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What Are the Treatment Options for Primary Myelofibrosis?
Smiling female doctor talking to patient in office
Dan Dalton / Getty Images
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is one of several blood disorders classified as a myeloproliferative neoplasms. Neoplasm is defined as an abnormal growth of tissue caused by a mutation and can be classified as benign (non-malignant), pre-malignant, or malignant. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are generally benign initially, but over time may turn into malignant (cancerous) disease.
The mutation in PMF results in fibrosis (scarring) of the bone marrow. This scarring in the bone marrow disrupts the normal development of blood cells. Anemia is the most common laboratory finding. Leukocytosis (elevation in white blood cells) and thrombocytosis (elevated platelet count) are common but as the disease progresses, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) may occur. Splenomegaly (enlargement in the spleen) develops as the spleen becomes a secondary site of blood cell production.
Does Everyone Need Treatment?
While your typical first step might be to explore potential treatment options, remember that not not all people with PMF require treatment. Treatment for PMF is determined by risk of disease progression and overal survival.
A system called the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) Plus score uses information about the person like age, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, circulating blast cells, presence of symptoms, genetics, platelet count, and transfusion need to calculate a score. Using this system people with PMF can be divided into four prognostic categories: low risk, intermediate-1 risk, intermediate-2 risk, and high risk. Median survival ranges from just over one year in patients with high risk disease to 15 years in patients with low risk disease. PMF in people under the age of 60 is associated with better prognosis and median survival of almost two years to 20 years.
Hematologists use the DIPPS Plus score along with the person's genetic mutation to determine a treatment plan. People with low-risk disease who do not have symptoms are not treated but monitored closely for symptoms and worsening anemia and/or thrombocytopenia. If a person develops symptoms (fever, weight loss, excessive sweating or massive enlargement of the spleen) or transfusion need, treatment should be initiated. Red blood cell transfusions are generally given when the hemoglobin is less than 8 g/dL. Because repeated red blood cell transfusions lead to iron overload, usually other treatments are attempted.
Treatment of Symptoms
• Splenomegaly: If the spleen is significantly enlarged and is causing issues (such as discomfort, multiple splenic infarcts, increasing transfusion need), the oral medication hydroxyurea may be used. With this treatment about 40 percent of people with PMF have a 50 percent reduction in spleen size lasting approximately one year. If the spleen does not respond to hydroxyurea therapy, splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) may be required.
• Anemia: Anemia in PMF may be treated with a variety of medications such as fluoxymesterone, prednisone, or danazol. Fluoxymesterone and danazol are known as androgens (a steroid hormone) which appear to stimulate bone marrow production. One of the major disadvantages of these medications is that they are related to male hormones and may cause development of body hair, deep voice, or increased muscle bulk. Thalidomide or lenalidomide (a form of chemotherapy) along with prednisone may also be used.
High or Intermediate Risk
People with intermediate and high-risk disease may need alternative therapy. It's understandably difficult to hear that your disease is higher risk—knowledge of treatment options can help alleviate some of the worry and fear you may feel.
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT or bone marrow transplant): This is the only curative therapy for PMF but has significant risk. Transplantation should occur shortly after diagnosis prior to development of other complications to reduce complications. Historically, transplants have been limited to people under the age of 60 who have matched sibling donors (MSD). More recently transplants have been performed with matched unrelated or mismatched related donors.
• Ruxolitinib: People with PMF and severe symptoms who are not candidates for HSCT can use ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib is a medication known as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, specifically a JAK2 inhibitor. JAK2 is a common mutation in PMF but can also be found in other myleoproliferative neoplasms like polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Treatment with ruxolitinib can reduce spleen size, reduce symptoms (like fatigue, bone pain), and reduce anemia. Although this medication targets the JAK2 mutation, patients with other mutations may respond as well.
View Article Sources
• Teferri A. Prognosis of Primary Myelofibrosis and Management of Primary Myelofibrosis. In: UpToDate, Post, TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2016. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Swing dancing is actually a group of dances that developed with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s-1940s. Historically, “swing” referred to the style of jazz music that inspired the dance. Hundreds of swing dance styles developed during this time.
Swing dancing originated in the late 1920s in Harlem, New York City. It continued its popularity into the late 1940s. The popular swing dance style was called Lindy Hop. The rhythms in Lindy Hop correspond to the swing beat of jazz music.
Swing dance was inspired by a jazz music revolution that made audiences dance, and thus music was known as “swing jazz” and was described to do justice to the music’s effect on its audience to become. Soon the dance matched the music and vice versa, which led to the emergence of the name “Swing Dance” in the mid-1920s.
How swing dancing began. As mentioned above, swing dance originated in Harlem in the 1920s with jazz music and was dubbed “Lindy Hop”. Cab Calloway was one of the band leaders who developed the kind of music that lent itself to the springy movements of swing.
Orchestras had to follow strict rules such as For example, not to use more than 20% of the repertoire for jazz, and in some areas, swing dancing and dances were forbidden. However, swing music per se was never completely banned.
Swing dancing originated in Harlem in the 1920s. The dance developed parallel to the jazz music of the time. In swing music, the musicians play (or sing) some of the notes late and then catch up on the next beat or two. They referred to this as “Swinging the beat” and thus the name was born.
In 1935, a dancer named Frankie Manning won a dance competition with a daring feat: he threw his partner over her back and onto her feet, the Lindy Hop “air step” that Manning would do , honored in today’s Google Doodle, arguably the most famous swing dancer of all time.
Swing music and swing dance peaked in popularity during World War II. The war made it difficult to set up a big band, and in 1942 and 1948 there were strikes by musicians. Much jazz also began to become less danceable; that started with bebop and continued with Coltrane and West Coast Jazz.
Historians have found artifacts claiming that swings date back to 1450 BC. in ancient Greece. Early swings were rudimentary, made of wood and rope.
Developed in America in the jazz era circa 1920s-1940s, the term “swing” comes from the type of beat played by jazz percussion. A “swing” beat plays with the length of the gap between beats. As the American lifestyle went into overdrive, so did styles of dance and music.
Swing dance was born in Harlem, New York in the 1920s of African American roots. The first swing dances were the Charleston and the Lindy Hop, which are still very popular today.
The term “Swing Kids” refers to German youth who loved American swing music and despised the HJ (Hitler Youth). The HJ movement was committed to young Nazis; The Swing Kids are all about dancing and having fun. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EUROCALL
The result was keep. Much of the argument below has little bearing in policy but when the discussion is distilled down to what is relevant to Wikipedia's inclusion guidelines, the consensus hee remains that this article does meet the criteria. Shereth 18:09, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
EUROCALL
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
EUROCALL is a significant organization for the dissemination of information about the use of technology in language education. Its conference is attended not only by Europeans but by members of the international academic community. Please retain this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:42, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
Another speedy that I may have called too hastily. Educational organization with a minimal assertion of notability, and no third-party coverage. Delete. Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 17:13, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
* I've an interest in this entry as I'm the web admin of the EUROCALL website, and I'm astonished that a) there hasn't been a Wikipedia article on the org until now, and b) that folk are thinking of deleting it. EUROCALL is a legit non-profit international org going back to the 90s, which I've been involved with since 1996 or so. It holds regular well-attended conferences and publishes a refereed journal. Its personnel are quite clearly set out in its website, with emails, phone numbers, and postal addresses. Quite what the grounds for deleting the article are I don't understand, considering how much guff there is in Wikipedia. If the article is considered to be badly-written I'll happily help the original author out with a better-looking version, but to exclude a long-established international organisation from Wikipedia would be plain bonkers. I'm a newbie Wikipedia contributor so maybe there's something I'm missing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fredriley (talk • contribs) 14:51, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* I rally to the defence of the author and his article because a few hours ago you hung an AfD on a similar article of mine, and there now appears to be a trend in the making for ultra-rapid deletions of extremely harmless educational articles.
"I am a member of EUROCALL, an extremely useful organisation. I cannot even begin to wonder why you should want to delete the article, the organisation serves the world very well and the same applies to its US equivalent CALICO. Please reconsider your action. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:47, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
* Article Rescue Squadron: "All too often, an article about a perfectly notable topic lies wounded, badly written, unsourced – but should its life be taken at Articles for Deletion? No! Only articles about non-encyclopedic topics should be deleted, not articles that need improvement. Improvement is the opposite of deletion.
* An article should not be deleted just because it is ill-formed. Some writer worked hard on that article. Some reader can use that article. Those writers and readers, if reached out to, can help us preserve this worthwhile content."
* These education articles have been created by the least likely perpetrators of the very serious issues that call for speedy deletion, and it is a sad day for Wikipedia when such informative articles, however short and unreferenced are to be classed among vandalism, spam, slander, and blatant advertising. In doing so, serious authors may well be discouraged from continuing to contribute to the Wikipedia community. It is equally important for us to consider who we are deleting as well as what we are deleting. There are certainly quite a few anonymous adolescent vandals at work; equally there are Nobel laureates behind the nicknames of some of the authors.--Kudpung (talk) 21:45, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
* The above treatise aside, is this association notable as per our guidelines? I don't see any references to ensure that it has any inherent notability for itself. Could the above commenter perhaps provide some coverage of this group to prove that it meets the guidelines for organizations? Until then, weak delete from me. Tony Fox (arf!) 22:48, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
* My issue with the article, in response to some of the comments, is that there's minimal actual coverage of the organization to provide the reliable sources we need to determine notability. DGG's note on the journal is useful, but when I run a news archive search I mostly get articles about unrelated companies, with a few minimal pieces about this organization. If there are more sources out there that I'm not seeing, they need to be put into the article. Tony Fox (arf!) 16:02, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Keep based on the existence of a journal devoted to the subject or project published by Cambridge University press., now in its 21st volume-- from 1989 to the present and indexed in all the major services . That sort of evidence would seem to show something a well established academic subject. The article needs a little rewriting to clarify. Probably also needs a second article for the journal. DGG (talk) 04:43, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. -- TexasAndroid (talk) 12:03, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. -- TexasAndroid (talk) 12:03, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Yes, I suppose it is a treatise, but in cases of AfD I tend to look at the bigger picture and not assume that Wiki rules are graven in stone, especially where stubs that are clearly not spam are concerned. However, I am not the creator of the article and I feel the onus is on the article's creator to fulfill the required criteria, as I have done with my similar article that Blanchard AfDd, and which I now hope meets the criteria for keeping. In cases such as the above, I usually send a friendly message to an author to suggest that his/her article needs some urgent attention and wait a while. Neverthless, I am neither an admin nor a 'maintenance' editor, so although the stub is indeed still lacking important expansion, my suggestion to keep it will probably carry little weight here.--Kudpung (talk) 12:43, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
I am not sure what you editor guys at Wikipedia are looking for. Do you know anything about ICT and foreign language teaching and learning and how important it has become over the last 30 years? OK, so the article is a stub at the moment and ready for expansion, which many others better qualified than myself will doubtless do as they article becomes more widely known, But if you are looking for third-party evidence that EUROCALL is well-known and highly respected then you will find brief references to it all over the Web. You won't find a substantial article on EUROCALL on the Web - apart from my article (already cited) about it's evolution - and the same probably applies to CALICO. Here's a reference to EUROCALL - in German. After all, it is an international association. Monoglots, watch out!
Die Hauptziele von EUROCALL bestehen darin, die Integration von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (ICT) in den modernen Fremdsprachenunterricht und die Zusammenarbeit von Fachleuten auf diesem Gebiet zu fördern. Die Palette der Themen ist breit gefächert: Lernforschung, Integration von CALL/TELL/ICT in den Unterricht, Corpora, Lehrerweiterbildung, Multimedia-Programmierung, autonomes Lernen, Organisation von Selbstlernzentren, computergestütztes Testen, Softwaredesign, Fachsprachen, Literatur, interkulturelle Kommunikation, Lernen über das Internet, Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und vieles mehr.
* The principle aims of EUROCALL include:
* The integration of information and communication technologies in modern foreign language teaching and to promote the collaboration of sopecialists in these areas. The range of thesmes is wide: learning reearch, integration of CALL/TELL/ICT into lessons, Corpora, further education of teachers, multi-media programming, self-study, organisation of self-study centres, computer aided testing, software design, language for special purposes, literature, intercultural communication, learning on the Internet, treatmemnt of natural language, and much more. roughly translated by--Kudpung (talk) 03:55, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
GroovyGuzi (talk) 17:08, 7 July 2009 (UTC)GroovyGuzi
http://eurocall.tu-dresden.de/eurocall.htm
* What we are looking for? Here, you are asserting that the issue Eurocall is addressing is notable. Fair enough, but that does not mean Eurocall itself is notable enough for inclusion. See WP:NOBLECAUSE. Now DGG may have pointed you in the right direction, I'm not sure, but the main point is, the notability of an organization (click on the link to see what we mean by that) would be shown by the fact people unrelated to the organization find time to write stuff about the organization itself. You wrote that I won't find an article about Eurocall or Calico on the Web. If that is true, then that is by itself a solid argument for deletion, per our notability policy and precedents too numerous to count. Wikipedia refuses to be the first site to become a third-party reference about an organization.
* It is important for you to make a clear distinction between the notability of a cause (which you asserted here beyond argument) and that of an organization working towards that cause (which you haven't hinted at, yet others have done it for you here). -- Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 22:39, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
* Comment: Maybe if the above German text (see my translation) is taken from the German Wikipedia and it article is sufficiently referenced, perhaps those references could be translated into English and used here.--Kudpung (talk) 03:55, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
* DWIW, I was clearly talking not about the issue, but the particular project. A book or 2 by a reputable publisher discussing a project makes that project notable, both by common sense and by GNG. A entire multi-year run of a journal from a major scientific publisher devoted to a particular project is much, much more so. I'd certainly to argue that normally even one or two special issues on a project in a reputable journal is enough to show notability -- but this is 20 years worth of regular publication! . DGG (talk) 04:55, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
DGG's last comment hits the nail on the head. The long-standing ReCALL journal itself, which is read by academics (and not just EUROCALL members) in this field all over the world, is proof enough of EUROCALL's significance. EUROCALL is referred to by numerous organisations, e.g. The National Centre for Languages (CILT, UK), The British Council, The European Commission, The Council of Europe, etc. As I said before, you probably won't find an entire article by a third party extolling EUROCALL's achievements, and this is true of many organisations, authors and educational establishments that have entries in Wikipeda. But you will find numerous recommendations for EUROCALL both on the Web and in print. Are these the kind of third-party references that you are looking for?
GroovyGuzi (talk) 09:48, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
* http://www.h-net.org/announce/show.cgi?ID=159356 (USA)
* http://www.languages.dk/eurocall/rapport_fra_eurocall_98.htm (Denmark - in Danish, including a picture of the Spanish Ambassador to Denmark, who attended the 1998 conference).
* http://www.prleap.com/pr/98382/ (USA)
* http://www.elearningeuropa.info/main/index.php?id=20&page=fix (European Commission)
* http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Computer_assisted-language-learning
* http://www.languages-ict.org.uk/downloads/languages_ict_global_call.pdf (Languages ICT, UK - a subsidiary of the National Centre for Languages)
* http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/conferences/2009-eurocall-new-trends-computer-assisted-language-learning (The British Council)
* http://www.britishcouncil.org/brussels-learning-blended-learning.htm (The British Council, Brussels)
* http://www.prof2000.pt/users/vstevens/proforga.htm (Vance Stevens, UAE)
I suppose editors do not often admit their mistakes. I have been brutally edited on occasions and, as an editor and reviewer who has worked for several international publishers such as Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Taylor & Francis, Peter Lang, I may have been a bit hard at times. I think Wikipedia is right in maintaining editorial standards, but here the editors are being a bit rigid. I have written entries for two encyclopedias (one published by Elsevier and one by Routledge) that have not been subjected to such harsh and, dare I say, naive editing. GroovyGuzi (talk) 10:02, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
I originally added the comment below to the discussion page of the EUROCALL entry instead of this special page, where it apparently belongs (at least the discussion on the other page seems to have died down). So let me repeat here that I think there is ample ground for keeping the EUROCALL entry as well as the CALICO one. For example, the claim that one gets many other hits when googling EUROCALL is rather surprising - try googling for EUROCALL and language and you will indeed find over 19000 hits which all seem to be about exactly the organization we are talking about here, e.g. just to pick a couple from the list: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-115103425.html http://bildungsserver.vhs.at/fachgruppen/eurocall So why is this not ample proof for the fact that EUROCALL is a notable organization according to the Wikiedia guidelines? For the record, below is my original statement, which I had posted at 11:18, 8 July 2009 (UTC):
I would also strongly support that the Wikipedia articles for EUROCALL and CALICO remain. I work in the area in which both of these non-profit organizations are active, and it is readily apparent that they should fit under the notable criteria, i.e. they are international and information about them can be verified by third-party, independent, reliable sources. For example, Cambridge University Press publishes the journal of the EUROCALL organization called RECALL, which can be directly verified at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=REC In the same way, the CALICO journal published by CALICO can be readily verified in library catalogues, such as http://swb2.bsz-bw.de/DB=2.312/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=6/PRS=HOL&HILN=888&ADI_LND= If more proof is needed, please let me know. I am very surprised that this even is an issue. Prof. Dr. Detmar Meurers (The Ohio State University, US and Universität Tübingen, Germany) Detmar (talk) 17:07, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
* Keep Notable academic institution. Colonel Warden (talk) 21:54, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
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comment XAMPPErrorDomain error 1 for changing MySQL data dirs
Thanks, in the end I realized looking at the logs, that mysqld was not using the datadir from my.cnf but instead was following a symbolic link in '/Applications/XAMPP/xamppfiles/var/mysql' pointing to the old data dir. Changed that and it worked, of course. Thanks!
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added 646 characters in body | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Is Cardio Good for Weight Loss?
The cardio debate when it comes to weight loss is still going strong. “What type of cardio is best for weight loss?” “Is cardio even necessary for fat loss?” “How much cardio should I be doing?”
All of these questions are extremely common, mostly due to the amount of conflicting information out there regarding cardio.
In reality, anything that gets your heart rate up for a certain amount of time is going to be considered “cardio.” So the real question were looking at here is “Does steady-state cardio (walking or jogging on the treadmill for an hour) help with weight loss?”
There are two answers here:
1. It can, as anything that burns extra calories *can* help you lose weight.
2. Steady-state cardio is only one type, and may not be the best for weight loss.
Let’s dive in deeper!
The Best Type of Cardio for Fat Loss
Hands-down, unless you’re running long distances every day (aka: creating a significant calorie deficit) and enjoying it, HIIT or high-intensity interval training is the way to go for fat loss.
A ton of research shows that HIIT, which involves alternating periods of high-intensity movements with low-intensity movements, is superior at burning fat than “regular” cardio, like jogging.
In fact, studies show that HIIT can reduce fat (especially abdominal fat) up to nearly 30 percent MORE than steady-state cardio!
There are several reasons for this, with the first being that the intensity of HIIT workouts causes metabolic changes at a cellular level that make you more efficient at fat burning. This includes ATP production (a crucial process that gives us the energy to move) AND the ability of HIIT to improve your glucose response, or how your body uses glucose for energy. [*]
Having an efficient metabolic system means that you utilize energy well, which (to put it simply) means you are less likely to store excess energy as fat. Provided your diet is still clean, of course!
Unlike steady-state cardio, HIIT training causes what is known as the “afterburn” effect, or EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption). This phenomena of HIIT describes the extra calories you burn long after intense exercise as your body recovers. All repair in your body takes energy, or calories, to execute, so the longer it takes your body to return to homeostasis, the more calories you’ll burn even when you aren’t working out!
Not to mention, many HIIT workouts combine not just cardio like sprints, but also bodyweight movements and weights, which leads to simultaneous muscle-building during your cardio sessions. And, since muscle burns more calories at rest than fat, you’ll be burning even MORE calories when you aren’t working out!
All of these awesome benefits of HIIT are why I utilize my “rapid-fire” training technique in all of my workouts and programs: they HIIT your body (pun intended!) with intensity, while also building lean muscle – the perfect combo for fat loss.
Does Steady-State Cardio Have Any Benefits?
Now, this isn’t a total knock on steady-state cardio. One of the things it’s great for is building endurance and stamina, which is also awesome for sports. In my opinion, it’s a good idea to train for endurance 1-2 times a week by doing a longer jog/run, as this is also healthy for your heart.
Steady-state cardio can also be good for your mindset, if you take it outdoors and make it fun (say, going for a beach run at sunrise or going for a hike in the mountains), so you don’t want to totally throw it out the window!
How Often Should I Do HIIT?
How often you HIIT it (can’t get enough of those puns!) depends on your fitness level. Beginners should stick to twice a week due to the intensity, while more advanced folks can do four or so per week.
Try supplementing your HIIT sessions with lots of stretching afterward and a steady-state cardio day of hiking or walking, plus a couple strength sessions, and you’ll be en route to burning big!
If you want to take a look at what one of my HIIT sessions looks like, check it out here:
22-Set Bodyweight Killer
If you’re looking to burn serious fat, while also putting on lean muscle and taking your fitness to the next level in record time, then be sure to check out my 6-Week Ripped Warrior Program. Every workout is structured for you and available at your fingertips on the MV Fit App, so you can take all the guesswork out of “how often” to work out for results! Check it:
Start the 6-Week Ripped Warrior Program,
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3 thoughts on “Is Cardio Good for Weight Loss?
1. Hey Dionicio, thanks for reaching out to me! Yes, it sounds like the cardio you’re doing is good to lose weight. So long as you’ve got your diet on point you should see weight loss results running that distance1
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Symphony Hall
Symphony Hall may refer to:
United States
* Atlanta Symphony Hall, Atlanta, Georgia
* Miller Symphony Hall, Allentown, Pennsylvania
* Symphony Hall, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
* Newark Symphony Hall, Newark, New Jersey
* Phoenix Symphony Hall, Phoenix, Arizona
* Symphony Hall, Springfield, Springfield, Massachusetts
Japan
* Muza Kawasaki Symphony Hall, Kawasaki, Kanagawa
* The Symphony Hall, Osaka
* Okayama Symphony Hall, Okayama
Elsewhere
* Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
Other uses
* Symphony Hall (Sirius XM), a classical music satellite radio channel | WIKI |
Vahur Vahtramäe
Vahur Vahtramäe (born 24 September 1976) is an Estonian retired football midfielder, who last played for Paide Linnameeskond in the Meistriliiga, the highest division in Estonian football.
Club career
He has played for several clubs in Estonia, including JK Tallinna Kalev, JK Tulevik Viljandi and Paide Linnameeskond.
International career
Vahtramäe earned his first official cap for the Estonia national football team on 26 October 1994, when Estonia lost 0–7 to Finland in a friendly match. He was a substitute for Mati Pari.
Managerial career
He has been the assistant coach of Estonia U17. | WIKI |
After DNS switch, some CSS is not working some of the time :(
August 7, 2015 3.9k views
WordPress DNS Ubuntu
Hi, I added a domain to my droplet. I know the DNS is still fully transferring over. I routed it through cloudflare as well.
The issue is my header is not fully loading CSS properly for some reason. I don't think it's an issue with theme as it fully worked right before I connected the domain DNS.
Is this a common DNS issue or am I missing something? I refresh a bunch of times and sometimes the header works but more recently its been failing more often. It's been about an hour since I did the DNS switch.
4 Answers
DNS can take longer than an hour to propagate. What is the domain name?
• It switches between the old (godaddy) hosting and my droplet. Should header (main menu navigation) CSS be broken on the droplet whenever it's serving that version?
• I don't know. What is the domain name?
@Woet Ah sorry! I replied in the wrong place and left it out. It's www.tasteaholics.com
@Woet Hey I found the culprit for the header. It was a php.ini issue of maxinputvars = 1000 (increased it).
Also, increased my droplet size.
Lastly, how do I see which files specifically are importing from tasteaholics.org
You've been an amazing help, I can't thank you enough!!!
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What Is The Longest Chemical Compound Name?
The longest chemical compound name is titin, which has a total of 189,819 letters in its full name. Titin, also known as connectin, is a protein found in muscle tissue and is responsible for the elasticity and passive tension of muscles. It is the largest known protein and is made up of more than 34,350 amino acids.
Titin is a molecular machine, a protein which functions as a molecular spring, allowing the muscle to passively resist stretching forces. It is located in the Z-disk of the sarcomere, which is the functional unit of the muscle. The Z-disk is the junction between two sarcomeres, where the titin molecule forms an elastic link between them, creating the force necessary for passive tension in the muscle.
Titin is composed of two distinct domains: an N-terminal globular domain and a C-terminal elastic filament. The N-terminal domain contains binding sites for actin and myosin, the two proteins that make up the contractile apparatus of the muscle. This domain is responsible for the development of muscle force. The C-terminal domain contains a series of Ig-like domains, which are repetitive sequences of amino acids that form a protein backbone. The Ig-like domains form a series of elastic filaments which are connected to the Z-disk, allowing the protein to stretch and recoil when the muscle is stretched and contracted.
Titin is a very important protein, as it is essential for the proper functioning of the muscle. Without titin, the muscles would be unable to develop force, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. It is also important for the maintenance of muscle tone, which helps the muscle to resist stretching forces. Furthermore, titin plays a role in the development of muscle hypertrophy, which is the increase in muscle size due to increased muscle activity.
Titin is an incredibly complex protein, and its full name, which is composed of 189,819 letters, is a testament to its complexity. The name reflects the many domains and sequences of amino acids that make up the protein, and its incredible importance to the functioning of the muscle.
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Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 13.djvu/552
SAVOY
492
SAVOY
about calling a council in opposition to the pope. He drew up letters to the rulers of Christendom urging them to carrj' out this scheme which, on account of the alliance of the Florentines with Charles VIII, was not altogether beyond possibility.
In Florence itself the opposition to Savonarola grew more powerful, and an adversary- from the Franciscan Order offered to undergo the ordeal by fire in order to prove him in error. Savonarola himself did not want to take up the challenge, but some of his ardent ad- herents among the Dominicans declared themselves ready for it. The ordeal for both sides was to take place on 7 April, 1498, before a large public gathering. Everything was ready for the test, but it did not take place. Two people now turned against Savonarola. There were outbreaks, and the monasterj' of San Marco was attacked; Savonarola and a fellow-mem- ber of the order, Domenico da Pescia, were taken prisoners. The papal delegates, the general of the Dominicans and the Bishop of Ilerda were sent to Florence to attend the trial. The official proceed- ings, which were, however, falsified by the notary, still exist. The captured monks were tortured; Sa- vonarola's following in the city fell away. On 22 May, 1498, Savonarola and two other members of the order were condemned to death "on account of the enor- mous crimes of which they had been convicted". They were hanged on 25 May and their bodies burned. In the beginning Savonarola was filled with zeal, piety, and self-sacrifice for the regeneration of religious life. He was led to offend against these vir- tues by his fanaticism, obstinacy, and disobedience. He was not a heret ic in mat t ers of fait h. The erect ion of his statue at the foot of Luther's monument at Worms as a reputed "forerunner of the Reformation" is entirely unwarranted. Among his writings men- tion should be made of: "Triumi)hus Crucis de fidci veritate" (Florence, 1497), his chief work, an apol- ogy for Christianity; "Compendium revelationum " (Florence, 1495); "Scelta di prcdiche e scritti", ed. Villari-Casanova (Florence, 1898); "Trattato circa il Reggimento di Firenze", ed. Rians (Florence, 1848); further letters edited by Marchese in the "Archivio Btorico italiano", App. XIII (1850); poems edited by Rians (Florence, 1847). The "Dialogo della verita" (1497) and fifteen sermons were placed later on the Index.
Della Mirandola, Vila Savonarola, ed. Qu^tif (Paris, 1674); BcRLAMACCHi, Vita del Era G. Savonarola, ed. Mansi (Lucca, 1701 J; Gherardi, Kuoti documenli e sludi intorno a Gir. Savona- rola (2nd ed., Florence, 1887); Villari, Sloria di Gir. Savonarola (3rd ed., 2 vols., Florence, 1898); Cappelli, Fra. G. Savonirola e Xotizie inlomo al sua tempo (Slodena, 1809) ; Procter, II do- menicano Savonarola e la Riforma (Milan, 1897); Ferretti, Per la eaunn di Fra Gir. Savonarola (Milan, 1897); Pastor, History of the Popes, ed. Antrobu.s, V (St. Louis, 1902), pas-sim; Idem, Zur Beurteilung SavonaroUis (Freiburg, 1898) ; Luotto, Gir. Savoruirola (Florence, 1897;; Schnitzer, Quellen u. Fornchungen zur Gesch. Savonarolas, I-III (Munich, 1902 — ), IV (Leipzig, 1910); Olschki, Bibliolheca Savonaroliana (Florence, 1898); Rtdeh, Essays (London, 1911), s. v.; Hogan, A Great Reformer — Fra Gir. Savonarola in Irish Eccl. Record (Dublin, July, 1910); LuCA8, Fra Girolamo Savonarola (2nd ed., London, 1900) ; O'Neil, Jerome Savonarola (Boston, 1898); Idem, Was Savonarola really excammuriic/iledf (Boston, 1900).
J. P. KiRSCH.
Savoy (Ital. Savoja; Fr. Savoie), a district in the BOuth-<'a«tem part of France that extends from the Lake (Geneva to south of the River Arc, and forms tfwlay the French Departments of Savoie and Haut- Savoie. The House of Savoy which at the pre.sent time rules the Kingdom of Italy take« its name from thi.s countr>'. Savoy, the Roman Sahawlia, was in- habited in antiquity by the Celtic Allobroges who were conquenMl by the Romans in the first century be- fore Christ anfl gradually became Romanized. When in A. u. 437 the kingdom of the Germanic Burgun- dians, with Worms a.s its capital, was destroyed by the Hunnic horrlew. King flundikar anrl the greater num- ber of his people were kille<l. With the permission of the Roman general ^Etius, the remainder of the Bur-
gundians, with Gundiok as their ruler, settled in Sa- baudia, as allies of the Romans, and after the fall of tlie Roman power they estabhslied a new kingdom which, towards the end of tlie fifth century, extended over the entire basin of the Rhone :is far as the Ce- vennes and to the Mediterranean. In 532 Savoy was incorporated along with this Burgundian kingdom in the Prankish emp)ire. During the supremacy of the Franks the people changed from Arianism to Catholi- cism. In the ninth century the Empire of the Franks was divided into several kingtloms, and Savoy fell to the Kingdom of Aries, or Ix)wer Burgundy, which was founded in 879 by Count Boso of Vienne. Together with tliis territor^^ it pivssefl in 930 to the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, established in 887 by the Guelpli Rudolph between the Swiss Jura Alps and the Pennine Alps. Rudoli)h III (964-10.32) had no direct heirs, and bequeathed his land to the German Emperors Henry II and Conrad II who were related to him. After Rudolph's deatli Conrad II main- tained his claim to the country' against Odo of Cham- pagne, the candidate whom a number of Burgun- dian spiritual and secular lords set up for the throne.
In these struggles much aid was given the German ruler by a Burgundian noble. Count Humbert White Hands of Savoy; for these services the count was re- warded with large gifts of land. The ancestors of this Humbert came apparently from eastern Saxony, not far from Magdeburg; the earliest known members of the family are the brothers Amadeus and Humbert, who are mentioned in the second half of the tenth cen- tury. The oldest possessions of the line of Savoy were the counties of Maurienne (the upper valley of the River Arc), Savoy (the district between Arc, Isere, and the middle course of the Rhone), and also Belley, with Bugey as its chief town. In the eleventh centun,' there was added to this territory' the valley of Aosta, the Tarantaise (the upper valley of the Isere), and Chablais (the district on the Rhone between Martigny and Lake Geneva). About 1050 Hum- bert's son Odo married Adelaide, the oldest daughter and heiress of Count Manfred of Turin, and by this marriage the House of Savoj' gained large pos- sessions in Italy, particularly the greater part of Pied- mont, while at the same time the possessions east and west of the Alps were joined together. Odo's second son, Amadeus II, aided his brother-in-law, the Em- peror Henrj^ lY, while on his e\^ledition to Canossa, in return for which Henry resigned to him the secu- lar administration of five Italian dioceses. After the death of his mother Adelaide, Humbert II took pos- session of the Italian inheritance (1091). His son Amadeus III joined the Second Crusade and died in 1149 on the Island of Cyprus while returning home. Thomas I (1189-1233), grand.son of .Vmadeus, as im- perial vicar did much to aid Frederick II, and en- larged his possessions by acquiring Chamb(^ry, Ro- mont, etc. His eight sons divided the inheritance among themselves, yet the eldest Amadeus IV (1233- 53), who was an adherent of Frederick II in his con- test with the popes, maintained a certain supremacy over his brothers. Of all 1 lie brothers only Thomas II (d. 12.59) left any male heirs; his sons Thomas III and Ama/leus V were the founders of the two lines of Sa- voy and Piedmont that were reunited in 1418.
Amadeus V (128.5-1323), who inherited Savoy, ob- tained in 1290 the secvdar governorship of the city of Geneva. He accompanied Henry VII on his expedi- tion to Italy, and was, as a reward, made a prince of the empire (1311). He was succeeded by his sons Edward (1323-29) and Aymon (1329-43). The lat- ter by marriage gained a claim to Montferrat. Ay- mon's son Amadeus VI (1343-83), called the "Queen Count" because of the colour of his ensign at tourna- ments, was a famous warrior who fought over half of Europe and in 1300 battled against the Turks in Greece; he won Vaud, Gex, and parts of the dioceses | WIKI |
Clothing in the New England Colonies: The Quakers and the Puritans believed that everything should be plain. Back in England, women's clothing at the time was very fancy, with gowns made out of velvets and satins, decorated with lace and frills and buttons and bows. Men's clothing was also fancy with buckles and buttons and even fans. These early colonists wanted nothing to do with fancy and frill because it reminded me of the very rules and customs and beliefs they had left England to escape. There was another reason for simple clothing. Except for the very rich, for the most part, people made their own clothes so clothes had to be simple, warm, and sturdy.
Men's Clothing: Men's clothing was made from wool, leather, and linen. The men wore loose linen shirts. Their pants reached only to the knee. Their socks were long and woolen. They wore a sleeveless jacket. (Sometimes they wore a padded jacket with sleeves, especially in colder weather.) They wore plain leather shoes, wide brimmed hats, and coats or capes for protection from cold or rain. Shirts were white. The rest of their clothes were typically brown or black.
Women's Clothing: As women dressed, first they put on a long loose dress. Sometimes the sleeves were removable and tied on. Over that, they wore a long gown made of wool or linen. Over that they wore a plain apron. All their clothes were held in place by tying them. Their hair was pulled up and tucked under a coif (a fabric hat or top piece). They wore long woolen socks. Their shoes were made of sturdy leather. They also wore capes or coats to protect them from the elements.
Kids Clothing: Until they were age 7, both boys and girls wore simple gown or shifts. Over the age of 7, they wore clothes designed like their parents.
Servants: Some colonists had servants. As in England, servants clothing was traditionally blue. Indigo dye (deep blue dye) was available and cheap, so servants could always be recognized by the color of their clothing - blue.
Not everyone in New England wanted plain clothes. As time went on, and towns grew, some women hired others to make their family's clothes and shoes. A dressmaker and a shoemaker came to work in some of the homes for a few days each year. Some dressmakers and shoemakers remained in the towns, as they grew large enough to support them.
Clothing in the Middle Colonies: In the Dutch settlements, girls wore full red skirts and the boys wore long baggy pants, red stockings, beaver caps, and a shirt. There were also German, Scotch, English, and Irish settlements. As in the New England colonies, clothes were simple. Much time was spent in church, in cleaning, and in growing and harvesting and storing food. Except in the cold winter months, there was not a lot of time left over to make fancy clothes.
Clothing in the Southern Colonies: Things were different in the south. Like people in the north, the earliest settlers were busy trying to survive. In these early days, clothes were as simple as possible. Women wore cotton dresses and petticoats. Girls wore cotton dresses. Men wore breeches to the knee, a shirt, a hat and boots or shoes. As the plantations developed, woman with leisure time began to ape the styles that were popular back in England. They were usually behind the times, and sometimes completely wrong, as their gowns were based on letters and pictures, but they tried. For the most part, the men stayed with their breeches and boots, as usual. | FINEWEB-EDU |
--- gforth/prims2x.fs 2002/12/28 17:18:27 1.125 +++ gforth/prims2x.fs 2003/05/15 18:43:15 1.139 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \ converts primitives to, e.g., C code -\ Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +\ Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,2000,2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. \ This file is part of Gforth. @@ -51,8 +51,15 @@ \ (stack-in-index-xt and a test for stack==instruction-stream); there \ should be only one. +\ for backwards compatibility, jaw +require compat/strcomp.fs + warnings off +\ redefinitions of kernel words not present in gforth-0.6.1 +: latestxt lastcfa @ ; +: latest last @ ; + [IFUNDEF] try include startup.fs [THEN] @@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ warnings off \ warnings on include ./gray.fs -32 constant max-effect \ number of things on one side of a stack effect +128 constant max-effect \ number of things on one side of a stack effect 4 constant max-stacks \ the max. number of stacks (including inst-stream). 255 constant maxchar maxchar 1+ constant eof-char @@ -162,6 +169,7 @@ struct% cell% 2* field stack-pointer \ stackpointer name cell% field stack-type \ name for default type of stack items cell% field stack-in-index-xt \ ( in-size item -- in-index ) + cell% field stack-access-transform \ ( nitem -- index ) end-struct stack% struct% @@ -197,7 +205,9 @@ create stacks max-stacks cells allot \ a 1 next-stack-number +! r@ stack-type ! save-mem r@ stack-pointer 2! - ['] stack-in-index r> stack-in-index-xt ! ; + ['] stack-in-index r@ stack-in-index-xt ! + ['] noop r@ stack-access-transform ! + rdrop ; : map-stacks { xt -- } \ perform xt for all stacks @@ -333,13 +343,15 @@ defer inst-stream-f ( -- stack ) \ stack access stuff -: normal-stack-access1 ( n stack -- ) - stack-pointer 2@ type - dup - if - ." [" 0 .r ." ]" +: normal-stack-access0 { n stack -- } + n stack stack-access-transform @ execute ." [" 0 .r ." ]" ; + +: normal-stack-access1 { n stack -- } + stack stack-pointer 2@ type + n if + n stack normal-stack-access0 else - drop ." TOS" + ." TOS" endif ; : normal-stack-access ( n stack -- ) @@ -603,7 +615,7 @@ wordlist constant type-names \ this is h get-current type-names set-current stack-type 2dup nextname stack-type-name set-current - stack-pointer lastxt >body stack-name nextname make-stack ; + stack-pointer latestxt >body stack-name nextname make-stack ; stack inst-stream IP Cell ' inst-in-index inst-stream stack-in-index-xt ! @@ -626,11 +638,9 @@ stack inst-stream IP Cell : compute-offset-out ( addr1 addr2 -- ) ['] stack-out compute-offset ; -: clear-stack ( stack -- ) - dup stack-in off stack-out off ; - : compute-offsets ( -- ) - ['] clear-stack map-stacks + prim prim-stacks-in max-stacks cells erase + prim prim-stacks-out max-stacks cells erase prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] compute-offset-in map-items prim prim-effect-out prim prim-effect-out-end @ ['] compute-offset-out map-items inst-stream stack-out @ 0= s" # can only be on the input side" ?print-error ; @@ -645,7 +655,7 @@ stack inst-stream IP Cell stack stack-out @ 0<> stack stack-in @ 0= and if ." IF_" stack stack-pointer 2@ 2dup type ." TOS(" - 2dup type ." [0] = " type ." TOS);" cr + 2dup type 0 stack normal-stack-access0 ." = " type ." TOS);" cr endif ; : flush-tos ( -- ) @@ -655,7 +665,7 @@ stack inst-stream IP Cell stack stack-out @ 0= stack stack-in @ 0<> and if ." IF_" stack stack-pointer 2@ 2dup type ." TOS(" - 2dup type ." TOS = " type ." [0]);" cr + 2dup type ." TOS = " type 0 stack normal-stack-access0 ." );" cr endif ; : fill-tos ( -- ) @@ -668,6 +678,12 @@ stack inst-stream IP Cell : fetches ( -- ) prim prim-effect-in prim prim-effect-in-end @ ['] fetch map-items ; +: stack-update-transform ( n1 stack -- n2 ) + \ n2 is the number by which the stack pointer should be + \ incremented to pop n1 items + stack-access-transform @ dup >r execute + 0 r> execute - ; + : stack-pointer-update { stack -- } \ stacks grow downwards stack stack-diff @@ -675,7 +691,8 @@ stack inst-stream IP Cell stack inst-stream = if ." INC_IP(" 0 .r ." );" cr else - stack stack-pointer 2@ type ." += " 0 .r ." ;" cr + stack stack-pointer 2@ type ." += " + stack stack-update-transform 0 .r ." ;" cr endif endif ; @@ -923,7 +940,7 @@ variable tail-nextp2 \ xt to execute for \ cr ; : output-label ( -- ) - ." INST_ADDR(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )" cr ; + ." INST_ADDR(" prim prim-c-name 2@ type ." )," cr ; : output-alias ( -- ) ( primitive-number @ . ." alias " ) ." Primitive " prim prim-name 2@ type cr ; @@ -1254,43 +1271,62 @@ variable tail-nextp2 \ xt to execute for \ int loads; /* number of stack loads */ \ int stores; /* number of stack stores */ \ int updates; /* number of stack pointer updates */ +\ int offset; /* offset into super2 table */ \ int length; /* number of components */ -\ int *components; /* array of vm_prim indexes of components */ \ }; \ How do you know which primitive or combined instruction this \ structure refers to? By the order of cost structures, as in most \ other cases. +: super2-length ( -- n ) + combined if + num-combined @ + else + 1 + endif ; + : compute-costs { p -- nloads nstores nupdates } \ compute the number of loads, stores, and stack pointer updates \ of a primitive or combined instruction; does not take TOS - \ caching into account, nor that IP updates are combined with - \ other stuff + \ caching into account 0 max-stacks 0 +do p prim-stacks-in i th @ + loop + super2-length 1- - \ don't count instruction fetches of subsumed insts 0 max-stacks 0 +do p prim-stacks-out i th @ + loop - 0 max-stacks 0 +do + 0 max-stacks 1 +do \ don't count ip updates, therefore "1 +do" p prim-stacks-in i th @ p prim-stacks-out i th @ <> - loop ; : output-num-part ( p -- ) prim-num @ 4 .r ." ," ; +: output-name-comment ( -- ) + ." /* " prim prim-name 2@ type ." */" ; + +variable offset-super2 0 offset-super2 ! \ offset into the super2 table + : output-costs ( -- ) + \ description of superinstructions and simple instructions ." {" prim compute-costs rot 2 .r ." ," swap 2 .r ." ," 2 .r ." ," + offset-super2 @ 5 .r ." ," + super2-length dup 2 .r ." }," offset-super2 +! + output-name-comment + cr ; + +: output-super2 ( -- ) + \ table of superinstructions without requirement for existing prefixes combined if - num-combined @ 2 .r - ." , ((int []){" ['] output-num-part map-combined ." })}, /* " + ['] output-num-part map-combined else - ." 1, ((int []){" prim prim-num @ 4 .r ." })}, /* " + prim output-num-part endif - prim prim-name 2@ type ." */" - cr ; + output-name-comment + cr ; \ the parser @@ -1316,25 +1352,25 @@ print-token ! getinput member? ; ' testchar? test-vector ! -: checksyncline ( -- ) +: checksynclines ( -- ) \ when input points to a newline, check if the next line is a \ sync line. If it is, perform the appropriate actions. - rawinput @ >r - s" #line " r@ over compare if - rdrop 1 line +! EXIT - endif - 0. r> 6 chars + 20 >number drop >r drop line ! r> ( c-addr ) - dup c@ bl = if - char+ dup c@ [char] " <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error - char+ dup 100 [char] " scan drop swap 2dup - save-mem filename 2! - char+ - endif - dup c@ nl-char <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error - skipsynclines @ if - dup char+ rawinput ! - rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c! - endif - drop ; + rawinput @ begin >r + s" #line " r@ over compare if + rdrop 1 line +! EXIT + endif + 0. r> 6 chars + 20 >number drop >r drop line ! r> ( c-addr ) + dup c@ bl = if + char+ dup c@ [char] " <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error + char+ dup 100 [char] " scan drop swap 2dup - save-mem filename 2! + char+ + endif + dup c@ nl-char <> 0= s" sync line syntax" ?print-error + skipsynclines @ if + char+ dup rawinput ! + rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c! + endif + again ; : ?nextchar ( f -- ) s" syntax error, wrong char" ?print-error @@ -1343,10 +1379,11 @@ print-token ! 1 chars rawinput +! 1 chars cookedinput +! nl-char = if - checksyncline + checksynclines rawinput @ line-start ! endif - rawinput @ c@ cookedinput @ c! + rawinput @ c@ + cookedinput @ c! endif ; : charclass ( set "name" -- ) @@ -1466,7 +1503,8 @@ Variable c-flag start }} [ifdef] vmgen c-ident [else] forth-ident [then] {{ end 2dup prim prim-name 2! prim prim-c-name 2! }} white ** (( ` / white ** {{ start }} c-ident {{ end prim prim-c-name 2! }} white ** )) ?? - (( simple-primitive || combined-primitive )) {{ 1 function-number +! }} + (( simple-primitive || combined-primitive )) + {{ 1 function-number +! }} )) <- primitive ( -- ) (( (( comment || primitive || nl white ** )) ** eof )) @@ -1491,13 +1529,24 @@ warnings @ [IF] \ process the string at addr u over dup rawinput ! dup line-start ! cookedinput ! + endrawinput ! - checksyncline + checksynclines primitives2something ; +: unixify ( c-addr u1 -- c-addr u2 ) + \ delete crs from the string + bounds tuck tuck ?do ( c-addr1 ) + i c@ dup #cr <> if + over c! char+ + else + drop + endif + loop + over - ; + : process-file ( addr u xt-simple x-combined -- ) output-combined ! output ! save-mem 2dup filename 2! - slurp-file + slurp-file unixify warnings @ if ." ------------ CUT HERE -------------" cr endif primfilter ; | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Battletoads (1991 video game)/GA1
GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''
Reviewer: AdrianGamer (talk · contribs) 08:24, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
* with critics praising the graphics and unique variations of gameplay - remove "unique" for consistency
* Done JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* It won six categories from the 1991 - Instead of "categories", "awards" is much more straightforward.
* Done JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* The game is a scrolling beat 'em up video game - The lead mentioned it as a "platform game". It should be mentioned again here as well.
* Added JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* continues after reaching a game over. - Changes it to "after players die/get defeated"
* Done JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* are presented with no depth - What does this mean?
* Graphical language. I've rephrased to "isometric" JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* I do not think mentioning the features of all levels is necessary. I suggest to trim it down a bit.
* Trimmed JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* a climbing/jumping "snake maze" - don't use "/"
* Removed JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* tower before an opposing rat does. - "rat" should not be mentioned here. Change it to simply "opponent"
* Done JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* The player or players, choose one.
* Fixed JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* To create a contrast to the popular media franchise, Rare added extra mechanics in the game to help separate it from similarly themed "beat 'em ups" - These extra mechanics are added because they wanted to create a contrast to the TMNT franchise, to separate it with other similar themed games, or both?
* Only the latter, clarified JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* however as the game gradually became more "graphic" - What is the meaning of "graphic" here?
* Graphic violence. I've linked it JAG UAR 19:27, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Battletoads has been ported for various consoles upon its original June 1991 release for the NES - Do not use short form here. You should also wikilink NES.
* Done JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Ports for PC DOS and the Atari ST were planned by Mindscape but never released - Is there a reason for this?
* I couldn't find any reason why the ports were cancelled, I even tried searching through unreliable sources to find a reason but I found nothing. Usually ports are cancelled due to the consoles themselves not selling well (and how much of the market they owned), but still I wouldn't like to insinuate this in the article with nothing to back it up. If you think it's best, I could remove it? JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* The Mega Drive version of Battletoads features all of the levels, music and animations from the original, albeit with "toned down" difficulty. - Do not think this example is good. It does not provide any additional information. The previous sentence has already mentioned that all the ports are doing the same.
* I agree. I've rephrased this to make it sound less factual JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* owing to Rare's acquisition by Microsoft. - It is not really a reason that led to the release of Rare Replay.
* Rephrased JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* The co-op bug in the 11th level of the game, where player two's controller stopped working, has been fixed in this version. - People who are not familiar with the game would not understand what this means. I suggest to rephrase it to "Several bugs featured in the original release were fixed in Rare Replay."
* Done, thanks JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* In the same review, Paul Rand of CVG similarly - "from CVG" is no longer necessary, since you have mentioned "in the same review" already. You can also choose to rephrase it to "Paul Rand, another reviewer from CVG,"
* Rephrased JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Rand heralded the "put-together" gameplay as addictive - What is "put-together"? What he is referring to?
* I'm not sure myself, I didn't think he was very clear in his review (some reviewers of the 80s/early 90s really had no editorial standards. In some cases I've actually had to guess what they were trying to say about the game). I've just cut "put-together", but I think he was trying to say that the gameplay had a lot of different variations in it JAG UAR 19:37, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* You can create a subsection called "Awards"
* Done JAG UAR 19:41, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* I suggest to paraphrase some of the quotes in the difficulty section.
* This section was always a pain. I've done a few copyedits JAG UAR 19:41, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Spike's Ending list is not really related to the game's difficulty. I suggest to move it somewhere in the main critical reception part.
* Moved (and rephrased) JAG UAR 19:41, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* No copyright violation or close paraphrasing
* Wow, I've never used that tool before! That's handy. I've done some copyediting here and there, but it seems that it picked up the plot from being similar to a source, which should be fine considering it's a plot and doesn't require a source. Retrogames is a Wiki-clone and I think that's why it explains it JAG UAR 19:57, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Source 13 needs to have its author, work, date and accessdate field filled.
* Done JAG UAR 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Who published source 34?
* I looked everywhere, but there is no author given. The only thing I could do when adding this ref was to allocate the publisher to Virgin Media JAG UAR 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* The author field of source 35 need to be filled.
* Done JAG UAR 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Source 37's Spike should not be capitalized.
* Fixed JAG UAR 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Do not leave some fields n.a. in the template of File:Battletoads gameplay.jpg
* Updated FUR JAG UAR 19:51, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria
* 1) Is it reasonably well written?
* A. Prose is "clear and concise", without copyvios, or spelling and grammar errors:
* B. MoS compliance for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list corporation:
* 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
* A. Has an appropriate reference section:
* B. Citation to reliable sources where necessary:
* C. No original research:
* 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
* A. Major aspects:
* B. Focused:
* 1) Is it neutral?
* Fair representation without bias:
* 1) Is it stable?
* No edit wars, etc:
* 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
* A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
* B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
* 1) Overall:
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* 1) Is it stable?
* No edit wars, etc:
* 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
* A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
* B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
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Article is well-written and comprehensive. There is only some minor issues. When you have addressed all the issues it should be good to go. AdrianGamer (talk) 14:28, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Thank you for the review ! I've attempted to address all of your concerns, and I hope I didn't leave anything out. The one thing that bothered me was not finding a reason why the Atari ST port was shelved, but where such information cannot be found I just leave it as it is. If there is anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks again! JAG UAR 19:57, 9 October 2015 (UTC)
* Thank you very much for addressing all the issues so quickly. Battletoads (video game) is now a Congratulations. AdrianGamer (talk) 02:12, 10 October 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
English Literary Journal of Moscow
* Number 1 (January 1823)
* Number 2 (February 1823)
* Number 3 (March 1823) | WIKI |
What happened in Pennsylvania could swing control of the House in 2018
Washington (CNN)On Monday, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court threw out the state's congressional map, ruling that it was constructed expressly to disadvantage Democrats. The court ordered the Republican state legislature to redraw the map in advance of the May primary. This is the second time already this year in which a court has thrown out a congressional map. Earlier this month, a three-judge federal panel dumped the North Carolina lines because politics was the primary motivation of Republican line-drawers. For more context on the Pennsylvania map -- and a look at how the court's ruling could change the makeup of the state's congressional delegation -- I reached out to Jonathan Lai of The Philadelphia Inquirer. Our conversation, conducted via email and lightly edited for flow, is below. Cillizza: How expected was this ruling on the Pennsylvania map? Or did the striking down of the lines come as a major surprise for the Pennsylvania political world? Lai: No one's ever certain. But one thing that's been clear from the beginning is that the court is interested in this issue: After a lower state court stayed the case, the plaintiffs asked the [state] Supreme Court to exercise a rarely-used power to take over the case and fast-track it. The [state] Supreme Court did so, saying the case "involves issues of immediate public importance." From that point on, the case moved extremely quickly, and Monday's order came just days after oral argument. So it's been clear that the court was interested in taking up this issue, and at oral arguments they seemed open to the idea that the map is unconstitutional. There was also always the question of the partisan makeup of the court itself: Judges are elected in Pennsylvania, and five of the seven Supreme Court justices were elected as Democrats. For a while now, sources on all sides have whispered about the idea that the court might do this. One side cheered the possibility of a "progressive court" stepping in to save democracy, while the other side worried that an "activist court" would legislate from the bench. As soon as the order came out yesterday, we saw immediate accusations of just that. Cillizza: The next step, politically, is for the Republican state legislature to redraw the map -- and then send to the Democratic governor his approval. How likely are each of those things to happen? Lai: Hard to say. Republicans immediately said they would seek a stay from the US Supreme Court, arguing that the state Supreme Court overstepped. While they wait to see what happens, they've also signaled that they'd start drawing maps. Assuming no SCOTUS intervention, there are two ways a new map gets drawn: Lawmakers pass a map and it goes to the governor, or the Supreme Court adopts a map. Republican lawmakers seem more interested in having some control over the process, drawing it themselves, rather than leaving it to the court. What gets tricky is that Tom Wolf, the Democratic governor, has approval over the map — or a veto. If legislators want to keep the mapmaking out of the hands of the court, they'll have to draw districts in a way that Wolf approves of. That creates strong incentives for Republicans to work with the governor, rather than risk getting shot down. One question I'm hearing raised: Because Wolf himself is up for re-election this year, is it better for him to veto a map and have no responsibility for it, or to engage with the process and frame it as being bipartisan? We'll see what happens. He tweeted yesterday that he "will not accept a partisan gerrymander," but the spokesman for House Republicans responded that "it sounds as though you (once again) have no interest in working together to craft a new bipartisan map." Cillizza: This decision lands amid a House Ethics investigation into Rep. Pat Meehan, a Pennsylvania Republican. His district is one of the most gerrymandered in the state. Do Republican line-drawers sacrifice him in the new map? Lai: I'm not really in a position to answer this question, honestly. What we know is that a new map is likely to include at least a few districts that are more Democratic-leaning or competitive, and that the Philadelphia suburbs are dense[ly populated] and have contorted districts. The area also already has a mix of Republican and Democratic voters, and Meehan's district went for Hillary Clinton in 2016. But what the new map would do to individual districts or congressmen, I can't say. Cillizza: What other incumbents, D or R, have to be nervous if/when the map starts getting redrawn, and why? Lai: Sorry — same answer as above. There's a lot we don't know yet at this point, including how many districts Republicans might decide to "sacrifice," how many they might make competitive but not Democratic-leaning, etc. We also don't have an opinion yet from the court. Their order Monday said an opinion would follow, and gave only very basic instruction as to how a constitutional map would look. An opinion that explains the unconstitutionality of the current map would guide mapmakers as they draw a new one. In Monday's order, the Supreme Court said a map "shall consist of: congressional districts composed of compact and contiguous territory; as nearly equal in population as practicable; and which do not divide any county, city, incorporated town, borough, township, or ward, except where necessary to ensure equality of population." Those are among what experts consider to be neutral traditional districting principles. Cillizza: Finish this sentence: "Republicans currently have a 13-5 edge over Democrats in the congressional delegation. After the 2018 election it will be _______." Now, explain. Lai: "short-lived, whatever the margin." Obviously, we don't know what the map will look like, or the margins. What happens if Democrats have a wave in November? What happens if Republicans sacrifice a few districts but keep their edge? Plus, Democrats in the state are clustered in a few urban areas, meaning the political geography works against them — a neutral map does not necessarily mean a 9/9 split. What we do know is that the congressional map is set to be redrawn in 2021 no matter what, since the maps are redrawn every decade after the Census. And Pennsylvania hasn't had enough population growth to keep up with other parts of the country, so we were already on track to lose a seat, going from 18 districts to 17. [Congressmen] are elected every two years, so the map used in 2018 could also be used in 2020. But a whole new map is just three years away at this point, and who knows what that will bring? | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Party of France
The Party of France (Parti de la France, PDF) is a political party in France. The PDF was founded on 23 February 2009 by National Front MEP Carl Lang. Carl Lang was known for his opposition to Marine Le Pen's possible candidacy to the leadership of the FN upon retirement of its long-time leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This came in the midst of the early campaign for the 2009 European elections: Carl Lang, elected for the FN in the North-West constituency ran for re-election under the PDF banner, against the FN list led by Marine Le Pen. The PDF supported Jean Verdon in the Massif Central-Centre and the incumbent MEP Jean-Claude Martinez in the South-West constituency. The party ran no lists against Jean-Marie Le Pen and Bruno Gollnisch.
The PDF was joined by a number of high-ranking FN elected officials and members, including Fernand Le Rachinel and Bernard Antony. After defections from the FN, it had regional councillors in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardy, Lower Normandy, Ile-de-France and Centre regions.
In the 2009 European elections, all lists supported by the PDF were defeated, with 1.88% in the Massif Central, 1.52% in the North-West and 0.92% in the South-West. Carl Lang, Fernand Le Rachinel and Jean-Claude Martinez were defeated.
In November 2009, Carl Lang announced that he would be a candidate in the 2010 regional elections in Upper Normandy. In addition, the party announced that it would run in at least eight regions. It did not win any seats
On 25 June 2024, During the 2024 French legislative election. Pascal Schneider, mayor of Neuves-Maisons, filed a complaint with the public prosecutor against Pierre-Nicolas Nups, candidate of the PDF in Meurthe-et-Moselle's 5th constituency, for electoral posters featuring a young white boy with blue eyes and blonde hair reading "Let's give white children a future." | WIKI |
User:Bobbiej77
Believer, analyst, historian, belletrist, mythologist, wordsmith, dreamer... I am a writer.
Bobbiej77 (talk) 12:48, 26 March 2017 (UTC)BobbieJ | WIKI |
Use Adaptation in a sentence
Dictionary
ADAPTATION [ˌadapˈtāSH(ə)n]
NOUN
adaptation (noun) · adaptations (plural noun)
• the action or process of adapting or being adapted:
• a movie, television drama, or stage play that has been adapted from a written work, typically a novel:
Synonyms: converting . conversion . alteration . modification . adjustment . changing . transformation . remodeling . revamping . reshaping . reconstruction . tailoring . customizing . conformity . acclimatization . accommodation . attunement . familiarization . habituation . orientation . conditioning . inurement . hardening . seasoning . acculturation . assimilation . integration . domestication . naturalization . acclimation .
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See also: Adaptation Adaptationism Adaptations
1. Adaptation definition is - something that is adapted; specifically : a composition rewritten into a new form
2. How to use Adaptation in a sentence.
3. Something produced by adapting: an Adaptation of a play for television.
4. A change or adjustment in an animal or plant that increases its chance of survival in a specific environment. Adaptation can involve changes in a body part or in behavior: Wings are an Adaptation of the forelimbs of a bird for flight.
5. Vocabulary In evolutionary theory, Adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment
6. Although scientists discussed Adaptation prior to the 1800s, it was not until then that Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace developed the theory of natural selection.
7. / ˌæd.əpˈteɪ.ʃ ə n / (also adaption, us / əˈdæp.ʃ ə n / uk / əˈdæp.ʃ ə n /) C1 [ U ] the process of changing to suit different conditions: The documentary is about corruption, crime and human Adaptation to difficult …
8. Adaptation is undoubtedly one of the most original films I've ever seen
9. Adaptation (1,232) IMDb 7.7 1 h 54 min 2002 X-Ray R From the creator of BEING JOHN MALKOVICH comes a very original comedy about a screenwriter struggling to adapt a best-selling book about orchid thieves into a movie
10. Mimicry is a type of physical Adaptation in which a plant or animal looks a lot like another animal or even an object
11. Adaptation Lyrics: When the sun comes up, you're searching for a love / So your heart won't lead you to anyone / When the sun goes down, I know …
12. Check out the official Adaptation (2002) Trailer starring Nicolas Cage and Meryl Streep! Let us know what you think in the comments below
13. An Adaptation can also be behavioral, affecting the way an organism responds to its environment
14. An example of a structural Adaptation is the way some plants have adapted to life in dry, hot deserts
15. Adaptation, by definition, is any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment
16. Adaptation, in essence, is a boon that every organism in nature is gifted with
17. Find 21 ways to say Adaptation, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.
18. Adaptation [ad″ap-ta´shun] 1
19. Biological Adaptation the Adaptation of living things to environmental factors for the ultimate purpose of survival, reproduction, and an optimal level of functioning
20. This Adaptation of the novel was written so the story could be performed as a play
21. As a diehard fan of the book, I do not feel the movie Adaptation will be able to capture the real story
22. The ability to change colors is a biological Adaptation that allows the chameleon to blend into its environment.
23. An Adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some improved function
24. Adaptations are well fitted to their function and are produced by natural selection
25. Adaptations can take many forms: a behavior that allows better evasion of predators, a protein that functions better at body temperature, or an
26. Adaption and Adaptation are different forms of the same word, and they share all their meanings, which include (1) the act of changing to suit new conditions, and (2) a work of art recast in a new form or medium
27. But the longer word, Adaptation, is preferred by most publications and is much more common.
28. Adaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
29. When people speak about Adaptation, they often mean a 'feature' (a trait) which helps an animal or plant survive.
30. What does Adaptation mean? A change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a speci
31. Adaptation Living things are adapted to their habitats
32. In visual physiology, Adaptation is the ability of the retina of the eye to adjust to various levels of light
33. Adaptation is an international, peer-reviewed journal, offering academic articles, film and book reviews (including both book to screen Adaptations and screen to book Adaptations), popular and ‘classic’ Adaptations, theatre and novel screen Adaptations, television, animation, soundtracks, production issues and genres in literature on screen.
34. Types of Adaptation: Structural Adaptation--involves physical features of an organism that helps it to strive and survive in its environment -ex: teeth, locomotion, and body covering; The shape of an animal’s teeth is related to its diet
35. They develop these traits through a process called Adaptation.
36.Adaptations to the school curriculum’ ‘It is a process of Adaptation, a habit acquired with effort, pain, and tedium.’ ‘This was considered critical for highly educated immigrants, because settlement and Adaptation is facilitated by social interaction.’
37. Adaptation [ad″ap-ta´shun] 1
38. Biological Adaptation the Adaptation of living things to environmental factors for the ultimate purpose of survival, reproduction, and an optimal level of functioning
39. Adaptation definition: An Adaptation of a book or play is a film or a television programme that is based on it
40. Adaptation is a science fiction novel with some thriller and romance elements
41. A structural Adaptation is a change involving a physical aspect of an organism
42. Synonyms for Adaptation in Free Thesaurus
43. 25 synonyms for Adaptation: acclimatization, naturalization, habituation, familiarization
44. Hawes, Proceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, Springer (→ISBN), page 70 Lifestyle Adaptation arises because people inevitably encounter a gap between the style of life they desire and the
45. Then Patrice and Naturalist Dave Erler observe the unique Adaptations of the opossum.
46. Adaptation to climate change is often necessary to continue living in one place
47. For plants, animals, and other organisms in nature, evolutionary Adaptation occurs when natural selection favors individuals or populations that survive longer and reproduce more under the new conditions compared to other individuals or populations.
48. Adaptation, in biology, has several meanings
49. It can mean the adjustment of living matter to environmental conditions and to other living things either in an organism's lifetime (physiological Adaptation) or in a population over many many generations (evolutionary Adaptation).
50. Charlie Kaufman's screenplay for "Adaptation." (2002) has it three ways
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FAQ?
What does the name adaptation Mean?
Adaptation refers to the ability of cells to adjust to severe stresses and achieve altered states of equilibrium while... The word adaptation does not stem from its current usage in evolutionary biology but rather dates back to the early 17th century, when it indicated a relation between design and function or how something fits into something else.
What does the term adaptation Mean?
adaptation(Noun) Adjustment to extant conditions: as, adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation; modification of some thing or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its current environment. adaptation(Noun) Something which has been adapted; variation.
What do you mean adaptation?
Adaptation , in biology, the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection 's acting upon heritable variation over several generations.
How can you define the adaptation?
adaptation
• any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and...
• a form or structure modified to fit a changed environment.
• the ability of a species to survive in a particular ecological niche, especially because of alterations of form or...
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Jonjić
Jonjić is a Croatian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Matej Jonjić (born 1991), Croatian football player
* Antonio Jonjić (born 1999), German-Croatian football player | WIKI |
Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in A major (Mozart)
The Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in A major, K. 386 is a concert rondo by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, believed by Alfred Einstein to have been composed in late 1782.
Composition
Mozart wrote the Rondo in A major at around the same time as his three first Vienna piano concertos, nos. 11, 12 and 13.
When the autograph manuscript was sold, Mozart's widow and her helpers apparently were unable to locate the concluding pages, although some notations on it and contemporary correspondence show that they attempted to find the ending. Constanze Mozart sold the manuscript on November 8, 1799 to J. A. André, apparently with these final pages still missing, a fact that was unknown until Alan Tyson discovered them in the British Library in 1980. Before this, the rest of the autograph had been dismembered and scattered, and the only known version that was complete was Cipriani Potter's piano arrangement from about 1838. Alfred Einstein, using this and the two leaves of the score then known to be extant, published a reconstruction of the rondo in 1936, and further leaves that came to light were assembled in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe (Serie V, Werkgruppe 15, Band 8) and in a 1962 completion by Paul Badura-Skoda and Charles Mackerras. The final leaves discovered by Tyson have now been incorporated into a supplement to the NMA (Serie X, Werkgruppe 31, Band 3).
Einstein's hypothetical reconstruction, with the Cipriani Potter ending, can be heard in some older recordings of the Rondo, such as the one by soloist Annie Fischer and conductor Ferenc Fricsay (1959). Most recent recordings of the rondo, such as those of Murray Perahia and Malcolm Bilson, include the rediscovered original ending.
Possible Intentions
The musicologist Alfred Einstein believed that the piece was intended as either the original or a replacement finale for his Piano Concerto No. 12 in A. Both pieces are in the same key, and both were composed at similar times. However, there are considerable differences. The three concertos were composed by Mozart to be a quattro (with just four strings in accompaniment), whilst the Rondo cannot be, as the cellos have an independent line from the basses. The first page of the manuscript was also titled and dated by Mozart, suggesting individuality.
Description
The Rondo is marked allegretto, giving the piece a lively but unhurried feel. The piece is begun, as with much of Mozart's concerto work, by the strings, who play the piece's main theme. Again typical of the beginning of Mozart's piano and orchestral works, the piano only enters after about a minute of orchestral playing. It too plays the main theme, but in a very intimate and graceful manner. A second theme then follows, and mixes frivolous, playful elements with introspective, dreamier sections. The original theme then repeats, to be followed by another different melody. This melody is more imposing and serious than its precursors, until it wonderfully leads back into the original melody. The piece finishes with a coda in true rondo form to give an A-B-A-C-A-D structure. The piece lasts between 8 and 10 minutes, depending on how it is completed.
Autograph manuscript
The work is signed and dated on the first page di Wolfgango Amadeo Mozart mpr / Vieña gli 19 d'Octobre 1782 . The first 12 leaves of the autograph manuscript were acquired by the English composer William Sterndale Bennett sometime around 1840. These were then distributed, either as whole leaves or as small fragments, to Bennett's friends and family. Of these, the following portions are known:
* f.1 (bars 1–22): sold by Sotheby's on 23 May 2017; whereabouts unknown.
* ff.2–3 (bars 23–62): owned by an unknown private collector in Germany.
* f.4 (bars 63–78): Royal College of Surgeons of England, London.
* f.5 (bars 79–100): whereabouts unknown.
* f.6 (bars 101–115): two fragments, comprising the lower portion, are held by the Juilliard School in New York, and the University of Western Ontario.
* f.7 (bars 116–135): one fragment, comprising the string parts of bars 116–119 and 133–135, is held by the Juilliard School in New York; another fragment, comprising the lower portion of bars 119–133, were sold by the Kenneth W. Rendall Gallery in New York in 1998, and its whereabouts are currently unknown.
* f.8 (bars 136–154): Sibley Music Library, Rochester, NY.
* f.9 (bars 155–171): owned by Bin Ebisawa in Tokyo.
* ff.10–12 (bars 172–224): whereabouts unknown.
* ff.13–16 (bars 225–269): British Library, London. | WIKI |
Trump’s 2020 budget relies on economic growth numbers no one believes
President Donald Trump’s 2020 budget proposal contains some really rosy projections when it comes to economic growth. The Trump administration released its third budget proposal on Monday. Titled “A Budget for a Better America,” the $4.7 trillion budget includes a dramatic increase in defense spending and $8.6 billion for Trump’s border wall and deep cuts to social safety net programs, including Medicare. The budget is highly unlikely to go anywhere in Congress. (Vox’s Tara Golshan has a full explainer on the Trump budget proposal.) But also embedded in Trump’s proposal are some very good projections for economic growth — a little too good, probably, when compared to more realistic government and private estimates. The White House is estimating that the US economy will grow at a 3.2 percent rate in 2019 and then average about 3 percent growth annually for the next decade. By comparison, the Congressional Budget Office estimates that GDP growth will be 2.3 percent this year and then average 1.7 percent from 2020 through 2023 and 1.8 percent from 2024 to 2029. Goldman Sachs estimates GDP growth will slow to 2.5 percent this year; Morgan Stanley estimates 2.3 percent. “It’s a fake forecast,” Mark Zandi, the chief economist at Moody’s Analytics, told me. “No chance the administration will get the kind of growth they are using for their budget.” Kyle Pomerleau, an economist at the Tax Foundation, noted on Twitter that the White House is implying it believes GDP will be 12 percent higher in 2029 than the CBO does. “Looking at the annual difference in growth rates between the [White House] and CBO kind of understates how bonkers the [White House’s] growth assumptions are,” he wrote. That the Trump administration would be overly optimistic about economic growth is not surprising — Trump has been promising what most economists agree are unrealistic growth promises for years. On the 2016 campaign trail, he said that through tax cuts and deregulation he would boost GDP growth to 3.5 percent. And since landing at the White House, the administration has consistently promoted exaggerated growth promises. That’s not to say the economy isn’t growing — GDP increased by 2.2 percent annually in 2017 and 2.9 percent annually in 2018 by initial estimates. (Annual GDP growth under President Obama peaked at 2.9 percent in 2015.) Last year saw some pretty positive quarters — the economy grew by 4.2 percent in the second quarter and 3.4 percent in the third quarter of 2018. Trump’s policies contributed to the boost, namely the 2017 tax cut bill, deregulation, and increased government spending. But a lot of that juice is likely to run out soon. Many economists say the short-term growth effects of the tax cuts will end by 2020. But in continuing to promise growth that probably isn’t going to happen, the Trump team is setting itself on a track where it’s almost guaranteed to underdeliver. And as CNBC’s John Harwood recently noted, putting out extra-high economic estimates isn’t just a Trump problem — it’s a Republican one. Jeb Bush in 2015 said he would get to 4 percent annual growth. Trump, always eager to one-up others, said he would get to 5 or 6 percent. The GOP has continually oversold how good the tax cuts will be for the economy. Republicans don’t seem too concerned with deficits and the rising US debt anymore compared to when Obama was in office, but Trump’s over-the-top economic estimates are still a way to try to downplay what his proposals would mean for the debt. Roll Call noted that Trump’s budget projects $2.8 trillion in additional revenue compared to the CBO over the next 10 years. But if its forecast is off and the CBO’s is right, any deficit savings are going to disappear. And the tax bill has already caused the deficit to swell. The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, which advocates for fiscal responsibility, estimates that the Trump budget would add more than $10 trillion to the national debt. The group’s president, Maya MacGuineas, in a statement on Monday slammed the Trump administration for its “fantasy assumption” on GDP growth. “Every independent forecaster foresees growth to average closer to 2 percent over the next decade,” she said. “Assuming an extra point of growth serves no purpose but to mask the high deficits and debt likely to materialize under the president’s budget.” And even with its rosy assumptions and deep cuts to spending, the Trump budget still anticipates it won’t balance for another 15 years. “Somewhere in the budget is getting back to balance, and they can’t do it unless they assume these outside growth numbers,” Zandi said. The news moves fast. Catch up at the end of the day: Subscribe to Today, Explained, Vox’s daily news podcast, or sign up for our evening email newsletter, Vox Sentences. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:YungT33 Officiql
Toyin Victor Egberongbe (born April 13), who is better known as “YungT33” a.k.a Manchalla/Starboy, is a Nigerian Singer, Songwriter, and a Vocal Musician. YungT33 was born in Lagos, Nigeria and raised in Ondo City, Nigeria; he started music in the early 2000’s, He is currently studying Social Studies as his second degree (2019-2022). YungT33 rose to fame after releasing "Campus Lamba", and his second single from from which six additional,”Debt”, “Big Starz”, were produced. | WIKI |
Friends of the Soviet Union (India, 1981)
Friends of the Soviet Union was an organisation in India. It was founded by members of the Indian National Congress and the All India Communist Party as an alternative to the CPI controlled Indo-Soviet Cultural Society (ISCUS), after the break between CPI and the Congress in the national political scene.
The May 1981 inaugural conference of FSU was addressed by Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In her speech Gandhi scolded the CPI/ISCUS, calling them 'self-appointed custodians' of Indo-Soviet friendship. | WIKI |
Page:The lives of the poets of Great Britain and Ireland to the time of Dean Swift - Volume 4.djvu/59
Rh Take me, my Chloe, to thy breaſt; And lull my wearied ſoul to reſt: For ever, in this humble cell, Let thee, and I my fair one dwell; None enter elſe, but Love—and he Shall bar the door, and keep the key.
* To painted roofs, and ſhining ſpires
(Uneaſy ſeats of high deſires) Let the unthinking many croud, That dare be covetous, and proud; In golden bondage let them wait, And barter happineſs for ſtate: But oh! my Chloe when thy ſwain Deſires to ſee a court again; May Heav’n around his deſtin’d head The choiceſt of his curſes ſhed, To ſum up all the rage of fate, In the two things I dread, and hate, May’ſt thou be falſe, and I be great. In July 1721, within two months of his death, Mr. Prior publiſhed the following beautiful little tale on the falſehood of mankind, entitled The Converſation, and applied it to the truth, honour, and juſtice of his grace the duke of Dorſet.
It always has been thought diſcreet To know the company you meet; And ſure, there may be ſecret danger In talking much before a ſtranger. Agreed: what then? then drink your ale; I’ll pledge you, and repeat my tale.
* No matter where the ſcene is fix’d,
The perſons were but odly mix’d, When | WIKI |
Art & Gadg
Art & Gadg is an original radio play by Gregory Evans about the relationship between Arthur Miller (Art) and Elia Kazan (Gadg short for gadget, a nickname of Kazan). The 45-minute play was first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 15 January 2013. It was directed by Marc Beeby.
Synopsis
After 10 years of estrangement, Arthur Miller and Elia Kazan, two giants of American theatre, are forced to confront their intense, almost brotherly friendship - and how that friendship was destroyed by the great moral and political dilemma of the time.
Cast
* Nathan Osgood as Arthur Miller
* Karl Johnson as Elia Kazan
* Fenella Woolgar as Barbara Loden. | WIKI |
Infoscience
Journal article
Jets opposing turbidity currents and open channel flows
Hydraulic jumps at the tail end of spillways are usually induced by baffle blocks or other obstacles. Such jumps can also be induced by jets that oppose the main flow. Another application is to back up turbidity currents in reservoirs by means of opposing jets. This measure can be adopted when transfer tunnels feed water into the reservoir at a higher elevation near the dam. Stopping the turbidity current increases the local sedimentation rate. To reconcile the shallow water equations for turbidity currents with those for open channel flows, massbased scales for the depth and velocity of both types of flows are outlined. The continuity and momentum equation for flows opposed by jets are then stated in terms of these scales and expressed by a single curve for both gravity currents and free surface flows. The corresponding results for free surface flows agree well with those of experiments carried out for this study. An application to turbidity currents is provided as well.
Related material | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Federal Reporter, 1st Series, Volume 9.djvu/728
THE FAVORITBi 713 �able precautions, as are in her power, to avoid a collision with the tows, and the failure to use such precautions might, under certain circumstances, be such negligence as would create liability on the part of the schooner for a collision; and this was the case of The Cranmer, supra, decided by Judge Benedict. But the law or rules of con- duct governing such cases is not applicable to a case like this. Here was ample sea-room, and any deviation by the schooner only increased the danger of both vessels. �I conclude, from the testimony on the part of respondents, that the lights of the schooner were not sighted by the lookout of the steamer 80 soon as the lights of the steamer were sighted by the lookout on the schooner; and it also appears that the captain of the steamer was the officer of the deok at the time, and for an hour or more preceding the time this collision took place. While the lookout was watching the light, before he had reported it to the captain, the captain came forward, having discovered the light himself, and looked at it through his glass. His own version of what took place on his steamer, as detailed in the testimony, is substantially in these words : �" In the first place, I was walking the deck, back ^nd forth, across, as I generally do, on the af ter-part, by the cabin, so I had a view of anything coming ahead and a view of the tow behind. At that time I imagined I saw a green light on the starboard bow. I walked forward and took my glass eut of my state-room to look at this light, and from its situation it seemed to me she was steering out of the course, and not encroaching ou us. I told the watchman to keep a smart lookout for the light. 'Don't let her get too close to us. There is no danger now. T am going aft.' The light bore about a point and a quarter or a point and a half on my starboard bow. What called me aft, I had a eall of nature. During the time I was in the closet I was hunting in my pockets for paper, and I found there a letter, a moneyed letter from London, that one of my men had given me that day. When I came out of the closet I went into my room to put the letter in the safe. As I locked the door of the safe and tumed around I heard the lookout running aft on the port side of the vessel. He said : 'The green light is shut in and he il jhowing his red light and atorch-light.' I told him to run and port his helm, and followed after immediately. I also gave the order to ' port.' I went on the port side and took the bearings. I looked over my rail, across the weather side from the stem, and could not see him. Then I knew there was danger. Then I stood and took the correct bearings across about 10 feet back from the stem. Then I saw he appeared aft of our stem, on our starboard bow, across the deck, where our fore stay-sail was hauled down and rolled up in a netting. To see tiiis light I had to rise up and look over the sail, which he bore about three points on our starboard bow. I looked at him a few seconds and saw it was impossible to clear him with our wheel a-port, as the vessel seemed ��� � | WIKI |
Will Wiping Your Computer Make It Faster
With time the PCs fill up with useless and often harmful files and it becomes necessary to wipe the computer. Will wiping your computer make it faster? Yes. Browsing the internet, downloading applications and games, often in a too superficial way, the computer disk is filled with unnecessary files that are often ignored. Not only that, processes are often activated that will slow down the computer more and more.
The result? Your computer will get slower and slower and your disk space will get smaller and smaller. A complete wiping operation makes your computer faster. Without getting lost in useless preambles, I will show you how to wipe your computer quickly and make it faster.
Will wiping your computer make it faster?
Wiping your PC requires several actions. You will have to remove programs that are no longer in use. Delete those duplicate files, deactivate unnecessary services. Also, perform disk defragmentation. It is not an extremely fast procedure, but it will not take you more than an hour of time if performed consistently. If you want to speed up old computers, go through the xtra pc guide.
1. Remove unused programs
Wiping your PC primarily involves removing all programs that are not being used. Deleting a program, not in use, allows you to save space. To do it, wipe out your disks by removing all the junk files in the various system folders. To uninstall a program from windows, follow the procedure described in this guide. If the program is particularly stubborn to delete, then use a specific program.
2. Duplicate file removal
Disk cleanup cannot be said to be complete if there are duplicate files or useless files inside it that do nothing but take up space. Many free programs on the internet allow you to find and delete unnecessary and duplicate files, but certainly, the most famous and easiest to use is CCleaner. To wipe the disk with CCleaner and delete junk files, follow this guide.
3. Deactivation of unnecessary services
In addition to disk cleaning, you should also worry about turning off all services that are not needed. Eliminating everything that is not necessary means cleaning the PC and making it safer and above all faster.
4. Defragmentation of disks
The defragmentation of the disks has nothing to do with wiping the computer. Because, defragmenting the disks does not delete files but reposition blocks of data so that access to the disk is much faster. For this reason, many programs to wipe the computer combine the deletion of unnecessary files with the defragmentation of the disks.
5. Unwanted Programs Removal
Apart from PC cleaners, you should also get a good Anti Malware program to eliminate all unwanted and harmful programs from your PC.
Software to wipe your computer
Software allows you to act on the registers and others on the secondary memory. The following software will help you to wipe your computer and make it faster.
Task Manager - Disable programs at start-up
It is not a program to install but rather a little advice, so we put solutions in the head to increase the start-up speed of the PC.
The steps are very simple:
• Press Ctrl + Alt + Del on the keyboard (Or right-click on the black bar of windows where the programs are) and go to "Task Manager";
• On the drop-down, you can click "Start";
• The list of programs that start when the operating system is turned on will be displayed.
• Then the choice automatically becomes personal given the user's needs.
Disable all those programs or applications with a medium-high impact on the ignition and are not strictly necessary. For example, you could leave the graphics, audio, antivirus drivers by removing the rest of the applications.
Click on the "Performance" section. It will give a real-time display of the PC's performance, the memory and the processor usage. From this task, you can also understand which of your components is under constant strain.
ADWCleaner - Clean PC system logs
Now you will think that if the viruses enter the system registers, then the PC must be formatted or thrown, but no, ADWCleaner comes to our rescue. It is a simple little program, but it has the same abilities as an antivirus:
• It allows you to identify leaks in the registers and repair and wipe them.
• Detects viruses and removes them directly.
The creator of this application is MalwareBytes Corporation. The name itself comes from a well-known antivirus.
At start-up, just click "Scan now," and a detailed scan will start that will last based on the number of files that your HardDisk or SSD contains. Eventually, it will ask you to reboot to 100% restore your system. Its best feature is the ability to use it without the need for installation.
TreeSize
If you are a geek and wonder why your HDD or SSD is so full, then TreeSize is for you. We will give only a brief introduction. The rest of the program will help by itself. This program allows you to tree scan your archives with a user-friendly interface. It will take just a while to see where the files are located and then upload to TreeSize and manage the disk space.
Normal file and folder operations can be performed by a program to make it easier for the user to wipe completely. I recommend looking at the System32 files and other important files. They cannot be deleted manually, but others. Deleting them could compromise the correct functioning of the operating system and consequently of the PC.
What are the root causes of a slow computer?
Let's start by understanding why your PC is slow. The causes can be multiple and we assume that:
• You have accidentally installed unwanted programs;
• Some viruses use the memory or other resources of your PC without your knowledge (use a good antivirus, which we recommend) does not protect you from any malicious threat);
• Advertisements are shown when the browser is opened;
• Pop-ups are shown while you are not even on Firefox / Chrome / Explorer (But you have connected to the internet anyway).
• These are very general causes that can create problems even for domestic use.
• With a little more attention on installations, you can prevent possible viruses or possible parasitic programs.
Exactly, wiping the computer is necessary to prevent slowdowns.
Final words,
Will wiping your computer make it faster? Absolutely, your computer becomes faster after a complete cleanup. Here, I have presented step-by-step solutions and everything you need to wipe your computer and make it faster. So, wipe out your computer to increase the performance.
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%0 Journal Article %A Cheng, J-Y %A Davison, I G %A Demont, M E %T Dynamics and energetics of scallop locomotion %D 1996 %J The Journal of Experimental Biology %P 1931-1946 %V 199 %N 9 %X A dynamic model for a swimming scallop was developed which integrates the mechanical properties of the hinge ligaments, valve inertia, the external fluid-flow reaction, the fluid pressure in the mantle cavity and the muscle contraction. Kinematic data were recorded for a swimming Placopecten magellanicus from high-speed film analysis. Dynamic loading experiments were performed to provide the required mechanical properties of the hinge for the same species. The swimming dynamics and energetics based on data from a 0.065 m long Placopecten magellanicus at 10 °C were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows. 1. The mean period of a clapping cycle during swimming is about 0.28 s, which can be roughly divided into three equal intervals: closing, gliding and opening. The maximum angular velocity and acceleration of the valve movements are about 182 degrees s-1 and 1370 degrees s-2, respectively. 2. The hysteresis loop of the hinge was found to be close to an ellipse. This may be represented as a simple Voigt body consisting of a spring and dashpot in parallel, with a rotational stiffness of 0.0497 N m and viscosity coefficient of 0.00109 kg m2 s-1 for the 0.065 m long Placopecten magellanicus. 3. The external fluid reaction has three components, of which the added mass is about 10 times higher than the mass of a single valve, and the flow-induced pseudo-viscosity compensates for nearly half of the hinge viscosity for the 0.065 m long Placopecten magellanicus. 4. The locomotor system powered by the muscle can be divided into two subsystems: a pressure pump for jet production and a shell-hinge/outer-fluid oscillator which drives the pumping cycle. The dynamics of the oscillator is determined predominantly by the interaction of the external fluid reaction and the hinge properties, and its resonant frequency was found to be close to the swimming frequencies. 5. The momentum and energy required to run the oscillator are negligibly small (about 1 % for the 0.065 m long Placopecten magellanicus) compared with that for the jet. Almost all the mechanical energy from muscle contraction is used to perform hydrodynamic work for jet production. Thus, the Froude efficiency of propulsion in scallops is nearly the same as the entire mechanical efficiency of the locomotor system. This could be a fundamental advantage of jet propulsion, at least for a scallop. 6. The estimated maximum muscle stress is about 1.06x10(5) N m-2, the cyclic work is 0.065 J and power output is 1.3 W. Using an estimate of the mass of an adductor muscle, the work done by the muscle per unit mass is 9.0 J kg-1 and the peak power per unit mass is 185 W kg-1. 7. The time course of the force generation of the contracting adductor muscle is basically the same as that of the hydrodynamic propulsive force. %U https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/199/9/1931.full.pdf | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thangeswary Kathiraman
Thangeswary Kathiraman (26 February 1952 – 26 October 2019) was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician who served as Member of Parliament.
In 2004 Thangeswary was selected by the Tamil Tigers as a Tamil National Alliance (TNA) parliamentary candidate. Thangeswary represented the Batticaloa multi-member electoral district for the TNA in the Sri Lankan Parliament between April 2004 and February 2010.
In 2010, after the Tamil Tigers' defeat in the civil war, the TNA deselected most of its Tamil Tiger appointed MPs, including Thangeswary. She subsequently joined the governing United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) and stood as one of its candidates in Batticaloa District in the 2010 parliamentary election. She failed to get elected, coming eighth and last amongst the UPFA candidates. | WIKI |
899 A.2d 819
UNITED SERVICES AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION v. Rita RILEY, et al.
No. 40,
Sept. Term, 2005.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
June 1, 2006.
Andrew Janquitto (Mudd, Harrison & Burch, L.L.P., on brief), Towson, for Petitioner.
Brian S. Brown (Saul E. Kerpelman & Associates, P.A., on brief), Baltimore, for Respondent.
David H. Topol, Laura A. Foggan, Anthony E. Orr, Wiley, Rein & Fielding, L.L.P., Washington, DC, brief of Amicus Curiae Complex Ins. Claims Litigation Ass’n in support of Petitioner.
Bruce M. Bender, Van Crack, Axelson, Williamowsky, Bender & Fishman, Rockville, brief of Amicus Curiae of the Maryland Trial Lawyers Ass’n in support of Respondent.
ARGUED BEFORE BELL, C.J., RAKER, WILNER, CATHELL, HARRELL, BATTAGLIA, and GREENE, JJ.
GREENE, J.
This matter originated with a complaint for declaratory relief filed by petitioner, United Services Automobile Association (“USAA”), in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The complaint named Kenny A. Hooper, Jr. and respondents in the instant case, Rita Towana Riley, Jeremy Carpenter, Christian Carpenter, and Wendy Carpenter (“the Carpenters”) as defendants. USAA sought a declaration of the limits of insurance coverage of four consecutive policies issued to Hooper for the property he owned where the Carpenter children allegedly suffered lead exposure and related injuries. Respondents answered USAA’s complaint and filed a counterclaim for declaratory relief. Subsequently, USAA filed a motion for summary judgment. The Circuit Court issued a Memorandum and Order granting USAA’s motion for summary judgment in part.
The Circuit Court ultimately issued a Declaratory Judgment stating: (1) that the injuries allegedly suffered by the Carpenter children are confined to a single “occurrence,” as “occurrence” is defined by the USAA policy; (2) that the Limit of Liability provision of the USAA policy unambiguously limited the recovery of damages because of injury of the Carpenter children to “an aggregate total of the policy limit of $300,000”; (3) that the Carpenter children cannot establish, as a factual matter, that any one of them suffered bodily injury within the meaning of the USAA policies during the terms of the first two policies and therefore, the maximum number of policies implicated is two; (4) that the Limit of Liability provision in the USAA policies is ambiguous and therefore does not limit USAA’s responsibility under the two implicated USAA policies to $300,000 for all bodily injury to the Carpenter children; and (5) that to the extent that Hooper is found liable in the underlying tort case, USAA’s indemnification obligation is limited to providing no more than $600,000 of liability coverage.
In a reported opinion, the Court of Special Appeals held that the Circuit Court erred in concluding that there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the Carpenter children were injured during the first and second policy periods, and therefore reversed the judgment of the Circuit Court and remanded for further proceedings. Riley v. United Services Automobile Assoc., 161 Md.App. 573, 871 A.2d 599 (2005). The intermediate appellate court, although not required to reach the issue of whether the Circuit Court erred in declaring the amount of coverage USAA’s policies provided, addressed the issue in order to provide some guidance to the court and parties on remand.
USAA presents two questions for our review, the first of which we recast:
I. Whether, with regard to the first two USAA policy periods, the Circuit Court erred in granting summary judgment as a result of the respondents’ alleged failure to prove that the Carpenter children had suffered injuries, as defined by the policies, during the first two policy periods?
II. Whether a limit-of-liability provision in each of four liability policies issued by the same insurer limits the insurer’s liability coverage to a single per occurrence limit when bodily injury spans more than one policy period?
We answer the first question in the affirmative and the second question in the negative and affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.
Facts
Hooper owned a house located at 1808 West Mosher Street (“the property”), into which the Carpenter children moved in June 1990. At the time they moved into the property, Wendy Carpenter was 2 years old; Christian Carpenter was approximately 1 y> years old; and Jeremy Carpenter was 4 months old. While residing at the property, the children were raised by their grandmother, Annie Riley Barksdale. At a deposition, Ms. Barksdale stated that she observed problems with the paint in the property, including paint chipping around the window areas in the living room, kitchen, and middle bedroom on the second floor, and paint dust in the bath tub. Ms. Barksdale also witnessed the children gnawing on the window sills in the bedroom. Harriet Peartree, who is Ms. Barksdale’s sister, also testified to the condition of the paint at the property, stating that the paint surface was uneven and fragile on the window sills and door frames. While she never witnessed such an occurrence, on multiple occasions, the children told her that “one of the kids is eating the paint” which she believed occurred in either Ms. Barksdale’s bedroom or the middle bedroom.
In April 1993, Wendy Carpenter first tested for elevated blood lead levels and her level was 19 micrograms per deciliter (“|xg/dL”), which increased to 23 |xg/dL in September 1993. In May 1993, Christian Carpenter’s initial blood lead level was 23 |xg/dL, which increased in June 1993 to 24 |xg/dL, and in September 1993 to 28 ¡xg/dL. Jeremy Carpenter’s initial blood lead level was 29 |xg/dL in April 1993, and after a series of increases and decreases, declined to 18/19 |xg/dL by December 1993. The Carpenter children moved out of the property in the Fall of 1993.
During the respondents’ tenancy at the property, USAA insured Hooper under a series of homeowner’s policies. The first policy began on July 28, 1990 and was renewed on July 28, 1991. In March of 1992, some changes were made to the policy and a new policy was issued that covered March 1,1992, until March 1, 1993. That policy was then renewed from March 1, 1993, until March 1, 1994. The USAA policies defined “bodily injury” as “bodily harm, sickness or disease, including required care, loss of services and death that results.” “Occurrence” was defined as
an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions, which results, during the policy period, in:
a. bodily injury; or
b. property damage.
Personal liability was addressed by the USAA policies as follows:
SECTION II—LIABILITY COVERAGES
Coverage E—Personal Liability
[If] a claim is made or a suit is brought against an insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage caused by an occurrence to which this coverage applies, we will:
1. pay up to our limit of liability for the damages for which the insured is legally liable; and
2. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our choice, even if the suit is groundless, false or fraudulent. We may investigate and settle any claim or suit that we decide is inappropriate. Our duty to settle or defend ends when the amount we pay for damages resulting from ,the occurrence equals our limit of liability.
* * * *
SECTION II—CONDITIONS
1. Limit of Liability. Our total liability under Coverage E for all damages resulting from any one occurrence will not be more than the limit of liability for Coverage E as shown in the Declarations. This limit is the same regardless of the number of insureds, claims made or persons injured. All bodily injury and property damage resulting from any one accident or from continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions shall be considered to be the result of one occurrence.
Each of the policies provided $800,000 of liability coverage.
Respondents filed a cause of action against Hooper alleging that he negligently exposed the Carpenter children to lead paint during their tenancy which resulted in brain damage to the Carpenter children. During the discovery process, a dispute arose as to the applicability of Hooper’s insurance policies for the property, and USAA filed a complaint for declaratory relief on October 12, 2001, naming as defendants Riley, the Carpenters, and Hooper to resolve the insurance issue. USAA asked the Circuit Court to issue a declaration limiting insurance coverage to $300,000. Respondents claimed that Hooper was insured for $3,600,000 for their injuries under the series of policies.
USAA filed a Motion for Summary Judgment alleging that respondents could not prove that any bodily injuries were sustained before March 1, 1992, during the first and second policy periods. The Circuit Court issued a Memorandum and Order, granting summary judgment in part:
The court determines, for the reasons stated by [USAA] in its memoranda, that the language of the policy defining an “occurrence” unambiguously confines [respondents’] exposure to a single occurrence. Similarly, the policy’s “Limit of Liability” unambiguously limits the recovery of [the Carpenter children] to an aggregate total of the policy limit of $300,000. Accordingly, the total coverage for [the Carpenter children’s] exposure under a single policy is $300,000.
The remaining issue of whether a single policy limit of $300,000 is available for the four policy periods or whether the limit is available in each of the four policy periods is ambiguous under the terms of the policies and, for that reason, cannot be resolved by this Court on summary judgment as a matter of law. However, as a factual matter, on the record before the Court, the [Carpenter children] cannot establish that any one of them suffered a bodily injury within the meaning of the policies during the term of the first two policies, i.e. July 28, 1990 to March 1, 1992. Therefore, as a factual matter, the maximum number of policies implicated is two.
Accordingly, [USAA] is entitled to summary judgment to the extent that it seeks to limit its exposure to a single occurrence (including all three [Carpenter children]) over two policy periods for a total exposure in the amount of $600,000. Summary judgment is GRANTED to the extent discussed and DENIED in all other respects.
Ultimately, the Circuit Court issued the following Declaratory Judgment, dated February 21, 2003:
3. The injuries allegedly suffered by the Carpenter children while in or about 1803 West Mosher Street were caused by one “occurrence” as defined by the USAA policies. The definition of “occurrence” in the USAA policies confines the Carpenter Childrens’ injuries allegedly suffered by them while in or about 1803 West Mosher Street to a single “occurrence.” Similarly, the Limit of Liability provision unambiguously limits the recovery of damages because of injury to all three Carpenter Children to an aggregate total of the policy limit of $300,000. Accordingly, the total coverage for damages for the three Carpenter Children’s injuries under a single policy is $300,000.
4. As a factual matter, on the record before the Court, the three Carpenter Children cannot establish that any one of them suffered bodily injury within the meaning of the USAA policies during the terms of the first two policies, i.e., July 28, 1990 to March 1, 1992. Therefore, as a factual matter, the maximum number of USAA policies implicated is two.
[5]. The Limit of Liability provision in the USAA policies is ambiguous and therefore does not limit USAA’s responsibility under the two implicated USAA policies to $300,000 for all bodily injury to all of the Carpenter Children.
[6.] To the extent that Kenneth Hooper is found liable in the underlying case, USAA’s indemnification obligation is limited to providing no more than $600,000 of liability coverage.
[7.] This declaratory judgment is confined solely to the issues of the number of “occurrences,” when “bodily injury” occurred, and the meaning and applicability of the limit of liability provision in the IJSAA policies. This declaratory judgment does not determine or address the merits of [the respondents’] claims against Hooper in the underlying litigation.
Respondents appealed the judgment of the Circuit Court to the Court of Special Appeals. The intermediate appellate court reversed the Circuit Court and remanded the matter back to that court for further proceedings. USAA appealed that decision, and this court granted certiorari. United Services Automobile Assoc. v. Riley, 388 Md. 97, 879 A.2d 42 (2005).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Maryland Rule 2-501 indicates that a motion for summary judgment is appropriate “on all or part of an action on the ground that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” A motion for summary judgment may be supported by affidavit. When reviewing the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment we must determine whether a material factual issue exists, and all inferences are resolved against the moving party. King v. Bankerd, 303 Md. 98, 110-111, 492 A.2d 608, 614 (1985) (citing Lynx, Inc. v. Ordnance Products, Inc., 273 Md. 1, 7-8, 327 A.2d 502, 509 (1974)). “ ‘[E]ven where the underlying facts are undisputed, if those facts are susceptible of more than one permissible inference, the choice between those inferences should not be made as a matter of law, but should be submitted to the trier of fact.’ ” King v. Bankerd, 303 Md. at 111, 492 A.2d at 614 (quoting Porter v. General Boiler Casing Co., 284 Md. 402, 413, 396 A.2d 1090, 1096 (1979) (citations omitted)). The function of a summary judgment proceeding is not to try the case or to attempt to resolve factual disputes but to determine whether there is a dispute as to material facts sufficient to provide an issue to be tried. Honaker v. W.C. & A.N. Miller Development Co., 285 Md. 216, 231, 401 A.2d 1013, 1020 (1979) (citing Dietz v. Moore, 277 Md. 1, 4-5, 351 A.2d 428 (1976)). A “material fact” is one which will somehow affect the outcome of the case. Id. (citation omitted).
An appellate court reviewing a summary judgment examines the same information from the record and determines the same issues of law as the trial court. PaineWebber Inc. v. East, 363 Md. 408, 413, 768 A.2d 1029, 1032 (2001) (citation omitted). We are often concerned with whether a dispute of material fact exists when reviewing the grant of a summary judgment motion. Lippert v. Jung, 366 Md. 221, 227, 783 A.2d 206, 209 (2001) (citing Hartford Ins. Co. v. Manor Inn of Bethesda, Inc., 335 Md. 135, 144, 642 A.2d 219, 224 (1994)). We recently reiterated the standard of review for a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment in Myers v. Kayhoe, 391 Md. 188, 892 A.2d 520 (2006):
The question of whether a trial court’s grant of summary judgment was proper is a question of law subject to de novo review on appeal. Livesay v. Baltimore, 384 Md. 1, 9, 862 A.2d 33, 38 (2004). In reviewing a grant of summary judgment under Md. Rule 2-501, we independently review the record to determine whether the parties properly generated a dispute of material fact and, if not, whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 9-10, 862 A.2d at 38. We review the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and construe any reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts against the moving party. Id. at 10, 862 A.2d at 38.
Id. at 203, 892 A.2d at 529.
DISCUSSION
I.
Whether, with regard to the first two USAA policy periods, the Circuit Court erred in granting summary judgment as a result of the respondents’ alleged failure to prove that the Carpenter children had suffered injuries, as defined by the policies, during the first two policy periods?
Petitioner argues that respondents provided no admissible evidence that exposure to lead resulted in bodily injury in the first and second policy periods of the USAA policies and thus, failed to produce adequate evidence to refute USAA’s summary judgment motion. Howard M. Klein, M.D., was named as an expert witness in the underlying tort action and gave his first deposition on May 28, 2001. In testifying regarding Wendy Carpenter’s blood lead levels, Dr. Klein stated that Wendy’s exposure to lead began a few months before she was first tested for lead exposure. Dr. Klein’s rationale for this opinion was based on the fact that it would take a certain period of time to reach Wendy’s tested level of 19 gg/dL in September 1993. Specifically, Dr. Klein opined:
It takes a while to get to 19. You can do it, I guess, if you take a shotglass full of chips at once, but I’m usually of the opinion that to get into 20, if you’re talking about a little or moderate hand to mouth activity and some lead dust, it takes you a couple of weeks to get there. So, at least March of '93 to, at least, through most of the year of '93.
Dr. Klein testified that Jeremy Carpenter’s lead exposure began in April 1993, and that Christian Carpenter’s lead exposure began a few weeks prior to May 1993. As a result, USAA contends that there is no proof that any of the children were exposed to lead during the first two policy periods (and that Christian’s level did not indicate injury even during the third policy period).
In response to USAA’s argument that the respondents could not prove bodily injury during the first two policy periods, the respondents submitted an affidavit from Dr. Klein. Petitioner alleges that this affidavit contradicts Dr. Klein’s initial deposition testimony. In the affidavit, with regard to the Carpenter children’s lead exposure, Dr. Klein noted:
[The testimony of the respondents, Ms. Barksdale and Peartree] establishes that beginning the first year the family moved into [the property,] the property contained deteriorated, chipping and flaking paint and dust hazards in the windowsills and bathtub. Moreover, the Carpenter children would gnaw on the windowsills and one of the children was observed by the other children eating paint.
[Assuming that this information is true and correct, it is my opinion within [a] reasonable degree of medical probability that Christian Carpenter and Wendy Carpenter were “exposed” to hazardous lead-based paint and dust at [the property] beginning on the date they first moved into the property in June 1989. Likewise, it is my opinion within a reasonable degree of medical probability that Jeremy Carpenter was “exposed” to hazardous lead-based paint and dust at [the property] beginning in útero and continuing at his birth[.] By exposure, I mean inhaling and/or ingesting lead-based paint and dust into the body, lungs and bloodstream. It is my further opinion within a reasonable degree of medical probability that this exposure for all three children caused damage on a cellular level to the children’s brain, disrupting normal cellular development. These opinions are based on the deteriorated condition of the lead-based paint while the children resided at the property, evidence of hand to mouth activity, gnawing on leaded paint, as well as actual observation of ingestion of leaded paint chips.
[A]n injury is the alteration of structure or function of a cell, tissue or organ. Physical or chemical damage to the body which may be detectable only on a microscopic or sub clinical level also constitutes an injury. There are injuries to cells, tissues and organs caused by exposure to lead paint, lead paint chips, lead paint fumes, and/or lead paint dust, even though the injuries may not be noticeable to a harmed individual or diagnosable by a clinician until some later point in time.
Lead is especially harmful to the developing brain and nervous systems of fetuses. There is probably no safe threshold at which lead has no effect [on] children under age five, whose brains are rapidly growing and developing are most vulnerable to damage by low levels of lead exposure .... [infants and toddlers below the age of five years] may be suffering from the effects of cumulative low-level lead exposure years before they are clinically observable.
Essentially, Dr. Klein testified that all of the children were exposed to lead during each of the four policy periods, and therefore, suffered the requisite bodily injury to trigger the policy coverage. Dr. Klein was deposed a second time on December 18, 2002, and his responses on that date are discussed below.
USAA argues that Dr. Klein’s testimony lacked a sufficient factual basis that was not the result of reliable principles and methods as required by Md. Rule 5-702. USAA asks this Court to discount Dr. Klein’s opinion because he gave no explanations for his conclusions and because Dr. Klein’s initial deposition testimony was allegedly contradicted by his affidavit and later deposition, and is therefore unreliable.
We shall address the reliability argument first. During the motions hearing for USAA’s motion for summary judgment on January 8, 2003, respondents’ counsel offered the following explanation for the alleged “contradiction” in Dr. Klein’s affidavit and deposition testimony:
[Wjhat really is this supposed contradiction in Dr. Klein’s testimony is not contradiction at all ... [bjecause the original questions that he was asked were based on a false premise ... that in order to establish exposure you have to have lead levels.... [T]he children had certain lead levels and the Doctor was asked a limited question; [“Wjell, the child has a lead level of 20, can you tell us from the lead level of 20 itself how long that means the child is being exposed to lead.” And then he gives basically an answer that says[, “I] can’t say exactly, but it means at least a couple of months of exposure.” But he also says[, “W]ell, from the 20 by itself, all I can be ... absolutely certain of ... is that the exposure had gone on for at least two months.” But he wasn’t asked—the premise of that question is, you have to have a lead level in order to show that the child’s had exposure.... The testimony that we have offered in our affidavits from the mom and from the aunt is that from the day they moved in the house there was chipping and flaking paint all [over] the place. And that the children were mobile all around the house, that the children had a lot of hand-to-[mouth] activity that they were actually seeing, I think on more than one occasion, to put paint chips in their mouths.... And then during that whole early time they’re not testing for lead, but the house is in horrible condition. It’s reasonable to assume and I think that the finder of [fact] can assume that there’s lead dust all over the house. The Health Department goes in and inspects and the Health Department, which are going to be an independent witness in the case, says there’s 83 separate locations in this house where there’s chipping and flaking paint that’s a health hazard that’s hable to poison children.
It appears that counsel for respondents was arguing that, at the initial deposition on May 28, 2001, Dr. Klein was not asked about the beginning date of the children’s exposure overall, but rather, the beginning date of the exposure in relation to the children’s measured lead levels. While the record does not contain the May 2001 deposition in its entirety, certain pages are included in the Record Extract. It appears that the question posed to Dr. Klein regarding Wendy’s lead exposure referred specifically to the time frame of her testing:
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: [W]ell, we’re talking about certain levels here and it’s my understanding that you have a level of 19 and then five months later a level of 23. So, those are the specific levels that we’re talking about.
Are you saying that we are talking about those levels that the age is between six and ten for children, that would create the same effect that you just described or is it any different for those levels?
[DR. KLEIN]: I think it can be significant. In the literature that you asked me to show you before, the [Centers for Disease Control], a writing in October of '91, it’s quoted that anything over ten micrograms per deciliter is being the threshold for action and these lead levels are well above that.
There are also levels which have been widely discussed in the literature as levels of concern. So ... I think that that’s the ballpark we’re talking about.
* * * *
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: [Y]ou have the two [lead] levels in April and September of '93, 19 and 23 [pg/dL]. [DR. KLEIN]: Right.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Do you have an opinion whether she was actually being exposed to lead during that timet ]frame?
[DR. KLEIN]: Well, for sure several months before '93 through several months after September of '93. So, we have at least the year of '93 as a period of exposure.
(Emphasis added.) Dr. Klein was also asked about Jeremy’s and Christian’s exposures in the same manner, and answered accordingly. Simply because Dr. Klein’s answers were responsive to the questions asked, and he later expanded his testimony regarding the children’s potential exposure to lead, does not mean that Dr. Klein’s testimony was so contradictory as to be unreliable.
At his second deposition on December 18, 2002, Dr. Klein was questioned again about estimating the beginning of each child’s lead exposure:
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. Are you able to discern and somehow work backwards—from the reading Jeremy had in April of '98 where he had a 29 [pg/dL], are you able to work backwards from that lead level to determine what Jeremy’s blood level was at any discrete point in time before that?
[DR. KLEIN]: Only to opine that—as I have previously in these kinds of depositions, that I believe that the exposure was ongoing if he was living in a leaded property, but I cannot give you a specific number.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: And the same would be true for Christian and Wendy?
[DR. KLEIN]: Yes.
í¡í Hí
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. Can you give me an estimate [of when Wendy first got to level 10 pg/dL]?
[DR. KLEIN]: It could be months to years. I mean, it could have crept up slowly. It could have been stable for a long time. It would be speculation for me to tell you exactly when it started.
Dr. Klein made similar statements about the estimation of when Jeremy and Christian reached the level of 10 pg/dL.
Dr. Klein testified that he could not speculate as to the exact date when Wendy reached 10 pg/dL. This does not preclude a reasonable person from concluding that Wendy, or the other children, suffered injuries during the first two policy periods because they were ingesting lead paint chips and dust. Further, other evidence could be admitted at trial that would clarify or rule out some of the issues about which Dr. Klein refused to speculate. Dr. Klein’s expansion of his testimony, noting that any exposure to lead causes damage on the cellular level which would equate to an “injury” as defined by the USAA policies, does not amount to contradiction. Even assuming the contradiction, the seemingly contradictory statement is a matter for resolution by the trier of fact, and not the judge ruling on summary judgment.
We turn now to petitioner’s contention that Dr. Klein’s testimony lacked a sufficient factual basis that was not the result of reliable principles and methods. In his affidavit, Dr. Klein testified:
There is probably no safe threshold at which lead has no effect [on] children under age five, whose brains are rapidly growing and developing are most vulnerable to damage by low levels of lead exposure ... [infants and toddlers below the age of five years] may be suffering from the effects of cumulative low-level lead exposure years before they are clinically observable.
At his second deposition, Dr. Klein was questioned as to his contention that any exposure to lead, even exposure that does not result in the “level of concern” established by the CDC at 10 |xg/dL, is harmful:
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Why don’t you just tell me generally ... how does lead affect a child during developmental years?
[DR. KLEIN]: Okay. Lead is a heavy metal. It’s widely distributed in the environment^] By statute, it was forbidden federally and on a statewide level because it was found that lead was toxic.
* 4: 4: *
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. What about for concentrations under 10 [jxg/dL]?
[DR. KLEIN]: We do not believe that any level of lead is safe, but we can only opine, I guess, for now what we see clinically. There are studies, good studies, from good centers down to levels of 15 [¡xg/dL], and there are ongoing studies as to effect below ... ten, including fetal life, but there’s nothing that we can clinically use at this point.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. What studies are those?
[DR. KLEIN]: The 15 [pg/dL] is a study which I’ve probably quoted to [counsel for Hooper] before from Mendelson & Dryer from the Journal of Behavioral & Developmental Pediatrics, December '99, which showed ... increased learning problems in preschoolers exposed to leads as low as 15 [[xg/dL],
The fetal studies, I would have to look up the reference, but there are notation of cord leads that have been taken, and I can’t give you a reference off the top of my head.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. And what about the ongoing studies with regard to levels less than 10 [gg/dL], do you know where they’re being conducted?
[DR. KLEIN]: Again, I’d have to look it up.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. And where would you look that up?
[DR. KLEIN]: Well, I would start with that article I quoted you, the developmental article from ... Davoli & Chisolm from the Brooks textbook [that was attached to the earlier deposition and] there are other studies that ... would be in a more recent bibliography.
* * * *
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: You had indicated that it’s your belief that there’s no lead level below—even below ten that is safe; is that correct?
[DR. KLEIN]: Yes.
[COUNSEL FOR USAA]: Okay. And do you base that opinion on any particular literature?
[DR. KLEIN]: It’s a toxin. So, I mean, we can’t measure what a lead level of five or six does, but I think that we’re talking about an area that’s unknown and—but not a specific paper. I know that there is a consideration—and I don’t know when it’s going to happen, but there was a consideration for the CDC to revise their 1991 guidelines to even go below ten.
Dr. Klein testified that he was uncertain of the details of this change, or if it would in fact happen. When asked if every exposure to lead results in injury, Dr. Klein testified that he could not state that an exposure does not cause problems.
The Court of Special Appeals rejected USAA’s argument that Dr. Klein’s opinion regarding injuries sustained when a child’s lead level is below 10|xg/dL was properly excluded. In its examination of the issue, the intermediate appellate court cited to our decision in a nearly factually identical lead paint case, Chantel Assocs. v. Mt. Vernon Fire Ins. Co., 338 Md. 131, 656 A.2d 779 (1995). The appeal in Chantel resulted from a declaratory judgment action commenced by several insurers to establish that each had no duty to defend or indemnify Chantel Associates in a tort action arising from injuries sustained from exposure, ingestion and consumption of lead paint by children who resided at Chantel’s property. Chantel, 338 Md. at 135, 656 A.2d at 781. Each of the general liability insurance policies issued to Chantel required the insurer to
“pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury caused by an occurrence”... The policies define “bodily injury” as: “bodily injury, sickness or disease” The policies define an “occurrence” as: “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in bodily injury neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.”
Id. at 136-37, 656 A.2d at 782 (footnote omitted). Chantel filed a motion for summary judgment to establish that each of the insurance companies that represented it had a duty to defend, and this motion was supported by the affidavit of psychologist Stephen R. Schroeder. The affidavit stated:
“An injury is the alteration of structure or function of a cell, tissue or organ. Physical or chemical damage to the body which may be detectable only on a microscopic or subclinical level also constitute^] an injury ... [T]here are injuries to cells, tissues and organs caused by exposure to lead paint, lead paint chips, lead paint fumes, and/or lead paint dust, even though the injuries may not be noticeable to a harmed individual or diagnosable by a clinician until some later point in time.... Thus they may be suffering from the effects of cumulative low level lead exposure years before they are clinically observable.... Thus, it is my opinion ... that exposure to lead produces both direct and indirect damage to the cells, tissues and organs of the body that begin immediately or shortly after exposure, notwithstanding the fact that the symptoms, especially at low levels of exposure, may not be apparent until much later, sometimes years after exposure.”
Id. at 138-39, 656 A.2d at 782-83. This affidavit was uncontroverted. We next examined the meaning of “bodily injury:”
In [Mitchell v. Maryland Casualty, 324 Md. 44, 56, 595 A.2d 469, 475 (1991)], we were called upon to interpret the term “bodily injury” under a general liability insurance policy. In so doing, we relied on the definitions accorded that term by other courts. We relied on Zurich Ins. v. Northbrook Excess & Surplus, 145 Ill.App.3d 175, 98 Ill.Dec. 512, 520, 494 N.E.2d 634, 642 (1986), which held that “the plain meaning of the term ‘bodily injury’ is harm or damage of, or relating to the body.” We further looked to Ins. Co. of North America, v. Forty-Eight Insulations, 633 F.2d 1212, 1222 (6th Cir.1980), which noted that “for insurance purposes, courts have long defined the term ‘bodily injury’ to mean ‘any localized abnormal condition of the living body’ ” (citing Appleman, Insurance Law and Practices § 355 (1965)). See Mitchell, 324 Md. at 58-62, 595 A.2d at 476-78. Although we were interpreting the term “bodily injury” in the context of asbestos-related injuries in Mitchell, we accorded the term its “ordinary and accepted” definition under a general liability insurance policy.
Id. at 144, 656 A.2d at 785-86. We held in Chantel that, because the language in one of the policies was identical to the policy language in Mitchell, the term “bodily injury” must be accorded the same meaning as it was accorded in Mitchell. Id. The tort complaint filed by the injured children in Chantel, in addition to Dr. Schroeder’s undisputed affidavit, established that the “direct and indirect damage to the cells, tissues and organs” caused by exposure to lead constituted a “bodily injury” as that term was defined in Mitchell. We held that this evidence was sufficient to establish that the children in Chantel suffered injury as soon as they were exposed to the lead paint, and that those injuries successfully triggered the respective policies that covered the property during their occupancy.
In the instant case, Dr. Klein’s testimony was admitted for the purpose of determining whether each of the four insurance policies were triggered. Contract interpretation is undoubtedly a question of law that may be properly determined on summary judgment. In order to determine when the policies were triggered, however, evidence must be shown that the children suffered “injuries” as defined by the policies. Chantel and the instant case, on the issue of proof of bodily injury, are nearly factually identical, and thus, we find Chantel dispositive. In the instant case, the definition of “bodily injury” is identical to that in Chantel and, as such, bodily injury can be said to mean any localized abnormal condition of the living body. Dr. Klein testified, uncontroverted, that it was his understanding that lead was a toxin, and any exposure results in cellular damage that might not be detectable initially. There is clearly enough evidence considering Dr. Klein’s testimony, in addition to the testimony that the Carpenter children were ingesting lead paint from the time that they moved into the property, to demonstrate injury as defined in the USAA policy. This clearly constituted a dispute of material fact.
II.
Whether a limit-of-liability provision in each of four liability policies issued by the same insurer limits the insurer’s liability coverage to a single per occurrence limit when bodily injury spans more than one policy period?
Petitioner contends that the Circuit Court erred when it ruled that the USAA policies were ambiguous with regard to whether the total available from all implicated policies was $300,000. USAA also disputes the conclusion of the Court of Special Appeals that the limit of liability of the USAA policies constituted the combined limit of the four potentially triggered policies, and not the limit of a single policy.
USAA contends that each of the policies contained a limit-of-liability clause designed to limit USAA’s exposure and prevent the “stacking” of policy limits. USAA argues that this provision clearly limits USAA’s liability to a maximum of $300,000 for all damages because of the injuries allegedly suffered by the three Carpenter children regardless of when they suffered that injury. The respondents counter that the controlling term is the definition of “occurrence.” In each policy, “occurrence” is defined as “bodily injury ... which occurs during the policy period.” Respondents argue that it is by this mechanism that each policy is made a discrete entity.
Contract interpretation, including the determination of the ambiguity of a contract, is a question of law and subject to de novo review. Towson University v. Conte, 384 Md. 68, 78, 862 A.2d 941, 946 (2004) (citing Sy-Lene v. Starwood, 376 Md. 157, 163, 829 A.2d 540, 544 (2003)). Insurance contracts are treated as any other contract, and we measure such an agreement by its terms. In order to determine the intention of the parties to an insurance contract, the instrument must be construed as a whole and “the character of the contract, its purpose, and the facts and circumstances of the parties at the time of execution” must be examined. Chantel, supra, 338 Md. at 142, 656 A.2d at 784 (quoting Pacific Indem. v. Interstate Fire & Cas., 302 Md. 383, 488 A.2d 486 (1985) (citations omitted)). Courts in Maryland follow the law of objective interpretation of contracts, “giving effect to the clear terms of the contract regardless of what the parties to the contract may have believed those terms to mean.” Towson University v. Conte, 384 Md. at 78, 862 A.2d at 946-47.
[W]hen the language of the contract is plain and unambiguous there is no room for construction, and a court must presume that the parties meant what they expressed. In these circumstances, the true test of what is meant is not what the parties to the contract intended it to mean, but what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have thought it meant. Consequently, the clear and unambiguous language of an agreement will not give away to what the parties thought that the agreement meant or intended it to mean.
Id. at 78, 862 A.2d at 947. A contract is ambiguous if, “when read by a reasonably prudent person, it is susceptible of more than one meaning.” Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 436, 727 A.2d 358, 363 (1999) (citations omitted). Determining whether language in a contract is susceptible to more than one meaning requires an examination of “ ‘the character of the contract, its purpose, and the facts and circumstances of the parties at the time of execution’ ” Id. (quoting Pacific Indem. v. Interstate Fire & Cas., 302 Md. 383, 388, 488 A.2d 486, 488 (1985)). The determination of coverage under an insurance policy requires an examination of the policy to determine the scope and limitations of its coverage. Chantel, 338 Md. at 142, 656 A.2d at 784 (citations omitted). We must accord the terms of the insurance contract their “ ‘customary, ordinary, and accepted meaning.’ ” Id. at 142, 656 A.2d at 784-85 (quoting Mitchell v. Maryland Casualty, 324 Md. 44, 56, 56, 595 A.2d 469, 475 (1991)).
We begin our analysis with the language of the policies that are at issue. The limit-of-liability provision in each of the policies states:
Limit of Liability. Our total liability under Coverage E for all damages resulting from any one occurrence will not be more than the limit of liability for Coverage E as shown in the Declarations. This limit is the same regardless of the number of insureds, claims made or persons injured. All bodily injury and property damage resulting from any one accident or from continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions shall be considered to be the result of one occurrence.
There is no reference here to subsequent policies. The plain language of the policies defines “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions, which results, during the policy period, in bodily injury or property damage.” (Emphasis added). While “policy period” is not defined within the “definitions” section of the policy, on the “Declarations Page” at the beginning of each policy the words “POLICY PERIOD” appear, followed by the dates that the policy covers. Each policy in the record contains a set “policy period.” The customary, ordinary, and accepted meaning of a policy period is the period in time that is covered by the policy. It appears from the language of the contact that occurrences that happen during a policy period are covered. While USAA insists that its intent to prevent the stacking of multiple policies is clearly manifested in the language of the policy, it is clear that a reasonably prudent person could also read the policies to mean that each separate policy is implicated by a continuing occurrence. These contradictory interpretations of the same language clearly demonstrate the ambiguity in the policy. We find no error in the Circuit Court’s determination.
USAA erroneously contends that Hiraldo v. Allstate Insurance Company, 8 A.D.3d 230, 778 N.Y.S.2d 50 (2004), leave to appeal granted by Hiraldo v. Allstate Ins. Co., 4 N.Y.3d 704, 792 N.Y.S.2d 1, 825 N.E.2d 133 (2005), aff'd, Hiraldo ex rel. Hiraldo v. Allstate Ins. Co., 5 N.Y.3d 508, 806 N.Y.S.2d 451, 840 N.E.2d 563 (2005), addressed the exact issue as in the instant case. In Hiraldo, a child was exposed to lead paint chips and caused to suffer injury over the course of several years and several homeowner’s insurance policy periods. Id. at 51. Allstate Insurance Company insured the landlord of the premises where the infant resided under a Landlord Policy. Id. The infant suffered brain damage as a result of lead poisoning, which was first diagnosed in August of 1991 when he was one year old. Continuously elevated lead levels were found in the infant’s blood on seven occasions, with a final diagnosis in January 1993. Id. Allstate contended that, while it insured the premises in question for a $300,000 liability limit per person, and two subsequent renewal policies identical to the initial policy, the provisions of the applicable policy clearly limited the plaintiffs to the recovery of the limit of one policy period, i.e., $300,000. Id. The Hiraldo court held that the plain language of the policy determined that the infant’s injuries arose out of a single occurrence and constituted one loss, and Allstate “clearly intended to limit the number of policies that would be available to satisfy a judgment in a continuous exposure case.” Id. at 51-52. Thus, the limits of liability provision did apply.
The “Limits of Liability” provision in the policy in Hiraldo, while similar to the provision in the instant case, contains one important difference. The provision reads: “Regardless of the number of insured persons, injured persons, claims, claimants or policies involved, our total liability ... coverage .... ” Hiraldo, 778 N.Y.S.2d at 51 (emphasis added). Unlike the provision in the instant case, the Hiraldo provision clearly indicated that liability was limited regardless of the number of policies implicated. In the instant case, USAA made no reference to the implication of the limit of liability provision in the event of multiple policies. In its affirmance of Hiraldo, the Court of Appeals of New York even cited to the intermediate appellate court’s opinion in the instant case and distinguished it, noting that “[s]ome courts have held that successive policy limits may be cumulatively applied to a single loss, where the policies do not clearly provide otherwise.... Riley v. United Servs. Auto. Assn., 161 Md.App. 573, 871 A.2d 599 [Ct Spec App 2005].” This is clearly not the situation present in the instant case.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED. PETITIONER TO PAY THE COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS.
. Hooper answered the complaint on December 13, 2001, but is not a party to this appeal.
. The respondents' original question presented read:
Whether an expert's opinion that bodily injury caused by exposure to lead paint chips, flakes and dust occurred over the course of four consecutive annual policy periods is admissible to defeat summary judgment on the timing of the bodily injury when the only blood lead levels taken were at the beginning of the fourth policy period and the expert admitted that it would be speculative to work backwards from those blood lead levels to pinpoint a specific blood lead level at any particular time?
. The measurement of blood levels is noted in micrograms per deciliter of blood, or "|xg/dL." As noted by the intermediate appellate court, the "safe” level of lead has continually dropped over the years, and currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ("CDC”) have jurisdiction over lead poisoning prevention and have lowered the level of concern to 10 pg/dL. See Riley, supra, 161 Md.App. at 577, 871 A.2d at 601 (citing Scott A. Smith, Turning Lead into Asbestos and Tobacco: Litigation Alchemy Gone Wrong, Defense Counsel Journal, Apr. 2004, at 123).
. Jeremy’s blood lead level registered the following: (1) decrease from 29 pg/dL in April 1993 to 26 pg/dL in July 1993; (2) increase from 26 pg/dL in July 1993 to 32 pg/dL in September 1993; (3) decrease from 32 pg/dL in September 1993 to 24/25 pg/dL in October 1993; and (4) decrease from 24/25 pg/dL in October 1993 to 18/19 pg/dL in December 1993.
. Respondents strenuously argue that the Circuit Court’s Memorandum and Order granting, in part, USAA's motion for summary judgment makes no mention of the inadmissibility of Dr. Klein’s testimony. The order partially granting summary judgment, however, directly implicates the dates upon which the Carpenter children sustained an "injury” as defined by the policies. Dr. Klein’s expert testimony was principally admitted to establish when the Carpenter children began to suffer "injuries” as a result of their lead exposure. The Circuit Court’s finding that the respondents did not prove injury during the first two policy periods clearly disregards Dr. Klein's theory that the children did suffer injury. We can logically conclude that the court considered, but chose not to accept, Dr. Klein’s testimony as to that issue. Though not specifically mentioned in the court’s order, we shall address the admissibility of Dr. Klein's opinion as it is clearly stated in the record below. Md. Rule 8—131 (a).
. Maryland Rule 5-702 governs the admission of expert testimony:
Expert testimony may be admitted, in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if the court determines that the testimony will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. In making that determination, the court shall determine (1) whether the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, (2) the appropriateness of the expert testimony on the particular subject, and (3) whether a sufficient factual basis exists to support the expert testimony.
| CASELAW |
Pala Assembly constituency
Pala State assembly constituency is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala state in southern India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is Mani C. Kappan of Nationalist Congress Kerala.
Local self governed segments
Pala Niyama Sabha constituency is composed of the following local self governed segments:
Members of the Legislative Assembly
The following list contains all members of Kerala legislative assembly who have represented Pala Niyama Sabha Constituency during the period of various assemblies:
* * Byepoll
Election results
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.
2021
There were 1,84,857 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.
Niyamasabha by-election 2019
Due to the death of sitting MLA K. M. Mani in April 2019, Pala went to bypoll on 23 September 2019.
There were 1,79,107 registered voters in Pala Constituency for the 2019 Kerala Niyamasabha by-election.
Niyamasabha Election 2016
There were 1,80,091 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.
Niyamasabha Election 2011
There were 1,69,192 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election. | WIKI |
User:Vlado al/sandbox
= ArtWizard = ArtWizard is a digital Gallery that comprises a gallery business and an Art Platform. It offers digital gallery space for exhibitions of contemporary artists and collectors and sells artworks online. The Platform offers the possibility of showing, exhibiting and selling artworks of contemporary artists that seek greater access to collectors and galleries across the borders of the EU and globally. The Platform offers virtual gallery space but acts also as a gallery where collectors and art lovers can buy all works that are exhibited there directly from the Platform.
The platform provides a virtual 3D art space where collectors, galleries and the general public may view online exhibitions, talk to authors and purchase artworks using the digital communication and payment channel of the Platform. The customers/collectors can virtually walk into the art space and see multiple high-quality images of the selected artworks, curated as an exhibition. They may also request to see them physically in case they wish to make a purchase of certain works at the dedicated boutique showroom of ArtWizard.
History
ArtWizard Platform has been created by the Angelina Liakova and Deian Dilov experienced in digital technologies and art. We have our professions in law and economics and we are experienced executives, working in the ICT business for more than twenty years. ArtWizard Platform is an innovative product that aims to facilitate the access to art and the experience of being able to exhibit it, observe it and possess it using the best modern digital technologies. | WIKI |
Duolingo partnered with Twitch to help you learn languages better
Yesterday, language-learning platform Duolingo announced a partnership with Twitch — yes, you read that right — to begin what’s called the Duolingo Verified Streamer program. The company chose 12 multilingual streamers to partner with who stream everything from cooking to CS: GO. The idea is that practicing with a streamer will help you learn faster, even if you aren’t speaking aloud. Immersion, above all, is key to learning a new language. According to the company, each Duolingo streamer is part of its Global Ambassador program, which is a worldwide network of volunteers that helps Duolingo host events, build courses, and generally advance its mission. The company’s Twitch partnership is starting with Duolingo’s core languages, which include English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Arabic. Duolingo promises to add more languages and streamers to its roster in the future. Even if it’s somewhat unconventional, the partnership does seem like a good idea. While it was possible to get the same kind of immersion before — by, uh, watching streams in the language you were trying to learn — formalizing the process makes a lot of sense. After all: the Duolingo owl just wants to meet you where you are. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
5 Top Performing S&P 500 Stocks of November
President-elect Donald Trump has proposed a raft of fiscal-stimulus measures, which has pushed the S&P 500 to almost an all-time high in November. OPEC's decision to cut oil production for the first time since 2008 also added to the euphoria, while holiday season sales gained ground.
Amid all these, solid economic data from consumer confidence level, housing starts to GDP bolstered investors' sentiment. Third quarter earnings results too came in good, which calls for investing in stocks that have not only outperformed the broader S&P 500 index, but are also poised to gain in the near term on solid fundamentals.
S&P 500 Trades Near All-Time High
U.S. stocks made big gains in November, with the S&P 500 scaling to almost an all-time high. The benchmark index advanced 72.66 points or 3.4% last month to settle at 2,198.81, driven by expectations of market-friendly policies from Trump. In fact, the broad-stock benchmark S&P 500 index has climbed 3.8% since the election.
Trump's policies particularly had a positive impact on financial, healthcare and industrial companies. The Financial Select Sector SPDR ETF (XLF), Health Care Select Sector SPDR (XLV) and Industrial Select Sector SPDR (XLI) gained 12.3%, 1.4% and 9.2%, respectively, during the month.
Giant investment bank Goldman Sachs GS scored a 23% climb while J.P. Morgan Chase & Co JPM was up about 15.8%. On the healthcare front, Merck & Co. Inc. MRK and Pfizer Inc. PFE gained 4.2% and 1.4%, respectively, while industrial behemoth Caterpillar Inc. CAT advanced 14.5% in November.
Trump Rally
Investors turned to banks as regulatory burden is likely to ease under Trump presidency. One such change will be the raising of the minimum asset threshold for banking behemoths to $250 billion from $50 billion, which will lend more flexibility, boost valuations, strengthen consolidation and increase lending. Trump, in the meantime, views the Dodd-Frank regulatory overhaul as a harsh measure, especially, on smaller banks. Trump has also called for repealing parts of the Dodd-Frank Act, which has for a considerable period of time limited operational flexibility (read more: 5 Stocks to Buy as Trump Raises Hopes for Banking Sector ).
Meanwhile, Trump remained silent on the drug pricing debate, which could mean fewer headwinds for the industry. He also announced plans to "repeal and replace" the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare. Trump's business tax plan, in the meanwhile, should benefit biotech companies. He plans to trim business tax rate to 15% from 35% (read more: 5 Top Biotech Stocks to Buy on Trump Victory ).
Trump is in favor of beefing up public spending by hundreds of billions of dollars on infrastructure. He said that he will support more spending on transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, clean water and electricity transmission in order to accelerate economic growth. He is expected to offer $137 billion in tax credits to private construction companies undertaking infrastructure projects (read more: 4 Stocks to Gain From Trump's Infrastructure Push ).
When it comes to defense spending, Trump has promised greater outlays and troop expansion (read more: 4 Defense Stocks to Buy on Trump Victory ).
Crude Oil Joins the Trump Party
U.S. oil stocks are also soaring after OPEC's production cut decision. OPEC overcame disagreements between the group's three largest producers, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq by agreeing to trim its output by about 1.2 million barrels a day by Jan 2017.
According to the Wall Street Journal, a production cut of this size could "push oil supplies below demand levels sooner than expected". WTI and Brent crude surged 8.52% and 8.10% to $49.44 per barrel and $46.38 a barrel, respectively. Surge in oil prices in due course helped the Energy Select Sector SPDR (XLE) increase 7.3% last month (read more: OPEC Has Finally Agreed to Cut Output, Sending Oil Up 7% ).
Holiday Season Sales Surge
Holiday spending, in the meantime, rose 9% during Thanksgiving and Black Friday combined, compared with the same two-day period last year, according to First Data. As per Adobe Digital Insights, Cyber Monday online sales increased 12.1% this year compared to 2015, buoyed by massive growth in mobile traffic and sales (read more: 4 Top eCommerce Stocks for the Holiday Season ).
Online sales have also been surpassing traditional retail sales for quiet sometime now. Lower-priced goods, free shipping and product availability are the primary reasons as to why consumers are more likely to opt for shopping online during this holiday season. Best of all, customers can place orders from the comfort of their homes or at work (read more: 5 Stocks that Make Great Buys Ahead of Cyber Monday ).
Slew of Upbeat Economic Data
Better-than-expected economic reports did play a significant role in propelling stocks higher. Consumer confidence rebounded strongly in November to hit a nine-year high. According to the Conference Board, Consumer Confidence Index increased from October to 107.1 in November, its highest since Jul 2007 (read more: 4 Retail Stocks to Buy on 9-Year High Consumer Confidence ).
Housing starts touched a nine-year high in October as builders ramped up construction of both single and multi-family homes. Steady increase in hiring and healthier finances have made home purchases affordable, which eventually boosted construction (read more: 5 Top Construction Picks as Housing Starts Hit 9-Year High ).
In fact, the U.S. economy expanded faster than expected in the third quarter. According to the Commerce Department's second estimate, GDP increased 3.2% in the third quarter. This is a considerable improvement over the advance estimate of 2.9%the expected pace of 3%. Consumer expenditure, the powerhouse of GDP growth, increased 2.8% during the third quarter (read more: 6 Stocks to Buy on Strong GDP Growth ).
5 Best S&P 500 Stocks of November
Thanks to Trump's startling victory, the S&P 500 received enough stimulus to move north in November. A rally in oil prices and holiday season sales along with a raft of encouraging economic data added to the upward trend. Lest we forget, total earnings of 476 S&P 500 members reported in the third quarter were up 4% from the same period last year on 2.6% higher revenues, with 73.1% beating EPS estimates and 55.5% surpassing revenue expectations (read more: Making Sense of Retail's Q3 Results ).
Let us now take a look at S&P 500 stocks that have not only gained immensely last month but have also convincingly beaten the broader index. Such stocks flaunt a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) or 2 (Buy) and possess a VGM score of 'A' or 'B'. Here V stands for Value, G for Growth and M for Momentum and the score is a weighted combination of these three metrics. Such a score allows you to eliminate the negative aspects of stocks and select winners.
Micron Technology, Inc.MU : This provider of semiconductor systems has advanced 13.8% last month. Micron Technology has a Zacks Rank #2 and a VGM score of 'B'. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for its current year earnings surged 81.3% over the last 60 days.
Leucadia National CorporationLUK : This diversified holding company has increased 17.9% last month. Leucadia Nationalsports a Zacks Rank #1 and a VGM score of 'B'. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for its current year earnings rose 69.2% over the last 60 days.
Nordstrom, Inc.JWN : This fashion specialty retailer has increased 7.5% last month. Nordstrom has a Zacks Rank #2 and a VGM score of 'A'. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for its current year earnings advanced 8.9% over the last 60 days. You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank stocks here .
Lam Research CorporationLRCX : This manufacturer of semiconductor processing systems gained 9.5% last month. Lam Researchhas a Zacks Rank #2 and a VGM score of 'A'. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for its current year earnings jumped 18.6% over the last 60 days.
Best Buy Co., Inc.BBY : This retailer of technology products, services, and solutions has rallied 9.5% last month. Best Buy sports a Zacks Rank #1 and a VGM score of 'A'. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for its current year earnings advanced 7.6% over the last 60 days.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Snapchat teams up with A&E for reality show 'Second Chance'
Snapchat announced on Friday a new show, "Second Chance," that brings people face-to-face with their former flames for a shot at closure, or even reconciliation. The "raw" and "heartfelt" 8-week unscripted series will available in the U.S., UK, Canada and Australia in April. Snapchat said it's the first unscripted show a network has produced for Snapchat that is not based on an existing television brand or franchise. The new reality show is another example of Snapchat's growing media ambitions as it prepares to wow Wall Street and sell shares to the public. Known for a messaging app for disappearing images, Snap has also expanded to sell gadgets and distribute original content. Partnering with traditional media companies lets Snap take a part of advertisers' TV ad budget while letting media companies a window to younger audiences. "Second Chance" is being created by 45th & Dean, a digital branch of A&E Networks, as part of a new partnership deal with Snap. Disclosure: CNBC parent company NBCUniversal has agreed to air shows on Snapchat through a multi-year content and advertising partnership. — CNBC's Michelle Castillo contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Is Harley-Davidson Stock a Buy?
The motorcycle business hasn't exactly been booming for Harley-Davidson (NYSE: HOG) over the past decade, and the COVID-19 pandemic isn't going to help. The company has been trying to invest in turning around its business and growing revenue again, and now consumer discretionary spending on things like motorcycles may drop like a rock.
Not only is consumer spending a problem, but the market may also simply be moving away from Harley-Davidson's products long-term. That may make it an unattractive stock to buy today.
Image source: Getty Images.
Harley-Davidson's problems didn't begin with COVID-19
In 2019, Harley-Davidson's motorcycle volumes fell 4.3% to 218,273, the continuation of a half-decade of declines for the business. You can see that in the past five years, revenue is down 10.6% and net income has plunged 46.7%. So, the company wasn't exactly on solid footing going into the year.
HOG Revenue (TTM) data by YCharts.
Overall, U.S. motorcycle volume was down 3.6% overall in 2019, so there's been some market decline. But Harley-Davidson hasn't been able to overcome that market trend or entice buyers with its new products. And the latter problem is what should be concerning for investors long-term.
New buyers aren't interested in the Harley-Davidson brand
To attract new, young buyers, Harley-Davidson has revamped its lineup to be more accessible to a larger market. But you can see above that the strategy hasn't exactly worked.
The biggest shift at Harley-Davidson was the introduction of the electric motorcycle LiveWire. But a $30,000 price tag and just 95 miles of highway range have been hurdles that buyers are unwilling to climb. And with competitors like Zero Motorcycles and Lightning Motorcycles introducing motorcycles with more range and lower price points, it's no wonder LiveWire has flopped.
There's no easy answer for Harley-Davidson trying to reach new customers. Big, loud motorcycles just aren't popular with the new generation of consumers and the company has not been able to pivot away from its core products very easily.
The other problem for Harley-Davidson
As revenue and profits have fallen, Harley-Davidson has actually been taking on more debt. That's made the company more financially vulnerable if there's a big downturn in the motorcycle market, which we should expect to see in 2020 given the COVID-19 pandemic.
HOG Total Long Term Debt (Quarterly) data by YCharts.
I wouldn't see the company's dividend as very safe, either. If Harley-Davidson has to start saving cash, the first thing to go might be the company's current dividend payment that yields 8.6%, which is cash that can be used to simply keep the company afloat this year.
Is Harley-Davidson stock a buy?
The trends aren't good for Harley-Davidson, with revenue and net income declining and new products falling flat. With COVID-19 likely to leave the U.S. and Europe in a deep recession in the middle of the company's biggest selling season, 2020 doesn't look good. Until investors see signs of recovery in motorcycle demand and revenue starts to grow consistently, this isn't a stock I would be buying.
10 stocks we like better than Harley-Davidson
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Travis Hoium has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Kequinn
Biography
Kate Quinn is a native of southern California. She attended Boston University, where she earned a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Classical Voice. She has worked as an administrator for a software company and a non-profit organization, and her interests include opera, action movies, cooking, and the Red Sox. The daughter of a history major, she grew up with anecdotes about Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great instead of Grimm’s fairy tales, and used to sneak out of bed to watch I, Claudius behind her parents’ backs. She wrote her first story at seven and her first book at ten. Still in elementary school when she saw the movie Spartacus, she resolved to someday write a book about a gladiator. That ambition turned into The Emperor’s Mistress, written in Boston University’s basement computer lab when she was a college freshman. Kate currently lives in San Diego with her fiancé. | WIKI |
Lou Piniella retires after fifty years of baseball
Chicago Cubs manager Lou Piniella announced Sunday that he will retire from Major League Baseball after almost fifty years of coaching, managing, and playing the sport.
Piniella's announcement came after the Chicago Cubs lost to the Atlanta Braves 16-5 at the Cub's Wrigley Field. The 66 year-old Piniella said that he was retiring because of family issues. For much of the 2010 MLB season, Piniella's 90 year-old mother has been ill.
"This will be the last time I put on a uniform. This has been very special for me. I'll go home, do what I have to do there...and enjoy my retirement," said Piniella. "My mom needs me at home; she hasn't gotten any better since I've been here. In fact, she's had other complications. Rather than continue to go home, come back...It's not fair to the team, not fair to the players. The best thing to do is to step down, go home and take care of my mother," he added.
During his 18 year career as a player, Piniella logged 1,705 hits. As a manager, he also won 1,800 games over the course of 23 years. Mike Quade, The Cub's third-base and outfield coach, will be Cubs manager for the remainder of the 2010 season. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Categories
Nevin Manimala Statistics
Effect of garlic extract on markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Phytother Res. 2023 Jan 14. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7729. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Several preclinical studies have focused on the beneficial effects of garlic on cardiovascular diseases, but the results were inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of garlic powder tablets and aged garlic extract (AGE) in CAD patients, mainly focusing on blood pressure, coronary artery calcification, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled trials which examined garlic’s effect on CAD patients. The standardized mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models. Garlic has shown statistically significant changes of HDL (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI = -0.00 to 0.37; p = .05); LDL (SMD = -0.27; 95% CI = -0.46 to -0.08; p = .004), apolipoprotein-A (SMD = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.24 1.13; p = .002), C-RP (SMD = -0.59; 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.25; p = .0007), IL-6 (SMD = -1.08; 95% CI = -2.17 to 0.01; p = .05), homocysteine (SMD = -0.66; 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.28; p = .0007) and CAC score (SMD = -1.61; 95% CI = -2.66 to -0.57; p = .003). In the case of subgroup analysis, the overall effect was significantly effective in reducing TC, LDL levels and improving HDL levels in CV risk patients. Our study findings provide consistent evidence that intake of garlic reduces CVD risk factors. However, garlic could be considered a safe natural medicine to debilitate inflammation in CAD patients.
PMID:36640154 | DOI:10.1002/ptr.7729
By Nevin Manimala
Portfolio Website for Nevin Manimala | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Health – for primary school
Just because using a treatment is linked (associated) with people getting better or worse, that doesn’t mean that the treatment made them better or worse.
Sometimes researchers find a link or connection (an association) between something people do – like going to the doctor – and something that happens to them – like being sick. This does not mean that what they did caused what happened to them. For example, it is more likely that people went to the doctor because they were sick than that going to the doctor caused them to be sick.
When there is a link between people using a treatment and how sick or healthy people are, the treatment may or may not have made them more or less sick. The link may have happened by chance or it may be because of something else.
For example, in some countries ice cream sales and drowning are linked. When more ice-cream is sold, more people drown. That does not mean that eating ice cream causes people to drown. A more likely explanation is that people eat more ice cream when it is hot and they swim more when it is hot. So telling people to stop eating ice cream (a treatment) is very unlikely to reduce the number of people who drown!
BEWARE of claims that a treatment has an effect because using the treatment is associated with people getting better or worse.
REMEMBER: Ask if you can be sure that there aren’t other reasons for the association. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Boston Royal Giants
Philadelphia Giants
Currently, Philadelphia Giants is a redirect to this article. From 1902-16, the Philadelphia Giants were an important Negro league team located in Philadelphia. The Boston Royal Giants (at least according to this article) appear to have been organized about 1923. Because the "Philadelphia Giants" name apparently was sometimes used for the team, there may have been a connection of some sort, but it isn't clear to me what it was.
If there are no objections, I propose to change the Philadelphia Giants page from a redirect to an article about the 1902-16 Philadelphia team. I would put in a disambiguation header so if anyone went to it looking for the Boston Royal Giants article they would still be able to find it. Is that agreeable? BRMo 02:44, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Boston Royal Giants. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 22:05, 23 July 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 92.djvu/806
790
��Popular Science Monthly
��brated sufficiently to act as a transmitter when connected in on the circuit as shown. Microphones may be made very sensitive, and, when combined with the sound- amplifying contrivance here described, should make exceedingly faint sounds audible.
The induction coil shown in the micro- phone circuit is not strictly necessary, but
���contact
��Rfcelvef
Bottery '
A microphone made of a cigar box and its wiring diagram to the induction coil
��it will improve the operation of circuits. The primary (big-wire) side goes in the battery circuit, and the secondary (fine wire) side in that of the receiver. An in- duction coil of suitable size may be pur- chased from any telephone company.
��Switchboard Constructed for Use in the Laboratory
THE illustration shows a simple com- bination of switches that can be used to flow a current of electricity in different strengths for making tests in a laboratory. The switches can be con- nected with the ordinary commercial line carrying 110 volts. Referring to the
���A combination of switches on a base for directing electric current for a laboratory
illustration, when 1, 4 and 5 switches are in contact, a straight current flows at the
��terminals. Switches 1 and 4 cuts in a series through the coil, and 3, 4 and 5 a series through the light. The switch 2 cuts the light into the circuit and 5 cuts the coil into the circuit.
A common arc light coil is connected to the terminals at the point marked coil and a 110-volt lamp at the place marked light.— T. I. Dekle.
��Alternating Current Charging With- out Rectifier
IT is not absolutely necessary to have a rectifier with an alternating current for charging storage cells. Imagine that we have a 6-volt storage battery in need of charging and that the house mains pro- vide current at 110 volts A. C. We hook in a bell transformer stepping down the voltage to nine volts as shown by the sketch, and then connect six ordinary dry- cells — new ones — in the secondary cir- cuit, the dry cells being in series with the storage battery to be charged. It is es-
��Tronsformer
���6 storoge bollera Hookup for dry cells with transformer to rec- tify alternating current for battery charging
sential to connect the carbon pole of the dry cell battery to the positive pole of the storage battery.
Now to show that the battery is actually being charged: Let us consider conditions when the direction of flow of the A. C. is the same as the direction of flow of the dry cells — for convenience we will call this direction positive. Our transformer gives us 9 volts in a positive direction; the dry cells another 9 positive, while the storage battery gives us nega- tive 6. The algebraic sum or resultant voltage is plus 12.
Consider now the other or negative alternation. Our dry cells give us plus 9; our transformer minus 9 and our stor- age battery minus 6. Resultant, minus 6. In other words, on the positive or charging alternation, we have 12 volts acting to force current through the bat- tery, while on the negative alternation we
�� � | WIKI |
Category:St. Anne's Convent School, Chandigarh alumni
Alumni of St. Anne's Convent School, Chandigarh | WIKI |
User:Farihafairuz/Books/History by period and History of Asia
History by period and History of Asia
* List of time periods
* History by period
* Universal history
* History of Asia
* History of Asia
* South-East Asia
* History of Southeast Asia
* Vietnam
* East Asia
* History of East Asia
* History of China
* Japan
* History of Japan
* History of Korea
* South Asia
* India
* History of India
* Myanmar
* Western Asia
* History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Turkey
* Middle East
* Middle East | WIKI |
Smithy Smithy - 2 months ago 13
React JSX Question
Error when installing webpack React and Redux npm
I am following the tutorial on React and Redux on thenewboston Youtube channel, and just can't install dependencies when I navigate to the directory where the files are provided. Here's the link, and I am following exactly the tips from the beginning of the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSAw5f8mOQs&list=PL6gx4Cwl9DGBbSLZjvleMwldX8jGgXV6a&index=3
This is the error I get:
:~$ npm install
npm ERR! install Couldn't read dependencies
npm ERR! Error: ENOENT, open '/home/joe/package.json'
npm ERR! If you need help, you may report this log at:
npm ERR! <http://github.com/isaacs/npm/issues>
npm ERR! or email it to:
npm ERR! <npm-@googlegroups.com>
npm ERR! System Linux 3.19.0-56-generic
npm ERR! command "/usr/bin/nodejs" "/usr/bin/npm" "install"
npm ERR! cwd /home/joe
npm ERR! node -v v0.10.25
npm ERR! npm -v 1.3.10
npm ERR! path /home/joe/package.json
npm ERR! code ENOENT
npm ERR! errno 34
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Additional logging details can be found in:
npm ERR! /home/joe/npm-debug.log
npm ERR! not ok code 0
Answer
You are missing package.json.
There are two possibilities:
You want to create new package.json
If you want to create a new package.json use npm init command to setup your package.json.
You already have some code with a package.json
If you already got some code from some repo, cd to that directory where you have your package.json and do a npm install or npm i | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
@article {Romilly15901, author = {Romilly, C{\'e}dric and Deindl, Sebastian and Wagner, E. Gerhart H.}, title = {The ribosomal protein S1-dependent standby site in tisB mRNA consists of a single-stranded region and a 5' structure element}, volume = {116}, number = {32}, pages = {15901--15906}, year = {2019}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1904309116}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, abstract = {Ribosome standby is a mechanism that allows translation initiation at ribosome-binding sites that display stable, inhibitory structures. It involves initiator-tRNA-independent 30S subunit binding to single-stranded RNA regions, and the subsequent relocation to the sequestered ribosome-binding sites (RBS). Direct evidence for 30S preloading had previously been elusive. We report here on a detailed characterization of the standby site in tisB mRNA. 30S subunits bind to a single-stranded region and a 5'-stem-loop structure, as shown by fluorescence anisotropy experiments and footprint mapping by cross-linking{\textendash}immunoprecipitation experiments. Ribosomal protein S1, on its own and in the context of the 30S ribosome, binds to the standby site. This is required for standby-dependent translation, likely reflecting S1-dependent directional unfolding over more than ≈100 nt to reach the sequestered RBS.In bacteria, stable RNA structures that sequester ribosome-binding sites (RBS) impair translation initiation, and thus protein output. In some cases, ribosome standby can overcome inhibition by structure: 30S subunits bind sequence-nonspecifically to a single-stranded region and, on breathing of the inhibitory structure, relocate to the RBS for initiation. Standby can occur over long distances, as in the active, +42 tisB mRNA, encoding a toxin. This mRNA is translationally silenced by an antitoxin sRNA, IstR-1, that base pairs to the standby site. In tisB and other cases, a direct interaction between 30S subunits and a standby site has remained elusive. Based on fluorescence anisotropy experiments, ribosome toeprinting results, in vitro translation assays, and cross-linking{\textendash}immunoprecipitation (CLIP) in vitro, carried out on standby-proficient and standby-deficient tisB mRNAs, we provide a thorough characterization of the tisB standby site. 30S subunits and ribosomal protein S1 alone display high-affinity binding to standby-competent fluorescein-labeled +42 mRNA, but not to mRNAs that lack functional standby sites. Ribosomal protein S1 is essential for standby, as 30∆S1 subunits do not support standby-dependent toeprints and TisB translation in vitro. S1 alone- and 30S-CLIP followed by RNA-seq mapping shows that the functional tisB standby site consists of the expected single-stranded region, but surprisingly, also a 5'-end stem-loop structure. Removal of the latter by 5'-truncations, or disruption of the stem, abolishes 30S binding and standby activity. Based on the CLIP-read mapping, the long-distance standby effect in +42 tisB mRNA (\~{}100 nt) is tentatively explained by S1-dependent directional unfolding toward the downstream RBS.}, issn = {0027-8424}, URL = {https://www.pnas.org/content/116/32/15901}, eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/content/116/32/15901.full.pdf}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Research and Development of High Precision Bearing Processing Technology and Equipment
The research and development of high precision bearing processing technology and equipment plays a crucial role in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and machinery. High precision bearings are essential components that enable smooth operations and enhance efficiency in rotating machinery. This article explores the advancements in this field and how it contributes to technological progress.
Advancements in Bearing Processing Technology
In recent years, significant advancements have been made in bearing processing technology. The utilization of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software has revolutionized the design and production processes. These tools allow engineers to simulate and optimize bearing designs, resulting in improved performance and reliability. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms has enabled enhanced fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance of bearings.
Enhanced Precision through Innovative Processes
With the aim of achieving higher precision, researchers have developed innovative processes for bearing manufacturing. One such process is superfinishing, which involves polishing the bearing surface to reduce roughness and improve dimensional accuracy. This technique leads to reduced friction, lower energy consumption, and extended bearing life. Another innovative process is cryogenic treatment, where the bearing components are subjected to extremely low temperatures. This treatment significantly improves material properties, such as hardness and wear resistance, resulting in enhanced precision and durability.
Advanced Bearing Processing Equipment
To meet the demands of high precision bearing processing, advanced equipment has been developed. High-speed grinding machines equipped with precision control systems ensure accurate and consistent grinding operations. These machines utilize cutting-edge technologies, including vibration analysis and adaptive control, to minimize errors and achieve optimal grinding results. Furthermore, automated assembly systems have been introduced to enhance productivity and reduce human errors during the assembly process.
Conclusion
The research and development of high precision bearing processing technology and equipment have significantly contributed to the advancement of various industries. With the continuous innovation and integration of advanced technologies, the manufacturing of bearings has reached unprecedented levels of precision and reliability. As a result, industries can enjoy improved efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced overall performance. Moving forward, it is crucial to continue investing in research and development to further enhance bearing processing technologies and meet the evolving needs of modern industries.
Research and Development of High Precision Bearing Processing Technology and Equipment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This will be 2.84.0 ; notable changes include a backwards-incompatible fix for blacklisting entire package sets. I would have preferred to not do that (break back-compat), but this new syntax allows everything we previously allowed and then some. Major changes are: - Use CHECKSUMS.md5.asc to determine ChangeLog newness - In doinst.sh, don't remove ChangeLog.txt upon upgrade/reinstall. - In doinst.sh, remove /var/lib/slackpkg/CHECKSUMS* when slackpkg itself is upgraded - Fix for /var/log/packages/ possibly being a symlink to elsewhere - Catch errors and return exit status 1 if they occur - Add support for listing .new files without PAGER - Add config option to allow *not* saving .orig configs - Mention possible stale mirror if CHECKSUMS.md5 gpg verify fails - Removed bjtu.edu.cn and switch.ch mirrors - Allow blacklisting of individual packages without collateral damage (e.g. glibc ---> glibc-*). This changes the prior behavior of the blacklist function; previously, adding "glibc" to the blacklist would cause glibc, glibc-profile, glibc-zoneinfo, et al to be ignored by slackpkg. The new behavior is that *only* the glibc package is ignored. If you want to blacklist all packages whose names begin with glibc, you would need to add "glibc.*" to the blacklist now. Also note that any special characters, e.g. "+", will need to be escaped in the blacklist file. - Fix support for blacklisting entire package sets; blacklisted sets now need a trailing slash, e.g. kde/ - in install-new, catch new packages added to /patches after a release - add slackware.uk mirrors to sample list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
You don't have to accept severe period pain or heavy bleeding. Join the "Just a Period" campaign
Home
What are fibroids?
Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in and around the womb. They can cause heavy periods and other symptoms, such as pressure and pain. There are treatments to help.
What are fibroids?
Fibroids are growths that develop in or around the womb. These are called uterine fibroids and are not cancer.
They can vary in size. Some can be as small as a pea, while others can be the size of a melon.
Fibroids are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue similar to the wall of the womb. They are also called leiomyomas or uterine myomas.
Around 1 in 3 women develop at least one fibroid at some point in their life. They mostly happen in women aged 30 to 50.
The main types of fibroids:
• intramural fibroids develop within the muscle wall of the womb
• subserosal fibroids develop towards the outside wall of the womb into the pelvis
• submucosal fibroids develop in the muscle layer beneath the womb’s lining and grow in the cavity of the womb
What are the symptoms of fibroids?
Many women don’t know they have fibroids and don’t have any symptoms.
Around 1 in 3 women with fibroids may get symptoms.
These can include:
It’s rare, but fibroids can affect pregnancy or cause problems with getting pregnant (infertility).
Symptoms related to fibroids can have a negative impact on your everyday life. You may have poor sleep, low mood and difficulties with work and relationships.
Who gets fibroids?
You may be more likely to get fibroids if:
• you are of African-Caribbean origin
• you are overweight
What causes fibroids?
We do not know the exact cause of fibroids.
Fibroids have been linked to the female reproductive hormone called oestrogen. Fibroids usually develop in women before menopause when oestrogen levels are at their highest.
After menopause, when the oestrogen levels fall, fibroids typically shrink.
When should I get help for fibroids?
As many women don’t have symptoms, fibroids can be diagnosed by chance during a routine test or examination. Since they are non-cancerous growths, which shrink after menopause, treatments are only generally needed if they cause symptoms.
If you have any symptoms, speak to your GP. They will talk to you about your symptoms and may examine you, organise tests and start treatments.
Your GP may refer you to hospital for further tests if needed.
You won’t need treatment if your fibroids aren’t causing any symptoms. They’ll often shrink without treatment once you go through the menopause.
If your periods are heavy, there are medicines, such as tranexamic acid, hormonal contraceptives, or Mirena coil, to help.
You may be offered treatment with other specific hormonal treatments or special treatments (such as uterine artery embolization), to shrink your fibroids. Surgery also may be an option to either remove just the fibroids or the entire womb.
The NHS website has more information on the different treatments for fibroids.
It’s ok to ask questions about your care so you can get the information you need. You could ask about your treatment options and the benefits and risks of each. This can help you decide what’s right for you.
What can I do to manage my fibroids?
Fibroids can have a big impact on your life. As well as getting treatment from your doctor. you could try:
• Heat pads, ice packs or a TENS machine can relax your muscles or numb pain.
• Exercising, eating a balanced diet, drinking less alcohol and stopping smoking.
• Increasing fibre in your diet and drinking at least two litres of water a day helps to regulate your bowels and reduce bowel symptoms sometimes associated with fibroids.
• Alternative therapies and lifestyle changes. Yoga, mindfulness and meditation might improve your wellbeing.
How will having fibroids affect my fertility?
Some fibroids can cause problems with getting pregnant (infertility), but most do not.
If you have fibroids that are growing into the cavity of your womb, it may interfere with an embryo being implanted. This could reduce the chance of pregnancy. You should discuss these issues with your GP, and they can refer you to specialist for treatment if necessary.
Fibroids and pregnancy
Pregnant women with fibroids may get discomfort and tummy pain. There’s also a small risk of going into labour early (premature labour).
If fibroids are large and located lower in the womb near the birth canal, they can cause problems with blocking the birth-canal and delivery. Large fibroids can sometimes cause babies not to face head-first down the birth canal as birth approaches (malpresentation). Very rarely this might mean you may need a caesarean to deliver the baby.
After delivering the baby, women with fibroids are at risk of excessive bleeding (post-partum haemorrhage), but there are treatments for this. It is best that you deliver your baby in a hospital.
In rare cases, fibroids can cause a miscarriage. Although a small number of women may experience other issues such as miscarriage or pregnancy complications, most women with fibroids may not have problems conceiving or carrying a pregnancy and having a baby.
Your GP or midwife can give you advice about fibroids in pregnancy.
Where to go for more support
Fibroids and Adenomyosis webinar
Our Chair Professor Dame Lesley Regan spoke to Kat Francois who shared her experience, as well as Dr Varsha Jain, a Wellbeing of Women Research Training Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, who is researching why women suffer from heavy menstrual bleeding due to conditions such as fibroids and adenomyosis.
"I want to help people with fibroids see the light at the end of the tunnel"
Our research on periods and menstrual health
As a women’s health charity, part of what we do is fund research to save and change the lives of women, girls and babies. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
German Liberal Party
German Liberal Party may refer to one of the following:
* German Liberal Party (Danzig) (German: Deutschliberale Partei) active in the Free City of Danzig during the 1920s and early 1930s
* German-Liberal Party (Deutschliberale Partei), alternative name for the Constitutional Party (Austria), active in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1861 to 1881
* German Liberal Party (Czechoslovakia), active in Czechoslovakia around 1920 | WIKI |
11 Şubat 2010 Perşembe
java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.(Z)V when deploying to glassfish
i have recently downloaded glassfish v2.1.1 and got the following error while trying to deploy my app:
javax.persistence.PersistenceException: No Persistence provider for EntityManager named CleanerPU: Provider named org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence threw unexpected exception at create EntityManagerFactory:
java.lang.NoSuchMethodError
java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.(Z)V
at net.sf.cglib.core.DebuggingClassWriter.(DebuggingClassWriter.java:47)
...
i googled for a while and found: http://tai-dev.blog.co.uk/2010/01/21/nosuchmethoderror-org-objectweb-asm-classwriter-when-deploying-your-app-to-a-new-instance-of-glassfish-v2-1-1-it-looks-like-the-upgraded-fins-are-7849068/
according to the link this is due to lib differences between glassfish v2.1.0 and v2.1.1
and the solution is manually deleting the asm-3.1.jar file in the glassfish-install-dir/lib/directory and copy an old version of asm-.jar in its place. i replaced with the asm.jar coming with netbeans 6.5.1 ide and it worked!
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
U.S. offshore agency excited over Google power line| Reuters
WASHINGTON The U.S. offshore energy czar said Google Inc's surprising decision to get involved in wind energy is an exciting development in an area in which he hopes to speed up the government's approval process. Michael Bromwich, who runs the Interior Department's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, said he met this week with Google and its partners about their plan to build an offshore transmission line to move future wind-generated power to East Coast users. I think it's a very exciting development, Bromwich told the Reuters Global Climate and Alternative Energy Summit on Thursday. We're interested in exploring this, but a lot of the details of their proposal I don't yet know. Google is joining Japan's Marubeni Corp and New York investment firm Good Energies to build a 350-mile underwater cable project. With a price tag of $5 billion, it would be led by the transmission-line developer Trans-Elect They're clearly very interested in it, committed to it, they're willing to put a lot of money on the table with respect to it, and they clearly have pretty carefully thought out a way in which it could integrate with individual offshore wind projects, Bromwich said. He plans to meet with Google and its partners again to learn more about the project, which BOEM would have to approve for it to be built. Separately, Bromwich said he hopes to unveil guidelines by the end of the year to speed up approval of offshore wind energy projects. There has been a lot of sustained discussion recently about developing a coherent plan that would dramatically shorten the timeframes necessary to review proposed projects and approve proposed projects, he said. Bromwich said he does not want to repeat the almost decade-long process it took for the government to approve the Cape Wind project off Massachusetts. Looking back, everybody acknowledges they don't want to go through that again, he said. The Obama administration wants more wind projects and is pushing to double the amount of U.S. electricity generated by renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power. BOEM has received interests from two companies, NRG Bluewater Wind and Occidental Development & Equities LLC, to lease offshore areas near the mouth of Delaware Bay for separate wind projects. Bromwich said he plans to decide by the end of December which, if any, of the two companies would get access the federal offshore blocks to develop their wind farms. He said that decision would be based in part on the economic viability of the project and financial strength of the company. If one of the companies is chosen, the winning wind project would be far from getting final government approval as it would still have to go through a lengthy environmental review process, according to Bromwich. (Reporting by Tom Doggett. Additional reporting by Emily Stephenson; Editing by Russell Blinch and Robert MacMillan) Tesla Inc founder and Chief Executive Elon Musk said his latest company Neuralink Corp is working to link the human brain with a machine interface by creating micron-sized devices. U.S. private equity firm KKR & Co LP and Japanese government-backed fund, Innovation Network Corp of Japan (INCJ), will submit a joint offer for Toshiba Corp's memory chip unit, the Nikkei business daily reported on Friday. Reuters is the news and media division of Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters is the world's largest international multimedia news agency, providing investing news, world news, business news, technology news, headline news, small business news, news alerts, personal finance, stock market, and mutual funds information available on Reuters.com, video, mobile, and interactive television platforms. Learn more about Thomson Reuters products: All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Homo Consommatus
Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because... (your reason here) --Seattleseanhowell (talk) 20:48, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
This is one of the three hottest fashion labels of 2012 at Mercedez Benz Fashion Week, according to ARTinfo.com
I am hoping to find credible references for it, but also hope that having a page solicits additional authors to contribute.
* Sources are everything. :) Malcolmxl5 (talk) 20:53, 10 September 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Sheri Sawyer MADISON, Appellee, v. IBP, INC., Appellant. Sheri Sawyer Madison, Plaintiff-Appellant, United States of America, Intervenor Below-Appellee, v. IBP, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.
Nos. 99-2853, 99-2859.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted: Dec. 14, 2000.
Filed: June 25, 2001.
Matthew J. Verschelden, argued, Kansas City, MO (Helaina Bardunias, on the brief), for appellant.
Dana J. Martin, argued, for USA on behalf of appellant as an intervenor.
Roxanne Barton Colin, argued, Des Moines, IA (Thomas J. Duff, on the brief), for appellee.
BEFORE: McMILLIAN and MURPHY, Circuit Judges, and BOGUE, District Judge.
. The Honorable Andrew W. Bogue, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
MURPHY, Circuit J.
Sheri Sawyer Madison, a Caucasian women married to an African American man, brought this case against IBP, Inc. (IBP) for sex and race discrimination and harassment, retaliation, and constructive demotion, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et. seq.; 42 U.S.C. § 1981; and the Iowa Civil Rights Act (ICRA), Iowa Code § 216. Her claims grow out of her employment at IBP’s meatpacking plant in Perry, Iowa.
After a four week trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Madison, awarding her backpay, benefits, and compensatory and punitive damages. The district court applied 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3) to reduce the damage award, and both Madison and IBP filed post judgment motions. The district court denied Madison’s motions for restoration of her damage award, front pay, and other equitable relief; it granted her motions for reallocation of damages, attorney fees, costs, and interest. The court denied IBP’s motions for judgment as a matter of law, to alter or amend the judgment, and for a new trial. It then ordered the entry of an amended judgment against IBP.
Both parties appeal. IBP does not contend that Madison failed to present sufficient evidence of racial and sexual harassment, discrimination, retaliation, constructive demotion, or vicarious liability, but it contests the amount of emotional distress damages, the award of punitive damages, the admission of evidence of discrimination and harassment of other employees, the jury instructions on the period for which Madison could recover damages, and the way in which the district court applied § 1981a(b)(3). On her cross appeal, Madison challenges the court’s reduction of the amount awarded by the jury and the constitutionality of § 1981a(b)(3). The United States intervened in the district court to uphold the statute and does so again in this court. We affirm the award of backpay, benefits, and compensatory damages, but we vacate the award of punitive damages and remand.
I.
IBP, the world’s largest producer of beef and pork products, opened a hog processing plant in Perry, Iowa in 1989 and hired Sheri Sawyer Madison as a meatcut-ter. The Perry plant is divided into three sections: the kill floor, where hogs are killed; the cut floor, where workers split the hog carcasses; and the converting floor, where workers trim the meat and bones from the carcasses. The sections are organized into numerous production lines, each of which is responsible for a different facet of hog processing. The lines are composed of line workers, utilities, and trainers. Utilities and trainers must be familiar with all aspects of the line jobs since utilities substitute for absent workers and trainers teach new workers how to perform various line functions. A utility position is usually the first step towards promotion to such management support jobs as trainer. The lines are managed by front line supervisors and general supervisors. A training coordinator supervises the trainers. Supervisors are managed by plant superintendents, who are responsible for all production functions, and by the plant manager, who is the highest level manager in the plant. The Perry plant also employs a personnel director who is responsible for addressing employee grievances, conflicts, and disciplinary matters. The authority to terminate employees is vested in the plant manager and the personnel director.
Madison went to work in 1989 as a meatcutter on the cut floor’s jowl line, where her responsibilities included trimming meat from the neck and jowls of hogs. At the time she started, she was dating James Madison, an African American man who was also employed at the Perry plant. The couple married in 1996 and have two children, James Jr. and Whitney. The uncontroverted evidence of her coworkers and supervisors indicates that Madison had excellent knife skills, produced a quality meat product, and was a reliable worker.
Madison presented a great deal of evidence at trial to show that she was subjected to a continuing pattern of racial and sexual harassment during her employment and that supervisors and managers failed to take action in response to her complaints. There was also evidence that supervisors often witnessed acts of harassment towards Madison and that some of them participated in these acts. Madison also introduced evidence from which the jury could find that in making promotion decisions IBP had discriminated against her because of her gender and because she was involved with an African American man and had biracial children. In addition, she produced evidence that she was retaliated against and was forced to take more than one constructive demotion in order to escape discrimination and harassment.
From the evidence the jury could and did find that IBP maintained at the Perry plant a hostile work environment for women and for workers in interracial relationships and that Madison’s civil rights were regularly violated up to, and even after, the time she filed this action in 1996. There was evidence that Madison was physically harassed on many occasions— that other workers grabbed her buttocks, rubbed up against her, and picked her up and carried her around. Line workers frequently made vulgar remarks about women in her presence and were almost never disciplined for them, even though many of the remarks were made in front of supervisors. General supervisor Larry Sippel referred to female employees as “whores” and “dykes” and stated that “women don’t belong in packinghouses.” Fellow line worker Gary Laird made racist comments about Madison’s relationship and her two children. Gary’s brother Gordy was a general supervisor, and Gary often made these racial comments in the presence of Gordy and general supervisor Sippel. Neither supervisor intervened in any way to stop the verbal harassment, even when Gary’s comments caused Madison to leave the line crying. Gary continued to harass Madison and her family whenever he saw them until as late as 1998.
The jury could and did find that the promotion system was controlled by biased decisionmakers who discriminated against Madison because she was a woman and because she was involved in an interracial relationship. Although supervisors do not directly make promotion decisions, most decisions are based on their recommendations. There was evidence that many of Madison’s supervisors had negative views about the ability of women to work on the line and that they interfered with her attempts to learn different jobs in order to improve her chances for promotion. General supervisor Larry Sippel told Madison that women “can’t do physical jobs,” and another general supervisor, Gordy Laird, told Madison that she could not learn to skin hams because “that’s a man’s job.” Madison nevertheless learned how to skin hams and testified at trial that this job was one of her favorites. When Madison asked to switch assignments to learn shank boning, supervisors John McNamara and Eugene Jackson told her that shank boning was a “man’s job” and that women were not capable of doing it. They only permitted her to switch jobs if she were certified by a trainer. Certification was not typically required of male workers, and she experienced a substantial delay in receiving a pay increase because she was required to go through a certification.process.
Line workers can advance at IBP to utility, trainer, and higher management jobs by applying for open positions. After gaining expertise on the line, Madison expressed interest in being promoted. She applied for, and was denied, at least nine different promotions by December 1993. She was often passed over in favor of male employees with less job knowledge and seniority. In November 1993, Madison applied for a utility position which was eventually awarded to a male coworker. Supervisor McNamara approved the appointment of the male employee without investigating the personnel files of both candidates, proceeding instead on the basis of recommendations by Jackson and other supervisors. Madison was told that her coworker received the job because he had better knife skills, more seniority, a better attendance record, and greater job knowledge. When management reviewed both personnel files in response to the grievance, it discovered that the male employee actually had a significant discipline and absentee record. The manager who resolved the grievance found that Madison was qualified for the job and recommended that she receive the next vacant trainer position.
In December 1993, Madison applied for and received the next open trainer position and became the plant’s first female trainer on the cut floor. Eugene Jackson was her supervisor on this job. Jackson, an African American man, told her that he did not believe “the races should mix” and that she should not expect to receive favorable treatment from him because she was dating an African American. Jackson regularly assigned Madison to less desirable jobs on the line and refused to let her perform her trainer duties. Madison reported Jackson’s actions to Training Coordinator Mike Miller, to Assistant Personnel Director Sue Menhusen, and to Personnel Director Alberto Olguin. Ol-guin testified at trial that Jody Schick, Madison’s line supervisor, had told him that he had heard that Jackson did not like Madison because of her interracial relationship. Jáckson denied the truth of Schick’s report, and no disciplinary action was taken against him and management did not retain records to reflect any investigation by Olguin.
In her work as a trainer, Madison was physically and verbally harassed by line workers on a daily basis, often in the presence of floor supervisors Jackson and Schick. Line workers repeatedly referred to Madison as “bitch” and “whore” and asked her to perform sexual acts on them. Some physically grabbed her, shoved her, and rubbed their bellies and genitals up against her. Despite Madison’s repeated complaints to line supervisors and her requests for their assistance, they did nothing to stop the abuse.
Madison complained to Training Coordinator Mike Miller about the harassment and the lack of response from her supervisors. Miller spoke to the line workers about their conduct, but he did not discipline any of them or see that references to her complaints were recorded in their personnel files. Miller later expressed his view to general supervisor John McNamara that Madison had willingly engaged in horseplay and “grab ass” with the line workers. Miller acknowledged at trial that he himself had never seen her do anything of the sort, but that line worker Lisa Renmark had said she did. Miller admitted that he never questioned Madison about Renmark’s remarks, nor did he ever investigate whether Madison had actually engaged in such horseplay. When floor supervisors Jackson and Schick learned that Madison had complained to Miller, they became angry and threatened that they could “make her life miserable” if she made further reports.
Madison continued to experience harassment and to report it without any responsive action by supervisors or managers. In February 1994, Madison informed the general supervisor that a line worker had shoved her, screamed an obscenity at her, and refused to return to his work station. The floor supervisor did nothing in response other than to tell her that she needed to “take care of [herself]” and that dealing with these incidents was just “part of being a trainer.” Later that year Madison reported to Training Coordinator Mike Miller that three male line workers were repeatedly touching her in an offensive way and that her line supervisors had seen another worker grab her buttocks on numerous occasions but had done nothing to stop it or to discipline him. Miller took no action in response to these complaints, but Jackson made Madison perform utility tasks instead of her trainer duties when he learned she had complained.
Madison went to Personnel Director Alberto Olguin, the person with overall responsibility in the IBP plant for investigating employee complaints, and reported that she was being harassed and discriminated against because of her sex and her interracial relationship. She requested a transfer to the day shift. Although Olguin and Training Coordinator Miller were both aware that Madison was seeking the transfer because she was being harassed in her current job, the only investigation they conducted was to ask Jackson, one of those accused, whether Madison had been harassed or discriminated against and whether she should be transferred. Jackson denied that there were any such problems but said that Madison should be allowed to transfer. Management did no further investigation of Madison’s harassment complaints.
Madison’s transfer request was approved, and she was assigned to work on the day shift under supervisor Gordy Laird. Although Madison believed that she would be performing trainer duties on this shift, Laird informed her that he did not want her working as a trainer. He instead assigned her to utility duties on the cut line, where she was verbally harassed on a daily basis, often in front of supervisors. When Madison complained about the constant abuse to the general supervisor, he told her that if “you want to be a supervisor, this is what you’ve got to put up with sometimes.” He also suggested that she might be “intimidating” to Asian male workers, that she should defer to them in training, and that she should keep in mind that women walk behind men in Asian cultures. Assistant Personnel Director Sue Menhusen told Madison to act “respectful” to Hispanic males because they might not have had much experience in receiving instructions from a woman.
Madison continued to bid for open management support jobs, but she was passed over in favor of male employees, including one who had been fired three years earlier for excessive absenteeism. In December 1994, Madison asked to downbid to a lower paying utility position on the cut floor, citing constant harassment and lack of support from her supervisors. Her general supervisor told her that he would never promote her again if she relinquished her trainer job. Although Madison informed Personnel Director Olguin and Plant Manager Larry Moser that she was downbid-ding because of sexual harassment, there was no evidence that IBP investigated her allegations.
Evidence showed that coworker harassment continued after Madison constructively demoted to the cut floor, as did management’s failure to stop it. From December 1994 until at least March 1996, line workers regularly threw hog clots at her, grabbed her buttocks and breasts, rubbed up against her, and called her derogatory names. She complained directly to the workers and also to her supervisors, who did nothing to intervene. Line worker Marcelino Alarcon frequently picked her up against her will and carried her around the work area. When Madison asked her supervisors to “get him away from me,” they only told Alarcon to stop the “horseplay” and took no other action. On another occasion, her supervisor just laughed when Madison asked him to stop Alarcon’s physical harassment. Alarcon was never disciplined for his conduct. General supervisor Gordy Laird told Madison that if she continued to complain about harassment by line workers, he would discipline her for having started it. He also told her that he would write up a disciplinary report against her for every complaint she made against a male worker and that this would eventually result in her termination. Madison complained in 1996 to Plant Manager Moser that Alarcon was picking her up against her will and carrying her around. Moser responded that the world was not perfect and that she would have to “deal” with such behavior if she wanted to be a manager.
In addition to being sexually harassed, Madison also experienced harassment based on race after she downbid in 1994 and began working again with Gary Laird. Gary continued to harass Madison about her children. He called her children derogatory names and suggested to other coworkers that they could care for Madison’s children by “lick[ing] their lips and stick[ing] them on the wall” and “let[ting] them jump on the bed and put[ting] velcro on the ceiling.” He talked this way to Madison, and her family and friends told her about similar comments that he made to them.
Madison and two coworkers complained about Gary’s conduct to her supervisors and to Personnel Director Olguin. No action was taken to discipline Gary or to stop his behavior. According to IBP, Gor-dy Laird told Gary in 1995 to stay away from Madison and her family, but no reference to such an instruction was placed in Gary’s personnel file until after his deposition was taken by Madison’s counsel in 1998. Management also never followed up to determine if Gary had in fact ceased the harassment. In his 1998 deposition, Gary admitted that he had continued to make racist remarks to Madison and her family right up until the date of the deposition. In addition to calling her children derogatory names, he also expressed his belief that “niggers are only good for welfare and prison.” Madison often left the line in tears as a result of Gary’s behavior.
In January 1995, Madison filed a civil rights complaint with the Iowa Civil Right Commission (ICRC), alleging sexual discrimination and harassment. She amended the complaint in April 1996 to include racial discrimination and harassment. The ICRC hosted a mediation session in an attempt to resolve Madison’s complaint. High ranking members of IBP management, including plant Personnel Director Olguin and corporate EEO Coordinator Bernielle Ott, were present at the meeting. Although Madison described numerous incidents of discrimination and harassment to which she had been subjected at IBP, the managers who were present did not undertake an investigation of her allegations. There was evidence that even after Madison filed her ICRC complaint, she was repeatedly and unfairly disciplined by her supervisors.
Meanwhile, Madison continued to bid unsuccessfully for vacant supervisory positions. There was evidence that the posts were usually awarded to males with less seniority, less experience, and poor personnel records. The various reasons management gave for not promoting her were that she had a bad attitude, that she complained too much, and that she was not bilingual. After Madison complained in June 1995 about being passed over for a trainer position in favor of a male worker with less seniority and job knowledge, Plant Manager Moser told her that enduring racial and sexual harassment was part of being a manager. After her ICRC mediation session, Madison bid unsuccessfully for four more supervisory and management positions. One of these jobs was given to a male utility worker who had previously been on probation for attendance problems. She eventually stopped applying for promotions in July 1997, by which time she had unsuccessfully applied for at least 23 promotions. At the time of trial, Madison held the position of box room forklift operator. She had constructively demoted herself to this position in order to escape from the production line environment and because Training Coordinator Mike Miller had not allowed her to return to the night shift, despite his earlier assurance that she could.
Madison was subjected to unwanted physical and verbal harassment at least up until the time she filed this case in 1996. She was regularly grabbed, fondled, and called derogatory names, and her subsequent complaints to management were not investigated. In 1996 Madison went with two female coworkers and a union steward to report to Personnel Director Olguin that three male workers were harassing her and other women. Madison told Ol-guin that the men were calling the women vulgar names, grabbing them, molding hog fat in the shape of male sex organs and sending the pieces down the line, and starting rumors that several of the women were romantically involved with supervisor Godfrey. Olguin gave the three men verbal warnings for starting rumors about Godfrey. In 1997, Alarcon forcibly thrust Madison over a vat and simulated an act of sodomy on her. Madison reported this assault to her supervisors, but they did nothing in response.
Madison presented evidence that the discrimination and harassment she faced at work resulted in severe emotional distress. She lost weight, broke out in hives, suffered from frequent headaches, and had trouble sleeping. Her relationship with her husband suffered, and the couple separated several times. She testified that the harassment and taunting made her feel hurt, humiliated, and degraded and that she often left the line in tears. Keith Ratliffe, a pastor and relative who had counseled her on at least four occasions, described Madison as depressed and emotionally drained.
IBP introduced evidence that it had a corporate policy prohibiting racial and sexual discrimination and harassment. The policy was explained to new employees during their orientation to the company. Each year the company EEO coordinator hosted a two hour training session for plant managers on the “Legal Aspects of Supervision.” This session dealt with such issues as the corporate discrimination policy and how to address harassment complaints. IBP also maintained an affirmative action plan.
There was evidence that despite the existence of this policy, IBP maintained promotion and disciplinary procedures which discriminated against women and which failed to protect victims from harassment. Managers were instructed to send employees who complained of sexual harassment to the human resources department for counseling. Personnel Director Olguin stated that pursuant to IBP policy, he always informed an alleged harasser of the identity of the complainant, even though the company was aware that this could lead to retaliation. Labor Relations Manager Lonnie Jepson testified that he judged complaints by women workers about offensive conduct or language by whether the complainant had responded to the situation in the manner in which his wife would have. According to Jepson, women should “just walk away” if they are assaulted by a male coworker. Managers consistently told complainants to “just stay away” from their harassers or to “quit playing around.” Promotion decisions were made on the basis of recommendations by many individuals who, the evidence showed, were biased against women and racial minorities.
From approximately February 1994 until the time of Madison’s trial in 1999, employees who complained of unlawful discriminatory treatment or harassment were asked to sign a form that resulted in a “counseling for sexual harassment” notation being placed in the disciplinary part of their personnel file. Disciplinary reports are a factor in promotion decisions. The evidence showed that investigative reports about discrimination or harassment complaints were filed under either the complainant’s name or the year, not under the name of the accused perpetrator. The company did not therefore have a readily available record of employees who had been accused of harassing other workers. The record also indicates that on at least fourteen occasions, a worker accused of offensive conduct was “counseled” for harassment, but nothing at all was recorded in his file.
Several other female employees testified that they too had been physically and verbally harassed by male coworkers and that supervisors had failed to investigate their complaints. Several women stated at trial that after they reported incidents of sexual harassment, they were unfairly disciplined and sometimes terminated. For example, Patricia Flannery complained in December 1996 that a coworker was harassing her. Ten days after she complained, Flannery was written up for insubordination by Personnel Director Olguin. She was fired three days later. Her supervisor stated on her termination report that there were “[t]oo much [sic] problems out of this employee.”
Several African American employees testified about racist remarks made by coworkers and supervisors. The men’s locker room contained graffiti, including gang signs, Ku Klux Klan signs, swastikas, and racially derogatory epithets. Madison worked for a time in the laundry room adjoining the locker room, and she complained in 1996 to a supervisor about the racially offensive graffiti there. The supervisor took no action to remove it.
II.
Madison filed a sex discrimination charge against IBP with the Iowa Civil Rights Commission and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on January 13,1995. She amended her charge on April 3, 1996, to include race discrimination.
On September 18, 1996, after receiving a right to sue letter from the EEOC, Madison filed this action. She claimed that IBP had maintained a hostile work environment in which she had been harassed because of her gender and her association with her husband and children. She also alleged that she had been discriminated against on the basis of sex and race, that she had been denied promotions to positions for which she was qualified, and that IBP had retaliated against her for complaining about discrimination and harassment by unfairly disciplining and refusing to promote her. Finally, Madison claimed that IBP had deliberately made her working conditions so intolerable that she had been forced to take constructive demotions in the attempt to escape the discrimination and harassment.
After a four week trial, the jury returned a verdict in February 1999 in favor of Madison. The jury awarded her a total of $76,667 in backpay and benefits, $266,750 for past emotional distress, and $2,069,000 in punitive damages. The jury did not award any damages for future emotional distress or for past emotional distress for retaliation. It also did not award backpay and benefits for harassment or for race discrimination.
Before issuing an order for entry of judgment, the court received briefing and argument from the parties on the applicability of the Title VII damages limitation. That provision, 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D), sets $300,000 as the maximum amount of Title VII damages that can be awarded against a defendant of IBP’s size. The district court decided to apply the limitation provision to the jury awards for sex discrimination and harassment, reducing those damages from a total of $1,074,000 to $300,000. The court rejected IBP’s contention that the Title VII damages cap should also be applied to Madison’s retaliation and constructive demotion claims. The court concluded that Madison had presented sufficient evidence to establish liability for retaliation and constructive demotion under either § 1981 or Title VII and that it therefore did not need to apply the latter statute’s limitation provision to these awards. The court then ordered entry of judgment in Madison’s favor in the amount of $1,638,417.
Both sides filed timely post judgment motions. Madison asked the court to amend the judgment by restoring the full amount of damages awarded her by the jury, arguing that the Title VII damages limitation is unconstitutional. In the alternative, she asked the court to apply the Title VII cap separately to each individual act of discrimination and retaliation or to allocate the compensatory damages for sex discrimination and harassment to her claims under ICRA. She also asked the court for interest, attorney fees, front pay and additional equitable relief. IBP moved for judgment as a matter of law, to alter and amend the judgment, and for a new trial based on alleged errors in evi-dentiary rulings, instructions to the jury, and damage issues. The United States successfully moved to intervene on the issue of the constitutionality of the damages limitation provision in Title VII.
After hearings on the post judgment motions, the court denied almost all of the motions, but it did grant Madison’s request to allocate the $110,000 compensatory damage award for sexual discrimination and harassment to her state law claims, thereby avoiding the Title VII damages limitation. The court also awarded Madison attorney fees, costs, and interest. An amended judgment was then entered against IBP in the amount of $1,748,417, and these appeals followed.
III.
The parties raise many issues on appeal. IBP contends that the court erred in admitting evidence of discrimination and harassment involving other employees, in submitting punitive damages to the jury, in instructing the jury on the period for which Madison could recover damages and on the standard for punitive damages, and in its application of the Title VII damages limitation. IBP also asserts that the emotional distress damages and punitive damages were excessive. It asks that the judgment be vacated, the punitive damage claims dismissed, and a new trial granted. In the alternative, IBP asks that damages be reduced.
Madison argues in her cross appeal that the Title VII limitation on damages is unconstitutional and asks that the punitive damages be restored to the amount awarded by the jury. She argues in the alternative that if the damages limitation is constitutional, it should be applied separately to every act of discrimination and retaliation that occurred after she filed her administrative complaint. The United States and IBP argue in opposition that the damages limitation provision is constitutional and that it applies to the total amount of Title VII damages.
A.
Although IBP asserted numerous evidentiary errors in its post judgment motion in the district court, it challenges only one type of evidentiary ruling on appeal. IBP contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of harassment and discrimination directed at other employees, arguing that it was irrelevant, confusing, and prejudicial. We review questions of admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. See Easley v. American Greetings Corp., 158 F.3d 974, 976 (8th Cir.1998). Trial courts are afforded “wide discretion in ruling on the admissibility of proffered evidence.” Id.
To determine whether a hostile work environment existed, evidence concerning “all circumstances” of the complainant’s employment must be considered. Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 22-24, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). “[E]vidence of a hostile environment must not be compartmentalized, but must instead be based on the totality of the circumstances of the entire hostile work environment.” Delph v. Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. of Paragould, Inc., 130 F.3d 349, 355 (8th Cir.1997) (citations omitted). Here, Madison introduced evidence that other women and African American employees were also discriminated against and harassed. This evidence was relevant as to whether IBP maintained a hostile work environment, whether it intended to harass and discriminate against women and African Americans, and whether IBP’s justifications for its refusal to discipline Madison’s harassers or to promote her were pretextual. See Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 191 F.3d 647, 661 (6th Cir.1999) (racist conduct directed at other employees probative since “[w]hat may appear to be a legitimate justification for a single incident of alleged harassment may look pretextual when viewed in the context of several other related incidents”) (citations omitted). Moreover, IBP made such evidence relevant by claiming that it maintained effective corporate policies prohibiting racial and sexual harassment. Madison was entitled to present evidence showing that IBP had consistently failed to prevent illegal conduct and to correct it promptly. See Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998). This evidence supported Madison’s contention that IBP failed to discipline harassers and to ensure that the civil rights of its employees were not violated.
The evidence relating to other employees was not extensive compared to the amount of evidence about conduct directed at Madison herself, and the court correctly instructed the jury on the limited purposes for which it was offered. The instructions sufficiently advised the jury that Madison could only recover for damages she herself suffered. After carefully examining the record, we conclude that the evidence was relevant and neither prejudicial nor confusing. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the limited evidence of harassment or discrimination involving other employees.
B.
IBP attacks the punitive damages awarded. It contends first that the question should not have been submitted to the jury because the evidence did not meet the standard of Kolstad v. American Dental Association, 527 U.S. 526, 119 S.Ct. 2118, 144 L.Ed.2d 494 (1999) (decided after Madison’s trial, but before judgment). IBP also maintains that the jury was incorrectly instructed on the governing standard and on the time period for recovery and that the award was excessive. IBP argues that the punitive damages claim should be dismissed, a new trial provided, or the award reduced.
1.
The Supreme Court explained in Kolstad that punitive damages may be recovered for employment discrimination if “the employer has engaged in intentional discrimination and has done so with malice or with reckless indifference to the federally protected rights of an aggrieved individual.” Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 530, 119 S.Ct. 2118 (citations omitted). In order for punitive damages to be assessed against an employer, the plaintiff must show that “an employee serving in a managerial capacity committed the wrong while acting in the scope of employment.” Id. at 543, 119 S.Ct. 2118 (citations omitted). An employer may escape vicarious liability for punitive damages, however, if the discriminatory actions of managerial agents were contrary to the employer’s “good faith efforts to comply with Title VII.” Id. at 545, 119 S.Ct. 2118 (citations omitted). IBP contends that under this standard, punitive damages should not have been submitted to the jury because IBP had made good faith efforts to comply with anti discrimination laws and because no employees with managerial capacity acted with malice or reckless indifference to Madison’s federally protected rights. Whether there was sufficient evidence to submit damages to the jury is reviewed de novo. See Henderson v. Simmons Foods, Inc., 217 F.3d 612, 618 (8th Cir.2000).
Kolstad incorporated existing law into its discussion of the standard for submitting punitive damages in employment discrimination cases, citing language from Title VII and Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 103 S.Ct. 1625, 75 L.Ed.2d 632 (1983) in its definition of “malice” and “reckless indifference.” Id. at 534-36, 103 S.Ct. 1625. The Supreme Court had previously ruled that involvement of managers in discriminatory conduct could make employers liable, see Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) and Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998), and that an affirmative defense was available to employers who exercised reasonable care to prevent violations of the law and to correct them promptly. This affirmative defense was only available, however, where no tangible employment action had been taken and the employee had unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities. See Faragher, 524 U.S. at 807, 118 S.Ct. 2275, Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257. Kolstad built on these concepts in clarifying that liability for punitive damages could be avoided if the employer established that its managers’ actions were contrary to its “good-faith efforts to comply with Title VII.” Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 545-46, 119 S.Ct. 2118 (citations omitted). Kolstad also clarified that a plaintiff need not show “egregious misconduct” on the part of an employer in order to submit punitive damages. Id. at 538, 119 S.Ct. 2118.
Madison presented a great deal of evidence from which the jury could find that IBP employees in a managerial capacity acted with malice or reckless disregard to her civil rights in failing to protect her from illegal conduct or to promote her. The evidence indicated that supervisors and managers were among those who harassed and abused her. High level employees such as Personnel Director Alberto Olguin and Plant Manager Larry Moser, both of whom had authority to terminate employees, ignored her complaints about illegal harassment and discrimination, failed to investigate whether her civil rights were being violated, and did not document illegal behavior or discipline perpetrators. The company’s EEO Coordinator, Bernielle Ott, was present at a mediation session at which Madison told Ott and other IBP representatives that she was being physically and verbally harassed almost daily and that she had been repeatedly denied promotions because of her sex. Neither Ott nor any other company representative took action to investigate these allegations or to ensure that Madison’s civil rights were not being violated.
IBP contends that it should escape liability for punitive damages because it made good faith efforts to comply with federal employment laws. The company presented evidence at trial that it had a corporate policy prohibiting racial and sexual discrimination and harassment, that it maintained an affirmative action plan, and that it put on an annual two hour training session for plant managers on the “Legal Aspects of Supervision.” There was also evidence, however, that the written corporate policies were not carried out at the Perry plant and that the company did not make good faith efforts to comply with federal civil rights laws.
Employers have an “affirmative obligation” to prevent civil rights violations in the workplace. Faragher, 524 U.S. at 806, 118 S.Ct. 2275. There was evidence that IBP did not have effective procedures in place to encourage employees to come forward with employment complaints or to protect them from retaliation. Madison and other employees complained to management on many occasions that their civil rights were being violated, but management did not take reasonable care to investigate or stop such behavior. There was evidence that Personnel Director Olguin, the manager charged with addressing employee grievances, conflicts, and disciplinary matters, did not investigate many complaints of harassment and discrimination. On at least fourteen occasions, an employee was counseled for engaging in harassing conduct, but nothing was recorded in his personnel file. Training Coordinator Mike Miller ignored Madison’s reports that male line workers were grabbing and fondling her, did nothing to discipline her harasses, and relied on an unsubstantiated report from one line worker that Madison had willingly engaged in horseplay on the line. When Madison informed Assistant Personnel Director Sue Menhusen that she was being harassed, Menhusen’s response was that many of the Hispanic males working at the plant “haven’t been in the country for very long” and “don’t take direction very well from females.” There was also evidence that IBP maintained policies which actually served to punish victims and discourage them from reporting illegal behavior, such as telling an alleged harasser the identity of a complainant and putting “counseling for sexual harassment” notations in the personnel flies of any complaining employee.
We conclude that there was sufficient evidence under Kolstad, to submit the issue of punitive damages to the jury.
2.
IBP argues that even if there was sufficient evidence to submit punitive damages, it is entitled to a new trial because the district court erred in instructing the jury on the time period for which Madison could recover punitive damages on her Title VII and § 1981 claims. Although Madison pled violations of both state and federal discrimination laws, she could only recover punitive damages under federal law because Iowa does not provide for punitive damages in employment discrimination cases. See City of Hampton v. Iowa Civil Rights Comm’n, 554 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 1996).
IBP maintains that the district court erred in instructing the jury that “[p]unitive damages are limited to conduct occurring after January 13, 1993,” or two years before she filed her administrative complaint. It contends that Madison can recover under § 1981 only for race based violations after September 18, 1994 (two years before she filed her federal lawsuit) and under Title VII only for sex based violations committed after March 19, 1994 (300 days before she filed her administrative charge). Madison asserts that she was entitled to a two year period for her sex claims under Title VII and a four year period for her .race, retaliation, and constructive demotion claims under § 1981. She acknowledges, however, that she agreed to a uniform two year limitations period at trial in order to simplify issues for the jury, and she does not now challenge the court’s use of that date. The district court’s statutory interpretation is a legal conclusion which is reviewed de novo. See United States v. Vig, 167 F.3d 443, 447 (8th Cir.1999).
In the Eighth Circuit plaintiffs may only recover damages on their federal employment discrimination claims for acts committed during the statute of limitations period, even if there was a continuing violation. See Kline v. Kansas City Fire Dept., 175 F.3d 660, 665 (8th Cir.1999). This means that the damages recovery period for federal employment discrimination claims in this circuit is the same as the period in which a plaintiff must file her claim. Other circuits permit a plaintiff to recover under federal law for the period of any continuing violation. The rationale for the Eighth Circuit rule is that it “strikes a reasonable balance between permitting redress of an ongoing wrong and imposing liability for conduct long past.” Ashley v. Boyle’s Famous Corned Beef Co., 66 F.3d 164, 167-68 (8th Cir.1995) (en banc).
Because Title VII has a 300 day limitations period, the district court should have instructed the jury that Madison could only recover damages under Title VII for illegal acts occurring within the 300 day period prior to the filing of her administrative charge. See Gipson v. KAS Snacktime Co., 83 F.3d 225, 229 (8th Cir.1996). Since Madison filed her charge on January 13, 1995, she was entitled to recover damages under Title VII only for acts of discrimination or harassment occurring after March 19, 1994. The court therefore erred in instructing the jury that she could recover punitive damages under Title VII for illegal acts occurring after January 13, 1993.
Because § 1981 does not have its own statute of limitations, courts employ the limitations period provided by state law for personal injury cases. See Goodman v. Lukens Steel Co., 482 U.S. 656, 660-62, 107 S.Ct. 2617, 96 L.Ed.2d 572 (1987). The Iowa limitations period for personal injury actions is two years. See Iowa Code § 614.1(2) (Supp.1999). IBP contends that this two year recovery period should be applied to Madison’s § 1981 claims and that it should not be triggered by the date of her administrative complaint because § 1981 does not require exhaustion. IBP says that the recovery period should be determined from the date she filed this action, September 18, 1996. Madison argues that the four year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 1658 controls the period for recovery under § 1981, but she acknowledges that she agreed to no more than a two year uniform recovery period.
Section 1658 became law in December 1990 and provides that “a civil action arising under an Act of Congress enacted after the date of the enactment of this section may not be commenced later than 4 years after the cause of action accrues.” Madison contends that her civil action arises under an enactment subsequent to the passage of this statute because the Civil Rights Act of 1991 amended § 1981 to permit lawsuits for racially discriminatory conduct subsequent to the formation of a contract. The district court believed that § 1658 would apply if Madison had not “agreed to a more restrictive statute of limitations period.”
Subsequent to the final judgment in this case, the Third Circuit considered whether the § 1658 four year statute of limitations applies to claims under the 1991 amendments to § 1981, and it decided that § 1658 does not apply. See Zubi v. AT&T Corp., 219 F.3d 220 (3d Cir.2000). The Zubi court reasoned that “when Congress amends a preexisting statute it does not create a ‘new act,’ and claims arising under the statute as amended continue to arise under the preexisting statute.” Id. at 225. It is “only when Congress establishes a new cause of action without reference to preexisting law that § 1658 applies.” Id. at 225. The court concluded that the 1991 amendments to § 1981 did not create a new cause of action, and that the four year statute of limitations in § 1658 was not applicable to cases brought under § 1981. Id. at 225-26.
We agree with the reasoning articulated in Zubi. The words used by Congress are significant. The phrase “an Act of Congress enacted” after 1990 is not equivalent to the phrase “an Act of Congress enacted or amended” after that year. Furthermore, the legislative history of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 indicates that Congress intended that the applicable state statutes of limitations for personal injury claims would continue to apply to § 1981 claims. See H.R.Rep. No. 102-40(1), at 63 (1991), reprinted in 1991 U.S.C.C.A.N. 549, 601 (discussing proposed amendment to Title VII limitations period). We conclude that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 was not the type of enactment Congress intended to include in the § 1658 four year limitations period and that the Iowa two year statute therefore applies to Madison’s § 1981 claims. Since Madison filed her federal complaint on September 18, 1996, she was only entitled to recover under § 1981 for illegal acts occurring after September 18,1994. The district court therefore erred by instructing the jury that January 13, 1993 was the cutoff date for damages on Madison’s § 1981 claims.
Since the jury was not correctly instructed on the period for which Madison could recover punitive damages under either Title VII or § 1981, the punitive damages award must be vacated and remanded for a new trial. It is therefore unnecessary to address any remaining issues raised by IBP related to punitive damages.
C.
IBP also attacks the emotional distress damages awarded. It contends that the district court erred in instructing the jury on the time period for which Madison could recover emotional distress damages. It also argues that the emotional distress award was excessive and that the district court erred in its allocation of these damages.
1.
IBP contends that the district court erred in instructing the jury on the time period for which Madison could recover emotional distress damages. Madison asserted at oral argument that even if the court erred in instructing on the recovery period under Title VII and § 1981, her entire compensatory damage award was recoverable under ICRA. We review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions regarding the statutes. See United States v. Vig, 167 F.3d 443, 447 (8th Cir.1999).
The jury was instructed that Madison could not “recover for any unlawful incidents or damages prior to January 13, 1993,” which was two years before the date on which she filed her administrative charge. IBP argues that Madison cannot recover damages under ICRA for any acts of sex based illegal behavior before July 17, 1994 (180 days prior to her filing an administrative charge) or for any acts of race based illegal behavior before October 6, 1995 (180 days prior to amendment of the administrative charge to include race). See Iowa Code § 216.15(12) (Supp.2000) (discrimination charge must be filed within 180 days of alleged unlawful employment practice).
Madison argues that she suffered a continuing violation of her civil rights while at IBP, and that under Iowa law she is entitled to recover damages on her ICRA claims for the entire period her rights were violated. See Hy-Vee Food Stores, Inc. v. Iowa Civil Rights Comm’n, 453 N.W.2d 512, 530-31 (Iowa 1990). She acknowledges, however, that she agreed to a uniform two year recovery period and cannot now recover beyond that date.
Madison’s complaint alleged violations under both federal and state law. ICRA and Title VII both prohibit employment discrimination and harassment on the basis of either race or sex. See Iowa Code § 216.6(l)(a) and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et. seq. Section 1981 provides that “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981.
The elements of liability under these statutes are the same for federal and state claims. See Montgomery v. John Deere & Co., 169 F.3d 556, 558 n. 3 (8th Cir.1999) (discrimination claims under ICRA are analyzed in same manner as their federal law counterparts); Moschetti v. Chicago, Cent. & Pacific R.Co., 119 F.3d 707, 709 n. 2 (8th Cir.1997) (analysis of retaliation claims is the same under Title VII and ICRA); Henderson v. Heartland Press, Inc., 65 F.Supp.2d 991, 999 (N.D.Iowa 1999) (prima facie case for actionable hostile work environment the same under both ICRA and Title VII); Schwarz v. Northwest Iowa Comm. Coll., 881 F.Supp. 1323, 1338 (N.D.Iowa 1995) (test for constructive discharge); Naylor v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 875 F.Supp. 564, 573 (N.D.Iowa 1995). The jury was given one set of liability and damage instructions for all of Madison’s claims, and it was not asked to differentiate among the statutes when awarding damages. The claims were therefore “effectively fungible,” and we conclude that Madison’s damage award for emotional distress is recoverable under ICRA. Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Prod., Inc., 212 F.3d 493, 509 (9th Cir.2000).
Although Iowa requires that a discrimination charge be filed within 180 days, it does not limit the period for which damages can be recovered when there has been proof of a continuing violation. Iowa permits recovery of damages for the entire period that a plaintiffs rights were violated. See Hy-Vee Food Stores, Inc. v. Iowa Civil Rights Comm’n, 453 N.W.2d 512 (Iowa 1990). In Hy-Vee, the Iowa Supreme Court affirmed an award of back pay for a seven year period for which the plaintiff had shown a continuing violation, reasoning that an award for the full period was “consistent with the ultimate goal of compensating an injured person: to place the injured person in the position the person would have been in had there been no injury.” Id. at 531. The Hy-Vee court also held that “the alleged discrimination must be ongoing” to be considered a continuing violation. See Hy-Vee, 453 N.W.2d at 527-28. See also Rorie v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 151 F.3d 757, 761 (8th Cir.1998) (if plaintiff can show “an ongoing pattern or practice of discrimination rather than one isolated instance, the alleged violation shall be deemed continuing”) (citations omitted). Evidence of a hostile work environment can constitute a continuing violation. See Kimzey v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 107 F.3d 568, 573 (8th Cir.1997).
IBP contends that this court should apply the circuit limitations rule for federal damages to Madison’s ICRA claims. It argues that Hy-Vee is inconsistent with our cases holding that a federal employment discrimination plaintiff may only recover damages for acts which took place during the statute of limitations period, even where there was a continuing violation. See, e.g., Ashley v. Boyle’s Famous Corned Beef Co., 66 F.3d 164, 167-68 (8th Cir.1995) (en banc).
The Iowa Supreme Court has declared its own rule for the damages recovery period under ICRA, however, and it has not repudiated its reasoning in Hy-Vee or adopted the Ashley damages recovery rule, a rule unique among the federal circuits. As the Iowa Supreme Court has explained, Iowa courts “traditionally turn to federal law for guidance in evaluating the ICRA, [but federal law ... is not controlling.” Vivian v. Madison, 601 N.W.2d 872, 873 (Iowa 1999) (citations omitted). We conclude that ICRA should be interpreted in accordance with expressed Iowa law.
Madison produced a great deal of evidence that she had experienced a continuing violation of Iowa law against racial and sexual discrimination and harassment. The record reveals an ongoing pattern and practice of illegal behavior, not just isolated instances. Almost from the time she started work at the IBP plant in 1989, Madison was subjected to continuous and pervasive discrimination and harassment. Beginning in the early 1990s, supervisors told her that women did not “belong in packinghouses” and refused to let her learn what they considered to be “men’s jobs.” Coworkers consistently called her derogatory names, made hurtful comments about the race of her husband and children, and offensively grabbed and touched her. When Madison reported this conduct to management, she was retaliated against for complaining and was eventually forced to take a constructive demotion to escape the offensive work environment. This illegal behavior continued up to the filing of her lawsuit. Moreover, Madison applied for at least 23 promotions between April 1991 and July 1997, and the evidence indicated that she was denied these positions because IBP management was biased against women and workers involved in interracial relationships.
We conclude that Madison proved a continued violation of her civil rights from the time she began working at IBP in 1988 until she filed her federal lawsuit in 1996. Under Iowa law, this would have entitled her to recover damages for the entire period of that continuing violation. Because she agreed to a uniform limitations date at trial, however, Madison may only recover damages for illegal acts occurring after January 13, 1993. Madison presented evidence that she experienced many serious acts of discrimination, harassment, and retaliation, as well as constructive demotion after that date — sufficient evidence of illegal acts during that time period to justify the amount of compensatory damages. We conclude that the district court was not required to limit her recovery under ICRA to a 180 day period and that it did not err in instructing the jury that she could recover under ICRA for a two year period.
2.
IBP contends that the district court erred by granting Madison’s post judgment motion to allocate the $110,000 compensatory damage award for sexual discrimination and harassment to her state law claims, thereby avoiding the Title VII damages limitation provision. According to IBP, the Title VII damages cap of $300,000 should have been applied to all of the damages awarded on Madison’s sex claims. Madison responds that the award was properly allocated. The district court generally has discretion regarding how to allocate a damage award, but we apply de novo review to the extent an allocation decision rests on an interpretation of a statute. See Vig, 167 F.3d at 447 (8th Cir.1999).
In granting Madison’s motion for reallocation of her sex based damages, the district court observed that the verdict had not tied the question of damages to a particular statute, that the standard of liability under all three statutes was the same, and that allocation would permit Madison to recover more of the damages awarded by the jury. Appellate courts have approved the allocation of damages between state and federal claims in cases such as this where the standards of liability are the same and the jury has not been asked to distinguish between statutes in assessing damages. The D.C. Circuit concluded in a similar situation that there was no reason why the plaintiff could not recover her judgment under the local Human Rights Act, “since the local law contains the same standards of liability as Title VII but imposes no cap on damages.” Martini v. Federal National Mortgage Ass’n, 178 F.3d 1336, 1349 (D.C.Cir.1999) The Martini court noted that the standards of liability for the plaintiffs local and federal claims were the same, and it reasoned that if courts were not permitted “to treat damages under federal and local law as fungible where the standards of liability are the same, [it] would effectively limit the local jurisdiction’s prerogative to provide greater remedies for employment discrimination than those Congress has afforded under Title VII.” Id. at 1349-50.
The Ninth Circuit has also approved allocation of compensatory damages to a plaintiffs state law claims where the verdict form permitted the jury to award damages on state and federal civil rights claims without specifically distinguishing them. See Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc., 212 F.3d 493 (9th Cir.2000). Since “the jury had awarded damages without differentiating between the claims, the awards were effectively fungible, and the district court’s action was entirely within its discretion and consistent with the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 509.
We find the reasoning in Martini and Passantino persuasive and consistent with federal policy. Title VII states that nothing in its provisions “shall be deemed to exempt or relieve any person from any liability, duty, penalty, or punishment provided by any present or future law of any State ...” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-7. To prohibit courts from allocating damages after a jury verdict finding liability under both federal and state law would conflict with the statutory framework of Title VII and the congressional policy to deter discrimination and harassment. See Kimzey, 107 F.3d at 576 (“no language in Title VII indicates] that its upper limit is to be placed on awards under state anti-discrimination statutes”). The jury in this case found for Madison on both her state and federal sexual harassment and discrimination claims, and no persuasive reason has been shown why she should be prevented from receiving her award for compensatory damages under ICRA instead of under the federal statutes. The trial court did not err in its allocation of Madison’s compensatory damages for sex based violations to her state law claims.
3.
Finally, IBP argues that the jury award of $266,750 for emotional distress damages was excessive and that the trial court erred by denying its motion to reduce it. We review the denial of IBP’s motion for abuse of discretion, and we “will reverse a denial of remittitur only when in rare circumstances we are pressed to conclude that the verdict represents a monstrous or shocking injustice.” Kientzy v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 990 F.2d 1051, 1061-62 (8th Cir.1993) (citations omitted).
Madison presented voluminous evidence that she suffered severe emotional distress as a result of the harassment and discrimination she endured after January 13, 1993. She was subjected to egregious and humiliating conduct which wreaked havoc on her emotional health and caused her great anguish which manifested itself physically. The taunting and harassment made her feel humiliated, hurt, and degraded. The undisputed evidence indicated that Madison was made so distraught by the behavior of fellow employees and managers that she often left her work station in tears. Her family life was affected by what went on in the plant. Her working conditions strained her relationship with her husband and nearly caused the breakup of their marriage. The couple separated several times during the course of her employment at IBP. Madison also testified that as a result of her stressful work environment, she lost weight, had trouble sleeping and frequent headaches, and broke out in hives. The evidence about the physical and emotional effects on Madison was corroborated by her family and several coworkers. Keith Ratliffe, a minister who counseled Madison on at least four occasions during these events, described her as depressed and emotionally drained because of her experiences at IBP.
This award is not excessive in light of the evidence or when compared to awards in similar cases. In Wilmington v. J.I. Case Co., 793 F.2d 909, 922 (8th Cir.1986), a $400,000 jury award for emotional distress was affirmed where “[the plaintiffs] testimony as well as that of other witnesses tended to show a deterioration in his health, mental anxiety, humiliation, and emotional distress resulting from the conditions under which he worked ... and from his discharge.” See also Ross v. Douglas Cty., 234 F.3d 391, 397 (8th Cir.2000) ($100,000 award for emotional distress not excessive where victim of race discrimination suffered emotional and financial strain after leaving hostile work environment where he was taunted with racial epithets); Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Prod., Inc., 212 F.3d 493, 503, 513-14 (9th Cir.2000) (affirming $1 million emotional distress award for sexual harassment where plaintiff “worried, cried, and felt trapped and upset,” spent less time with her family, suffered stomach problems, rashes and headaches, and sought counseling with her pastor).
The evidence distinguishes this case from others such as Delph v. Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. of Paragould, 130 F.3d 349, 357-58 (8th Cir.1997), in which an emotional distress award was reduced from $150,000 to $50,000 where the race discrimination plaintiff suffered “vague and ill-defined” emotional and physical problems. Id. at 357-58. Madison suffered more serious and better documented symptoms of emotional distress than the plaintiff in Delph. She was also subjected to a more severe and continuous pattern of harassment. A careful review of the record convinces us that the jury’s award “was not a plain injustice, or a monstrous or shocking result.” Wilmington, 793 F.2d at 922. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying IBP’s motion for remitter of the damages for emotional distress.
In conclusion, we hold that the district court did not err in instructing the jury on the time period for which Madison could recover compensatory damages and did not abuse its discretion in denying IBP’s motion to remit the damage award for excessiveness. Nor did the court err in allocating the $110,000 compensatory damage award for sex based illegal acts to her state law claims. We therefore affirm the award of compensatory damages in its entirety.
D.
IBP claims that the district court erred in concluding that Madison could recover her damages for retaliation and constructive demotion under § 1981 rather than Title VII because she did not produce sufficient evidence of race based retaliation or constructive demotion. The jury awarded $150,000 in punitive damages on Madison’s retaliation claim and $25,000 in punitive damages and $1750 in past emotional distress damages on her constructive demotion claim. According to IBP, the Title VII damages cap of $300,000 should'have been applied to the damages awarded on these claims. Madison responds that she produced sufficient evidence of race based retaliation and constructive demotion and is entitled to recover these damages under § 1981. The district court’s resolution of this issue is reviewed de novo. See Vig, 167 F.3d at 447 (8th Cir.1999).
The instructions for her retaliation claim permitted the jury to find liability if her complaints of either racial or sexual discrimination or harassment were a motivating factor in IBP’s decision to discipline her or not to promote her. The instructions for her constructive demotion claim similarly permitted the jury to find liability if her demotion resulted from either race or sex based behavior. The trial court concluded that there was sufficient evidence to submit these claims under all three statutes, and we agree. We also agree that Madison produced sufficient evidence for the jury to predicate its retaliation and constructive demotion verdicts on either illegal race or sex based actions. The record shows that Madison was unfairly disciplined and denied promotions in large part because she regularly complained to management that she was being subjected to racial discrimination and harassment. She also took a constructive demotion to a lower paying job in December 1994 to escape racial harassment from supervisor Eugene Jackson, who was aware of her interracial relationship and who told her that he did not believe that “the races should mix.” Jackson regularly made Madison perform utility tasks instead of her trainer duties and refused to intervene when other employees physically and verbally harassed her. The fact that the jury awarded Madison very large damages on her race claims, see footnotes 4-5, indicates that it found her evidence of race based violations persuasive.
We conclude that the district court did not err in determining that Madison’s retaliation and constructive demotion claims were recoverable under § 1981 and that it was not necessary to apply the Title VII damages cap to these claims. The $1750 award for past emotional distress on Madison’s constructive demotion claim is recoverable under ICRA as well as § 1981, and that award is affirmed. The punitive damages for retaliation and constructive demotion must be vacated and remanded, however, because of the faulty instructions on the period for which Madison could recover.
E.
In her cross appeal, Madison contends that 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3) is unconstitutional, and she also argues that the district court erred in applying it. She seeks restoration of the full amount awarded by the jury. In the alternative, she asks that the limitation provision be applied separately to each distinct illegal discriminatory and retaliatory action perpetrated against her, rather than to her entire action. Both the United States and IBP respond that the limitation provision does not violate the Constitution.
Madison maintains that the Title VII limitation provision violates the Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury, that it legislatively usurps the court’s role in reviewing damage awards, and that it violates equal protection guarantees because it limits recovery by women while racial and ethnic minorities might recover more under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. She also claims that the provision violates the due process clause because it does not bear a “real and substantial relation to protecting public health and welfare.” She argues alternatively, without supporting legal authority, that the damages limitation, if constitutional, must be separately applied to each distinct illegal act directed at her after she filed her administrative complaint. The district court’s resolution of these issues is reviewed de novo. See United States v. Crawford, 115 F.3d 1397, 1400 (8th Cir.1997) and Braswell v. City of El Dorado, 187 F.3d 954, 957 (8th Cir.1999).
We conclude that § 1981a(b)(3) passes constitutional muster. Congress created the Title VII cause of action and has the power to set limits for recovery under it. The statute does not violate the Seventh Amendment because it does not impinge upon the jury’s fact finding function. In applying the provision, a court does not “reexamine” the jury’s verdict or impose its own factual determination as to what a proper award might be. Rather, it implements the legislative policy decision by reducing the amount recoverable to that deemed to be a reasonable maximum by Congress. See Davis v. Omitowoju, 883 F.2d 1155, 1162 (3d Cir.1989). The statute does not violate the separation of powers because it is the province of the legislative branch to pass laws and that of the courts to interpret and apply them to particular cases. See Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, 514 U.S. 211, 222-25, 115 S.Ct. 1447, 131 L.Ed.2d 328 (1995). As the Sixth Circuit explained in rejecting a similar challenge, “Congress created Title VII, and Congress may designate the remedies under Title VII.” Pollard v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co., 213 F.3d 933, 945-46 (6th Cir.2000), rev’d on other grounds, — U.S. -, 121 S.Ct. 1946, 150 L.Ed.2d 62 (2001). In creating a statutory right, Congress “clearly has the discretion ... to prescribe remedies.” Northern Pipeline Construction v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 83, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982). “The fact that the judicial branch is limited [by the provision] in the amount of damages which it may award does not mean that its ability to decide cases is being impaired by Congress” or that the provision violates the separation of powers principle. Pollard, 213 F.3d at 946.
We also reject Madison’s argument that the statutory provision violates the implied equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment. The provision makes no distinction on the basis of gender or any other impermissible classification and is therefore analyzed under the rational basis test. See Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Envtl. Study Group, Inc., 438 U.S. 59, 83-84, 98 S.Ct. 2620, 57 L.Ed.2d 595 (1978). As Pollard and other cases have recognized, the provision easily satisfies this test because it bears a rational relationship to a legitimate and articulated governmental purpose. See Pollard, 213 F.3d at 946. Congress instituted the damages limitation in order to deter frivolous lawsuits and to protect employers from financially crippling awards, and the limitation is rationally related to these legitimate purposes. See Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 110 F.3d 210, 221 (2d Cir.1997) (citing Congressional Record). Madison’s due process argument fails for similar reasons, and she cites no cases to support it.
Madison argues in the alternative that the trial court should have applied the damages limitation to each individual act of discrimination and retaliation against her after she filed her administrative complaint, rather than to the whole award under Title VII. This argument is unsupported by the statutory language or case law. We agree with the other circuits which have rejected similar arguments. See Baty v. Willamette Indus., Inc., 172 F.3d 1232, 1245-46 (10th Cir.1999) (limitation applies to entire Title VII award) and Smith v. Chicago Sch. Reform Bd. of Trustees, 165 F.3d 1142, 1150 (7th Cir.1999) (same).
IV.
Madison produced an abundance of evidence that she was subjected to a pervasively hostile work environment at IBP and was discriminated against because of her sex and her biracial relationship and that management itself was implicated in these illegal acts. She also showed that she was retaliated against for complaining to management and for filing an administrative complaint. As a result of these illegal acts, she was constructively demoted and suffered emotional distress.
After thoroughly reviewing the lengthy record, we affirm the award to Madison of $343,417 in backpay, benefits, and compensatory damages. We also affirm the ruling that the damages limitation set by Congress in 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3) is not unconstitutional. We vacate the entire punitive damages award because of errors in the jury instructions on the recovery period, and we remand for a new trial on punitive damages. The award for attorney fees, costs, and interest is also vacated and those issues are remanded for further consideration by the district court at an appropriate time.
. Rex Hofer, Personnel Director at the Perry plant from April 1992 to February 1994, testified that he did not ask complainants to sign the sexual harassment form or put counseling notations in their files because he believed that such procedures discouraged employees from submitting complaints. IBP reinstated its previous procedure after Hofer left his position.
. The backpay and benefits award included $50,688 for sex discrimination, $25,000 for retaliation, and $979 for constructive demotion.
. The compensatory damage award for past emotional distress included $110,000 for sex discrimination and harassment, $155,000 for race discrimination and harassment, and $1750 for constructive demotion.
.The punitive damage award included $964,000 for sex discrimination and harassment, $930,000 for race discrimination and harassment, $150,000 for retaliation, and $25,000 for constructive demotion.
. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(2) specifically excludes backpay and benefits from damages subject to the statutory limitation, and the court did not include them in its reduction calculation.
. This total included $300,00 reduced damages on Madison's sex claims, $76,667 in backpay and benefits on all claims, and $1,261,750 in compensatory and punitive damages on her race claims (including retaliation and constructive demotion).
. The equitable relief Madison sought included an order requiring IBP to make substantial changes in its training program, including 1) annual distribution of a court approved written policy against sexual harassment, discrimination, and retaliation for at least ten years; 2) at least 100 hours of court approved, equal opportunity training for personnel directors in each plant for ten years, and 40 hours for the following ten years; and 3) 40 hours annual training for Grade 10 managers for ten years. She also asked for the establishment of a first response team of mentors and an equal access committee, a permanent injunction ordering IBP to cease its discriminatory practices, and retention of federal jurisdiction for ten years to monitor IBP’s compliance.
.Because of the reallocation to Madison’s state law claims of $110,000 in compensatory damages for sex discrimination and harassment, the amended judgment was larger by that amount than the original.
. The court instructed the jury that:
[i]n determining whether discriminatory or harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive enough to create a hostile work environment for Madison, you may consider conduct towards her co-workers, so long as she was aware of that conduct and her own well-being was affected by that conduct. You may consider harassment that Madison was unaware of, in determining intent, and whether the harassment was a part of the pattern and practice of harassment against her.
This is an accurate statement of the law. See Carter v. Chrysler Corp., Inc., 173 F.3d 693, 701 fn. 7 (8th Cir.1999) (evidence of racist graffiti which plaintiff knew about "relevant [to] whether a hostile environment existed and whether [plaintiff] reasonably perceived other conduct to be hostile or abusive”). The court also cautioned the jury that even though it had "heard evidence relating to harassment and/or discrimination of other employees,” Madison "cannot recover, and does not claim, actual damages for anyone other than herself.”
. The district court and the parties refer to the period for which Madison was entitled to recover damages as the statute of limitations period, but it may be more precisely termed the damages recovery period. The issue here is the time for which Madison may collect damages, rather than the deadline by which she had to file her lawsuit.
. See, e.g., Bonner v. Guccione, 178 F.3d 581, 583-84 (2d Cir.1999) (Title VII plaintiff can recover for conduct that occurred outside 300 day limitation period if she can demonstrate that she was subject to continuous policy and practice of discrimination); Provencher v. CVS Pharmacy, Div. of Melville Corp., 145 F.3d 5, 14 (1st Cir.1998) (continuing violation doctrine allows plaintiff to receive damages on otherwise time barred acts); Rush v. Scott Specialty Gases, Inc., 113 F.3d 476, 481 (3d Cir.1997) (employee who demonstrates continuing Title VII violation may recover damages for entire continuing violation, and 300 day filing period will not bar recovery).
. This legislation was passed in reaction to the Supreme Court's decision in Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), that the “make and enforce contracts” language in § 1981 prohibited discriminatory hiring but not subsequent discrimination. One of the amendments added wording to clarify that the statute also prohibited discrimination in the "performance, modification and termination of contracts” and protected "the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b).
. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D) provides that:
The sum of the amount of compensatory damages awarded under [Title VII] for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuni-ary losses, and the amount of punitive damages awarded under this section, shall not exceed, for each complaining party — (D) in the case of a respondent who has more than 500 employees in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, $300,000.
. The district court awarded Madison a total of $444,691.33 in attorney fees and costs, as well as pre and post judgment interest. The extent to which Madison will ultimately prevail is not yet known and will depend upon further proceedings in the district court and its evaluation of the relevant factors. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). It is also not clear at this point how the interest issues may be impacted.
| CASELAW |
Installing Unix v6 (PDP-11) on SIMH
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I'm going to try to describe the install procedure used by Tim Newsham for Unix v6 on the PDP-11/40.
NOTE: Comments at the end of a line of the form:
[## Comment]
are just to tell you what to do when there is ambiguity; please do not type them in literally!.
Materials
I'm going to expect you to have the SIMH emulator, 3.8-1 or higher, and a Unix v6 tape Unix-v6-Ken-Wellsch.tap
Tape boot
Here we load the bootblock and load up the root partition onto the rk disk file...
First the tboot.ini file. On more recent simh builds, remove the semicolons and the comments behind them.
set cpu 11/40
set tm0 locked
attach tm0 dist.tap
attach rk0 rk0
attach rk1 rk1
attach rk2 rk2
d cpu 100000 012700 ; mov #172526,R0
d cpu 100002 172526
d cpu 100004 010040 ; mov R0,-(R0)
d cpu 100006 012740 ; mov #60003,-(R0)
d cpu 100010 060003
d cpu 100012 000777 ; br 100012
g 100000
Once this is run, the simulation will 'lock', hit CTRL+E to break the emulation, and then execute the stand alone program to prepare the hard disk. Type in:
g 0
And the stand alone program will be ready to respond. Here is my install session:
PDP-11 simulator V3.8-1
sim> set cpu 11/40
Disabling XQ
sim> set tm0 locked
sim> attach tm0 dist.tap
sim> attach rk0 rk0
RK: creating new file
sim> attach rk1 rk1
RK: creating new file
sim> attach rk2 rk2
RK: creating new file
sim> d cpu 100000 012700
sim> d cpu 100002 172526
sim> d cpu 100004 010040
sim> d cpu 100006 012740
sim> d cpu 100010 060003
sim> d cpu 100012 000777
sim> g 100000
Simulation stopped, PC: 100012 (BR 100012)
sim> g 0
=tmrk
disk offset
0
tape offset
100
count
1
=tmrk
disk offset
1
tape offset
101
count
3999
= [## Hit CTRL-E here]
Simulation stopped, PC: 137300 (BGE 137274)
sim> q
Goodbye
disk install
Here is our dboot.ini for booting from the hard disk:
set cpu 11/40
set tto 7b
set tm0 locked
attach tm0 dist.tap
attach rk0 rk0
attach rk1 rk1
attach rk2 rk2
dep system sr 173030
boot rk0
Booting up to single user mode
And this will boot us up to the bootloader, to which we just tell it to load the 'unix' kernel.
PDP-11 simulator V3.8-1
sim> set cpu 11/40
Disabling XQ
sim> set tto 7b
sim> set tm0 locked
sim> attach tm0 dist.tap
sim> attach rk0 rk0
sim> attach rk1 rk1
sim> attach rk2 rk2
sim> dep system sr 173030
sim> boot rk0
@rkunix
mem = 1030
RESTRICTED RIGHTS
Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to
restrictions stated in Contract with Western
Electric Company, Inc.
#
Fixing the Terminal
The first thing we are going to do with UNIX loaded is set the terminal back to lowercase... Enter the following command in lower case, it'll echo back in upper case, but that's just the way it works.
# STTY -LCASE
Rebuilding the kernel
We are going to rebuild the kernel to support the appropriate hardware that SIMH provides. First we must build the mkconf program
chdir /usr/sys/conf
cc mkconf.c
mv a.out mkconf
With the mkconf program built, we then feed it a basic configuration file. To do this we just run mkconf, then type in the list of devices we want.
rk
tm
tc
8dc
lp
done
And you'll get this:
# ./mkconf
rk
tm
tc
8dc
lp
done
#
Now we can compile the config, and link in the rest of the kernel, and copy it to the root.
as m40.s
mv a.out m40.o
cc -c c.c
as l.s
ld -x a.out m40.o c.o ../lib1 ../lib2
mv a.out /unix
And to verify, our kernel should be 30kb
# ls -l /unix
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root 30346 Oct 10 12:43 /unix
building device files
Now we'll build the device files. Just copy & paste this in.
/etc/mknod /dev/rk0 b 0 0
/etc/mknod /dev/rk1 b 0 1
/etc/mknod /dev/rk2 b 0 2
/etc/mknod /dev/mt0 b 3 0
/etc/mknod /dev/tap0 b 4 0
/etc/mknod /dev/rrk0 c 9 0
/etc/mknod /dev/rrk1 c 9 1
/etc/mknod /dev/rrk2 c 9 2
/etc/mknod /dev/rmt0 c 12 0
/etc/mknod /dev/lp0 c 2 0
/etc/mknod /dev/tty0 c 3 0
/etc/mknod /dev/tty1 c 3 1
/etc/mknod /dev/tty2 c 3 2
/etc/mknod /dev/tty3 c 3 3
/etc/mknod /dev/tty4 c 3 4
/etc/mknod /dev/tty5 c 3 5
/etc/mknod /dev/tty6 c 3 6
/etc/mknod /dev/tty7 c 3 7
chmod 640 /dev/*rk*
chmod 640 /dev/*mt*
chmod 640 /dev/*tap*
Restoring the rest of the OS
dd if=/dev/mt0 of=/dev/rk1 count=4000 skip=4100
/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /usr/source
dd if=/dev/mt0 of=/dev/rk2 count=4000 skip=8100
mkdir /usr/doc
configure boot
I just use cat to append the boot statements for the other disks.
/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /usr/source
/etc/mount /dev/rk2 /usr/doc
And I append them like this:
# cat >> /etc/rc
/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /usr/source
/etc/mount /dev/rk2 /usr/doc
then hit CTRL+D
rebuild the df command
To config the df:
# chdir /usr/source/s1
# ed df.c
/rp0/d
.-2a
"/dev/rk0",
"/dev/rk1",
.
w
q
# cc -s -O df.c
# cp a.out /bin/df
# rm a.out
check filesystems
fsck didn't exist back then... So we run icheck/dcheck.
icheck /dev/rrk0
dcheck /dev/rrk0
icheck /dev/rrk1
dcheck /dev/rrk1
icheck /dev/rrk2
dcheck /dev/rrk2
enable multiser
The default /etc/ttys file isn't listening on the serial ports, so we change that by simply editing the file....
# ed /etc/ttys
1,8s/^0/1/p
w
q
#
reboot
There is no reboot command so run sync a few times, then Control+E to interrupt and quit the simulator.
# sync
# sync
# sync
# sync
# [## Hit CTRL-E here]
Simulation stopped, PC: 002502 (MOV (SP)+,177776)
sim> q
Goodbye
C:\temp\v6\myv6>
Running normally
With the install all done, let's use the following ini file for normal operations.
set cpu 11/40
set cpu idle
set tto 7b
set tm0 locked
attach rk0 rk0
attach rk1 rk1
attach rk2 rk2
attach lpt printer.txt
set dci en
set dci lines=8
set dco 7b
att dci 5555
boot rk0
When we fire up the emulator we can then attach on tcp port 5555 for additional users. To boot unix, just pass the name unix to the bootloader.
PDP-11 simulator V3.8-1
Disabling XQ
Listening on port 5555 (socket 108)
@unix
login: root
#
It's also worth noting that there is no root password. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Protoglyptodon
Protoglyptodon is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene, and its fossilized remains were found in South America.
Description
This animal, like all glyptodonts, had a dorsal armor protecting a large part of the body, consisting of well-fused polygonal osteoderms. The osteoderms were quite similar to those of Palaeohoplophorus, with a medium-sized, depressed central figure, and with wrinkled and irregular peripheral areas. Its carapace appearance was more irregular in Protoglyptodon. Its caudal tube bore osteoderms whose main figures were surrounded by a crown of perforations, but separated by peripheral areas decorated in a very irregular way.
Classification
Protoglyptodon primiformis was first described in 1885 by Florentino Ameghino, based on incomplete fossil remains coming from Late Miocene terrains of Argentina, first erroneously attributed to the Oligocene. Protoglyptodon was a member of the tribe Hoplophorini, a diverse and long-lived group of glyptodonts ; Protoglyptodon was closely related to the better known genus Palaehoplophorus. | WIKI |
Talk:Paul Goldsmith
Meeting Paul Goldsmith
In 1995, I received my FAA private pilot’s license at the Griffith, Indiana airport (05C) where I met Paul Goldsmith. He was always cordial and would take time to talk to me... I didn’t know he was a superstar until one late night when I was watching a TV show that featured the race on Daytona Beach, when they still raced on the beach... I told Paul that I saw him on TV, he responded: “Yeah, other people have said they saw me on that show, but I’ve never seen it”. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:00, 29 November 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Opendata, web and dolomites
GEPLAER
PLASTIC AEROSOL CONTAINER
Total Cost €
0
EC-Contrib. €
0
Partnership
0
Views
0
GEPLAER project word cloud
Explore the words cloud of the GEPLAER project. It provides you a very rough idea of what is the project "GEPLAER" about.
care 574 bar consumption environmental functional created stakeholder chain near share protection nowadays plan dispensers social good internal variety considering attractive flexibility uv aesthetic commercialize assure units transport 57 2017 directive sell companies shapes containers mainly business replace market irr 187 aluminium economic npv 541 85 coating geplaer cans unless aerosol container alternative solely 2013 complying conformability worldwide corrosion 302 601 volume improvement europe opportunity implies add rust light fillers weight prevent applicable billion 11 aerosols transparency terephthalate secondly substitution region lower resistance tinplate polyethylene styles packers plastic manufacturers 21 benefits members penetration prone supply cosmetic pet personal million 71 pressure appropriate food feasibility metal
Project "GEPLAER" data sheet
The following table provides information about the project.
Coordinator
GEPACK – EMPRESA TRANSFORMADORA DE PLASTICOS SA
Organization address
address: RUA 1 DE AVRIL EDIFICIO GEPACK
city: AVEIRAS DE CIMA
postcode: 2050 182
website: www.gepack.pt
contact info
title: n.a.
name: n.a.
surname: n.a.
function: n.a.
email: n.a.
telephone: n.a.
fax: n.a.
Coordinator Country Portugal [PT]
Total cost 71˙429 €
EC max contribution 50˙000 € (70%)
Programme 1. H2020-EU.2.3.1. (Mainstreaming SME support, especially through a dedicated instrument)
2. H2020-EU.2.1.2. (INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP - Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies – Nanotechnologies)
Code Call H2020-SMEINST-1-2014
Funding Scheme SME-1
Starting year 2015
Duration (year-month-day) from 2015-05-01 to 2015-10-31
Partnership
Take a look of project's partnership.
# participants country role EC contrib. [€]
1 GEPACK – EMPRESA TRANSFORMADORA DE PLASTICOS SA PT (AVEIRAS DE CIMA) coordinator 50˙000.00
Map
Project objective
Europe is the region with the largest aerosol production volume and consumption worldwide: 5.5 billion units produced in 2013. European Cosmetic and personal care sector represents 57% of this production. Metal containers have been widely used because of their good conformability, resistance, and UV and light protection. However, metal containers are prone to rust and to internal corrosion unless an appropriate coating is applied to prevent this. Polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) aerosols can provide an environmental and lower-cost alternative to tinplate or aluminium cans, offering design flexibility, a variety of different shapes and styles which can be created with lower weight, and corrosion resistance. However, an improvement of overall properties is required, as nowadays, no plastic aerosol container can provide overall the resistance values required in the Aerosol Dispensers Directive (ADD). The market share of personal care products is around 3.1 billion containers solely in Europe, providing an attractive business opportunity. The GEPLAER project aims to replace metal containers with novel plastic aerosol with higher pressure resistance (11 bar), complying with current ADD requirements, and considering those which will be applicable in the near future, while offering novel aesthetic and functional properties, such as transparency. In order to assure a wider penetration of our PET aerosol in the market (mainly personal care and secondly food), GEPLAER work plan includes: a technical feasibility analysis, a market and stakeholder analysis, and a business plan. We expect to commercialize this product on 2017. After 5 years, we expect to sell 187.85 million PET containers (NPV of €4,541,601 and an IRR of 71%). It implies a substitution of 21,302 tonnes of metal with 6,574 tonnes of PET, having environmental, economic and social benefits for all members of the supply chain (PET manufacturers, packers and fillers, transport companies).
Are you the coordinator (or a participant) of this project? Plaese send me more information about the "GEPLAER" project.
For instance: the website url (it has not provided by EU-opendata yet), the logo, a more detailed description of the project (in plain text as a rtf file or a word file), some pictures (as picture files, not embedded into any word file), twitter account, linkedin page, etc.
Send me an email (fabio@fabiodisconzi.com) and I put them in your project's page as son as possible.
Thanks. And then put a link of this page into your project's website.
The information about "GEPLAER" are provided by the European Opendata Portal: CORDIS opendata.
More projects from the same programme (H2020-EU.2.3.1.;H2020-EU.2.1.2.)
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Adelaide Clemens
Adelaide Clemens (born 30 November 1989) is an Australian actress. On television, she has played Harper on the W series Love My Way (2007), Valentine on the BBC/HBO series Parade's End (2012), Tawney on the Sundance TV series Rectify (2013–2016), and Blake on the CBS series Tommy (2020). In film, she has played Xandrie in Wasted on the Young (2010), Ladybird in Vampire (2011), Heather / Sharon in Silent Hill: Revelation (2012), Catherine in The Great Gatsby (2013), Hazel in To the Stars (2019), and Carey in The Swearing Jar (2022).
Early life
Clemens was born in Brisbane, Queensland. Her parents lived in Japan but went to Australia for her birth. She has two younger brothers Sebastian and Felix. Her father, Mark Clemens, is English and was a marketing manager for Seagram. Her mother, Janea Clemens, is an Australian cardiac nurse.
After living in Japan, she was raised in France until the age of 6 and then Hong Kong to the age of 12, where she attended the Hong Kong International School. When she was 12 years old, her family moved to Australia to live in Sydney, New South Wales. She attended high school at the Queenwood School for Girls, in the Sydney suburb of Balmoral.
Career
Clemens began working as an actress in Australian television while in high school. She guest-starred in a 2006 episode of Blue Water High as Juliet, and, in 2007, starred in the children's series Pirate Islands: The Lost Treasure of Fiji, as Alison. Clemens played Harper in the Showtime drama Love My Way that year, and was nominated for the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent at the 2008 Logie Awards for the role.
Clemens was seen in the MTV Networks Australia dramatic film, Dream Life (2008), and had small roles in the television series All Saints and the film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, in 2009. She became the face of Jan Logan Jewellery that year. Clemens relocated to Los Angeles, California, in 2009. She starred in the film Wasted on the Young (2010) as Xandrie. Written and directed by Ben C. Lucas, the film tells the story of a high school love triangle that leads to a party ending in gun violence. She guest-starred on the Fox crime drama, Lie To Me, and starred as a sociopathic prostitute in the film Generation Um... (2010). , Clemens was in negotiations to join the cast of Fury Road, the fourth in the Mad Max film series by George Miller.
The following year, she starred in the film Certainty (2011), directed by Peter Askin. She also starred in Vampire (2011) as Ladybird, a suicidal single mother. The film was the English-language feature debut of noted Japanese director Shunji Iwai.
The next year, Clemens starred in Camilla Dickinson (2012), an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1951 novel. She starred as teenager Heather Mason in the horror film Silent Hill: Revelation 3D (2012). Also that year, Clemens played a lead role as the young suffragette Valentine Wannop in Parade's End (2012), a television mini-series adaptation of the Ford Madox Ford tetralogy co-produced by HBO and BBC Two. She also appeared in the horror film No One Lives (2012).
The following year, she appeared in The Great Gatsby (2013), based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel of the same name, playing Catherine, the sister of Myrtle Wilson. On television, Clemens began starring as Tawney Talbot in the 2013 Sundance Channel series, Rectify.
In 2020, Clemens took a starring role in the CBS drama Tommy. | WIKI |
A $6 Million Initiative Aims to Diversify Museum Leadership
Study after study has shown that the leadership at U.S. cultural institutions fails to reflect the demographics of the country. On Tuesday, the Ford Foundation and the Walton Family Foundation announced a $6 million campaign with the aim of diversifying the leadership at art museums. The initiative will fund programs at 20 museums that are developing innovative strategies to hire and advance the careers of underrepresented minorities. (The museums were chosen out of 83 that applied.) The Art Institute of Chicago, for example, will hire a full-time program coordinator to oversee a new stipended internship program, with 21 high school interns and 19 college interns a year; while the Los Angeles County Museum of Art will support two-year baccalaureate fellowships to work with the museum’s director and head of curatorial affairs. Other participants include the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, the New Orleans Museum of Art, and the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston. Altogether, the grants will support 11 new jobs; fellowships and internships for 360 college students; and museum studies programs for more than 1,000 teenagers. “We need more arts leaders who understand and relate to the deeply varied perspectives and life experiences” that make up America, Darren Walker, president of the Ford Foundation, said in a statement. Organizers hope to compile the results of the initiative to provide potential solutions for other institutions. Recently, other steps have been taken around the country to promote diversity at cultural institutions: New York City announced it would link future funding to diversity, while the Speed Art Museum in Kentucky employs a spreadsheet. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Creating a REST API: Handling GET Requests
By April 4, 2018 Uncategorized
After taking a brief detour to create a generic database module, it’s time to continue building out the high-level components discussed in the parent post. In this post, you will add routing, controller, and database logic to handle an HTTP GET request on an “employees” API endpoint.
Adding routing logic
Express ships with a Router class that makes it easy to route HTTP requests to the appropriate controller logic. Route paths define the URL endpoints of the API and can contain route parameters that capture values in the URL (query strings are not part of route paths).
There are many ways you could define the routes for your application. For example, when the app starts, you could read all the files in the controllers directory and auto-generate routing logic based on some predefined rules, such as the filenames and properties they expose. Alternatively, you could add a file to the config directory and read that at start time. Consider such automation when your API matures and its patterns are well known.
In this application, you will take a slightly lower-level approach by defining routes programmatically via a new router module. Create a new file named router.js in the services directory. Add the following code to the file and save your changes.
The router module starts by bringing in Express and then creates a new instance of Express’ Router class. The router’s route method is used to define a route based on the route path passed in. The path includes a parameter named id which is made optional by the question mark that follows it. The route that’s returned from route has methods which correspond to HTTP methods and allow handlers to be defined. In this case, the get method is used to map an incoming GET request to the get function defined in the employees controller (which will be created in the next part).
At this point, you have a router but it’s not currently used in the application. To use it, open the services/web-server.js file and remove the line at the top that requires the database module (that was only used for testing in the previous post). Add the following line of code in its place.
Next, use the following code to replace the entire app.get handler that responds to GET requests using the database module (all 7 lines).
Now the router is required into the web service module and “mounted” at /api. This means that full URL for the employees endpoint will be http://server:port/api/employees/:id.
Adding controller logic
The controller logic will take over from the point that the URL endpoint and HTTP method are known. Because the web server is built with Express, the controller logic will be defined with custom middleware, or functions that have access to the request and response objects, as well as the next function.
The middleware function will use incoming data from the request object to generate a response which is sent using the response object. The next function is typically used to invoke the next middleware function in the pipeline. However, in this API the controller logic will be the last step in the pipeline and it will end the HTTP response. The next function will only be invoked if an error occurs, which passes control to Express’ default error handler.
I usually create one module in the controllers directory for each endpoint in the API. Here are some examples:
URL Endpoint Controller File
/api/employees/:id controllers/employees.js
/api/departments/:id controllers/departments.js
/api/departments/:dept_id/employees/:emp_id controllers/departments_employees.js
Within each module, a middleware function that handles a particular HTTP method will be defined and exposed. I usually name each function based on the HTTP method it handles, which makes it easy to wire things up in the router module.
Go to the controllers directory and create a new file named employees.js. Copy and paste the following code into the file and save your changes.
Here’s a breakdown of the controller module so far:
• Line 1: The employees database API (created in the next part) is required in.
• Lines 3-23: An async function named get is declared. A try-catch block is used in the body of the function to catch exceptions thrown on the main thread and pass them to the next function.
• Lines 5-7: A constant named context is declared – this is a generic object that will contain properties that are relevant to the database API’s find method. An id property is added to context based on the value that comes in via req.params.id.
• Lines 9: The database API’s find method is used to fetch the appropriate employee records in the database.
• Lines 11-19: Conditional logic is used to determine the correct HTTP status code and body for the response. If one employee was requested but not found, a “404 Not Found” error code is sent as a response. Otherwise a “200 OK” code, along with a JSON-based response body, is sent.
• Line 25: The get function is exported from the module so it can be used in the router module.
The req.params object is just one several properties used to get data from the incoming request object. Other common properties include req.query for the query string values in the URL, req.body for the request body, and req.cookies. HTTP headers can be fetched using the req.get method.
If you don’t like the magic numbers used for the status codes, consider using a module like http-status instead. That module provides constants like OK and NOT_FOUND that can add clarity to the code.
Adding database logic
As I mentioned in the parent post, I’ll be using the Node.js database driver/API for Oracle Database, node-oracledb, instead of a higher level ORM (I’ll likely cover ORMs in the future). To start the employees database module, go to the db_apis directory and create a new file named employees.js. Add the following code to the file.
The employees database module brings in the generic database module and initializes a constant named baseQuery to a SQL query on the employees table. Double-quoted column aliases are used to control the case of the keys returned.
Next, a function named find is declared and used to execute the query and return the rows fetched. If the context parameter passed in has a “truthy” id value, then a where clause is appended to the query so that only a single employee is returned.
Note that the value of context.id was not appended to the query directly. Instead, a placeholder named :employee_id was used – this is known as a bind variable. Using bind variables with Oracle Database is very important for security and performance reasons. The value of the bind variable is assigned to the binds object which is passed with the query to database.simpleExecute. Finally, the rows returned from the database are returned to the caller.
Once the database module is in place you’ll be ready to test everything. Start the app and then navigate Firefox to http://localhost:3000/api/employees. You should see a list of employees as follows (I’ve collapsed a couple):
You can fetch a single employee by adding an id to the end of the URL, for example: http://localhost:3000/api/employees/100.
At this point, your API can handle GET requests on the employees endpoint. In the next post, you will round out the CRUD functionality by adding logic that handles POST, PUT, and DELETE requests.
20 Comments
• Ken Chang says:
Sorry Dan but there was no employees.js created in part one.
• Saran says:
Pretty easy to understand and Implement. Thank you Dan.! I also interested in to see how the major apps are handling microservices with these API setup. That would be great boost to the node apps.
• David Nash says:
I had to add the following two lines to insure that I get 200 response codes and not 304s:
app.disable(‘etag’);
app.disable(‘automatic 304s’);
This may be confusing to some – not sure that I get it entirely.
Thanks for a really useful tutorial!
• danmcghan says:
Hi David, this is a caching optimization the client must be doing for you. After receiving the initial payload and ETag, subsequent requests sent the ETag value as an ‘If-None-Match’ header in the request. If the new request’s ETag matches the previous, then the payload isn’t sent – just the 304 response letting you know you have the most up-to-date data. I hope to cover this topic in more detail in a post on optimistic locking, another trick ETags can be used for.
• Scott Xu says:
Thanks Dan for this great tutorial. I have one question, what should I do if the employee_id is a varchar2 character? Thanks.
• danmcghan says:
Hi Scott,
I’m happy it helped!
To handle a varchar2 id, locate this line in the controller file:
context.id = parseInt(req.params.id, 10);
And replace it with this:
context.id = req.params.id;
The value comes in as text, so you can just skip converting it to a number. Then the string value will be correctly bound in the database logic.
• Adithya says:
Hi Dan,
How do I input two values into the query? The inputs will be user selected and will come from the UI.
Eg: select * from emp
where id=
and job_id=
order by id asc, first_name, desc…..
The clauses cannot be appended to the basequery variable like you have done as it is not the last clause in the query.
• Valentin says:
Great post!
Just want to add that if you want to see the JSON document formatted in Firefox, like in the screenshots above, you have to type about:config in your browser, search for devtools.jsonview.enabled, and change it to true.
• Mike says:
Thanks, Dan. Great post!
I am new to Express.
I added multiple router files like router1.js, router2.js and included those in services/web-server.js file.
Those routers do not take effect at all. I keep getting 404 error.
One only router is allowed?
Thanks!
• danmcghan says:
You can have multiple routers, but only one is mounted by the web server code with app.use(‘/api’, router);. You’d have to mount the others for them to work.
• mike says:
Thanks, Dan.
If I have 2 oralce-nodedb/express application(like one for CRM Module and One for SupplyChain module), how do I serve both the apps from the single port?
Thanks for your help!
• Jeter Costa e Silva says:
Hi Dan,
Thank you so much for post those wonderful resource.
Please, in the controllers/employee.js we have this line:
const rows = await employees.find(context);
Await only works over functions which return promise, right?
How this await is working? Since the find function doesn’t return a promise.
Or, am I wrong? It do return a promise, since its result (result.rows) is the result of a promise.
Thanks for your help!
• Abdulakdir Abdirahman says:
Thanks for the amazing articles.
Issue encountered :
Did everything done but got this error, “Error: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist”
Fix done:
Just added “hr.” to the existing table name like “hr.employees” and it worked for me.
• Betlista says:
Hi,
> Double-quoted column aliases are used to control the case of the keys returned.
It was meant that you want to have the key names in lower case, otherwise, it’s in upper case…
Yes, theoretically one can have not-all-in-upper-case names, but I never saw that in real application.
• Betlista says:
I had a similar “problem” previously, but I made a few mistakes in this part and that problem became more obvious, but all might be environment-specific. I just hope it will help someone else too…
When I stopped the server it needed a lot of time to stop (20-30 seconds). I didn’t want to try force stop Dan mentioned earlier, but I found this at the end:
– when you stop the server (CTRL + C), refresh the tab (for me Win 10 + Chrome) this stopped server immediately, but introduced another problem…
On server start, the tab in chrome was refreshed (even without me hitting refresh), which if happened before DB was initialed ended with: ‘Error: NJS-047: poolAlias “default” not found in the connection pool cache’, workaround for me was to refresh tab to finish server stop (1), tab change in Chrome (2) and tab change back only when the server is started (I added console.time() and console.timeEnd() around await database.initialize(); in index.js).
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Gates River
The Gates River is a short river in the Lillooet Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Approximately 14.5 km in length, it flows generally northeast from the outlet of Birken Lake (aka Gates Lake or Summit Lake) to its mouth at the head of Anderson Lake. Its main tributaries are Haylmore Creek, from the southeast, and Blackwater Creek, from the northwest, which originates near the head of Birkenhead Lake. Augmented by the waters of McGillivray Creek, Lost Valley Creek and others, its flow becomes the Seton River from the foot of Anderson Lake onwards.
The communities of the river's valley are known collectively as the Gates Valley and include Birken, Gates, Devine and D'Arcy (also known by its St'at'imcets language name Nequatque). The valley was part of the route of the Douglas Road and is the eastern half of the section of that route known as the Long Portage or Pemberton Pass. | WIKI |
Home > Neurology > EAN 2022 > Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke > Most acute stroke patients have undiagnosed risk factors
Most acute stroke patients have undiagnosed risk factors
Presented By
Dr André Rêgo, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Conference
EAN 2022
In a large, single-centre cohort study, two-thirds of patients with acute ischemic stroke had one or more undiagnosed major vascular risk factors, most notably dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with undiagnosed risk factors were relatively young, were more often women, and had more often a patent foramen ovale (PFO).
A retrospective analysis, performed by Dr André Rêgo (Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland), included 4,354 patients from the ASTRAL registry from 2003–2018, who had been admitted within 24 hours after a stroke [1]. Their median age was 70 years (IQR 15.2) and 44.7% were women.
1,125 patients (25.8%) were unaware of having any major risk factor; mean age in this subgroup was 59 years, as opposed to 74 years in the group with diagnosed risk factors. Within this group, 341 (30.3%) indeed had no undiagnosed major risk factor(s), but 784 (67.7%) did have at least one. Of these, 61.4% had newly detected dyslipidemia, 23.7% had hypertension, 10.2% had AF, 5.2% had diabetes, 2.0% had ejection fraction <35%, and 1.0% had coronary disease. “The results, however, may not be generalisable to other countries, since Switzerland is known for its high-quality healthcare system, high general level of education, and relatively healthy population. If we did this study in another context, we probably would see even more undiagnosed risk factors,” said Dr Rêgo.
Having a major stroke risk factor without being aware of it was associated with lower age, non-Caucasian ethnicity, PFO, contraceptive use, and smoking (in patients ≥55 years old). Also found were negative associations with antiplatelet use before event and a higher BMI. In this group, there was a higher frequency of PFO-related strokes and a lower frequency for large vessel, lacunar, cardiac, or multiple coexisting causes.
Improving the detection of undiagnosed risk factors would require a shift in healthcare focus, according to Dr Rêgo. “We still have a healthcare system excessively directed toward acute disease and less to chronic diseases and preventive medicine.”
1. Rêgo A, et al. Undiagnosed major risk factors in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: clinical profile, stroke mechanisms and outcome. EAN 2022, EOP-261, EAN 2022, 25–28 April, Vienna, Austria.
Copyright ©2022 Medicom Medical Publishers
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?
Solved
Application_Start global.asax being called frequently
Posted on 2010-04-04
4
Medium Priority
?
586 Views
Last Modified: 2012-08-13
I have a web application in c# and in the Application_Start method in the global.asax i have some code that sends me an email.
on almost every action i receive an email. this means that the method Application_Start is being called on every page.
Why does this happen and what are some possible consequences.
thanks.
0
Comment
Question by:salalimos
• 3
4 Comments
LVL 36
Accepted Solution
by:
Miguel Oz earned 2000 total points
ID: 29723269
Very strange, Application_Start should only fire once when your web applications calls the first page. Thus, the Application_Start event is fired the first time when an application starts.
Check:
msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178473.aspx
Can you post some code snippet of your global.asax? (Take any business related code out).
Is your web application in a separate app pool in IIS?
What version of OS, IIS, VS, .net are you using?
0
LVL 36
Expert Comment
by:Miguel Oz
ID: 29724898
Also check if you are making any changes to the bin folder when running your web app.
check:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/542369/application-start-firing-unexpectedly-asp-net
0
Author Comment
by:salalimos
ID: 29727364
see the code below
its on windows 2003, asp.net 2.0, its in the plesk default 2.0 pool,
since its win2003 im thinking its IIS 6
I am not changing any code, i just click on one of the links and i receive an email.
WHERE CAN I FIND THE APPLICATION POOL LOG?
Thanks.
void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// Code that runs on application startup
firstRequest = true;
string strBody = "Application Started";
string fromEmail = "cccc@ccccccccc.com";
System.Net.Mail.MailMessage Mail_ErrorReport = new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage();
System.Net.Mail.MailAddress fromAdd = new System.Net.Mail.MailAddress(fromEmail);
Mail_ErrorReport.From = fromAdd;
Mail_ErrorReport.To.Add("sss@ssss.com");
Mail_ErrorReport.Subject = "Application Starting";
Mail_ErrorReport.Body = strBody;
System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient smtpserver = new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient();
smtpserver.Host = "127.0.0.1";
smtpserver.Send(Mail_ErrorReport);
}
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0
LVL 36
Expert Comment
by:Miguel Oz
ID: 29736427
YOur code looks OK.
I will start checking:
1) If your code in any way modify the bin folder. (e.g your program log may log to this folder, or one of your dll files is leaking resources or the antivirus program)
2) Any timeouts or other web configuration issues that affect the lifetime of your application.
Logs depending on configuration can go to a file or to the event log.
Let me know if there are any related message in your event log when you run your web app.
How to Configure IIS logs:
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/b344f84e-bc77-4019-859c-9d483bc85c77.mspx?mfr=true
Note: Sending an email every time will fill up your inbox with unneeded information. If none of the above helps you to solve this issue just create a variable with initial value false as per attached code.
private static bool HasAppStarted = false;
private readonly static object _syncObject = new object();
public void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!HasAppStarted)
{
lock (_syncObject)
{
if (!HasAppStarted)
{
// Run application StartUp code here
firstRequest = true;
string strBody = "Application Started";
string fromEmail = "cccc@ccccccccc.com";
System.Net.Mail.MailMessage Mail_ErrorReport = new System.Net.Mail.MailMessage();
System.Net.Mail.MailAddress fromAdd = new System.Net.Mail.MailAddress(fromEmail);
Mail_ErrorReport.From = fromAdd;
Mail_ErrorReport.To.Add("sss@ssss.com");
Mail_ErrorReport.Subject = "Application Starting";
Mail_ErrorReport.Body = strBody;
System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient smtpserver = new System.Net.Mail.SmtpClient();
smtpserver.Host = "127.0.0.1";
smtpserver.Send(Mail_ErrorReport);
HasAppStarted = true;
}
}
}
}
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0
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Transform, analyze, and discover insights from unstructured healthcare data using Amazon HealthLake
Health data is complex and aggregated, and exists in various formats. It is estimated that 80% of organizations’ data is unstructured or “dark” data that is locked away in text, emails, PDFs and scanned documents. This data is difficult to interpret or analyze programmatically and limits how organizations can gain insights from it and serve their customers more effectively. The rapid speed of data generation means that organizations that don’t invest in document automation risk being stuck with manual legacy processes that are slow, error-prone and difficult to scale.
In this publication, we propose a solution that automates the ingestion and transformation of raw PDF files and handwritten clinical notes and data. We explain how to extract information from clients’ clinical data charts using Amazon Texttract and then use the extracted raw text to identify discrete data elements using Amazon Comprehend Medical. We store the final output in a Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) compatible format in Amazon HealthLake, so it is available for further analysis.
Solution overview
AWS offers a variety of services and solutions for healthcare providers to unlock the value of their data. For our solution, we process a small sample of documents using Amazon Texttract and upload the extracted data as appropriate FHIR resources to Amazon HealthLake. We build a custom process for FHIR conversion and test it end-to-end.
Data is first loaded into DocumentReference. Amazon HealthLake then creates system-generated resources after processing this unstructured text DocumentReference and loads it in Condition, MedicationStatementi Observation resources. We identify some data fields within FHIR resources, such as patient ID, date of service, provider type, and medical facility name.
A MedicationStatement is a record of a medication being consumed by a patient. It may indicate that the patient is taking the medication now, has taken the medication in the past, or will take the medication in the future. A common scenario where this information is captured is during the history taking process during the course of a patient visit or stay. The source of medication information may be the patient’s memory, a prescription bottle, or a medication list maintained by the patient, physician, or other party.
Observations they are central to healthcare, used to support diagnosis, monitor progress, determine baselines and patterns, and even capture demographic characteristics. Most observations are simple assertions of name/value pairs with some metadata, but some observations group other observations together logically, or could even be observations of multiple components.
The Condition The resource is used to record detailed information about a condition, problem, diagnosis or other event, situation, problem or clinical concept that has reached a level of concern. The condition could be a one-time diagnosis in the context of an encounter, an item on the practitioner’s problem list, or a concern that does not exist on the practitioner’s problem list.
The diagram below shows the workflow for migrating unstructured data to FHIR for AI and machine learning (ML) analytics in Amazon HealthLake.
The workflow steps are as follows:
1. A document is uploaded to an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket.
2. Uploading documents to Amazon S3 triggers an AWS Lambda function.
3. The Lambda function sends the image to Amazon Text.
4. Amazon Texttract extracts text from the image and stores the output in a separate Amazon Texttract output S3 bucket.
5. The final result is stored as specific FHIR resources (the extracted text is uploaded to DocumentReference as base64-encoded text) to Amazon HealthLake to extract meaning from unstructured data with integrated Amazon Comprehend Medical for easy search and query.
6. Users can create meaningful analytics and run interactive analytics using Amazon Athena.
7. Users can create visualizations, perform ad hoc analysis, and quickly gain business insights using Amazon QuickSight.
8. Users can make predictions with health data using Amazon SageMaker ML models.
Prerequisites
This post assumes familiarity with the following services:
By default, Amazon Comprehend Medical’s built-in natural language processing (NLP) capability within Amazon HealthLake is disabled in your AWS account. To enable it, submit a support case with your account ID, AWS Region, and Amazon HealthLake datastore ARN. For more information, see How do I enable HealthLake’s built-in natural language processing feature?
See the GitHub repository for more deployment details.
Deploy the solution architecture
To configure the solution, follow these steps:
1. Clone GitHub repository, run cdk deploy PdfMapperToFhirWorkflow from your command prompt or terminal and follow the README file. The deployment will complete in about 30 minutes.
2. In the Amazon S3 console, navigate to the bucket starting with pdfmappertofhirworkflow-, which was created as part of cdk deploy.
3. Inside the cube, create a folder called uploads and upload the sample PDF (SampleMedicalRecord.pdf).
As soon as the document upload is successful, it will trigger the pipeline and you can start seeing data in Amazon HealthLake, which you can query using various AWS tools.
Check the data
To explore your data, follow these steps:
1. In the CloudWatch console, search for the HealthlakeTextract registration group.
2. In the record group details, note the unique ID of the document you processed.
3. In the Amazon HealthLake console, choose Data warehouses in the navigation pane.
4. Select your datastore and choose Run the query.
5. For Query typechoose Search with GET.
6. For Resource typechoose Document reference.
7. For Search parametersenter the parameter related to and the value com DocumentReference/Unique ID
8. choose Run the query.
9. In the Response body section, minimize the resource sections to see only the six resources that were created for the six-page PDF document.
10. The screenshot below shows integrated analytics with Amazon Comprehend Medical and NLP capabilities. The screenshot on the left is the source PDF; the screenshot on the right is the NLP output from Amazon HealthLake.
11. You can also run a query with Query type establish as reads i Resource type establish as condition using the appropriate resource identifier.
The following screenshot shows the query results.
12. In the Athena console, run the following query:
SELECT * FROM "healthlakestore"."documentreference";
In the same way, you can consult MedicationStatement, Conditioni Observation resources.
Clean up
After you are done using this solution, run cdk destroy PdfMapperToFhirWorkflow to make sure you don’t incur additional charges. For more information, see AWS CDK Toolkit (cdk command).
conclusion
AWS and Amazon HealthLake AI services can help store, transform, query, and analyze information from unstructured health data. Although this post only covered a clinical chart PDF, you can extend the solution to other types of PDFs, images, and handwritten healthcare notes. After the data is extracted in text form, analyzed into discrete data elements using Amazon Comprehend Medical, and stored in Amazon HealthLake, it could be further enriched with downstream systems to generate meaningful and actionable health information and ultimately , improve patient health outcomes.
The proposed solution does not require the deployment and maintenance of the server infrastructure. All services are managed by AWS or serverless. With AWS’s pay-as-you-go billing model and depth and breadth of services, the cost and effort of initial setup and experimentation is significantly less than traditional on-premise alternatives.
Additional resources
To learn more about Amazon HealthLake, see the following:
About the Authors
Shravan Vurputoor is a Senior Solutions Architect at AWS. As a trusted customer advocate, he helps organizations understand best practices around advanced cloud-based architectures and advises on strategies to help drive successful business outcomes across a broad set of enterprise customers through his passion for educate, train, design and build the cloud. solutions In her free time, she enjoys reading, spending time with her family, and cooking.
Rafael M. Koike is an AWS Principal Solutions Architect supporting enterprise customers in the Southeast and part of the Storage and Security Technical Field Community. Rafael has a passion for building and his experience in security, storage, networking and application development has been instrumental in helping customers move to the cloud securely and quickly.
Randhir Gehlot is a principal solutions manager for the AWS customer. Randheer is passionate about AI/ML and its application in the HCLS industry. As an AWS creator, he works with large enterprises to rapidly design and implement strategic cloud migrations and build modern, cloud-native solutions.
Source link
Ikaroa is a tech company that has leveraged the power of Amazon Web Services (AWS) to develop an innovative solution to help healthcare providers better manage their unstructured healthcare data. Through Aws HealthLake, Ikaroa has enabled healthcare providers to securely store, transform and analyze their unstructured data, helping them to quickly uncover complex insights about their patient population.
Healthcare providers across the world are increasingly faced with the challenge of utilizing their unstructured data to gain better insights into their patients and the health of their population. Sheer amount of data and tools required to process it can be overwhelming. That’s where Ikaroa’s HealthLake solution comes into play. Utilizing the power of Amazon Web Services, HealthLake helps healthcare providers to transform, analyze, and uncover complex insights from large amounts of unstructured healthcare data.
The HealthLake solution helps its users to securely collect and store health records. Utilizing purpose-built AWS technology, HealthLake helps to simplify and accelerate the process of collecting, normalizing, and integrating patient data, whether it is received in structured or unstructured formats. The solution also helps healthcare providers to identify and gain insights into their patients’ behavior and trends that matter, enabling them to form informed healthcare decisions.
HealthLake provides an end-to-end platform that can transform unstructured healthcare data into valuable insights, helping providers to optimize care and services. The HealthLake solution is designed to be secure, compliant, and available to healthcare providers across the globe. Ikaroa’s HealthLake solution goes beyond just transforming and analyzing data, helping to effectively align data, refine data models, identify hidden correlations, and discover actionable insights.
Through the innovative HealthLake solution, Ikaroa has allowed healthcare providers to transform and analyze their unstructured healthcare data, and uncover complex insights that enable them to better understand, manage and optimize care for their patients. By leveraging the power of Amazon Web Services, HealthLake provides a secure, compliant, end-to-end platform that can transform unstructured healthcare data into valuable insights, enabling healthcare providers to make informed decisions.
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Flaveria pringlei
Flaveria pringlei is a Mexican plant species of Flaveria within the family Asteraceae. It has been found only in central Mexico, in Guerrero, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca.
Description
Flaveria pringlei is an perennial shrub or small tree up to 400 cm tall. Leaves are long and narrow, up to 12 cm long. One plant can produce many small flower heads in a densely packed array. Each head contains 7-9 yellow disc flowers but no visible ray flowers. | WIKI |
Understanding Compile Time Dependencies in Elixir - A Bug Hunt
This blog post will cover a fairly trivial but still interesting problem that I encountered at work today. I think it’s worth writing about simply because it’s a bit non-obvious and will probably happen to other people as well. It also is a good time to reinforce our understanding of how the Elixir compiler works and why the order of things matters.
The issue started after upgrading one of our repositories to the latest Elixir version (from 1.6) and upgrading Distillery from 1.5 -> 2.0. The problem manifested itself as our instrumentation disappearing in DataDog. The graphs was there before the deployment, then immediately became empty after.
The immediate thought is that something could have been wrong with 1.7 or the upgrade libraries (and not something we did). However, this seems unlikely given that Elixir 1.7 has been out in the wild for a while now and has had time to get any kinks worked out (and something this major would be unlikely anyways). We power our instrumentation with Instruments as seen in a past post and so we verified that the application was started and configured with all of our probes…everything was visibly okay on this front.
After confirming that instruments should be working, we noticed that DataDog was reporting some stats for our application that looked an awful lot like what we wanted…it was just missing our “.probes” namespace. The problem isn’t that the stats weren’t reporting, but that they were reporting without our probe_prefix.
The Code Problem
Inside of Instruments, there is a line of code which loads the provided probe prefix and places it into a module attribute:
# https://github.com/discordapp/instruments/blob/89a620d181ba4a04ed0ac01c47057c018d645428/lib/probe/definitions.ex#L11
@probe_prefix Application.get_env(:instruments, :probe_prefix)
This line of code happens inside of a defmodule, which means that it is read from at compile time and not at run-time. It would be possible to use Application.get_env/2 at run-time using something like def probe_prefix, but there is nothing wrong with the module attribute approach.
In Distillery 1, all config was provided at compile time and probe_prefix would always be present. In Distillery 2 (with the awesome new config providers), config can optionally be provided at run time; this simplifies and fixes quite a few deployment quirks. Our standard for Distillery 2 config providers has been to move config/prod.exs to rel/config/runtime.exs.
The Fix
In hindsight, we should not have moved the entire contents of config/prod.exs into our config provider. As Paul mentions in his release blog post, “You can still use all of the config files under config/ in your project, but you should use those for compile-time config and default values only”.
The fix is as simple as making sure our runtime.exs file only has dynamic values in it. This means that we provide a config/prod.exs file for static configuration, and a rel/config/runtime.exs file for dynamic configuration.
Compilation vs Run-time
The reason that I liked this small bug is that it reinforces understanding of compilation and how we can very quickly end up blurring the line between run-time and compile-time. As users and authors of code, we have to be cognizant of where are values are coming from and where provided values are going. It often will be perfectly “okay” to do things incorrectly (because there are many situations where it wouldn’t be a problem), but it can be difficult to track down when it is not okay. In particular, this issue looked like probe_prefix was setup correctly, and only become clear through reading of the source code that it was not setup correctly.
Thanks for reading! I’ll be speaking at Lonestar ElixirConf about bringing Elixir to production, looking at both human and tech challenges in doing so.
View other posts tagged: elixir engineering | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Md. Muijul Hoque Azad
The result was delete. ✗ plicit 14:30, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
Md. Muijul Hoque Azad
* – ( View AfD View log )
Self-promotional, no indication of notability per WP:GNG or WP:NMUSICIAN. Sources given in article do not mention him and there is no evidence he is in any of the films listed in the article. ... disco spinster talk 14:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. ... disco spinster talk 14:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. ... disco spinster talk 14:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bangladesh-related deletion discussions. ... disco spinster talk 14:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* I heavily agree. It also lists his birth as being in 2005, yet appearing in movies as early as 1998. At least one of those facts are a lie. EytanMelech (talk) 14:33, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* It also seems as if he is the one who wrote his own article, according to the username of the editor who created and wrote the majority of it. This is also a conflict of interest. EytanMelech (talk) 21:44, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
* speedy delete - Clearly spam -—MdsShakil (talk) 04:18, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
* Speedy Delete - Article is written like a promotional piece. Fails WP:GNG and was likely writted as a conflict of interest as previously mentioned. Winissium (talk) 23:51, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
* Delete per nom fails WP:GNG.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 05:41, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Mini IVF: A New Hope After Tubal Ligation
Discover How To Reverse a Tubal Ligation Naturally
Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that permanently blocks the fallopian tubes, preventing pregnancy. Despite claims around the internet, there is no natural approach to reverse tubal ligation without surgery. Tubal ligation can be a permanent type of birth control, as soon as the tubes are blocked, they cannot naturally re-grow together. Claims about using herbs, oils, or massages to reverse tubal ligation usually are not maintained by scientific evidence. When you are considering options to tubal ligation or would like to explore other options for achieving pregnancy, you should talk to a doctor.
Key Takeaways:
• Reversing tubal ligation naturally is just not possible without surgery.
• Tubal ligation can be a permanent type of birth control.
• Claims about natural methods to reverse tubal ligation will not be scientifically proven.
• Consult with a healthcare professional for alternative options and fertility advice.
• Consider other options like tubal ligation reversal or in vitro fertilization (IVF) for achieving pregnancy.
Understanding the Likelihood of Natural Pregnancy After Tubal Ligation
While the likelihood of natural pregnancy after tubal ligation are low, it can be still feasible for sterilization to fail. Based on an investigation, about 1.5% of girls who have had tubal ligation experience sterilization failure. This could lead to a spontaneous pregnancy with no medical intervention. However, the percentages of childbearing rely on the kind of mini IVF after tubal ligation performed and vary greatly.
For all those actively looking to conceive after tubal ligation, options such as artificial insemination or alternative fertility treatments like mini IVF or even in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be considered. Artificial insemination necessitates the direct placement of sperm to the uterus, bypassing the fallopian tubes. This is usually a viable option for individuals who want a less invasive approach or want to explore less costly choices to IVF.
Mini IVF, often known as minimal stimulation IVF, is actually a modified version of traditional IVF. It involves using lower doses of medications to stimulate the ovaries and retrieve fewer eggs in comparison to standard IVF. This may be a suitable option for those who have undergone tubal ligation and have limited ovarian reserve or other fertility challenges.
“Artificial insemination and mini IVF offers alternative paths to attain pregnancy after tubal ligation. These options offer hope for those who are unable to conceive naturally and therefore are seeking less invasive fertility treatments.” – Fertility Specialist
Pregnancy Options After Tubal Ligation:
• Natural pregnancy (rare, but possible if sterilization fails)
• Artificial insemination
• Mini IVF
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Pregnancy Option Procedure Success Rates
Artificial Insemination The direct placement of sperm in to the uterus, bypassing the fallopian tubes Varies dependant upon individual factors
Mini IVF Modified version of traditional IVF with lower doses of medications and fewer eggs retrieved Varies according to individual factors
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Eggs are retrieved, fertilized in a laboratory, and resulting embryos are transferred in to the uterus Average recovery rate: 40-50% per cycle
It is best to talk to a fertility specialist to go about the best option pregnancy options after tubal ligation based upon individual circumstances. They can provide personalized guidance and tailor the procedure plan to optimize the likelihood of achieving a prosperous pregnancy.
Tubal Ligation Reversal: Surgical Option For Pregnancy After Tubal Ligation
In case you are considering pregnancy after tubal ligation, one choice to explore is tubal ligation reversal. This medical procedure, also referred to as tubal anastomosis, aims to bring back fertility by reconnecting the fallopian tubes. It is essential to know the success rates, considerations, and potential risks related to this technique.
Success Rates
The success of tubal ligation reversal varies according to multiple factors. Research indicates that ladies younger than 35 have success rates which range from 60% to 80%. However, it is essential to keep in mind that the success rates may decrease with increasing age and some types of tubal ligation procedures.
Considerations and Risks
Before considering tubal ligation reversal, it is recommended to discuss your own personal circumstances by using a qualified doctor. Factors like the form of ligation performed, the position of the sterilization, plus your overall health will impact the prosperity of the method. Additionally, tubal ligation reversal is really a medical procedure that carries risks like infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding organs. Time to recover and cost can also be important considerations to take into consideration.
You need to talk to a skilled surgeon familiar with tubal ligation reversal to judge your candidacy to the procedure. They may provide personalized advice depending on your particular situation and help you make an educated decision.
Tubal Ligation Reversal In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Success rates vary and tend to be higher for younger women High success rates, not reliant on age
Medical operation with associated risks and recovery time Non-surgical procedure with minimal recovery time
Reconnects fallopian tubes to permit natural conception Eggs are retrieved, fertilized in the laboratory, and moved to the uterus
Possibility of multiple pregnancies Controlled transfer of embryos, reducing the chance of multiple pregnancies
Egg Retrieval after Tubal Ligation
If tubal ligation reversal is just not suitable or successful, another option to consider is vitro fertilization (IVF). With IVF, eggs may be retrieved through the ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory, bypassing the blocked or damaged fallopian tubes. This technique delivers a higher recovery rate in comparison to tubal ligation reversal and can be an choice for females who are certainly not candidates for surgery.
In summary, tubal ligation reversal is actually a surgical selection for achieving pregnancy after tubal ligation. It is important to take into account the success rates, potential risks, and individual circumstances before undergoing this process. Alternatively, IVF might be a suitable alternative if you are not candidates for tubal ligation reversal or should you prefer a non-surgical approach.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Alternative Way To Pregnancy After Tubal Ligation
If you have undergone tubal ligation and so are seeking alternative options for achieving pregnancy, in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be quite a viable path forward. IVF provides a non-surgical approach to bypass the blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, increasing the chances of pregnancy even though tubal ligation. This technique involves retrieving eggs in the ovaries, fertilizing them with sperm inside a laboratory, then transferring the resulting embryos to the uterus.
Unlike tubal ligation reversal, which requires surgical intervention, IVF does not need the fallopian tubes to get functioning. It is then a stylish option for individuals who will not be suitable candidates for tubal ligation reversal or for those who want a non-invasive procedure. IVF has demonstrated high success rates and possesses helped lots of people and couples achieve their dreams of parenthood.
Table: Comparing Tubal Ligation Reversal and IVF
Tubal Ligation Reversal In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Procedure Surgical intervention to reconnect fallopian tubes Retrieval of eggs, fertilization in a laboratory, and embryo transfer
Success Rates Varies based on factors including age, kind of ligation, and overall health High success rates, typically above 50%
Candidates Reliant on factors for example tube length, location of ligation, and overall health Ideal for individuals with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, along with other infertility issues
Cost Cheaper upfront Costlier on account of multiple steps and procedures involved
Recovery Shorter recovery period Requires multiple steps and medications
When it comes to the options of tubal ligation reversal versus IVF, it is essential to talk to a doctor or fertility specialist. They can provide personalized guidance according to your specific circumstances, including age, overall health, fertility status, and then any other relevant factors. By discussing your goals and concerns, you may make an informed decision that aligns with the desires and maximizes your odds of achieving pregnancy after tubal ligation.
Key Takeaways:
• IVF supplies a non-surgical alternative for achieving pregnancy after tubal ligation.
• This method bypasses the blocked fallopian tubes, increasing the possibilities of successful conception.
• IVF has high success rates and it is suitable for those who will not be candidates for tubal ligation reversal.
• When you compare tubal ligation reversal and IVF, factors like success rates, candidacy, cost, and recovery needs to be taken into consideration.
• Consulting with a healthcare professional or fertility specialist is vital to make an educated decision.
Thinking About the Options: Tubal Ligation Reversal vs IVF
When deciding between tubal ligation reversal and then in vitro fertilization (IVF) as options for achieving pregnancy after tubal ligation, you should weigh various factors. Age, fertility status, desire for multiple children, and the inclusion of male factor infertility are common crucial considerations to make this decision.
For younger women, tubal ligation reversal may offer higher success rates when compared with IVF. Research indicates that women under the age of 35 may have success rates of 60-80% with tubal ligation reversal. However, you should be aware that the sort of tubal ligation performed, the spot of sterilization, and also the overall health of your patient also be involved in the success of the process.
About the other hand, IVF bypasses the blocked or damaged fallopian tubes entirely, offering a better overall success rate in comparison with tubal ligation reversal. Age remains a key factor, as fertility decreases as we age, and IVF success rates decline accordingly. However, IVF can nevertheless be the right option for people who are not candidates for tubal ligation reversal or want a non-surgical approach.
Factors To Consider:
• Age and fertility status
• Presence of male factor infertility
• Need for multiple children
• Chance of contraception after successful pregnancy
Meeting with a healthcare professional or fertility specialist is important in making an informed decision and determining the most suitable option depending on individual circumstances and goals.
Tubal Ligation Reversal In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Success Rates 60-80% for females under 35* Varies according to age and individual factors
Procedure Surgical treatment to reconnect fallopian tubes Egg retrieval, fertilization in the laboratory, embryo transfer
Cost Varies based upon location and doctor Varies based on location and treatment plan
Recovery Recovery period required after surgery Minimal recovery time
*Success rates can vary based on individual circumstances as well as other factors.
In Summary
Reversing a tubal ligation naturally without surgical treatment is unachievable. Tubal ligation is really a permanent method that blocks the fallopian tubes, and surgical intervention is usually needed to reverse the process.
However, for people planning to achieve pregnancy after tubal ligation, options for example tubal ligation reversal or even in vitro fertilization (IVF) will offer a route to parenthood. Each option features its own considerations, including success rates, cost, and recovery.
It is essential to talk to a healthcare professional or fertility specialist to go over the best choice for individual circumstances and goals. Whether it’s IVF after tubal ligation or considering artificial insemination, a personalized approach will help guide individuals on his or her journey to becoming parents.
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Spark Summit 2014: Spark Job Server Talk
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DateSpark Job ServerEvan Chan and Kelvin ChuOverviewWhy We Needed a Job Server Created at Ooyala in 2013 Our vision for Spark is as a multi-team big data service What gets repeated by every team: Bastion box for running Hadoop/Spark jobs Deploys and process monitoring Tracking and serializing job status, progress, and job results Job validation No easy way to kill jobs Polyglot technology stack - Ruby scripts run jobs, Go servicesSpark as a Service REST API for Spark jobs and contexts. Easily operate Spark from any language or environment. Runs jobs in their own Contexts or share 1 context amongst jobs Great for sharing cached RDDs across jobs and low-latency jobs Works for Spark Streaming as well! Works with Standalone, Mesos, any Spark config Jars, job history and config are persisted via a pluggable API Async and sync API, JSON job resultshttp://github.com/ooyala/spark-jobserverOpen Source!!http://github.com/ooyala/spark-jobserverCreating a Job Server Project sbt assembly -> fat jar -> upload to job server! "provided" is used. Dont want SBT assembly to include the whole job server jar.! Java projects should be possible tooresolvers += "Ooyala Bintray" at "http://dl.bintray.com/ooyala/maven" !libraryDependencies += "ooyala.cnd" % "job-server" % "0.3.1" % "provided" In your build.sbt, add thisExample Job Server Job/**! * A super-simple Spark job example that implements the SparkJob trait and! * can be submitted to the job server.! */!object WordCountExample extends SparkJob {! override def validate(sc: SparkContext, config: Config): SparkJobValidation = {! Try(config.getString(input.string))! .map(x => SparkJobValid)! .getOrElse(SparkJobInvalid(No input.string))! }!! override def runJob(sc: SparkContext, config: Config): Any = {! val dd = sc.parallelize(config.getString(input.string).split(" ").toSeq)! dd.map((_, 1)).reduceByKey(_ + _).collect().toMap! }!}!Whats Different? Job does not create Context, Job Server does Decide when I run the job: in own context, or in pre-created context Upload new jobs to diagnose your RDD issues: POST /contexts/newContext POST /jobs .... context=newContext Upload a new diagnostic jar... POST /jars/newDiag Run diagnostic jar to dump into on cached RDDsSubmitting and Running a Job curl --data-binary @../target/mydemo.jar localhost:8090/jars/demo OK[11:32 PM] ~ ! curl -d "input.string = A lazy dog jumped mean dog" 'localhost:8090/jobs?appName=demo&classPath=WordCountExample&sync=true' { "status": "OK", "RESULT": { "lazy": 1, "jumped": 1, "A": 1, "mean": 1, "dog": 2 } }Retrieve Job Statuses~/s/jobserver (evan-working-1 =) curl 'localhost:8090/jobs?limit=2' [{ "duration": "77.744 secs", "classPath": "ooyala.cnd.CreateMaterializedView", "startTime": "2013-11-26T20:13:09.071Z", "context": "8b7059dd-ooyala.cnd.CreateMaterializedView", "status": "FINISHED", "jobId": "9982f961-aaaa-4195-88c2-962eae9b08d9" }, { "duration": "58.067 secs", "classPath": "ooyala.cnd.CreateMaterializedView", "startTime": "2013-11-26T20:22:03.257Z", "context": "d0a5ebdc-ooyala.cnd.CreateMaterializedView", "status": "FINISHED", "jobId": "e9317383-6a67-41c4-8291-9c140b6d8459" }]Use Case: Fast Query JobsSpark as a Query Engine Goal: spark jobs that run in under a second and answers queries on shared RDD data! Query params passed in as job config! Need to minimize context creation overhead! Thus many jobs sharing the same SparkContext! On-heap RDD caching means no serialization loss! Need to consider concurrent jobs (fair scheduling)LOW-LATENCY QUERY JOBSRDDLoad Data Query JobSpark ExecutorsCassandraREST Job ServerQuery JobQueryResultQueryResultnew SparkContextCreate query contextLoad some dataSharing Data Between Jobs RDD Caching! Benefit: no need to serialize data. Especially useful for indexes etc.! Job server provides a NamedRdds trait for thread-safe CRUD of cached RDDs by name! (Compare to SparkContexts API which uses an integer ID and is not thread safe)! For example, at Ooyala a number of fields are multiplexed into the RDD name: timestamp:customerID:granularityData Concurrency Single writer, multiple readers! Managing multiple updates to RDDs! Cache keeps track of which RDDs being updated! Example: thread A spark job creates RDD A at t0! thread B fetches RDD A at t1 > t0! Both threads A and B, using NamedRdds, will get the RDD at time t2 when thread A finishes creating the RDD AProduction UsagePersistence What gets persisted?! Job status (success, error, why it failed)! Job Configuration! Jars! JDBC database configuration: spark.sqldao.jdbc.url! jdbc:mysql://dbserver:3306/jobserverdb Multiple Job Servers can share the same database.! The default will be H2 - single file on disk.Deployment and Metrics spark-jobserver repo comes with a full suite of tests and deploy scripts:! server_deploy.sh for regular server pushes! server_package.sh for Mesos and Chronos .tar.gz! /metricz route for codahale-metrics monitoring! /healthz route for health check0oChallenges and Lessons Spark is based around contexts - we need a Job Server oriented around logical jobs Running multiple SparkContexts in the same process Much easier with Spark 0.9+ no more global System properties Have to be careful with SparkEnv Dynamic jar and class loading is tricky (contributed back to Spark) Manage threads carefully - each context uses lots of threadsFuture WorkFuture Plans Spark-contrib project list. So this and other projects can gain visibility! (SPARK-1283)! HA mode using Akka Cluster or Mesos! HA and Hot Failover for Spark Drivers/Contexts! REST API for job progress! Swagger API documentationHA and Hot Failover for JobsJob Server 1Job Server 2Active Job ContextHDFSStandby Job ContextGossipCheckpoint Job context dies:! Job server 2 notices and spins up standby context, restores checkpointThanks for your contributions! All of these were community contributed:! index.html main page! saving and retrieving job configuration! Your contributions are very welcome on Github!ArchitectureCompletely Async Design http://spray.io - probably the fastest JVM HTTP microframework! Akka Actor based, non blocking! Futures used to manage individual jobs. (Note that Spark is using Scala futures to manage job stages now)! Single JVM for now, but easy to distribute later via remote Actors / Akka Clusterhttp://spray.ioAsync Actor FlowSpray web APIRequest actorLocal SupervisorJob ManagerJob 1 FutureJob 2 FutureJob Status ActorJob Result ActorMessage flow fully documentedThank you!And Everybody is Hiring!! Using Tachyon Pros ConsOff-heap storage: No GC ByteBuffer API - need to pay deserialization costCan be shared across multiple processesData can survive process lossBacked by HDFS Does not support random access writes | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Antigenic stability of Borrelia burgdorferi during chronic infections of immunocompetent mice
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
36 Scopus citations
Abstract
Mice were actively immunized by intradermal inoculation with 104 cloned Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria and then cured of the B. burgdorferi infection with an antibiotic after 90 days. They were resistant to intradermal 102- or 104-bacterium challenge infection with either the original cloned B. burgdorferi or B. burgdorferi isolated from ear punch biopsies at 90 days of infection (prior to antibiotic treatment), including autologous B. burgdorferi isolates. In contrast, sham-infected (nonimmune) mice were susceptible to challenge infection with both early and late B. burgdorferi isolates. Since there was a potential for in vitro modification of the spirochetes during the 2-week culture period which would obscure results, an alternate means of challenge infection, using tissue transplants, was implemented. By using the same approach, mice were immunized by infection, treated with antibiotics, but challenged by subcutaneous transplantation of ear skin pieces biopsied and frozen prior to antibiotic treatment. Mice were infected for 15, 90, or 180 days before biopsy and antibiotic treatment and then transplant challenged with autologous infected tissue. Sham-immunized mice received infected tissue, and immune mice received uninfected tissue as controls. Mice infected for only 15 days, but not mice infected for 90 or 180 days, could be reinfected by autografts, whereas nonimmune mice became infected with tissues collected at each of these intervals and immune mice transplanted with normal skin were uninfected. These results indicate that immunity to B. burgdorferi is effective against the original inoculum, late isolates of the spirochete, or infected tissues collected at intervals of up to 180 days, suggesting that there is no significant antigenic change in B. burgdorferi during chronic infection.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)4955-4961
Number of pages7
JournalInfection and Immunity
Volume61
Issue number12
StatePublished - 1993
Externally publishedYes
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Immunology
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Antigenic stability of Borrelia burgdorferi during chronic infections of immunocompetent mice'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Rowe Harding
W. Rowe Harding (10 September 1901 – 10 February 1991) was a Welsh international rugby union wing who played club rugby for Swansea. An intelligent player, Harding played for several teams at club and international level. In 1926 he attended Cambridge University and played for Cambridge in a varsity match. Rowe retired from rugby at the age of 28 when he was called to the bar, and would later become a County Court judge in 1953. Harding spent his later life connected with all manner of sports. He was Welsh Rugby Union vice-president from 1953 to 1956, chairman and president of Glamorgan County Cricket Club, president of Swansea Lawn Tennis and Squash Rackets Club and patron of Cwmgors RFC.
Harding was a published author of the rugby book, Rugby Reminiscences and Opinions which is noted for its forthright and blunt viewpoints on the issues affecting Welsh rugby at the time, for example, while addressing the Welsh Rugby Union in 1950 "The Rugby League is only an infant, but it wants strangling."
Club career
After playing his early career with Loughor, Harding was selected to play for Llanelli and his natural speed was used on the right wing. After only eight games he was switched to the left to play outside Albert Jenkins. In his first game in his new position, in a game against Penarth, Harding was given three perfect passes and dropped all three. After this performance he was dropped by Llanelli and transferred to Swansea. On 8 November Harding made his debut for Swansea against Cambridge University.
In 1926, while a student studying law at Cambridge, he would play for Cambridge in four varsity matches, scoring tries in the 1926 and 1927 match, and captaining the university in 1927.
International rugby career
Rowe gained his first international cap against England on 20 January 1923, which Wales lost 7–3. He would gain 17 caps in total scoring five tries for his country. In 1924 Rowe missed the home nation matches against England and Scotland after breaking his collar-bone at Christmas; but later in the season, in the match against France at the Stade Colombes, Rowe captained Wales for the first time, an honour he would achieve on another three occasions.
In 1924 Rowe was chosen to represent the British Isles on their Tour of South Africa. Rowe was chosen to play in three tests.
International matches played
Wales
* 1923, 1926, 1927, 1928
* 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927
* 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927
* 1924
* 1923, 1927
British Isles
* 1924
Elizabeth and Rowe Harding Reserve
Harding has a wildlife reserve named after himself and his wife, after they donated sections of the land to the Wildlife trust for South and South West Wales. The reserve is called the Elizabeth and Rowe Harding Reserve and consists of a woodland and quarry face near Ilston village in the Gower. The site is open to the public and is noted for its flora and as a nesting site for kestrels.
Published works
* Rugby Reminiscences and Opinions; Pilot Press, London (1929) | WIKI |
Golf La Moraleja
Golf La Moraleja is one of Spain's most important clubs. It is the largest Spanish golf club for its number of holes and the largest in Europe located in a metropolitan area. Founded in 1973, it currently has four 18-hole golf courses, all rated par 72, designed by Jack Nicklaus. It also contains a 9-hole short course, 8 tennis courts, 12 paddle tennis courts, 2 squash courts, one covered and three open-air swimming pools, a gym and a spa. Added to these are two clubhouses, a children's chalet and a tennis clubhouse (on 1 and 2 courses), plus a prebuilt modular clubhouse for courses 3 and 4. Courses 1 and 2 are located at La Moraleja residential estate (Alcobendas, Madrid). Courses 3 and 4 are located in the municipality of Algete. It has 6,000 shareholder members. In 2013 it was voted the best golf course in Spain by Deporte & Business and in 2014, La Moraleja 3 was voted the second best golf course in Spain by the American magazine Golf Digest. The club has hosted competitions such as the World Cup of Golf, the Spanish Open and the Paddle Tennis World Championship.
Course 1
Designed by Jack Nicklaus, it is the oldest of the Golf La Moraleja courses. Play began on the course in 1975 and it was officially opened in 1976. It is a short course, narrow and very technical. The lakes and the off-limits play a very important role in the strategy of the game on each hole. Only one of the eighteen holes has no off-limits. The greens are small but very rapid on account of their undulations. Most noteworthy is the 18th hole, a short par 5 with an off-limits on the right and, on the left, a lake which defies any attempts to reach green in two shots. There is also a 9-hole short course, in pitch & putt style, for training and practice; a practice range with 20 covered and 22 uncovered booths; a putting-green, a green for short game practice and a practice bunker. Card of the Course. Pitch & Putt Course Card. Quadrants map
Course 2
Course 2 is an 18-hole course from the drawing board of Nicklaus Design under the direction of Ron Kirby, which was officially opened in 1990. It measures 6,326 metres from the professional tees and also has a practice range with fifteen covered booths, a putting-green, a green for short game play and a practice bunker. The tiered configuration of the terrain around most of the holes allows spectators to follow the game in comfort during competitions. The course is longer than La Moraleja 1 but also wider and with less vegetation, whereby out-of-line shots are not too badly penalized. There are four lakes which affect six holes. The 16th is a particularly outstanding hole for its beauty and strategic complexity, with its green situated on a tongue of land, which at one and the same time encourages and intimidates players who attempt to reach it in two shots. Card of the Course. Quadrants Map
Course 3
Course 3 is also the work of Jack Nicklaus. The design has transformed a terrain that was originally flat by introducing small hills at different points, of varying significance, in order to achieve a course with multiple play options on almost all the holes. It is configured as a long, classical, parkland-type course, measuring a total of 6,830 metres, a good challenge for holding important tournaments; although also very pleasant for any amateur to play. Its fairways are wide and its greens, in general, are spacious. It has three enormous lakes which affect half of the holes, more than 1,200 trees and 68 bunkers. Strategy here is more important than distance: it obliges one to carefully think out each shot in order to achieve a better option for the following shot. Nicklaus has taken care to make it so, as indeed to favour players capable of achieving powerful fades. La Moraleja 3 was voted the second best golf course in Spain by the American magazine Golf Digest. Card of the Course.
Course 4
Course 4 of Golf La Moraleja, designed by the Nicklaus Design company, is 6,350 metres long. It is an original course with isles of vegetation, a terrain with slight mounds, lakes with aquatic plants. It also offers different opening shot possibilities from the tee in order to multiply play options and offer different strategies. A prebuilt modular clubhouse services courses 3 and 4, which also provides a practice area for long and short play. Card of the Course.
Other facilities and services
* Cafeteria & restaurant with sports menu
* Children's area
* Golf club hire
* Hand cart hire
* Electric cart hire
* Buggy hire
* Credit cards accepted
History
Golf La Moraleja, S.A. was created in 1973 as a Public Limited Company with the aim of creating facilities for playing golf, for the enjoyment of its 6,000 shareholders. In 1974, grounds were acquired, now occupied by the complex comprising the Clubhouse and Course 1, including the Children's chalet and the maintenance area. The golf course was built between 1974 and 1975, designed and directed by Jack Nicklaus and officially opened in 1976 with a competition in which Valentín Barrios, Sam Snead, Tom Weiskopf and Jack Nicklaus himself took part. In 1989 the grounds where Course 2 now stands were acquired by the company and La Moraleja 2 was opened in 1990. The design of this second golf course came from the drawing board of Nicklaus Designs, under the direction of Ron Kirby. In 2003, negotiations for the sale of a plot of 33 hectares were commenced, which at the time accommodated the Course 2 tennis courts and which the Madrid City Council had reassessed three years previously. The sale endowed Golf La Moraleja with the revenue which the Members Meeting decided was to be used to finance the construction of Courses 3 and 4, which were opened for play in September 2012 and officially inaugurated in April 2013.
The singer and actor Bing Crosby died of a heart attack at Golf La Moraleja on the 14th of October 1977, during a golfing holiday to Madrid.
Championships
* 1981: Johnnie Walker Classic
* 1982: Johnnie Walker Classic
* 1983: Johnnie Walker Classic
* 1984: Johnnie Walker Classic
* 1986: Open de España
* 1996: Pro-Am Oki del Circuito Europeo
* 1997: Open de España
* 1992: World Cup of Golf
* 2006: Open de Madrid
* 2013: Under-16 Championship of Spain
* 1992: Padel TennisWorld Championship
* 1996: Padel TennisWorld Championship
External links (in English)
* www.nicklaus.com
* golfdigest.com: Passport To Play.
* golfcoursearchitecture.net:Two new courses for Madrid club.
* golfinmadrid:Golf La Moraleja.
External links (in Spanish)
* "Golf La Moraleja, segundo mejor campo de España (reseña de Madridiario,24/01/2014).
* "Golf La Moraleja, segundo mejor campo de España (reseña de es.eurosport,13/02/2014).
* "Golf La Moraleja, mejor campo de España para Deporte & Business" (reseña de la web de la Real Federación Española de Golf, 12/12/2013).
* "Ignacio Garrido: El campo 3 de Golf La Moraleja es uno de esos recorrido donde Nicklaus dejó su sello" (Entrevista con Ignacio Garrido).
* Página web de nicklaus.com sobre Golf La Moraleja.
* Golf La Moraleja recibe la Placa al Mérito en Golf de la Real Federación Española de Golf.
* Revistas y boletines online de Golf La Moraleja.
* Sala de prensa de la página web de Golf La Moraleja.
* Página web de Golf La Moraleja.
* Página de Golf La Moraleja en Wikipedia | WIKI |
Infonet College
Infonet College is a private tertiary education institution of higher learning in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia that trains in Information and Communication Technology. The institute was founded in 1995 by a team of professionals from the fields of computer science, business, and social science.
The college offers both long- and short-term trainings and consultancy services on various fields. Infonet College was born out of the Infonet Computer Center, a private limited company established in 1994 in Ethiopia. | WIKI |
REDIS TS RAM Usage
Hi,
The drawback we have with REDIS is that it is a In-memory database and we are wondering if our RAM size will be enough for our usage. Do you know if it is possible to reduce the RAM usage for TS instance of REDIS? Can we configure the database to partially load data in RAM or something like that ?
Regards,
Hi there @SBA , in version 1.2 we added compression that reduces its memory requirements up to 90% in most scenarios ( both timestamps and values are compressed by default ). Full info here.
compressed example
the following example creates a compressed time-serie. ( notice that compression in forms of memory saving will be more visible as soon as you start adding more data points )
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.create sba-example
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example * 5
(integer) 1589194844988
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example * 10
(integer) 1589194847885
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example * 5
(integer) 1589194851889
uncompressed example
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.create sba-example-uncompressed UNCOMPRESSED
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example-uncompressed * 5
(integer) 1589195001888
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example-uncompressed * 10
(integer) 1589195003597
127.0.0.1:6379> ts.add sba-example-uncompressed * 5
(integer) 1589195005206
Hi Filipe,
Thanks a lot for your reply and all the details you gave to me.
Our plan is to manage up to 3 years of data on our device using up to 32 Gbytes of Flash. On RAM side we will only have 512 Mbytes. Once compression is enabled, will it impact the RAM and the Flash usage? We are wondering if with TS REDIS we will have the 3 years of Data loaded in RAM or only part of it will loaded.
DO you have entry points to understand the TS REDIS RAM usage ? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
PtMatrix Class
The PtMatrix base class is derived from the Message class so the programmer can work with matrices using Envelope class and message-handling system.
However, the MessageParticle class is not used by the PtMatrix class. Instead, there are special MatrixEnvParticle classes defined to handle the type checking between the various types of matrices. This allows the system to automatically detect incorrect connections between two primitives with different matrix type inputs and outputs. Also, the MatrixEnvParticle class has some special functions not found in the standard MessageParticle class to allow easier handling of PtMatrix class messages. A discussion of how to pass PtMatrix class objects using the MatrixEnvParticle can be found later in this documentation.
There are currently four data-specific matrix classes: ComplexMatrix, FixMatrix, FloatMatrix, and IntMatrix. Each of these classes stores its entries in a standard C array named data, which is an array of data objects corresponding to the PtMatrix type: Complex, Fix, double, or int. These four matrix classes implement a common set of operators and functions. In addition, the ComplexMatrix class has a few special methods such as conjugate() and hermitian() and the FixMatrix class has a number of special constructors that allow the programmer to specify the precision of the entries in the matrix. As a rule, all entries of a FixMatrix will have the same precision.
The matrix classes were designed to take full advantage of operator overloading in C++. The result is that matrix objects can be written much like operations on scalar ones. For example, the two-operand multiply operator * has been defined so that if A and B are matrices, A*B will return a third matrix that is the matrix product of A and B. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Peralveche
Villaescusa de Palositos (Peralveche) http://www.villaescusadepalositos.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:30, 17 September 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
Head to Toe: Naming of Prominent Skin Calluses in Muslim Populations
Dr. Mussaad M. Al-Razouki
7 min readDec 27, 2018
Introduction: Anatomical Namesakes
There are 169 well-known documented anatomical features in the human body ranging from the Adam’s Apple to the Zonule of Zinn. Our research has yet to conclude a definitive process on how each of these features received their eponymous designations. With the exception of those structures named after religious or mythological characters (e.g. the Achilles Tendon), most anatomical structures are named after white European and American males (including nine female body parts). Furthermore, the methodology for claiming and naming anatomical structures is not clearly defined, is it simply a “first come, first serve” or “first to document, first to claim” sort of situation? Or were they all the result of significant anthropometric/anthropological anatomical study?
It is interesting to note that many of these structures were named during the 17th to 19th centuries after the European Renaissance. Unfortunately, no structure is commonly named after any of the renowned Muslim/Arab anatomists such as Al Razi (Rhazeus: 854–932 CE), Ibn Sina (Avicenna: 980–1037CE) and Ibn Al Nafis (1213–1288 CE) who were pioneering anatomy and practicing medicine over a millennium before.
For example, Al Razi described the details of the Circle of Willis, the arterial circle located at the base of the brain named after English physician Dr. Thomas Willis, over 700 years before Willis was even born.
Another Arab Muslim scholar, Ali Ibn Abbas (Haly Abbas 930–994 CE), wrote his medical encyclopedia Ketab Kamel Al‐Sena‐a Al‐Tebiah (The Complete Art of Medicine), also known as Al‐Ketab Al‐Malki (The Royal Book), over half a millennium before the Renaissance. The anatomical section of this seminal book was the main source of anatomical sciences in both the Eastern and Western world for over a century. Ibn Abbas named six cranial bones: two squared parietal bones (Al‐Yafokh), two triangular temporal bones (Al‐Janibain), the frontal bone (Al‐Jabha) and the occipital bone (Azm Moa’akerat Al‐Ra’as). Moving from head to toe, Ibn Abbas also divided the foot into six distinct parts: calcaneus (Al‐Aqub), talus (Al‐Ka’ab), navicular (Al‐Zawraqi), four cuneiforms plus cuboid described under one name (Al‐Rasg), five metatarsals (Al‐Amshat), and five toes (Salamiat). Why then, do none of these anatomical structures bear his name?
Ibn Sina is also of particular importance to the subject of human anatomy, especially given that his magnum opus — Al Qanoon Fi Al Tibb (The Canon of Medicine or simply the Canon) became the authority on human anatomy for over 800 years replacing the word done by the ancient Greco-Roman physician-philosopher Aelius Galenus (or simply Galen 129 AD — 200 / 216 AD) ,who was famous for his work on the physiology of the circulatory system and who retains the naming rights to the GCV or Great Cerebral Vein, also affectionately known as the Great Vein of Galen. (An interesting fact is that Al Razi was the first to describe how the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the Vagus nerve, operates as both a mixed sensory and motor nerve).
Completed in 1025 AD, Ibn Sina’s Canon was the world’s first encyclopedia of medicine collected in five books. Its encyclopedic content, systematic arrangement, and its combination of Galen’s medicine with Aristotle’s science and philosophy helped the Canon become a mainstay of European scholastic medicine. Christian medical scholars started to use the Canon in the 13th century, with top Latin university courses implementing the text from the 14th century onwards. The Canon’s influence declined in the 16th century as a result of humanists’ preference in medicine for ancient Greek and Roman authorities over Arabic authorities, which is probably one of the reasons why no anatomical structures are named after Muslim or Arab anatomists.
A Prayer Spot: The Prophet Mohammad’s (PBUH) Protuberance
In Verse 29 of Surat Al Fath (“The Victory”), Allah S.W.T mentions that “their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration”
سِيمَاهُمْ فِي وُجُوهِهِمْ مِنْ أَثَرِ السُّجُودِ) الفتح: 29)
Indeed, a small dark mark is left on the forehead of the pious as a result of the pressure applied by the frontal bone (Al‐Jabha) of the skull and frontalis muscle from prostrating at least 34 times a day (assuming the 17 raka’a that make up the obligatory five daily prayers).
This constant pressure leaves a permanent mark on the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin whose function is to prevent the interior skin tissues from stress and damage. It is important to note that the skin (the largest organ in the human body) has many layers from outside in including the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (hands and feet), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum.
PMP
Unfortunately, there is no mention of this phenomenon in scientific anatomy journals despite its prominence amongst the almost two billion Muslims on this planet. As an amateur anatomist, I motion to label this prominent prayer’s spot as the Prophet Mohammad’s (PBUH) Protuberance (PMP). The PMP can be so pronounced creating a callus thick that actually protrudes from the forehead. And before the anatomical purists' motion to complain that skin anomalies are not named in the Terminologia Anatomica, may I simply point to that famous landmark of the integumentary system — Darwin’s Tubercle. (Interestingly enough, it is documented that Darwin himself named the anatomical representation of this congenital ear condition the Woolnerian tip, after Thomas Woolner, a British artist who had depicted it in one of his sculptures).
In terms of medical relevance, the PMP can be a type of acanthosis nigricans, which is a sign of insulin resistance usually from type 2 diabetes, a chronic disease that is becoming all too common in Muslim majority nations.
Razouki’s Dorsal Callus
Keeping in line with the “first to document, first to claim” rationale, the author would also like to claim naming rights to three other prominent skin calluses found in Muslim populations, this time on the opposite side of the corpus humanum — the left foot (see above). The smaller two callus’ have been named after prominent professors Paulette Bernd and Justin Greisberg of Columbia University, who supported in the scoping of this study. Further anthropometric research is currently under discussion.
These calluses usually present unilaterally (on one side of the body), more specifically on the left foot, due to the contortion of the lower extremities during the final part of the Muslim act of prayer. This seated positioning results in pressure from the tarsal bones (cuneiforms or Al‐Rasg + navicular or Al‐Zawraqi) and the quadratus plantae muscle, creating the prominent RDC or Razouki Dorsal Callus. Related pivoting pressure is applied from the joints of the P1 phalange and metatarsal bones as seen in the below diagram resulting in the other two smaller calluses.
Beyond the anatomical, the documentation of these calluses is particularly important, again given the prominence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Muslim majority countries, especially since close to 15% of patient with diabetes develop a foot ulcer. The diabetic foot ulcer also precedes 84% of all diabetes-related lower-leg amputations.
References
1. Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978–0–19–514694–3.
2. A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet’s Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978–1780744209.
3. McGinnis, Jon (2010). Avicenna. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978–0–19–533147–9.
4. “The great systematizers”. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 October 2015. the title Qanun, meaning ‘canon’ or ‘codes of law’,
5. Nasser, Mona; Tibi, Aida; Savage-Smith, Emilie (2009). “Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine: 11th century rules for assessing the effects of drugs”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. PMC. 102 (2): 78–80. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k040. PMC 2642865. PMID 19208873.
6. Mohammadali M. Shojaa, R. Shane Tubbsb, Marios Loukasc, Majid Khalilid, Farid Alakbarlie, Aaron A. Cohen-Gadola; Tubbs, RS; Loukas, M; Khalili, M; Alakbarli, F; Cohen-Gadol, AA (29 May 2009). “Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity”. International Journal of Cardiology. Elsevier. 134 (3): 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035. PMID 19332359.
7. Siraisi, Nancy (1987). Avicenna in Renaissance Italy : the Canon and medical teaching in Italian universities after 1500. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8. Yazdanpanah, L; Nasiri, M; Adarvishi, S (15 February 2015). “Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer”. World Journal of Diabetes. 6 (1): 37–53. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37. PMC 4317316. PMID 25685277.
9. Brem, H.; Tomic-Canic, M. (2007). “Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes”. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (5): 1219–1222. doi:10.1172/JCI32169. PMC 1857239. PMID 17476353.
10. Turns M (2013). “Diabetic foot ulcer management: the podiatrist’s perspective”. Br J Community Nurs. Suppl: S14, S16–9. PMID 24796080.
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 70A.djvu/218
160 160 CHAPTER 305.—THE ARMY S T A F F Sec.
3031. 3032. 3033. 3034. 3035. 3036. 3037. 3038. 3039. 3040.
Composition: assignment and detail of members of Army and civilians. General duties. Reserve components of Army; policies and regulations for government of. Chief of Staff: appointment; duties. Vice Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, and Assistant Chiefs of Staff: succession to duties of Chief of Staff. Chiefs of branches: appointments; duties. Judge Advocate General, Assistant Judge Advocate General, and general oflScers of Judge Advocate General's Corps: appointment; duties. Chief of Engineers: additional duties. Inspector General; Provost Marshal General. Deputy and assistant chiefs of branches.
§ 3031.
Composition: assignment and detail of members of Army and civilians (a) There is in the executive part of the Department of the Army an Army Staff consisting of— (1) the Chief of Staff; (2) the Vice Chief of Staff; (3) not more than three Deputy Chiefs of Staff, as prescribed by the Secretary of the Army; (4) not more than five Assistant Chiefs of Staff, as prescribed by the Secretary; (5) the officers named in sections 3036, 3039, and 3040 of this title; (6) other members of the Army assigned or detailed to the Army Staff; and (7) civilians in the Department of the Army assigned or detailed to the Army Staff. (b) Except as otherwise specifically prescribed by law, the Army Staff shall be organized in such manner, and its members shall perform such duties and have such titles, as the Secretary may prescribe. A part of the Army Staff may be designated as the Army General Staff. (c) Not more than 3,000 officers of the Army may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the executive part of the Department of the Army. Of this number not more than 1,000 may be detailed or assigned to duty on or with the Army General Staff. However, these limitations do not apply in time of war, or of national emergency declared by Congress, or whenever the President finds that it is in the national interest to increase the number of officers in the executive part of the Department or on or with the Army General Staff. The Secretary shall report quarterly to Congress the number of officers in the executive part of the Department of the Army and the number of commissioned officers on or with the Army General Staff, and the justification therefor. (d) No commissioned officer who is assigned or detailed to duty in the executive part of the Department of the Army may serve for a tour of duty of more than four years. However, the Secretary may extend such a tour of duty if he makes a special finding that the extension is necessary in the public interest. No officer may be assigned or detailed to duty in the executive part of the Department of the Army within two years after relief from that duty, except upon a special finding by the Secretary that the assignment or detail is
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[Retroperitoneal sarcoma. Treatment of 51 patients].
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are exceedingly rare, making up less than 1% of all solid malignancies. In the retroperitoneum, they tend to be large when diagnosed and are a therapeutic challenge to the surgical oncologist. Our experience with 51 patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas operated on during the past 4 years is presented. 37 were primary and 26 presented as recurrent tumors. The group included many different histological subtypes, the majority being high grade tumors. Complete resection was achieved in 84%, necessitating extensive surgery, but was not possible in 8 patients (16%) who underwent partial resection or biopsy only. There was 1 perioperative fatality (2%). 18 (35%) suffered complications, all of which were reversible. The estimated 5-year survival in the complete resection group is 40%, while none of those who underwent partial resection survived more than 2 years. There was significantly better survival in patients with primary, low grade sarcomas which were smaller than 8 cm, compared to those with high-grade, recurrent sarcomas larger than 8 cm. Local recurrence developed in 8 patients of the complete resection group (18%), 2 months to 3 years after surgery. These data show that despite the concept of retroperitoneal sarcomas as being aggressive, invasive tumors with a poor prognosis, the prognosis is not unusually bad. With proper surgical technique, resectability may be high, with improved overall survival.
Cite this paper
@article{LevChelouche1999RetroperitonealST, title={[Retroperitoneal sarcoma. Treatment of 51 patients].}, author={Dina Lev-Chelouche and Subhi Abu-Abeid and Mordechai Gutman and Yoram Shimon Kluger and M Michovitch and Isaac Meller and Moshe Josef Inbar and Joseph M. Klausner}, journal={Harefuah}, year={1999}, volume={136 8}, pages={589-93, 660} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wills Wing XC
The Wills Wing XC (Cross Country) is an American high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Wills Wing of Santa Ana, California. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.
The XC was Wills Wing's third hang glider model produced.
Design and development
The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth and cable braced from a single kingpost.
The XC models are each named for their rough wing area in square feet.
Variants
* XC-132
* Very small-sized model for lighter pilots. Pilot hook-in weight range is 120 to 220 lb.
* XC-142
* Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Pilot hook-in weight range is 140 to 240 lb.
* XC-155
* Mid-sized model for medium-weight pilots. Pilot hook-in weight range is 170 to 280 lb.
* XC-185
* Large-sized model for heavier pilots. The wing has a span of 10.9 m. The glider empty weight is 25 kg.
Aircraft on display
* Canada Aviation and Space Museum - XC-185 | WIKI |
Talk:Nick Bjugstad
Bjugstad in the NBA
Even though Nick Bjugstad is from Minnesota, which is nicknamed "The State of Hockey," as well as the fact that his dad played at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire; given his 6'6 frame, I think he would have been just as good at basketball as in hockey, and potentially have a star-studded career in the NBA. Ideally, he would play shooting guard or small forward, similarly to his hockey-playing duties, except with more jump. Of course, he could have also represented Minnesota on the court, although the University of Wisconsin does have a reputation of recruiting top Minnesota basketball talent. In any case, when was the last time you heard about a guy on the court named Bjugstad? What team do you think would have drafted him? Feel free to say below! — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:12, 2 March 2020 (UTC) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:21, 2 March 2020 | WIKI |
Shaylee Gonzales
Shaylee Gonzales (born May 2, 2000) is an American college basketball player for the Texas Longhorns of the Big 12 Conference. She previously played for the BYU Cougars.
High school career
Gonzales played basketball for Mesquite High School in Gilbert, Arizona, where she was coached by her mother, Candice. As a junior, she averaged 19.8 points, 5.7 steals and 6.6 assists per game, leading her team to a 31–1 record and its first Class 5A state championship. She was named Arizona Gatorade Player of the Year. In her senior season, Gonzales averaged 21 points, 7.7 rebounds and five steals per game, helping Mesquite reach the Class 5A state title game. A three-star recruit, she committed to playing college basketball for BYU.
College career
In the second round of the 2019 NCAA tournament, Gonzales scored a freshman season-high 32 points in a 72–63 loss to Stanford. As a freshman, she averaged 17 points, 5.6 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game, earning first-team All-West Coast Conference (WCC) and Newcomer of the Year honors. Gonzales was sidelined for her second season with a torn anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus in her right knee. She made her sophomore debut on November 27, 2020, scoring a season-high 30 points in a 67–51 win against LSU. Gonzales averaged 17.8 points, 5.3 rebounds and 3.6 assists per game as a sophomore. She shared the WCC Player of the Year award with Jenn Wirth and repeated as a first-team All-WCC selection. On February 12, 2022, Gonzales recorded a career-high 35 points, seven steals and six assists in an 84–69 win over Saint Mary's. She was named WCC Player of the Year and made the first-team All-WCC for a third time, averaging 18.3 points, 5.9 rebounds and 4.5 assists per game.
After her junior season at BYU and the departure of head coach Jeff Judkins, Gonzales entered the transfer portal. On July 11, 2022, she announced that she would transfer to Texas. As a senior, Gonzales averaged 12.7 points, 4.3 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game, earning Big 12 Newcomer of the Year and second-team All-Big 12 honors. She opted to return to Texas instead of entering the 2023 WNBA draft.
College
* style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
* style="text-align:left;"| BYU
* 33||26||34.8||45.1||35.1||72.5||5.6||4.1||1.9||0.3||2.7||17.0
* style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
* style="text-align:left;"| BYU
* style="text-align:center;" colspan="12" |Did not play due to injury
* style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21
* style="text-align:left;"| BYU
* 25||25||34.4||44.8||31.1||75.0||5.3||3.6||2.4||0.2||3.1||17.8
* style="text-align:left;"| 2021–22
* style="text-align:left;"| Texas
* 30||30||31.6||49.5||22.7||83.3||5.9||4.5||2.3||0.2||2.7||18.3
* style="text-align:left;"| 2022–23
* style="text-align:left;"| Texas
* 36||36||33.3||41.7||35.1||86.2||4.3||2.7||1.6||0.5||2.3||12.7
* style="text-align:left;"| 2023–24
* style="text-align:left;"| Texas
* 38||38||31.8||41.4||38.0||78.6||3.4||2.7||1.6||0.2||1.8||9.4
* - class="sortbottom"
* style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
* 162||155||33.1||44.7||33.3||79.1||4.8||3.4||1.9||0.3||2.5||14.6
* - class="sortbottom"
* style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"|Statistics retrieved from Sports-Reference.
* 38||38||31.8||41.4||38.0||78.6||3.4||2.7||1.6||0.2||1.8||9.4
* - class="sortbottom"
* style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
* 162||155||33.1||44.7||33.3||79.1||4.8||3.4||1.9||0.3||2.5||14.6
* - class="sortbottom"
* style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"|Statistics retrieved from Sports-Reference.
Personal life
Gonzales is the daughter of Josh and Candice Gonzales, both of whom played college basketball for Grand Canyon. Her parents work in real estate and own a home health company. In high school, Gonzales launched Sincerely Shaylee, a photography business. She has a large social media following on platforms including TikTok and YouTube. Gonzales has signed name, image and likeness deals with Mountain America Credit Union, among other companies. In college, she majors in journalism with a focus on sports media. | WIKI |
World Festival of Black Arts
The World Festival of Black Arts (French: Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres), also known as FESMAN or FMAN, is a month-long culture and arts festival that takes place in Africa. The festival features poetry, sculpture, painting, music, cinema, theatre, fashion, architecture, design and dance from artists and performers from around the African Diaspora.
History
The festivals were planned as Pan-African celebrations, and ranged in content from debate to performance — particularly dance and theatre.
Dakar, 1966
The First World Festival of Black Arts (French: Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Noirs) or World Festival of Negro Arts (French: Festival mondial des arts nègres) was held in Dakar, Senegal, 1–24 April 1966, initiated by former President Leopold Senghor, under the auspices of UNESCO, with the participation of 45 African, European, Caribbean, and North and South American countries, and featuring black literature, music, theater, visual arts, film and dance. It was first state-sponsored festival to showcase the work of African and African diasporic artists, musicians and writers to a global audience.
Participants included historian Cheikh Anta Diop; dancers Arthur Mitchell and Alvin Ailey; Mestre Pastinha, a Capoeira troupe from Bahia; Duke Ellington; Marion Williams; singers Julie Akofa Akoussah and Bella Bellow; calypsonian The Mighty Terror; writers Aimé Césaire, Langston Hughes, Wole Soyinka, Amiri Baraka, Sarah Webster Fabio, Rosa Guy, Margaret Danner, Lindsay Barrett, Ousmane Sembène, Keorapetse Kgositsile, and William Demby. The filmmaker William Greaves made a 40-minute documentary of the event entitled The First World Festival of Negro Arts (1968). Italian journalist Sergio Borelli produced Il Festival de Dakar (1966) a 50-minute documentary for RAI. Senegalese director Paulin Soumanou Vieyra also produced the documentary Le Sénégal au festival national des arts nègres (1966). Directors from the USSR Irina Venzher and Leonid Makhnach produced the Russian-language documentary Ритми Африки (Ritmi Afriki) about the festival.
Algiers 1969
The Festival panafricain d'Alger 1969 was also in this sequence.
Lagos, 1977
In 1977, from 15 January to 12 February, the Second World Festival of Black Arts or Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture — known as FESTAC '77 — took place in Lagos, Nigeria, under the patronage of President Olusegun Obasanjo. Attended by more than 17,000 participants from over 50 countries, it was the largest cultural event ever held on the African continent. Among artists who took part were Stevie Wonder, Ted Joans, the Sun Ra Arkestra, and Donald Byrd from the US, Tabu Ley and Franco from the Congo, Gilberto Gil from Brazil, Bembeya Jazz National from Guinea, and Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana, and Miriam Makeba from South Africa.
Dakar, 2010
The Third World Festival of Black Arts took place 10–31 December 2010, and was initiated by Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade with the theme of African Renaissance. President Wade said in his 2009 address at the UN: "I call all Africans, all the sons and daughters of the Diaspora, all my fellow citizens, all the partners that are ready to walk by our side, all States, all international organizations, foundations, firms, etc. for a shining success for this Festival, and for the rise of a new Africa." The 2010 festival was curated by Kwame Kwei-Armah, and participants at the opening ceremony included Youssou N'Dour, Baaba Maal, Angélique Kidjo, Toumani Diabaté, Wyclef Jean, Euzhan Palcy, Carlinhos Brown and the Mahotella Queens. As well as music and cinema, the festival featured art exhibitions, theatre and dance performances, fashion shows, photography and other events, with the participation of artists and intellectuals from dozens of African and African diaspora countries, including the US, Brazil, Haiti, France and Cuba.
Zanzibar, 2022
Twelve years later, Festac was held at Hotel Verde in Zanzibar, with high-profile names including H.E. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Professor Wole Soyinka, H.E. Dr Hussein Ali Mwinyi, and Dr Abdulrazak Gurnah.
Arusha, 2023
Under a new festival director, Lehlohonolo Peega, "Festac Africa 2023, Destination Arusha, Tanzania" was held in the tourist city of Arusha, Tanzania, with the theme: Experience Africa in Seven days.
This rendition of the festival opened on Sunday night (21 May 2023) by former Black Panther member Charlotte Hill O'Neal, with a benediction ceremony and hoisting of African flags, while the official opening (on Monday, 22 May 2023) featured Africa's leading speaker Professor P. L. O. Lumumba, who encouraged and commended the worked done by the festival under its chairperson Abioye Yinka and CEO Grace Mumo.
In various interviews ranging from different global media houses, Prof Lumumba stressed the need for Festac.
The week activities were followed by performances from the legendary East African band, Les Wanyika, Lord Eyez, Jamapara and many more with a three-day conference address climate change, women in business, cultural diplomacy, etc.
Video
* Festival of 1966. Featuring Senghor, Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes. Documentary video duration 26 min.
* Video duration 50m 28s. Uploader caterina borelli, 2015.
* Video duration 17m 17s. Uploader Purplesam Kinuthia EntataineR, 2023.
* Video duration 44m 45s. Uploader Clevenard Social Platform, 2023.
* Video duration m s. Uploader Newzroom Afrika, 19 May 2023. | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 47 Part 1.djvu/1341
72d CONGRESS. SESS. II. CH. 128 . FE BRUARY 27, 1933 . 1317 (4) In any other case if presented to the person to make payment wherever he can be found, or if presented at his last known place of business or residence. SEC. 1473. MUST BE EXHIBITED .-The instrument must be exhibited Must be exhibited . to the p erson f rom who m paymen t is de manded, and wh en it is paid must be delivered up to the party paying it. SEC. 1474. HERE PAYABLE AT BANK .-Where the instrument is payabl e at a bank, presentment for payment must be made during ban ki ng hours, unless the person to ma ke pa ym ent has no funds there to meet it at any time during the day, in which case present- ment at any hour before the bank is closed on that day is sufficient. SEC. 1475. WHEN PERSON LIABLE IS DEAD .-Where the person pri- maril liable on the instrument is, dead, and no place of payment is specified, presentment for paymet must be made to his personal representative, if such there be, and if, with the exercise of rea- sonable diligence, he can be found. SEC. 1476. PERSONS LIABLE AS PARTNERS .-Where the persons pri- n Persons'_iableaspart. marily liable on the instrument are liable as partners, and no place of payment is specified, presentment for payment may be made to any one of them, even though there has been a dissolution of the firm. SEC. 1477. JOINT DEBTS. -Where there are several persons, not Joint debts partners, primarily liable on the instrument, and no place of pay- ment is specified, pr esentment must be ma de to them all. SEC. 1478. PR ESENTME NT FOR P AYMENT NOT REQ UIRED WHEN .-Pre- sentment for payment is not required in order to charge the drawer where he has no right to expect or require that the drawee or accep- tor will pay the inst rument. SEC. 1479. PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT NOT REQUIRED WHEN .-Pre- Accommodation par- sentment for payment is not required in order to charge an indorser ties. where the instrument was made or accepted for his accommodation and he has no reason to expect that the instrument will be paid if presented. SEC. 1480. DELAY ExcusED .-Delay in making presentment for Delay excused • payment is excused when the delay is caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder, and not imputable to his default, mis- conduct, or negligence. When the cause of delay ceases to operate, presentment must be made with reasonable diligence. SEC. 1481. WH EN DISPENSED WITH .-Presentment for payment is dispensed with- (1) Where after the exercise of reasonable diligence presentment as r equired by this titl e can not be made ; (2) Where the drawee is a fictitious person ; (3 By waiver of presentment, express or implied . SEC. 1482. WHEN DISHONO RED BY NONPAYMENT .-The instrument is dishonored by nonpayment when- (1) It is duly presented for payment and payment is refused or can not be obtained ; or (2) Presentment is excused and the instrument is overdue and unpaid . SEC . 1483 . LIABILITY OF PERSO N SEC ONDARI LY LI ABLE .-Su bject t o secL rond~ty hoafk lperson the provisions of chapte rs 66 to 69 of this code, when the instr ument Ante, p. 1307 ; pest, is dishonored by nonpayment, an immediate right of recourse to all p' 13~ parties secondarily liable thereon accrues to the holder . SEC . 1484. TIME OF PAYMENT.-Every negotiable instrument is pay- Time of payment. able at the time fixed therein without grace . When the day of maturity falls upon Sunday, or a holiday, the instrument is payable on the next succeeding business day . Instruments falling due on Saturday are to be presented for payment on the next succeeding When payable at bank. When person liable is dead. Presentme nt for pa y- ment not required, when. When dispensed with. When dishonored by nonpayment. | WIKI |
Curcuma prakasha
Curcuma prakasha is a species in the ginger family of plants, somewhat new to science. It was collected from open grassland (alt. c. 400m.) in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya State in India (its only known location) by its binomial author, Sunil Tripathi. He named it in Honor of Dr. Ved Prakash, an economic botanist, ethnobotanist and taxonomist. C. prakasha is ant-pollinated, and flowers and bears its fruit both in May. The rhizomes of C. prakasha are used locally to treat bruises and swollen throats. It is closely related to C. neilgherrensis Wight. | WIKI |
Why You Should Opt for Full Arch Dental Replacements
When you visit a dentist for teeth replacement, they are likely to suggest dental implants to solve your oral issues. You can improve the situation with full arch implants as it looks and feels good. You should consult full arch dental rehabilitation in The Woodlands, who can educate you on the importance of the procedure. Here is why you should opt for full arch dental implants.
Full Arch Lasts a Long Time
Dental implants are long-lasting, and they hardly get eroded by acids in the mouth, unlike natural enamel. Again, they are stain proof as teas, coffee, and food rarely color the dental implants. Therefore, a full dental implant arch would provide a long-lasting dental solution, and you would have a brighter smile for an extended time.
They Prevent Oral Health Issues
Full arch dental implants fill in the space left by lost teeth, thus preventing bone loss. When you lose multiple teeth, you might lose some teeth on the jaws, which affects the rest. Again, infections can spread to other teeth when left untreated. Your dentist should treat the teeth before implanting new teeth.
A Full Arch Improves Biting
Crooked teeth and overbite might make it difficult to enjoy food that you love. It may not be easy to attain your nutritional needs as you would eat soft food such as bread and rice, which have high calories. However, you can make smoothies and drink protein soup if you have an inappropriate bite. A full arch solves the issues with an overbite, and you can ask your dentist to customize a full mouth arch that mimics your natural teeth.
They Make the Jaw Healthier
Decaying teeth can impact nerve endings on the teeth and jaws, and it could be wise to keep the jaws healthy with a full dental implant arch. Full mouth dental implants attach themselves to the upper and lower jaws and look like natural teeth.
A Full Arch is Beautiful
If you have multiple crooked teeth prone to teeth decay, you can opt for a full dental arch. Crooked teeth are unappealing, and they can steal the spotlight leading to low self-esteem. Moreover, crooked teeth, prone to infections, can lead to serious health complications such as heart diseases. It would be wise to get a full arch that beautifies the mouth and prevents such issues. You would not need to visit the doctor severally as the dental implants are permanent and do not decay easily.
It Leads to Stronger Facial Features
When you lose several teeth, it creates a vacuum in the mouth, leading to fine lines and wrinkles. It is possible to have distorted facial features when you lose several teeth. It makes your face look younger as it avoids vacuum formation, which sucks in the nearby tissues.
Final Thoughts
A full arch makes a beautiful smile as the dentist would mold teeth similar to your teeth, but they would be more appealing. Again, they prevent dental health issues like tooth decay as they do not break down due to acid corrosion in the mouth. You would not need to see a doctor frequently after a full arch as it is hardy and does not have limitations associated with natural teeth.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Adolphe Dumont
Adolphe Dumont (born 1899, date of death unknown) was a Luxembourgian wrestler. He competed at the 1924 and the 1928 Summer Olympics. | WIKI |
Error During Android Build Process
Hello,
I encountered the following error during the Android build process:
Does anyone have any information or insights related to this issue? Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.
13:44:35: Starting: "C:\Users\AstroX\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\ndk\25.1.8937393\prebuilt\windows-x86_64\bin\make.exe" -j8
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/qgcresources.qrc
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/qgroundcontrol.qrc
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/qgcimages.qrc
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/resources/InstrumentValueIcons/InstrumentValueIcons.qrc
lrelease E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/translations/qgc_source_uk_UA.ts
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/src/FirmwarePlugin/APM/APMResources.qrc
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/src/UTMSP/dummy/utmsp_dummy.qrc
rcc E:/QGroundControl/qgroundcontrol/src/FirmwarePlugin/PX4/PX4Resources.qrc
Updating '.qm/qgc_source_uk_UA.qm'...
Generated 3285 translation(s) (0 finished and 3285 unfinished)
Ignored 3 untranslated source text(s)
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
make: *** [Makefile:4300: qrc_utmsp_dummy.obj] Error 127
make: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
make: *** [Makefile:4161: qrc_InstrumentValueIcons.obj] Error 127
make: *** [Makefile:4291: qrc_PX4Resources.obj] Error 127
make: *** [Makefile:3855: qrc_qgcimages.obj] Error 127
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
make: *** [Makefile:3643: qrc_qgcresources.obj] Error 127
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
make: *** [Makefile:3547: qrc_qgroundcontrol.obj] Error 127
/usr/bin/sh: line 1: C:UsersAstroXAppDataLocalAndroidSdkndk25.1.8937393/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/windows-x86_64/bin/clang++: No such file or directory
make: *** [Makefile:4243: qrc_APMResources.obj] Error 127
13:44:38: The process "C:\Users\AstroX\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\ndk\25.1.8937393\prebuilt\windows-x86_64\bin\make.exe" exited with code 2.
Error while building/deploying project qgroundcontrol (kit: Android Qt 6.6.3 Clang armeabi-v7a)
The kit Android Qt 6.6.3 Clang armeabi-v7a has configuration issues which might be the root cause for this problem.
When executing step "Make"
13:44:38: Elapsed time: 00:14.
Hey, i am also trying to run gcs, by any chance were you able to run custom example?
You are using JDK17, but needs to be JDK11 as per build instructions.
Both the standard GCS and custom GCS are unable to recognize the ‘/’.
The JDK 11 version also does not recognize the ‘/’.
As mentioned in your fault report:
“The kit Android Qt 6.6.3 Clang armeabi-v7a has configuration issues which might be the root cause for this problem”
So it appears to be some sort of configuration fault in the Android kit.
Another thing that can happen is that your system settings conflict with the JDK version selected in QT. You can check what version your system uses by going in Konsole (Linux) and entering:
java --version
Or for Windows prompt just google relevant command.
This will then tell you which Java version the system uses and you might have to temporary switch your system to Java 11 until you have build QGC.
Note: I’ve been most successful in the past using NDK version 19 or 21.
Are you building from master or stable branch?
1 Like
Thank you for the detailed response. I couldn’t find the reason why the separator ‘/’ disappears in the file path, so I decided to format the existing PC.
using an another PC, I managed to successfully build the Android version using Stable_V4.3, Qt 5.15.2, JDK 11, NDK 21, and build-tool 30, despite receiving numerous warning messages during the build process.
1 Like
Glad you were successful in the build, thanks for reporting back. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
German coalition negotiator urges calmer approach
BERLIN – A leading negotiator in talks to form Germany&aposs next government is urging all involved to "go down a gear" after a stalemate over contentious issues was accompanied by mutual recriminations. Germany&aposs Sept. 24 election left Chancellor Angela Merkel trying to form an untried coalition that brings together her conservative Union bloc, the pro-business Free Democrats and the traditionally left-leaning Greens. Last week, negotiators began tackling thorny issues on which there are wide divisions, including immigration and climate protection, but couldn&apost immediately find common ground. Party leaders met Sunday night to review the situation. Greens co-leader Katrin Goering-Eckardt told Deutschlandfunk radio Monday: "I can only advise everyone to go down a gear now. The election campaign is really over." She added that "we must see whether we can find joint solutions." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Raymond Tallis
Raymond C. Tallis (born 10 October 1946) is a philosopher, poet, novelist, cultural critic and a retired medical physician and clinical neuroscientist. Specialising in geriatrics, Tallis served on several UK commissions on medical care of the aged and was an editor or major contributor to two key textbooks in the field, The Clinical Neurology of Old Age and Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology.
Medical career
On leaving Liverpool College, Tallis gained an Open Scholarship to Keble College, Oxford, where he completed a degree in animal physiology in 1967. He completed his medical degree in 1970 at the University of Oxford and St Thomas' Hospital in London. From 1996 to 2000, he was Consultant Adviser in Care of the Elderly to the Chief Medical Officer. In 1999–2000, he was Vice-Chairman of the Stroke Task Force of the Advisory Group developing the National Service Framework for Older People. He has been on the Standing Medical Advisory Committee and the Council of the Royal College of Physicians and was secretary of the Joint Specialist Committee of the Royal College on Health Care of the Elderly between 1995 and 2003. He was a member of the Joint Task Force on Partnership in Medicine Taking, established by Alan Milburn, the Secretary of State for Health, in 2001. For three years he was a member of one of the appraisal panels of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. He retired in 2006 as Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester.
Philosophical works
Tallis attacked post-structuralism in books such as Not Saussure and Theorrhoea and After, and he contested assumptions of artificial intelligence research in his book Why the Mind is Not a Computer: A Pocket Dictionary on Neuromythology. He denies that our appreciation of art and music can be reduced to scientific terms. His philosophical writings attempt to supply an anthropological account of what is distinctive about human beings. To this end he has written a trilogy of books entitled The Hand; I Am: A Philosophical Inquiry into First-Person Being; and The Knowing Animal. He has also argued extensively about the perceived misuse of scientific language and concepts to explain human experiences.
In 2007 Tallis published Unthinkable Thought: The Enduring Significance of Parmenides. His book The Kingdom of Infinite Space: A Fantastical Journey Around Your Head, which explores the range of activities that go on inside the human head, was published in April 2008. Michelangelo's Finger: An Exploration of Everyday Transcendence was published in 2010.
Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity was published in 2011. In Defence of Wonder and Other Philosophical Reflections, a collection of essays from The Reader and elsewhere, was published in April 2012.
Other work
Tallis is among the Distinguished Supporters of Humanists UK. Tallis is also a Patron of Dignity in Dying. On 15 September 2010, Tallis, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK. In a 2010 interview with author Jesse Horn, Tallis declared that he is an optimistic humanist and an atheist. "Given that I was born a few months after Auschwitz was liberated, it is hardly surprising that I have a strong sense of the evil that humans – individually and collectively – do. My position is that of cautious and chastened optimism, a belief that, if we are ourselves well-treated by others, we will usually treat others reasonably well." | WIKI |
Talk:NC State Wolfpack men's basketball
Schedule
WikiProject NCSU members and everyone, really, please keep the schedule up to date. Here is a link: SCHEDULE thanks, --AceKingQueenJack 02:45, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Packpride1.jpg
Image:Packpride1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 20:46, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
Roster
i added the 07 08 roster. we can make changes when the season begins. i thought it would be a nice addition. Enjoisktboarding (talk) 04:04, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
Tournament
went over to the unc page and saw they had all the conference tournament championships, including the southern conference. since they count as well, i put them up.. Enjoisktboarding (talk) 16:40, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
According to the Wikipedia page on the ACC tournament, "Since July 1, 1961, the ACC's bylaws have included the phrase "and the winner shall be the conference champion" in referring to the tournament.[1] Accordingly, the teams listed below are the ACC men's basketball champions for the years indicated, and it is not technically correct to refer to them as the "tournament champions" insofar as that usage implies that there is some other championship. While it has become popular for the media (and fans of teams that finish first in the regular season but fail to win the tournament) to use the term "regular-season champions," such usage is not borne out by league rules." In light of this, listing of conference "regular season championships" on this page would probably be inconsistent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:49, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
Referencing packpride
These bare reference tags attributed to "packpride" should be removed and replaced with information from third-party sources or more reliable websites, such as official NCSU, ACC, or NCAA sources. Also, the media guide references would be excellent material if they could be linked somehow. Fletch81 (talk) 19:16, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
* First off, thanks a bunch for helping improve this article (even if you do pull for the wrong school). Second, the Packpride references can easily be recited as references to the 07-08 Media Guide (and I'll get around to this eventually). I started the history section based on the Packpride article as it was a concise and detailed summary of the program's history. After digging into the media guide a bit more, I've come to see that the PP article was just a summation of the history section from the media guide. However, I don't see the issue with using PP as a source. It is reliable and it is third-party; it is not affiliated with the university or the athletic department.
* Third, I think you went a little overboard with the Fact template. For instance, in the final paragraph of the Everett Case section, you jumped on every sentence relating to Press and Pete Maravich. The section concerning the Maravich's was cited from the Four Corners book, which was properly referenced. There's a bit more over-zealous use of the Fact template in the article (in addition to some much needed use of it), and I'll get around to cleaning it up soon enough.
* Finally, the media guide hasn't been properly linked to because I was just too lazy to do it. When I have time, I'll take care of this and other pressing issues with the article. Again, though, thanks. MTR (talk) 21:03, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
* Not trying to go overboard with the fact template. I apologize - in hindsight I was a little quick to pull the trigger. Upon re-reading, I realize that some of this information is indeed referenced. My intention is for all of these ACC basketball articles to shine. ACC basketball is a major interest of mine, and I am *trying* to take off my Carolina blue shades to help these articles, but I'll be the first to admit I'm not as knowledgeable about Wolfpack hoops as I am about Tar Heels hoops. The contention with using PackPride or InsideCarolina or any other third party site of that kind is their inherent bias. Of course, I find myself arguing that University published sources are the absolute best for each particular University, often more thorough than third party references, as they maintain much of their history online as compiled from official University records. MTR, you're doing great work on this article. Hopefully we can get around to making all the ACC sports articles up to Good Article status. I'll try to help you dig up some good third party references in the next couple of days. Thanks again. Fletch81 (talk) 04:12, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 1 one external link on NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070312223301/http://www.newsobserver.com:80/122/story/418466.html to http://www.newsobserver.com/122/story/418466.html
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 01:25, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080528055000/http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/basketball/m_basketball_records_book/2008/2008_m_basketball_records.pdf to https://www.ncaa.org/library/records/basketball/m_basketball_records_book/2008/2008_m_basketball_records.pdf
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090517115139/http://northcarolinastate.scout.com/2/209048.html to http://northcarolinastate.scout.com/2/209048.html
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 18:52, 10 February 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Srlamprakes/sandbox
Working at a cleaners alone can involve some interesting conversations. Typically customers tend to tell me their life story to start conversation. One man came into the store and was telling about his clothes when he asked me where was I from. I answer Mobile, AL (although I'm from Daphne but no one knows where that is a majority of the time) and he replies he can tell. He then continues to tell me he enjoys going down south to the beach t hang out with friends. He said he recently got out of prison and likes to spend his free time with his friends in Gulf Shores. Basically I told someone a general idea of where I live that just got out of prison. But hey, people make mistakes and I hope that mistake was not killing anyone. | WIKI |
BlankOn Linux
BlankOn Linux is a Debian-based Linux distribution made in Indonesia. This distribution was developed by the BlankOn Development Team with support from the Indonesian Linux Mobilization Foundation (YPLI) since 2004.
History
In April 2021, BlankOn 12 Beta was released to the public. | WIKI |
John Rickards (priest)
John Witherston Rickards (22 January 1844 – 21 June 1921), priest, founded the Anglican Parish of St Cyprian the Martyr at New Rush, Kimberley, on the South African Diamond Fields, in 1871. He served a curacy at St Cyprian's, Marylebone, London, and following his time in South Africa he was vicar of Dixton in Monmouthshire, from 1886 until his death in 1921.
Early life
Rickards was born at Kullumghee, India in 1844, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel John Witherston and Louise (Carthew) Rickards. He was educated at Sherborne School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a B.A. in 1867.
St Cyprian's, Marylebone
Ordained deacon in 1867 and priest in 1868, Rickards served as a curate first at Ringwood (1867-8) and then under Charles Gutch at a church mission called St Cyprian's, Marylebone (1868–70). St Cyprian's “was a centre of numerous works of mercy; a light spot amidst the dullness of London by-streets”. A contemporary description refers to the “little church" as "a quaint building consisting of the front rooms of a house in Park Street, with the yard behind them and the stable in the mews at the back, the upper storey of which formed the choir, the stable itself the vestry. Underneath it the yard, which had been a coal store, was roofed over and had a skylight, and a flight of many steps led up to the sanctuary. A surpliced choir was an unusual sight in the ‘60s, except in cathedrals and special advanced churches, and the daily celebration, which was carried on in this little sanctuary for 36 years, was something still more strange. About 150 people could be squeezed in, when all the gangways were filled up, and the services were very hearty and the congregation regular and devoted”.
Bishop Robert Gray of Cape Town visited St Cyprian's Marylebone on St Cyprian's Day 1870 and it is surmised that his sermon and call for recruits to the church in South Africa had inspired Rickards. Frederick Noel mentions only that “the missionary spirit urged him to make his way in 1870 to South Africa.”
Today, St Cyprian's, Clarence Gate, Marylebone, occupies a Neo-Gothic building perhaps only dreamt of in Gutch's (and Rickards') day.
St Cyprian's, Kimberley
Upon his arrival in South Africa Rickards was to have joined the Missionary Brotherhood of St Augustine of Hippo at Modderpoort in the eastern Free State, in the Diocese of Bloemfontein – but he was instead diverted westwards to the newly discovered Diamond Fields, where Bishop Webb felt the needs were greater. Here Rickards laid the basis for the Parish which began in a tent and is today the Cathedral Church of St Cyprian the Martyr in Kimberley.
The writer J. W. Matthews would recall something of the “primitive state of things existing”, as far as ecclesiastical arrangements were concerned, on his first arrival at the Diamond Fields in November 1871: worshipers gathered in a canvas tent billiard-room:
“On entering I beheld a full-robed clergyman officiating at one end of a billiard-table, which served for his reading desk, whilst a large and attentive crowd sat around the other end, some on rude benches which were fixed along the walls, others perched upon gin cases, buckets reversed, or any other make-shift that came to hand. The congregation behaved with suitable decorum, but I confess it was not easy to keep the mind from wandering to the incongruity of the surroundings. ..When the parson was praying or the people singing, it was not particularly edifying to be interrupted by the lively chaff and occasional bursts of blasphemy, which we could plainly hear through the canvas party-walls, which separated us from the adjoining bar and its half tipsy occupants.”
Fr Frederick Noel remembered “hearing letters from Mr Rickards describing the roughness of the work in those early days ... amid dust and canvas and all the discomforts of such a settlement, but he persevered until he had got a fair-sized temporary church”.
As early as 1872, within a year of the founding of St Cyprian's, Fr Crisp in Bloemfontein reported that “this New Rush Church has a surpliced choir accompanied by a harmonium. The singing is really very good.” Clearly intent upon consolidating a choral tradition here, St Cyprian's soon replaced the harmonium with an organ, purchased from Grahamstown's Commemoration Church in 1874 for the sum of £125.
Rickards promoted the important and neglected cause of education in what would become Kimberley (three schools originated from this work). A Mission School, later called Perseverance, was brought into existence in his day, as were a school for boys and one for girls. St Cyprian's Boys’ School- the original St Cyprian's Grammar School - under headmaster Thomas McLaren was established in March 1876: “For several years this was one of the best schools in Kimberley.”
St Peter's, Dixton
Returning from the Cape Colony, Rickards was curate at St Mary Steps, Exeter (1877-9) and of Llanfair Kilgeddin, Monmouthshire (1883-6) before being appointed to St Peter's Church, Dixton in the Diocese of Llandaff in Wales. There he served as vicar until his death at the age of 77 on 21 June 1921.
In 1915 the parishioners of Dixton voted to not join the Church in Wales when it became disestablished, but stay as part of the Church of England; the parish therefore returned in 1920 to the Diocese of Hereford. | WIKI |
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What are antihistamines and when are they used with children?
When a person has an allergy, the medical recommendation is the intake of antihistamines. Knowing them is beneficial to know what they are, how they are used and when it is advisable to give them to children.
The use of antihistamines is concentrated in the allergy episodes, so they usually treat symptoms related to this disease, and manage to alleviate the problems it causes, such as rhinitis or urticaria.
The antihistamines are medications that can be taken by prescription to treat the annoying symptoms of allergy. The allergy itself occurs when the child has a reaction towards a certain substance with a weak immune system. This means that instead of being immune to certain allergens, it gives in to them causing the allergy. In these cases it is necessary to take antihistamines because these inhibit the effects of histamine and they make whoever takes them much more relieved.
This type of drug helps to curb discomfort so typical in allergy sufferers such as:
- Itching of the eyes.
- Inflammation of the nasal passages.
- Nasal congestion and runny nose.
- Sneezing.
- Difficulty breathing.
There are antihistamines of different types, from those that can be taken by via nowl, that is, pills, going through intravenously or or those for topical use.
Depending on the type of allergy that the child suffers, so will the antihistamines that he should take, since if the allergy persists it will be more or less advisable to take them day by day, others only when symptoms appear, or occasionally to prevent them when times come when the child has a weaker immune system.
In the case of children, it is advisable to consult a medical specialist, since its application is not recommended up to two years of age. In cases of babies, they are prescribed only in clinical pictures related to asthma, bronchospasm or recurrent bronchiolitis.
You can read more articles similar to What are antihistamines and when are they used with children?, in the category of Allergies on site.
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Lateral Lunge
1. Start with your feet hip width apart, place your hands on your hips. Keep your back straight and your shoulder blades pulled together.
2. Send one leg out to your side, squatting down on it whilst providing support with your stationary leg and hands. Hold for 2-3 seconds.
3. Push back off your bent leg, returning to a standing position. This is one rep.
4. Repeat on the other side.
High Donkey Kicks
Try this variation of the donkey kick to increase the difficulty, add resistance for your glutes and work your shoulders.
1. Start on your hands and the balls of your feet, with your legs stretched out behind you and your back slightly rounded. Have your hands directly below your shoulders.
2. Squeeze your glute, kicking one leg backwards towards the sky with your leg straight, squeezing at the top for 2-3 seconds.
3. At the same time, push with your hands to push your body back with your leg.
4. Slowly return the leg until you’re on the balls of both feet, and pull your arms until your shoulders are over your hands again. This is one rep.
5. Repeat for the other leg.
Squat Jumps
This is a great power variation of the squat. You still lower yourself down slowly, but explode upwards from the bottom of the squat. As you land, try to slow your momentum so you’re working your muscles on the way down as well.
Sumo Jump Squats
To accompany the close squat, the sumo squat variation helps you hit the insides of your legs more.
1. Stand with your feet wide enough so that they point outwards at a 45 degree angle. Make sure your spine is in a straight, neutral position. Make sure your weight is through your heels.
2. Squeeze your leg and core muscles as you lower your body downwards, use your hands for balance if needed. Lower yourself until your butt is an inch or two off the ground. Hold for 1-2 seconds.
3. Explosively squeeze your leg and core muscles to raise yourself up into a jump. Landing softly before slowly moving into your second squat. This is one rep.
Donkey Kicks
1. Start on your hands and knees. Have your hands directly below your shoulders.
2. Squeeze your glute, kicking one leg backwards towards the sky with your knee bent, squeezing at the top for 2-3 seconds.
3. Slowly return the leg until you’re on both knees. This is one rep.
4. Repeat for the other leg.
Goblet Squat
The goblet squat is a variation on the sumo squat, but without the added difficulty of a barbell. It brings an upper body workout into the squat.
1. Hold a dumbbell, kettlebell or medicine ball in your hands, close to your body. Place your legs just wider than shoulder width apart, with your feet pointed slightly outwards.
2. Perform a squat as you would with a sumo squat, slowly lowering down, pausing a few inches above the ground and then driving up through your heels with your glutes.
3. The further away from your body you hold the weight, the further back you can squat, and the more difficult the exercise will be.
Jackknife From Lying Flat
The jackknife is another great exercise for hitting the full length of your ab muscles.
1. Lie flat on your back with your hands stretched out above your head.
2. Engage your ab muscles, raising your torso and keeping your arms beside your head until the top of your crunch.
3. At the same time, use your abs to raise your legs towards you whilst keeping them straight.
4. When you’re at the top of your crunch, continue to move your arms around to the side of your legs, tensing your abs in this position.
5. Slowly reverse this movement, lowering your legs and torso until you’re lying flat again. This is one rep.
Reverse Lunge
A great variation on the forward lunge that will help hit additional small muscle groups.
This is performed in a very similar way to a standard lunge.
1. Stand with your feet hip width apart. Place your hands on your hips.
2. Step backwards with one leg, lowering down on the other until your knee touches (or almost touches) the floor. Your front foot should be directly below your knee.
3. Push back off of your back foot and raise up to your initial position. This is one rep.
4. Repeat with the other leg.
Plank Rotations
1. Start in a high plank / push up position.
2. Tense your core, shifting your weight over one of your arms. Lift the other arm, rotating it around until it is pointing up in the air. Hold for 2-3 seconds.
3. Slowly reverse this motion, keeping your core tense until it is under you securely again. This is one rep.
Clapping Push Ups
Clapping push ups are a great way to work on explosive chest and tricep power. At the bottom of your push-up, explosively contract your chest and triceps to elevate your torso in the air enough to clap once (or more) before you place your hands back. Be careful not to hurt your wrists when you land from this.
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Page:The House of the Seven Gables - Hawthorne - 1851.djvu/257
she had given vent, for once, to the inveteracy of her resentment, cherished against this kinsman for thirty years.
Thus far, the judge's countenance had expressed mild forbearance,—grave and almost gentle deprecation of his cousin's unbecoming violence,—free and Christian-like forgiveness of the wrong inflicted by her words. But, when those words were irrevocably spoken, his look assumed sternness, the sense of power, and immitigable resolve; and this with so natural and imperceptible a change, that it seemed as if the iron man had stood there from the first, and the meek man not at all. The effect was as when the light vapory clouds, with their soft coloring, suddenly vanish from the stony brow of a precipitous mountain, and leave there the frown which you at once feel to be eternal. Hepzibah almost adopted the insane belief that it was her old Puritan ancestor, and not the modern judge, on whom she had just been wreaking the bitterness of her heart. Never did a man show stronger proof of the lineage attributed to him than Judge Pyncheon, at this crisis, by his unmistakable resemblance to the picture in the inner room.
"Cousin Hepzibah," said he, very calmly, "it is time to have done with this."
"With all my heart!" answered she. "Then, why do you persecute us any longer? Leave poor Clifford and me in peace. Neither of us desires anything better!"
"It is my purpose to see Clifford before I leave this house," continued the judge. "Do not act like a mad-woman, Hepzibah! I am his only friend, and an all-powerful one. Has it never occurred to you,—are you so blind as not to have seen,—that, without not merely my consent, but my efforts, my representations, the exertion of my whole influence, political, official, personal, Clifford would never have been what you call free? Did you think his release a | WIKI |
Page:History of the Indian Archipelago Vol 3.djvu/222
$06 COMMERCE WITH pelled by the spirit infused into them by a new religion, and by the little portion which they had imbibed of the knowledge of the Greeks, appear, on the conquest of Egypt and Persia, to have taken a "-reater and more active share in the com- merce of India, and to have carried it on from both Gulfs. Two centuries after this, we have the first tolerably authentic account that the Arabs had reached the Indian islands. In the year 850, at least, they traded between Oman on the Persian Gulf, and China, and were even settled in consi- derable numbers in the latter country. They must, of course, have passed through the Indian islands, and traded with them still earlier. The notices which the Arabian traveller and his commentator give of theirtrade are indeed most vague and puerile, and readily excite a suspicion that the intercourse which could supply no better could neither have been very extensive, nor conducted by persons of much intelligence. * It was not until four centu- the Indian and Japanese Archipelagos. By the island Cala, it is evident he means the principal emporium at this time of the commerce with the west, possibly the port of Batavia under the Chinese name of Ca-la-pa. " In this same king- dom," says he, " is the island Cala, which is the mid passage between China and the country of the Arabs. This island, they say, is fourscore leagues in circumference ; and hither they bring all sorts of merchandise, wood aloes of several sorts, camphire, sandal wood, ivory, the wood called cala- 4.
* The commentator confuses together the islands of | WIKI |
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