in accordance with the “applicable rules of civil procedure.” Section 5107 likewise provides for various forms of equitable relief, including an injunction against further disposition of the asset under Section 5107(a)(3)(i) and the appointment of a receiver to take charge of the asset pursuant to Section 5107(a)(3)(ii). However, the statutory requirement that any relief be subject to, and in accordance with, “applicable” principles of equity and rules of civil procedure could simply mean that any relief granted must comply with the rules and procedures implicated by the specific kind of relief at issue. For example, a creditor seeking an injunction would be required to meet the otherwise generally applicable requirements for this form of equitable relief (e.g., not have “unclean hands”), and. a creditor seeking punitive damages likewise must satisfy the prerequisites for such an award (e.g., demonstrate that the defendant engaged in outrageous conduct). At the very least, this “applicable principles” language cannot really be compared to the “affirmative action” language at issue in Hoy, and it thereby does not reduce the PUFTA’s otherwise expansive and open-ended catch-all provision into nothing more than a mere subset of a larger term or category. Although the Pennsylvania Supreme Court does not appear to have addressed the issue, we believe that it would hold that punitive damages are generally available in equitable actions. See, e.g., Nebesho v. Brown, 846 A.2d 721, 728 (Pa.Super.Ct.2004) (indicating that attorney’s fees “in the nature of punitive damages” would be proper in equitable action to nullify deed). Appellants, for their part, do not contest the general availability of punitive damages in equitable actions under Pennsylvania law. Furthermore, the PUFTA expressly allows for an award of compensatory damages, at least -under certain circumstances (i.e., pursuant to Section 5108(b), “the creditor may recover judgment for the value of the asset transferred, as adjusted under subsection (c), or the amount necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim, whichever is less”).
In contrast with the statutory scheme at issue in Hoy, the PUFTA also includes an express “Supplementary provisions” section. Specifically, Section 5110 states in relevant part that, “[ujnless displaced by the provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including ... the law relating to ... fraud, [and] misrepresentation, ... supplement its provisions.” The commentary to Section 5107 likewise indicates that this section’s remedies “are cumulative” in nature, 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5107 cmt. 6 (citations omitted), and “are not exclusive,” 12 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5107 cmt. 1. We have already noted that punitive damages are likely available in equitable actions under Pennsylvania law. It is also uncontested that, at least in the context of common law fraud, defendants may be ordered to pay punitive damages. In fact, “[i]t is difficult to picture a fact pattern which would support a finding of intentional fraud without providing proof of ‘outrageous conduct’ to support an award of punitive damages.” Delahanty v. First Pa. Bank, 318 Pa.Super. 90, 464 A.2d 1243, 1263 (1983). As Ms. Klein and the District Court also point out, punitive damages have been awarded in the domestic relations context. See, e.g., Hess v. Hess, 397 Pa.Super. 395, 580 A.2d 357, 358-59 (1990) (upholding jury’s punitive damages award in favor of ex-wife on tort, claim of fraud arising out of ex-husband’s fraudulent execution of property settlement agreement). Accordingly, it appears that, based on the language of Section 5110, these well-established “principles of law and equity” governing the availability of punitive damages under Pennsylvania law “supplement” the PUFTA (or, in the words of the District Court, are “implicitly incorporated” into this statutory scheme, Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *4 (citing § 5110)).
More broadly, we also believe that the underlying nature and purposes of the two statutory schemes substantially differ. The Hoy court specifically addressed an anti-discrimination statute meant to improve, in the words of its title, “human relations” and remedy past harms. Hoy, 720 A.2d at 749. In short, the PHRA was designed to foster and protect the employment of all individuals without regard to race, sex, or other invidious considerations and, in order to achieve such remedial goals, attempts to make the victims of discrimination whole. Id. After all, the notion of “affirmative action” appears to contemplate a range of make-whole remedies, and the PHRA itself provides some examples of such remedies, such as reinstatement. Id. (“Likewise, the examples of appropriate remedies offered by the statute are make-whole measures, i.e., reinstatement, hiring, and back pay. We believe that in the context of this statute, ‘affirmative action’ is that action which serves to achieve the remedial goals of the Act.”). The PUFTA does place particular emphasis on the “preservation of assets and making the creditor whole” (Appellants’ Brief at 8), but it also includes an expansive and open-ended catch-all provision as well as a “Supplemental provisions” section. Unlike antidiscrimination legislation (which created a much-needed statutory remedy for the victims of discrimination and does not have a clear common law analogue), this uniform fraudulent transfer statute arises out of a long history of fraudulent conveyance law dating back to Queen Elizabeth I. As we have already noted, punitive damages are often awarded in cases of common law fraud, and, in turn, this kind of relief is likely available in the equity (and domestic relations) context under Pennsylvania law.
The facts of this case provide further support for this approach and, more broadly, for why punitive damages exist in the first place. The District Court ordered Mr. Weidner to pay punitive damages in the amount of $548,797.07 on account of his outrageous conduct in connection with two fraudulent transfers. This behavior included his intent to evade support obligations to his former wife and children even after those obligations were reduced to a judgment, and his various attempts to insulate and structure his assets and finances in order to evade his obligations and avoid paying any debt to Ms. Klein. He even forged Ms. Weidner’s signature on a January 2010 mortgage of the Property intended to reduce even further the value of this asset. Mr. Weidner also repeatedly harassed Ms. Klein herself (e.g., he filed a frivolous lawsuit against Ms. Klein .alleging that she had stolen a horse and sent several e-mails to their children denigrating her attempts to collect the debt and threatening to withdraw his financial support) and made deeply disturbing threats against her attorneys in this case (e.g., he sent a fax to one of her attorneys stating, inter alia, that “ T will spend the time to find everything I can about you/ ” including where the attorney lived, the car he drove, and “ “what kind of coffee you drink/ ” Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *4 n. 8) Simply put, “the facts of this case are extreme in that the defendant willfully defied a court order and used unlawful and threatening means to impede the judicial process.” Id. at *10. Emphasizing the open-ended nature of the penalty set forth in the PUFTA, the District Court added that “[n]ot every PUFTA case will contain such conduct beyond a single fraudulent transfer.” Id. Mr. Weid-ner has presented the District Court—-and us—with an example of the very kind of outrageous and intolerable behavior that punitive damages are designed to punish and deter. See, e.g., Hoy, 720 A.2d at 749, 751 (recognizing that punitive damages promote deterrence and that such damages may deter future discrimination); De-lahanty, 464 A.2d at 1263 (highlighting difficulty of picturing fact pattern that would support finding of intentional fraud but not finding of outrageous conduct). Simply put, where “a plaintiff can show outrageous conduct coupled with a fraudulent transfer,” Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *5, a court may award punitive damages as a form of “any other relief the circumstances may require.”
In turn, we do not believe that Pennsylvania’s general preference for statutory remedies has any real effect in the present context. Although the Hoy court did not expressly mention Section 1504 of the Pennsylvania Statutory Construction Act, Appellants do cite to case law relying on this specific rule of statutory construction to conclude that punitive damages are not available under either the Pennsylvania Whistleblower Law, Rankin v. City of Philadelphia, 963 F.Supp. 463, 477-80 (E.D.Pa.1997), or a section of the Pennsylvania Welfare Code requiring attorneys to notify the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare of tort damages recovered in medical malpractice suits, Dep’t of Pub. Welf. v. Portnoy, 129 Pa.Cmwlth. 469, 566 A.2d 336, 339-41 (1989), aff'd, 531 Pa. 320, 612 A.2d 1349 (1992) (per curiam). However, the District Court properly distinguished both cases because the whistle-blower statute and the welfare code set forth detailed and specific remedial schemes and, in turn, do not include either a catch-all provision like Section 5107(a)(3)(iii) or a “Supplementary provisions” section resembling Section 5110. See Rankin, 963 F.Supp. at 477-80; Port-noy, 566 A.2d at 339-41.
Prior fraudulent transfer ease law, applying both Pennsylvania and (especially) non-Pennsylvania law, also weigh in favor of our position regarding the availability of punitive damages. The District Court, after its discussion of Section 1504, Rankin, and Portnoy, went on to observe that “courts sitting within this district have concluded punitive damages are available under PUFTA and the statute which preceded it.” Klein III, 2010 WL 2671450, at *5 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Tz’Doko V’Chesed of Klausenberg, 543 F.Supp.2d 424, 431-32 (E.D.Pa.2008); UGI Corp. v. Piccione, No. 88-1125, 1997 WL 698011, at *8-*9 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 5, 1997); Shervin v. Liebersohn, 200 B.R. 109, 112 (E.D.Pa.1996)). While these opinions were conclusory at best, Appellants themselves do not cite to any case specifically holding that punitive damages are unavailable under either the PUFTA or the PUFCA. In any event, we follow Appellants’ own example and look to the law in other jurisdictions that have also adopted these respective uniform schemes. See Moody, 971 F.2d at 1063.
In DFS Secured Healthcare Receivables Trust v. Caregivers Great Lakes, Inc., 384 F.3d 338 (7th Cir.2004), the Seventh Circuit certified three questions regarding the Indiana Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“IUFTA”) to the Indiana Supreme Court, including “the question whether punitive damages are available under the IUFTA,” id. at 355. It certified this specific question because of the absence of Indiana case law as well as the existence of disagreement in other states on this particular point:
No Indiana court, however, has addressed the question whether punitive damages can be awarded under the IUFTA, and other states are split on the question. Compare Macris & Assocs., Inc. v. Neways, Inc., 60 P.3d 1176, 1181 (Utah Ct.App.2002) (allowing punitive damages under Utah’s UFTA); Volk Constr. Co. v. Wilmescherr Drusch Roofing Co., 58 S.W.3d 897, 900 (Mo.Ct.App.2001) (same under Missouri’s UFTA); Henderson v. Henderson, No. CV-00-53, 2001 WL 1719192, at *2 (Me.Super.2001) (same under Maine’s Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act); Locafrance United States Corp. v. Interstate Distribution Servs., Inc., [6 Ohio St.3d 198, 451 N.E.2d 1222, 1225 (Ohio 1983) ] (same under Ohio’s Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act), with [Morris v. Askeland Enters., Inc., 17 P.3d 830, 833 (Colo.Ct.App.2000) ] (finding punitive damages are not available under Colorado’s UFTA), and Northern Tankers Ltd. v. Backstrom, 968 F.Supp. 66, 67 (D.Conn.1997) (same under Connecticut’s UFTA).
Id. at 354-55. Appellants exhibit admirable candor by acknowledging that “Ohio and Missouri have held that punitive damages may be available for violations of their respective UFTAs,” while adding that these decisions were based on “preexisting bodies of law and unique interpretations of their UFTAs.” (Appellants’ Brief at 12 n. 3 (citing Volk, 58 S.W.3d at 900; Aristocrat Lakewood Nursing Home v. Mayne, 133 Ohio App.3d 651, 729 N.E.2d 768, 774-75 (1999)).) They also claim that Texas and New York have concluded that punitive damages may not be recovered. However, the federal decisions cited by Appellants on this point did not actually address the specific question of whether punitive damages are available and instead indicated that fraudulent transfer laws generally have a remedial (as opposed to a punitive) purpose. See ASARCO LLC v. Americas Mining Corp., 404 B.R. 150, 161 (S.D.Tex.2009); In re Best Prods. Co., 168 B.R. 35, 57 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1994), appeal dismissed, 177 B.R. 791 (S.D.N.Y.1995), aff'd, 68 F.3d 26 (2d Cir.1995).
In the end, we believe that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would reach the same result as the courts of Maine, Missouri, Ohio, and Utah.
Both the Seventh Circuit as well as the Missouri Court of Appeals have emphasized the expansive and open-ended nature of the statutory language at issue, especially the catch-all provision. Although it did not resolve the question (and the case was settled before the Indiana Supreme Court could decide the certified question, see Rose v. Mercantile Nat’l Bank of Hammond, 844 N.E.2d 1035, 1051 n. 14 (Ind.Ct.App.2006), aff'd in part and vacated in part on other grounds, 868 N.E.2d 772 (Ind.2007)), the Seventh Circuit observed that the defendant—¡just like their counterparts in the current proceeding—• argued that state law construes statutory remedies narrowly and only allows for punitive damages when the state legislature expressly includes them in the statute itself. DFS, 384 F.3d at 355. The Seventh Circuit pointed out that “in none of the cases ... did the statute in question contain anything like the catchall provision which is present in the IUFTA.” Id. (citations omitted). On the contrary, “a straightforward reading of the IUFTA’s catchall provision would seemingly allow for punitive damages.” Id. at 354 (citing Ind.Code § 32-18-2-17(c)). As the Missouri Court of Appeal noted in Volk, “[t]his language does not evidence an intent to prohibit punitive damage awards,” and it instead “expressly grants courts the authority to employ the full array of remedial measures insofar as they are warranted under the particular facts of the case.” Volk, 58 S.W.3d at 900.
The DFS, Volk, and Locafrance courts likewise turned to pre-existing principles of law and equity. In certifying the question to the Indiana Supreme Court, the Seventh Circuit noted that the IUFTA “incorporates principles of state common law” and that, under Indiana law, tortious conduct involving malice, fraud, gross negligence, or oppressiveness may be punished by an award of punitive damages. DFS, 384 F.3d at 354 (citing Ind.Code § 32-18-2-20). Citing to Missouri’s equivalent of Section 5110, the Missouri Court of Appeals similarly observed that the “[t]he UFTA therefore specifically incorporates pre-existing legal and equitable principles related to the law of fraudulent conveyances insofar as those principles do not conflict with the provisions of the UFTA.” Volk, 58 S.W.3d at 900 (footnote omitted). Missouri law provides that punitive damages are available where a debtor intentionally effectuates a fraudulent transfer in order to shield his or her assets. Id. Applying the state’s UFCA, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “common-law remedies, including the law of fraud, may be applied when appropriate in fraudulent conveyance cases pursuant to R.C. 1336.11” because “the action herein is not specifically provided for in either of the remedy sections” and “R.C. 1336.11 allows that the rules of law and equity may govern.” Locafrance, 451 N.E.2d at 1225. Previous Ohio case law, in turn, “has established that punitive damages and attorney’s fees are permissible in cases of fraud involving malicious and intentional conduct.” Id. In fact, the Colorado Court of Appeals in Morris and the Connecticut district court in Northern Tankers likewise relied on pre-existing legal and equitable principles to conclude that punitive damages are not available. See Northern Tankers, 968 F.Supp. at 67; Morris, 17 P.3d at 832. It is well established that, under Pennsylvania law, punitive damages may be awarded in cases of common law fraud, and we also predict that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would hold that punitive damages are generally available in equitable actions. Pennsylvania’s general principles of law and equity therefore more closely resemble the pre-existing state law principles discussed in Volk and Locafrance than in either Morris or Northern Tankers. See Volk, 58 S.W.3d at 900 n. 3 (“Likewise, the Connecticut courts, while holding that punitive damages are not available under that state’s UFTA, also relied upon pre-existing state law to inform their interpretation of the remedies available under the UFTA.”).
In conclusion, we predict that, based on the language, nature, and purposes of the PUFTA as well as past case law, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would conclude that punitive damages are available under the PUFTA.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the orders entered by the District Court.
. On April 19, 2011, Mr. Weidner notified the Clerk that, on December 23, 2010, he filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On May 3, 2011, the Clerk stayed the current appeal pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362 and directed Mr. Weidner to file status reports every 90 days until either the automatic stay is lifted or the bankruptcy is discharged. In his October 10, 2012 status report, Mr. Weidner indicated that the Bankruptcy Court denied discharge on September 10, 2012 in an adversary proceeding (which was commenced by Ms. Klein). An appeal was filed from this Bankruptcy Court ruling to the District Court. Appellants also requested that the current Third Circuit appeal be removed from suspense. In an October 18, 2012 order, the Clerk construed the status report as a motion to lift the stay and granted the motion.
. Ms. Klein is a citizen of California, while the Weidners and DMW are Pennsylvania citizens.
. Appellants also claim that Ms. Klein’s appellate brief violates Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28 as well as Third Circuit Local Appellate Rules 28.1, 28.2, and 28.3 by failing to include citations to the appendix or the record and by engaging in unsubstantiated personal attacks. In the end, we do not believe that her brief violates any procedural rule. However, we take this opportunity to reiterate the vital importance of including appropriate and complete citations to the appendix or record in briefing submitted to this Court as well as our expectation that attorneys admitted to the Third Circuit bar will exhibit professionalism and courtesy at all times.
. We also note that, while Sections 5107 and 5108 clearly limit the monetary damages that a creditor may recover from a transferee, they less clearly limit the damages recoverable from the debtor.
. At oral argument, Appellants cited to two other Pennsylvania Supreme Court decisions for support. In Wertz v. Chapman Township, 559 Pa. 630, 741 A.2d 1272 (1999), the court, conducting an analysis similar to the one it undertook in Hoy, concluded that a plaintiff is not entitled to a jury trial under the PHRA, id. at 1274-75. Relying on Wertz, the state supreme court then determined in Mishoe v. Erie Insurance Co., 573 Pa. 267, 824 A.2d 1153 (2003), that there is no right to a jury trial in a bad faith action against an insurer under a section of the Pennsylvania Judicial Code, id. at 1155-59. Neither case has any real relevance to our current inquiry. We have already addressed Hoy and Pennsylvania's anti-discrimination statute, and the Mishoe court actually rejected the contention that the provision "affords the right to a jury trial because it permits an award of punitive damages, which is traditionally within the domain of the jury,” id. at 1158.
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CASELAW
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Indianisation
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) The act, process or result of Indianising.
* 2) The practice, towards the end of the British Raj, of promoting Indian people to more senior positions in the civil service.
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R. I. Smith-Johannsen
Abstract
Numerous agglomerates shaped somewhat like the letter T were observed among replicas of ice crystals collected from laboratory ice clouds and replicated using the resin vapor technique. In fact, it was found that about 55% and 60% of all aggregates were T formations when the crystals involved were columns and platelets, respectively. Several processes, including an electrical and a hydrodynamic mechanism, are considered as possible explanations for the formation of T's. The temperature gradients existing in growing ice particles were calculated, and the resulting charge separation due to the thermoelectric effect in ice is found to be far too small to account for the relative abundance of T's experimentally observed. A hydrodynamic process, however, offers a reasonable explanation for T formation.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Margaret Turnbull (2nd nomination)
The result of the debate was keep. Tito xd (?!?) 01:07, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
Margaret Turnbull
This article originally underwent an AfD debate at Articles for deletion/Margaret Turnbull, which resulted in its deletion. An undelete-and-rerun was requested at Deletion review, principally on grounds that the first debate was very brief. That request was approved, so it's here for a more thorough consideration than before. -Splash talk 17:30, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep Note, that this has expanded from its original posting and likely wouldn't be nom'ed as it stands. Well-sourced, notablity established. To forestall the previous complaint "she's only a post-doc," the criticism only makes sense if her educational attainment were the basis for inclusion. Quite clearly that is not the case here. Either you feel creating the HabCat and subsequent shortlist and, generally, being the last word on "HabStars" is notable or you don't. Given general wiki standards I'd say "yes" is an easy call. Marskell 17:47, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Much of the information in this article ought to go into HabCat, the star catalogue that Margaret is compiling. I still find a postdoctoral fellow not notable, and it's Jill Tarter who is the PI for Project Phoenix, that her catalogue is a subproject of. Pilatus 18:04, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* "I still find a postdoctoral fellow not notable"--this isn't the basis for inclusion. Would "I still find a non-PH.d not notable" be a valid criterion if Jim Wales was nominated? Would "I think people who enter but drop out of seminaries" make sense for Tom Cruise? No, obviously. Marskell 22:56, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* How about "I find the idea of whittling down the Hipparcos survey by metallicity, spectral class etcetera to have a manageable list of star systems that could possibly harbor extraterrestrial life a boring project that does not establish a track record of notable research yet." To put "extraterrestrial life" into perspective, please note that it is often invoked by NASA to sell their research to the general public. The latest example: the Mars rovers. Planetary geology is genuinely exciting on its own, yet we see NASA put on the hype of "life on Mars" to make the project more palatable to the taxpayer or make the taxpayer pressure his Senator who might choose to spend his budget on pork projects instead. I'll get off the soapbox now, thanks for listening. Pilatus 00:24, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* So you agree that the postdoctoral fellow bit is not in-itself a delete criterion? Because it isn't, very obviously. The article does not reference NASA, extraterrestrial life, the Mars Rovers or any other attempt to "sell" exo-bio searches. We can agree to disagree on the rest of it. Whittling down 118 000 stars does not establish a track record of notable research? Well, I disagree and if you follow the links in the article so, apparently, do others. Marskell 00:42, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* The interview cited in the article, which Tony mentions as well, plays heavily on extraterrestrial life. The purpose of the HabCat, that Margaret has compiled, is to find extraterrestrial life. The criteria for planetary habitability are well estabished; the article Wikipedia has a section around what stars one might expect planets that support higher lifeforms. The rest are database searches. Yes, it really is that prosaic. Pilatus 01:06, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* While admitting NASA is self-serving in who it touts, so what if the purpose of the HabCat is to find extraterrestrial life? She still gets first mention on the Sol Station habitability page and your basic Space daily, David Darling references etc. Also, having spent days on the page, I can tell you the criteria for planetary habitability are far from well-established. Marskell 08:55, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Margaret has a reprint on her homepage. This isn't sufficiently groundbreaking, neither is appearing in a few interviews to warrant an article on herself. Pilatus 11:00, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete and then redirect to HabCat as suggested on the VfU. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 18:22, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Redirect to HabCat. I do not see a good reason to delete before recreating as a redirect, although I would not object to it. I would like to stress that this is not a vote to keep as is. Regards enceph alon 20:42, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep This eminently notable scholar.--Nicodemus75 21:23, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. As I said on VFU: "She's a relatively junior academic, but not every junior academic has collaborated with the director of the SETI Institute to copublish a catalog of possibly habitable stars. The NASA website has a nice little section written by a journalist at Astrobiology Magazine who interviewed Turnbull and Tarter." If not kept, a redirect would be very much second best. --Tony Sidaway Talk 23:09, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Sorry Tony, unexciting research, see my comment above. We keep articles on genuine achievement, not because someone has collaborated with someone with a track record. Pilatus 00:24, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* WTF do you qualify as exciting? Feminism in Milton? The anatomy of herbivorous dinosaurs? The HabCat is as "exciting" as any research and this is not a grad student collecting info for the boss. The target selection paper references Turnbull first. Marskell 00:49, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* "Exciting" == "mold-breaking", as a first attempt as a definition. Margaret did the work, that's why she is first author, Jill as last author secured the funding. Pilatus 01:06, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* If "mold-breaking" were a necessary inclusion criterion we could scrap half the wiki. Marskell 08:55, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* I guess what I'm trying to say is that having a few papers published isn't sufficient to warrant an article on oneself, publishing papers being the purpose of your everyday academic and such. The question is: is Margaret sufficiently important to have an entry for herself. Pilatus 11:00, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* You think no, I think yes and this whole world just keeps on turning. Let's just be glad we had this time...er, excuse me. I've been commenting to much on this damn entry ;). Marskell 12:22, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete and redirect to HabCat. Gateman1997 23:48, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. Notable enough within her field. 23skidoo 01:19, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete and redirect to HabCat. - brenneman (t) (c) 03:31, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Delete and or redirect. Ambi 07:47, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep per Marskell. --rob 10:24, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep appears to be notable and verifiable. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 16:09, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep Ejrrjs | What? 01:52, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
* Weak keep. This doesn't add much notable info beyond the contributions to HabCat, but as per above I don't think you can say she's non-notable. -- SCZenz 02:44, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
* Keep She is well known in astronomical circles, and her ideas were presented on Spacedaily-one of the leading portals on space and science.--Molobo 14:56, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
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Vista remote desktop session logging off my desktop that I remote into
I just upgraded from XP pro to Vista at work. I used to lock my XP machine, then remote in from home and see all of the windows that I had open when I was local to the machine. At the end of the night I would disconnect the remote desktop session and come in the following day and have a locked desktop with all of my windows still open. Now when I remote into my desktop from home, and come into the office the following day, my desktop is logged off and I have to create a new session and try and remember what I was working on.
From the security logs, it appears that my local session is logged off after about 5 minutes after I disconnect the remote session. The entry is an event id of 4647. This change is very very frustrating and I'd really like to find a solution to this, no matter what it takes. I'm a c# novice and would be open to help writing code that blocked log offs if that is my only solution.
SSAFECSAsked:
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joinaunionCommented:
What type of server?This appears to be the issue.
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SSAFECSAuthor Commented:
It's from a vista enterprise laptop (remote) to a vista enterprise desktop (local)
It has to be a configuration issue, as XP did not do this?
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joinaunionCommented:
Is the local machine behind server?
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SSAFECSAuthor Commented:
I'm not 100% sure what you mean, it's inside of a network, behind a firewall, a DNS machine etc.
As an update, I remotely RTPed into an XP machine and then RTP from the XP machine into the vista machine and I was able to log into the same Vista session this morning.
Somehow Vista RTP is taking control of a local session or something.
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joinaunionCommented:
What I mean is at your work do they use a server,because the remote timeout sesion would
have to be adjusted on the server.
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SSAFECSAuthor Commented:
I'm remoting into another workstation. Do you know where the timeout setting is, I didn't see anything in group policy.
This worked last night, I'll continue to test it throughout the week. I wrapped it in a c# application that blocks logging off without verification first. The same can be done for XP, but the first command is a bit different, it is " tscon 0 /dest:console " instead.
I through the wait commands in, because a few times that I was testing it would release the session before the lock command could run and then it would not lock the machine, so an unlocked desktop was left sitting at the office, not something I wanted to happen. Thanks for the help and encouragement Pete.
tscon.exe RDP-Tcp#0 /dest:console
wait 1
rundll32.exe user32.dll, LockWorkStation
wait 1
exit
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Post Road (disambiguation)
A post road is a road designated for the transportation of postal mail. Post Road may also refer to:
* Post Road (magazine), a literary magazine published by Boston College
* Post Road Branch, a railroad line
* Post Road (play), a 1934 Broadway play by Wilbur Daniel Steele and Norma Mitchell
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CPGA
CPGA may stand for:
* Ceramic pin grid array, a kind of a package for integrated circuits
* Cornish Pilot Gig Association
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Adrian Krainer (snowboarder)
Adrian Krainer (born 22 November 1992) is an Austrian snowboarder. He was a participant at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
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American Airlines' upbeat forecast lifts airline stocks
(Reuters) - U.S. airline stocks rose on Wednesday after American Airlines Group Inc (AAL.O) became the latest carrier to raise its estimate for per seat revenue over the past week. Shares of the No.1 U.S. airline rose as much as 3.6 percent, while those of United Airlines Holdings Inc UAL.N were up 4.2 percent in afternoon trading. Slowing capacity addition has helped airlines raise fares at a time when the U.S. economy is improving. Unit revenue - which compares sales to flight capacity - is expected to increase by about 5 percent to 6 percent in the second quarter, compared with a 3.5 percent to 5.5 percent rise estimated earlier, American Airlines said. “AAL currently faces the most difficult yr/yr RASM comp in our coverage universe, a topic that’s been a significant focus of investor inquiry in recent weeks,” JPMorgan analyst Jamie Baker said. “Given the heft of today’s guide, we expect these concerns to significantly moderate.” United Continental, the No. 3 U.S. airline by passenger traffic, said it expected a 2 percent rise in passenger unit revenue for the second quarter, compared with its previous forecast of 1 percent to 3 percent rise. Last week, smaller rival Delta Air Lines Inc (DAL.N) also said it expected passenger unit revenue to be near the upper end of its second-quarter forecast. Up to Tuesday’s close, American Airlines’ stock had risen 10.5 percent this year, compared with a 12.4 percent increase in the Dow Jones US Airlines index .DJUSAR. Reporting by Ankit Ajmera and Arunima Banerjee in Bengaluru; Editing by Arun Koyyur and Anil D'Silva
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New Things To learn In Ecosystem Chapter Of Class 12
Meaning of ecosystem
An ecology is a functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Benefits of ecosystem
• Supportive: Ecology provides a supporting role for all its members. In this role, for others living members serve as food. Provision: Ecology is also the source of all foods, store of all energy fibre, genetic resources, medicines, fresh water and minerals. All natural resources that humans depend on have their source from ecosystems.
• Regulation: The function of a healthy ecology ensures that there is balance and regulation in the climate, regulation in freshwater, soils, rocks and temperature.
• Spiritual value: Ecology provides humans with deeper spiritual enrichment and cognitive development.
An ecology is a functional unit of nature. Many ecologists regard the entire biosphere as a global ecology. Forest, grassland and desert are some of the examples of terrestrial ecology. Ponds, lakes, wetland, river and estuary are some of the examples of aquatic ecology. Crop fields and aquariums are also considered as man-made ecology.
Stratification is nothing but different species occupying different levels of vertical distribution is known as stratification. Trees occupy forest, shrubs, herbs and grasses occupy the bottom layers of the top vertical strata or layers.
The components of the ecology are seen to function as a unit when we consider the following aspects:
• Productivity
• Decomposition
• Energy flow
• Nutrient cycling.
The decompositions are the fungi, bacteria and flagellates. Towards the higher trophic levels there will be unidirectional movement of energy.
• Productivity: A constant input of solar energy is the basic requirement for any ecology to function and sustain. Primarily production is defined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis.
• Gross primary productivity: During photosynthesis process the rate of production of organic matter. Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses(R) is the net primary productivity(NPP) GRP-R=NPP
• Secondary productivity: It is defined as the consumer rate of formation of new organic matter.
Primary productivity depends on the environmental factors, availability of nutrients and photosynthetic capacity of plants. Productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately 170biilion tons of organic matter. In the 70percent of the surface area, the productivity of the oceans is only 55billion tons. Decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients and this process is known as decomposition.
• Fragmentation: Earthworms break down detritus into smaller particles so this process is known as fragmentation.
• Catabolism: Catabolism is nothing but degrading detarius bacterial and fungal enzymes into small inorganic substances is known as catabolism.
• Decomposition is an oxygen-requiring process: By chemical composition the rate of decomposition is controlled. Temperature and soil moisture are the two important climatic features that regulate decomposition through their effects on the activities of soil microbes.
All animals depend on plants for their food needs so they are called consumers. If they feed on the producers, the plants, then they are called primary consumers. If the animals eat other animals they are known as secondary consumers. Primary consumers will be herbivorous common herbivores are insects, birds and mammals etc.
Amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time is known as standing crop mass of living organisms(biomass).
The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of an area is called ecological succession. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area called sere.
Conclusion
This is some information about the ecosystem chapter which is a very important chapter and very easy to understand. It will be very useful for higher studies. From this we can gain a lot of knowledge. It is one of the best ways to learn an ecosystem chapter.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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PowerCFG (Vista/Windows7/Server 2008)
Control power settings, configure Hibernate/Standby modes. See also the Windows XP SP2 version of PowerCfg.
Syntax
powercfg [Options]
Options
-l
-list
List the current user's power schemes (GUIDs)
-query [Scheme_GUID] [Sub_GUID]
-q [Scheme_GUID] [Sub_GUID]
Display the contents of a power scheme.
-change settingvalue
-x setting value
Modify one of the following settings in the current power scheme:
-monitor-timeout-ac minutes
-monitor-timeout-dc minutes
-disk-timeout-ac minutes
-disk-timeout-dc minutes
-standby-timeout-ac minutes
-standby-timeout-dc minutes
-hibernate-timeout-ac minutes
-hibernate-timeout-dc minutes
Setting any value to 0 will set the timeout=Never
AC settings are used when the system is on AC power. DC settings on battery power.
-changename GUID PowerSchemeName [scheme_description]
Modify the name of a power scheme and, optionally, the scheme description.
-duplicatescheme GUID [DestinationGUID]
Duplicate a power scheme. The GUID of the new scheme will be displayed.
If DestinationGUID is omitted, then a new GUID will be created for the duplicated scheme.
-delete GUID
-d GUID
Delete the power scheme with the specified GUID.
-deletesetting Sub_GUID Setting_GUID
Delete a power setting.
-setactive Scheme_GUID
-s Scheme_GUID
Make the specified power scheme active on the computer.
-getactivescheme
Retrieve the currently active power scheme.
-setacvalueindex Scheme_GUID Sub_GUID Setting_GUID SettingIndex
Set a value associated with a specified power setting while the
computer is powered by AC power. Use the -l and -q options to discover the GUIDs
SettingIndex Specifies which value in the list to set, so 3 = 3rd in the list
-setdcvalueindex Scheme_GUID Sub_GUID Setting_GUID SettingIndex
Set a value associated with a specified power setting while the
computer is powered by DC power.
SettingIndex Specifies which value in the list to set, so 3 = 3rd in the list
-hibernate [on|off]
-h [on|off]
Enable or disable the hibernate feature. Hibernate timeout is not supported on all computers.
-availablesleepstates
-a
Report the sleep states available on the computer.
Will also attempt to report reasons why sleep states are unavailable.
-devicequery query_flags
Return a list of devices that meet the specified flags:
wake_from_S1_supported – Waking the computer from a light sleep state.
wake_from_S2_supported – Waking the computer from a deeper sleep state.
wake_from_S3_supported – Waking the computer from the deepest sleep state.
wake_from_any – Support waking the computer from any sleep state.
S1_supported – Light sleep.
S2_supported – Deeper sleep.
S3_supported – Deepest sleep.
S4_supported – Hibernation.
wake_programmable – User-configurable to wake the computer from a sleep state.
wake_armed – Currently configured to wake the computer from any sleep state.
all_devices – Present in the computer.
all_devices_verbose – Verbose list of devices.
-deviceEnableWake devicename
Enable the device to wake the computer from a sleep state.
-deviceDisableWake devicename
Disable the device from waking the computer from a sleep state.
-import filename [GUID]
Import all power settings from the specified file.
filename is the path to a file generated with powercfg -export
-export filename GUID
Export a power scheme, represented by GUID, into filename.
-lastwake
Report information about the last event that woke the computer.
-energy
Create energy-report.html in the current directory, Windows7 only.
-help
-?
Display help
-aliases
Display all aliases and their corresponding GUIDs.
These may be used in place of a GUID at the command prompt
-setsecruitydescriptor [GUID|Action] SDDL
Set a security descriptor associated with a specified power setting, power scheme, or action.
Action Is one of: ActionSetActive, ActionCreate, ActionDefault
SDDL is a valid security descriptor string in SDD format.
Call powercfg -getsecuritydescriptor to see an example SDDL STRING.
-getsecuritydescriptor [GUID|Action]
Get a security descriptor associated with a specified power setting, power scheme, or action.
Action is one of: ActionSetActive, ActionCreate, ActionDefault
Powercfg must be run from an elevated command prompt.
The most common cause of problems with power saving/hibernation is an incompatible device driver, diagnose this by disabling each device in turn (with -deviceDisableWake)
When activating Power Saving across an organisation, it is important to ensure that software updates (security patches and antivirus) are not disrupted.
WSUS can be configured to install updates when workstations are available and Scheduled Tasks can be set to Wake the machine when needed.
Power scheme GUIDs
The use of GUIDs avoids any problems with internationalisation when applying Power Saving to non-english versions of Windows. The three built-in power schemes have the GUIDs listed below:
SCHEME_MAX = Power saver (Max power saving)
SCHEME_BALANCED = Balanced (Typical)
SCHEME_MIN = High performance (Min power saving)
Examples
List all Aliases:
C:\> powercfg -aliases
a1841308-3541-4fab-bc81-f71556f20b4a SCHEME_MAX
8c5e7fda-e8bf-4a96-9a85-a6e23a8c635c SCHEME_MIN
381b4222-f694-41f0-9685-ff5bb260df2e SCHEME_BALANCED
fea3413e-7e05-4911-9a71-700331f1c294 SUB_NONE
238c9fa8-0aad-41ed-83f4-97be242c8f20 SUB_SLEEP
29f6c1db-86da-48c5-9fdb-f2b67b1f44da STANDBYIDLE
9d7815a6-7ee4-497e-8888-515a05f02364 HIBERNATEIDLE
94ac6d29-73ce-41a6-809f-6363ba21b47e HYBRIDSLEEP
d4c1d4c8-d5cc-43d3-b83e-fc51215cb04d REMOTEFILESLEEP
7516b95f-f776-4464-8c53-06167f40cc99 SUB_VIDEO
Retrieve the currently active power scheme
C:\> Powercfg -getactivescheme
Set the Monitor and disc timeouts for the current Power saver scheme
C:\> Powercfg -Change -monitor-timeout-ac 20
C:\> Powercfg -Change -disk-timeout-ac 30
Enable the mouse to wake from sleep
C:\> Powercfg -deviceEnableWake "Microsoft USB IntelliMouse Explorer"
Set the 'Power saver' scheme
C:\> Powercfg -SETACTIVE SCHEME_MAX
Create a Custom Power scheme and set it as active
Set _Custom_Power=B1234567-SS64-SS64-SS64-F00000111AAA
Powercfg -DUPLICATESCHEME SCHEME_MAX %_Custom_Power%
Powercfg -CHANGENAME %_Custom_Power% "SS64 Power Scheme "
Powercfg -SETACTIVE %_Custom_Power%
Disable the sleep button (for the users current power scheme)
For /f "tokens=2 delims=:(" %%G in ('powercfg -getActiveScheme') do (
Powercfg -setAcValueIndex %%G sub_buttons sButtonAction 0
Powercfg -setActive %%G
)
Disable the sleep button (for all available power schemes):
For /f "skip=2 tokens=2,4 delims=:()" %%G in ('powercfg -list') do (
Powercfg -setAcValueIndex %%G sub_buttons sButtonAction 0
if "%%H" == " *" Powercfg -setActive %%G
)
“The fact that you have to choose between nine different ways of turning off your computer... produces just a little bit of unhappiness every time” - Joel on Software
Related:
PowerCfg for Windows XP SP2
Q915160 - Create a Group Policy object for power schemes
Q324347 - How to use Powercfg.exe in Windows Server 2003
3rd party Power Management tools - EnergyStar.gov
© Copyright SS64.com 1999-2014
Some rights reserved
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Have I got a food allergy?
Prawns
Probably not! Immunological evidence of food allergy is found in less than 3% of cases of adults with IBS and is more common if you have other allergies such as eczema, asthma or hay fever. It’s more likely you have food intolerance. The distinction seems clear cut.
Food allergies are an immunological response to one particular food, usually a protein, whereas food intolerance usually involves a sensitivity a range of carbohydrate foods.
To try to find out what foods might be triggering your symptoms, fill in your symptom tracker and discuss this with your doctor or dietitian.
There are different types of allergy
• The most obvious and common form of food allergy occurs almost as soon as you have eaten the culprit food with vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Swelling and tingling around the mouth and throat often occur as well as skin rash, fever and headache. Foods that are often implicated include nuts, soya, egg, dairy and seafood.
• But not all allergic reactions are immediate. Some take a day or so longer to develop and are much more difficult to identify, as the symptoms are usually less dramatic and resemble those typical of IBS, though the reaction is still triggered by one type of food. See Coeliac Disease.
Remember:
• Food allergy is rare and always consists of a specific immune reaction to one particular food.
• If you think you might have food allergy, it is important to seek advice from your doctor or a dietitian.
• Most reactions to food are not caused by allergy, but by food intolerance in an oversensitive gut.
• Do not start excluding foods without advice. If you start excluding every type of food that causes symptoms, you risk severe nutritional deficiency.
• Your symptoms may be triggered by a meal you ate yesterday.
Can you tell the difference between food allergy and food intolerance. Take the food allergy test!
Allergy Testing
Allergy testing for IBS is controversial. The most reliable tests are the routine blood and skin tests conducted in hospital laboratories. Tests of hair or skin conductance lack reliable evidence. The most popular commercial tests for allergy involve measurement of circulating (IgG) antibodies to foods. IgG testing for IBS is based on the rationale that if the gut is leaky (as a result of inflammation, infection or stress for example), intact proteins from a variety of foods will permeate the gut lining and generate an immune reaction. But the interpretation of the results is not clear cut. High levels of IgG may be found in response to a number of common foods and may just represent the body’s normal defence reaction and not necessarily an indication of allergy.
York Test
The role of York test in the management of IBS is at best unclear. Whilst the test is useful for detecting the presence of IGG antibodies to specific food components it typically yields multiple positive results and may represent a normal immune response to food. Food-specific IgG4 does not predict true food hypersensitivity. Indeed the presence of this type of antibody has been associated with the development of tolerance to foods that are eaten often. The European Academy of allergy and clinical immunology guidance reads thus;
“Serological tests for immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) against foods are persistently promoted for the diagnosis of food-induced hypersensitivity. Since many patients believe that their symptoms are related to food ingestion without diagnostic confirmation of a causal relationship, tests for food-specific IgG4 represent a growing market. Testing for blood IgG4 against different foods is performed with large-scale screening for hundreds of food items by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type and radioallergosorbent-type assays in young children, adolescents and adults. However, many serum samples show positive IgG4 results without corresponding clinical symptoms.
These findings, combined with the lack of convincing evidence for histamine-releasing properties of IgG4 in humans, and lack of any controlled studies on the diagnostic value of IgG4 testing in food allergy, do not provide any basis for the hypothesis that food-specific IgG4 should be attributed with an effector role in food hypersensitivity. In contrast to the disputed beliefs, IgG4 against foods indicates that the organism has been repeatedly exposed to food components, recognized as foreign proteins by the immune system. Its presence should not be considered as a factor, which induces hypersensitivity, but rather as an indicator for immunological tolerance, linked to the activity of regulatory T cells. In conclusion, food-specific IgG4 does not indicate (imminent) food allergy or intolerance, but rather a physiological response of the immune system after exposition to food components. Therefore, testing of IgG4 to foods is considered as irrelevant for the laboratory work-up of food allergy or intolerance and should not be performed in case of food-related complaints.”
For more information about allergy and allergy testing, log in or join to become a member of The IBS Network. Then click on the following links:
To Read More Join today to access Members' Exclusive Content
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and Wales
The New Zealand national rugby union team (also known as the All Blacks) has played 37 matches against Wales, winning 34 of them. The first Test match between the two sides was played in 1905 at Cardiff Arms Park, with Wales winning 3–0, when the All Blacks were in Wales during the historic 1905–1906 All Blacks tour in Europe and North America. The loss was said to be controversial, as All Blacks wing Bob Deans claimed to have scored a try that would have brought them level. However, Wales were generally considered the better team with the All Blacks playing particularly poorly in the first half of the game. Two more Welsh victories in the next 50 years were balanced by a defeat by the 1924 All Black "Invincibles". Since the last loss (19 December 1953) New Zealand have won 33 consecutive encounters and Wales winning 0. Wales also played the touring New Zealand Natives team at St Helens on 22 December 1888 defeating them by 1 Goal to nil and the New Zealand Services at Cardiff on 21 April 1919, with Wales losing 6–3. Wales has accorded both of these matches 'test' status but neither game is considered to be an official test by New Zealand. Wales has also played the New Zealand Maori in Cardiff on 13 November 1982 defeating them 25–19. Neither country accorded that game test status.
Records
Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.
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WIKI
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Main menu command shortcuts stop working
#1
The command shortcuts for the main menu stop working as soon as another DocumentWindow is opened and has focus.
Pressing CMD+S for example (global save command) will flash the main menu just as if the save was performed, but the command never executes.
This is reproducible in the latest PluginHost example as well. Just open the PluginHost example, then double click on any plugin you have an while that window is up and has focus you cannot press CMD+S to save the entire graph.
Once you click back onto the main window it works again.
Is this a real bug or or am I missing something obvious here? Is there a workaround?
#2
This is really just an oddity with the plug-in host as it registers almost all of it’s commands with the window as the target. During startup, the plug-in host calls commandManager.registerAllCommandsForTarget (mainWindow); which in turn adds most of the app’s commands. Therefore, all those commands will only work when the mainWindow has focus.
#3
I see. What is the correct way to add a global menu that is always active regardless of the currently used window within the application?
#4
Register your JUCEApplication class as the command target and put all your commands in there including your MenuBarModel.
#5
Ahh… yes - that makes sense.
Thanks!
#6
Sorry Fabian, but after I moved everything to the Application class - same thing happens if another window within the app has focus. I call these during the initialization of the app. “this” is obviously the JUCEApplication class in this case.
getCommandManager().setFirstCommandTarget(this);
commandManager.registerAllCommandsForTarget(this);
There is nothing in the main window that would be now responsible for this. It is no longer a subclass of MenuBarModel either.
What could be the culprit here?
#7
The issue had nothing to do with registering the app as the only command target.
The problem was that the command manager KEY MAPPINGS must be added to each document window manually or the shortcuts will not work if the focused window received the keyboard shortcut.
Hopefully this will help someone else…
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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The Display Space
We summarize some concluding results from (Funk 1995). We assume that \(M\) is a complete metric space.
• Definition. For a locally connected topological space \(X\), we denote by \(\Lambda(X)\) it’s set of connected components. Given an open subset \(U \subset X\) we denote by \(\Lambda(U)\) the set of connected components of \(U\), where we augment \(U\) with the subspace topology. This defines a cosheaf on \(X\) with values in the category of sets. Given a continuous map \(f \colon X \rightarrow M\) we denote by \(\lambda_f\) the pushforward \(f_* \Lambda\) and obtain the functor \(\lambda\) from the category of locally connected topological spaces over \(M\) to the category of set-valued cosheaves on \(M\).
For a set-valued (pre)cosheaf Funk (1995) provides a construction similar to the étalé space of a (pre)sheaf.
• Definition. Given a cosheaf \(D\) on \(M\) we define it’s display space \({\operatorname{dis}}D\) as the disjoint union of costalks \(S_p := \big\{ x \in \prod_{p \in U \in \mathcal{O}(M)} D U ~ \big| ~ D_{U, V} \big( \pi_U (x) \big) = \pi_V (x) ~~ \text{for all} ~~ U \subseteq V \big\}\) over all \(p \in M\) where \(\mathcal{O} (M)\) is the set of open subsets of \(M\). Further we define \(\gamma_D \colon {\operatorname{dis}}D \rightarrow M\) by \(\gamma_D (x) = p\) for all \(x \in S_p\). To specify a topology on \({\operatorname{dis}}D\) we provide as a basis \(\{(U, b)\}_{U \in \mathcal{O}(M),~ b \in D U}\) where \((U, b) := \{x \in \gamma_D^{-1} (U) ~|~ \pi_U (x) = b\}\) for \(U \in \mathcal{O}(M)\) and \(b \in D U\).
By Funk (1995 Theorem 6.1) \({\operatorname{dis}}D\) is locally connected for any cosheaf \(D\) on \(M\).
• Assumption. From this point on we assume all topological spaces to be locally connected.
We continue to specify a natural transformation \(\eta\) from \({\operatorname{id}}\) to \(\gamma \circ \lambda\).
• Definition. Given a continuous map \(f \colon X \rightarrow M\), \(x \in X\) and \(U \in \mathcal{O}(M)\) with \(f(x) \in U\) let \([x]_U \in \lambda_f (U) = \Lambda (f^{-1} (U))\) be the connected component of \(x\). Now we define \(\eta_f \colon X \rightarrow {\operatorname{dis}}\lambda_f, x \mapsto ([x]_U)_{f(x) \in U \in \mathcal{O}(M)}\).
• Lemma. With \(\eta_f\) defined as above we have \((\gamma \circ \lambda)_f \circ \eta_f = f\).
• Proof. Given \(x \in X\) we have by the definition of \(\eta_f\) that \(\eta_f (x) \in S_{f(x)}\), hence \((\gamma \circ \lambda)_f (\eta_f (x)) = f(x)\) by the definition of \((\gamma \circ \lambda)_f\).
• Lemma. The map \(\eta_f\) as defined above is continuous.
• Proof. Given \(U \in \mathcal{O}(M)\) and \(b \in \lambda_f (U) = \Lambda (f^{-1} (U))\) we need to show that \(\eta_f^{-1} (\{x \in (\gamma \circ \lambda)_f^{-1} (U) ~|~ \pi_U (x) = b\})\) is open. To do so we will show that \(\eta_f^{-1} (\{x \in (\gamma \circ \lambda)_f^{-1} (U) ~|~ \pi_U (x) = b\}) = b\) which is open, since \(X\) is locally connected. Suppose that \(x \in X\) is such that \(\eta_f (x) \in (\gamma \circ \lambda)_f^{-1} (U)\) and \(\pi_U (\eta_f (x)) = b\), then \(x \in \eta_f^{-1} ((\gamma \circ \lambda)_f^{-1} (U)) = f^{-1} (U)\) by the previous lemma. Further we have \(b = \pi_U (\eta_f (x)) = \pi_U (([x]_V)_{f(x) \in V \in \mathcal{O}(M)} = [x]_U\), hence \(x \in b\). The converse follows from a similar argument.
• Definition. Let \(f \colon X \rightarrow M\) be continuous, then \(f\) is a cosheaf space over \(M\) if \(\eta_f\) is a homeomorphism.
By (Funk 1995, Theorem 5.9 and Remark 5.10) \(\lambda\) and \(\gamma\) form a pair of adjoint functors \(\lambda \dashv \gamma\) with unit \(\eta\). Further the counit \(\varepsilon\) for this adjunction is a natural isomorphism by (Funk 1995, Theorem 6.1). We summarize this as a
1. Theorem. \(\lambda\) and \(\gamma\) form a pair of adjoint functors \(\lambda \dashv \gamma\) with unit \(\eta\) and whose counit \(\varepsilon\) is an isomorphism.
• Corollary. The category of cosheaves on \(M\) is equivalent to the reflective subcategory of cosheaf spaces over \(M\).
• Proof. This follows with (Gabriel and Zisman 1967, Proposition 1.3 or http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/reflective+subcategory#characterizations).
• Remark. Beyond the above Funk (1995 Theorem 5.17) provides a topological characterization of cosheaf spaces which hasn’t been mentioned here.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Jerry Wayne BROWN, Jr., Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 2D08-2793.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.
May 22, 2009.
Rehearing Denied July 6, 2009.
James Marion Moorman, Public Defender, and Richard J. Sanders, Assistant Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.
Bill McCollum, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Cerese Crawford Taylor, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Ap-pellee.
WALLACE, Judge.
Jerry Wayne Brown, Jr., appeals his two judgments and life sentences for sexual batteries committed upon two persons under the age of twelve years, violations of section 794.011(2)(a), Florida Statutes. The sole issue Mr. Brown asks us to determine is whether the trial court erred in instructing the jury in accordance with section 794.022(1) that the testimony of the victim need not be corroborated in a prosecution for sexual battery. Because we conclude that such an instruction is misleading and constitutes an improper comment on the evidence by the trial court, we reverse Mr. Brown’s judgments and sentences and remand for a new trial.
I. THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The State charged Mr. Brown with committing sexual battery against two sisters in Collier County at some time between January 1, 1983, and August 1, 1987. The evidence at trial established that the sisters had moved with their family to the Naples area in January 1983. From 1983 until the summer of 1987, Mr. Brown, to whom the sisters were related, had lived sporadically at the sisters’ family home in Naples. In January 1983, Mr. Brown would have been eighteen years old. When the two sisters moved to Naples, the older sister was seven years old and the younger sister was six.
In 2006, the two sisters contacted law enforcement officials and reported that Mr. Brown had committed multiple acts of sexual abuse — including sexual battery— against them from January 1983 until the summer of 1987 when they moved from the Naples area. At the time of the report, the older sister was thirty and the younger sister was twenty-nine. Neither of the sisters had made any contemporaneous complaints about the alleged sexual abuse by Mr. Brown. Based on the sisters’ reports, Mr. Brown was arrested and charged with committing two sexual batteries — one against each sister.
At trial, the State presented the testimony of three witnesses. The two sisters testified about the four and one-half years of sexual abuse they claimed to have experienced at the hands of Mr. Brown. A detective employed by the Collier County Sheriffs Office testified that she had taken statements from the sisters on November 5, 2006. The detective also testified that Mr. Brown had been born in August 1964. The State did not present any physical evidence or any evidence concerning collateral crimes. In addition, the State did not present evidence of any admissions or incriminating statements by Mr. Brown. Mr. Brown elected not to testify in his own defense. He did not call any witnesses.
The jury found Mr. Brown guilty as charged of both counts of sexual battery. The trial court adjudged him to be guilty in accordance with the jury’s verdicts and sentenced him to life in prison on each count. The sentences were designated to run consecutively.
II. THE SPECIAL JURY INSTRUCTION
Except to the extent that the testimony of each sister reinforced the testimony of the other, their accounts of the alleged sexual abuse were not supported by evidence of contemporaneous complaints, physical evidence, admissions by Mr. Brown, or evidence of collateral crimes. In his opening statement and in his cross-examination of the two sisters, defense counsel noted the absence of any evidence corroborating the sisters’ testimony. At the charge conference, the prosecutor requested a special jury instruction based on section 794.022(1), which provides: “The testimony of the victim need not be corroborated in a prosecution under s. 794.011.” The State’s requested instruction tracked the language of section 794.022(1) almost verbatim. The instruction read: “The testimony of the victim need not be corroborated in a prosecution for sexual battery.”
Defense counsel objected to the special instruction. In pertinent part, he argued:
I think that’s probably an instruction that goes more to [a] motion for judgment of acquittal than it does to something for the jury, because when it comes before the Court, the Court can look at it and say there was no corroboration. The statute says, Judge, you don’t need it. You can then deny the motion for judgment of acquittal.
To get out here and tell them that there doesn’t have to be any corroboration is pretty much deciding the verdict.
In any case, we never come down and say somebody’s testified and there has to be corroboration. That’s an argument. But to suggest, by special instruction, that what these girls say doesn’t need to be corroborated is pretty much giving them an invitation to say, okay, fine, then that’s good enough. I don’t think that we should say one way or the other.
Thus defense counsel opposed the requested instruction on the ground that section 794.022(1) was pertinent only to the State’s burden of proof to survive a motion for judgment of acquittal and was not a proper subject of comment by the trial court.
In addition, defense counsel’s objection to the special instruction included the following argument: ‘Your instruction says corroboration or lack of corroboration, the veracity or lack of veracity of a witness.” This portion of defense counsel’s objection is ambiguous. However, this comment may be reasonably interpreted as an observation that the subject matter of the special instruction was adequately covered in Standard Jury Instruction 8.9 on “Weighing the Evidence.”
The trial court overruled defense counsel’s objection and agreed to give the special instruction. After observing that the defense had put the uncorroborated nature of the sisters’ testimony “at issue,” the trial court ruled: “All right. Well, it is the law. It’s in the section under sexual battery. It refers specifically to the sexual battery section. I’m going to add this on both counts.” Having decided to give the special instruction, the trial court might have incorporated the instruction into the text of Standard Jury Instruction 8.9 on “Weighing the Evidence.” Instead, the trial court added the special instruction to the end of Standard Jury Instruction 11.1 on “Sexual Battery — Victim Less than 12 Years of Age.” Because there were two victims, the instruction was read to the jury twice, once in connection with each separate instruction for each sister.
III. THE PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS
On appeal, Mr. Brown argues that the special “instruction amounted to an improper comment on the evidence and it constituted judicial approval of a crucial State argument.” In response, the State emphasizes that the jury instructions must be considered in their entirety. According to the State, the jury instructions — taken as a whole — correctly informed the jury concerning the State’s burden to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt by presenting testimony from the sisters establishing Mr. Brown’s commission of the charged offenses. Thus the special instruction “did not suggest to the jury that the State’s mere presentation of witnesses inexorably leads to a conviction without critical examination of the evidence.”
IV. THE STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the giving or withholding by a trial court of a requested jury instruction under an abuse of discretion standard. Worley v. State, 848 So.2d 491, 491 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (citing Palmore v. State, 838 So.2d 1222 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003)). However, “[w]here an instruction is confusing or misleading, prejudicial error occurs where the jury might reasonably have been misled and the instruction caused them to arrive at a conclusion that it otherwise would not have reached.” Tinker v. State, 784 So.2d 1198, 1200 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (citing Wadman v. State, 750 So.2d 655, 658 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999)).
V. DISCUSSION
A. Introduction
No reported Florida case has considered the special instruction given in this case or one similar to it. Thus it appears that the propriety of giving the special instruction is a question of first impression in Florida. To examine this question, we will begin by considering the adequacy of the standard jury instructions on this subject and the practice of reading statutes to the jury. Next, we will make a brief review of Florida’s prohibition against judicial comment on the evidence. With this background, we will examine the history and purpose of section 794.022(1), the statute on which the special instruction was based. Our examination of section 794.022(1) leads us to a detailed analysis of the two Florida decisions on which Mr. Brown relies most heavily in his argument for reversal — the Marr cases. After an analysis of these decisions, we will review three cases from other jurisdictions that have considered jury instructions very similar to the special instruction used in this case. Because we decide that giving the special instruction was error, we will conclude by considering whether the error was harmless under the circumstances of Mr. Brown’s case.
II. The Adequacy of the Standard Jury Instructions
Of course, the special instruction at issue in this case does not appear in the Standard Jury Instructions. However, the subject of the special instruction is addressed — at least by inference — in Standard Jury Instruction 3.9 on “Weighing the Evidence.” For example, the standard jury instruction suggests that the jury consider whether “the witness’s testimony agree[s] with the other testimony and other evidence in the case.” The standard jury instruction concludes by advising the jurors: “You may rely upon your own conclusion about the witness. A juror may believe or disbelieve all or any part of the evidence or the testimony of any witness.”
“The standard jury instructions are presumed correct and are preferred over special instructions.” Stephens v. State, 787 So.2d 747, 755 (Fla.2001) (citing State v. Bryan, 290 So.2d 482 (Fla.1974)). However, the use of the standard jury instructions does not relieve the trial court of its obligation to determine whether the standard instructions accurately and adequately state the law. Moody v. State, 359 So.2d 557, 560 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978). If the trial judge determines that the standard jury instructions are erroneous or inadequate and departs from them in instructing the jury, it is mandatory that the trial judge “state on the record or in a separate order the respect in which the judge finds the standard form erroneous or inadequate and the legal basis of the judge’s finding.” Fla. R.Crim. P. 3.985; see also State v. Hamilton, 660 So.2d 1038, 1045-46 (Fla.1995) (citing Moody, 359 So.2d at 560); Holt v. State, 987 So.2d 237, 240 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008).
Here, the trial judge did not specifically address the adequacy of the standard jury instructions on the question of whether the victim’s testimony was required to be corroborated in a prosecution for sexual battery. The trial judge appears to have assumed either that Standard Jury Instruction 3.9 on “Weighing the Evidence” did not address the subject of the corroboration of witness testimony or that it was inadequate on that subject. The trial judge’s stated reasons for giving the instruction were that the defense had put the question of corroboration at issue and that the instruction, which was taken directly from the statute, was an accurate statement of the law.
C. Reading the Statute
Except for the substitution of the name of the crime for the statute number, reading the special instruction amounted to reading section 794.022(1) to the jury. We note that “[rjeading a statute to the jury as an instruction is not necessarily erroneous.” Ruskin v. Travelers Ins. Co., 125 So.2d 766, 769 (Fla. 2d DCA 1960). However, “a charge taken from a statute must be justified by the evidence; it must be pertinent to the case; it must be confined to the issues in the case; and it must not mislead the jurors.” Id. The giving of an instruction — even one taken directly from a statute — that violates these basic safeguards may result in reversible error. See id. at 770. In this case, our task is to determine whether the special instruction based directly on section 794.011(2) had the potential to mislead the jurors or was otherwise improper.
D. Commenting on the Evidence
At trial, defense counsel’s primary objection to the instruction was that the absence of any evidence to corroborate the sisters’ testimony was a matter for argument by counsel rather than a subject for comment by the trial court. Florida has traditionally discouraged judicial comment on the evidence by the judge to the jury. Walker v. State, 896 So.2d 712, 721 (Fla.2005) (Anstead, J., dissenting); Raulerson v. State, 102 So.2d 281, 285 (Fla.1958). More than one hundred years ago, the Supreme Court of Florida outlined the basis of the prohibition of such judicial commentary:
[G]reat care should always be observed by the judge to avoid the use of any remark in the hearing of the jury that is capable, directly or indirectly, expressly, inferentially, or by innuendo, of conveying any intimation as to what view he takes of the case, or that intimates his opinion as to the weight, character, or credibility of any evidence adduced. All matters of fact, and all testimony adduced, should be left to the deliberate, independent, voluntary, and unbiased judgment of the jury, wholly uninfluenced by any instruction, remarks, or intimation, either in express terms or by innuendo, from the judge, from which his view of such matters may be discerned. Any other course deprives the accused of his right to trial by jury, and is erroneous.
Lester v. State, 37 Fla. 382, 20 So. 232, 234 (1896). A breach of the prohibition against judicial commentary on the evidence tends to destroy the impartiality of the trial to which a litigant or an accused is entitled. Hamilton v. State, 109 So.2d 422, 424-25 (Fla. 3d DCA 1959).
Florida’s prohibition of judicial comment on the evidence has been codified in section 90.106, Florida Statutes (2007). Vaughn v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 907 So.2d 1248, 1254 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005). Section 90.106 provides: “A judge may not sum up the evidence or comment to the jury upon the weight of the evidence, the credibility of the witnesses, or the guilt of the accused.” The Florida courts have determined that various jury instructions that amounted to judicial comment on the evidence violate the statute and thus are impermissible. See, e.g., Fenelon v. State, 594 So.2d 292 (Fla.1992) (finding that instructing the jury that flight by the accused may be one of a series of circumstances from which guilt may be inferred was an improper comment on the evidence and directing that the instruction should not be given); Whitfield v. State, 452 So.2d 548 (Fla.1984) (finding that instructing the jury that the accused’s refusal to submit to fingerprinting was a circumstance from which consciousness of guilt could be inferred was an impermissible comment on the evidence).
E. The History and Purpose of Section 794.022(1)
The content of section 794.022(1) originated in 1974 as part of the legislation eliminating the crime of rape and replacing it with the new offense of sexual battery. Ch. 74-121, Laws of Fla. See generally E. Sue Bernie, Note, Florida’s Sexual Battery Statute: Significant Reform but Bias against the Victim Still Prevails, 30 U. Fla. L.Rev. 419 (1978) (discussing the legislation and its background in detail). The new statute also provided that “[t]he testimony of the victim need not be corroborated in prosecutions under [the Sexual Battery statute]; however, the court may instruct the jury with respect to the weight and quality of the evidence.” This provision originally appeared in the 1974 Laws as section 794.011(5), but was renumbered in the bound volume of the Florida Statutes as section 794.022(1), its current designation. Ch. 74-121, § 2, at 372, Laws of Fla.; § 794.022(1), Fla. Stat. (Supp.1974). The purpose of the enactment of section 794.022(1) was to eliminate a judicially created corroboration requirement for a rape or sexual battery conviction based on the lack of evidentiary weight. See Tibbs v. State, 397 So.2d 1120, 1129 n. 3 (Fla.1981) (Sundberg, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Anderson v. State, 549 So.2d 807, 814 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989) (Cowart, J., dissenting).
When section 794.022(1) was enacted, the Standard Jury Instructions on Rape (section 794.01, Florida Statutes, now repealed) included the following instruction:
If the testimony of the female is not supported by other evidence!,] her testimony should be rigidly examined, especially as it related to the nature and extent of the force used and as it related to the question of whether or not consent was ever finally given....
See Marr I, 470 So.2d at 711 n. 11. This instruction was omitted from the standard jury instructions in 1976. Id. Despite the omission of this instruction from the standard instruction, some defense attorneys continued to include it or some version of it in their requested jury instructions in prosecutions for the new offense of sexual battery. See, e.g., id. at 706-07.
In 1983, section 794.022(1) was amended to delete the clause authorizing the trial court to “instruct the jury with respect to the weight and quality of the evidence.” Ch. 83-258, § 1, at 1315, Laws of Fla. It has been suggested that the deletion of the portion of section 794.022(1) authorizing trial courts to “instruct the jury with respect to the weight and quality of the evidence” was an attempt to bar trial judges from using the portion of the former standard jury instruction requiring a rigid examination of the uncorroborated testimony of the victim in a prosecution for sexual battery. Marr I, 470 So.2d at 713 n. 1 (Ervin, C.J., dissenting) (referring to “[t]he staff report of the Judiciary Committee, House of Representatives on HB 348, which led to the passage of Chapter 83-258”). Thus it is reasonable to conclude that the 1983 amendment resulting in the current version of section 794.022(1) was intended to prohibit — not to promote — judicial comment on the weight and quality of the victim’s testimony in prosecutions for sexual battery.
F. Marr I and Mair II: The Cases Relied on by Mr. Brown
In Marr I and Marr II, the First District and the Supreme Court of Florida, respectively, considered a jury instruction analogous to the instruction under review here. Marr I and Marr II were decided after the adoption of section 90.106 and the 1983 amendment to section 794.022(1). For these reasons, Marr I and Marr II merit close examination.
Mr. Marr I, 470 So.2d at 704. He requested the following jury instruction: “In a case of this kind where no other person was an immediate witness to the alleged act, the testimony of the prosecutrix should be rigidly scrutinized.” Id. at 708. The trial court denied the requested instruction on the ground that the subject of the instruction was covered by the standard jury instructions on judging the credibility of witnesses. Id.
The jury convicted Mr. Marr of sexual battery. On appeal to the First District, he argued that the trial court had erred in refusing to give the requested instruction. Id. A panel of the First District agreed and decided to reverse the judgment and sentence on account of the trial court’s denial of the requested instruction. Id. at 706-07.
On rehearing en banc, a majority of the full court disapproved the panel decision on the jury instruction issue and affirmed Mr. Marr’s judgment and sentence. Id. at 708. The en banc majority specifically noted that the trial court had given the standard instruction that is now designated as Standard Jury Instruction 3.9 on “Weighing the Evidence.” Id. Concerning this instruction, the en banc majority said:
The foregoing instruction is applicable to testimony of victims, male or female, of a sex crime or any other crime whether or not their testimony is corroborated. It is sufficient in this case. The instruction requested by defendant below, singling out the prosecutrix in a rape case for judicial comment on the credibility of her testimony, is plainly erroneous and not the law of this state.
Id. at 708-09. In reaching this conclusion, the en banc majority relied on section 90.106. Id. at 711. In addition, the en banc majority specifically noted that the 1983 amendment to section 794.022(1) had deleted the authorization to the trial court to instruct the jury on the weight and quality of the evidence in a prosecution for sexual battery. Id. at 711 n. 11. Finally, the en banc majority certified a question to the Supreme Court of Florida concerning whether the trial court erred in refusing to give the requested instruction. Id. at 712.
The Supreme Court of Florida answered the certified question in the negative and held that the instruction should not be used in sexual battery cases. Mart II, 494 So.2d at 1140. The court declared that the requested jury instruction, “which singles out the testimony of a sexual battery victim as somehow deserving more rigid scrutiny by a jury than other witnesses’ or victims’ testimony, should no longer play a role in Florida jurisprudence.” Id. at 1142. The court explained:
[W]e can discern no unique reason why those accused of sexual battery should occupy a status different from those accused of any other crime where the ultimate factual issue at trial pivots on the word of the victim against the word of the accused.
The standard instruction given by the trial court in this case was adequate, giving guidance to the jury without im-permissibly commenting on the weight to be given the evidence or the credibility of any witness. Counsel for both the state and the defense in their opening statements and closing arguments made it explicitly clear to the jury that this case turned totally on whether the jury believed the victim’s testimony. In essence, both parties asked the jury to “rigidly scrutinize” the testimony of the prosecutrix. This is a proper argument from counsel; it would not be proper had the same statements come from the bench clothed as principles of law.
Id. (footnote omitted.) Thus under Mart-1 and Mart II, comments on the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses in sexual battery cases are the proper subject of argument by counsel, but such comments may not be delivered from the bench.
G. Authority fi'om Other Jurisdictions
As we noted previously, no reported Florida case has considered a similar instruction. However, courts in other jurisdictions have considered instructions similar to the special instruction at issue in Mr. Brown’s case. Thus we turn now to a review of some of these cases.
In Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 459 (Ind.2003), the Supreme Court of Indiana considered the propriety of a jury instruction similar to the instruction at issue in this case. The conduct for which the defendant in Ludy was tried concerned an assault by several jail inmates on another inmate. Id. at 462. At trial, the victim testified that during the assault, his pants were removed, he was held head down in a toilet, and the defendant inserted a bottle up the victim’s rectum. Id. The defendant was convicted of criminal deviate conduct, criminal confinement, and two counts of battery.
Over a defense objection, the trial court gave the following jury instruction:
A conviction may be based solely on the uncorroborated testimony of the alleged victim if such testimony establishes each element of any crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at 460. At trial, defense counsel objected to the instruction on the ground “that it is ‘an appellate standard ... rather than something that the jury needs to be instructed about.’ ” Id. On appeal, the Indiana Court of Appeals affirmed the convictions.
On further review, the Indiana Supreme Court held that giving the instruction was error and overruled a number of prior inconsistent decisions. Id. at 462. The Ludy court explained its decision as follows:
The challenged instruction is problematic for at least three reasons. First, it unfairly focuses the jury’s attention on and highlights a single witness’s testimony. Second, it presents a concept used in appellate review that is irrelevant to a jury’s function as fact-finder. Third, by using the technical term “uncorroborated,” the instruction may mislead or confuse the jury.
Instructions that unnecessarily emphasize one particular evidentiary fact, witness, or phase of the case have long been disapproved....
When reviewing appellate claims that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment, reviewing courts frequently confront cases in which most or all of the facts favorable to the judgment derive from the testimony of a single person, often the victim of the crime. In discussing this issue, our appellate opinions observe that a conviction may rest upon the uncorroborated testimony of the victim.
But a trial court jury is not reviewing whether a conviction is supported. It is determining in the first instance whether the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant committed a charged crime. In performing this fact-finding function, the jury must consider all the evidence presented at trial. To expressly direct a jury that it may find guilt based on the uncorroborated testimony of a single person is to invite it to violate its obligation to consider all the evidence.
In addition, the meaning of the legal term “uncorroborated” in this instruction is likely not self-evident to the lay juror. Jurors may interpret this instruction to mean that baseless testimony should be given credit and that they should ignore inconsistencies, accept without question the witness’s testimony, and ignore evidence that conflicts with the witness’s version of events. Use of the word “uncorroborated” without a definition renders this instruction confusing, misleading, and of dubious efficacy.
Id. at 461-62 (citations omitted). Although the Ludy court determined the giving of the instruction to be error, it affirmed the defendant’s convictions because the error did not affect his substantial rights. Id. at 463. The court reasoned that the testimony of the victim was not uncorroborated because “aside from the victim’s testimony there was substantial probative evidence establishing the elements of the charged offenses.” Id.
In Veteto v. State, 8 S.W.3d 805 (Tex.Ct.App.2000), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Crook, 248 S.W.3d 172 (Tex.Crim.App.2008), a Texas appellate court considered a similar instruction. In Veteto, the defendant was charged with three counts of aggravated assault on A.L., an eight-year-old child. Id. at 808-09. There were no witnesses to the incidents. On appeal, the defendant argued that the following portion of the trial court’s charge to the jury improperly commented on the weight of the evidence:
The law provides the testimony of the victim alone, if believed by you beyond a reasonable doubt, need not be supported by other evidence before a finding of guilt can be returned. That is to say, the testimony of [A.L.], standing alone, if believed by you beyond a reasonable doubt, is sufficient proof to support a finding of guilt.
Id. at 816. The Texas Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant that the jury charge was an improper comment on the weight of the evidence. The Texas court observed:
Although an accurate statement of the law, we agree with Veteto that the charge still had the force and effect of an instruction that a conviction could be had only on A.L.’s testimony; it singled out her testimony.... [T]he jury charge here is a comment on the weight of the evidence which is improper.
Id. (citation omitted). Notably, Texas, like Florida, has a statutory provision authorizing the conviction of the perpetrator of a sexual assault on the uncorroborated testimony of the victim under certain circumstances. Id.
In State v. Zimmerman, 130 Wash.App. 170, 121 P.3d 1216 (2005), petition for review granted and remanded for reconsideration on other grounds, 157 Wash.2d 1012, 138 P.3d 113 (2006), the defendant was charged and convicted of one count of first-degree child molestation. Id. at 1217. The trial court instructed the jury as follows: “In order to convict a person of the crime of child molestation, as defined in these instructions, it is not necessary that the testimony of the alleged victim be corroborated.” Id. at 1218. In Zimmerman, as in this case, the trial court’s instruction mirrored a state statute. Id. at 1222.
On appeal, the defendant argued that the instruction amounted to an improper comment on the evidence. Id. at 1217. Based on controlling precedent from the Supreme Court of Washington, the Zimmerman court held that the instruction correctly stated the law and was not an improper comment on the evidence. Id,, at 1222. However, the court observed that the Washington Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions do not contain the challenged corroboration instruction. The Zimmerman court also noted that the Washington Supreme Court Committee on Jury Instructions “recommends against such an instruction.” Id. The court quoted the Committee’s recommendation:
The matter of corroboration is really a matter of sufficiency of the evidence. An instruction on this subject would be a negative instruction. The proving or disproving of such a charge is a factual problem, not a legal problem. Whether a jury can or should accept the uncorroborated testimony of the prosecuting witness or the uncorroborated testimony of the defendant is best left to argument of counsel.
Id. at 1222-23. Declaring that it shared the Committee’s misgivings about a corroboration instruction, the Zimmerman court said that it was bound by controlling precedent to hold that it was not reversible error to give such an instruction. Id. at 1223.
H. Analysis
The instruction at issue in Marr I and Marr II was requested by the defense. In Mr. Brown’s case — as in Ludy, Veteto, and Zimmerman — the prosecution requested and was the beneficiary of the instruction under review. For this reason, these cases may be viewed as the “flip side” of the Marr cases. However, the analysis of the Ludy court, the Veteto court, and the Washington Supreme Court Committee on Jury Instructions as quoted in Zimmerman is consistent with the analysis in Mart / and Marr II on the issue of whether the challenged instructions constitute an improper judicial comment on the evidence. As both Marr I and Marr II teach, a jury instruction such as the one under review that singles out the testimony of one witness for particular comment constitutes an impermissible comment on the evidence. Marr I, 470 So.2d at 708-09; Marr II, 494 So.2d at 1142. Moreover, Standard Jury Instruction 3.9 on “Weighing the Evidence” is adequate to guide the jury on the issue of the corroboration of witness testimony. Marr I, 470 So.2d at 708-09; Marr II, 494 So.2d at 1142. For these reasons, we agree with Mr. Brown that the special instruction constitutes an improper comment on the evidence.
We also conclude that the special instruction is likely to confuse and to mislead the jury. Granted, the requested instruction is a correct statement of the law. However, the history of section 794.022(1) reveals that the statute was directed at the appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence in sexual battery cases. This consideration is entirely separate from the question of whether a jury should accept the uncorroborated testimony of the victim in the trial of a sexual battery prosecution. It follows that reading the statute to the jury is unwarranted and unnecessary. Finally, we agree with the Ludy court that telling the jury that a particular witness’s testimony does not need to be corroborated without further explanation is likely to mislead the jury.
For these reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in giving the special instruction over Mr. Brown’s timely objection. This conclusion requires us to consider the question of whether or not the error was harmful.
I. Harmless Error Analysis
Unlike the Ludy case, the testimony of the victims in this case was uncorroborated. There were no other witnesses to the acts of which Mr. Brown was accused. Neither of the two sisters had made any contemporaneous complaints about the alleged abuse. There was no physical evidence. The State did not present any evidence of any admissions by Mr. Brown or any collateral crimes evidence.
Under these circumstances, the defense’s strongest arguments for verdicts of not guilty arose from the uncorroborated nature of the sisters’ testimony, the absence of any contemporaneous complaints, and the questions raised by the lapse of almost twenty years between the end of the alleged sexual abuse and the sisters’ reports about it to law enforcement officials. The special instruction — which the trial court read to the jury twice — undermined these arguments. Defense counsel did not exaggerate when he said — as part of his objection — that the jury could interpret the special instruction as a judicial direction to convict Mr. Brown.
In addition, the prosecutor used the special instruction to counter defense counsel’s arguments. After defense counsel had completed his closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury in rebuttal:
The reason we have this instruction, that the testimony of the victim need not be corroborated in a prosecution for sexual battery [,] is for situations where these crimes were committed in secret and the disclosure is not made for a great period of time.
As we have seen, the prosecutor’s statement about the reason for the statute-based instruction was inaccurate as legislative history. More important, the prosecutor’s comments implied to the jury that the law discounted the need for corroboration of the victim’s testimony “where ... the disclosure is not made for a great period of time.” But the absence of any corroboration of charges of extremely serious crimes that went unreported by two victims for more than twenty years was certainly a proper subject for the jury to consider in reaching its verdicts.- The prosecutor’s misleading comments based on the special instruction were prejudicial to the defense. Under these circumstances, the State cannot demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that the error in giving the special instruction did not contribute to the verdicts. State v. DiGuilio, 491 So.2d 1129, 1138 (Fla.1986).
VI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Mr. Brown’s judgments and sentences and remand for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
LaROSE and KHOUZAM, JJ., Concur.
. The offenses were alleged to have occurred on unspecified dates between January 1, 1983, and August 1, 1987. The words "11 years of age or younger” were replaced by "less than 12 years of age” effective October 1, 1984. See ch. 84-86, § 1, at 262, Laws of Fla. In all other respects, the statute remained unchanged during all pertinent periods in this case.
. In accordance with section 775.082(1), Florida Statutes, as it provided between 1982 and 1987, Mr. Brown is required to serve no less than twenty-five years on each sentence before he will be eligible for parole.
. Marr v. State (Marr I), 470 So.2d 703 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985) (en banc), approved, Marr v. State (Marr II), 494 So.2d 1139 (Fla.1986).
. Mr. Brown has not argued that the trial judge failed to comply with rule 3.985. Therefore, we need not decide whether the trial judge’s remarks on the record were sufficient to comply with the rule.
. Section 794.022 in the 1974 supplement contains an erroneous reference to section 794.021 (ignorance of victim’s age no defense). This was corrected in the 1975 version of the statute.
. For an example of a decision imposing such a requirement, see Smith v. State, 239 So.2d 284 (Fla. 2d DCA 1970), quashed, 249 So.2d 16 (Fla.1971).
. These instructions now form the first part of Standard Jury Instruction 3.9 on "Weighing the Evidence.”
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CASELAW
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Woodland Avenue station
Woodland Avenue station is a SEPTA Route 101 trolley stop in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is officially located on Woodland Avenue (PA 420) and Rolling Road, though Rolling Road is actually a block north of the tracks. A school and athletic field exists at the end of that intersection.
Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Terminal in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania and Orange Street in Media, Pennsylvania. The station has a shed with a roof on the south side of the tracks where people can go inside when it is raining. Like the Providence Road stop in Media, a storage track begins northeast of Woodland Avenue across from the station shed that eventually becomes the second track. Part of the reason for the single track is because the Crum Creek Bridge in Smedley Park only carries one track.
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WIKI
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Page:Marcus Aurelius (Haines 1916).djvu/43
1., a kindly disposition and sweetness of temper.
2., modesty and manliness.
3., the fear of God, and generosity; and abstention not only from doing ill but even from the very thought of doing it; and furthermore to live the simple life, far removed from the habits of the rich.
4., to dispense with attendance at public schools, and to enjoy good teachers at home, and to recognize that on such things money should be eagerly spent. 3
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WIKI
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The Krebs Cycle and Homeostasis
••• selvanegra/iStock/GettyImages
The Krebs cycle, named after German-British biochemist Hans Adolf Krebs, is a key part of cellular metabolism.
To grow and carry out their functions in the body, cells have to metabolize glucose to produce energy. They can then use this energy to synthesize the organic molecules the body needs and for specific functions such as movement in muscle cells or digestion in the stomach. In 1937, Krebs discovered the Krebs cycle reaction, also known as the citric acid cycle, that forms a major part of this metabolic process.
In the course of splitting and metabolizing glucose molecules, cells have to make sure that the many body variables such as temperature, heart beat and respiration are maintained at stable levels. Homeostasis describes the process by which cells regulate the effects of hormones, enzymes and metabolism to keep the body working properly, within safe limits.
As part of glucose metabolism, the regulation of Krebs cycle helps cells with their homeostasis.
How Metabolism Maintains Homeostasis
Advanced organisms take in nutrients and metabolize them so that they can carry on their normal activities. The main source of metabolic energy is the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.
To maintain homeostasis, the levels of glucose, oxygen and the metabolic products all have to be tightly regulated. Each step of the metabolic process, including the Krebs cycle steps, helps regulate the organic substances it controls.
The main metabolic steps include the following:
• Digestion
1. Food is introduced into the oral cavity. The breakdown of carbohydrates starts with saliva.
2. Swallowed food enters the stomach. Gastric juices further digest the food.
3. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and other byproducts in the intestines. The glucose is absorbed by the walls of the intestines and enters the blood stream.
• Cellular Respiration
1. Blood with oxygen from the lungs and glucose from the intestines is pumped out to the capillaries where the oxygen and glucose diffuse into individual cells.
2. Inside each cell, a chemical reaction called glycolysis splits the glucose molecules and produces enzymes and energy-carrying molecules called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
3. The Krebs cycle steps use some of the enzymes produced by glycolysis to produce additional enzymes, more ATP and carbon dioxide.
4. The enzymes produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle enter the electron transport chain and produce a large number of ATP molecules. The final hydrogen reaction products combine with oxygen to form water.
• Elimination
1. The carbon dioxide and water diffuse out of the cells into the blood stream and are passed back to the heart through the veins.
2. The blood is pumped through the lungs to eliminate carbon dioxide and through the kidneys to eliminate surplus water.
For each step, the body, its organs and its cells have to keep body variables such as temperature, glucose levels and blood pressure steady at normal levels. This homeostatic regulation is controlled by the action of hormones and enzymes that are required for each step of metabolism to proceed.
If there is too much or too little of a particular substance, an enzyme will speed up or slow down the corresponding metabolic steps until homeostasis is established again.
The Example of Glucose Homeostasis
Glucose is the principal input for cellular respiration and its byproducts are used in the Krebs cycle. The level of glucose in the blood has to be controlled within a tight range. If there is not enough glucose reaching the cells, they will no longer be able to use cellular respiration and the Krebs cycle as an energy source. Instead, they may start breaking down fats or even muscle tissue.
Having too much glucose in the blood can be harmful as well. First, the body tries to get rid of the extra glucose by removing it from the blood in the kidneys and eliminating it through urine. Excessive urination dehydrates the body and increases the concentration of glucose in the blood. If the glucose level becomes too high, the individual may fall into a coma.
Glucose regulation is controlled by the pancreas.
If the level of glucose in the blood is too high, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood stream. Insulin promotes the use of glucose in the cells and helps with cellular respiration. The glucose level in the blood then decreases. If the glucose level is too low, the pancreas signals the liver to release more glucose. The liver is able to store excess glucose and releases it to help maintain glucose homeostasis.
The Krebs Cycle Steps
The main function of the Krebs cycle is to convert enzymes that the electron transport chain uses to produce energy. The cycle is self-contained in that it re-uses its constituent chemicals in a constantly repeating sequence. The enzymes NAD and FAD are changed to high-energy molecules NADH and FADH2 that can power the electron transport chain.
The Krebs cycle is made up of the following steps:
1. The pyruvate molecules created by splitting glucose during glycolysis enter the cell mitochondria where an enzyme metabolizes them into Acetyl CoA to start the Krebs cycle.
2. The acetyl group combines with a four-carbon oxaloacetate to form a citrate.
3. The citrate loses two carbon molecules to form two carbon dioxide molecules, using the energy from the broken bonds to produce two NADH molecules.
4. An oxaloacetate molecule is regenerated, producing an FADH2 molecule and a further NADH molecule.
5. The oxaloacetate molecule is available for another cycle at the start of a new sequence of reactions.
6. The NADH and FADH2 molecules migrate to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where they power the electron transport chain.
Through its role in cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle influences glucose homeostasis. Through regulation of glucose metabolism, it can play an important role in overall homeostasis in the body.
The Enzymes in Cellular Respiration
The enzymes that are produced during cellular respiration help keep cells in homeostasis.
Molecules such as NAD and FAD are needed for the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain to proceed. Additional enzymes speed up or slow down the Krebs cycle depending on cell signaling. Cells send signals to indicate an imbalance and request the Krebs cycle to help maintain homeostasis for the substances and variables it can influence.
Since the Krebs cycle forms part of the metabolic chain that uses glucose and oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and water, the cycle can influence the levels of these four substances and trigger adjustments in other metabolic functions. For example, if a high rate of metabolism is required because the body is undertaking strenuous activity, the oxygen levels in cells may go down. A slowing Krebs cycle forces the body to breathe more rapidly and the heart to pump faster, delivering the required oxygen to the cells.
The same type of mechanism can influence triggers such as hunger, thirst or attempts to raise or lower body temperature. Hunger and thirst will cause an individual to look for food and water. Someone who feels too hot will sweat, look for shade and remove items of clothing. Someone who feels cold will shiver, look for a warm spot and add clothing layers.
Through its unique role in cell metabolism, the Krebs cycle helps maintain homeostasis in the body and influences behavior as well.
References
About the Author
Bert Markgraf is a freelance writer with a strong science and engineering background. He has written for scientific publications such as the HVDC Newsletter and the Energy and Automation Journal. Online he has written extensively on science-related topics in math, physics, chemistry and biology and has been published on sites such as Digital Landing and Reference.com He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Your repl has been deployed
Question:
I’ve deployed my repl as a background worker. I get the message ‘Your Repl has been deployed!’ on https://bg-remover-sreeramanmg.replit.app/
What I want to see is https://bgremover.sreeramanmg.repl.co/
Hey @SreeramanMG welcome to the forums!
If you have a deployment, to my knowledge, you can no longer access the repl.co, it becomes the replit.app. I hope this helps!
1 Like
Why am I just seeing Your Repl has been deployed! message in the page and not the contents of my index.html file?
Are you seeing the message in the HTML file.
This is what I am seeing.
@SreeramanMG huh, that is odd. Can you share a link to the cover page of your project (In your Repl press your Repl name in the top left corner and press Cover Page)?
https://replit.com/@SreeramanMG/BGRemover?v=1
This is the coverpage
It is running fine when I click on Run there.
Hey @SreeramanMG!
When you deploy your Repl as a background worker, that doesn’t ensure that your Repl opens a port when starting up the Deployment. Instead, you should deploy your Repl as a web server in order for it to host on a port.
Please let me know if that works!
5 Likes
Hey,
When I deploy it as a web server. It gives the error
hostingpid1: an open port was not detected
But in my code I have
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=int(os.getenv('PORT', 8080)), debug=True)
Even tried setting the PORT as a Key in the Deployment Secret like the Replit AI suggested.
Still getting the error
hostingpid1: an open port was not detected
Using debug during deployment is undesirable, as the server may not start.
2 Likes
Removed debug=True. Still no luck.
Thanks for the info! What deployment type are you using?
When I try to deploy as a web server I get the error
hostingpid1: an open port was not detected
and the deployment fails. So the current successful deployment is the ‘background-worker’ where all I see is the ‘Your reply has been successfully deployed’ message on the page instead of my index.html file.
Thanks! I am working with the team to resolve this. I will keep you updated!
Hey @SreeramanMG, the issue is that your deployment takes too long to start up. We have a one minute timeout from the time that the deployment is started for it to start listening on a port.
The line that is taking a long time to execute is this one:
from rembg import remove
Presumably because it is loading up some LLM models or something in the background at import time.
One thing you can do is to move the import from the top level down into one of your functions. For example, you might change the remove_background function to look something like this:
@app.route('/remove-background', methods=['POST'])
def remove_background():
from rembg import remove
image_file = request.files.get('image')
# the rest of your code...
This will move the loading cost to the first time that the /remove-background endpoint is hit, which will be slow, but subsequent calls will be just as fast as they are now.
5 Likes
That worked! Thanks a lot everyone :slight_smile:
1 Like
This topic was automatically closed 7 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Themelo
Themelo (Θέμελο, before 1927: Ταμπάνια - Tampania ) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Fanari in the Preveza regional unit in the region of Epirus, in western Greece. The community includes the village Dikorfo.
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WIKI
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Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/48
THE HAPPY PRINCE
me ! how shabby the Happy Prince looks ! ' he said.
" How shabby, indeed ! cried the Town Councillors, who always agreed with the Mayor ; and they went up to look at it.
" The ruby has fallen out of his sword, his eyes are gone, and he is golden no longer," said the Mayor ; " in fact, he is little better than a beggar ! '
" Little better than a beggar," said the Town Councillors.
a And here is actually a dead bird at his feet ! ' continued the Mayor. " We must really issue a proclamation that birds are not to be allowed to die here." And the Town Clerk made a note of the suggestion.
So they pulled down the statue of the
Happy Prince. " As he is no longer beautiful
* he is no longer useful," said the Art Professor
at the University.
36
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WIKI
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Page:New Peterson magazine 1859 Vol. XXXV.pdf/240
LYDIA’s HUSBAND.
complained, notwithstanding his dislike to visitors in general.
Lydia was much occupied in her house, and indeed Mrs. Warner’s presence had become exceedingly distasteful to her. She never reproached Guy, never hinted at the fears which had begun to take a name and haunted her lonely hours. At places of amusement Mrs. Warner was their frequent companion, and her opinions had become so powerful that Lydia might reasonably have doubted whether she was mietrdfcs in her own house, but still she did not complain, certain that harsh words would only augment the evil, for she knew’ that Guy yet; loved her fondly, and beyond the gratification of his pampered vanity meditated no wrong toward her.
But Mrs. Warner had Acquired an influence over him of which he did not dream. She insisted upon making herself his confident—genius had ils hours of loneliness and discouragement— who could understand such feelings as she could? So Guy became a frequent visitor at her house, and though I am sorry to confess it, sometimes of a Sunday evening took his wife to visit a pious old aunt, and went himself to Mrs. Warner’s afterward.
His affection for Lydia was undiminislied, but eight months of married life had slightly worn away the romance, and Guy liked novelty. He grew restless and uneasy, but why he could not; have told; the quiet of his home at times seemed almost irksome, and he was vexed with Lydia for appearing so content with what he termed monotony. Mrs. Warner saw this; beneath her affectation of innocence she was a keen, scrutinixing observer. Adoration was her existence, and she was too thoroughly selfish ever to think of the pain which she might cause others. She had decided that Lydia was no fit wife for her “Raphael,” and there was every fear if her influence over him continued, that she might succeed in making him believe the same.
Mrs. Warner was a thorough “new” light,” though too wise even to make herself oonspicu- ous. She confessed to a belief in the doctrine of affinity—as far as souls went—clairvoyance was to her a beautiful and intelligible theory, she avowed, and she had once been almost a convert to spiritualism. Years before she had separated from her husband, because his rather antiquated ideas concerning a wife’s duties were not in unison with her refined sensibilities; and even when tidings of his death reached her, she felt no remorse for conduct which had hurried him to his grave. Since then she had had no desire to relinquish her dearly prized freedom,
and many a household could have dated its first misery from her entrance into its precincts.
This was the woman who was so rapidly in¬ sinuating herself into the confidence of Guy Havens, whose impulsive temperament rendered him, for a season, a fit subject for her wiles.
Toward spring an anonymous romance made its appearance, which attracted much attention in literary circles, and rumor was busy in attri¬ buting it to a dozen different sources. The ad¬ mirers of Mrs. Warner were inclined to believe her the author, although the style of the work was totally at variance with her former produc¬ tions. Guy thought it hers, and expressed his belief to Lydia, who only smiled.
One evening, at a party, the subject was dis¬ cussed before Mrs. Warner’s arrival, and several of her adherents grew quite earnest in their arguments to prove that she was indeed the author of the work. While the discussion was going on the lady entered, and a little group gathered arouud her with a thousand nonsensical compliments.
“It is useless to attempt any deception,” they said, “you may as well acknowledge yourself the author.”
Guy took a wreath from a basket of flowers and placed it playfully upon her forehead.
“Let us crown the new Corinne,” he said.
Mrs. Warner stood for a moment, as if trying to summon sufficient courage to deny her right to the honor; but her excessive vanity mastered the good impulse, and she raised her eyes to Guy’s face with her most winning look, saying only,
“Well, if you insist upon forcing the authorship on me, I cannot help it.”
Lydia watched her with feelings of utter contempt; at that moment she despised the woman too heartily even too feel pain at Haven’s undisguised admiration. Mrs. Warner remarked her silence; and her concealed dislike for Lydia could not longer be wholly restrained.
Later in the evening, Mrs. Havens was standing in a window recess, concealed from view by the draperies, when, before fehe was aware of it, her husband and Mrs. Warner approached the spot in earnest conversation.
“I believe our friendship must be given up, your wife does not like it,” were the first words which reached her.
“That is your fancy,” Guy said, “she must appreciate your genius too highly for such feelings.”
“Ah! my friend, you men know so little of women! I would not for the world make dear Lydia jealous.’
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WIKI
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This is an extra credit page.
Labs are done in after school help. You must let me know on the Thursday before if you are planning on completing a lab the following Monday. Please be sure you can come that day. Cancelling at the last minute after I have spent time setting up a lab for you will bring dire consequences.
Adapting to Life on Land
"Plants evolved about a billion years ago, but before that, the land was bare. The ocean water contained bacteria, algae and many simple animals like corals, sponges, jellyfish and worms. Scientists believe that algae at the edges of the inland seas and oceans adapted to life on land." Glencoe Reading Essentials
The vocabulary you must understand for this unit is:
Cuticle
Leaf
Nonvascular plant
Root
Seed
Stem
Vascular plant
Vascular tissue
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Biogenesis
So, if land plants evolved from life in the oceans, where did the life in the oceans come from?
Lets step back a few billion years to find out how scientists eukaryotes were formed. The Theory is called Endosymbiosis, and we have LOTS of indirect evidence to support it. Remember, a scientific theory is considered a valid explaination for why something happened in science and always has evidence to support it.
This gets us wondering , where did the prokaryotes come from? To answer this question we must take one more giant leap backward.
Ready for a quiz? Study this!
1. The theory of Endosymbiosis and what organelles are directly involved
2. What coacervates are and what they are NOT
3. What makes up primordial soup
Here is your Study Guide
Ready for a test? Study the following material:
1. Vocabulary
2. How Plants Adapted to life on Land
3. Plant Organs
4. Special Adapations of plant organs
5. Leaf Structure
Here is your Study Guide
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Turn to Gon Converter
Angle
Turn
Gon
Convert → Gon to Turn
1 Turn = 400 Gons
How many Gons are in a Turn?
The answer is one Turn is equal to 400 Gons and that means we can also write it as 1 Turn = 400 Gons. Feel free to use our online unit conversion calculator to convert the unit from Turn to Gon. Just simply enter value 1 in Turn and see the result in Gon. Convert 1 Turn to Gons
How to Convert Turn to Gon (turn to gon)
By using our Turn to Gon conversion tool, you know that one Turn is equivalent to 400 Gon. Hence, to convert Turn to Gon, we just need to multiply the number by 400. We are going to use very simple Turn to Gon conversion formula for that. Pleas see the calculation example given below.
\(\text{1 Turn} = 1 \times 400 = \text{400 Gons}\)
What is Turn Unit of Measure?
The turn is an angular unit of measurement for circular movement. The turn is also referred as full circle, complete rotation, revolution or cycle. One turn in general is equal to 360 degrees.
What is the symbol of Turn?
The symbol of Turn is turn. This means you can also write one Turn as 1 turn.
What is Gon Unit of Measure?
Gon is a unit of angular measurement. Gon is also known as gradian. One gon is equal to 1400 of a turn and 910 of a degree. In the right angle, we have around 100 gon which means a full turn is equal to 400 gradians.
What is the symbol of Gon?
The symbol of Gon is gon. This means you can also write one Gon as 1 gon.
Turn to Gon Conversion Table
Turn [turn]Gon [gon]
1400
2800
31200
41600
52000
62400
72800
83200
93600
104000
10040000
1000400000
Turn to Other Units Conversion Table
Turn [turn]Output
1 turn in arcmin is equal to21600
1 turn in arcsecond is equal to1296000
1 turn in cycle is equal to1
1 turn in degree is equal to360
1 turn in gradian is equal to400
1 turn in gon is equal to400
1 turn in octant is equal to8
1 turn in quadrant is equal to4
1 turn in radian is equal to6.28
1 turn in sextant is equal to6
1 turn in sign is equal to12
1 turn in circle 1/10 is equal to10
1 turn in circle 1/16 is equal to16
1 turn in circle 1/2 is equal to2
1 turn in circle 1/4 is equal to4
1 turn in circle 1/6 is equal to6
1 turn in circle 1/8 is equal to8
1 turn in full circle is equal to1
1 turn in mil is equal to6400
1 turn in minute is equal to21600
1 turn in point is equal to32
1 turn in second is equal to1296000
Disclaimer:We make a great effort in making sure that conversion is as accurate as possible, but we cannot guarantee that. Before using any of the conversion tools or data, you must validate its correctness with an authority.
Disclaimer | TOS | About | Privacy
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Param2002
Parto Azbi
Born in 5th of Aguest in 2002
Iranian
Pre med Student
Kpop specialist
Pianist
Blue belt in Taekwondo
Languages:Persian (fluent),English (high level), Korean (Intermediate)
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Concentrated highway interface
The result of the debate was delete. Johnleemk | Talk 05:39, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
Concentrated highway interface
Esoteric signaling specification. Three google hits, no definitions or futher research; mentioned in a couple of patents. Mikeblas 23:09, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep. Which Google are you using? I get a lot more than 3 hits. —Quarl (talk) 2006-01-10 01:30Z
* Delete NN. A handful of google hits.--Ezeu 07:37, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
* Delete as unverifiable, among other things. Stifle 16:30, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Pollicutt
The result of the debate was delete. Rob e rt T 02:14, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
David Pollicutt
NN. I found no meaningful matches via Google. Delete. PJM 13:11, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* NN? There's a claim to notability in there, and it's a good one (author of a book, he was featured heavily in news coverage, etc.). However, Google and amazon.com both swear he doesn't exist, which seems odd for someone with his profile. So delete as a hoax. PJM, please try to expend a bit more effort into your nominations. By saying "nn" when nominating someone who'd be clearly notable by anyone's standards (if he were verifiable) you just look foolish, and it's not good to have non-fools looking foolish. fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 14:27, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* Thanks for your constructive advice and insight on using the NN term. I used NN only because of the result of my search, which basically made me disregard the claims of notability made in the article. PJM 14:41, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. If what the article says is true, he should be easily findable through Google, but I cannot find him through his name, nor those of his books, nor as a boyfriend of Kimberley Walsh. Apparently the article is simply incorrect. - Andre Engels 14:31, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* Delete as unbelievable and even if it was, non-notable. Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] :: AfD? 15:10, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
* Delete as per Mark and Andre's reasoning.--PTSE 00:48, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
* Delete as hoax or at best unverifiable, per fuddlemark and Andre Engels. --Metropolitan90 05:25, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Hoax. *drew 01:38, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 80.djvu/406
402 their chemical composition and to a certain extent in their physiological action. The ptomaines have sometimes been called the animal alkaloids. This, however, is misleading, as ptomianes may be formed in vegetable as well as in animal proteins. Their essential difference is to be found in their origin. The ptomaines are decomposition products and largely belong to the aliphatic series, whilst the true plant alkaloids are cyclic compounds and practically all of them pyridin derivatives. Owing to the wide variation in the chemical constitution of the ptomaines no analytical methods are known or possible by which they can be differentiated as a class from the vegetable alkaloids. This is possible in the case of certain ptomaines but not all. As a result of this it is not difficult to see how serious medico-legal problems may arise. It is believed in not a few instances ptomaines have been mistaken for the vegetable alkaloids in chemico-legal analyses.
For our knowledge concerning the ptomaines we are indebted very largely to the investigations of Selmi, Nencki, Gautier and Brieger. Selmi was the first (1874-77) to suggest the name—ptomaine—and in fact the first to announce their true nature and origin. Nencki was the first (1876) to isolate a ptomaine (collidine) in pure form and determine its chemical formula. Gautier has given the best classification of both the ptomaines and leucomaines. To Brieger, however, belongs the credit of isolating the largest number (nearly one half) of the known ptomaines and of giving us the best methods for their determination. Vaughan and Novy in this country have made some valuable researches along this line. As the result of an investigation of a number of cases of cheese poisoning they succeeded in isolating a substance which when administered to animals produced symptoms quite similar to those caused in the human subject by the poisonous cheese. To this they gave the name tyrotoxicon. This poison or one very similar has also been isolated from ice cream and milk. The chemical composition of tyrotoxicon has not as yet been definitely determined.
In foods like cheese and certain sausages which depend for their flavor on the action of certain microorganisms it is not strange that we should at times have the formation of poisonous compounds. The so-called process of "ripening" as applied to food products is in fact a partial putrefaction in which we have as the result of bacterial action the formation of ammonia compounds and amino acids which render the food more palatable. It is therefore not a matter of surprise that we should have at times a condition of "over-ripening" with the formation of chemical compounds of a poisonous character. It is to be borne in mind that ptomaines are not found only as the result of advanced putrefaction. Bather are they the products of the earlier stages of protein decomposition. In advanced putrefaction they may themselves be broken down into more simple compounds. Thus
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WIKI
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Page:The Blight of Insubordination.djvu/79
71 conditions. That they have been enacted with the laudable or plausible intention of affording the most ample protection to a class that the State should ever be keen to cultivate may be taken for granted. How well they have succeeded must be judged by the rapid increase in the Lascar invasion plus the foreigner generally, who now exploits the British merchant ship in open competition with the men of native birth. Other times, other manners. It is not so long ago that the laws of the land provided for hanging the man who stole a sheep, and also other affairs which nowadays are considered very minor offences. Is the Merchant Shipping Act, then, to be likened unto the laws of the Medes and of the Persians that alter not? The times have changed, and with them the men. If the regeneration of the merchant service is a possibility of the immediate future, then the shipmaster, who is more than any other person responsible for its efficiency in so far as his own particular ship is concerned, must have proper support both from shipowners and from the State. At present they have not; consequently the most flagrant breaches of discipline are allowed to go unpunished and unchecked, owing entirely to such cases as do see the light being submitted for adjudication to those whose duty it is to administer the law, but who mostly fail in their duty to the State, owing to the general, erroneous idea that obtains that the poor hard wrought sailor is a person to be pitied and protected in every possible way. The moral effect of this on a service containing many thousands of men is very far-reaching, but the more immediate effect is to render the men concerned incapable of being handled satisfactorily, except in those ships where the conditions of employment are good and above the average; where the voyages are short and regular, such as in the mail services and liners generally; where the remedy for misconduct is a sure dismissal from the ship on arrival and from all similar vessels for ever after.
It may be taken for granted that the merchant service, as | it 1s now, is not, nor can it possibly be, a nursery for the Royal Navy. Whether it be or not the proper recruiting ground for the Navy in time of war is a matter which the State will do well to consider now in the piping times of peace. That shipmasters, engineers, and more particularly marine superintendents, are a greater power for good or evil on the manning question than either conscription or subsidy—as we remarked some pages back—is a statement that must be taken with caution, inasmuch as the opinions of shipmasters and engineers are rarely—very rarely—enquired for by shipowners in matters
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WIKI
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Rupert Hill (cricketer)
Rupert Hill (born August 14, 1954) was a West Indian cricketer who played for Glamorgan. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. He was born in Kingston.
A seam-bowler, the Jamaican played club cricket for Newport, Maesteg Town and Briton Ferry Town, but was only given one chance to prove himself at first-class level, against Cambridge University in the 1975 season. He also played one List A match, against Derbyshire in the same season.
Hill continued to play in the Second XI throughout 1976, and played one game in 1978, but made no further cricketing appearances beyond this point.
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WIKI
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The Best Way To Build Boiler Systems
Nevertheless, the set up charge will be countered by the reduction in gas expenses which varies depending upon what fuel you are replacing and the marginal upkeep prices of the system. The actual beauty of this system is that the majority of energy that you make use of for home heating comes from the ground, which indicates that you aren't influenced by the rate changes of other gas like oil, gas as well as electric, and also you'll always have a secure energy supply for your house.
If you incorporate this with sustainable electricity generation the running costs will be also reduced, particularly if you make use of a wind generator throughout winter season, when you call for even more home heating. If you use this in winter and a solar energy source throughout the summer and also all of the power made use of to power the heat pump is generated in this manner, after that you have no carbon home heating. Heatpump can aid you to conserve rather a lot of money as they are less costly to run than straight electric home heating, less expensive than oil heating as well as can be less expensive to run and maintain than gas-powered home heating.
Likewise, as they can be totally automated, they require much less work than also the very best biomass boilers. They aid to save on carbon discharges and also unlike melting oil, gas, biomass or liquid oil gas, a heatpump generates no carbon emissions on website and also as I pointed out over if they are powered by solar and wind power alone, they are completely carbon neutral. They need no storage, so they save area. You could dig up your yard and relay the grass right over the top of the coil as well as nobody would certainly also recognize it was there.
There are no gases, no emissions and also no combustion involved in any method, making a GSHP one of the most safe means of home heating your home. The lack of a burning chamber also suggests that geothermal calls for much less maintenance than other systems. Due to the safety and security functions of ground pump heating the low ecological influence they make, the planning authorities and also the federal government are much more likely to see them in a good light and the latter will supply a much greater price of Sustainable Warm Motivation than possibly can be achieved with various other renewable innovations. It is much more expensive to mount resources than various other systems due to the need to set up a ground heat exchanger, a gadget that is needed to make the system work. That claimed, it is this same exchanger that allows this form of heating to be much more reliable than the air resource heatpump specifically when the exterior air temperature level in wintertime is listed below freezing and you need your heater to be working at its maximum level.
The main issue to be skeptical of when considering a ground source heat pump is just how it is designed and whether it will match the home heating demands of the property. Creating and also installing one that will work successfully needs a complete understanding of just how warmth relocates via the ground, the geology of the area and also the cooling requirements of your structure. For these reasons, you can not simply go and install one yourself; you'll need to employ the solutions of a professional installer, and that means expense ramifications. The prospective cost savings of making use of a ground pump system can be significant over the life time of the system, so the initial outlay for correct layout and setup ought to pay for itself gradually.
The sun delivers extra power to the planet in one hour than we as a varieties utilize in a year. So, with that in mind, you would believe it would be pretty straightforward to power your house heating with the power of the flaming ball of gas overhead, all by itself. But wait, prior to you start to get too ecstatic, whether you can in fact get your hands on that power will rely on where you remain in the globe, what time of day as well as year it is and whether the innovation is readily available to collect it. Clearly, solar energy gets here on the earth in the type of light and heat energy all the way from the sun countless kilometres away. We after that use a range of technologies to capture, magnify and transform that energy for more useful functions and as far as a house or any type of sort of house is worried there are 3 main methods to tackle doing that.
Solar thermal uses the greenhouse concept to create useful quantities of hot water. Passive solar energy is light power gathered by your residence without the addition of technology things like sunshine travelling through a window and also warming up the air inside your home. Back then I do not recognize when it was an usual belief that Britain simply really did not obtain enough sun to justify any individual investing in solar energy. Nevertheless, take a mosey out right into nearly any type of community, village or city up and down the country and also you'll be greeted by a substantial swathe of photovoltaic panels on roofs and also farms that are committed to collecting the power of the sunlight.
The one sticking point for solar is storage space of the power that is produced. The sun shines throughout the day which is not constantly the time when we require it so just how to convert the power and shop it for later usage, has actually been something of a stumbling block. Yet, it is a hurdle that is beginning to be overcome as well as there are a wealth of sources available to find the very best way to attain it as well as a host of originalities being created daily.
The cost of setting up a solar thermal system will depend upon a number of various elements. From the type of panels you select to use and also the high quality of them to whether scaffolding will certainly be needed throughout installation and exactly how the system integrates with the existing heating system that you have. There could also be a few concealed expenses tossed into the mix as well. As an example, you might require intending approval for larger setups and some more unusual growths extra details about these can be located in the governments planning website.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Mathematics > Algebraic Topology
Title: Vietoris thickenings and complexes are weakly homotopy equivalent
Abstract: Characterizing the homotopy types of the Vietoris--Rips complexes of a metric space $X$ is in general a difficult problem. The Vietoris--Rips metric thickening, a metric space analogue of the Vietoris--Rips complex, was introduced as a potentially more amenable object of study with several advantageous properties, yet the relationship between its homotopy type and that of the Vietoris--Rips complex was not fully understood. We show that for any metric space $X$ and threshold $r>0$, the natural bijection between the (open) Vietoris--Rips complex and Vietoris--Rips metric thickening is a weak homotopy equivalence.
Comments: 17 pages
Subjects: Algebraic Topology (math.AT); General Topology (math.GN); Metric Geometry (math.MG)
MSC classes: 55N31, 51F99, 55P10
Cite as: arXiv:2303.01019 [math.AT]
(or arXiv:2303.01019v2 [math.AT] for this version)
Submission history
From: Patrick Gillespie [view email]
[v1] Thu, 2 Mar 2023 07:17:58 GMT (16kb)
[v2] Tue, 12 Sep 2023 01:50:17 GMT (18kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Men-at-the-Bar.djvu/300
Lake, Reginald John, undergrad. New Coll., Oxon, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 9 Nov., 1871 (then aged 21), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1874 (2nd son of George Lake, Esq., of Bushey House, Herts); born, 1850; married 6 Aug., 1879, Mary Beatrice, 5th dau. of late John Greene, of Abbey Ruins, Bury St. Edmunds.
* 9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
Lamaison, William Engelbert, M.A., Gonville and Caius Coll., Camb., 1874, a student of the Inner Temple 27 Oct., 1870 (then aged 23), called to the bar 7 June, 1873 (only son of late Lawrence Leonard John William Lamaison, of Demerara, British Guiana, bar.-at-law); born, 1847; married 12 Oct., 1875, Marian Warlters, eldest dau. of Henry Horne, Esq., of Salmons, Caterham, Surrey.
* 3, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.
Lamb, Andrew Simon, matric. Edinburgh Univ., goes the South-eastern circuit, a member of Faculty of Advocates Edinburgh 26 Nov., 1861, a student of the Inner Temple 8 Nov., 1862 (then aged 23), called to the bar 9 June, 1865 (only surviving son of Andrew Lamb, C.E., of Southampton); born, 1839.
* 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.
Lamb, Joseph Chatto, M.A., Jesus Coll., Camb., 1875, a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 2 May, 1872 (then aged 22), called to the bar 30 April, 1875 (2nd son of late Joseph Chatto Lamb, Esq., late of Ryton Hall, co. Durham, dec.); born, 1850.
* Ryton Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Lambert, Isaac Cowley, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1876, a member of the Midland circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 3 Nov., 1870, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1874 (5th son of Thomas Lambert, of Surbiton Hill, co. Surrey, merchant); born,.
* Surbiton Hill.
Lambert, Percival Beevor, B.A. Queen's Coll., Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 26 Jan., 1871 (then aged 25), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1873 (eldest son of Percival Lambert, Esq., late of Hull, dec.); born, 1846.
* 25, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
Lambert, Stampa Waller, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 15 Nov., 1879, called to the bar 21 June, 1882 (7th son of Henry Thomas Lambert, of Anerley, Surrey, gent.); born,.
* 3, Addiscombe Villas, Croydon; 4, Temple Gardens, E.C.
Lambert, William, M.A. New Inn Hall, Oxon, a member of the North-eastern circuit, a student of Lincoln's Inn 27 Jan., 1875 (then aged 21), called to the bar 7 May, 1879 (only son of William Jonah Lambert, late of Sowerby, Yorks, M.D., dec.); born, 1854.
* 1, Temple Gardens, E.C.
<section end="Lambert, William" />
<section begin="Lambert, William Charles" />Lambert, William Charles, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1828, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Middle Temple 17 Nov., 1815, called to the bar 28 May, 1824 (2nd son of Robert Lambert, Esq., of Dorchester); born,.
* Steepleton Manor House, Dorchester.
<section end="Lambert, William Charles" />
<section begin="Lamplugh, George Edward" />Lamplugh, George Edward, matric. King's Coll., London, a student of the Middle Temple 24 Jan., 1881, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1883 (eldest son of Henry Lamplugh, of Lowthorpe, Yorks, dec.); born,.
* Bridlington.
<section end="Lamplugh, George Edward" />
<section begin="Lamy, Joseph Lewis Arnold" />Lamy, Joseph Lewis Arnold, matric. London Univ. 1877, practises before the supreme court at Trinidad, a student of the Inner Temple 21 May, 1878 (then aged 20), called to the bar 11 May, 1881 (only son of Arnold Lamy, of Trinidad, merchant); born, 1858.
* Port of Spain, Trinidad.
<section end="Lamy, Joseph Lewis Arnold" />
<section begin="L'Amy, William Ramsay" />L'Amy, William Ramsay, B.A., Trin. Coll., Camb., 1872, a student of the Inner Temple 18 Nov., 1870 (then aged 20), called to the bar 7 June, 1875 (eldest son of John Ramsay L'Amy, Esq., of Dunkenny, co. Forfar, N.B.); born 11 Aug., 1850; married 29 May, 1878, Christian, 2nd dau. of Alexander Mitchell-Innes, Esq., of Ayton and Whitehall, co. Berwick, N.B.
* 107, Cromwell Road, S.W.
<section end="L'Amy, William Ramsay" />
<section begin="Lanauze, Charles Edward" />Lanauze, Charles Edward, practises before the High Court at Madras, a student of the Middle Temple 24 April, 1871, called to the bar 27 Jan., 1873 (youngest son of late Lieut. Lanauze, of Madras); born,.
* Palghout, Madras.
<section end="Lanauze, Charles Edward" />
<section begin="Lancaster, Robert" />Lancaster, Robert, a student of the Middle Temple 10 June, 1867, called to the bar 10 June, 1870 (2nd son of John Lancaster, sometime of Bilton Grange, co. Warwick, late M.P., coal and ironmaster); born,.
* Wolston Heath, Rugby.
<section end="Lancaster, Robert" />
<section begin="Lane, Richard Ouseley Blake" />Lane, Richard Ouseley Blake, B.A. Trin. Coll., Dublin, a member of the South-eastern circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 16 Jan., 1867 (then aged 25), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1870 (eldest son of Rev. Jeremiah Lane, rector of Killashee, co. Kildare); born, 1842.
* 2, Westgate Terrace, West Brompton, S.W.; 3, Tanfield Court, Temple, E.C.
<section end="Lane, Richard Ouseley Blake" />
<section begin="Lane, Sidney Leveson" />Lane, Sidney Leveson, B.A. Christ Church, Oxon, late capt. 1st Staff. militia, J.P., D.L. Yorks North Riding, a student of the Middle Temple 19 Nov., 1853, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1858 (2nd son of John Newton Lane, Esq., of King's Bromley, Staff.); born 13 April, 1831; married 6 Jan., 1863, Mary Isabel, Dowager Viscountess Downe, dau. of Rt. Rev. and Hon. Richard Bagot, lord bishop of Bath and Wells (see Foster's Peerage).
* Baldersby Park, Thirsk; Manor House, Great Addington, Thrapstone; 8, Belgrave Square, S.W. <section end="Lane, Sidney Leveson" />
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WIKI
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Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/30
Due S. of mound 1. Respectively twelve and ten meters in diameter. Near it the statues M, P and Q were found, none of which can, however, be with certainty alleged to have been roof-supporter. P has surely stood quite free.
Situated furthest southwards, of the same dimensions as mound 2, but containing a much less quantity of stones. Only one statue, F 1, was found there.
The smallest of all, situated furthest to the east, of a more irregular form. In its vicinity three statues were found, of which only one, O, was delineated. The others were crushed into small fragments.
The smaller objects found by excavations made in, and beside these mounds, will be spoken of in connection with the other ceramic relics, discovered in Ometepec and Zapatera.
I now return to the description of the several statues.
This statue, a double figure, was dug up out of the ground between the mounds 1 and 2. It has probably stood free, because considerable portions of its back were well elaborated. It is quite evident, that it has not
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WIKI
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Eddie Nash
Eddie Nash (April 3, 1929 – August 9, 2014) was an American nightclub owner and restaurateur in Los Angeles, as well as a convicted money launderer and drug dealer. Nash was allegedly the mastermind behind the Wonderland murders, but was never convicted, despite multiple arrests and trials.
Early life
Nash was born Adel Gharib Nasrallah in Mandatory Palestine. His family were Orthodox Christian Palestinians from the city of Ramallah, just outside Jerusalem Israel, Nash's family owned 48 hotels. In the early 1950s, Nash immigrated to the United States with only $7. He briefly found work as an actor and stuntman, and was an expert horseman. In 1952, he appeared in a small role as a character named "Nash" in an episode of the Western series The Cisco Kid.
In the 1960s, Nash opened a hot dog stand called Beef's Chuck on Hollywood Boulevard. By the 1970s, Nash owned several nightclubs and restaurants in Los Angeles, such as the P.J.'s club (shortly afterward renamed Starwood) in West Hollywood, the Soul'd Out club in Hollywood, the Odyssey disco, the Paradise Ballroom, the Seven Seas, Ali Baba's, and The Kit Kat strip club. Nash's clubs attracted diverse groups, as he operated clubs marketed towards gays, heterosexuals, teenagers, African Americans, and other target audiences.
Wonderland murders
Nash was allegedly involved in the quadruple Wonderland Murders in 1981; the suspected motive was as a retaliation for the robbery of Nash's home perpetrated two days earlier by three to five men. A key player in the incident, adult film performer John C. Holmes, was later acquitted of the murders. Nash and Holmes were well acquainted with each other; Nash enjoyed introducing his countless houseguests to Holmes, who was infamous for playing the X-rated movie character "Johnny Wadd."
However, by 1981, Holmes had become desperately addicted to freebasing cocaine, and as a result, his career had declined due to chronic impotence. In order to settle a substantial debt to drug kingpin Ron Launius, leader of the widely feared Wonderland Gang which dominated the Los Angeles cocaine trade, Holmes helped the group plan the invasion. Holmes went to Nash's home on the morning of the attack to leave a sliding door unlocked so the Gang could enter the home. On June 29, 1981, the Wonderland Gang entered into Nash's home via the unlocked sliding door, held Nash and his bodyguard at gunpoint, and stole Nash's drugs, jewelry and money. At one point, one of the Wonderland Gang's member's guns went off, grazing Nash's bodyguard's face. Nash was then made to beg for life on his knees, an act that he found humiliating. Nash quickly suspected John Holmes was involved in the robbery as he had been at Nash's home the morning of the robbery. The following day, a friend of Nash's confirmed his suspicions after telling him he had seen Holmes wearing some of his stolen jewelry.
On July 1, two days after Nash was robbed, Ron Launius, Billy Deverell, Joy Audrey Gold Miller, and Barbara Richardson were found bludgeoned to death at their home at 8763 Wonderland Avenue in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles. Susan Launius, Ron's wife, was critically injured but survived. Officials from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) remarked that the Wonderland Murders were particularly brutal, noting that the crime scene was bloodier than the Tate-LaBianca murders.
Nash was believed to have planned the murders that were committed by three of his henchmen. Nash planned to kill John Holmes but later decided to spare Holmes' life and use the Wonderland murders to "teach Holmes a lesson". Holmes later told his first wife, Sharon, he was forced to accompany three gunmen to the Wonderland Avenue home. He claimed he was then held at gunpoint and forced to watch the quadruple murders. While police believe Holmes likely took part in the murders, Holmes would maintain that he never killed anyone.
A police search of Nash's home days after the murders revealed a large amount of cocaine. Nash was sentenced to eight years in prison, but a judge released him after just two, purportedly due to Nash's poor health. An associate of Nash later admitted that they had bribed the judge with about $100,000.
In 1990, Nash was tried in state court for having planned the murders; the trial resulted in an 11–1 hung jury. Nash would later admit that he had bribed the lone holdout, a young woman, with $50,000. The retrial ended in an acquittal.
According to John Holmes' second wife Laurie (known as Misty Dawn), in a Playboy magazine interview, "He [Eddie Nash] was an awful man... John told me he used to leave the bathrooms without toilet paper, then offer the young women cocaine if they'd lick his ass clean."
Throughout the 1990s, law enforcement figures continued to hound Nash, who had been referred to in various print media as "the one who got away". In 1995, in a broad series of raids targeting alleged organized crime figures, federal agents armed with search warrants raided Nash's house and confiscated what was thought to be a cache of methamphetamine. To the chagrin of law enforcement, the "meth" turned out to be a cache of mothballs, and no charges were filed against Nash.
In 2000, after a four-year joint investigation involving local and federal authorities, Nash was arrested and indicted on federal charges under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) for running a drug trafficking and money laundering operation, conspiring to carry out the Wonderland Murders, and bribing one of the jurors of his first trial. Nash, by this point in his seventies, and suffering from emphysema and several other ailments, agreed to a plea bargain agreement in September 2001, pleading guilty to RICO charges and to money laundering. He also admitted to jury tampering (for which the statute of limitations had run out) and to having ordered his associates to retrieve stolen property from the Wonderland house, which might have resulted in violence including murder, but he denied having planned the murders that occurred. He also agreed to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. In exchange, he received a four-and-a-half year prison sentence (including time already served) and a $250,000 fine.
Bautista murders
On September 6 or 7, 1984, Nash's former lover Maureen Bautista and her son Telesforo were stabbed to death by Hells Angels biker Robert Frederick Garceau. Garceau was turned in to the police after he murdered Greg Rambo, who had helped him dispose of the Bautistas' bodies. Rambo's wife, Susan, knew of the Bautista murders and talked to the police under an agreement of immunity.
During the trial, Susan Rambo testified that Harlyn Codd had told her Nash was Telesforo's father, and that Nash once had paid Garceau to fulfill a contract but that Garceau had failed to perform and, as a result, Nash was "looking for" Garceau. At trial, evidence was presented that Garceau murdered Bautista because she threatened to expose Garceau's drug operations to Nash, and Garceau killed her son because Telesforo had witnessed Bautista's murder. Garceau was convicted of all three murders and sentenced to death.
A lengthy court appeal of Garceau's death sentence was begun, but in 1993 the California Supreme Court upheld the legality of what became known as "The Nash testimony." Garceau died from cancer on San Quentin's death row on December 29, 2004.
Death
On August 9, 2014, Nash died at the age of 85.
Films
* In the movie Boogie Nights (1997), Alfred Molina plays a character named Rahad Jackson, whose bodyguard, home, and living situation are heavily influenced by Nash's.
* In the movie Wonderland (2003), Nash is portrayed by actor Eric Bogosian.
* In the biographical film Behind the Candelabra (2013), Nicky Katt portrays Mr. Y, a pseudonymous depiction of Nash's role in the life of Scott Thorson.
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WIKI
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sectile
Etymology
.
Adjective
* 1) Capable of being cut.
* 2) Capable of being cut smoothly with a knife.
* 3) Having the appearance of being divided.
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WIKI
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Crate trust_dns [] [src]
Trust-DNS is intended to be a fully compliant domain name server and client library.
The Client library is responsible for the basic protocols responsible for communicating with DNS servers (authorities) and resolvers. It can be used for managing DNS records through the use of update operations. It is possible to send raw DNS Messages with the Client, but for ease of use the query and various other update operations are recommended for general use.
For a system like resolver built on top of the Client library, see trust-dns-resolver. This is mostlikely what you want if all you want to do is lookup IP addresses.
For serving DNS serving, see trust-dns-server.
Goals
• Only safe Rust
• All errors handled
• Simple to manage servers
• High level abstraction for clients
• Secure dynamic update
• New features for securing public information
Usage
This shows basic usage of the SyncClient. More examples will be associated directly with other types.
Dependency
[dependencies]
trust-dns = "^0.10"
By default DNSSec validation is built in with OpenSSL, this can be disabled with:
[dependencies]
trust-dns = { version = "^0.10", default-features = false }
Extern the crate into your program or library:
extern crate trust_dns;
Objects
There are two variations of implementations of the Client. The SyncClient, a synchronous client, and the ClientFuture, a Tokio async client. SyncClient is an implementation of the Client trait, there is another implementation, SecureSyncClient, which validates DNSSec records. For these basic examples we'll only look at the SyncClient
First we must decide on the type of connection, there are three supported by TRust-DNS today, UDP, TCP and TLS. TLS requires OpenSSL by default, see also trust-dns-native-tls and trust-dns-rustls for other TLS options.
Setup a connection
use trust_dns::client::{Client, ClientConnection, ClientStreamHandle, SyncClient};
use trust_dns::udp::UdpClientConnection;
let address = "8.8.8.8:53".parse().unwrap();
let conn = UdpClientConnection::new(address).unwrap();
// and then create the Client
let client = SyncClient::new(conn);
At this point the client is ready to be used. See also client::SecureSyncClient for DNSSec validation. The rest of these examples will assume that the above boilerplate has already been performed.
Querying
Using the Client to query for DNS records is easy enough, though it performs no resolution. The trust-dns-resolver has a simpler interface if that's what is desired. Over time that library will gain more features to generically query for differnet types.
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
use std::str::FromStr;
use trust_dns::op::Message;
use trust_dns::rr::{DNSClass, Name, RData, Record, RecordType};
// Specify the name, note the final '.' which specifies it's an FQDN
let name = Name::from_str("www.example.com.").unwrap();
// NOTE: see 'Setup a connection' example above
// Send the query and get a message response, see RecordType for all supported options
let response: Message = client.query(&name, DNSClass::IN, RecordType::A).unwrap();
// Messages are the packets sent between client and server in DNS.
// there are many fields to a Message. It's beyond the scope of these examples
// to explain them. See trust_dns::op::message::Message for more details.
// generally we will be insterested in the Message::answers
let answers: &[Record] = response.answers();
// Records are generic objects which can contain any data.
// In order to access it we need to first check what type of record it is
// In this case we are interested in A, IPv4 address
if let &RData::A(ref ip) = answers[0].rdata() {
assert_eq!(*ip, Ipv4Addr::new(93, 184, 216, 34))
} else {
assert!(false, "unexpected result")
}
In the above example we successfully queried for a A record. There are many other types, each can be independenly queried and the associated trust_dns::rr::record_data::RData has a variant with the deserialized data for the record stored.
Dynamic update
Currently trust-dns supports SIG(0) signed records for authentication and authorization of dynamic DNS updates. It's beyond the scope of these examples to show how to setup SIG(0) authorization on the server. trust-dns is known to work with BIND9 and trust-dns-server. Expect in the future for TLS to become a potentially better option for authorization with certificate chains. These examples show using SIG(0) for auth, requires OpenSSL. It's beyond the scope of these examples to describe the configuration for the server.
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::Read;
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
use std::str::FromStr;
use chrono::Duration;
use openssl::rsa::Rsa;
use trust_dns::client::SyncClient;
use trust_dns::rr::{Name, RData, Record, RecordType};
use trust_dns::rr::dnssec::{Algorithm, Signer, KeyPair};
use trust_dns::op::ResponseCode;
use trust_dns::rr::rdata::key::KEY;
// The format of the key is dependent on the KeyPair type, in this example we're using RSA
// if the key was generated with BIND, the binary in TRust-DNS client lib `dnskey-to-pem`
// can be used to convert this to a pem file
let mut pem = File::open("my_private_key.pem").unwrap();
let mut pem_buf = Vec::<u8>::new();
pem.read_to_end(&mut pem_buf).unwrap();
// Create the RSA key
let rsa = Rsa::private_key_from_pem(&pem_buf).unwrap();
let key = KeyPair::from_rsa(rsa).unwrap();
// Create the RData KEY associated with the key. This example uses defaults for all the
// KeyTrust, KeyUsage, UpdateScope, Protocol. Many of these have been deprecated in current
// DNS RFCs, but are still supported by many servers for auth. See auth docs of the remote
// server for help in understanding it's requirements and support of these options.
let sig0key = KEY::new(Default::default(),
Default::default(),
Default::default(),
Default::default(),
Algorithm::RSASHA256,
key.to_public_bytes().unwrap());
// Create the TRust-DNS SIG(0) signing facility. Generally the signer_name is the label
// associated with KEY record in the server.
let signer = Signer::sig0(sig0key,
key,
Name::from_str("update.example.com.").unwrap());
// Create the DNS client, see above for creating a the connection
let client = SyncClient::with_signer(conn, signer);
// At this point we should have a client capable of sending signed SIG(0) records.
// Now we can send updates... let's create a new Record
let mut record = Record::with(Name::from_str("new.example.com").unwrap(),
RecordType::A,
Duration::minutes(5).num_seconds() as u32);
record.set_rdata(RData::A(Ipv4Addr::new(100, 10, 100, 10)));
// the server must be authoritative for this zone
let origin = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
// Create the record.
let result = client.create(record, origin).unwrap();
assert_eq!(result.response_code(), ResponseCode::NoError);
Note: The dynamic DNS functions defined by TRust-DNS are expressed as atomic operations, but this depends on support of the remote server. For example, the create operation shown above, should only succeed if there is no RecordSet of the specified type at the specified label. The other update operations are append, compare_and_swap, delete_by_rdata, delete_rrset, and delete_all. See the documentation for each of these methods on the Client trait.
Modules
client
DNS Client associated classes for performing queries and other operations.
error
All defined errors for Trust-DNS
logger
Logging configuration
op
Operations to send with a Client or server, e.g. Query, Message, or UpdateMessage can be used to gether to either query or update resource records sets.
rr
Resource record related components, e.g. Name aka label, Record, RData, ...
serialize
Contains serialization libraries for binary and text, txt.
tcp
TCP protocol related components for DNS
tls
TLS protocol related components for DNS over TLS
udp
UDP protocol related components for DNS
Structs
BufClientStreamHandle
A buffering stream bound to a SocketAddr
Functions
version
Returns a version as specified in Cargo.toml
Type Definitions
BufStream
A stream of serialized DNS Messages
BufStreamHandle
A sender to which serialized DNS Messages can be sent
MessageStream
A stream of messsages
MessageStreamHandle
A sender to which a Message can be sent
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Perform computations using the GAP computer algebra system
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lib
test
.gitignore
LICENSE.md
README.md
index.js
package.json
README.md
gap-system
Perform computations using the GAP computer algebra system from node.js.
Setup
• Currently only supports calculating expressions created in OpenMath XML format.
• Requires OpenMath in your GAP installation.
• Create a workspace in GAP using:
gap> LoadPackage("openmath");
gap> SaveWorkspace("workspace");
true
Usage
Initialize:
var gap = require('gap-system')({
path: GAP_PATH,
workspace: 'workspace'
});
Calculate:
var xml = "<OMOBJ xmlns='http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath' version='2.0' cdbase='http://\www.openmath.org/cd'> <OMA> <OMS cd='arith1' name='plus'/> <OMI>3</OMI> <OMI>4</OMI> </OMA> </OMOBJ>";
gap.calculate(xml, function(err, resp) {
var result = resp;
});
Options
path
Type: String - [Optional] Default: 'gap'
Path to your GAP installation. You can also use GAP_PATH.
workspace
Type: String - [Required]
Path to your GAP workspace.
Development
Running tests:
npm test
or custom path:
GAP_PATH=[path]/gap/gap npm test
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
It’s simple to publish a package onto npm. There are two steps:
1. Create your package.
2. Publish the package.
But publishing packages the way the industry does it? Not so simple. There are more steps. We’ll go through what steps are required, and I’ll show you an easy way to publish and update your package.
Creating your first package
This section is for you if you haven’t published a package to npm before. Feel free to skip to the next section if you published one before.
To publish your first package to npm, you need to go through these steps:
First, you need to have an npm account. Create one here if you don’t have one yet.
Second, you need to login to your npm account through the command line. (You need to have Node and npm installed on your system before you perform this step. Install them here).
To sign in, you use npm login.
npm login
You’ll be prompted to enter your username, password, and email address.
Third, you need to create a package. To do so, create a folder somewhere on your computer and navigate to it. The command line version is:
# Creating a folder named how-to-publish-to-npm mkdir how-to-publish-to-npm # Navigating into the folder cd how-to-publish-to-npm
Next, you want to begin the project with the npm init command.
npm init
This command runs you through a few questions and creates a package.json file for you at the end. This package.json file contains the bare necessities you need to publish your project. (Feel free to skip questions that don’t make sense).
The final step is to publish your package with the npm publish command.
npm publish
If the package already exists on npm (because your package has the same name as another package on npm), you won’t be able to publish it. You’ll get an error.
You’ll need to change your package name.
To change your package name, you change the name property in the package.json file. Here, I changed it to publishing-to-npm.
(You can check for naming collisions by doing a search on npm, or through the npm search command).
It’s also a good idea to update the folder name as well for consistency. Here’s the command line equivalent.
# Command to change folder names by moving everything mv how-to-publish-to-npm publishing-to-npm
Try the publish command again. You should get a success message now.
What to do if every name you came up with is taken already
This is a common problem since many people create packages on npm. It’s difficult to get the package name you desire sometimes. (It’s like how I can never find a good .com domain).
To combat this problem, npm lets you publish to a scope. This means you can publish the package under your own username (or npm organization), so you’re free from naming problems.
To publish to a scope, you can either:
1. Change the name to @username/package-name manually in package.json
2. Run npm init --scope=username instead of npm init
If your repository has a scope, you need to adjust the publish command slightly:
npm publish --access public
That’s all you need to do to publish a package to npm.
Now, let’s move on to how the industry publishes packages.
Consider a popular framework like React. If you dig around React, you’ll notice a few things:
First, React has a Github repository.
Second, React is published on npm.
Third, React follows Semantic versioning (Semver for short).
Fourth, each update to React has a git tag associated with it. This git tag follows Semver as well.
Fifth, there are release notes for every React update.
This means publishing a package involves many steps. At the very least, you need to:
1. Run tests (if there are any)
2. Update version in package.json according to Semver
3. Create a git tag according to Semver
4. Push the package to Github
5. Push the package to npm
6. Create release notes for every update
It’s common to forget one of these things when we’re ready to push. Sometimes we npm publish and we enjoy a break. When we’re back, we screw ourselves for forgetting.
There’s an easier way. It’s with a tool called np.
np
np (created by Sindre Sorhus) makes it easier for us to publish packages without missing any of the steps I detailed above.
Installing np
To install np, you can run the following command:
npm install np
This works. But I prefer installing np globally on my computer so I can run the np command anywhere.
sudo npm install --global np
Before using np
Before you use np you need to make sure:
1. Your project is a Git repository
2. It needs to have a remote
3. You must have pushed to the remote at least once.
4. You also need to make sure your working directory is clean.
# Initialize Git git init # Adds a remote repository git remote add origin some-url # Commit changes git add . git commit -m "Initial Commit"
If your project is not a Git repository, you’ll get this error:
If your project doesn’t have remote, you’ll get this error (at a later part of the checks).
If your working directory is dirty, you’ll get this error:
If you haven’t pushed to the Git remote at least once, np will just hang and do nothing.
Using npm
To use np, you run the np command.
np
np will prompt you to enter a Semver number.
Choose a number and np will ask you to confirm your choice.
np then does the rest of the publishing stuff for you.
Error with running tests
np runs the npm test command as part of its checks.
If you followed the tutorial up to this point, you would get an error that looks like this:
This happens because our npm test command results in an error. You can try it yourself:
npm test
To fix this error, we need to change the test script in package.json file.
Right now it looks like this:
"scripts": { "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"},
Change it to this:
"scripts": { "test": "echo \"No test specified\""},
This change works because exit 1 creates an error.
With this change, np should complete the publishing process. (Remember to commit the change before running np).
At the end of the process, np launches a browser window for you to write your release notes.
In short, np makes publishing packages much simpler!
Thanks for reading. Did this article help you out? If it did, I hope you consider sharing it. You might help someone else out. Thanks so much!
This article was originally posted at my blog.
Sign up for my newsletter if you want more articles to help you become a better frontend developer.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Purevapes
Just a guy who wants to dispel rumors about electronic cigarettes, e-liquids/juices etc...
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WIKI
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Sasha Goldshtein is a Senior Consultant for Sela Group, an Israeli company specializing in training, consulting and outsourcing to local and international customers.Sasha's work is divided across these three primary disciplines. He consults for clients on architecture, development, debugging and performance issues; he actively develops code using the latest bits of technology from Microsoft; and he conducts training classes on a variety of topics, from Windows Internals to .NET Performance. You can read more about Sasha's work and his latest ventures at his blog: http://blogs.microsoft.co.il/blogs/sasha. Sasha writes from Herzliya, Israel. Sasha is a DZone MVB and is not an employee of DZone and has posted 204 posts at DZone. You can read more from them at their website. View Full User Profile
The Case of The Unquoted Command Line: Process Monitor and MPGO.EXE
04.28.2012
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A few months ago I wrote about MPGO, a new Microsoft tool that ships with .NET 4.5 and enables profile-guided optimization of managed assemblies. Specifically, MPGO optimizes the layout of native images for managed assemblies, which reduces startup times, working set sizes, and page fault costs.
Shameless plug: Pro .NET Performance has a large section dedicated to improving startup performance, and I’ve written about this before: Using Prefetch to improve startup performance, Rebasing and compression.
Anyway, I was experimenting with MPGO and encountered a strange error when working with some of my assemblies. Specifically:
C:\Temp\mpgo test>mpgo -scenario App.exe -assemblylist App.exe -OutDir .
Error: Timeout or error when trying to instrument assembly C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe (FFFFFFFF)
Profile information will not be collected for this assembly.
This will not prevent information from being collected for other assemblies
Error: Timeout or Error when trying to remove instrumented assembly C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe (FFFFFFFF)
Failed to merge collected profile data into assembly C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe:
Unexpected Internal Exception The file "C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.ibc" does not exist
This error struck me as odd, because the application in question was really simple, and I certainly didn’t know what error FFFFFFFF meant. I tried specifying the full path to the executable, and got a different error instead:
C:\Temp\mpgo test>mpgo -scenario "C:\temp\mpgo test\App.exe" -assemblylist "C:\temp\mpgo test\App.exe" -OutDir .
Session executable does not appear to exist.
This produced a somewhat simpler error, although still completely misleading because App.exe exists in the specified directory. However, because the full path changed MPGO’s behavior, I suspected that something in its file access code or command-line parsing has gone awry.
This is where I launched Process Monitor and configured it to watch all events generated by MPGO.EXE. When using the latter command line, I saw very quickly that MPGO was trying (and failing) to access “C:\Temp\mpgo”, which is a directory that doesn’t exist—I explicitly gave it “C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe” as a parameter!
At this point I just had to look at the call stack to see what’s going on. MPGO.EXE is a managed application, but Process Monitor can’t give you managed call stacks (yet?), so I had to attach WinDbg and !u the raw addresses to see where the file access was coming from.
image
image
0:000> !u 0x600f8b
Normal JIT generated code
MPGO.Harness.PreRunValidation()
Begin 00600e10, size 22d
00600e10 55 push ebp
00600e11 8bec mov ebp,esp
…snipped…
00600f7e 8b4e04 mov ecx,dword ptr [esi+4]
00600f81 ba01000000 mov edx,1
00600f86 e8051e7f59 call mscorlib_ni+0x2f2d90 (59df2d90) (System.IO.File.InternalExistsHelper(System.String, Boolean), mdToken: 06004402)
00600f8b 85c0 test eax,eax
00600f8d 7541 jne 00600fd0
00600f8f b9fc432a00 mov ecx,2A43FCh (MT: MPGO.MpgoException)
00600f94 e88310c9ff call 0029201c (JitHelp: CORINFO_HELP_NEWSFAST)
…snipped…
Next, I turned to the PreRunValidation method in Reflector and discovered that the exception is thrown because MPGO thinks my executable file does not exist, from a line that looks like this:
if (!File.Exists(this.Exe))
{
MpgoException.Throw("Err_ExeMissing");
}
By inspecting all assignments to this.Exe, I found the following in the Harness class constructor:
Match match = Regex.Match(args[i], "(?<exe>(?:\"[^\"]+\")|[^ ]+)(?: (?<args>.*))?");
if (!match.Success)
{
Usage.Show("Err_CantParseScenario_0", args[i]);
}
this.Exe = match.Groups["exe"].ToString();
if (this.Exe.StartsWith("\""))
{
this.Exe = this.Exe.Trim(new char[] { '"' });
}
this.Exe = Path.GetFullPath(this.Exe);
this.Args = match.Groups["args"].ToString();
When applied to a quoted path, such as “C:\temp\mpgo test\App.exe”, this code produces an unquoted executable name and considers everything that follows the space to be the executable’s arguments…
There is a different bug when using the former command line. In that case, I configured Process Monitor to log process (and thread) creation/deletion events, and noticed that MPGO.EXE launches NGEN.EXE with an invalid command line:
image
The full command line is:
"C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\ngen.exe" install C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe /tuning /ExeConfig:C:\Temp\mpgo test\App.exe
…which confuses NGEN, because it treats “C:\Temp\mpgo” as the application name and the rest is an invalid command line. This time, the problem is that when launching NGEN, MPGO does not bother to quote the application name.
To summarize: the purpose of this post is not to bash MPGO—the bug has been reported to the team responsible and will likely be fixed in the next Visual Studio 11 drop. What I wanted to show is that Process Monitor is quite useful in determining why applications you aren’t familiar with are behaving incorrectly. Also, figuring out proper quoting of command line parameters is really nasty (on Windows).
Published at DZone with permission of Sasha Goldshtein, author and DZone MVB. (source)
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.)
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COAL Repair: 1974 Pontiac Firebird–Repairing the Classic GM Saggy Headliner
010
Regular readers may recall that I recently bought a ’74 Firebird Esprit from that most dangerous of online rabbit holes, eBay. It’s the second car I’ve bought sight unseen, the second car from eBay. Luckily for me, the seller of the Firebird was fairly accurate in his description of the car, but he did leave one thing out. The saggy headliner. It’s tough not to notice, but not as hard as one would expect to change. I spent three and a half hours doing it.
011
To extract the headliner from the cocoon that is a second-generation Firebird, one must remove the visors, dome light, windshield trim, side window trim (which is largely held in by plastic clips), backlite trim, and seatbelt retractor covers. I loosened the roached sail panel trim pieces, but did not remove them. It is best to maneuver the headliner board from the passenger side of the car, because the steering wheel is like a great big headliner roadblock.
012a
The headliner board will drop an unreal amount of foam into your hair, onto your clothes, and in the car. It’s awful. Once it’s out of the car, however, it’s time for scraping, sanding, brushing, or whatever to remove the old foam and as much of the old glue as is possible. Have a vacuum cleaner handy and try to avoid doing this job on a windy day. Unfortunately for me, I did not heed that advice.
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This picture shows why chemical strippers and cleaners are bad ideas–they could seep into the board and cause problems later. I removed as much old glue as I could without damaging the board. It’s important to have a clean, dry substrate for the glue to adhere to.
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Tearing apart a car always makes for detective fun. This board is almost certainly original to the car, as it was made just over a month prior to the car’s assembly.
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This will be a good time to apologize for my fuzzy basement pictures; my camera is a cheap Fuji and it doesn’t take the best pictures in low light situations, and I have better things to do than to worry about it. I bought my headliner material from National Parts Depot in Canton, MI, and it came in a large roll with plenty of material for later trimming. It cost 94 dollars shipped (and with sales tax, because NPD has a warehouse in Michigan). I unrolled it and lay it on the headliner board, centering it all the way around.
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A helpful fellow Firebird owner on a Pontiac forum suggested using 3M “Super 77” spray adhesive, which I did. I sprayed the material and board a little at a time, starting in the front. After waiting 30 seconds for the glue to become tacky, I smoothed out the headliner and moved on to the next part. This was probably the easiest part of the whole job. This picture shows the section of glue that is just becoming tacky.
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When the material was all glued down, I used scissors and a carpet knife to trim the edges, dome light hole, and visor holes. The adhesive is ready to go when you are; there’s no need to let it cure before moving on. The smell of the glue, however, is fairly overpowering in an enclosed area. My house smelled like glue for the rest of the day. Do this job outside if you can.
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At this point, installation is the reverse of removal. I called my dad down to help hold it up while I attached everything, but it is mostly a one-man job. I went out to the garage at around 9:30 am and was done by 1:00, and that included vacuuming most of the foam from the interior. Now, the interior just needs a good cleaning (it did anyway) and some trim paint. A new headliner, especially for under 100 dollars, has to be one of the better investments one can make in a GM car of this vintage. The car looks a thousand times better, and compared to completely replacing all brake hydraulics (which I also had to do), a headliner is a snap.
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