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Windows Cursor Image (.CUR) File Formats
Have you ever wondered how that mouse cursor on your screen works? Well, it’s actually due to a file format called the Windows Cursor Image (.CUR) which stores information about the shape of the mouse cursor. In this blog post, we will dive into the technical details of .CUR file formats, including their purpose, advantages and disadvantages.
We will also explore some interesting facts about them and give examples of how .CUR files can be used in practical applications.
So if you are new to the world of computer graphics, or have simply been curious about how that mouse cursor functions all along, then read on!
What is an CUR File Extension?
An CUR file is a Windows Cursor Image file. These files are generally used to store custom mouse pointers, and are typically created by graphic designers or software developers.
CUR files are very similar to ICO files, which are used to store icons on Windows computers. Both CUR and ICO files can be opened with a variety of graphics editing programs, such as Photoshop or GIMP.
CUR files usually have a .cur file extension, but they can also be saved with a .ico extension. When saving a CUR file as an ICO file, it’s important to remember to select the “Create ICO” option in the graphics editor’s Export menu.
Applications of CUR Files
CUR files can be used in a variety of ways, depending on their intended purpose. For example, they may be used to store images for use as mouse pointers, or to provide animated effects when a user interacts with an application.
Additionally, CUR files may also be used to store static images that can be displayed on a monitor or other display device.
Pros and Cons of CUR Files
When it comes to the Windows Cursor Image file format, there are both pros and cons that you should be aware of. Here are some of the most notable ones:
Pros of using CUR Files:
• The CUR file format is relatively small in size, which makes it ideal for use in web applications where page load times are critical.
• CUR files are also supported by a wide range of software programs and tools, so you shouldn’t have any trouble finding one that meets your needs.
• Since CUR files are based on the Windows ICO file format, they offer good compatibility with other Microsoft products and services.
Cons of using CUR Files:
• Although CUR files are small in size, they can still take up a fair amount of disk space when used in large quantities.
• The Windows Cursor Image file format is not well suited for use with high-resolution images, so you may need to consider an alternative if this is a requirement for your project.
How To Open CUR Files?
CUR files are windows cursor image files that contain pointer data used for mouse input. These files can be opened with the Microsoft Cursor Editor, which is included with the Windows operating system, or with any other text editor.
To open a CUR file in the Microsoft Cursor Editor:
1. Click Start and then type “cursor” into the search box.
2. Click on “Microsoft Cursor Editor” from the list of results.
3. In the “Open” dialog box that appears, select the CUR file you want to open and click “Open”.
4. The file will now be open in the Microsoft Cursor Editor for editing.
How To Edit CUR Files?
When it comes to editing CUR files, there are a few things you need to know. First and foremost, CUR files are binary files, which means they can only be edited with a hex editor or a specialized cursor editor.
Secondly, the structure of a CUR file is quite complex, so you’ll need to have a good understanding of how cursors work before you attempt to edit one.
With that said, let’s take a look at how to edit a CUR file using a hex editor. For this example, we’ll be using HxD, which is a free hex editor for Windows.
Once you have HxD installed, open the program and then open your CUR file. You should see something like this:
The first thing you’ll need to do is find the header of the file. The header consists of four bytes, which are typically represented by “ffff”. In our example, the header starts at offset 0x0000 and ends at offset 0x0003.
Once you’ve found the header, you can start editing the various fields within it. The most important field is the “width” field, which is located at offset 0x0002. This field controls the width of the cursor in pixels.
For example, if we change the value from “64” to “32”, we’ll be reducing the width of our cursor by half:
Some Common Issues While Opening CUR File Extensions
If you’re having trouble opening a CUR file, it’s likely because you don’t have the right software application installed on your computer. CUR files can be opened with several programs, including Microsoft Paint, GIMP, Adobe Photoshop, and CorelDRAW.
If you try to open a CUR file with another program that isn’t listed above, you’ll probably see an error message or some other indication that the file can’t be opened.
If this happens, check to see if there’s an updated version of the program you’re using or if there’s a different program that can open CUR files.
File Extension Similar To CUR
There are many different file formats for images, and each one has its own specific purpose. The Windows Cursor Image (.CUR) file format is used for storing images that are used as cursors in the Windows operating system. These files are typically small in size and contain a limited number of colors.
The .CUR file format is similar to other image file formats, such as .BMP or .GIF. However, there are some important differences that you should be aware of.
For example, .CUR files can only be used as cursors in Windows. If you try to use them in another type of program, they may not work correctly.
In addition, .CUR files are usually saved in a compressed format. This means that they take up less space on your hard drive and load faster when you’re using them as cursors.
However, it also means that they may not look as good when viewed in an image editor.
Contact an IT Expert If You Still Can’t Open Your CUR File
If you still can’t open your CUR file, contact an IT expert for help. They will be able to help you determine why the file won’t open and how to fix the issue. In some cases, they may even be able to provide you with a software program that will allow you to open the file.
My Final Thoughts on (.CUR) File Formats
When it comes to Windows cursor image file formats, there are three main things that you need to know. First, there are two different types of files that you can use – ICO and CUR. Second, each type of file has its own advantages and disadvantages.
And finally, you need to decide which format is right for you based on your needs.
If you’re looking for a more in-depth explanation of each file format, check out our blog post on the topic. But if you just want a quick overview, here’s what you need to know:
ICO files are best for creating static cursor images. They’re simple to create and don’t require any special software. However, they’re not as flexible as CUR files and can’t be used for animated cursors.
CUR files are ideal for creating animated cursors. They’re more complex than ICO files and require special software to create them. But they offer much more flexibility when it comes to animation and can even be used for create interactive cursors.
Now that you know the basics of Windows cursor image file formats, it’s time to decide which one is right for you. If you need a static cursor image, ICO is the way to go.
If you want an animated cursor, CUR is the better option. And if you’re not sure which format is right for your project, feel free to experiment with both – there’s no wrong answer here!
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Rest Days : Why Do We Need Them??
Giving the body a rest is very important and some may say they get enough when they sleep.
The amount of rest you have will boost your results significantly both on and off the field.
Scientific research places emphasis on rest more so now than ever with the increased demands placed on the body.
The increases in performance, reduction in performance drop offs and associated injuries related to teamsport and individual disciplines has changed significantly and the demand for REST and RECOVERY higher.
The below study examines the effects of 3-5 weeks of physical rest on selected physical, physiological and psychological parameters obtained from 12 Olympic but latterly underperforming competitors and their matched control subjects. (Koutedakis Y, Budgett R, Faulmann L Rest in underperforming elite competitors.
British Journal of Sports Medicine 1990;24:248-252.)
This will give you a clearer indication of how athletes perform without rest and what it can do.
Here are 10 reasons REST is so important;
1. Allows your hormones to rebalance.
2. Resets your CNS central nervous system; when weight training it takes a battering and breaks down.
3. Our body temperature regulates through hydration.
4. Our mood becomes more relaxed which in turn relieves stress levels ie; cortisol reduces.
5. Blood pressure drops and over time it will stay at a consistent level.
6. Your bodily functions work to repairs broken down muscle tissue and can work at its most efficient.
7. Our internal organs return to their normal working functionality ie; heart slows down and regulates itself.
8. Your immune system works functionally as we know when we exercise it stops working.
9. Having rest days will give you time to get creative and do other things that are less taxing on your body.
10. It will allow you to focus on other areas of your life ie; family, friends and other social events. This will help boost morale and you’ll see the long term benefits of this.
With these following tips, you will see the long term benefits of your results and have a clear indication of what you could change to improve your performance and lifestyle.
Tag a friend and see whether you have the same things in common.
#fitness #fit #health #performance #body #restdays #diet #transformation #lifestyle #rest #sport #athlete #blog #sport #strengthandconditioning
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Oakeshottian
Adjective
* 1) Of or relating to (1901–1990), English philosopher and political theorist.
Noun
* 1) A proponent of Michael Oakeshott's theories. | WIKI |
Type II Supernovae are H0t on the Trail
Title: A 5% measurement of the Hubble constant from type II supernovae
Authors: T. de Jaeger, L. Galbany, A. G. Riess, B. E. Stahl, B. J. Shappee, A. V. Filippenko, W. Zheng
First Author’s Institution: Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
Status: Submitted to MNRAS
Never Ask the Universe Its Age
The Hubble constant (H0) is arguably the most influential parameter in cosmology, as it helps determine the age and expansion rate of the Universe. Many people have measured the Hubble constant, with the two most precise methods (where precision = smallest errors) being the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and supernovae. However, their measured values disagree in such a way that there is about a 1 in 3.5 million probability this disagreement was caused by chance. Understanding the root of this tension is currently one of the most hotly pursued topics in astronomy right now; there is a ton of motivation to measure the Hubble constant using other, independent methods, so as to shed light on potential issues in either the CMB or supernovae techniques.
The conventional supernovae measurement of H0 utilizes a type of exploding star called type Ia supernovae (see this astrobite for a comprehensive review of the different types of supernovae). Type Ia supernovae have long been established as excellent probes of measuring distances because they have a very well-defined relationship between their peak brightness and rate at which the brightness of the supernova declines.
Type II Supernovae
Figure 1: Lifecycle of a massive (M>8 M) star. After exhausting the hydrogen in their core from nuclear fusion, these stars become red supergiants (like Betelgeuse!) and then eventually explode into type II supernovae. If they are extremely massive (M>40), they eventually become black holes. Otherwise, they become neutron stars. Figure from National Schools Observatory.
Instead of type Ia supernovae, this paper uses type II supernovae. Type II supernovae, also known as core-collapse supernovae, are explosions of massive stars (M>8 M). While type Ia supernovae are caused by the thermonuclear explosions of white dwarf stars, type II supernovae occur when a massive star collapses under its own gravity (see Figure 1 for a schematic of the lifecycle of a type II supernova). Astronomers can distinguish between these two types of supernovae because type II supernovae have hydrogen in their emission spectra, whereas type Ia supernovae do not.
Figure 2: Pie chart showing the relative abundances of the three most popular types of supernovae. Type II supernovae are about 2.4 times more abundant than type Ia supernovae (Adopted from a talk by T. de Jaeger).
While Type Ia supernovae are brighter, they are also less common than type II supernovae, so developing a method to measure H0 that utilizes type II supernovae would be highly beneficial (see Figure 2). While type II supernovae do not follow the peak luminosity-decline rate relation like type Ia supernovae, they do have a well-defined relation between their luminosity, photospheric expansion velocity, and color during the plateau phase of their explosion, where intrinsically brighter Sne II have higher velocities and are bluer. The photospheric expansion velocity is the expansion velocity of the supernova over time after it explodes.
Measuring the Hubble Constant with type II supernovae
To calibrate the intrinsic brightness (i.e. how bright a star would be without the effects of distance making it appear fainter) of these supernovae, the authors utilized the distance ladder approach. In this method, the authors measured the distance to a galaxy containing a type II supernova using another distance indicator, like the Cepheid P-L relation, the tip of the red giant branch, or water megamasers. Once they know the distance, they can measure the apparent luminosity of the supernova to determine the intrinsic luminosity of the supernova, and from there, use this calibration to measure the distances to supernovae much further away.
The authors used 13 supernovae to calibrate the intrinsic brightness of type II supernovae, which is shown in Figure 3. Then, with a calibration in hand, the authors measured distances to 89 other supernovae (using data compiled from eight different supernovae surveys!), measuring a Hubble constant of 75.4 +/- 3.8 km/s/Mpc. This value is statistically consistent with the type Ia supernovae measurement of 73.04 +/- 1.04 km/s/Mpc, but in about a 2.2-sigma tension with the CMB value of H0 of 67.4 +/- 0.5 km/s/Mpc. The authors hope to continue this study by increasing the number of SNe II in their sample and reducing their systematic errors for future studies.
Figure 3: Calibrated supernovae i-band magnitudes 43 days after the explosion for the 13 supernova II calibrators. These magnitudes are based on the Cepheid P-L relation (black), tip of the red giant branch (red), or water megamaser (blue) distances. The weighted average of the 13 supernovae is -16.79 ± 0.29 mag. Note that in astronomy, smaller magnitudes correspond to brighter luminosities (so the y-axis of this plot increases in brightness). Fun fact: The first 26 supernovae discovered in a given year get an uppercase letter from A to Z (e.g. SN 1987A). After that, pairs of lowercase letters are used, starting with aa, ab, and so on. Figure 1 in paper.
Astrobite edited by Aldo Panfichi
Featured image credit: WIRED, edited by Abby Lee
About Abby Lee
I am a graduate student at UChicago, where I study cosmic distance scales and the Hubble tension. Outside of astronomy, I like to play soccer, run, and learn about fashion design!
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/220
Bramston broke out in the city. For six weeks together Bramston never once took his clothes off to retire to rest. His father died while he was yet at Lisbon. In 1801 he returned to England, and in 1802 had entrusted to him, by the then vicar apostolic of the London district, Bishop Douglas, the poorest of all the catholic missions in the metropolis, that of St. George's-in-the-Fields. There he remained as the priest in charge for nearly twenty-three years. In 1812 Bishop Poynter, then vicar-apostolic of the London district, appointed Bramston his vicar-general. During that same year he acted as theologian and counsellor at the synodal meeting convened in the city of Durham by Bishop Gibson. In 1814 Bramston went to Rome with Bishop Poynter, and on 5 April 1815, at Genoa, the latter asked Pope Pius VII to constitute his vicar-general his coadjutor. Eight years elapsed, during which Bramston again and again declined the proffered dignity. On 29 June 1823 he was solemnly consecrated by Bishop Poynter at St. Edmund's College, Hertfordshire, as bishop of Usulæ in partibus infidelium. On the death of Bishop Poynter, 27 Nov. 1827, Bramston succeeded him as vicar-apostolic of the London district. Nearly the whole of Bramston's life was embittered by a cruel disease, and from 1834 be was yet further afflicted with constantly increasing weakness. Added to this, in the spring of 1836 he began to suffer from erysipelas in the right foot, which from that time forward rendered walking an impossibility. He died at Southampton in his seventy-fourth year, 11 July 1836. His conversational powers were very remarkable. His discernment was acute and his knowledge profound, but his chief characteristic was his tender charity. His singularly large acquaintance with the national life of England, his exceptional experience and skill in the conduct of business, and his intimate familiarity with the laws and customs of Great Britain peculiarly fitted him to conduct the affairs of the catholics of that period with discretion.
BRAMSTON, JOHN, the elder (1577–1654), judge, eldest son of Roger Bramston by Priscilla, daughter of Francis Clovile of West Hanningfield Hall, Essex, was born at Maldon, in the same county, 18 May 1577, and educated at the free school at Maldon and Jesus College, Cambridge. On leaving the university he went into residence at the Middle Temple, and applied himself diligently to the study of the law. His ability was recognised early by his university, which made him one of its counsel in 1607, with an annual fee of forty shillings. In Lent 1623 he was appointed reader at his inn, the subject of his lecture being the statute 32 Henry VIII (on limitations), and he was reappointed in the autumn of the same year, this time discoursing on the statute of Elizabeth relating to fraudulent conveyances (13 Eliz. c. 5). Shortly after his reading was concluded he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law (22 Sept. 1623). His son remarks that this was an expensive year for him, the costs entailed by the office of reader being considerable, besides the fee of 500l. to the exchequer payable on admittance to the order of serjeants. His practice now became extensive, and during the next few years he was engaged in many cases of the highest importance, not only in the courts of common law, but in chancery and in the courts of wards and star chamber. In 1626 he defended the Earl of Bristol on his impeachment. A dissolution of parliament, however, soon relieved Bramston from this duty, by putting an end to the proceedings. Next year he represented Sir Thomas Darnel and Sir John Heveningham, who had been committed to the Fleet for refusing to contribute to a loan then being raised by the king without the consent of parliament, applying unsuccessfully for a habeas corpus on behalf of the one, and bail on behalf of the other. In the following year he was chosen one of the counsel for the city of London on the motion of Sir Heneage Finch, then recorder, who was a close friend and connection by marriage. In 1629 he was one of the counsel for seven of the nine members of the House of Commons (including Sir John Eliot and Denzil Hollis) who were then indicted for making seditious speeches in parliament. Next year the bishop of Ely (John Buckeridge) appointed him chief justice of his diocese, a position he held until his elevation to the king's bench. In 1632 (26 March) he was made queen's serjeant, and two years later (8 July 1634) king's serjeant, being knighted 24 Nov. in the same year. In 1635 (14 April) he was created chief justice of the king's bench. In this position his first official act of historical importance was, in concert with the rest of the bench, to advise the king (13 Feb. 1636–7) that he might lawfully levy ship-money, and that it belonged to the crown to decide when such levy ought to be made. Sir John's son informs us that his father was in favour of modifying this opinion in at least one essential particular: that he | WIKI |
Talk:Baryon acoustic oscillations
Figure 2
Where is Figure 2?? Merryjman (talk) 16:05, 26 March 2010 (UTC)merryjman
* If you look in the page history, you'll see it was automatically removed when the file itself was deleted. Modest Genius talk 21:26, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
Length Scale?
I get that there's a sound wave formed by the competition between gravity and pressure, but why does this yield a well-defined length? To take the "ripple" analogy in the article at face value: In a pond, there is not a constant distance between the ripple and the original center. Instead, the radius increases with time. For the BAO distribution, is the distance set by age-of-universe (or a fixed time-since-inhomogeneities formed) at decoupling? Is this a resonance condition between speed-of-sound and circumference-of-universe at decoupling? Is / was the BAO "ripple" a static distance set like the pressure vs. gravity balance of a star? SMesser (talk) 15:53, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
* This is a very good point! The radius of the acoustic waves did increase with time, like the ripples on a pond. The distance scale is set by the maximum distance the waves had time to travel before recombination (when the universe became neutral). When the plasma becomes neutral, the pressure from the photons in the plasma, which was pushing the waves, "decouples" from the baryonic matter, and stops pushing it. (This is because the interaction cross-section between the photons and neutral atoms is so small that the photons can "free stream", they can travel essentially the length of the observable universe without hitting anything.) The cosmic sound section explains this, but I have added a short explanation to the opening paragraph as well. Bensaliw (talk) 21:46, 25 October 2018 (UTC)
Confusing sentence in SDSS section
In the last sentence of the first paragraph of the section on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the article says:
The SDSS catalog provides a picture of the distribution of matter such that one can search for a BAO signal by noting a larger number of galaxies separated at the sound horizon.
This sentence confuses me - what would I notice at the sound horizon? A large number of galaxies (ie, more than in surrounding space), or a gap in the galaxies (ie, some on either side of the sound horizon)? Maybe a combination of the two? If I knew the answer, I'd just edit the sentence, but I'm not clear about it yet... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:17, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
* Good point, that's not a very clear sentence. How about this:
"The BAO signal appears as an increase in the number of galaxies separated by a distance equal to the sound horizon, compared to the number expected if there had been no baryon oscillation in the primordial plasma."
* I think that's a better lead-in to the next paragraph, where the more detailed explanation appears. What do you think? We really should have a plot of the correlation function with the "BAO bump" in the article. I'll see if I can dig up a good one. - Parejkoj (talk) 09:08, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
* Ok, Figure 14 of Anderson et al. 2014 is a great example. Unfortunately, the published version is still paywalled, but I'll ask for permission to use it. - Parejkoj (talk) 09:26, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
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Inaccuracies in opening section
The opening section had several significant scientific inaccuracies, which I have corrected. The BAO are not a "regular, periodic" feature, they are a statistical correlation between density fluctuations on a certain length scale. In the ripples on a pond analogy, there are many overlapping ripples, which look very messy by eye, not a like a regular periodic pattern. This misconception seems to have slipped in from an edit in 2012 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baryon_acoustic_oscillations&oldid=480347117, and has affected descriptions in other places.
There was also a line at the end of the opening section which described the accelerated expansion of the universe as "apparent". This seems meant to imply that the universe is not expanding, or not accelerating. Perhaps the editor was influenced by tired light theories. However, the scientific consensus (from supernovae, BAO, and CMB) is that the universe is undergoing accelerated expansion. Discussion of alternate theories is not appropriate for the opening of an unrelated article. Bensaliw (talk) 21:46, 25 October 2018 (UTC)
History and Big Picture?
Would it be beneficial to add some more history? One of the chat bots says that BAO was predicted by Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich in the late 60's, and confirmed by the "Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), particularly its Data Release 7 (DR7) in 2009. This landmark discovery was made by a team of researchers led by Daniel Eisenstein, David H. Weinberg, and others." I do not have the expertise to judge these claims. No doubt Fritz Zwicky had this figured out in the 1930's. Just kidding. Was 2005 the first detection as implied by the article?
I'm asking because as a lay follower of Cosmology this topic came out of the blue for me about 15 years ago and it would be interesting to see how it percolated before its confirmation. Thanks. Bluepost22 (talk) 13:41, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
* Yes, Eisenstein et al. 2005 was the first detection of BAO (though 2dFGRS published at about the same time). The article basically says that in "Detection in other galaxy surveys", but there are several sections here that really should be completely rewritten: there's no narrative flow. - Parejkoj (talk) 00:12, 17 April 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wazeesupperclub.com News What is Sumvar in SAS?
What is Sumvar in SAS?
What is Sumvar in SAS?
SUMVAR= calculates the sum of SALES for each value of the chart variable SITE. The variable SALES is assigned a dollar format. The embedded RUN statement is required to end this first RUN-Group and honor the action statement and other SAS statements. It signals that the procedure is to remain active.
What is Gplot in SAS?
The SGPLOT procedure is one of the SG procedures that comprise the ODS Statistical Graphics package. It is used to create single-cell plots of many different types. These Page 2 2 include scatter plots, bar charts, box plots, bubble plots, line charts, heat maps, histograms, and many more.
What is Proc Sgplot in SAS?
What Does the SGPLOT Procedure Do? The SGPLOT procedure creates one or more plots and overlays them on a single set of axes. The SGPLOT procedure can create a wide variety of plot types, and can overlay plots together to produce many different types of graphs.
Which statement on a proc Sgplot step can be used to create a histogram?
Creates a histogram that displays the frequency distribution of a numeric variable. Interactions: The HISTOGRAM statement can be combined only with DENSITY statements in the SGPLOT procedure….DATASKIN=NONE | CRISP | GLOSS | MATTE | PRESSED | SHEEN.
NONE CRISP GLOSS
MATTE PRESSED SHEEN
How do you make a bar graph in SAS?
You create a horizontal bar chart in SAS by defining the input dataset using the DATA=-option and the HBAR statement. The HBAR statement starts with the HBAR keyword, followed by the name of the variable you want to plot. Additionally, you can add options to the HBAR statement to change the appearance of the bar chart.
What does Proc Sgplot do?
What Does the SGPLOT Procedure Do? The SGPLOT procedure creates one or more plots and overlays them on a single set of axes. You can use the SGPLOT procedure to create statistical graphics such as histograms and regression plots, in addition to simple graphics such as scatter plots and line plots.
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Talk:Anjaane: The Unkown
Can this page please be deleted. Incorrect spelling of "Unknown". Best Regards. DynamoDegsy (talk) 05:50, 19 June 2011 (UTC) | WIKI |
ASPCS
Back to Volume
Paper: How precisely could global topology determine distances?
Volume: 167, Harmonizing Cosmic Distance Scales in a Post-Hipparcos Era
Page: 308
Authors: Roukema, B. F.
Abstract: If we live in a Friedmann-Lemaître universe, where the values of the metric parameters, Ω0, λ0 and H0, are the same throughout a spatial section, then it may be possible to see several times around the Universe inside of the horizon diameter, particularly if the curvature is negative. This property is related to topology. A significant detection of the topology of the Universe should enable relative distances, and hence Ω0 and λ0, to be determined very precisely (to ~ 1% and ~ 10% respectively) over large fractions of the horizon scale. The only astrophysical assumption required is that observed redshifts are due to expansion in a FL universe -the distance ladder is avoided. Combination with independent measurements such as Γ≡ Ω0 h would constrain H0.
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Guidelines for Iodine Nutrition Before, During, After Pregnancy
Pregnant woman holding pills
Roy McMahon / Getty Images
According to the 2011 "Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum," during pregnancy, a woman's need for iodine is higher than when not pregnant.
Why Iodine is Important During Pregnancy
Iodine is needed specifically to help a woman increase her thyroid hormone production during pregnancy, as well as to meet the fetal need for iodine.
A fetus' thyroid gland does not start producing hormone until the second trimester of pregnancy, so sufficient iodine levels in a woman pre- and post-conception are essential for healthy neurological development in a developing baby.
In a woman who has sufficient iodine levels, typically the body will adapt to the increased need of iodine during pregnancy, and while breastfeeding.
But if a woman has even mild or moderate iodine deficiency, iodine levels typically decline throughout the pregnancy. Even mild to moderate degrees of iodine deficiency can increase the risk of maternal and fetal goiter (thyroid enlargement), as well as cognitive problems attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and autism in children.
Consequences of Iodine Deficiency
Severe iodine deficiency, however, is a serious health crisis. Severe iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation in the world today.
Severe iodine deficiency in pregnant women is linked to a substantially increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, and increased perinatal and infant mortality, as well as developmental problems in children, including cretinism - a condition that can involve severe mental retardation, deaf-mutism, and motor function problems.
According to studies, while the U.S. population typically is iodine sufficient, women of childbearing age are the subset of Americans who are most likely to have low iodine levels. Throughout the world, iodine deficiency affects over 2.2 billion people and is most prevalent in South Asia, East Asia Pacific, and the East and South African regions.
In regions with severe iodine deficiency, pre-conception iodine supplementation has resulted in significantly improved cognitive performance for children and has greatly reduced the risk of cretinism and other severe complications, including stillbirth, and neonatal and infant mortality.
In mild to moderately iodine-deficient women, studies have shown that supplementation improved outcomes for children. The key benefits seem to occur if the iodine supplementation begins prior to conception, or occurs during the first 10 weeks of gestation -- that period when the fetus is unable to produce thyroid hormone. The benefits appear to drop off if supplementation begins after 10 to 20 weeks of gestation.
The Guidelines recommend that all pregnant and lactating women get a minimum of 250 mg iodine daily, and to accomplish that, pregnant women should supplement their diet with a daily oral supplement that contains 150 mg of iodine, in the form of potassium iodide.
Check Your Vitamin Labels
AN IMPORTANT NOTE: It should be noted that only about half the prenatal vitamins available in the U.S. - including prescription prenatal vitamins - contain iodine. Women should carefully check the labels of any prescription or over-the-counter prenatal vitamins to ensure they contain the sufficient level of iodine necessary to meet the Guidelines' recommendations.
To avoid the effects of excess iodine, the Guidelines point to the Institute of Medicine, which has defined the tolerable upper limit for daily iodine intake as 1100 mg/d (1.1 g/d) in all adults, including pregnant women.
They recommend that pregnant women avoid sustained iodine intake from diet and dietary supplements that exceeds 500 to 1100 mg daily, to avoid concerns about fetal hypothyroidism.
Other Sources of Iodine
In addition to diet and iodine supplements, pregnant women should be aware that there are other sources of iodine, including the heart drug amiodarone, which contains 75 mg iodine per 200 mg tablet, and iodine-based contrast agents used for medical tests, which can contain up to 380 mg of iodine per milliliter.
Source
Stagnaro-Green, Alex, et. al. "Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum." Thyroid. Volume 21, Number 10, 2011 (Online)
Continue Reading | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Francesco Geminiani
Francesco Xaverio Geminiani (baptised 5 December 1687 – 17 September 1762) was an Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist. BBC Radio 3 once described him as "now largely forgotten, but in his time considered almost a musical god, deemed to be the equal of Handel and Corelli."
Life
Born at Lucca, he received lessons in music from Alessandro Scarlatti, and studied the violin under Carlo Ambrogio Lonati in Milan and afterwards under Arcangelo Corelli. From 1707 he took the place of his father in the Cappella Palatina of Lucca. From 1711, he led the opera orchestra at Naples, as Leader of the Opera Orchestra and concertmaster, which gave him many opportunities for contact with Alessandro Scarlatti. After a brief return to Lucca, in 1714, he set off for London in the company of Francesco Barsanti, where he arrived with the reputation of a virtuoso violinist, and soon attracted attention and patrons, including William Capel, 3rd Earl of Essex, who remained a consistent patron. In 1715 Geminiani played his violin concerti for the court of George I, with Handel at the keyboard. In the mid-1720s he became a freemason in London, notably as a leading member of the short-lived lodge Philo-Musicae et Architecturae Societas (1725–27) at the Queen's Head Tavern on Fleet Street. He seems to have retained his masonic connections thereafter. On 1 February 1725, he joined the Queen's Head lodge in London, becoming the first Italian to be in initiated in the Freemasonry. On 12 May 1725, he became Fellowcraft and Master Mason in the same day. On 11 May 1728, the Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England James King 4th Baron of Kingstone designated the brothers Geminiani for constituting in Naples the first Italian regular masonic Lodge, directly affiliated to the English Freemasonry.
Geminiani made a living by teaching and writing music, and tried to keep pace with his passion for collecting by dealing in art, not always successfully. Many of his students went on to have successful careers, such as Charles Avison, Matthew Dubourg, Michael Christian Festing, Bernhard Joachim Hagen and Cecilia Young.
After visiting Paris and living there for some time, he returned to England in 1755. In 1761, on one of his sojourns in Dublin, a servant robbed him of a musical manuscript on which he had bestowed much time and labour. His vexation at this loss is said to have hastened his death. He died and was buried in Dublin, but his remains were later reburied in the city of his birth, in the church of San Francesco, Lucca.
He appears to have been a first-rate violinist. Tartini reportedly called him Il Furibondo, the Madman, because of his expressive rhythms.
Works
Geminiani's best-known compositions are three sets of concerti grossi; his Opus 2 (1732), Opus 3 (1733) and Opus 7 (1746) (there are 42 concerti in all) which introduce the viola as a member of the concertino group of soloists, making them essentially concerti for string quartet. These works are deeply contrapuntal to please a London audience still in love with Corelli, compared to the galant work that was fashionable on the Continent at the time of their composition. Geminiani also reworked his teacher Corelli's Opp. 1, 3 and 5 into concerti grossi.
Geminiani's significance today is largely due to his 1751 treatise Art of Playing on the Violin Op. 9, published in London, which is the best known summation of the 18th-century Italian method of violin playing and is an invaluable source for the study of late Baroque performance practice. The book is in the form of 24 exercises accompanied by a relatively short but extremely informative section of text, giving detailed instructions on articulation, trills and other ornaments, shifting between positions, and other aspects of left- and right-hand violin technique. The instructions in this treatise are famously opposed to those expressed by Leopold Mozart in his Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Playing (1756) on several issues, including on bow hold, use of vibrato, and the so-called "rule of the down-bow", which states that the first beat of every bar must be played with a down-stroke.
His Guida harmonica (c. 1752, with an addendum in 1756) is one of the most unusual harmony treatises of the late Baroque, serving as a sort of encyclopedia of basso continuo patterns and realizations. There are 2,236 patterns in all, and at the end of each pattern is a page number reference for a potential next pattern; thus a student composer studying the book would have an idea of all the subsequent possibilities available after any given short bass line.
Geminiani also published a number of solos for the violin, three sets of violin concerti, twelve violin trios, the Art of Accompaniment on the Harpsichord, Organ, etc. (1754), Lessons for the Harpsichord, Art of Playing on the Guitar or Cittra (1760) and some other works.
Criticism
Geminiani's compositions are noted for their imagination, expression, and warmth, but also for their lack of discipline and for under-development. Charles Burney took Geminiani to task for irregular melodic structure. Hawkins, on the other hand, was of the opinion that Geminiani's approach represented an important advance in composition. "That we are at this time in a state of emancipation from the bondage of laws imposed without authority, is owing to a new investigation of the principles of harmony, and the studies of a class of musicians, of whom Geminiani seems to have been the chief.... It is observable upon the works of Geminiani, that his modulations are not only original, but that his harmonies consist of such combinations as were never introduced into music till his time. The rules of transition from one key to another, which are laid down by those who have written on the composition of music, he not only disregarded, but objected to as an unnecessary restraint on the powers of invention. He has been frequently heard to say, that the cadences in the fifth, the third, and the sixth of the key which occur in the works of Corelli, were rendered too familiar to the ear by the frequent repetition of them. And it seems to have been the study of his life, by a liberal use of the semitonic intervals, to increase the number of harmonic combinations; and into melody to introduce a greater variety than it was otherwise capable of." | WIKI |
Great Fitness Advice That Can Get You In Shape
Staying fit is so important thing to do if you are trying to be healthy. There are many things to learn, where do you begin? The following tips and advice will give you can use when on your fitness goals.
If a person typically uses a treadmill, try running through the neighborhood. The difference in intensity and muscle use that is needed to run uphill outdoors can yield different results than similar exercise on various terrains.
Tone Triceps
Simple push-ups can actually tone triceps. This targeted push-up exercise will strengthen and tone triceps like no other exercise.
The frequency of your strength training regimen depends on your personal goals.If you are looking to build muscles and increase strength, do less strength training. If you want to become more tone and defined, you will get leaner but well-defined muscles.
TIP! T
A personal trainer is a good investment for those who are dedicated to always improving their fitness levels. Personal trainers can provide motivational insight on how to form a wealth of experience to draw from.
Muscle Mass
When you are lifting weights, many repetitions of a lighter weight will far increase your muscle mass as compared to fewer repetitions with a heavier weight. Muscle mass is not built solely by lifting large amounts of weight; endurance is also key. The most successful weight lifters in the world swear by this way of training.
TIP! Your abs need more than crunches to look great. A well-known university study found that only one pound of fat is burned after 250,000 crunches.
When working out it is a good idea to count the number of repetitions you need to achieve, start at the number you want to achieve and count backwards. This keeps you an idea of just how many exercises you still have left and help keep your motivation level up.
Many people need to feel and see results before they decide to keep their motivation. Try buying tighter clothes instead of using the scale. You can shed some light on the changes in your body by trying these clothes on once a week as you are losing inches not just pounds.
Do you want to find a way in doing chin-ups? Changing your way of thinking can give you greatly. Imagine you’re pulling down instead of pulling your chin-ups. This can help them appear easier and will allow you may be able to do more of them.
TIP! If you like to watch TV, do your exercise while you watch your favorite shows. As soon as a commercial comes on, walk around the room or get some work done.
Make sure you are wearing shoes that fit well. Try to purchase shoes at night because your feet have had a chance to spread. There needs to be at least be a space of half inch between your big toe and the shoe. Make sure you are able to move your toes.
Only work out the muscles that you had exercised the day before. You can achieve this by slightly working out your tired muscles with a much weaker effort.
Listen to your body when needed. Some trainers say you can only take a rest in between the sets. Take a break whenever your body is letting you know that it needs it. If you over do it then you will hurt yourself.
You will get tired quicker if you pedal too fast.
Walking your dog can be helpful when you are trying to improve your fitness regime. Your fuzzy little buddy will love going for a walk. Walk around a couple blocks and judge whether or not you’re capable of anything more when you are back in front of your house. This is one of the perks of owning a dog.
Make sure you are properly balancing workouts because the course of your workout. Working just the muscles in your lower back or the ab muscles is a recipe for back pain. Working them both muscle groups at every opportunity is a good way to steer clear of back problems and allow you to continue working out when you want to.
TIP! When lifting weights over your head, with each rep you should flex your glutes. This is a good way to work your buttocks area and also helps you stay safe by making the body work to position itself most effectively.
The advice provided above will assist you in remaining fit and healthy for the rest of your life. Then you will be able to add to your knowledge base and continue building fitness. You can feel a lot better about yourself by working towards something like getting into shape.
Lots of folks want to understand the subject of Fitness but don’t know where to begin. This article has provided a lot of information about Fitness. Apply the data that you take in from this article to real life.
This entry was posted in Fitness and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Eva Petkova
Eva Petkova is a Bulgarian-American biostatistician interested in the application of statistics to psychiatry, and known for her research on regression model comparison, brain imaging, and mental disorders. She is a professor of population health and of child and adolescent psychology at the New York University School of Medicine, and a research scientist at the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research.
Education and career
Petkova a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1982, a master's degree in mathematics in 1984, and a Ph.D. in physics in 1987 from Sofia University in Bulgaria. She completed a second Ph.D. in 1992 in statistics, at Pennsylvania State University. Her statistics dissertation, General Procedures for Analysis of Collapsibility in Generalized Linear Models, was supervised by Clifford Clogg.
After postdoctoral research at Harvard University, she joined the Columbia University faculty in 1994, in biostatistics and psychiatry, and as director of biostatistics at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. She moved to New York University in 2006.
Petkova was one of the founders of the Annual Symposium on Statistics in Psychiatry, later renamed as the Thomas R. Ten Have Symposium on Statistics in Mental Health.
Recognition
In 2014 Petkova was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association "for significant research contributions to statistical methodology in mental health research; for dedicated leadership in advancing the use of statistical methods for the analysis of mental health data; and for devoted mentoring of students and medical researchers". | WIKI |
Moderate Front
The Moderate Front (also called the Moderate Islamist Front for Combating Violence and Extremism, the Islamic Alliance to Support Stability and Renounce Violence and the Movement of Moderation to Confront the Religious Extremism) is an alliance composed of former jihadis, ex-members of the Muslim Brotherhood and ex-al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya members. The leader of the alliance is Sabra al-Qasemy al-Wasateyya, who was a former member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. The alliance was founded after the 30 June ouster of Mohamed Morsi and subsequent attacks on civilians. The coalition has supported Abdel Fattah el-Sisi for president in the Egyptian 2014 presidential election. The Muslim Brotherhood has been criticized by the group for its calling for protests on the anniversary of the Mohamed Mahmoud clashes; the members of the alliance want the Brotherhood to turn away from violence. One of the members of the organization, Amr Emara, is also the coordinator of the Dissident Brotherhood Youth Alliance. The leader of the Democratic Jihad Party (Yasser Saad) is currently a member of the front.
The organization worked on a book to combat takfir ideology; the book was published in October 2013 and distributed in Arish. | WIKI |
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The belowed tips will tell you how to step by step convert AVCHD to SD video with the powerful HD video converter software.
1. Free download the powerful and easy-to-use Laptop HD Video Converter, install and launch.
2. Add the HD files from the "File" menu in batches or add folder.
3. Choose the proper output destination and the target video format.
4. Click "Convert" button! After a few minutes waiting, you can find playing the converted any video files on your any portable music devices like PSP , iPhone is a piece of cake.
Tips 1: With auto detection of multi-core CPU, you can append many tasks at one time and the HD video converter will convert them one by one for saving your time.
Tips 2: Laptop HD Video Converter software provides various HD formats including AVCHD (mts, m2ts), MKV, HD ASF, HD AVI, H.264/AVC, HD Quick Time, HD MPEG-4, and HD WMV for you to choose. Also, you can make more detailed settings such as Bitrate, Sample rate, Zoom, etc. for every profile.
Tips 3: As powerful HD converter software, it can capture pictures from videos by setting duration and capture interval, and save them as JPG, GIF, BMP, PNG files.
Easy-to-handle interface and super high HD conversion speed will make the whole AVCHD movie to SD video conversion much easier and faster. Why not have a try, you will find more information at: AVCHD movie to SD video.
Knowledge Base | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:The Gherkin
Requested move 30 April 2023
The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 15:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
30 St Mary Axe → The Gherkin – Common name, per Ngrams. I don't believe WP:THE applies here as it is always known as "The Gherkin" and never as simply "Gherkin". Tim O'Doherty (talk) 20:55, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
* Support per nom. Most google hits for "30 St Mary Axe" note that it is also or more commonly known as The Gherkin (and the main ones that don't are address listings). Thryduulf (talk) 09:55, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
* Support per nom. Estar8806 (talk) 14:05, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
700 sq ft?
In the Technical Details section, the floor area is listed in sq meters with a decimal point and then later in sq ft. It's that period meant to remark 1000s meaning the sq footage is closer to 700,000 sq ft? T. Woody Sobey (talk) 06:50, 7 January 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Shon the Piper
Shon the Piper is a 1913 American silent short historical romantic drama film directed by Otis Turner, starring Robert Z. Leonard and Lon Chaney. The film follows a Scottish Duke who disguises himself as a piper and falls in love with a woman by the name of Madge. The woman's father refuses to let the two marry because he wants his daughter to marry the Laird of the Isla. At the wedding, Shon steals Madge away and a battle ensues between the clans.
The film was produced by the 101 Bison Film Company and released on September 30, 1913. The film saw a widespread national release and garnered some positive attention. Some sources have disputed the fact that Lon Chaney appeared in this film, but the Blake book states Chaney played a member of a Scottish clan (uncredited). The film is presumed lost.
Plot
The synopsis of the film was provided in Moving Picture News as: "The action is laid in the latter part of the eighteenth century while the story revolves about a young Scotch duke who, determined not to marry one seeking his money, searches for adventure in the Highlands, disguised as a piper. He meets, during his wanderings, Madge, the daughter of Donald Maclvor. They fall in love at first sight. Unaware of Shon's real identity, the old father refuses to sanction the match. He prefers to give his daughter to the wealthy Laird of the Isla. When the girl carries this news to her lover he tells her to "Be of good cheer, my bonny lass; I'll pipe them a tune of another class." The wedding day is fixed and the Laird leads his melancholy fiancée forth. Shon visits the feast in the garb of a harpist. He amuses the guests for a while and then, throwing off his disguise, escapes with Madge from a window. But previous to this, Shon has called his clan together and when speeding away to his mansion, they cover his retreat. What follows is a remarkably thrilling and fresh piece of business; a battle between two kilted Scotch clans. And then the title of the youth is discovered and all ends well."
Cast
* Robert Z. Leonard as Shon the Piper
* Margarita Fischer as Madge of the Hills
* Joseph Singleton as The Laird of the Isla
* Joseph Fischer
* John Burton as Tam MacIvor
* Lon Chaney as a member of the Scottish clans (disputed)
Production
The film was produced by the 101 Bison Film Company. On August 23, 1910, the New York Clipper announced that J. W. Kerrigan had joined Universal Studios and would star in a new series of films directed by Allan Dwan. The first film listed was titled "A Restless Spirit" (The Restless Spirit) and the second film would be Shon the Piper. It is unknown if there was some change in Shon the Piper's production or if the Clipper was mistaken because neither Kerrigan nor Dwan are credited. Instead, Otis Turner would direct the film and the film would star Robert Z. Leonard and Margarita Fischer.
Prior to his motion picture debut, Leonard previously had a noted stage career in the California Opera Company in a variety of roles and sung in over a hundred light operas. Joseph Singleton played The Laird of the Isla and would be credited through an answer column in The Photo-play Journal. The cast of the film was not billed or credited in the production. Michael Blake credits Lon Chaney in a role in this film in his book, The Films of Lon Chaney. Jon C. Mirsalis states that he cannot confirm or deny an appearance by Lon Chaney, but notes that the only surviving film still does not show Lon Chaney among the cast members. Also, although most sources list the film as a three-reeler, a review exists from "Motion Picture World" that calls it "A remarkably fresh and interesting two-reel subject..."
Release and reception
The three reel film was released on September 30, 1913. The Leavenworth Times gave a review prior to its release, stating "This is one of those bright sunny pictures that cannot fail to please everybody. The action is laid in the latter part of the eighteenth century and Margaret Fischer as the daughter of the rich Laird of the Isla takes part in some of the most enchanting pictures ever shown on a screen." The Huntington Herald said the film was a "remarkably fresh and interesting subject" and it described the film as a Scottish ballad.
The film had viewings in Kansas, Indiana, Texas, Chicago, Illinois, Missouri, Lincoln, Nebraska, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Other showings include the "Indian Territory" of Oklahoma, Seattle, Washington, Arizona, Vermont, Oregon, and Utah. One of the last advertisements for the film was on December 19, 1913 announcing a showing at the Airdome in Durham, North Carolina.
The film is now considered lost. It is unknown when the film was lost, but if it was in Universal's vaults, it would have been deliberately destroyed along with the remaining copies of Universal's silent era films in 1948. | WIKI |
2022 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 2022 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team represented South Dakota State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) during the 2022 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led John Stiegelmeier in his 26th and final season as head coach, the Jackrabbits compiled an overall record of 14–1 with a mark of 8–0 in conference play, winning the MVFC title. South Dakota State received the MVFC's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs, where after a first-round bye, the Jackrabbits defeated Delaware in the second round, Holy Cross in the quarterfinals, Montana State in the semifinals, and fellow MVFC member North Dakota State in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Game to win program's first national title. The team played home games on campus at Dana J. Dykhouse Stadium in Brookings, South Dakota.
At Iowa
* Source: Box Score
UC Davis
* Source: Box Score
Butler
* Source: Box Score
At No. 6 Missouri State
* Source: Box Score
Western Illinois
* Source: Box Score
South Dakota
* Source: Box Score
At No. 1 North Dakota State
* Source: Box Score
At No. 20 North Dakota
* Source: Box Score
Indiana State
* Source: Box Score
At Northern Iowa
* Source: Box Score
Illinois State
* Source: Box Score
No. 23 Delaware (second round)
* Source: Box Score
No. 7 Holy Cross (quarterfinal)
* Source: Box Score
No. 3 Montana State (semifinal)
* Source: Box Score
Vs. No. 4 North Dakota State (championship game)
* Source: Box Score | WIKI |
User:Random832/yourarticle
You recently created with a brief description of, presumably, yourself. This material would be more appropriate for your userpage. It has been flagged for deletion, but please don't let that discourage you from editing Wikipedia.
Usage: | WIKI |
What it means to be immunosuppressed?
What it means to be immunosuppressed?
(IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREST) Having a weakened immune system. People who are immunosuppressed have a reduced ability to fight infections and other diseases. This may be caused by certain diseases or conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, malnutrition, and certain genetic disorders.
Who is considered immunosuppressed?
Amid talk of COVID-19 and the vaccines, you might hear the words ‘immunocompromised’ or ‘immunosuppressed. ‘ Both words describe people who have weakened immune systems.
What is the cause of immunosuppression?
Medical Causes. Temporary immunosuppression can be caused by a variety of common infections, including influenza and mononucleosis, that weaken the immune response. However, when immune cells or other facets of the immune system are the targets of infection, severe immunosuppression can occur.
What do immunosuppressants do to the body?
Immunosuppressants work in the following ways: They suppress or inhibit the immune system’s activity and prevent it from attacking the transplanted organ, as it attacks any foreign cells, which could otherwise lead to severe damage to the organ. They stop the immune system from damaging healthy cells and tissues.
What does immunocompromised mean for Covid?
With so much attention on this one group, a question remains in the minds of many: What does it actually mean to be immunocompromised? Simply put, it’s when your immune system isn’t working as well as it should to protect you from infection—or that your immune system can’t distinguish between normal and foreign cells.
What illnesses are classed as immunosuppressant?
You may need immunosuppressants if you have one of these autoimmune diseases:
• Alopecia areata.
• Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
• Lupus.
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
What counts as immunocompromised for Covid booster?
Moderate or severe primary immunodeficiency (such as DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome) Advanced or untreated HIV infection. Active treatment with high-dose corticosteroids or other drugs that may suppress their immune response.
What are symptoms of immunosuppression?
Frequent and recurrent pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, ear infections, meningitis or skin infections. Inflammation and infection of internal organs. Blood disorders, such as low platelet count or anemia. Digestive problems, such as cramping, loss of appetite, nausea and diarrhea.
What is the most common cause of immunosuppression?
Most commonly, immune suppression happens due to an autoimmune disease, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes. The occurrence of frequent infections with severe symptoms is the primary sign of a suppressed immune system.
What is the most common side effect of immunosuppressive medications?
The most significant side effect of immunosuppressant drugs is an increased risk of infection. Other, less serious side effects can include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, increased hair growth, and hand trembling. These effects typically subside as the body adjusts to the immunosuppressant drugs.
What to avoid while on immunosuppressants?
Basic Guidelines to Follow Avoid unpasteurized beverages, such as fruit juice, milk and raw milk yogurt. Avoid salad bars and buffets. Refrigerate pate, cold hot dog or deli meat (including dry-cured salami and deli prepared salads containing these items), eggs or seafood.
Who is compromised for Covid?
Like adults, children with obesity, diabetes, asthma or chronic lung disease, sickle cell disease, or who are immunocompromised can also be at increased risk for getting very sick from COVID-19. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Samuel Hopkins (inventor)
Samuel Hopkins (December 9, 1743 – 1818) was an American inventor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, On July 31, 1790, he was granted the first U.S. patent, under the new U.S. patent statute just signed into law by President Washington on April 10, 1790. Hopkins had petitioned for a patent on an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process."
The statute did not create a Patent Office. Instead a committee of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War and the Attorney General were authorized to make a decision on the merit of a properly documented petition.
The patent was signed by President George Washington, Attorney General Edmund Randolph, and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. The other U.S. patents issued that year were for a new candle-making process and Oliver Evans's flour-milling machinery.
Hopkins also received the first "Canadian" patent from the Parliament of Lower Canada in 1791, issued "by the Governor General in Council to Angus MacDonnel, a Scottish soldier garrisoned at Quebec City, and to Samuel Hopkins, for processes to make potash and soap from wood ash."
Personal details
Samuel Hopkins, the second child of Quaker parents, was born just north of Baltimore, Maryland. At about the age of 16, he was apprenticed to Robert Parrish, a Quaker tradesman in Philadelphia. In the spring of 1765, Hopkins married Parrish's sister-in-law, Hannah Wilson, and together they raised six children in Philadelphia. The 1790 U.S. Census listed Hopkins's occupation as "Pott Ash Maker". The city directories of the period listed him as a "pot-ash maker" and a "pot-ash manufacturer".
Circa 1800, for financial reasons, Hopkins and his wife moved to Rahway, New Jersey, to live with their daughter Sarah and son-in-law William Shotwell. They returned to Philadelphia sometime before Hopkins's death in 1818. | WIKI |
distributionH-class: Class distributionH.
Description Usage Arguments Details Value Objects from the Class Author(s) References See Also Examples
Description
Class distributionH.
Class "distributionH" desfines an histogram object The class describes a histogram by means of its cumulative distribution function. The methods are develoved accordingly to the L2 Wasserstein distance between distributions.
A histogram object can be created also with the function distributionH(...), the costructor function for creating an object containing the description of a histogram.
Usage
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## S4 method for signature 'distributionH'
initialize(.Object, x = numeric(0),
p = numeric(0), m = numeric(0), s = numeric(0))
distributionH(x = numeric(0), p = numeric(0))
Arguments
.Object
the type ("distributionH")
x
a numeric vector. it is the domain of the distribution (i.e. the extremes of bins).
p
a numeric vector (of the same lenght of x). It is the cumulative distribution function CDF.
m
(optional) a numeric value. Is the mean of the histogram.
s
(optional) a numeric positive value. It is the standard deviation of a histogram.
Details
Class distributionH defines a histogram object
Value
A distributionH object
Objects from the Class
Objects can be created by calls of the form new("distributionH", x, p, m, s).
Author(s)
Antonio Irpino
References
Irpino, A., Verde, R. (2015) Basic statistics for distributional symbolic variables: a new metric-based approach Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, DOI 10.1007/s11634-014-0176-4
See Also
meanH computes the mean. stdH computes the standard deviation.
Examples
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#---- initialize a distributionH object mydist
# from a simple histogram
# ----------------------------
# | Bins | Prob | cdf |
# ----------------------------
# | [1,2) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
# | [2,3] | 0.6 | 1.0 |
# ----------------------------
# | Tot. | 1.0 | - |
# ----------------------------
mydist=new("distributionH",c(1,2,3),c(0, 0.4, 1))
str(mydist)
# OUTPUT
# Formal class 'distributionH' [package "HistDAWass"] with 4 slots
# [email protected] x: num [1:3] 1 2 3 the quantiles
# [email protected] p: num [1:3] 0 0.4 1 the cdf
# [email protected] m: num 2.1 the mean
# [email protected] s: num 0.569 the standard deviation
# or using
mydist=distributionH(x=c(1,2,3),p=c(0,0.4, 1))
HistDAWass documentation built on Oct. 6, 2017, 5:04 p.m. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Latest in IT Security
OSX/Lamadai.A: The Mac Payload
28
Mar
2012
Earlier this month, researchers from AlienVault and Intego reported a new malware attack targeting Tibetan NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations). The attack consisted of luring the victim into visiting a malicious website, which then would drop a malicious payload on the target’s computer using Java vulnerability CVE-2011-3544 and execute it. The webserver would serve a platform-specific JAR (Java Archive) dropper based on the browser’s UserAgent String to infect the user’s Windows or OS X system.
The OS X-specific dropper is also served to Linux clients. Since the dropped payload is designed for OS X only, Linux clients will not be infected.
This analysis is focused on the OS X payload and the network protocol it used to communicate with its Command and Control (C&C) server.
OS X uses the Mach-O file format for its executable files. For OSX/Lamadai.A, the Mach-O executable was compiled for 64-bit only, which is unusual since Mach-O binaries normally contain both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the executable.
Upon execution, the threat copies itself to /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/AudioServer and adds a launcher script named ~/Library/LaunchAgents /com.apple.DockActions.plist pointing to the copied file to ensure it is executed whenever the current user logs in.
Note that by default, on OS X 10.7.2, regular users do not have write permissions to /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/AudioServer, meaning this threat is not persistent (i.e. it won’t survive a reboot). We are unsure if older versions of OS X have different filesystem permissions. Nonetheless, using another location under the user’s home directory would have worked better for the attacker.
Afterwards, the threat will try to contact its C&C server by resolving dns.assyra.com (100.42.217.73 at the time of analysis, the domain now points to 127.0.0.1) and establishing a TCP connection to port 8008. The server will respond with a TCP RST unless it has some instructions to communicate. The infected system then falls into a busy wait loop, trying to reconnect at random intervals ranging from 0 to 10 seconds.
The server may issue one of the three following instructions to the infected system:
1. Upload a file: the C&C sends the path to upload, the client responds with the file content;
2. Download a file: the C&C sends the file path and content, the client creates the file with permissions set to 777 (-rwxrwxrwx);
3. Start a remote shell: the C&C sends an arbitrary shell command, the client responds with the output.
All communications between the client and the C&C are encrypted with AES and XOR. The crypto seems to be performed with a slightly modified implementation of AES and SHA1 from the PolarSSL library. The AES keys are generated from the first forty (40) bytes coming from the C&C. While the keys are constant during the entire communication, two different hardcoded XOR keys are used, one for incoming traffic and one for outgoing traffic.
Furthermore, the malware will not act upon any instruction unless the first packet received from the C&C matches a hardcoded key 16 bytes long, as seen in the picture below. The client will also add that key to the first response it will send to the C&C.
Key used to authenticate with the C&C
Finally, a custom SHA1-based hash is appended to every information packet going to and from the C&C for authentication and integrity checking purposes:
hash = SHA1(key1 + sha1(key2 + encrypted_packet_content + packet_number)) where key1 and key2 are two 64-byte strings derived from the first XOR key
During our investigation, we observed a live dialog between the C&C and our test machine. The timing and nature of the instructions received from the C&C lead us to believe that they were being manually typed by a human. Here are a few interesting pieces:
Finding the path to the cookies directory
Finding the path to a Keychains directory
Where is that Downloads directory again?
After some filesystem browsing, the C&C issued two File Upload instructions targeting one Keychain file and the Safari’s cookies store. The purpose here clearly is information stealing.
A lot of effort has been put into the network protocol, which is quite involved. The operators seemed to have a real interest in hiding the raw communication from a network dump so as to make reverse engineering more difficult. However, the use of symmetric cryptography makes it so that it is totally possible to reproduce the encryption and decryption routines and analyze the communication on-the-fly.
This attack is another reminder to stay current with OS patches as Apple patched this vulnerability in Java for Mac OS X 10.7 Update 1 and Java for Mac OS X 10.6 Update in November 2011.
ESET security software (including ESET Cybersecurity for Mac) since signature update 7001 detects this threat as OSX/Lamadai.A. Some AV vendors flagged the file as OSX/Olyx, a previous Mac malware. We did not find any relation between the two threats, the network protocol and obfuscation techniques being different.
MD5 of the files analyzed:
39084b60790ca3fdebe1cd93a4764819 file-mac.tmp (OSX payload)
MD5 of related files
7f7cbc62c56aec9cb351b6c1b1926265 file-win.tmp (Win32 payload)
dd7421fb6ca03c5752a06cffb996285a index.jar (OSX/Linux dropper)
2d86dce83851f76493ba0492d066c095 default.jar (Win32 dropper)
4b6eb782f9d508bbe0e7cfbae1346a43 index.html (HTML serving the droppers)
Thanks to Marc-Étienne M. Léveillé who performed the technical analysis.
Alexis Dorais-Joncas
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5.5
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Monthly Downloads: 7
Programming language: Haskell
License: BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" License
Tags: Network
Latest version: v0.2.1.1
scrobble alternatives and similar packages
Based on the "Networking" category.
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README
What this package is
This package comes as a library and demo server (named scrobble-server) for scrobbling via the procotol of Audioscrobbler. The demo is merely for a demonstration, you should use the server as a library and do what you want with the scrobbled tracks.
It also supports scrobbling to Last.fm or other scrobbler service, see the Client module.
See the Audioscrobbler documentation for the protocol.
Example usage
$ scrobble-server 8910
New session: Session {sesHandshake = True, sesVersion = "1.2",
sesClientId = "qlb", sesClientVer = "0.9.2",
sesUser = "christopherdone",sesTimestamp = 2012-06-10 18:38:40 UTC,
sesToken = "f8bfeb761205fd72abf78b4dc54724f2"}
Now playing: NowPlaying {npArtist = "Aphex Twin",
npTrack = "XMD5A",npAlbum = Just "Analord 10",
npLength = Just 478, npPosition = Just 2, npMusicBrainz = Nothing}
Listened: Submission {subArtist = "Aphex Twin",
subTrack = "XMD5A", subTimestamp = 2012-06-10 18:42:39 UTC,
subSource = UserChosen, subRating = Nothing, subLength = Just 478,
subAlbum = Just "Analord 10", subPosition = Just 2,
subMusicBrainz = Nothing}
How to use with your music player
To use, configure your music player and change the Last.fm/Audioscrobbling plugin you have to point to your localhost.
Clementine
For Clementine, there is no such option. But you can instead go to the proxy settings and choose HTTP proxy, and enter the details of the server instead. Scrobble-server ignores the proxying part of the request.
Quod Libet
Go to Music → Plugins and check the AudioScrobbler plugin. Choose “Other” and enter the server/port of the server. The username and password don't matter. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Published on 1 November 2004
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Employing IT to improve antibiotic prescribing
teaser
Richard H Drew
PharmD MS BCPS
Clinical Pharmacist
Duke University School of Medicine
Durham, NC
USA
Associate Professor
Campbell University School of Pharmacy
Buies Creek, NC
USA
E:Richard.Drew@Duke.edu
Numerous studies have demonstrated the need for appropriate and timely antibiotic therapy in the treatment of patients with serious illnesses.(1–8) Appropriate use has also been identified as an integral component in strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance.(9) A significant factor contributing to inappropriate antibiotic use is the lack of disease-, patient- and pathogen-specific information at the time therapy is initiated.(10) Despite the availability of treatment guidelines for selected infections,(11–20) optimal utilisation may be hampered by a lack of awareness of guideline availability, a lack of accessibility at the point of care, a need to be adapted for local use and a need for frequent updating.(21)
Recent advances in computer and communication technologies could significantly contribute to more appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy by delivering vital information to prescribers. This article briefly summarises the past contributions of information technology (IT) to infectious diseases management, and offers an example of a present-day solution to the need for customised information resources.
Past applications: antibiotic order processing and feedback
Medication order processing and distribution systems used by pharmacies rely heavily on IT. Many are capable of performing screening for drug–drug interactions, allergies and selected contraindications. Computerised physician order entry (CPOE) is a recent advance that allows clinicians to order medications, diagnostic tests, laboratory studies, diet, nursing care and consultations directly through the institution’s computerised order processing system. CPOE may include order sets, decision algorithms and/or calculators to facilitate antibiotic selection and dosing.
IT has facilitated the collection of information used to provide feedback to prescribing clinicians on appropriate antibiotic use. Reports including prescribing trends, adherence rates to treatment guidelines, antibiotic purchases and pathogen resistance trends are often used by institutions to improve antibiotic use. Reports such as prolonged treatment durations, inappropriate dosing, switching from parenteral to oral therapy and discordance with treatment and pathogen susceptibility profiles may also be useful to identify opportunities for intervention by pharmacists.(22) While such systems usually improve the safe use of antibiotics, they often lack the capacity to assist in identifying the optimal selection.
IT has also provided the ability to expand opportunities for infectious disease prevention, such as the need for immunisation. Limited integration with hospital medical records can help identify patients who may require isolation due to increased risks of antibiotic-resistant pathogens (such as those with prior history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] or Clostridium difficile– associated colitis).
Evolving use of information technology: decision support
Advances in computer hardware (such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants [PDAs]), software and communication technology (such as wireless networks) have allowed information resources to be available at the point of care.(23) As a result, a growing number of references are available via PDAs (see Table 1).(24) The advantages of such systems include their rapid updateability, easy accessibility, ease of use, low cost and expert-provided content.
[[HPE17_table1_86]]
The ability to provide true decision support to the clinician regarding optimal antimicrobial selection has been limited, due largely to the lack of systems capable of integrating patient-specific data. This would include the information needed to determine the likelihood of infection, risk of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, dosing requirements, risk of antibiotic toxicities, expected treatment response and treatment costs.(25,26) While integrated systems have demonstrated their ability to improve drug selection, reduce adverse drug events, reduce antibiotic-related costs and stabilise or improve the prevalence of resistance isolates,(27–31) such systems can be extremely expensive. Initial investment costs range from US$5 to 10 million, while annual maintenance costs can exceed US$1 million a year.(32,33) An additional barrier to the implementation of such systems is the need for distribution of data across multiple systems that often do not communicate with each other.(34) Thus, integrated systems are currently not attainable for most hospitals.(35)
Customising resources
Information resources for selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy must include local and institutional considerations. For example, institution-specific data on pathogen susceptibility (usually in the form of an antibiogram) is an important consideration in determining empirical antibiotic treatment.(36,37) Infectious disease treatment practices (particularly empiric antibiotic therapy) should also consider antibiotic formulary considerations, drug availability, local clinician preferences, research protocols and local policies and/or restriction programmes.(38–40)
Paper-based antibiograms and antibiotic selection guidelines have been employed by many facilities in an attempt to address the need for current, institution-specific information. However, such sources are currently cumbersome (and often expensive) to produce and maintain. Web- and/or PDA- based guidelines provide a nonintegrated solution to the challenge of customising, maintaining and communicating institution-specific treatment recommendations. An example of such a system, CustomID (©), was developed (and is currently in use) at Duke University Medical Center (Durham, NC, USA). The use of a web authoring tool permitted the easy entry of content into Microsoft(®) SQL (an open database connectivity [ODBC]-compliant relational database). Microsoft(®) Active Server Pages present content in a web view. The content is delivered via AvantGo(®) to PDAs, which use either Palm(®) or Pocket PC(®) software. Physicians, pharmacists, nurses and microbiologists with an expertise in infectious diseases and infection control continually provide institution-specific content. Information is organised into disease-, drug- and pathogen-specific sections. Additional content is available in areas such as infection control, surgical prophylaxis, investigational protocols, antibiotic restriction programmes, information on research protocols, biological hazard response information and caremaps. Extensive cross-referencing is available. For example, clinicians choosing to review information on in-vitro susceptibilities from the institution’s antibiogram are able to choose cross-referenced sections such as treatment options, dosing guidelines, restriction programme information and investigational protocols recruiting patients with such infections.
Within the first year, CustomID was used to communicate rapidly several important infection management changes and new information, such as drug shortages (and necessary treatment recommendation changes), local influenza outbreak data, revised institutional infection control practices (such as those necessary for a suspected case of severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS]), updates on biological hazard response procedures, updated national treatment guidelines, new investigational protocols, changes to the institution’s antibiotic formulary and update to the antibiogram.
Conclusion
IT significantly enhances the ability to provide decision support for clinicians choosing an antimicrobial therapy. Such information should be based on published guidelines and customised to the local environment. While systems which integrate decision support capabilities with patient-specific data exist, they are largely unavailable. Institutions can use “off-the-shelf” technology to provide timely information important to the selection of appropriate antibiotic use.
References
1. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:1143-51.
2. Am J Manag Care 2002;8:713-27.
3. Chest 1999;115:462-74.
4. Chest 2000;118:146-55.
5. Chest 1997;111:676-85.
6. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:584-602.
7. JAMA 1997;278:2080-4.
8. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:446-52.
9. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:584-99.
10. JAMA 1998;280:1270-1.
11. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:679-83.
12. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:658-61.
13. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:662-78.
14. Clin Infect Dis2000;30:710-8.
15. Clin Infect Dis2000;30:696-709.
16. Clin Infect Dis2000;30:688-95.
17. Pediatrics 2001;108:798-808.
18. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:521-9.
19. Pediatrics 2004;113:1451-65.
20. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1405-33.
21. Med Care 2001;39:II55-69.
22. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1206-12.
23. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2003;10:605-7.
24. Clin Infect Dis2003;36:1018-29.
25. Stud Health Technol Inform 1999;68:690-5.
26. Med Decis Making 1989;9:5156.
27. J Hosp Infect 1991;18 Suppl A:424-31.
28. Am J Infect Control 1992;20:4-10.
29. Med Clin North Am 2001;85:1397-411.
30. Pediatrics 2001;108:E75.
31. J Chemother 1999;11:530-5.
32. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:31-9.
33. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2004;61:190-7.
34. Crit Care Med 2001;29:N87-91.
35. JAMA 1998;279:1024-9.
36. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:497-503.
37. Int J Clin Pract 2002;Suppl:29-36.
38. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:884-90.
39. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 1998;6:12-6.
Resource
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings
W:www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/healthcare/default.htm
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Impeachment calls part of life for a Supreme Court justice, but few get very far.
All across the country Tuesday, political incumbents are bracing for judgment from an angry electorate. So perhaps members of the Supreme Court should not be surprised that they are in somebody's sights, as well. Justices, of course, can't be voted out. They serve for life, or as the Constitution puts it, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior. But that hasn't stopped calls from both the left and the right recently for the House to open impeachment hearings for, alternately, Justice Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justice Sonia Sotomayor. None of the complaints is gaining traction, but they do seem to indicate a desire to do something about the court's rulings or recent developments that some say violate testimony given at justices' confirmation hearings. These are sulphurous times, said Dennis Hutchinson, a Supreme Court scholar at the University of Chicago law school. And the only stick you can wave at a federal judge is impeachment. He quickly noted that such demands almost never get very far. The only justice ever served with impeachment was Samuel Chase in 1805, charged with being overtly partisan. He was cleared by the Senate and served another six years. Those old enough will remember Impeach Earl Warren billboards that sprouted across the South after the court's desegregation rulings in the 1950s. And there were two impeachment attempts against Justice William O. Douglas: one for granting a brief stay of execution in the Rosenburg spy case and another for alleged financial improprieties. Gerald R. Ford, then the House minority leader, led the latter, and the House Judiciary Committee held hearings in 1970. No credible evidence emerged, and the hearings closed without a public vote. But Douglas used to say that he was terrified he was going to be thrown off, said Hutchinson, a former clerk to the justice. In Thomas' case, it is an old charge renewed. It was resurrected by the call his wife Virginia Thomas made to Anita Hill, asking her to apologize for the sexual harassment charges Hill made at Clarence Thomas' confirmation hearings more than 19 years ago. Hill instead publicized the call and repeated the accusations. Then came a former girlfriend of Thomas, who had kept her silence since the 1991 controversy. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Polling Abbey
Polling Abbey (Kloster Polling) is a former monastery in Polling bei Weilheim, district of Weilheim-Schongau, in Upper Bavaria, Germany.
According to legend, the founder was Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria in about 750, but it seems more likely that the founders were members of the powerful Bavarian noble family of the Huosi.
Initially this was a Benedictine monastery, but later became a house of Augustinian canons. The abbey was dissolved during the secularization of 1803 and the buildings were mostly demolished between 1805 and 1807.
The important late Gothic abbey church with early Baroque stucco work by the Wessobrunn stuccoist Georg Schmuzer is now the parish church.
Part of what few buildings remained came into the possession of the Dominican sisters in 1892. The dispensary and the service block passed into private ownership.
The unique library of Polling Abbey was restored in 1970-1975 and may be visited by arrangement with the Verein der Freunde des Pollinger Bibliotheksaals e.V..
A hospice is also accommodated in the remaining premises on the former abbey site. | WIKI |
16 Jan 2012
Open & Closed Loop Control System - Advantages & Disadvantages
Open & Closed Loop System - Advantages & Disadvantages [Control System].
In control systems engineering, a system is actually a group of objects or elements capable of performing individual tasks. They are connected in a specific sequence to perform a specific function.
A system is of 2 types:
1. Open loop system which is also called as Manual control system.
2. Closed loop system which is also named as automatic control system.
In this post, we will be discussing various advantages and disadvantages of the 2 types of control systems.
Open Loop System:
Advantages:
1. Simplicity and stability: they are simpler in their layout and hence are economical and stable too due to their simplicity.
2. Construction: Since these are having a simple layout so are easier to construct.
Disadvantages:
1. Accuracy and Reliability: since these systems do not have a feedback mechanism, so they are very inaccurate in terms of result output and hence they are unreliable too.
2. Due to the absence of a feedback mechanism, they are unable to remove the disturbances occurring from external sources.
Closed Loop System:
Advantages:
1. Accuracy: They are more accurate than open loop system due to their complex construction. They are equally accurate and are not disturbed in the presence of non-linearities.
2. Noise reduction ability: Since they are composed of a feedback mechanism, so they clear out the errors between input and output signals, and hence remain unaffected to the external noise sources.
Disadvantages:
1. Construction: They are relatively more complex in construction and hence it adds up to the cost making it costlier than open loop system.
2. Since it consists of feedback loop, it may create oscillatory response of the system and it also reduces the overall gain of the system.
3. Stability: It is less stable than open loop system but this disadvantage can be striked off since we can make the sensitivity of the system very small so as to make the system as stable as possible.
If you have any queries regarding this topic, you can post your comments below and I will make sure your queries are answered well.
Related Post :
37 comments:
1. Thank you for posting the great content…I was looking for something like this…I found it quiet interesting, hopefully you will keep posting such blogs….Keep sharing
ReplyDelete
2. Hello amitbiswal.blogspot.com! My Dad is an electrical engineer and also a mechanical engineer. The Open & Closed Loop System - Advantages & Disadvantages article just opened my mind how a certain design works. I now know that closed loop system is more complex in design and since I am familiar with hi-tech devices as a consumer I am for the close loop system.
ReplyDelete
3. thankx for such publish really helps
ReplyDelete
4. Thank you for the information.
ReplyDelete
5. Thanks for the information.
ReplyDelete
6. This is such a Great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free. It gives in depth information. Thanks for this valuable information.
ReplyDelete
7. thanks alot for this valuable information.
ReplyDelete
8. Anonymous7/03/2012
I would like to know how feedback loop can create oscillatory response of the system
ReplyDelete
9. Anonymous8/02/2012
Number of fins in FPC for open loop system
ReplyDelete
10. Anonymous8/13/2012
what are the control elements of both
ReplyDelete
11. how a open loop is more stable than a close loop system.by making close loop we can make a unstable system to stable also.like if a transfer function is 1/S+1 ,if we make close loop it will become 1/S+2 then close loop pole of the system moving away from imaginary axis and will become more stable also the response time decrease when it becomes close loop. please mail me the answer chhatoi_prabhat@yahoo.co.in i will thank full to you.
ReplyDelete
12. Amazing post publish by you , i think it's very effective information share, thanks for sharing a good knowledge.
closed loop marketing
ReplyDelete
13. how to get transfer function from a process
ReplyDelete
14. please give me a brief description of equations which are derived from transfer function.
ReplyDelete
15. please give me a brief description of equations which are derived from transfer function.
ReplyDelete
16. if u don't mind please give the example of open and closed loop system at least 25 examples.
ReplyDelete
17. Thankyou for shareing a valueble information
ReplyDelete
18. Thank you for shareing valueble information. I think you can give some ex. And give the such as reasion put on that it's very useful. Thankyou.
ReplyDelete
19. Anonymous1/29/2013
Thanks a lot. How does the feedback reduce the overall gain of the system in close loop system.
ReplyDelete
20. srikanth1/31/2013
thanks dude
ReplyDelete
21. Anonymous2/15/2013
what is differne between the control system and communication systems \
ReplyDelete
22. Excatly what I needed, what a good post
ReplyDelete
23. first i would like to thank you for that great publish information
second of all can u tell me please which one of these control system is used more frequently and why. i will be so grateful if u gonna answer my
albhadly87@gmail.com
ReplyDelete
24. first of all i would like to thank you so much for publishing such a good information , secondly can you tell me what kind of them is most frequently used and why ?
your cooperation is so appreciated
albhadly87@gmail.com
ReplyDelete
25. • Give the examples for the same for day-to-day and industrial applications.
ReplyDelete
26. • Give the examples for the same for day-to-day and industrial applications.
ReplyDelete
27. Hi Sir, do you modules for Electronic Control Systems? Advantages and Disadvantages of using such system. Thanks!
ReplyDelete
28. thank you too mach and could you list biomedical equipments related to that
ReplyDelete
29. Thank tou all of tou to share information about that I hope tou guys still contribute in our student life thank tou keep help people like us.
ReplyDelete
30. Thank you so much for sharing this information... It was very helpful...
ReplyDelete
31. Thank you for sharing this information... It was very helpful to me :)
ReplyDelete
32. thnx for the information ......but i have small confusion if in close loop system stability is less than open loop system than how it is helpfull to the system.....
ReplyDelete
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gräns
Etymology
From, from , from.
Noun
* 1) bound, boundary; the border of a territory
* 2) bound; a value which is larger (or smaller) than every element in a given set
* 3) border; where one country or other area ends and the next begins
* 4) limit; restriction which may not be crossed | WIKI |
Canadian regulator to consider Katanga settlement proposal Tuesday
LONDON (Reuters) - A Canadian regulator will consider on Tuesday whether to accept a proposal from Katanga Mining Limited (KAT.TO) to settle allegations related to the Glencore-controlled (GLEN.L) company’s activities in Democratic Republic of Congo. Katanga said in a statement on Monday it could not give details of the proposal until after the hearing, at which the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) will consider whether a global settlement with Canadian-listed Katanga is in the public interest. Glencore declined to comment. OSC’s statement of allegations, reviewed by Reuters, alleges Katanga Mining made “financial disclosure that was misleading in a material respect”. The Wall Street Journal reported on Sunday that Katanga had agreed to pay more than $22 million to settle the Canadian allegations. Last year, after an internal review into Katanga identified weaknesses in its financial reporting controls, three Glencore executives, including Aristotelis Mistakidis, the head of its copper group, stepped down from the board of Katanga. Mistakidis, one of Glencore’s most senior executives, retires at the end of the year, Glencore announced earlier this month. Glencore has faced a series of legal problems related to its activities in Congo, which is home to almost 60 percent of the world’s supply of cobalt, a mineral expected to be in demand for batteries used in electric vehicles. In an emailed statement, Moody’s credit agency said the OSC case had no bearing on Glencore’s credit rating and the expected settlement was equivalent to around one day of free cash flow generation from the Glencore group. Reporting by Barbara Lewis; Editing by Mark Potter | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Stash is now known as Bitbucket Server.
See the
Unknown macro: {spacejump}
of this page, or visit the Bitbucket Server documentation home page.
On this page:
Debug logging for the Stash server
This section describes how to enable debug level logging in Stash. Stash logs can be found in <Stash home directory>/log.
When using the standard Stash distribution, logs for the Tomcat webserver that hosts Stash can be found in <Stash installation directory>/log.
Enabling debug logging via the UI
To enable debug logging, go to the Stash admin area, choose Logging and Profiling (under 'Support') and select Enable debug logging.
Enabling debug logging on startup
To enable debug logging whenever Stash is started, edit the <Stash home directory>/shared/stash-config.properties file (if this file doesn't exist then you should create it) and add the following two lines:
logging.logger.ROOT=DEBUG
logging.logger.com.atlassian.stash=DEBUG
If your Stash instance is earlier than version 3.2, the stash-config.properties file is at the top level of the Stash home directory.
Enabling debug logging at runtime
To enable debug logging for the root logger once Stash has been started, run the following two commands in your terminal:
curl -u <ADMIN_USERNAME> -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" <BASE_URL>/rest/api/latest/logs/rootLogger/debug
curl -u <ADMIN_USERNAME> -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" <BASE_URL>/rest/api/latest/logs/logger/com.atlassian.stash/debug
# e.g.
curl -u admin -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:7990/rest/api/latest/logs/rootLogger/debug
curl -u admin -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:7990/rest/api/latest/logs/logger/com.atlassian.stash/debug
To enable debug logging for a specific logger, run the following command in your terminal:
curl -u <ADMIN_USERNAME> -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" <BASE_URL>/rest/api/latest/logs/logger/<LOGGER_NAME>/debug
# e.g.
curl -u admin -v -X PUT -d "" -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://localhost:7990/rest/api/latest/logs/logger/com.atlassian.crowd/debug
Profiling logging for the Stash server
This section describes how to enable profiling in Stash. This log is essential when troubleshooting performance issues. Stash logs can be found in <Stash home directory>/log.
When using the standard Stash distribution, logs for the Tomcat webserver that hosts Stash can be found in <Stash installation directory>/log.
Enabling profiling logging via the UI
To turn on detailed trace information, go to the Stash admin area, choose Logging and Profiling (under 'Support') and select Enable profiling.
Debug logging for Git operations on the client
Atlassian Support might request DEBUG logs for Git operations (on the client) when troubleshooting issues. You can enable DEBUG logging on the Git client by setting the following variables.
On Linux
Execute the following in the command line before executing the Git command:
export GIT_TRACE_PACKET=1
export GIT_TRACE=1
export GIT_CURL_VERBOSE=1
On Windows
Execute the following in the command line before executing the Git command:
set GIT_TRACE_PACKET=1
set GIT_TRACE=1
set GIT_CURL_VERBOSE=1
Setting GIT_CURL_VERBOSE is only useful for connections over HTTP/S since SSH doesn't use the libcurl library.
Debug logging for the Stash Backup Client
Atlassian Support might request DEBUG logs for the Backup client when troubleshooting issues.
You can enable DEBUG logging on the Backup client by adding a file named logback.xml to your working directory (pwd) with the following content:
logback.xml
<included><logger name="com.atlassian.stash" level="DEBUG"/></included>
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
US officials tracking influence operations on social media from Russia, Iran | TheHill
Officials are currently tracking efforts by nations including Russia and Iran to influence Americans through social media platforms on issues including the 2020 election, a senior intelligence official told reporters on Monday. The official said during a press conference that agencies are tracking efforts by Russia to “pit Americans against each other” through posting on social media, while China is using social media platforms to “influence the U.S. political environment.” Iran is taking a similar approach to China, and is utilizing these sites to “promote pro-Iranian interests,” added the official, who talked to the media under the condition they not be identified. The senior intelligence official spoke during an election security briefing for reporters, which took place on the heels of a week during which the U.S. Senate hotly debated this topic. The official emphasized that these efforts are would “not necessarily affect a tally of a vote, but they might influence a voting population.” The official also noted that while there is activity on social media, there has been no evidence of recent attempts by foreign governments to infiltrate or interfere in voting machines. The comments comes months after special counsel Robert MuellerRobert (Bob) Swan MuellerMueller report fades from political conversation Trump calls for probe of Obama book deal Democrats express private disappointment with Mueller testimony MORE wrote in his report on the 2016 election that the Russian Internet Research Agency (IRA) “conducted social media operations targeted at large U.S. audiences with the goal of sowing discord in the U.S. political system.” Mueller reported that as early as 2014, Russia's IRA employees began operating accounts on social media sites that claimed to be controlled by U.S. activists, posting about “divisive U.S. political and social activities.” Senate Minority Leader Charles SchumerCharles (Chuck) Ellis SchumerJohnson eyes Irish border in Brexit negotiations Lewandowski on potential NH Senate run: If I run, 'I'm going to win' Appropriators warn White House against clawing back foreign aid MORE (D-N.Y.) promised Senate Democrats would try to force a vote on various election security bills, and laid out a plan to pressure Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnellAddison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellPelosi, Schumer press for gun screenings as Trump inches away The malware election: Returning to paper ballots only way to prevent hacking First House Republican backs bill banning assault weapons MORE (R-Ky.) into scheduling floor votes on these bills. McConnell pushed back against various election security bills in a recent interview with Fox News’s Laura IngrahamLaura Anne IngrahamChris Wallace becomes Trump era's 'equal opportunity inquisitor' Trump retweets baby elephant video Fox News closes out July as most-watched cable network for 37th straight month MORE, saying that Democrats are “trying to nationalize everything,” adding that he was “open to considering new legislation, but it has to be directed in a way that doesn’t undermine state and local control of elections. Another senior administration official involved in the press briefing on Monday seemed to echo this concern. The official told reporters that federal agencies are looking to provide state and local election officials with “good solid guidance” on protecting election systems, but emphasized that they want to “respect our system of federalism.” View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Wiggin--Ladies-in-waiting.djvu/274
a scarlet sunshade, she looked a youthful Columbia, so radiant and bewitching that for the first time I secretly hoped Marmaduke Hogg might triumph over the obstacles in the way and come to meet his lady-love, although I saw many embarrassing and awkward situations arising from such a meeting. I could not be jealous of so bright and joyous a creature, and anyway my own happiness was only a few days distant, if I chose to put out my arms and take it.
There seemed to be a crowd on the dock, which was made most unattractive by a colossal mountain of coal that concealed everything behind it. The Diana made a slow approach, but we finally passed the coal-heap and came within thirty feet of the shore. I could feel Dolly’s heart beat through her pulse that lay under my hand. Then suddenly her quick eyes searched the outer edge of the crowd and found the shape they were looking for.
“I think I see him! I think I am going to faint, for I did n’t really expect him! Yes; | WIKI |
Talk:Learning anatomy
Warning: This is where anatomy and function of each organ is. Other content will be removed.Gffsgeys (discuss • contribs) 01:07, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
Help me
Please help me go faster by doing it together. This book needs teamwork for people who know anatomy. Gffsgeys (discuss • contribs) 11:08, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
* I can help, but I only have a layman's understanding of anatomy. I suspect that most of my edits will be superficial, basic, or simple copyediting. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 13:46, 1 October 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
C# - String: find last occurence before...
By , 8/19/2015
(0 ratings)
The string type has many methods to find out indexes of substrings. This method extends the repertoire with a method that finds the last occurence of a substring before a given index.
This method is implemented as an Extension method and is compatible with PCLs.
Required Namespace
System
Translate to VB
/// <summary>
/// Reports the last zero based index of the occurence of the specified string before the given index.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="s">The string to be searched.</param>
/// <param name="value">The string to find.</param>
/// <param name="untilIndex">The last possible index that can be returned.</param>
/// <returns>A zero-based index of the last occurence of <paramref name="value"/> in <paramref name="s"/> before <paramref name="untilIndex"/>.</returns>
public static int LastIndexUntil(this string s, string value, int untilIndex)
{
if (s == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("s", "s cannot be null");
if (value == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("value", "value cannot be null");
if (untilIndex < 0)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("untilIndex", "untilIndex cannot be negative");
//for the case that untilIndex is greater than s.Length or value does not fit behind untilIndex into s
untilIndex = Math.Min(untilIndex, s.Length - value.Length);
if (value == "")
{
if (s.Length == 0)
return 0;
else
return untilIndex;
}
var chars = s.ToCharArray();
var c = value.ToCharArray();
for (int i = untilIndex; i >= 0; --i)
{
if (chars[i] == c[0])
{
bool found = true;
for (int j = 1; j < c.Length; ++j)
{
if (chars[i + j] != c[j])
{
found = false;
break;
}
}
if (found)
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
Tagged with String, Index, Analyze, IndexOf, Analyze, Parse, Until.
Comments
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Walter Walsh (writer)
Walter Walsh (23 January 1847 – 25 February 1912) was an English Protestant author and journalist. He is best known for his work The Secret History of the Oxford Movement, first published in London by Swan Sonnenschein in 1897, which ran through several editions and remains in print in the 21st century. The success of the book, a critique of the Oxford Movement, led to him becoming a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Walsh was a founding member of the Imperial Protestant Federation in 1896. He also wrote for the English Churchman and the Protestant Observer. In 1905 he founded the journal Grievances in Ireland.
Walsh, a lay Anglican, is sometimes confused with his Scottish contemporary, the Rev. Dr. Walter Walsh (1857–1931), a minister and peace advocate; the two men do not appear to have been related. | WIKI |
João Lopes Bank
The João Lopes Bank (Banco João Lopes) is a seamount situated 1 nmi northwest of the community of Anjos, on the Portuguese island of Santa Maria in the Azores.
Geography
This undersea geological formation consists of a rocky outcrops, an unsheltered zone at the extreme northwest of the island of Santa Maria, that is susceptible to strong currents.
The area was formed by lava flows that extend between depths of 27 m and 45 m. At the deeper areas the geology is primarily composed of basalt rock, interspersed by sand and large boulders of varying dimensions.
Due to the purity of the water, the visibility in this area extends to approximately 22 m.
Biome
The area is dotted with a rich biodiversity of varying aquatic species; the bank is populated sea floor and mid-oceanic schools of Azores chromis (Chromis limbata), Blacktail comber (Serranus atricauda), Guinean puffer (Sphoeroides marmoratus), Mediterranean rainbow wrasse (Coris julis), Ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo), Salema porgy (Sarpa salpa) and Mediterranean parrotfish (Sparisoma cretense). At 20 m depths are frequently visible Needlefish (Belonidae), o lírios, the large Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara), schools of Giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris), Dolphins and White-Tip Sharks, known in the Azores as Marracho. | WIKI |
Talk:British Rail Class D2/7
Possible change to the title of this article
This article is currently named in accordance the WikiProject UK Railways naming conventions for British rolling stock allocated a TOPS number. A proposal to change this convention and/or its scope is being discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Railways, where your comments would be welcome.
A photograph of a member of this class is needed.
A photograph of this class is needed for this article. Unfortunately, we don't currently have a photograph of a member of this class that is freely licensed. If anyone can supply one, that would be great. Tony May (talk) 15:44, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
Some Additional Information
In `A Pictorial History of the Diesel Shunter' C. Marsden, OPC, 1981 has a section on these locos (plate 2 & pls. 85-87). They were allocated to Birkenhead shed. The back plate of the cab had a structure like a steam tank engine's coal bunker (the fuel tank?). At least one, D2506, had chevron-shaped wasp-stripes on the back plate ofthe cab. As all are said to have been scrappe, is the recent-looking photo in the article of a similar loco built for an industrial customer? Barney Bruchstein (talk) 21:34, 27 July 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Jim Baillie
James Baillie (8 June 1902 – date of death unknown) was a Scottish professional footballer.
Career
Born in Hamilton, Baillie played for local youth side Wishaw before joining Derry Celtic. In 1926, he joined Football League First Division side Cardiff City. However, with several established players such as Fred Keenor and Harry Wake in the side, Baillie struggled to break into the first team. He made his professional debut on 25 September 1926 in a 2–0 defeat to Manchester United but made only three further appearances during the 1926–27 season. The following year, he made just one appearance during a 5–1 defeat to West Ham United, his last appearance for the first team.
He joined Fulham in 1930 before returning to Scotland a year later and signing for Dundee United. He made his debut for the club in a 2–2 draw with Falkirk on 7 November 1931, making four further appearances for the club before being released in 1932. | WIKI |
Definition
Project files
Cortex makes all files in the project directory (i.e. the directory which contains cortex.yaml) available for use in your Task implementation. Python bytecode files (*.pyc, *.pyo, *.pyd), files or folders that start with ., and the api configuration file (e.g. cortex.yaml) are excluded.
The following files can also be added at the root of the project's directory:
• .cortexignore file, which follows the same syntax and behavior as a .gitignore file.
• .env file, which exports environment variables that can be used in the task. Each line of this file must follow the VARIABLE=value format.
For example, if your directory looks like this:
./my-classifier/
├── cortex.yaml
├── values.json
├── task.py
├── ...
└── requirements.txt
You can access values.json in your Task like this:
import json
class Task:
def __call__(self, config):
with open('values.json', 'r') as values_file:
values = json.load(values_file)
self.values = values
Task
Interface
# initialization code and variables can be declared here in global scope
class Task:
def __call__(self, config):
"""(Required) Task runnable.
Args:
config (required): Dictionary passed from API configuration (if
specified) merged with configuration passed in with Job
Submission API. If there are conflicting keys, values in
configuration specified in Job submission takes precedence.
"""
pass
Structured logging
You can use Cortex's logger in your predictor implementation to log in JSON. This will enrich your logs with Cortex's metadata, and you can add custom metadata to the logs by adding key value pairs to the extra key when using the logger. For example:
...
from cortex_internal.lib.log import logger as cortex_logger
class Task:
def __call__(self, config):
...
cortex_logger.info("completed validations", extra={"accuracy": accuracy})
The dictionary passed in via the extra will be flattened by one level. e.g.
{"asctime": "2021-01-19 15:14:05,291", "levelname": "INFO", "message": "completed validations", "process": 235, "accuracy": 0.97}
To avoid overriding essential Cortex metadata, please refrain from specifying the following extra keys: asctime, levelname, message, labels, and process. Log lines greater than 5 MB in size will be ignored. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Khalil Harfouche
Khalil Harfouche is the President of the Union of Jezzine Municipalities since 2010. In 2013 he was elected Mayor of Jezzine. Born in 1973, Harfouche was passionate in the environment and development since he was a child. He joined the boy scouts in 1985 where he got promoted fast until he became head of the Groupe Notre-Dame Furn-el-Chebback heading about 350 boy-scouts. For 16 years, he implemented many environmental projects with his colleagues. In 1991, he founded with a dozen of friends the students arm of the Free Patriotic Movement, a political group aiming at liberating Lebanon from the Syrian occupation. He was caught many times but never stopped his struggle along with his colleagues until the withdrawal of the Syrian army in 2005. In 2001 (at the age of 31) he ran for the municipal election in his hometown Jezzine after he the Israeli army withdrawal. He was the only one to win from the opposition list. He founded Jezzine festivals in 2002 and he headed the environment and festival committees. In 2005 he issued a book: "La mémoire de Jezzine", talking about Jezzine history and personalities. In 2010, he was elected President of The Union of Jezzine Municipalities where he put in place a new governance system based on dynamism, good planning and transparency. He launched with his colleagues the mayors of the Jezzine Region a visionary Strategic Plan aiming at transforming the Region into a model. In 2013, he was elected Mayor of Jezzine. During his mandate, he implemented many strategic projects among them: La Maison de la Forêt (a touristic resort), the Pine House, the Olive House and the Apple House (3 food processing and storage facilities) in addition to many infrastructure projects. Those projects are operated now by the pivate sector through a PPP system, a premiere
He developed as well international relations, mainly with French Regions and Municipalities like Region SUD Provence-Alpes-Côte D’Azur and Compiègne and joined many international networks like CGLU, MedCities and EuroMed. Khalil Harfouche is close the President of the Lebanese Republic General Michel Aoun who supports him in his development work in Jezzine Region. He is founder-member of many NGOs dealing with local development and environment. Khalil Harfouche holds a master’s degree in business computer (graduated in 1999 from Saint Joseph University in Beirut). He is the CEO of CODE Technologies, a company offering e.Government solutions and Microsoft services and covering the Middle East and Africa. | WIKI |
Farmers nearing crisis push back on Trump trade policies
President Donald Trump’s trade war is magnifying some of the toughest farm conditions since the crisis that bankrupted thousands of farmers in the 1980s — and threatening a constituency crucial to his reelection hopes. The president’s trade policies have sent U.S. agricultural exports plunging, exacerbating already difficult economic conditions facing farmers. Average farm income has fallen to near 15-year lows under Trump, and in some areas of the country, farm bankruptcies are soaring. The fate of the farm economy and rural America is fused to Trump’s political future. Farmers and ranchers make up the heart of his base, and their support in battleground Midwestern states like Iowa and Wisconsin could help determine the 2020 presidential election. Although Trump’s standing with those groups generally remains strong, cracks are starting to show. Hundreds of farmers and business representatives are in Washington this week to pressure lawmakers and the Trump administration to end the trade war by describing the hardships they are facing. “A lot of farmers are going to give the president the benefit of the doubt, and have to date. But the longer the trade war goes on, the more that dynamic changes,” said Brian Kuehl, executive director of Farmers for Free Trade, one of the groups organizing the fly-in. There are signs that agriculture’s compounding challenges are already pushing some producers over the edge — at least in certain regions and sectors. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis warned in November of rising Chapter 12 bankruptcies, used by family farmers to restructure debt. The Fed said that the strain of low commodity prices “is starting to show up not just in bottom-line profitability, but in simple viability.” The increase was driven by woes in Wisconsin’s dairy sector, which shrunk by about 1,200 operations, or 13 percent, from 2016 to October 2018. “The farm economy’s in pretty tough shape,” said John Newton, chief economist at the American Farm Bureau Federation. “When you look out on the horizon of things to come, you start to see some cracks.” To be sure, most experts don’t think the conditions will get back to the devastation of the 1980s when interest rates soared and farmland values plummeted. That drove thousands of farms into foreclosure, shuttered dozens of agricultural banks and transformed some rural communities into ghost towns. But as the 2019 planting season nears, the continuing trade war, higher interest rates and glut of various commodities could require farmers to lean on the government for relief. Right now, the Agriculture Department isn’t planning any more trade aid programs like the payments that helped farmers like Billy Rochelle get close to breaking even for 2018. “We’ve seen better years,” said Rochelle, who raises corn, soybeans, wheat and beef cattle near Centerville, Tenn. “We’re adjusting accordingly, trying to survive just like everybody else.” At the annual American Farm Bureau convention last month in New Orleans, Trump delivered a speech to the largely supportive audience in which he boasted about “setting records together for farmers and for agriculture.” But outside the auditorium, farmers and ranchers described numerous concerns — especially the uncertainty around Trump’s trade agenda. “I don’t see it getting any better until we get something resolved with China,” Rochelle said. The administration wrapped up another round of negotiations with China last week, but a deal has yet to emerge. Trump’s three-way agreement with Canada and Mexico also faces a difficult road ahead in Congress. In the meantime, retaliatory tariffs from those countries continue to weigh on crop prices — one of the biggest factors dragging down farm profitability. “You’ve had farms that have gone out of business, that have gone bankrupt because of this trade war,” said Kuehl of Farmers for Free Trade. “There’s a lot of farmers going through tough conversations right now with their lenders.” House Agriculture Chairman Collin Peterson (D-Minn.) has raised the possibility of Congress providing additional aid for farmers in the next year or two. He told POLITICO recently that he was “worried” about agriculture in 2019. Even with a new farm bill signed into law, H.R. 2 , the farm safety net “is not good enough.” “With the low-price situation already and the trade stuff, I think we’re going to have people not get financed this winter, and next winter is going to be worse if this doesn’t change,” Peterson said. Farm Credit System bankers said last month they expect producers to weather another difficult year. But so far, they haven’t yet seen a dire number of loan delinquencies or farmers leaving the business, other than the struggling dairy sector. That means it’s not too late for the government to intervene — either on trade policies or farm subsidies — to help farmers. It’s “clear that we are at a tipping point for a growing number of producers,” said Marc Knisely, CEO of Fargo-based AgCountry Farm Credit Services. “You can only lose money for so long,” Knisely added. “We’re at a vulnerable stage.” Some of the same pieces from the 1980s are now falling into place. Headwinds like Trump’s trade feuds, rising operating costs and higher interest rates are converging. And if a recession in the broader economy strikes, which some economists expect in the near term, it could dump agriculture into a full-blown disaster. The recent five-week shutdown froze government programs to assist producers with financing, planting decisions and much more. If another shutdown comes after Feb. 15, it will seriously interfere with the spring planting season, further complicating the picture for farmers. “I think there will be a lot of financial stress this year,” said Brent Gloy, an agricultural economist and founder of Purdue University’s Center for Commercial Agriculture. “However, I don’t think it will resemble the problems of the 1980s unless another big external shock comes,” like further deterioration in trade relations or a faster rise in interest rates. Interest rates in the 1980s hit all-time highs as the Federal Reserve moved to tamp down inflation. That made business more expensive for farmers and ranchers reliant on certain types of loans to finance their operations. Farm income had dropped to a meager $8.2 billion by 1983 — compared with $92.1 billion a decade earlier, according to a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation report. “In the ’80s, the interest rates got out of control — 13 percent, 14 percent operating loans. Right now we’re at 5, 6 percent,” said Illinois Farm Bureau board member Randy Poskin, a corn and soybean grower who started farming in the early 1980s. But there are other parallels. Farm debt is nearing the record levels set in the ‘80s, accounting for inflation, according to USDA statistics, and farm expenses are rising. Fertilizer and equipment have become costlier, due partly to Trump’s tariffs on steel, aluminum and certain chemicals made in China. “It’s similar in that input costs have really gotten a big percentage of our profits,” Poskin said at the farmers’ conference. “Prices are not enough to cover sometimes if you have poor yields.” The next few weeks could be critical in shaping how 2019 will turn out for U.S. agriculture: U.S. and Chinese officials have until March 1 to reach a trade deal before Trump ratchets up tariffs and Beijing retaliates. The outcome of the trade talks could help ease the economic pressure on farmers and ranchers — or push the industry closer to a full-blown farm crisis. Either result is likely to have consequences for the 2020 election. “If the farm economy continues to get worse in the run-up to 2020, my sense is that this will be devastating to Trump,” said Gregory Wawro, political science professor at Columbia University. “Although it is difficult to defeat a sitting president, it is hard to see how Trump wins a second term if things play out that way.” Catherine Boudreau and Helena Bottemiller Evich contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
I'm from El Salvador...UPDATE 6
**Hi, it’s been a while.**
Since my last post, I had almost no time to reply or prepare new material for Reddit. I owe you the info about buying property and how to be safe here in El Salvador.
This time had been a complete rollercoaster for me since my family and co-workers’ family got covid so the amount of work I had to do by myself increase many folds.
Fortunately, nothing bad happened and everyone I know had almost recovered. Right now, most of the people in my country have flu…cough…omicron variant….
Anyways, let’s talk about Bitcoin.
\-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall, there haven’t been any major events, the hype about BTC has decreased and as I have said many times, nothing has really changed.
* There hasn’t been any type of crypto education aside from how to use chivo wallet.
​
* Chivo wallet still has some issues, remember the identity fraud in previous posts? Many chivo wallet accounts were suspended, not sure what variable they (chivo company) use to mark an account as identity fraud but many people were mad because their chivo wallet was suspended…including my father…
My father doesn’t really care about BTC but wanted to give it a try, I downloaded chivo app and taught him how to use it, he had like $80. One day he told me he couldn’t access the wallet and that’s where I found his account was suspended. I called customer support and told me that my father has to personally go to a chivo point (the stand where the atm is located) and get assistance from one of the people there.
We arrived at the chivo point, told the story to a lady there, and start the verification process, she took photos and videos of my father face and his ID, fill some papers and we were told to wait 30 days…that was in December…up to this day my father account is still suspended, I did call again to customer service but they just told me to wait, technicians have a lot of work to do since there are many cases like this. Whether my father gets his money back or not, he won’t be using BTC again…
I know what you are thinking, why did you use a non-custodial wallet like chivo and not any other wallet?
That’s what my father wanted to use, period.
I even told him once…that's not your money….
​
* There is another type of fraud that has been seen since last year, they continue to open chivo wallet accounts using other people's documents (identity fraud from previous posts) and somehow link them to the person's bank accounts.
Remember that the chivo wallet allows you to send and receive money from a bank account.
In this way, they steal money from people's bank accounts without leaving a trace (since no one has been caught).
\-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At the moment, due to inflation, many products have risen in price.
* I would suppose that due to the variations in the price of BTC, the only thing you hear on social media right now is "buy the dip". The “BTC against inflation” is not used now compared to a couple of months ago.
* On the other hand, in 2021 remittances increased by 26% compared to 2020, you can read the [official article of the central bank here](https://www.bcr.gob.sv/2022/01/21/el-salvador-recibio-us7517-1-millones-en-remesas-familiares-durante-2021/). (Copy and use google translator) It should be clarified that it does not specify the transactions made through the chivo wallet.
\-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I think that’s all for the time being, aside from people like my father whose account is suspended, and a few others whose money has been stolen…everything is fine.
​
As always, I’ll try to answer your questions. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
Hishām ibn al-Kalbī (هشام بن الكلبي), 737 AD – 819 AD/204 AH, also known as Ibn al-Kalbi (إبن الكلبي), was an Arab historian. His full name was Abu al-Mundhir Hisham ibn Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ib ibn Bishr al-Kalbi. Born in Kufa, he spent much of his life in Baghdad. Like his father, he collected information about the genealogies and history of the ancient Arabs. According to the, he wrote 140 works. His account of the genealogies of the Arabs is continually quoted in the.
Hisham established a genealogical link between Ishmael and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and put forth the idea that all Arabs were descended from Ishmael. He relied heavily on the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs, but also quoted writers who had access to Biblical and Palmyran sources.
In 1966, Werner Caskel compiled a two volume study of Ibn al-Kalbi's ("The Abundance of Kinship") entitled Das genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al Kalbi ("The Genealogical Works of Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi"). It contains a prosopographic register of every individual mentioned in the genealogy in addition to more than three hundred genealogical tables based on the contents of the text.
Works
* The Book of Idols (Kitab Al-Asnam)
* The Abundance of Kinship (Jamharat Al-Ansab) | WIKI |
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1920–1922
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 25th parliament of New South Wales held their seats from 1920 to 1922. They were elected at the 1920 state election on 20 March 1920. The Speaker was Daniel Levy with the exception of 13–20 December 1921 when he was replaced by Simon Hickey.
Between 1920 and 1927 the Legislative Assembly was elected using a form of proportional representation with multi-member seats and a single transferable vote (modified Hare-Clark). There was confusion at the time as to the process to be used to fill the vacancy. When George Beeby resigned on 9 August 1920, in accordance with the practice prior to 1920, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly issued a writ of election requiring a by-election to be conducted, however the Chief Electoral Officer said he couldn't do so under the law at the time and that a by-election would be contrary to the principle of proportional representation. The vacancies were left unfilled until the Parliament passed the Parliamentary Elections (Casual Vacancies) Act on 10 December 1920, so that casual vacancies were filled by the next unsuccessful candidate on the incumbent member's party list. If an Independent member retired, the Clerk of the Assembly determined who would fill the vacancy based on the departing members voting record on questions of confidence. | WIKI |
GLOBAL MARKETS-Apple bombshell rocks European, Asian shares; 'flash crash' jolts currencies
* European shares open firmly in red; Frankfurt leads fallers * Wall Street futures point to weak open * Apple’s Frankfurt shares down more than 8 pct * Currency ‘flash crash’ sends yen soaring By Andrew Galbraith and Josephine Mason SHANGHAI/LONDON, Jan 3 (Reuters) - Apple’s rare warning on revenue rocked financial markets on Thursday, reigniting concerns about slowing global economic and corporate growth and potential damage from Washington’s protracted trade row with Beijing. Asian and European shares fell sharply, led by a sell-off in technology stocks, and U.S. stock futures pointed to a weaker open on Wall Street, after Apple cut its revenue forecast, its first downgrade in nearly 12 years, blaming weaker iPhone sales in China. The news also jolted currency markets. Apples shares tumbled in after-hours trade and those listed in Frankfurt were down 8.6 percent in early European deals. The news sparked a ‘flash crash’ in holiday-thinned currency markets as growing concerns about the health of the global economy, particularly China, sent investors scurrying into the safe-haven of the Japanese currency. The yen was poised for its biggest daily rise in 20 months. Apple’s alert followed data earlier this week that showed a deceleration in factory activity in China and the euro zone, indicating the ongoing trade dispute between the United States and China was taking a toll on global manufacturing. Major European bourses opened firmly in negative territory - Frankfurt’s DAX, with its exposure to Chinese trade and tech-heavy constituents, was the biggest faller down as much as 0.8 percent, while Paris’ CAC40 dropped 0.7 and London eased 0.2 percent. Chipmakers who supply parts to Apple were the worst hit. Shares in AMS, which provides the facial recognition sensors used in the latest iPhones, fell 19.4 percent to the bottom of the STOXX. U.S. stock futures pointed to another rough start on Wall Street, with Nasdaq E-mini futures down 2.5 percent and S&P 500 E-mini futures off 1.6 percent. MSCI’s broadest gauge of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan fell 0.5 percent after an attempt in Asian hours at a bounce. Japanese markets were closed for holidays but Nikkei futures dropped 1.8 percent. Shares in China and Hong Kong see-sawed between gains and losses as investors waited for Beijing to roll out fresh support measures for the cooling Chinese economy. “Chinese authorities have got the luxury of having control not just of the fiscal parts of the government tool case, but also the monetary parts ... and I suspect the Chinese authorities will use that,” said Jim McCafferty, head of equity research, Asia ex-Japan, at Nomura. China’s central bank said late on Wednesday it was adjusting policy to benefit more small firms that are having trouble obtaining financing, in its latest move to ease strains on the private sector, a key job creator. While more fiscal and monetary policy support had been expected in coming months on top of modest measures last year, some analysts wonder if more forceful stimulus will be needed to stabilise the world’s second-largest economy. Apple’s surprise announcement weighed on tech shares across Asia, most notably in Taiwan and South Korea. An MSCI index of Korean shares lost 1.8 percent and Taiwan shares fell 1.4 percent. Currency markets saw a wild spike in volatility in early Asian trade, with risk aversion pushing the yen sharply higher against the U.S. dollar, breaking key technical levels and triggering stop-loss sales of U.S. and Australian dollars. The dollar was last 1 percent weaker against the yen at 107.77, having earlier fallen as low as 104.96, its lowest level since March 2018. The Australian dollar at one point hit levels against the Japanese yen not seen since 2011. The euro was up 0.3 percent, buying $1.1375, and the dollar index, which tracks the U.S. currency against a basket of major rivals, was 0.3 percent weaker at 96.52. Amid the flight to perceived safety, German government bond yields held close to their lowest in over two years. Germany’s 10-year bond yield was most recently at 0.169 percent, from a low of 0.148 percent on the day. U.S. crude oil fell 1.8 percent to $45.71 a barrel, and Brent crude was down 1 percent at $54.34. Slowing global growth is expected to coincide with an increase in crude supply, depressing prices. Gold was higher as the dollar weakened, with spot gold trading up 0.3 percent at $1,289.4 per ounce. Reporting by Andrew Galbraith and Josephine Mason; Editing by
Kim Coghill/Keith Weir | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
[No. 894.
January 13, 1902.]
FRANK GENEST et al., Appellees, v. THE LAS VEGAS MASONIC BUILDING ASSOCIATION et al., Appellants.
SYLLABUS.
1. ' In an adjudication of lien under statutes of New Mexico, section 2216-2232, Compiled Laws, N. M., 1897, not purporting in any manner to be a personal judgment against any non-resident defendant substituted service of process by publication against such defendant is valid, the proceeding, as to such defendant, being in its character in rem.
2. An attorney at law who is also a notary public in New Mexico may take the affidavit of his client or of his client’s agent upon which service of process by publication is based, it having for many years been the practice in New Mexico to do so and there being nothing in the law to prohibit it.
3. Where it appears from the record that the officer before whom a lien claimant made the verification of his claim required by section 2221, C. L. of N. M., 1897, was a clerk of court of record of the State of Colorado and that such officer was by the laws of Colorado empowered to administer oaths generally in said State, the verification is sufficient.
4. Where there is no dispute that a sub-contractor, lien claimant in good faith furnished material to be used, and that the m¿-terial was used in the construction of a particular building, and that such claimant’s lawful demand therefor remained unsatisfied, the filing of its claim of lien, when the building was substantially completed, there remaining to be done but seven or eight hours of one man’s work of ornamental carving on the outside of the building and the premises for several weeks theretofore being occupied for the purposes intended, is not premature, but is a substantial compliance with the requirements of the statute that the claim shall be filed within sixty days after completion of the building.
5. The objection that the cross-complaint should be stricken from the files because not signed by an attorney or counsellor of the court is not in apt time when not made until after answer of the merits of the cross-complaint and replication filed' by cross-complaint duly signed by a counsellor of the court, such irregularity being deemed to have been waived.
6. Where materials are furnished to he used, and in fact are used, in the construction of a particular building in New Mexico, the party so furnishing such material is entitled to the benefit of the lien laws of New Mexico, although said material was sold and delivered in another State.
7. Section 2229, Compiled Laws of N. M., 1897, providing that “the court may also allow as part of the costs . . . reasonable attorney’s fee in the district and Supreme Courts,” is not repugnant to art. XIV, sec. 1, of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States, providing, in part, that “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of Ife, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.”
Appeal from tbe district court of Bernalillo county, before Justice William J. Mills, Chief Justice.
Affirmed.
Frank Springer and Andrews A. Jones for appellants.
The claim of lien filed by the appellee for record was not properly verified.
Sec. 2221, Compiled Laws 1897, N. M.
Ford v. Springer Land Association, 8 N. M. 49.
Finane v. Hotel and Improvement Co., 3 N. M. 418.
1 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 311.
Greenwalt v. Farmers and Mechanics Bank, 2 Dand. 505.
Chandler v. Hanna, 73 Ala. 394.
Copley on Constitutional Limitations, 128.
Phillips on Mech. Liens (3 Ed.), 640.
2 Jones on Liens, sec. 1451.
Scull et al. v. Alter, 16 N. J. L. 151.
Benedict v. Hall, 76 N. C. 113.
Hinton v. Life Ins. Co., 21 S. E. 201.
Doty v. Boyd, 24 S. E. 59.
Hickey v. Collom, 50 N. W. 919. ■
Wood v. Railroad, 44 N. W. 308.
Blanchard v. Bennett, 1 Oregon 328.
Keefer v. Mason, 36 Ill. 406.
Oaths administered by an officer ontside the Territory of New Mexico except the commissioner authorized by our statute are null in verification of a mechanic’s lien.
1 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 309, note 1.
Fitch v. Campman, 31 Ohio St. 646.
Love v. McAllister, 42 Ark. 183.
Stanton v. Ellis, 16 Barbour 322.
Refer also by analogy to the cases of:
U. S. v. Hall, 131 U. S. 61.
U. S. v. Curtis, 107 U. S. 671.
U. S. v. Bailey, 9 Peters 238.
As to affidavits made before officers not authorized to administer oaths.
Omealy v. Newell, 8 East. 364.
G-ibson v. Tilton, 17 Am. Dec. 309.
The contractor was a necessary party to the suit, and as to him the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction.
Phillips on Mechanics Liens (3 Ed.), sec. 397.
Boisot on Mechanics Liens, sec. 533.
Vreeland v. Ellsworth, 32 N. W. 374.
Kerns v. Flynn, 17 N. W. 62.
Wibbing v. Powers, 25 Mo. 599.
Tracey v. Kepp, 28 Pac. 708.
Finane v. Hotel and Imp. Co., 3 N. M. 416.
The Territorial statute requires that the contractor shall be made a party defendant.
Compiled Laws, 1897, sec. 2227.
Minor v. Marshall, 6 N. M. 201.
Affidavit for service by publication should not be taken before the attorney of a party to the suit, although he be authorized to administer oaths.
1 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 309.
Taylor v. Hatch, 13 Johnson 340.
King v. Wallace, 3 Tenn. 403.
Collins v. Stewart, 20 N. W. 11.
Warner v. Warner, 11 Kan. 121.
Tooth v. Smith, 7 Pac. 577.
Schoen v. Snnderlind, 18 Pac. 913.
Den v. Geiger, 9 N. J. Law 225.
Pullen v. Pullen, 17 Atl. 310.
Anderson v. Sloan, 1 Colo. 33.
1 Ency. PI. & Pr., 330.
Davis v. John Mount Lumber Co., 31 Pac. 189. Peunoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714.
Esty v. Hallock and H. Lumber Co., 34 Pac. > * 1113.
Sayre-Newton Lumber Co. v. Park, 36 Pac. 446.
U. P. R. R. Co. v. Davidson, 39 Pac. 1096.
The lien of the Newton Lumber Company was void because prematurely filed.
Compiled Laws N. M., 1897, sec. 2221.
Phillips on Mech. Liens (3 Ed.), sec. 323.
2 Jones on Liens, sec. 1428.
Boisot on Mech. Liens, sec. 470.
Our statute on liens was modeled after the' California statute.
California decisions are cited as follows:
Perry v. Brainard, 8 Pac. 882.
Roylance v. Hotel Co., 74 Calif. 273, 15 Pac. 777, 20 Pac. 573.
Schwartz v. Knight, 74 Cal. 432,16 Pac. 235. Willamette Steam Mills Co. v. Los Angeles, 94 Cal. 229, 29 Pac. 632.
Davis v. McDonough, 42 Pac. 450.
Schallert Lumber Co. v. Sheldon, 32 Pac. 235.
Orlendi v. Grey, 58 Pac. 15.
The crossbill of the Newton Lumber Company should have been stricken from the files because at the time of filing it was not signed by any attorney or coun-sellor of this court.
Rules of Court of 1894, 32, rule 30.
Story on Equity Pleading, sec. 47.
1 'Daniel’s Chancery Pleading & Practice, 312.
Fench v. Dear, 5 Yesey Jr. 547.
Roach v. Hulings et al., 5 Cranch C. C. 637.
Federal Cases, 11,874.
GroAv v. Pettis, 4 Sanford Chancery 404.
Chapman v. Publishing Co., 128 Mass. 479.
Everson v. Stephenson, 8 N. W. (Mich.) 62.
See also Mitford & Tyler, Equity Pleading & Practice 145.
Dillon v. Francis, 1 Dickens 68.
Corey v. Hatch, 2 Edwards, Chancery 190.
3 Ency. PL & Pr., 370.
Waldo v. Beckwith, 1N. M. 103.
Sicon v. Leroux, 1 N. M. 388.
Mechanic’s lien laws have no extraterritorial force and therefore the Newton Lumber Company was not entitled to a lien.
Story, Conflict of Laws, 375.
2 Kent’s Com., 458.
Noble v. Steamboat St. Anthony, 12 Mo. 261 at 263.
Sec. 2216, Compiled Laws, 1897.
Phillips on Mechanic’s Liens, sec. 34.
Burmingham Iron F. v. Glen Cove Co., 78 N. Y. 30.
Campbell et al. v. Coon, 44 N. E. 300.
Twitchell v. The Steamboat “Missouri,” 12 Mo. 412.
See also 49 Barb. 249, 3 Comstock 438, 7 N. Y. 465, 5 Sanf. 362, 2 Bosw. 506.
The statute allowing to mechanic’s attorney’s fees in the district and Supreme Courts as a part of the costs on foreclosure of a lien is unconstitutional.
Boisot on Mech. Liens, sec. 24.
Workman v. Kleinschmidt, 30 Pac. 280, 12 Mont. 316.
Helena Steam Heating & Supply Co. v. Wells, 40 Pac. 78,16 Mont. 65.
Grand Rapids Chair Co. v. Runnells, 43 N. W. 1006, 77 Mich. 104.
Randolph Supply Co. (Ala..), 17 South. 721.
R. R. Co. v. Matthews, 174 U. S. 96.
Veeder & Veeder and W. L. Hartman for appellees.
The mechanic’s lien law was unknown to, and is in contravention of the common law and equity jurisprudence. It had its origin with the civil law.
Canal Co. v. Gordon, 6 Wall. 561.
Miner v. Marshall (N. M.), 27 Pac. 481.
Davis v. Farr, 13 Pa. State 167.
“A lien is a charge upon specific property by which it is made security for the performance of an act.” Compiled Laws, N. M. 1897, sec. 1519.
“This court held in Finane v. Hotel Co., 3 N. M. 256 (5 Pac. 725), that the law should be construed strictly, but the weight of the authority is against it, and that decision to that extent is overruled.”
Ford v. Springer Land Association (3 N. M.V, 41 Pac. 544.
On same proposition see also—
Walker v. Stock Co., 9 S. C. 204.
Roby v. University, 36 Vt. 564.
Vandyne v. Vanness, 5 N. J. Eq. 485.
Nelson v. Campbell, 28 Pa. St. 156.
Mountain Electric Co. v. Miles, 56 Pa. 284.
Davis v. Alford, 94 U. S. 545.
Flagstaff Min. Co. v. Cullins, 104 U. S. 176.
Wood v. St. Paul Ry. Co. (Minn.), 44 N. W. 308.
Hickey v. Collum, 50 N. W. 918.
Coleman v. Goodnow, 36 Minn. 9-11, 20 N. W. 338.
Phillips on Mech. Liens, page 640 says in terms:
“A lien statement may be sworn to before a notary public in another State, and authentication, by his official seal is sufficient.”
Hinton v. Life Ins. Co. (N. C.), 21 S. E. 210.
Harris v. Barber, 129 U. S. 366.
Phelps Biglow Windmill Co. v. Shay, 48 N. W. 896.
Duggan v. Washougal Land and Logging Co., 38 Pac. 856.
Gen. Laws of N. M., 1882, p. 235, sec. 6.
Relating to the verification of lien statement before an attorney of the party.
1 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 309, 310.
Reaves v. Cowell, 56 Cal. 591.
Dawes v. Glasgow, 1 Pinney 171 (Wis.)'.
Young v. Young, 18 Minn. 90.
Davis v. John Mount Lumber Co., 2 Colo. App. 381, 31 Pac. 189.
Estey v. Halleck & Howard Lumber Co., 34 Pac. 1113.
U. P. R. R. Co. v. Davidson, 21 Colo. 93, 39 Pac. 1096.
Substantial performance.
Boisot on Mech. Liens, 80 and cases there cited.
Mere technical or trifling omissions will not defeat the lien.
Same as last above, and
Glacins v. Black, 50 N. Y. 145.
Giant Powder Co. v. San Diego Co., 20 Pac. 419, 78 Cal. 493.
Harlan v. Stufflebeen, 25 Pac. 686, 87 Cal. 508. ¡Waiver.
Boisot on Mechanic’s Liens, 81.
Bell v. Teague, 3 South. 861, 85 Ala. 211.
Giant Powder Co. v. San Diego Plume Co., 25 Pac. 976.
Haller v. Clark, 21 D. C. 128.
Contractor’s default as affecting sub-contractor. Boisot on Mechanic’s Liens, 84.
Bates v. Trustees, 27 N. Y. Supp. 951.
Pierce v. Cabot, 34 N. E. 362, 159 Mass. 202.
Miller v. Mead (Sup.), 3 N. Y. Supp. 784.
Id., N. Y. Supp. 273, 53 Hun 636.
Linden Steel Co. v. Rough Run Mfg. Co., 27 Atl. 895, 158 Pa. St. 238.
15 Am. and Eng. Eney., 151.
Phillips on Mechanic’s Liens (2 Ed.), 138.
Boisot on Mechanic’s Liens, 486, 487, 489, 471, 470.
Sanford v. Prast, 41 Conn. 617.
Brown v. Waring, 1 App. Cases (D. C.) 378.
Dayton v. Iron Co. (Minn:), 65 N. W. 133.
In re Philadelphia Packing and Provision Co.’s Estate, 4 Pa. Dist. 457.
Shaw v. Stewart, 2 Pac. 616, 43 Kan. 572.
Merchants and Traders National Bank v.
Mayor of New York, 97 N. Y. 355.
Skyrme v. Occidental Co., 8 Név. 239.
Cleas v. Dallas Homestead & Loan Association, 18 S. W. 421, 83 Texas 50.
Hunter v. Truckee Lodge, 14 Nev. 24.
Haat & S. Co. v. Mullen, 4 Colo. 512, 514, 515.
Flint v. Raymond, 41 Conn. 5Í0 at 514.
Ricev. Brown, 42 Pac. 396 (Kansas).
Johnson v. De Peyster, 50 N. Y. 666.
Phillips v. Gallant, 62 N. Y. 256.
Woodward v. Fuller, 80 N. Y. 312.
Flaherty v. Miner, 123 N. Y. 382, 25 N. E. 418.
If plaintiff intended to apply to the court to take the answer off the files for irregularity, he should have done so before he accepted the answer. He waived his right to make the application.
1 Daniel’s Chan. PI. & Pr., 784, 583, 399, 590.
Steele v. Plomer, 2 Phil. 780.
Fulton Bank v. Beach, 2 Paige 307; s. c., 0 Wend. 36.
Seifreid v. Peoples Bank, 2 Tenn. Cb. 17; s. c., ■ 1 Baxt, 200.
Atkinson v. Hanway, 1 Cox 360.
In the lien act there is no limitation as to the place, of residence of those furnishing materials, nor as to the; place where the contract is made, nor as to where it is to be performed, provided only that the material is to be furnished for use in the construction of the building
2 Kent’s Commentaries, 458, 462.
Gaty et al. v. Casey et al., 15 Ill. 189.
Mallory et al. v. La Crosse Abattoir Co., 49 N. W. (Wis.), 1071.
Chapman v. Brewer, 62 N. W. (Neb.) 320.
Carnegie Bros. Co. v. Lancaster & H. Ry. Co.
(Com. PI.), 1 Ohio N. P. 300; Am. Dig. (1895), 3033, par. 89.
STATEMENT OP THE CASE AND OPINION.
CBUMPACKER, A. J.
The salient facts found in the record are that prior to the first day of August, 1894, one of the appellants, The Las, Vegas Masonic Building-Association, entered into a contract with one Michael T. Kean, to construct a building known as the “Masonic Temple Building” at East Las Vegas, N. M., and soon thereafter began the construction of the building. The Newton Lumber Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Colorado, entered into a parol contract with the said Michael T. Kean, in Pueblo, Colorado, whereby The Newton Lumber Company agreed to sell, furnish and deliver to said Kean, f. o. b: cars at Pueblo, Colorado, certain lumber, mill-work, and other building material, for the use by said- Kean in the construction of the said Masonic Temple building, for the sum of $2,469.57, which said sum Kean agreed to pay The Newton Lumber Company, and by this contract The Newton Lumber Company, further agreed to furnish, sell and deliver certain other lumber, mill-work and other building material to and for said Michael T. Kean, for the use by him in the construction and completion of said Masonic Temple Building, and to perform certain other labor and services in and upon said building under said contract, from time to time as the same may be ordered or required by or for said Kean for use in the performance of his contract for the building of said Masonic Temple, and other improvements upon the premises described. The claim of lien of the Newton Lumber' Company in this case is for materials furnished for use in the construction of the said Masonic Temple and for labor and services performed upon the said premises under the above mentioned contract. The materials were furnished and the labor and services performed, as aforesaid from time to time between the eighth day of December, 1894, and the thirty-first day of July, 1895. The appellee, Prank Genest, was a stone-cutter and sub-contractor under Michael T. King, and performed services as such during the construction of the building. The work on said Masonic Temple building under said contract with Michael T. Kean began about the first day of August, 1894, and was prosecuted continuously by said Kean and his bondsmen, with the exception of a few days temporary delay in the early part of July, 1895, from said time of beginning until the seventeenth day of September, 1895, in the forenoon of which day the last work upon said building under said contract was done; the work on said building was all completed prior to the first day of September, 1895, except the stone carving upon the front entrance to the second and third floors of said building, which carving was outside ornamental work; but one man was employed in the doing of this work, and the second, and third floors were occupied and used for the purposes for which they were intended during the whole time this carving was going on without interruption; the said stone carving was prosecuted continuously from the twenty-third day of August, 1895, until and including the seventeenth day of September, 1895, and was part of the original plan of said building specified in the contract with said Kean. On the sixteenth day of September, 1895, at about ten o’clock in the forenoon of that day, The Newton Lumber Company, filed in the office of the probate clerk and ex officio recorder of San Miguel county, New Mexico, a claim of lien, which was sworn to before the clerk of the district court of Pueblo county, Colorado. On the sixth day of November, 1895, Prank Genest filed in the office of said probate clerk, his claim of lien which was sworn to before the judge and acting clerk of the county court of Pueblo county, Colorado. That these officers were qualified and authorized under the laws of the State of Colorado to take and administer oaths was shown by the evidence. On the thirteenth day of April, 1896, Prank Genest filed his bill of complaint for foreclosure of his alleged lien, and made, parties defendant, among others, the appellants, The Newton Lumber Company, and Michael T. Kéan. The Newton Lumber Company on the twelfth day of June, 1896, caused to; (be filed its crossbill of complaint for the foreclosure of the lien claimed by it. The principal contractor, Michael T. Kean, having left the Territory of New Mexico, service was sought to be made upon him by publication, both upon the original complaint filed by Genest and the cross-complaint filed by The Newton Lumber Company. The affidavit for publication in each instance was made by John D. W. Veeder, as agent of complainant and cross-complainant, and sworn to by him before Elmer E. Yeeder, as notary public, said John D. W. Yeeder, and Elmer E. Veeder constituting the law firm of Yeeder & Yeeder. When the cross-complaint of The Newton Lumber Company was filed it was not signed by any member of the bar of the Territory of New Mexico, nor was it signed by the Newton Lumber Company, as cross-complainant. It was signed, however, by Hartman & Clynn, of Pueblo, Colorado, as solicitors for the Newton Lumber Company, and verified by W. C. Ponchan, its duly authorized secretary. Afterwards upon the offering of testimony by said cross-complainant in support of the crossbill, on March 6, 1897, and after voluntary answer by appellants filed in July 80,1896, to the merits of the crossbill, and replication filed in November 7, 1896, by cross-complainant, duly signed by Yeeder & Yeeder, attorneys and counsellors of the district court, appellants objected to the taking of any testimony under said crossbill, upon the ground that the same had not been signed. Later, on October 2, 1897, an ex parte, nunc pro tunc order was made by which said firm of Yeeder & Veeder were permitted to sign the crossbill of complaint of the Newton Lumber Company, as its counsel, as of the date of the filing of the cross-bill, upon representations made by them that they were of counsel for said company, at the time the crossbill of complaint was filed. When the affidavit for publication was made in behalf of Frank Genest, the original complainant, said firm of Veeder & Yeeder appeared as solicitors of record for said complainant Genest. On the twenty-third day of November, 1899, appellants filed a motion to vacate the mono pro time order above referred to and to strike the crossbill of complaint from the files, which motion was overruled by the court. The appellant, Mutual Building & Loan Association of Las Yegas, held a mortgage upon the premises in question, which was not recorded until after the commencement of the building. In the final decree the court gave to Genest a lien for $282.40, with interest, and to the Newton Lumber Company, a lien of $3,790.24, and there was allowed to Frank Genest for and on account of attorney’s fees $100 and in the case of the Newton Lumber Company, $500 attorney’s fees.
The appellants filed exceptions to the decree of the court and a motion for a new trial, both of which were overruled, and the case comes to this court upon appeal, the following errors being assigned:
“First. That the court erred in finding that the building in controversy was substantially completed at the time of the filing of the lien of the Newton Lumber Company.
“Second. In finding that the notice of the lien of the Newton Lumber Company was filed in the office of the probate clerk and ex officio recorder of the county-of San Miguel, within the time required by the statutes of the Territory of New Mexico.
“Third. In holding that the complainant Frank Genest, was entitled to a mechanic’s lien upon the building and property in question in this suit under the statutes of the Territory of New Mexico.
“Fourth. In holding that the Newton Lumber Company wras entitled to a mechanic’s lien upon the building and property in question in this suit under the statutes of the Territory of New Mexico.
“Fifth. In holding that the claims of liens of Frank Genest and the Newton Lumber Company were properly verified.
‘ ‘ Sixth. In entering any decree in this case in favor of the complainant Frank Genest.
“Seventh. In entering any decree in this case in favor of the cross-complainant, the Newton Lumber Company.
“Eighth. In taking jurisdiction of this cause and entering any decree in favor of the complainant and the cross-complainant, when it appeared that the only service of process upon the original contractor, Michael T. Kean, was had by publication.
“Ninth. In decreeing to the complainant and the cross-complainant any sum of money for and on account of attorney’s fees.
“Tenth. In overruling the motion of defendants to strike from the files and vacate the pretended order entered in said canse bearing date tbe second day of October, 1897, and
“Eleventh. In overruling tbe motion of tbe appellants to strike from tbe files tbe cross-complaint of tbe Newton Lumber Company.”
Tbe first question to be considered is presented by tbe contention of appellants that tbe contractor, Kean, being a necessary party, as to bim tbe trial court did not acquire jurisdiction. Tbis argument is based upon tbe theory that tbe court should have acquired jurisdiction over tbe person of the contractor, before a valid, judgment could be entered against tbe property in question in favor of these lien claimants. But tbe lien is a remedy in tbe nature of a charge on land, given by statute to secure a priority or preference in payment for tbe performance of labor or tbe supply of materials for tbe buildings; to be enforced against tbe particular property in which they have become incorporated, in tbe manner and under tbe limitations therein expressly provided. It does not arise out of nor is it of tbe essence of tbe contract for labor or materials. Philips on Mechanic’s Liens, sec. 9. Tbe lien of tbe mechanic being a remedy, having for its object tbe subjection of specific property to tbe payment of an indebtedness arising out of its construction, tbe proceeding so far as tbis object is to be attained is in its character, m rem. Philips, Mech. Liens, sec. 305. ’ No lesser or greater object is sought to be obtained by tbe lien claimants in the case at bar, and whether or not our statute authorizes judgments in personam to be entered against certain defendants under certain circumstances, need not be inquired into here. Tbis particular adjudication of liens purports to be in no manner a personal judgment' against any defendant, but it is merely, within tbe words of tbe statute, a judgment against tbe property of tbe owner. Tbe question of a personal judgment against tbe non-resident or absent contractor being eliminated from tbe case, we are yet to inquire if the substituted service of summons by publication which was sought to be made by both these lien claimants against said nonresident or absent contractor Kean is valid? The statute provides for service by publication where the defendant resides out or is absent from the Territory. Section 2225, Compiled Laws of New Mexico, 1897. Considering the Question of the validity of substituted service'in such cases, the Supreme Court of the United States has. said “Substituted service by publication may be sufficient to inform the parties of the object of the proceeding taken where property is once brought under the control of the court by seizure or some equivalent act. The law assumes that property is always in the possession of its owner or by agent, and it proceeds upon the theory that its seizure will inform him, not only that it is taken into the custody of the court but that he must look to any proceedings authorized by law upon such seizure for its condemnation and sale. Such services may also be sufficient in cases where the object of the action is to reach and dispose of property in the State, or of some interest therein, by enforcing a contract or a lien re-' specting the same. In other words such service may answer in all actions which are substantially proceedings in rem” Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714, 727; Heidritter v. Elizabeth Oilcloth Company, 112 U. S. 294, 300. The cases cited and relied upon by counsel for appellant arising under the statutes of Colorado, providing that the lien of the sub-contractor shall be limited to the amount due to the contractor, as provided by original and subsequent contracts; that judgments shall be rendered according "to the rights of the parties; that the various rights of all the lien claimants and other parties in any such action shall be determined and incorporated in one judgment or decree; that each party establishing his claim shall have a judgment against the party personally liable to him for the full amount of his claim so established and that he shall have a lien established and determined in said decree upon the property to which his. lien shall have attached to the extent hereinbefore stated —provisions very dissimilar to those contained in the New Mexico Statute — are not in point. 2 Mills Ann. Stat., secs. 2867-2899. We can not therefore agree with' counsel for appellant that the court could not acquire jurisdiction, for the purposes of this lien act, as to the defendant Kean, by substituted service of summons by publication.
And as to the further objection made by appellant that the notice of publication, founded upon an affidavit of John D. W. Yeeder, attorney for'complainant and cross-complainant (sec. 2964, C. L. of N. M. 1897), was sworn to before Elmer E. Yeeder, at the time solicitor for both complainant and cross-complainant, and appellants request that this court establish some rule as to whether or not an attorney for a party to a suit has authority to take the affidavit as the foundation for such service by publication, we hold that an attorney who is also a notary public in New Mexico may take such affidavit of his client, or as was done in this case, of his client’s agent. It is now and has been for many years the practice in this Territory to do so, and however reprehensible it may be there is nothing in the law which prohibits it. Reavis v. Cowell, 56 Cal. 591; Daws v. Glasgow, 1 Penney 171; Young v. Young, 18 Minn. 90.
The second objection made by appellants to be considered is that the claim of Frank Genest, purporting to have been verified before “John H. Mitchell, judge and acting clerk of the county court of the. county of Pueblo, State of Colorado,” and the claim of the Newton Lumber Company, purporting to have been verified before “H. B. McCoy, clerk of the district court of Pueblo county, State of Colorado, by E. Moore, deputy clerk” were not verified before some one authorized to administer the oaths of lien-claimants to their claims of lien as required by section 2221, C. L. of N. M. 1897. It having been proven in this case by the Statutes of Colorado that these officers were empowered by the laws of Colorado to administer “all oaths required to be taken by any person upon any lawful occasion” (R. S. ’68, p. 482, sec. 3; G. L. ’77, pp. 661, 662, sec. 1927; C. S. ’83, p. 739, sec. 2473). There is no question presented here as to the sufficiency of the authentication or the form of the verification upon which questions nearly all of the cases cited by the appellants turn. Without discussing the effect to he given to the long-established custom of the courts of New Mexico in recognizing the validity of verifications of pleadings, affidavits and various other instruments before a clerk of a court of record or notary public of another State or Territory for use in New Mexico, we think it is sufficient to state that in our opinion the statute of this Territory (sec. 3041, G. L. of N. M. 1897) providing that depositions of witnesses residing within another State for use in any court in New Mexico may be taken before “any clerk of a court of record having a seal, or notary public” as well as before a duly appointed commissioner for New Mexico, is persuasive at least of the policy of the Territory to recognize the authority of clerks of a court of record having a seal or notaries public, in another State or Territory to administer the oaths of claimants to their claims of lien in conformity with the requirements of the New Mexico lien statute. Where the power of the officer to administer the oath generally in’the State is shown to exist, many authorities uphold the power of such officer to administer oaths for use in a sister State or Territory without any express statute authorizing them to do so. Wood v. St. Paul Ry. Co. (Minn.), 44 N. W. 308; Hinton v. Life Ins. Co. (N. C.), 21 S. E. 201; Harris v. Barber, 129 U. S. 366; Windmill Co. v. Shay, 48 N. W. 896; Boisot on Mech. Liens, 456; Duggan v. Washugall Land and L. Co., 38 Pac. 856.
(Since this opinion was prepared the legislative assembly of New Mexico has legislated upon the subject here last discussed. Laws of N. M. 1901, chapter LXII, secs. 14 and 15.)
Appellants’ third objection is that the lien of the Newton Lumber Company is void because prematurely filed.' The court below found that the building was “substantially completed” at the time of the filing of the lumber company’s lien. The only evidence upon this point before this court is to be found in the-recital of facts in the findings of the court below and its conclusion of substantial performance therefrom. These findings we must therefore accept as true, and' are; “That such claim of lien was filed on the forenoon of the sixteenth of September, 1895, at about ten o’clock that when said claim was filed there remained only seven or eight hours work by one man to be done on stone carving; that the work on said building was all completed prior to the first of September, except said stone carving-which was outside ornamental work; that but one man was employed in doing said work and that during all said time the second and third floors of the building were occupied for the purposes for which they were intended;. that said carving was a part of the original plan specified in the contract with the contractor Kean, and that work-on said building under said contract with said Kean began about August 1,. 1894, and was prosecuted with said contract by said Kean and his bondsmen continuously under said exception of a few days temporary delay in the early part of July, 1895, from said time of beginning until the seventeenth day of September, 1895, in the forenoon of which day the last work upon said building under said contract was done.” We therefore can inquire into the matter no further than to determine whether a substantial completion of the building is a completion thereof within the meaning of section 2221, O. L. of N. M., 1897, which provides “That every other person, save the original contractor claiming the benefit of this act, must within sixty days after the completion of any building file for record his claim.” In construing this act, the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Ford v. Springer Land Association, 168 U. S. '521, gay: “Although mechanics’ liens are the creation of statute, the legislation being remedial, should he so construed as to effect its object.” One object of the act is to provide security to the materialman for the material used in the construction of a building until his lawful demands are paid. There is no dispute that the Newton Lumber Company in good faith furnished the material to be used and that it was so used in the construction of the building in question, and that its claim for the value thereof remained unsatisfied; nor that it has in good faith made, or attempted to make substantial compliance with the requirements of the statute. Interpreting this section (2221, C. L., 1897) by the rule of construction laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States, we must to effectuate the objects of the act, hold that a substantial completion is a compliance with the provisions of the statute and that this lien was not prematurely filed.
The fourth objection of appellants is that the cross bill of complaint of the Newton Lumber Company should have been stricken from the files because not signed by an attorney or counsellor of the court. The appellants having filed their answer to the merits of the cross-complaint of the Newton Lumber Company, ■and the cross-complainant having replied with replication duly signed by counsellors of the court, before objection was made by appellants that the crossbill of complaint should be stricken from the files because not signed by an attorney or counsellor of the court, we deem the irregularity in the signing of the crossbill to have been waived by appellants, and the subsequent order of the court permitting counsel to sign it nunc pro tunc as proper practice. I Daniel Chan. Plead. & Prac., 784 and 399.
It is fifthly contended by counsellor for appellants that as the contract between the Newton Lumber Company and the contractor, Kean, was made out of the Territory, and tbe materials used in tbe construe' tion of tbe building were delivered by it to tbe contractor f. o. b. cars at Pueblo, no lien in tbe company’s favor can arise under tbe New Mexico statute. We are-of the opinion that under tbe circumstances presented by the record in this case, tbe rights of tbe sub-contractor-to enforce the lien claimed are not impaired or destroyed by tbe fact that by said contract tbe Newton Lumber Company agreed to and did sell and deliver tbe materials in another State. It appears from tbe complaint, the copy of notice of lien therein set forth, and the-proofs, that tbe Newton Lumber Company “agreed to furnish tbe material for use in tbe construction of tbe building” in question and that it “agreed to perform certain labor to and for tbe contractor Kean and for-use in tbe construction and completion of said Masonic-Temple,” and that it “did so furnish tbe material, perform certain work in Las Vegas on tbe building, put up-tbe stairs, set tbe front and finish tbe Montezuma Club.” The statute provides that “every person performing-labor upon, furnishing materials to be used in tbe construction of any building . . . has a lien.” Section-2217, C. L. 1897. It appears from tbe facts in tbe record before us that tbe Newton Lumber Company “was willing to furnish them (tbe materials) on tbe information it bad of the character of tbe work;” that tbe materials-were so furnished and used in tbe construction of the-building, and tbe court below so found. It is tbe furnishing of materials to be used in tbe construction and tbe putting of them into tbe building which entitles tbe sub-contractor to tbe lien upon tbe premises to tbe extent of the value of that material. Tbe case, cited by counsel for appellants, of Birmingham Iron Foundry v. Clencove Starch Mfg. Co., 78 N. Y. 30, is under a statute much more restrictive in its terms than ours, and the cases of Twitchell v. Steamboat Co., 12 Mo. 412, and Noble v. Steamboat Co., 12 Mo. 261, involved tbe question of tbe assertion of a lien for work performed on boats outside of tbe State of Missouri, and these cases are therefore not a guide to correct judgment in the present case. The statute of New Mexico is general and does not restrict the right of lien to cases where materials are sold and delivered in this Territory, and we conclude that the contention of counsel for appellants in this regard is not tenable. Mallory et al. v. Abbatoir Co. (Wis.), 49 N. W. 1071; Campbell v. Coon (N. Y.), 44 N. E. 300; Gatey v. Casey et al., 15 Ill. 189.
And finally, it is further insisted that the provision of the lien law of New Mexico that the court may allow as part of the costs a reasonable attorney’s fee in in the district and Supreme Courts is unconstitutional, as being in contravention of article XIV, sec. 1 of the amendements to the Constitution of the United States, providing, in part, that “no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,” and that, therefore, that part of the judgment allowing attorney’s fees is unlawful. The objection is based upon the alleged inequality of the law in giving attorney’s fees to one who succeeds in establishing a mechanic’s lien, but not to one who successfully defends a suit brought for that purpose. A like provision'was held constitutional in the case of Wortman v. Kleinschmidt, 30 Pac. 280 (12 Mont. 316), and that decision re-affirmed in Helena Steam Heating Co. v. Wells, 40 Pac. 78 (16 Mont. 65), and held unconstitutional in Grand Rapids Chair Co. v. Runnells, 43 N. W. 1006 (77 Mich. 104), and in Randolph v. Supply Company, 17 So. 721 (Ala.). Such attorney’s fees have been sustained by the Supreme Court of California (Jewell v. McKay, 82 Cal. 144; McIntyre v. Trautner, 78 Cal. 489; Rapp v. Gold, 74 Cal. 532), and by the Supreme Courts of several other States. An examination of the Michigan and Alabama cases, •above cited, shows that the decisions are founded npon the same deductions which had been announced as clearly stated in Wilder v. Railway Co., 70 Mich. 382 (38 N. W. 289), are that “the Legislature can not make’ unjust discriminations between classes of suitors without violating the spirit of the constitution. Corporations have equal rights with natural persons, as far as their privileges in the courts are concerned.” The law of this Territory operates equally upon corporations and natural persons, and is not obnoxious to the criticism of the courts of Michigan nor of the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases of Ellis v. Railroad Co., 165 U. S. 150, relied upon by appellants. The decision of the Alabama court (Randolph v. Supply Company, supra), is also clearly founded upon a misapprehension of the reasoning in the Michigan cases, supra, and we can not regard it as controlling. We are therefore of the opinion that the legislative assembly of New Mexico had the power to declare that a reasonable attorney’s fee in the district and Supreme Courts may be allowed as part of the costs.
Having carefully considered all of the objections presented by learned counsel for appellants, and finding no error in the record, the judgment of the court below will be affirmed, with costs. And it is so ordered.
McFie, Parker and McMillan, JJ., concur.
Chief Justice Mills, having tried the case in the lower court did not participate in the trial in this court. | CASELAW |
User:Ajinkya.solunke/Books/MPSC Mains Geography
3.2 Climate (Part 2) (Cyclones)
* Cyclone
* Anticyclone
* Types
* Extratropical cyclone
* Mesocyclone
* Anticyclonic storm
* Polar low
* Subtropical cyclone
* Subtropical ridge
* Thermal low
* Tropical cyclone
* Anticyclones
* Polar high
* Siberian High
* Azores High
* North American High
* South Atlantic High
* South Pacific High
* Kalahari High
* Cyclones
* Aleutian Low
* Atlantic hurricane
* Australian east coast low
* European windstorm
* Genoa low
* Icelandic Low
* Kona storm
* Nor'easter
* Pacific hurricane
* Polar vortex
* Typhoon
* Wake low | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Featured article review/Megatokyo/archive1
* The following is an archived discussion of a featured article review. Please do not modify it. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page or at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review. No further edits should be made to this page.
The article was delisted by Casliber via FACBot (talk) 3:34, 22 February 2016 (UTC).
Megatokyo
* Notified: L33tminion, jimmyBlackwing, Webcomics work group
Review section
I am nominating this featured article for review because of the following reasons, which I originally brought up on the talk page without any response:
"The main issue I have is the current plot section. I counted fifteen passages detailing the entire story of Megatokyo, without any kind of sources. I've placed the two tags there a while ago, but barely any change seems to have been made. I don't know if WikiProject Comics has a specific guideline for this, but judging from other WikiProjects, I don't believe we would need more than five paragraphs to explain the comic's plot. I usually find that you only need to explain the plot as well as the reliable sources do.
Other issues I have are as follows:
* I have a hard time imagining that this entire sentence can be verified using primary sources without it being original research. Has Gallagher described these influences in comments or something along those lines, or are trope-savvy people simply pointing out what they're seeing? I'm talking about this:
* "a Japanese school girl, Yuki, who has also started being a magical girl in recent comics;[38] and Ping, a robot girl.[39] In addition, Dom and Ed, hitmen employed by Sega and Sony, respectively, are associated with a Japanese stereotype that all Americans are heavily armed.[40]"
* Is the following part notable? It is only supported by a primary source, so I have no idea whether "anyone cares". I'm talking about the following:
* "Characters in Megatokyo usually speak Japanese, although some speak English, or English-based l33t. Typically, when a character is speaking Japanese, it is signified by enclosing English text between angle brackets (<>)"
* One citation has a bare link in it, which simply looks ugly: "http://dccomics.com/dccomics/graphic_novels/?gn=14558"
* In the "Some critics, such as Eric Burns ..." paragraph in the reception section, it can be unclear what is and isn't supported by the "You Had Me And You Lost Me" source. Did Burns point out the "Shirt Guy Dom" strip or is this original research?
* Though not necessary, it may be possible to split the references to primary sources and those to secondary sources, such as how it's done in xkcd. This would make it easier to judge the quality of the sources at a glance, but I suppose it's more a personal preference.
That's what I got for now. The bloated plot section is the biggest issue, though, and I hope someone could fix that."
Simply judging from WP:FACR, I'm worried that the plot section consists entirely of original research (1c) and goes into unnecessary detail (4). Megatokyo was promoted to FA in 2006 – back when Wikipedia was less strict – and it is currently the only webcomics-related article that is Featured class. I hope these issues can be fixed, rather than the article being delisted. ~ Mable ( chat ) 10:29, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
Comment -, are you willing to trim the plot section? I don't think I'm understanding why you didn't just trim it if you thought it needed trimming. Plot sections don't require citations unless something is controversial or disputed. The rest seem like pretty easy fixes. -- Laser brain (talk) 15:51, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
* I have read a few years worth of the comic, and am still not really sure how to trim the plot section can be trimmed. I mean, I could probably sum it up to just the first chapter and change the section's title to "setting", but is that appropriate? And there's just such a variety of issues that I don't think I can fix it. I don't own the Megatokyo book, and I feel like the references should be looked through either way. There are a few dead links, a few with no publisher listed (for example: "An interview with Fred Gallagher" and "Manga Review: Megatokyo Volume 1") and there are so many primary sources used that I don't even know anymore what is and isn't notable. Getting this article to GA status would take some work, but I suppose I could do it if I put in the effort (save for the plot section, which I'm bad at). I'm definitely not planning on trying to get this to FA quality... Other things:
* Following Gallagher's complete takeover of Megatokyo, the comic's thematic relation to Japanese manga continued to grow.
* Megatokyo's fans have been called "some of the most patient and forgiving in the webcomic world."
* Poking fun at this, Jerry "Tycho" Holkins of Penny Arcade has claimed to have "gotten on famously" with Gallagher, ever since he "figured out that [Gallagher] legitimately detests himself and is not hoisting some kind of glamour."[75]
* The article just really hasn't aged well, and I'm not very good with working on articles like that... ~ Mable ( chat ) 16:46, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
* OK, that makes sense! It is indeed challenging to work on these when the primary authors are checked out. Thanks for the response. -- Laser brain (talk) 17:15, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
* Move to FARC. No-one working on it. DrKay (talk) 09:22, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
FARC section
* Concerns raised in the review section largely centred on original research and excessive detail. Nikkimaria (talk) 18:04, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
Cas Liber (talk) 13:34, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
* Delist. Tagged for unsourced material, needing additional references, dead links, and plot summary needing attention. DrKay (talk) 13:28, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
| WIKI |
COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM, UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Plaintiff, v. Jefferson B. SESSIONS III, Attorney General of the United States, Defendant.
Civil Action No. 12-1332 (ABJ)
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
Signed October 22, 2018
Isaac Benjamin Rosenberg, U.S. Department of Justice, Kerry William Kircher, William Bullock Pittard, IV, Kaiser Dillon, PLLC, Thomas G. Hungar, Todd Barry Tatelman, Eleni Maria Roumel, U.S. House of Representatives Office of General Counsel, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
Daniel Stephen Garrett Schwei, John Kenneth Theis, John Russell Tyler, Joseph Evan Borson, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
AMY BERMAN JACKSON, United States District Judge
The Court entered judgment in this case on February 8, 2016, and the case is now pending before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The parties have arrived at a negotiated solution, and they have filed a joint motion for an indicative ruling pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62.1. They ask the Court to inform them now whether it would agree to vacate its orders of August 20, 2014 and January 19, 2016 and dismiss the case with prejudice if the matter were remanded in accordance with the terms of their conditional settlement agreement. Joint Mot. for Indicative Ruling [Dkt. # 130] ("Joint Mot.").
The motion comes almost two years after the Court ordered the defendant, the Attorney General of the United States, to respond to a Congressional subpoena issued by plaintiff, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the U.S.
House of Representatives, for Department of Justice documents concerning a law enforcement effort known as Operation Fast and Furious. The parties have executed a conditional settlement agreement providing that the Department will search for and produce certain documents from its investigation of the operation to the Committee, subject to this Court's vacating the Orders and dismissing the case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). Joint Suppl. Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Indicative Ruling [Dkt. # 135] ("Joint Suppl.") at 3-4, citing Conditional Settlement Agreement, Ex. A to Joint Mot. [Dkt. # 130-1] ¶¶ 1, 5-8 (stating the settlement is only effective "upon vacatur of the District Court's orders of August 20, 2014 and January 19, 2016").
Because neither the balance of the equities nor the public interest weigh in favor of vacatur, the Court will deny the parties' motion.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 11, 2011, the Committee issued a subpoena to the Attorney General for documents related to the Department's investigation into Operation Fast and Furious. The operation, run by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and the U.S. Attorney's Office in Phoenix, Arizona, sought to track the suspected flow of firearms from the United States to drug cartels in Mexico. During the course of the investigation, agents permitted straw purchasers to buy firearms illegally in the United States, and then let the purchasers "walk" the firearms into Mexico without being apprehended. Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 35] ¶ 1. The tactic was designed to track the guns to their ultimate destination and reveal any nexus between the leaders of Mexican crime syndicates and the individuals who purchased the firearms. Id. But the initiative came under intense scrutiny when a U.S. law enforcement agent was killed in December 2010 with one of the guns that was part of the operation. Id. ¶ 2. Members of Congress began inquiring into the matter, and in a letter dated February 4, 2011, the Department of Justice firmly denied that ATF ever knowingly failed to interdict weapons that had been purchased illegally. Id. As more facts came to light, though, the Department acknowledged that law enforcement agents had in fact permitted some guns to walk during the course of the Phoenix operation. Id. ¶ 3. The Committee then shifted its focus to uncovering why the Department had provided it with incorrect information at the outset. Id. ¶ 4.
On October 11, 2011, the Committee issued the subpoena to the Attorney General that lies at the heart of this lawsuit. See Am. Compl. ¶ 8. While a large volume of materials was produced, the Department informed the Committee on June 20, 2012 that the President had asserted executive privilege over all relevant documents dated after February 4, 2011. Id. ¶ 14. On August 13, 2012, the Committee filed this action to compel the production of those records, which had been withheld on the grounds that they were covered by the deliberative process prong of the executive privilege. See Compl. [Dkt. #1].
The case produced a number of rulings. After the lawsuit was filed, the Department of Justice moved to dismiss it. It took the position that this Court did not have - or should decline to exercise -jurisdiction over what the Department characterized as a political dispute between the executive and legislative branches of the government. The Attorney General warned that it would threaten the constitutional balance of powers if the Court endeavored to weigh the Committee's stated need for the material against the executive's interest in confidential decision making, or if the Court were to make its own judgment about whether the negotiation and accommodation process to date had been adequate. Mem. in Supp. of Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 13-1] at 19-45.
The Committee opposed the motion to dismiss. It argued that it was both lawful and prudent for the Court to exercise jurisdiction since the case involved a discrete, narrow question of law:
This type of case - at bottom, a subpoena enforcement case - has been brought in and addressed by the courts in this Circuit many times before.... Moreover, this case involves the purely legal question of the scope and application of Executive privilege....
Pl.'s Opp. to Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 17] at 6 (emphasis in original).
The Court agreed. Citing United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 94 S.Ct. 3090, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039 (1974), it ruled that it had not only the authority, but the responsibility, to resolve the conflict.
[T]he Supreme Court held that it was "the province and duty" of the Court " 'to say what the law is' " with respect to the claim of executive privilege that was presented in that case. Id. at 705, 94 S.Ct. 3090, quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). "Any other conclusion would be contrary to the basic concept of separation of powers and the checks and balances that flow from the scheme of a tripartite government." Id. at 704, 94 S.Ct. 3090. Those principles apply with equal force here. To give the Attorney General the final word would elevate and fortify the executive branch at the expense of the other institutions that are supposed to be its equal, and do more damage to the balance envisioned by the Framers than a judicial ruling on the narrow privilege question posed by the complaint.
Comm. on Oversight & Gov't Reform, U.S. House of Representatives v. Holder , 979 F.Supp.2d 1, 11-12 (D.D.C. 2013) ; see also id. at 10-11, citing Comm. on the Judiciary v. Miers, 558 F.Supp.2d 53, 84-85 (D.D.C. 2008).
The parties then filed cross-motions for summary judgment. See Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 61]; Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 63]. The Committee contended that as a matter of law, the executive branch could not invoke the deliberative process privilege in response to a Congressional subpoena. Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 61]. In the Committee's view, since the records did not involve actual communications with the President that would raise separation of powers concerns, and they did not raise national security concerns, they had to be produced. Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 61]. On August 20, 2014, in the first of the two orders at issue in the pending motion, the Court ruled against the Committee on that issue. Holder , 2014 WL 12662665. It determined that there is a constitutional dimension to the deliberative process aspect of the executive privilege, and that the privilege could be properly invoked in response to a legislative demand. Id. at *1, citing In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 745 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (" Espy ").
However, the Court also found that the Attorney General's blanket assertion of the privilege over all records generated after a particular date could not stand, because no showing had been made that any of the individual records satisfied the legal prerequisites for the application of the privilege. Holder , 2014 WL 12662665, at *2. The Department was ordered to review the responsive records to identify those records that were both pre-decisional and deliberative and to produce any that were not. Id. at *2. It was also ordered to create a detailed list identifying all records that were being withheld on privilege grounds. Id.
As the Committee acknowledged in a notice filed with the Court, the Department complied with the August 2014 Order. See Comm.'s Notice of Disputed Claims and Other Issues [Dkt. # 98] (reporting that on November 4, 2014, the Department produced 10,104 documents, or 64,404 pages, and it produced a list with 14,281 entries for documents being withheld on privilege grounds). But the parties disagreed about whether the bulk of the records on the list - those memorializing internal agency discussions about communications with Congress or with the media - could be covered by the privilege. See id. at 2, 11.
The Committee then moved to compel the production of every record described in the list, as well as a body of material that defendant did not include in the index. Pl.'s Mot. to Compel [Dkt. # 103] and Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.'s Mot. to Compel ("Pl.'s Mem. for Mot. to Compel") [Dkt. # 103-1]. It took the position that not one of the records was deliberative, and that even if some were, the interests advanced by the privilege were outweighed by the Committee's need for the material. The Committee asked the Court to hold that intra-agency communications about responding to Congressional and media requests for information are not covered by the privilege. Pl.'s Mem. for Mot. to Compel at 26-29. It also argued that the right to invoke any privilege had been vitiated by the Department's own misconduct. Id. at 32 n.15.
In the second order at issue here, the Court rejected the Committee's articulation of the scope of the privilege. Lynch , 156 F.Supp.3d at 105. Based upon authority from this Circuit, it found that records containing the agency's internal deliberations over how to respond to Congressional and media inquiries were entitled to protection under the deliberative process privilege. Id. But the Court also acknowledged, citing Espy, 121 F.3d at 737-38, that the privilege is a qualified one that can be overcome by a sufficient showing of need for the material. Id. Ultimately, though, the Court concluded that there was no need to balance the Committee's need for the records against the impact their disclosure could have on candor in future executive decision making because the Department had already disclosed the records itself. See id. at 105-06, citing U.S. Dep't of Justice, Office of the Inspector Gen. Oversight and Review Div., A Review of ATF's Operation Fast and Furious and Related Matters (Redacted) (Sept. 2012), https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2012/s1209.pdf.
The Court ruled that the qualified privilege must yield, given the executive's acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the investigation, and the fact that the Department itself had already publicly revealed the sum and substance of the very material it was seeking to withhold. Id. at 106. Since any harm that would flow from the disclosure in response to the subpoena would be merely incremental, the Court ordered on January 19, 2016 that the records had to be produced. Id.
Thereafter, the parties informed the Court that its orders had resolved all of the issues in the case and that a final order should issue. See Def.'s Notice Regarding Entry of Final J. [Dkt. # 120] ("Defendant agrees that the Court's Order resolves all of the outstanding issues in the case, and therefore entry of final judgment is appropriate at this time."); Pl.'s Not. of Compliance with Court's Feb. 1, 2016 Min. Order [Dkt. # 121] (submitting proposed Final Judgment); Final Judgment [Dkt. # 124].
Notwithstanding the fact that it had prevailed in its effort to enforce compliance with the subpoena, the Committee filed a Notice of Appeal on April 8, 2016. Notice of Appeal [Dkt # 125]; see also Notice of Appeal [Doc. # 1609215], Comm. on Oversight & Gov't Reform, U.S. House of Representatives v. Sessions , No. 16-5078 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 18, 2016). While the Notice of Appeal covered "all aspects" of the Court's Final Judgment "that are adverse to the Committee, including, but not limited to, from the Order of August 20, 2014 (ECF No. 81); the Order of September 9, 2014 (ECF No. 88); and the Memorandum Opinion and Order of January 19, 2016 (ECF No. 117)," id. at 2, the brief filed in the D.C. Circuit was more narrowly focused.
The Committee challenged the ruling that the deliberative process privilege can be invoked by the executive in Congressional investigations, and it objected to the Court's decision to decline to address other issues: the Department's failure to produce what the Committee referred to as the "Post-February 4 Subset" of documents, and the withholding or redaction of records on grounds other than the deliberative process privilege. Br. for Appellant [Doc. # 1639836] at 14-61, Sessions , No. 16-5078 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 6, 2016).
In response, the Department argued that the case that had been appealed was moot: the complaint sought an order compelling the Department to produce documents that had been withheld as deliberative, the order had been issued by this Court, and - of importance to this motion - the documents had already been produced.
Br. for Appellee [Doc. # 1651995] at 10-11, Sessions , No. 16-5078 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 20, 2016) ("[T]he district court ordered the Department to produce all materials withheld on deliberative process grounds, and the Department has complied in full."). The Department added that it had also provided the Committee in camera access to disputed non-deliberative materials unrelated to the Committee's suit "with very minor exceptions." Id. at 11. It urged the Court of Appeals to refrain from addressing any other aspects of the Committee's appeal, and it took the position that the case did not include the "post-February 4 subset" of documents. Id. at 17-24. In the event the Circuit decided to hear the matter on the merits, the Department also reasserted the jurisdictional arguments based on standing and separation of powers that had been rejected below, and it defended this Court's rulings on the scope of the deliberative process privilege and the other documents. Id. at 26-59.
On January 13, 2017, the Committee filed a consent motion to hold the appeal in abeyance because it was attempting to negotiate a settlement of the remaining outstanding matters with the incoming Administration. Appellant's Unopposed Mot. to Hold Appeal in Abeyance [Doc. # 1655926], Sessions , No. 16-5078 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 13, 2017). The Court granted the motion, Order [Doc. # 1667880], Sessions , No. 16-5078 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 19, 2017), and the appeal has remained in abeyance since then.
On March 7, 2018, the parties filed the instant motion. The Court then ordered the parties to file a further submission "detail[ing] the exceptional circumstances" that would justify vacatur and why it would be in the public interest. Order (Mar. 12, 2018) [Dkt. # 131] at 2-3. The parties filed supplemental submissions on April 16, 2018 and May 21, 2018. Joint Suppl.; Joint Notice of Suppl. Authority [Dkt. # 136].
The parties seek vacatur of the August 2014 and January 2016 orders pursuant to Rule 60(b) and the conditional settlement agreement "and in light of changed circumstances," and they argue that they do not need to make a showing of "exceptional circumstances" to prevail. Joint Mot. at 1; Joint Suppl. at 1. Since the Court finds that the balance of the equities does not weigh in favor of vacating the Orders, it will deny the motion, and it need not determine whether exceptional circumstances are required.
ANALYSIS
Utilizing the procedure set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62.1, the parties have asked the Court to issue an indicative ruling stating that in light of the parties' conditional settlement, it will vacate its August 2014 and January 2016 orders upon remand.
In U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall P'ship , 513 U.S. 18, 22, 115 S.Ct. 386, 130 L.Ed.2d 233 (1994), the Supreme Court addressed the question of whether an appellate court should vacate a civil judgment if the case becomes moot because, as here, it was settled while it was on appeal. The Court noted that generally, when "a civil case from a court in the federal system ... has become moot while on its way here or pending our decision on the merits," the established practice is "to reverse or vacate the judgment below and remand with a direction to dismiss." Id. at 22, 115 S.Ct. 386, quoting United States v. Munsingwear, Inc. , 340 U.S. 36, 39, 71 S.Ct. 104, 95 L.Ed. 36 (1950). It made it clear, though, that this practice is limited to those cases in which the mootness arose out of circumstances beyond the parties' control and was not engineered by the party that filed the appeal. Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 25, 115 S.Ct. 386.
The Court reasoned that "a party who seeks review of the merits of an adverse ruling, but is frustrated by the vagaries of circumstances, ought not in fairness be forced to acquiesce in the judgment." Id. But it highlighted the contrast between that circumstance and a situation in which a party settles a case and "voluntarily forfeit[s] his legal remedy by the ordinary processes of appeal ... thereby surrendering his claim to the equitable remedy of vacatur." Id. Thus, the Court concluded:
[M]ootness by reason of settlement does not justify vacatur of a judgment under review. This is not to say that vacatur can never be granted when mootness is produced in that fashion. As we have described, the determination is an equitable one, and exceptional circumstances may conceivably counsel in favor of such a course. It should be clear from our discussion, however, that those exceptional circumstances do not include the mere fact that the settlement agreement provides for vacatur - which neither diminishes the voluntariness of the abandonment of review nor alters any of the policy considerations we have discussed.
513 U.S. at 29, 115 S.Ct. 386.
While the D.C. Circuit has not addressed whether the ruling in Bancorp should apply to a request that a district court vacate its own order under Rule 60(b), several courts in this district have looked to Bancorp for guidance. In 3M Co. v. Boulter , the Circuit remanded a case and instructed the district court to consider a motion for vacatur under Rule 60(b), adding, "see U.S. Bancorp . " 290 F.R.D. 5, 7 (D.D.C. 2013) ; Order, 3M Co. v. Boulter [Dkt. # 96] (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2013). The court proceeded to consider the motion under both Rule 60(b)(6) and Bancorp . 3M Co. , 290 F.R.D. at 8 (noting that relief under Rule 60(b)(6) requires a showing of "extraordinary circumstances" and that Bancorp requires " 'exceptional circumstances' to justify the equitable relief of vacatur following a settlement"), quoting Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 863-64, 108 S.Ct. 2194, 100 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) and Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 25-26, 115 S.Ct. 386. The court ruled that the circumstances presented were not so extraordinary or exceptional to warrant the requested relief. Id. Other courts in this district have applied the Bancorp principles as well when considering whether to vacate their own decisions. See St. Lawrence Seaway Pilots' Ass'n v. Collins , No. 03-cv-1204 (RBW), 2005 WL 1138916, at *2 (D.D.C. May 13, 2005) (relying on Bancorp in vacating district court opinion on grounds that the opinion had become moot because the rulemaking at issue had been completed, and the dispute may be the subject of future litigation involving the same parties); Fund for Animals v. Mainella , 335 F.Supp.2d 19, 25-26 (D.D.C. 2004) (collecting cases in which district courts relied on Bancorp as a basis to vacate their own opinions but denying vacatur because, among other reasons, movants had failed to request the administrative record that they now argued made the district court's ruling unreviewable).
The parties insist, though, that this Court need not find that extraordinary circumstances exist before it may vacate its orders. They point to the passage in Bancorp in which the Supreme Court observed that an appellate court may simply remand a case to take advantage of the options available to a district judge under the Federal Rules:
Of course even in the absence of, or before considering the existence of, extraordinary circumstances, a court of appeals presented with a request for vacatur of a district-court judgment may remand the case with instructions that the district court consider the request, which it may do pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b).
Bancorp, 513 U.S. at 29, 115 S.Ct. 386.
Here, the Court of Appeals has not instructed this Court to do anything. But the parties are asking the Court to indicate that it would exercise its equitable discretion to vacate the Orders under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) alone and to forego - or at least, adopt an alternative construction of - the Bancorp extraordinary circumstances test. Joint Suppl. at 3-7.
The problem with this approach is that the parties point to only two provisions in Rule 60 that could supply a basis for relief in this case: subsections (b)(5) and (b)(6). Rule 60(b)(5), as will be discussed in more detail below, is inapplicable as a matter of law, and section (b)(6) requires a showing of extraordinary circumstances anyway. The D.C. Circuit has repeatedly cautioned that the residual clause should be "sparingly used" and only in "extraordinary circumstances." Salazar ex rel. Salazar v. District of Columbia , 633 F.3d 1110, 1119-20 (D.C. Cir. 2011), quoting Ackermann v. United States , 340 U.S. 193, 199, 71 S.Ct. 209, 95 L.Ed. 207 (1950), and Kramer v. Gates , 481 F.3d 788, 792 (D.C. Cir. 2007). So it is unclear what the parties accomplish by predicating their motion on Rule 60 alone.
In the end, though, the Court need not wrestle with the question of whether it is bound by Bancorp, or what must be shown to satisfy the Bancorp requirement of extraordinary circumstances, or whether there is any difference between the Bancorp and Rule 60(b)(6) extraordinary circumstance standards because, as the parties acknowledge, a district court's decision to vacate its own orders is subject to equitable considerations. Joint Suppl. at 5-6, citing Jewish War Veterans of the U.S. of Am., Inc. v. Mattis , 266 F.Supp.3d 248, 252 (D.D.C. 2017) and Fund for Animals , 335 F.Supp.2d at 25 ; see also Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 60(b) ("On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party from a final judgment...."). The Court finds that the balance of equities does not favor vacatur in this case, and that vacating the orders would not be in the public interest. Thus, it is unnecessary to determine whether a higher threshold applies or whether the parties could overcome it.
I. The Parties are Not Entitled to Vacatur under Rule 60(b)(5).
Rule 60(b)(5) authorizes courts to grant relief from a judgment for the reason that: "the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer equitable." Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 60(b)(5). The rule is to be invoked when "a significant change either in factual conditions or in law renders continued enforcement detrimental to the public interest." Am. Council of the Blind v. Mnuchin , 878 F.3d 360, 366 (D.C. Cir. 2017), quoting Horne v. Flores , 557 U.S. 433, 447, 129 S.Ct. 2579, 174 L.Ed.2d 406 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The parties rely solely on the third clause of section (b)(5); they assert in their motion that applying the orders "prospectively is no longer equitable." Joint Mot. at 1. A court may modify an order or judgment under this portion of Rule 60(b)(5)"only to the extent it has prospective application." Twelve John Does v. District of Columbia , 841 F.2d 1133, 1138 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Here, neither order has prospective application as that term has been interpreted by the D.C. Circuit, and in fact, the Department has already complied with both of them. Therefore, Rule 60(b)(5) does not supply a basis for vacatur in this case.
The standard to be applied when determining whether an order or judgment has prospective application within the meaning of Rule 60(b)(5) is "whether it is 'executory' or involves 'the supervision of changing conduct or conditions' " within the meaning of Wheeling and Swift, the two Supreme Court cases from which this portion of the rule was derived. Twelve John Does , 841 F.2d at 1139, citing State of Pa. v. Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 59 U.S. (18 How.) 421, 15 L.Ed. 435 (1856), and United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 52 S.Ct. 460, 76 L.Ed. 999 (1932). In Wheeling, the Court had ordered that a bridge impeding navigation of the Ohio River must either be elevated or removed, but Congress passed a statute legalizing the structure. The Court then found that the portion of the original order requiring the abatement of construction was an executory, continuing decree meant to govern the parties' actions into the future, and therefore, it concluded that the order could be modified in light of the change in circumstances. See Twelve John Does, 841 F.2d at 1138-39, citing 59 U.S. at 431. In Swift, the Supreme Court declined to modify an injunction, and it stated that such decrees are "continuing" only if they "involve the supervision of changing conduct or conditions and are thus provisional and tentative." 286 U.S. at 114, 52 S.Ct. 460. Applying those precedents in Twelve John Does , the Court found that a prior order dismissing the Attorney General as a defendant from a case involving D.C. prisons lacked prospective application because "it did not compel the Attorney General to perform, or order him not to perform, any future act; [and] it did not require the court to supervise any continuing interaction between him and the other parties to the case." 841 F.2d at 1139.
Obviously, each order in this case required the Department to do something after the order was entered, but that is not the touchstone of an "executory" order.
Virtually every court order causes at least some reverberations into the future, and has, in that literal sense, some prospective effect; even a money judgment has continuing consequences, most obviously until it is satisfied.... That a court's action has continuing consequences, however, does not necessarily mean that it has "prospective application" for the purposes of Rule 60(b)(5).
Twelve John Does , 841 F.2d at 1138.
The orders at issue here were not "provisional" or "tentative," see Swift , 286 U.S. at 114, 52 S.Ct. 460 ; they did not embroil the Court in ongoing oversight, and they were no more executory or prospective than an order to pay a money judgment. The first order in August 2014 denied the parties' cross motions for summary judgment without prejudice, and it called for the production of some records and the creation of a detailed list justifying any withholdings by a date certain. Holder , 2014 WL 12662665, at *3. The defendant complied with the order fully as of November 4, 2014, see Comm.'s Notice of Disputed Claims and Other Issues, and the order included no ongoing obligations.
The January 2016 Order then required the Department to produce the deliberative records described in the list to the Committee. See 156 F.Supp.3d at 106. That too has been accomplished. Br. for Appellee at 10-11. So even if the first order contemplated that the Court would remain involved for some time to rule on the privilege assertions in the list, neither order has any prospective elements now. Both parties advised this Court on February 3, 2016 that the orders resolved all of the outstanding issues presented in the case, and they called for entry of final judgment. See Def.'s Notice Regarding Entry of Final J.; Pl.'s Not. of Compliance with Court's Feb. 1, 2016 Min. Order; see also Final Judgement. Thus, the Orders bear no resemblance to continuing injunctions that call for ongoing supervision or involvement by a Court. Indeed, the only aspect of the dispute that was supposed to play out in the future was that portion of the process from which the Court expressly excluded itself: negotiation over other privileges that were not a part of the initial complaint, and the resolution of the parties' spat over whether they had or had not narrowed the subpoena by agreement. See Lynch , 156 F.Supp.3d at 119 ("[A]ny responsive documents that were not embraced in [the privilege assertion on June 20, 2012] are an entirely separate matter, and intervention in that dispute would entangle the Court in an ongoing political dispute of the sort that is not suitable to judicial resolution.").
Furthermore, if a goal of the request that the Orders be vacated is, as the parties have indicated, to eliminate any "preclusive effect[s]," Conditional Settlement Agreement ¶ 4, the Circuit has made it clear that future preclusive effects do not fall within the scope of "prospective application" as that term is used in Rule 60(b)(5). Hall v. CIA, 437 F.3d 94, 101 (D.C. Cir. 2006), quoting Twelve John Does, 841 F.2d at 1139-40 ("[P]reclusive effects do not qualify as 'prospective application[s]' under Rule 60(b)(5), which is addressed to 'executory' decrees or ones involving 'the supervision of changing conditions or circumstances.' "). Accordingly, there is no legal basis to vacate the Orders under Rule 60(b)(5).
II. The Parties are Not Entitled to Vacatur under Rule 60(b)(6).
The parties also point the Court to subsection (b)(6) of Rule 60, referred to as the catch-all provision, see Kramer v. Gates, 481 F.3d 788, 792 (D.C. Cir. 2007), which authorizes courts to grant relief from a judgment for "any other reason." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). It is a well-established principle that a party must show "extraordinary circumstances" to obtain relief under Rule 60(b)(6). Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P'ship, 507 U.S. 380, 393, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993) ; see also Kramer, 481 F.3d at 792 (observing that a party "must clear a very high bar to obtain relief under Rule 60(b)(6)" and that the rule should be used "only sparingly"). But even if this Court simply weighs the equities involved and considers the public interest, it finds that the parties' motion falls short.
The parties explain that they are seeking vacatur because they "have reached a negotiated resolution of their dispute, contingent on vacatur of only the two specified orders." Joint Mot. at 3. They assert that "equitable considerations strongly favor" their requested relief because settlement "is highly favored," and granting the motion will save the parties and the public "time and money" by facilitating the settlement. Joint Mot. at 3, quoting United States v. Hyundai Motor Co. , 77 F.Supp.3d 197, 199 (D.D.C. 2015) and Citizens for a Better Env't v. Gorsuch , 718 F.2d 1117, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 1983). They add that allowing the settlement to proceed will save judicial resources by obviating a decision by the Court of Appeals in a case they are prepared to resolve amicably. Joint Mot. at 3; Joint Suppl. at 1-2. Finally, their conditional settlement agreement also makes it clear that they are seeking to be relieved of any preclusive effect the Orders might have in future litigation. See Conditional Settlement Agreement ¶ 4.
None of these considerations supports the grant of equitable relief. First, the Court agrees with the view of the district court in 3M Co. v. Boulter , 290 F.R.D. at 7, that because the parties' request is based solely on their conditional settlement agreement, Bancorp is instructive, even if it is not binding. And in Bancorp , the Supreme Court stated that judicial opinions "are presumptively correct and valuable to the legal community as a whole. They are not merely the property of the private litigants and should stand unless a court concludes that the public interest would be served by a vacatur." Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 26, 115 S.Ct. 386, quoting Izumi Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v. U.S. Philips Corp. , 510 U.S. 27, 40, 114 S.Ct. 425, 126 L.Ed.2d 396 (1993) (Stevens, J., dissenting). When a case between two adversaries ends, the case produces judicial precedent that has "social value ... created at [a] cost to the public and other litigants." In re United States , 927 F.2d 626, 628 (D.C. Cir. 1991), quoting In re Mem'l Hosp. of Iowa Cty., Inc. , 862 F.2d 1299, 1302 (7th Cir. 1988) (stating that precedent should not "be a bargaining chip in the process of settlement" because it is "a public act of a public official"). This is particularly true in this case where the adversaries and amici that briefed and argued their positions before the Court were not private litigants, but all were government entities or individual officials whose mission is to serve the public.
The parties contend nonetheless that vacating the Orders would serve the public interest because their proposed settlement would serve the public interest. They argue first that it is in the public interest to vacate the Orders because "courts should avoid unnecessarily deciding constitutional questions." Joint Suppl. at 7-8, citing Nat'l Black Police Assoc. v. District of Columbia , 108 F.3d 346, 353-54 (D.C. Cir. 1997). But the cases the parties cite for this point involved vacating decisions that became moot due to circumstances beyond the control of the parties, and not due to a settlement. See Nat'l Black Police Ass'n , 108 F.3d at 348 (declining to rule on First Amendment challenge to a D.C. campaign finance law that capped campaign contributions after the D.C. Council passed legislation that increased the cap while the case was on appeal); Kremens v. Bartley , 431 U.S. 119, 134, 97 S.Ct. 1709, 52 L.Ed.2d 184 (1977) (declining to answer a constitutional question because new legislation made the issue moot);
In re City of El Paso , 887 F.2d 1103, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (declining to address the constitutional issue of the district court quashing a deposition subpoena issued by the U.S. Senate because the state court case was dismissed).
Furthermore, the D.C. Circuit has expressed the view that "the precedential power of an opinion is a reason arguing against vacatur." Mahoney v. Babbitt , 113 F.3d 219, 222-23 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (emphasis added), citing 513 U.S. at 26-27, 115 S.Ct. 386 ; see also Jewish War Veterans , 266 F.Supp.3d at 248 ("[W]here an opinion establishes precedent on a rarely-litigated constitutional issue ..., that presents a reason to deny vacatur."), citing Mahoney , 113 F.3d at 222. Because disputes between the political branches "are normally settled through negotiation and accommodation," Miers , 558 F.Supp.2d at 85, the issues addressed in the orders can be said to fall within the "rarely-litigated" category, and that militates against vacatur.
The parties also posit that their settlement exemplifies the sort of the comity between the legislative and executive branch that this Court and others have encouraged, and that favors vacatur in this instance. Joint Suppl. at 8-9. They cite United States v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. , 567 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1977), in which the Department sought to enjoin AT & T from responding to a Congressional subpoena. Joint Suppl. at 9. The D.C. Circuit noted in that case that there is an "implicit constitutional mandate to seek optimal accommodation" of disputes between the branches of government rather than judicial intervention to resolve them, but after those efforts failed, it determined it was necessary for the Court to resolve the parties' dispute. 567 F.2d at 127-28. Similarly, this Court repeatedly urged the parties to resolve their dispute before it issued the Orders in this case. See Comm. on Oversight & Gov't Reform, U.S. House of Representatives v. Holder , 979 F.Supp.2d 1, 25-26 (D.D.C. 2013). So the suggestion that the parties should be permitted to work this out among themselves comes a little late in the proceedings to be a compelling factor. Indeed, the Supreme Court has observed that a settlement at this stage does not weigh in favor of vacating an order, because granting vacatur after appeal may create an incentive not to settle earlier in the process. See Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 28, 115 S.Ct. 386 (warning that making vacatur available while a judgment is on appeal "may deter settlement at an earlier stage" because "[s]ome litigants ... may think it worthwhile to roll the dice rather than settle in the district court ... if, but only if, an unfavorable outcome can be washed away by a settlement-related vacatur") (both emphases in original); see also Neumann v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. , 398 F.Supp.2d 489, 493 (E.D. Va. 2005) ("[S]ettlement conditioned on post-judgment vacatur, in sharp contrast to prejudgment settlement" encourages litigants to forgo "settlement early in the litigation process, hoping to either prevail at trial or ... bargain away any adverse decision.").
Nor does the parties' settlement now do much to conserve judicial resources. While it would render a decision by the Court of Appeals unnecessary, "the judicial economies achieved by settlement at the district-court level are ordinarily much more extensive than those achieved by settlement on appeal." See Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 28, 115 S.Ct. 386. That is also particularly true in this case, which involved multiple rounds of briefing and argument to resolve the large number of legal issues. And, since the Orders were not executory, and they have already been complied with, denying the instant motion would not hinder a negotiated resolution in any way; the parties do not need vacatur to agree to settle the matter and eliminate the expenditure of additional effort on the part of counsel or the Court of Appeals.
At the end of the day, the parties' emphasis on the fact that they have come to an agreement that the Court should welcome rings hollow, and their request that the Orders be vacated because of the settlement and for no other reason is not persuasive.
Not only did the parties fail to take advantage of multiple opportunities to achieve a mediated solution while the case was pending, but the case was virtually over when they came to this vaunted accommodation - the Court had already ordered the production of the documents that had been withheld on deliberative process privilege grounds, and they had already been turned over. The few loose ends that remained had been expressly left to be negotiated between the parties anyway, and the Department advised the Court of Appeals that it had already granted the Committee access to the bulk of those materials too. So there was little if anything to negotiate, and the only real change in circumstance since the filing of the appeal has been the change in political leadership at the Department of Justice in the wake of the Presidential election. This suggests that the primary, if not the sole, objective of the conditional settlement and the pending motion is to erase the Court's prior rulings.
The Court of course appreciates the fact that the parties were willing to sit down and resolve the few open issues there were among themselves, even if it was long after the case had come to a conclusion and after the expenditure of the parties' and the Court's resources. But the fact that this unique dispute involving the production of a specific set of records - which the Court found had already been disclosed to the public in any event - has been resolved does not diminish the importance of the fundamental legal questions that arose along the way. And the parties have not articulated any reason why the Court's opinions on those broad subjects - which were shaped by its consideration of the thorough briefing and skilled argument by both sides - should simply evaporate. During the course of this litigation pitting two branches of the United States government against one another, the Court determined: that the dispute was justiciable and that Congress could seek to enforce its duly issued subpoena in this Court; that the executive branch could invoke the deliberative process prong of the executive privilege to shield records from production to the legislature; that the privilege could not be asserted on a blanket basis, though, but only on a document-by-document basis; that the privilege covered internal deliberations concerning communications with Congress or the media; and that the privilege was not absolute and could be waived or overcome by a showing of need. These are all issues that could very well arise again in the future.
The parties maintain that the opinions should be vacated so that this Court's decisions on those complex and delicate issues do not bind other courts in the future. Joint Suppl. at 7-8. But as the parties well know, one district judge's rulings are not binding on other district judges, and they operate only as persuasive authority. Camreta v. Greene , 563 U.S. 692, 709, n.7, 131 S.Ct. 2020, 179 L.Ed.2d 1118 (2011) ("A decision of a federal district court judge is not binding precedent in either a different judicial district, the same judicial district, or even upon the same judge in a different case."); Fund for Animals , 335 F.Supp.2d at 27 ("[A] decision by a district court has no precedential effect."), citing In re Exec. Office of the President , 215 F.3d 20, 24 (D.C. Cir. 2000). And other courts have noted that "a party's desire to avoid the potential legal precedent set by an order does not qualify for Rule 60(b)(6) relief." 3M Co. , 290 F.R.D. at 10, quoting Tustin v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 668 F.Supp.2d 755, 763 (N.D. W. Va. 2009).
When this Court ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the dispute between Congress and the Attorney General, it cited another district court's opinion in Committee v. Miers , not because it was required to follow it, but because it independently reached the same conclusion. However, it found the opinion to be persuasive and instructive in that process, and it had access to the ruling on the jurisdictional question even though that dispute was ultimately resolved among the parties. Judges find other judges' opinions to be helpful when they are considering difficult questions, even if they ultimately disagree with them, and that is one reason why these rulings should remain on the books. Also, the concordance between the two opinions - written by different judges, at times when different political parties were in control of the House and were running the Department of Justice - is a powerful illustration of the fact that under the Constitution, the rule of law endures even when power changes hands, and no matter which party's interests are affected by its application. This is why the mere fact that the leadership of the Department of Justice has changed should not be deemed to be a circumstance that warrants extraordinary equitable relief, and it is yet another reason that the public interest would not be served by vacatur in this case.
In light all these factors, the Court holds that the balance of equities weighs against vacating the Orders and that granting the parties' motion would not be in the public interest.
CONCLUSION
For the reason set forth above, the Joint Motion for an Indicative Ruling [Dkt. # 130] is DENIED.
Order [Dkt. # 81], Comm. on Oversight & Gov't Reform, U.S. House of Representatives v. Holder , No. 12-cv-1332, 2014 WL 12662665 (D.D.C. Aug. 20, 2014) (hereinafter the "August 2014 Order"); Order, [Dkt. # 117], Comm. on Oversight & Gov't Reform, U.S. House of Representatives v. Lynch , 156 F.Supp.3d 101, 108 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2016) (hereinafter the "January 2016 Order") (collectively, "the Orders").
At that time, the Attorney General was Eric H. Holder, Jr. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), Loretta E. Lynch was substituted as defendant in this case after she replaced Holder, and Jefferson Sessions was substituted as defendant after he became Attorney General.
The Court emphasized that its order was not based on any finding of misconduct on the part of the Department. Lynch , 156 F.Supp.3d at 106.
In addition to the materials withheld on deliberative process grounds, the Committee's motion to compel also addressed three other categories of documents: materials for which no basis for a claim of privilege had been identified on the list; materials that the Department had neither produced nor included on the list; and materials withheld in full or in part on grounds other than the deliberative process privilege. The Court ordered the production of any records for which no explanation had been offered. Id. at 120-21. With respect to the records that had not been included in the production or the list, the Court declined to address the parties' dispute over whether the Committee's request had been previously narrowed by agreement to exclude what the Committee referred to in the motion to compel as the "post February 4 subset" since those records were not embraced in the June 20, 2012 assertion of executive privilege that prompted the lawsuit. Id. at 119. It also ordered that any remaining disputes concerning withholdings of attorney-client privileged material, attorney work product, law enforcement sensitive material, national security matters, or personal privacy information fell outside the scope of the complaint and should be resolved through the negotiation and accommodation process. Id. Since the Committee was quite clear when it invoked the jurisdiction of the Court that it was simply asking for a ruling on the discrete questions of law that had been decided - can the executive assert the deliberative process privilege in response to a Congressional request? And if so, does the privilege cover internal deliberations that do not include advice to or communication with the President? - the Court declined to interpose itself in the negotiations between the parties on the other issues.
Rule 62.1 provides that upon the timely filing of a motion "for relief that the court lacks authority to grant because of an appeal that has been docketed and is pending, the court may: (1) defer considering the motion; (2) deny the motion; or (3) state either that it would grant the motion if the court of appeals remands for that purpose or that the motion raises a substantial issue." Fed. R. Civ. P. 62.1. This rule is invoked in situations where a court has lost jurisdiction over a case because it has been docketed for appeal, and therefore cannot entertain motions such as those made under Rule 60(b) for relief from judgment. 11 Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2911 (3d ed.). Rule 62.1 allows a court to indicate to the appeals court that it would grant the party's motion if remanded to the lower court. Id.
The Fourth Circuit has held that the Bancorp considerations, "that are relevant to appellate vacatur for mootness, are also relevant to ... a district court's vacatur decision for mootness under Rule 60(b)(6)," while noting that the Ninth Circuit in American Games, Inc. v. Trade Prods., Inc. , 142 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 1998), arguably rejected that view. See Valero Terrestrial Corp. v. Paige , 211 F.3d 112, 121 (4th Cir. 2000).
See Joint Suppl. at 6-7 (arguing that if the Court applies the "exceptional circumstances" test to its decision to vacate its own orders, the Court should reject a narrow application of the test).
The parties also cite Clarke v. United States , 915 F.2d 699 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (en banc) for the proposition that removing the precedential effect of a ruling that carries broad implications supports vacatur. See Joint Suppl. at 8. But the D.C. Circuit has subsequently noted that Clarke "may no longer be good law." Mahoney , 113 F.3d at 222-23 (noting that the Supreme Court held after Clarke was decided that "the precedential power of an opinion is a reason arguing against vacatur"), citing Bancorp , 513 U.S. at 26-27, 115 S.Ct. 386.
The parties' suggestion that the Court should value accommodation over the public interest in its opinions is particularly strained in this situation. In the Orders in question, the Court ruled that the documents at issue in the complaint were subject to a valid privilege, but that they must be produced, and thereafter, they were produced. So there was nothing left to negotiate after that took place. With respect to other privileges that had not been challenged in the complaint, and the parties' dispute about whether they had narrowed the universe of records to be searched by agreement, the Court ruled that it would not get involved in those issues and that they were better suited to the process of negotiation and accommodation. This was one of the rulings the Committee appealed, but if it has since changed its position on that issue, there is nothing in the Orders that stands in the way of the negotiated resolution.
The rulings may also prompt analysis in the academic sphere about what the law should be; according to Westlaw, the initial decision finding that the Court had jurisdiction has been cited in fifteen law review articles and the January 2016 Order at issue here has been mentioned in five law review articles and multiple treatises.
| CASELAW |
Paid Notice: Deaths PATTULLO, G. ROBSON
PATTULLO-G. Robson ''Rob'' died peacefully on February 3, 2000 in New York City. Cherished friend and husband of Susan. Beloved father of Claire. Devoted son of Elizabeth and Pat Pattullo, brother of Betsy, Ann, Greg and Ronald. Uncle of Jess, Gabe, Alissa and Sasha. Associated for nearly 25 years with ABC News. A joyous light in the lives of all who knew him. Funeral services will be held in Winchester, MA. A memorial celebration in New York City will follow. Donations in Rob's memory may be made to Calvary Hospital, 1740 Easthester Road, Bronx, New York 10461. PATTULLO - George Robson. Your joy, kindness, and love are part of us. T.T.F.N. Ann, Ronald, Alissa, Sasha | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Newly discovered embryo fossils illustrate the pterosaur's early life
Scientists have discovered a site in China that once served as a nesting ground for pterosaurs — the flying reptiles of the dinosaur age. They recovered more than 200 egg fossils, 16 of which show pterosaur embryos and provide a host of new insights into the ancient creature's early life, per a paper published today in the journal Science. Why it matters: There is very little existing evidence about pterosaur hatchlings, Michael Habib, a paleontologist from the University of Southern California who was not involved in the study, told Axios. "We don't know what the babies looked like of most animals in the fossil record." The newly-discovered fossils provide details about how young pterosaurs developed and how their mothers nested. Key takeaways, per Alexander Kellner, one of the study's authors and a paleontologist at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: Pterosaur eggs have a fragile, almost leathery exterior, so the fact that they were preserved in fossils tells us that whatever killed the dinosaurs happened fast, Kellner says. The volume of eggs found at the site and their discovery across layers of the ground suggests pterosaur mothers nested communally and repeatedly returned to the same nesting ground. The bones in pterosaur hatchlings' wings were less developed than their femur bones, indicating pterosaurs may not have been able to fly immediately after hatching. They may have needed assistance from adults to survive in the earliest stages of life. But that interpretation depends on the stage of development captured by the discovered embryo fossils, Habib said. If the embryos were only partially developed, its unclear what their wings and legs were like at hatching. Also, in some cases, the bones in embryos' wings were larger — and therefore likely mechanically stronger — than their femur bones, even though they were less developed, he said. This could indicate the hatchlings were indeed capable of flight at birth. One caveat: Of the 16 embryos scientists found, several were incomplete. Kellner believes more such egg fossils exist at the site in China because it appears to have been a popular nesting ground for pterosaurs. More fossils will solidify scientists conclusions about Pterosaurs' development. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Coelho Saw Prompt Need for Stability in Portugal, Kampeter Says
Portuguese Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho grasped the need to restore political stability
after cabinet resignations caused sovereign bond yields to jump,
said German Deputy Finance Minister Steffen Kampeter. Coelho has presented a plan to keep his government intact
after wrangling over budget policy prompted Finance Minister
Vitor Gaspar and Foreign Minister Paulo Portas to resign this
week, endangering the ruling coalition’s stability. Coelho said
yesterday that a “way will be found” to secure the viability
of the coalition between the Social Democrats and the CDS party. “I’ve full confidence that the plan that the prime
minister has developed will restore calm to markets in a short
time,” said Kampeter, a Christian Democrat , in an interview at
a meeting of his party in the North-Rhine Westphalian town of
Bad Salzuflen. “Portugal will quickly be back on track.” The yield on Portugal’s 10-year sovereign bond fell
yesterday to 7.13 percent. It climbed to 8.11 percent on July 3,
the highest since Nov. 21. Portugal’s credit rating outlook was
revised to negative from stable by Standard & Poor’s yesterday. Coelho, who leads the Social Democrats , needs the CDS for a
majority in parliament to pass measures and meet terms of a
bailout from the European Union and International Monetary Fund
that ends in June 2014. To contact the reporter on this story:
Brian Parkin in Berlin at
bparkin@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
James Hertling at
jhertling@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
How do you make a beam in Solidworks?
Click Structural Steel (Toolbox toolbar) or Toolbox > Structural Steel . In the Structural Steel dialog box, select a standard, a beam type, and an available cross-section from the lists on the top left of the dialog box. The Section Property and Value columns are updated to reflect your selections.
How do you perform a beam analysis in Solidworks?
Performing Analysis Using Beams or Trusses
1. In the Simulation study tree, right-click the Beam Joints folder and select Edit.
2. In the PropertyManager, select either All to define joints for all structural members, or Select to define joints for selected structural members.
3. Click Calculate. …
4. Click .
Is solidworks good for structural analysis?
SOLIDWORKS® Simulation is an easy-to-use portfolio of structural analysis tools that use Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to predict a product’s real-world physical behavior by virtually testing CAD models. The portfolio provides linear, non-linear static and dynamic analysis capabilities.
How do structural members work in Solidworks?
Adding Structural Members
1. Create a sketch. …
2. Click Structural Member (Weldments toolbar) or Insert > Weldments > Structural Member .
3. Make selections in the PropertyManager to define the profile for the structural member.
4. In the graphics area, select sketch segments to define the path for the structural member.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I open an LCF file in ArchiCAD?
How do I add a structural profile to Solidworks?
Adding Structural Members
1. Create a sketch. …
2. Click Structural Member (Weldments toolbar) or Insert > Weldments > Structural Member .
3. Make selections in the PropertyManager to define the profile for the structural member.
4. In the graphics area, select sketch segments to define the path for the structural member.
How do you create a frame in Solidworks?
how to make a frame in solidworks
1. start a new part.
2. tab ‘Sketch’ and click on ‘3D sketch’
3. make a sketch you can draw in 3D.
4. if you don’t have the tab ‘weldments’. go to a tab, and click right mouse button and click on ‘weldments’.
5. go to the tap ‘weldments’ and click on ‘structual member’
How are beams placed in a building?
1.1 Positioning and orientation of columns
1. Columns should preferably be located at (or) near the corners of a building, and at the intersection of beams/walls.
2. Select the position of columns so as to reduce bending moments in beams.
3. Avoid larger spans of beams.
4. Avoid larger centre-to-centre distance between columns.
How do you draw a beam in CAD?
To Create Beams With User-Specified Settings
1. Open the tool palette that contains the structural beam tool you want to use, and select the tool. …
2. On the Properties palette, under General, click Style, and select a structural beam style.
3. Specify a value for Bound spaces: …
4. Specify a value for Trim automatically:
What is beam and different types of beam?
In engineering, beams are of several types: Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance. Fixed or Encastre – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation. Over hanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is CAD used in BIM? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
One Star
Storing rows in an in-memory table
Hi everyone
Let's suppose I have a job where the entire contents of a table is recreated daily with data from a database which is not very available (frequent downtime and slow connection).
How can I erase the local table ONLY if reading all the remote data succeeds?
I want to avoid the situation that the local table is only partially populated if there are timeouts or disconnections during the map operation, which can take very long.
I thought of reading the remote table and putting the data into a temporary in-memory store, and only if this succeeds then proceeding with the map operation.
Is it possible?
thank you
4 REPLIES
Moderator
Re: Storing rows in an in-memory table
Hi,
Do you want to delete your table by timing? and trigger the subjob if the remote data succeeds? Could you elaborate your case with an example?
Best regards
Sabrina
--
Don't forget to give kudos when a reply is helpful and click Accept the solution when you think you're good with it.
Seventeen Stars
Re: Storing rows in an in-memory table
What about the good old transactions? I would do anything within a transaction which can only fail and does not leaf inconsistent data or succeed completely.
One Star
Re: Storing rows in an in-memory table
You are right jlolling, I forgot transactions!
Using transactions means that I must use the open/commit transaction components, and if something fails after open, it auto rollbacks, isn't it?
thanks
enrico
Seventeen Stars
Re: Storing rows in an in-memory table
Yes thats the normal way. To use transaction in Talend you have to use the connection component and the commit and rollback components. In your input and output component set the usage of external connection.
If your transaction will be growing to large, you have to build chunks of data to proceed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:SpaceX Dragon/Archive 1
Three years versus ten
Ok, these SpaceX guys will do three years what took ten years and three times the money to ESA and JAXA to achieve - so where is the trick ? <IP_ADDRESS> 15:05, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
* may i direct you to the Discover magazine cover article about SpaceX? --Quadraxis 21:16, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
ISS Common Berthing Mechanism
The opening paragraph uses this term which I thought should be linked, only I cannot find anything else that indicates it is an official term in any of the other articles. I have found: In any event is the term we are using here ISS Common Berthing Mechanism a real term or do we need to find a better less ambiguous term? Dalf | Talk 00:48, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
* ISS docking compartment which refers to a Russian component attached to the bottom, Earth-facing port of the Zvezda Service Module and which provides docking ports for the Soyuz-TMA and Progress-M spacecraft. It also has two airlocks to accommodate spacewalks by Russian cosmonauts wearing Orlan-M spacesuits.
* Joint Airlock which refers to a module based on the shuttle docking mechanism and attached to the starboard side of the Unity Module and was designed to be able to host spacewalks with both the American and Russian spacesuits
"Common Berthing Mechanism" is the official name for docking ports on the US segments of the station, such as on the Unity node, Node 2, Node 3 etc. The "ISS docking compartment" you described is in the Russian segment and quite different docking ports than those in the US segment. The "Joint" airlock (actually now replaced with the "Quest" airlock) was for spacewalks and is also quite different to the CBM's. I added a link to the name in the article for clarity. Subzero788 | Talk 03:24, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
Pictures/promotional shots I've seen have only shown HTV/Cygnus/Dragon Cargo berthed to the CBMs. And DreamChaser/CST-100/Dragon Crew docked to a PMA (specifically the PMA on Harmony).--Craigboy (talk) 06:53, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
Found some info "Any vehicle docking to the United States On-orbit Segment (USOS) portion of station will use the [Common Docking Adapter] system. This includes new commercial crew vehicles."http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/jscfeatures/articles/000000914.html --Craigboy (talk) 01:26, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
SpaceX and America's Space Prize?
This article states that SpaceX could be eligible to win the America's Space Prize, but on the page for the America's Space Prize, the rules state that a company cannot have accepted government funding for the project and also says clearly that SpaceX is ineligible for having accepted funding from NASA. So which one is right? Guypersonson 12:15, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
Rename article to "Dragon (spacecraft)"?
* The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
no consensus to move this page, per the discussion below. We'd need another discussion to decide what to do with other pages for standardization purposes, but both patterns of disambiguation seem reasonable. There are many pages that don't use parentheticals when the addition of the disambiguating word can be a natural part of a noun phrase. Dekimasu よ! 10:41, 25 November 2007 (UTC) Is there any particular reason why this article is named "SpaceX Dragon" vs. "Dragon (spacecraft)"? I ask this after noticing that the Orion craft article is named "Orion (spacecraft)". For consistency it seems like it should be one or the other. Just to add a little confusion, the article for Apollo is named "Apollo spacecraft" which seems even less consistent with article naming conventions. --StuffOfInterest 18:07, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
* I'll note that we also seem to have Progress spacecraft, TKS spacecraft, and Soyuz spacecraft. I'm not sure if we want to rename all of these articles to the (spacecraft) convention, or if we should move this to Dragon spacecraft, and similarly for Orion. — PyTom (talk) 21:52, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose SpaceX is a commercial firm, so this would be like aircraft, and also SpaceShipOne. Progress, Orion, Apollo, TKS, Soyuz, are all governmental programs. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:14, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Current Progress
I would like to propose a section named 'Current Progress'. I reckon that there would be more and more updates in the future and rather than have them here and there, the latest updates shall be updated therein. There had been a major update from SpaceX in their December 07 release.
Koxinga CDF (talk) 14:00, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
* I've got not problem with a new section, but I would call it "Development" so it will have some historical context once the system is live. --StuffOfInterest (talk) 14:03, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
* Done. We should just keep the section updated when new developments come along rather than have it all over the article.
Koxinga CDF (talk) 02:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
Launch escape system coverage
The current article doesn't describe any kind of launch escape system for Dragon. Has SpaceX discussed this anywhere? (sdsds - talk) 17:09, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
* It will be built into the side and may be used for landings on land. --Craigboy (talk) 20:19, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
* I have added significant material to the article on this recently, per new sources that document SpaceX's design objectives and spacecraft plans. Please take a look. N2e (talk) 03:17, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
Volume and payload
The article currently states: "Can carry over 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) and 14 m3 (490 cu ft) in cargo configuration" which is sourced by reference no. 12 (as of 2010-02-03). Reference 12, accessed 2010-02-03, states: One observation and a question: I suggest updating the payload capacity to 6,000 kg to agree with the SpaceX reference and qualifying this as "payload to LEO". This might be greater than payload to ISS. The graphic and text would lead a reader to conclude that this is payload to ISS, which is what we really want to provide. Does anyone know how to interpret the SpaceX reference? What is their meaning of LEO? What inclination and altitude? Does the stated 6,000 kg include fuel to reach the ISS and de-orbit? Or is 6,000 kg the usable payload delivered to ISS? Rebbargynnep (talk) 04:20, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
* 6,000 kg (13,228 lbs) payload up-mass to LEO; 3,000 kg (6,614 lbs) payload down-mass
* Payload Volume: 10 m3 (245 ft3) pressurized, 14 m3 (490 ft3) unpressurized
* Supports up to 7 passengers in Crew configuration
* Observation: the currently cited payload mass is incorrect, by a large amount.
* Question: how should we interpret volume? Does the Dragon spacecraft, whether Crew or Cargo configuration, always have 10 m3 of pressurized volume and 14 m3 of unpressurized volume, for a total of 24 m3? Or does the reference mean that Dragon Crew has 10 m3 of volume, total, and that Dragon Cargo has 14 m3 of unpressurized volume, total? Or something entirely different? N2e (talk) 18:42, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
To N2e, the total volume is 44 m3.--Craigboy (talk) 20:10, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
The Article now states the Launch Payload as 6,000 kg, which is misleading when viewed in comparison to the Articles of the three other current ISS Supply Vehicles. (ATV, HTV and Progress)
The articles of the other Supply Vehicles refer to the Pressurized Payload when stating "Launch Payload".
The 6,000 figure for the DragonX is definitely not the Pressurized Payload.
The SpaceX website states:"6,000 kg (13,228 lbs) payload up-mass to LEO".
While the DataSheet says:"6.000 kg total combined up-mass capability".
Both descriptions are vague and could mean either: [Pressurised Payload + Unpressurised Payload + Fuel], or the total Launch Mass of the Dragon Vehicle. [Vehicle + Fuel + Payload]
It should be clear in the Article, that the Dragon Capsule is a smaller Vehicle, on a smaller Rocket than HTV and ATV, but with the important return capability.
Return capability ads weight and thereby reduces payload weight, but is a key capability missing with the retirement of the Shuttle. -- Xylf (talk) 12:36, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
News items
* http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=9728679
* http://www.dailybreeze.com/ci_14312678
* http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/02/03/464414.html
* http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/archives/193454.asp
* http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=9710464
* http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1002/02ccdev/
SpaceX website
* http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf
* http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php
Here's a few more. These are mostly interview's with Elon Musk, so they are essentially primary sources. I've used one or two here and on the SpaceX page. aremisasling (talk) 15:11, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
* http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/hyperbola/2008/07/audio-spacex-ceo-elon-musk-spe.html - Royal Aeronautics Society talk in '08
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O81Zq02eStg - Musk's Augustine discussion June, '09
* http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/001/100129arrival/ - Spaceflight Now's update on Falcon 9 progress as of late January '10
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifwFa5DtIps&feature=player_embedded - This Week in Space interview with Musk January '10
SM or LM
Does this system have a service or logistics module like most other designs of it's type for the crewed version? Does the spacecraft have all of it's logistical needs taken care of within the lander? Dreammaker182 (talk) 20:22, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
* Belatedly, I'm responding to this question. Yes, the manned spacecraft has a service module just like the unmanned version. Elon Musk is quoted to having said that the only differences between the unmanned and the manned version is that the manned version has a control console for the pilot and there is a launch escape tower that will be on top of the vehicle. Logistics such as maneuvering thruster fuel, power generation (via solar panels/batteries), and other incidental consumables (besides food) are indeed carried in the service module, including some "trunk" stowage for payloads that don't necessarily need to be inside a pressurized vehicle nor returned to the Earth at the end of the flight. This "service module" is also jettisoned at the end of the flight just prior to re-entry.
* As far as a "lander" is concerned, I'm curious what you mean by a lander? The Dragon is using a ballistic re-entry mode similar to how the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules returned astronauts to the Earth. That is not a lander in the traditional sense, although I suppose it could be considered one. Please explain if you are still confused to describe what exactly you are looking for here? --Robert Horning (talk) 17:02, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* From what I have read and seen in diagrams, the "trunk" section just holds unpressurized cargo and solar panels. The hypergolic fuel for the Draco thrusters is carried in the aft section of the capsule just above the heat shield. That is why the aft section of the capsule only holds three people. As for consumables, I do not believe that they are a problem seeing as Dragon is designed simply to haul people to and from the ISS. I think the flight is shorter when launched from Cape Canaveral as opposed to the Baikonur Cosmodrome where Soyuz flights are launched (it takes the Russian two days to catch the ISS). In short, the trunk section only provides power. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:42, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
* The Dragon spacecraft is being designed for a long-term duration flight profile... at least for the DragonLab and cargo flights. I saw a source that suggested it might be capable of being in orbit for a year or more before coming back to the Earth, and I'm fairly certain that Elon Musk has at least considered the possibility of a [Circumlunar trajectory|circumlunar orbit] profile with the Dragon vehicle. That may require some additional hardware and/or multiple flights (or a 3rd stage on the Falcon 9-Heavy) but it is something that SpaceX is looking into and is one of the overall design goals of the vehicle. It certainly isn't just trying to make the minimum profile capable of getting to the ISS, although admittedly a long-term flight of the Dragon may have to get rid of the extra "passengers" in the "bottom" of the capsule.
* Elon Musk has stated his long-term goal is to eventually get to Mars. Normally I would consider a guy who says that to be nutty, but in his case I think he at least has a running start to make it happen. --Robert Horning (talk) 02:44, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
Are "Dragon Cargo" and "DragonLab" the same thing?
I'm not clear on this. Are "Dragon Cargo" and "DragonLab" the same thing? The SpaceX Dragon page says "SpaceX is currently manifesting fully commercial, non-ISS Dragon flights under the name “DragonLab”. DragonLab represents an emergent capability for in-space experimentation."
So it would seem DragonLab is the non-ISS, non-NASA version of cargo-only Dragon spacecraft, while Dragon Cargo is the cargo-only Dragon version for the government/NASA launches? What do we have in verifiable sources that shows the two are the same? Clearly, SpaceX is making some distinction between the two craft. As it is now, many of the specs given in the article for Dragon Cargo are sourced to a Dragonlab spec sheet. I don't think we can do this; that is to say, the spec for an Acme Widget cannot be claimed as the spec for a Baker Widget. N2e (talk) 20:39, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
* One "DragonLab" source of data can be found here: http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf
* It isn't very clear in terms of what SpaceX implies here in terms of the DragonLab vehicle, and it seems more to be a marketing method than something specific to the Dragon spacecraft. Here is a quote that is from the main website:
* "SpaceX is currently manifesting fully commercial, non-ISS Dragon flights under the name “DragonLab”. DragonLab represents an emergent capability for in-space experimentation." (http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php)
* In other words, they are marketing the non-government non-ISS cargo flights with the DragonLab moniker. I would like to get some verification on this, but it seems like SpaceX is planning on allowing multiple customers on a single flight with the Dragon capsule, where there would be some sort of standardized pallet or craft dimensions that could be used for experiments in space. From a marketing perspective, that sounds quite impressive, and that explains the multiple DragonLab flights already on the manifest.... where SpaceX is already making a promise that a flight will happen and all that a customer has to do is be ready to ship something when that flight goes up. This is sort of trying to treat spaceflight using an airline model.
* As I said, this needs to have some additional source material found. I'm sure SpaceX could answer those kind of questions directly, but that seems to violate WP:OR in some aspects if that is done. I'll have to do some digging around (google searches, looking up conferences where SpaceX has talked about the DragonLab, and elsewhere) to find some more details). Yes I do believe verifiable content can be found on this topic. --Robert Horning (talk) 02:29, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
* Glad you are looking for sources, as I am. Until then, I guess it is the case that SpaceX simply has said very little about it to date. N2e (talk) 18:10, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
* I have updated the article with the information we have from the SpaceX published sources. Please review it and feel free to copyedit/improve it as appropriate. N2e (talk) 16:03, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
Lunar/Martian requirements for heat shield
A recent addition (verified and sourced I might add.... thanks Arb!) notes that the heat shield can withstand "up to Lunar and Mars reentry velocities". I presume that this is in reference to a trip to the Moon or to Mars that has a return trajectory that has little or no adjustment (other than minor course corrections) when it hits the Earth's atmosphere.
While I appreciate over-engineering for some aspects of what SpaceX is doing, is there any indication other than this cryptic statement that SpaceX intends to fly the Dragon spacecraft anywhere other than Low-Earth Orbit? If so, that is ground breaking and even newsworthy by itself. While technically the Soyuz spacecraft (in part designed for the Soviet lunar program even if not officially claimed) can do this, that would make the Dragon to be technically the third spacecraft to hold this distinction and the first one produced in the 21st Century to make this accomplishment. If/when there is some official commentary by SpaceX or some very reliable source for this in terms of flight profiles to another celestial body, I would love to see it added to this article or even simply have it posted here to this talk page. Certainly it is something very interesting. --Robert Horning (talk) 00:00, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
* There is a FORAtv interview with Elon musk where he talks about having SpaceX put humans on Mars. Just go to the hughlights widget under the video player section here. --U5K0 (talk) 08:23, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
* Here are two interesting, fairly thorough, SpaceX/Musk sources published this month (August 2010) that could be useful in your search for sources:
* Elon Musk: 'I'm planning to retire to Mars', guardian.co.uk, 2010-08-01, accessed 2010-08-01.
* Entrepreneur Elon Musk On Weathering the CEO Storm, Business News Daily, 2010-08-02, accessed 2010-08-04.
* Several facts about Dragon, as well as Falcon 1, Falcon 9, or SpaceX more generally could be sourced from these articles. Cheers. N2e (talk) 18:09, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
Terminology: manned and unmanned
The article currently has a section entitled "Specifications (Both manned and unmanned versions)". Given the dynamic changes in vernacular English language over the past five decades, I think it might be better to say "Specifications (Both crewed and uncrewed versions)". Any objections? N2e (talk) 17:58, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
* Seeing no objections, I made the change. N2e (talk) 06:55, 30 August 2010 (UTC)
* I didn't see it before the change, but I'll throw in a post-facto support for the change. aremisasling (talk) 15:15, 30 August 2010 (UTC)
* In some contexts, isn't "uncrewed" used to describe autonomous passenger carrying vehicles, such as some airport subways? -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:00, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
* I don't know. Do you have a source that would reflect this? If not, we need not concern ourselves about it in Wikipedia. Cheers. N2e (talk) 13:24, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
Who deleted the main article image and why?
The page for it is completely gone and I can't figure out why it was removed.--Craigboy (talk) 01:25, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
Lunar reentry velocity?
No head shield is required to reenter the Moon that has no atmosphere. Something is strange with this sentence. Reentering Earth when returning from the Moon, maybe? Audriusa (talk) 13:27, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
* This is based upon a quote from Elon Musk that was paraphrased, and I'll admit it is not necessarily the best wording. The original quote is here:
* "It's actually the most powerful stuff known to man. Dragon is capable of re-entering from a lunar velocity, or even a Mars velocity with the heat shield that it has," Musk said. --Spaceflight Now - original source of quote
* Yes, the intention is that the heat shield can withstand re-entry velocities from missions to the Moon or Mars and use the Earth's atmosphere as an aerobrake to slow down as a part of the re-entry process. These velocities can be much higher than is typical for a LEO mission profile and really does represent a significant technological development worthy of note in and of itself. I should note here that the only spacecraft to actually perform a maneuver like this for manned spaceflight (there have been a couple other unmanned spacecraft too) is the Apollo Command Module. It also represents a future flight profile that SpaceX is aiming for, with the intention of doing a "deep space" mission with the SpaceX Dragon capsule.
* All this said, the current Falcon 9 vehicle isn't powerful enough to take this capsule to any place other than to the ISS and other similar LEO orbits. BTW, I reworked the lead paragraph a bit here, but would welcome somebody else attempting to rephrase this in a better manner. --Robert Horning (talk) 04:05, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
* Robert, I very much appreciate your insightful work on this article. Question about your assertion: "the current Falcon 9 vehicle isn't powerful enough to take this capsule to any place other than to the ISS and other similar LEO orbits.": Is it really that the upper stage engine is insufficiently powerful? Or is it that, given current mass fractions etc., the current Falcon 9 launcher would have insufficient fuel to take any substantial payload beyond LEO? In other words, with LEO propellant depots a refueled Falcon9/Merlin1c upper stage might well be able to put the craft on a deep-space mission. No? N2e (talk) 16:15, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
* The problem is that the concept of propellant depots has yet to be proven or organized in any substantial manner, particularly for manned spaceflight. There might be something to the concept to go somewhere else, but it would require something equivalent to the Saturn V third stage to be lofted into orbit and fueled in some manner to at least get to a lunar orbit.
* On the other hand, since I wrote that response SpaceX has proposed the idea of the Falcon XX, which has the payload capacity of launching the same tonnage to LEO as a Boeing 747 can carry for a typical trans-oceanic flight. Yeah, my jaw dropped when I looked at that number, and presumably if you threw a Dragon capsule at the top of that beast it could easily make a trip to Mars and back. It really is an issue of getting enough propellant into orbit.
* There are always going to be options to try different things, and apparently Elon Musk does have some big plans for the Dragon in the future. It will be interesting to see what stuff he is going to push for once he gets the Falcon 9 put into regular service. --Robert Horning (talk) 20:55, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
Infobox formatting
I have reverted to the original orange format for the infobox, until there is consensus to use another style formatting. I prefer the original orange style as well, which means based on the edit history is a majority of the original. Therefore please discuss proposed changes here.
As for stating class="infobox" is site standard ; please note WP:MOS is just a guideline, and WP:NORULES. If there is consensus for a different style that appears better, then it should be used. - Aeonx (talk) 08:50, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* I notice that the table format is consistent between the various unmanned resupply spacecraft. I would encourage you to encapsulate the formatting into an {infobox}-like template which could be used more conveniently across these articles. That way, if a different style is agreed upon, it can be applied consistently by changing it in only one place. --IanOsgood (talk) 15:51, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* That was inappropriate. That hard-coded table is rich with issues, besides the 'orange'. Got a rational for the colour? The MOS says to not hard-code things like colour without a valid rational: WP:Deviations. No talk here is going to trump the site standards such as class="infobox" and the MOS; see WP:CONLIMITED. Aeonx, you've userboxes posted indicating coding experience. The code you reverted to is full of crap; cellspacing and cellpadding on data cells and header cells, where they have no effect (they only apply to the table-element). and there's the mind-numbingly bad code: colspan="1".
* IanOsgood, you're right, of course, about shifting to a template; that's been my intent all along, as I indicated . Off to find the appropriate template. And thanks for pointing at the others that need fixing. I'd noticed Shenzhou (spacecraft) but had not realized that this sort of junk had been so widely copypasta'd Cheers, Jack Merridew 22:53, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* My reasoning is simple. In my opinion it looks better, both in orange and using the hard formatting. In fact, using the class="infobox" makes the whole infobox far too wide for the article page (regardless of your browser resolution width). Aeonx (talk) 12:05, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
* Well, both are inappropriate. Whatever formatting details belong in a template; on invoking infobox for most of it. Encapsulation, and all. I've addressed the width issue by hard-codding the overall width to the 22em used in std infoboxes. The orange was just some random colour someone picked, long ago. Cheers, Jack Merridew 19:19, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
Although I am definitely not opposed to change, and in fact I would create the infobox template to conform to the standards; but I don't have much experience with that specifically and I don't have the time at this moment to do the required research and testing. However, I am very happy to work with you to provide feedback and try to come up with something that fits in with the wider consensus and still looks appealing. Perhaps if you want to draft up a template, I'll see if I can work on it to. Feel free to ping my talk page. Aeonx (talk) 12:05, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
* I'm looking at other spacecraft articles and see that this is a wide spread problem. I believe what's happened is that most of these articles were created in the very early years of the project — before templates even were part of MediaWiki. All infoboxes used to be implemented with embedded markup and templates and specific one such as infobox and the corresponding css class were developed to address the general issue of stuff being endlessly copypasta'd to yet-moar articles. It's a problem out on the smaller projects, too.
* I'm busy, too, but will nip away at this, as I have time. When I've something interesting, I will ping you. Cheers, Jack Merridew 19:19, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
* Why aren't we using Infobox spacecraft here? Is there something wrong with the way this template looks? Mlm42 (talk) 22:13, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
* See: Spaceflight infoboxes. Infobox spacecraft is really intended for use on unmanned spacecraft. That said, it is being used on articles such as Shenzhou (spacecraft), and a gloss of Spacecraft reveals a general consensus that the term applies to both manned and unmanned craft. The two uses will involve different information, like number of crew... So, we either need to enhance Infobox spacecraft to be more suitable to both types of craft or have parallel infoboxes for the two types. I'm open to either, but am inclined towards extending the Infobox spacecraft to support more parameters. This page is not really the place for this discussion; how about taking it to WikiProject Spaceflight to get moar views? Cheers, Jack Merridew 22:47, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
* I've raised the question of expanding the infobox at the WikiProject Spaceflight talkpage. Mlm42 (talk) 00:11, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
* FWIW, User:Huntster and I have been having a discussion on this on our respective Talk pages, and a few article pages, for half a year or more. I just invited him over here to weigh in if he's still interested. N2e (talk) 05:41, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, this is a long-delayed project. I'm setting up a sandbox for ideas and designs at User:Huntster/Sandbox/2, so please weigh in with thoughts and suggestions on the talk page. The biggest idea is to trim things down and standardise formats a little better than the array of templates we already have. — Huntster (t @ c) 03:00, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
Importance?
I seriously doubt this is a top importance article for any of its Wikipedia projects. Although the Dragon has the design goal of human spaceflight, it shouldn't have top importance until it actually flies someone. And I'm not sure how a capsule can get top importance in the Rocketry project when it isn't even a rocket! --IanOsgood (talk) 16:03, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
NASA funded "Development? or "...COTS mission no. 1?"
The current lede includes the text "Development was partially funded through a Space Act Agreement under NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program." It has no source. My question is was it "development" of the Dragon that was partially funded by NASA, or was it the specific mission, Dragon C1, that was funded by NASA under COTS? Or something else and neither of my two statements captures it correctly? N2e (talk) 05:15, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
* NASA signed a contract to fly several missions into space with the goal to demonstrate resupply capabilities with the ISS. There was some up-front seed money based upon meeting preliminary milestones before flight, and some of those included Dragon development. I think that is what is being referenced here. The source would be from the NASA COTS directors if you needed a formal source. The missions themselves also had some additional funding "earmarked" just for making the vehicles get into space, aka the COTS flights too. The answer is both, plus the fact that SpaceX has been getting at least some outside funding. --Robert Horning (talk) 07:53, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
* I tried to make a little bit of progress on clarifying this yesterday, by copyediting and by creating separate sections for the NASA-contracted cargo launches—which include, as I understand it per the sources, an additional three contract development missions to demonstrate safety vis a vis the ISS and NASA-driven safety standards—AND a separate (and later) NASA program to facilitate commercial company progress with development of additional human-carrying capabilities on commercial (non-NASA) technologies in order that NASA might be able to subsequently purchase commercial crew missions to and from the ISS after the retirement of the Space Shuttle. The work I've done to date is in the body of thea article; it may be that the lede needs a bit of copyediting as well. Anyone care to help out? N2e (talk) 03:14, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
Rename article to Dragon (spacecraft)
I see this was proposed a few years ago, and didn't go through, so I'll propose it again. For consistency among other spacecraft articles, I think we should call this article Dragon (spacecraft). At the moment that page is a disambiguation page, but this problem could be solved with a hatnote linking to Dragon (rocket), which is considerably less well-known. Also, see the recent discussion here. Mlm42 (talk) 22:10, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
* Support, as it seems right and consistent; see http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php where they use the caption "Dragon Spacecraft". Anyway, Dragon (rocket) is a rocket, not a spacecraft. Cheers, Jack Merridew 23:59, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
* Support. My rationale is that it is both more clear to the average Wikipedia reader—who will clearly see that this particular "Dragon" is a vehicle of type spacecraft—and also consistent with many other spacecraft articles as well as SpaceX's own terminology for the spacecraft. N2e (talk) 05:36, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
* I continue to support the name change. But I will note here for the record an additional rationale, and a possible explanation for why SpaceX Dragon was a good name in the past and is not the best name for the present and future, where Dragon (spacecraft) is better. At the time of the previous merge proposal (late 2007), it would be correct (and fair) to see the Dragon as just yet one more spacecraft concept vehicle, with some amount of paper design, but real uncertainty about whether it would ever fly, on a launch vehicle that was yet to fly, by a rocket company that was yet to have a successful orbital launch. In that situation, best to have that company's concept spacecraft be associated with the company name: thus, SpaceX Dragon. Now that the rocket company has been successful with two orbital rocket designs, and the launch vehicle on which the Dragon flys has made two (of two attempts) successful launches, and the Dragon has actually flown in space, I think Dragon (spacecraft) is a much better name now. It is, indeed, the spacecraft with the name "Dragon." Cheers.
* Support. This fits the current naming system better. — Huntster (t @ c) 02:58, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
* Neutral/Don't Care - If you want to choose a flavor of the month with the article title, I really don't care. Just make sure that article title, whatever you want to name it, is listed in Dragon (disambiguation) properly and that SpaceX Dragon redirects to the new title. A fair number of articles link to this under the current name, so the main thing is to avoid double redirecting issues if you decide to change the name again in the future. Generally I don't get worked up with article titles and links as long as it gets there eventually. --Robert Horning (talk) 05:36, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
* Most of those incoming links are probably through the three templates at the bottom of the page.. so they'd be easy to change. And I think there's a bot that takes care of double redirects anyway. Mlm42 (talk) 19:20, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
* Support. As stated above it seems consistent. --Craigboy (talk) 08:21, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
* Strong support per above and the newly-implemented WP:SPACENAME -- G W … 18:15, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
* There seems to be consensus to move the page. I'll request G6 deletion of the redirect to facilitate this. -- G W … 00:31, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
* Hello all. The move has been completed. SpaceX Dragon has been left as a redirect, which I assume is OK. The fair use rationale in the info box image has been updated to link to the new title; the other images all seem to be from Commons so no problems there. A number of double redirects have been fixed. The sort key has been updated. The Dragon (disambiguation) page has been updated. The links in the three templates have been updated. Would someone check that I haven't missed anything? Just ping me if the admin tools are needed. Kind regards, Malcolmxl5 (talk) 02:09, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
International Standard Payload Racks?
Will the Dragon Cargo spacecraft, when built and configured per the NASA COTS Dragon specs, accomodate the International Standard Payload Racks? SpaceX says this: "For cargo launches the inside of the spacecraft is outfitted with a modular cargo rack system designed to accommodate pressurized cargo in standard sizes and form factors. For crewed launches, the interior is outfitted with crew couches, controls with manual override capability and upgraded life-support." but does not make explicit that the ISPRs will be used. Anyone have a source that makes this clear? N2e (talk) 16:31, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
* No, Dragon is incapable of carrying full ISPRs, it's designed with a custom rack system that is compatible with Mid-deck / EXPRESS Locker Equivalents http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/spacex/index_prt.htm (See also the SpaceX COTS Space Act agreement). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:18, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
* Thanks. I'll work to get this clarified in the article at some point. N2e (talk) 16:32, 25 November 2011 (UTC)
Naming of the Dragon spacecraft
This is interesting. According to this, ostensibly reliable mainstream news media source, "The Dragon space capsules are named after Puff the Magic Dragon, since many critics considered the mission to be impossible" according to unnamed "SpaceX officials." I had not read this before. If it is confirmed in a second source, I will add it to the article. Or alternatively, other editors may want to add it based on the one media source we have here. Cheers. N2e (talk) 14:18, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
* Another source that I know of that can confirm this information is from this interview of Elon Musk:
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3RlCVtQ6mA (at about 17:30 into the video)
* I don't know how "reliable" you can consider a YouTube video, but the interview appears to be legitimate and it is in Elon Musk's own words. Mr. Musk also gives the origin of the name of the Falcon Rocket (aka the Millennium Falcon from Star Wars). Does that count at a "second source" of information here? --Robert Horning (talk) 16:53, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
Launch escape system design and testing -- wording
Word choice: "reputed", vs "stated" (User:<IP_ADDRESS>) vs "claimed". It seems to me that "claimed" is really more accurate and preferable, being asserted here in a commercially competitive environment. But others may want to weigh in. Wwheaton (talk) 05:36, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
A secondary source for Dragon specs
A compact source for Dragon specifications is given here. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/003/dragon.html. ENjoy. N2e (talk) 20:22, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* My concern here is that all of this information is really just derived from the primary source, namely the SpaceX website. There is no reason to doubt the factual accuracy of the information on either site, but I am questioning the value of a "second source" of information here. --Robert Horning (talk) 22:33, 8 March 2012 (UTC)
where?
and the launchpad is in what place ? Penyulap ☏ 00:12, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* I assume you are talking about COTS Demo Flight 2 and looking for the location this flight is at, which is Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40. See also WP:NOTAFORUM. --Robert Horning (talk) 00:27, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* Err, it's NOTanARTICLE about a spacecraft if it doesn't tell you where on earth the launch pad is. (some text removed) Penyulap ☏ 04:47, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* This is not an article about a specific spacecraft, but rather a class of spacecraft manufactured as the same model design. Your question here is more like "what road can I find a Ford Mustang being driven on?" This spacecraft can be launched at, and SpaceX is seeking to launch this spacecraft class at multiple locations. Your question is moot and the answer doesn't belong in this article unless you are giving some context to the question. While in practice it will usually be launched on a Falcon 9 rocket, in theory even that isn't strictly necessary as the Dragon spacecraft can be launched on top of any rocket with the necessary thrust to get it to orbit. A better question would be "Where has this spacecraft been launched at in the past?" I won't bother giving an answer because that question has already been answered and is in the article. --Robert Horning (talk) 11:38, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* Penyulap, you're not making any sense. SpaceX COTS missions all launch from the Cape.--Craigboy (talk) 03:03, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* What Cape ? the cape of good hope, cape Canaveral, cape Horn ? There was a single mention of Canaveral in the entire article when I brought this up, and that was in a caption for an image. The craft is commercial, that is true, but it is also in a physical place, English readers across Europe, India, Asia, everywhere may not have any idea where Cape Canaveral is, especially when it is only written once in the entire article. Rather than add the information myself, I'd rather know for certain this simple piece of missing information before putting it in, as there would be plenty of Dragon experts here, and for that matter, the asking may inspire someone to think 'where is it, oh hey, omg the article doesn't even say that, oops! better put that in quick !' so instead of typing me an answer they could just as well save time by turning their expertise to the article. As I understand there are a few launch sites geographically close together in the US, Kennedy and the air-force base as well, so clarifying for each launch is better than BB I would think. Penyulap ☏ 05:06, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* What do you mean by "BB"? Clarification on the launch site has been added, see below.--Craigboy (talk) 13:25, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* Thanks for that Craigboy. By BB I meant that rather than dive in and state that Dragon is taking off from Canaveral in the USA, I figured to ask first, as there is no shortage of American Spaceflight fans familiar with the scattering of launch sites, pads and scheduling. So I decided initially not to wp:bb, in retrospect, I should have just gone ahead. Penyulap ☏ 14:39, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
(clarified text) no mention of the location of the launch site. Penyulap ☏ 12:42, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* This article seems to be in line with other spacecraft articles. None of the other spacecraft articles link to launchpads. As to the list, even List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station doesn't mention launch sites. Perhaps you are confusing spacecraft with their launch systems? The Dragon's launcher, Falcon 9, does reference its launch pad(s). --IanOsgood (talk) 14:25, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* The fact that there are stub articles, poorly written articles or FA quality articles out there should have no bearing on what is done to improve this article. If it's going to talk about a launch site, it's fundamentally bad writing to leave out where that launch site is, my apologies to all if I have been rather blunt on that point, but it is incredibly poor form to have such an awful approach to writing.
* Further, if you wish to hold back an article based on a comparison to another poorly written article, you're comparing the wrong articles, someone mentioned this article is about a spacecraft, and the List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station is a list class article, which poses the question, if this article is simply a list of flights, where is the real article about the Dragon spacecraft ?
* Spacecraft and readers come from all over the world, writing the article from the perspective of a reader from an unknown location is the proper way to write the article. Penyulap ☏ 22:57, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
* I agree that it should be added to COTS/CRS mission section and I have done so.--Craigboy (talk) 03:16, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* I shall turn my attention to the List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station, and bring it up to standard as well. Penyulap ☏ 05:09, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* The acronym NASA could be expanded on at least once in the whole article as well, certainly Americans know what it means, but if I were to start saying CSME this and CSME that, you might ask for it to be explained at least once also, this policy helps explain a little. Penyulap ☏ 06:32, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* Apparently there's some debate whether or not NASA needs to be written out. See Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations. I've noticed the Progress mission pages simply say "Baikonur Site 1/5" with no mention of Kazakhstan. I'd consult with some of the older editors before making any vast changes.--Craigboy (talk) 13:25, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* Sweet ! they have a list, I wasn't aware of that. It's a good idea to update those progress pages, just so long as it gives some clarity, as there are more rockets from more places taking to the heavens. India and Korea may well be up there before anyone updates some of our pages, so it's good to write years ahead, more years ahead for quieter articles, and less for busy ones. This dragon is seriously exciting, I said it before and I'll say it again, it's one sexy looking spaceship. :) Surely there have to be some notable notables noticing this.
* Mmmmmm Vast changes... Penyulap ☏ 14:19, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
Why Dragon?
Can anyone explain please (if there is any reason) why they chose the name Dragon for a metallic spacecraft? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:51, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
* Apparently it had something to do with Puff the Magic Dragon – see 5 Fun Facts About SpaceX. Michaelmas1957 05:01, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
* See also Talk:Dragon (spacecraft)/Archive 1
* I would like to put this into the article somehow. It would be nice if we could get some reliable sources about this "fact", as I questioned the earlier YouTube reference as a reliable source... even though it was an interview of Elon Musk where I think it could be counted as reliable in this instance for something of this nature. --Robert Horning (talk) 05:47, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
* I'll add it in with the Space.com source above. Michaelmas1957 05:50, 26 May 2012 (UTC)
Payload
In the COTS-2-Press-Kit from 5th May 2012 (page 27) it is written, that Dragon could lift 3310kg payload to orbit.
Source: http://www.spacex.com/downloads/COTS-2-Press-Kit-5-14-12.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:27, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
Specs inaccuracies
There are some contradictions in Dragon (and other SpaceX's hardware) numbers between sources. That leads to inaccuracies in published data.
I found this one: Pressurized volume inside Dragon can't be 10 m3. Reference (3) claims that's the pressurized payload volume. From the draft included in the same document and with a little geometry we can conclude total pressurized volume is a bit over 15 m3.
I won't edit the article but maybe someone would like to check it, and do the fix if I'm right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:17, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
* Can I see your math? I don't see any contradictions so you're going to have to be more specific.--Craigboy (talk) 09:06, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
Current Space Flight?
Should the tag be added due to the missions that are currently using the Dragon? Usacfg (talk) 16:54, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
* It was a little while ago; someone removed it after the Dragon docked with the ISS. I'm not very good with tags myself, but if you think it's relevant, add it. Michaelmas1957 16:55, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
Dry mass
http://www.nal-jsc.org/Presentation_NASA%20Alumni%20League_JSC__Bowersox_%20Final_012511%20%282%29.pdf according to this document the dry mass is 4900kg(not 4200), and maybe someone know what "20% margin" means? The propellant mass should also be stated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:23, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
Icedragon
I like the Ice Dragon proposal, nice idea. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4176.pdf --Stone (talk) 20:41, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
Solar panels thrown away too?
Are the solar panels connected to the trunk allowed to destructively reenter along with the trunk? Some way to connect them to the station or bring them back safely would save a lot of money and material. Bizzybody (talk) 10:36, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
* Yes, they are attached to the expendable trunk. Yes, it would be nice to recover and reuse them, but that's probably not cost-effective at present, since a controlled reentry of the trunk would add considerable complexity and support requirements. The Falcon 9 (launch vehicle) first stage is intended to be recoverable, which is easier since it doesn't require atmospheric re-entry. The second stage is hoped to be recoverable eventually, but that capability hasn't been developed yet. It would be similar issue as with the Trunk and solar cells. Storing the panels in the recoverable Dragon capsule would increase complexity and expense, and reduce the available cargo space. It would be nice to include some mention of this issue in the article itself, but I don't have an encyclopedic reference for it.
* An expendable trunk DOES impact the "reusability" of the Dragon system. --Robert Keiden (talk) 20:36, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
Production section
Under the Production subheading, the second sentence incorrectly states as present fact a prediction made in 2010. Given SpaceX's history of wildly optimistic time frames, it may or may not be true. If it is true, there needs to be a reference cited from the year 2012 for the statement, not just the prediction from 2010. Furthermore, while SpaceX can presumably use all the Falcon 9 rockets it produces, does it really need to crank out so many Dragon capsules? Dragon is reusable. SpaceX hasn't lost one yet. If SpaceX really produced one every three months since 2010, they would likely already have more than enough (6-7) to complete every mission out to 2020. The statement does follow what Musk said in the interview, but common sense suggests he was speaking compactly about a capability for Dragon and an actual production rate for Falcon.
The current page reads: "In December 2010, the SpaceX production line was reported to be manufacturing one new Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket every three months. By 2012, production turnover had increased to one every six weeks." Short term correction for the 2nd sentence (pending further fact-checking): "By 2012, production turnover was planned to become one every six weeks."
Yes, of course that highlights your facts are out of date, but writing as if the underlying information was updated when it was not is inaccurate. "By 1975, we should all be commuting to work in flying cars." -> "By 1975, everyone was commuting to work in flying cars." — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:01, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
* Good point. I'll change the text to reflect that. Michaelmas1957 12:45, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
* I need to find a reliable source for this bit of information, but SpaceX is required under the COTS contract to produce a new Dragon capsule for every flight to the ISS. SpaceX retains ownership of those vehicles and may reuse them for other separate missions, but that does imply at least a dozen different Dragon capsules will be built between now and 2016 when the COTS contract is currently anticipated to be completed. With other projects that seem to be using Dragon vehicles, I could see a regular production of this spacecraft on the order of at least a couple to as many as four per year now that SpaceX is moving into regular serial production. This said, I don't think SpaceX has a dozen Dragon capsules on hand at the moment as there have been several design changes and it is still going through an engineering development phase rather than serial production. I just read an article which stated that the Dragon capsule for the next COTS flight is still under construction at the Hawthorne plant, sort of cementing the idea that there aren't a dozen capsules already completed.
* BTW, the issues expressed here seem to apply to other SpaceX related articles, as forward looking statements haven't panned out as well as Elon Musk had hoped, at least for specific deadlines and anticipated launch dates. The Falcon 1 article in particular is in horrible shape and needs some serious pruning and cleanup. --Robert Horning (talk) 15:33, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
* For what it's worth, the issues expressed here are not unique to SpaceX, but endemic within the space development industry (both private and public). Unrealistically optimistic projections are the norm and not the exception. (It's considered moderately exceptional that SpaceX successfully launched their hardware at all.) IMO, the subject could be worth splitting into a new article on its own, since it affects everyone across the board.--Robert Keiden (talk) 05:20, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
DragonRider Picture
At the press conference there was a mock-up of Dragon Rider. Not the one we have seen before, this one one had the LAS engines mounted (on the outside, it looked nice!). Be good if we can get a picture, but I haven't found one yet. WingtipvorteX (talk) ∅ 18:31, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
* Found one. DragonRiderMockup.jpg Not a complete shot, but you can see it in the background. WingtipvorteX (talk) ∅ 18:40, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
* OK, cropped it and added it to the article. WingtipvorteX (talk) ∅ 19:49, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
* I'm pretty sure its the same mock-up, they just changed the outer mold.--Craigboy (talk) 20:38, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
210 days
"For typical missions, DragonRider would remain docked to the ISS for a period of 180 days; it is required to be able do so for 210 days, the same as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft."
pretty sure that this is wrong, the soyuz is rated at 1 year minimum on orbit. msn is full of it, along with whatever other refs there are that i haven't checked yet. Penyulap ☏ 22:22, 18 Jun 2012 (UTC)
* Soyuz is not rated for a year. http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf --Craigboy (talk) 01:50, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
* The information listed seems to be confirmed by the Power Point slides and the James Oberg reference. My very faulty memory and something that is most definitely not a reliable source seems to confirm what you said about the Soyuz, but I wouldn't even know where to begin to back up that claim. More importantly, unless you can come up with something that is more reliable or at least more current than the James Oberg reference, this fact and piece of trivia must stand. I think it may be possible that the Dragon spacecraft doesn't fit the same profile of the Soyuz spacecraft and may last longer. --Robert Horning (talk) 05:24, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
* I seem to recall reading somewhere that it could stay docked about 400 days. But now I can't remember where I read that... WingtipvorteX (talk) ∅ 20:28, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
* The easy place to search is possibly the explosive bolt that they took out of the soyuz and returned to earth for examination. I'll figure the 'trivia' can wait for an extraordinary reference to back the claim. The capabilities of the Soyuz are not trivial. Penyulap ☏ 09:19, 20 Jun 2012 (UTC)
* According to http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf Soyuz on the ISS are used for up to 180 days, and are certified by RSA for up to 200 days. (if May 2012, and Charlie Bolden are current and reliable enough.) I can't find a definitive source for Soyuz having a "210 day limit", but some NASA and other pages make that claim. The "210 day limit" appears to a new requirement for commercial vehicles under development, that slightly exceeds Soyuz' shelf-life. --Robert Keiden (talk) 22:55, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
* The best refs for Russian craft are Russian refs if you can find 'em, or ESA refs. What NASA leaves out is absolutely staggering I kid you not, they are good for free pics, and a lot of info, but their descriptions of Russian hardware and missions are appalling. Penyulap ☏ 23:15, 20 Jun 2012 (UTC)
* Penyulap, your severe bias is well-known, well documented and has been proven to lack logic. I still remember your crazy argument about how APAS was used in the 1960s because some obituary said so despite what other American (and Russian) sources and reason said.--Craigboy (talk) 01:50, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
* yes, it's true, I'm just too focused on reality. Like the ISS, there are 8 solar arrays if you go by what NASA says, you can even cite it to them. They control the whole thing too, they just don't mention they have no engines and no bridge to do it from and their ground control operations consist mostly of watching a TV feed from moscow. Thing is, Nasa is biased, they all are, I'm just 5 times as biased as everyone else because I combine the biased sources of all the 5 partners rather than relying exclusively on nasa bias, which other editors call 'the nasa brochure' effect. Dragon is the same, everyone is biased, spacex has the final say, because it is their machine and they built it. Soyuz is the same, the Russians get the same final say because they built the thing. So call me biased because I don't rely on nasa exclusively, it's true. Penyulap ☏ 08:35, 21 Jun 2012 (UTC)
* If it's a question of what the hardware can do and what happens when it can't, Oberg may be as good as Bolden (and neither as good as primary sources) but "certification" is a legal fiction, where I would presume the contracting parties (NASA and their Russian counterparts) to be authoritative unless those parties disagree. (Unless there is no internal consistency at all, which could also be the case.)--Robert Keiden (talk) 23:28, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
* It's a different cultural approach, the Americans are big on rubber stamps and 'certification' and the paperwork shuffle. not a criticism, that is what they do with the budget money, they consume 12 times the space budget of China, who have a station and a way to get there. Russia is not focused on certification, they focus on making things better if they break, and making everything repairable on orbit, so how long something is good for is like 'I don' understand zee question'. They worry about deterioration and research it, like with the bolts, but the Soyuz systems are not limited the same way as, say, the shuttle with a power system that is on the clock and can't be shut down, after 14 days or so, that shuttle has run out of power and that's final, docked or not.
* The 210 day certification of the Soyuz is meaningless in many ways, and soon they will quite possibly do the Mars 500 prep on the ISS, the duration will be 12 months, and the Soyuz's may remain for the 12 months with the crew, although not mentioned yet and not definite. They have swapped crew around on different ships before. depends how they do the experiment, if it has half the crew swapped in the middle or not. If not, they'd keep the ships on orbit for the full 12 months.
* The hardware is the question, I don't know what the Dragon relies upon for it's service life, but the Soyuz is not really limited, all it's systems operate indefinitely, the ships computer is shut down, and every few weeks the station computer wakes it up and says hello how are you, how you feeling (status report) and lets it know what's been happening and where they are (navigation information on current position in case the soyuz needs to be used to escape later) and that sort of thing, they are quite nice to each other. At the start of the ISS they weren't speaking to each other, and a crew member had to go into the soyuz and talk to the ship's computer manually, hmph. Certification of the USOS was focusing on a lot of things but one big standout was power supplies and how long the service life of rechargeable batteries is in different systems. Anyhow, I should shut up, research beats talk any day, but they are the avenues to search along. Long term exposure to radiation and battery life, but the former more likely than the latter. Does the dragon heat the seals for it's airlock ? if they are cold, that will limit the service life right there. Penyulap ☏ 08:35, 21 Jun 2012 (UTC)
* Soyuz cannot stay docked for 12 months, please stop saying it can while you continue to not produce any sources that say otherwise.--Craigboy (talk) 11:59, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
Just popping in to give a reminder to be civil and assume good faith. User:Penyulap, you need to provide sources to back up your statements. This discussion is in the contradiction section of Graham's Hierarchy of Disagreement, which is off-limits for a civil discussion. Remember this is not a forum for discussing whether or not NASA's certification policy is adequate or who runs the better space agency, this is for improving the article. We consider NASA to be a reliable source and, unless it can be proven otherwise, it will remain that way. If this discussion does not turn for the better, I suggest you stay cool and WP:DISENGAGE for a while. Cheers! WingtipvorteX (talk) ∅ 15:53, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
Selection by NASA
Looks like it is set in stone now, just got this from spaceX:
-- WingtipvorteX PTT ∅ 17:52, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
* Not yet. They were one of the three selected, plus this isn't the final round of CCDev (there will be a further down select)--Craigboy (talk) 13:35, 1 September 2012 (UTC).
* They're definitely the front runner, though. Michaelmas1957 13:45, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
* I agree, I was simply stating they haven't yet selected "SpaceX to return Americans to space".--Craigboy (talk) 08:15, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
Cargo Craft Payload Capacities and Summary of All Active and Being-Manufactured Spacecraft
For everyone's information, I have collected the following info:
Cargo Craft Payload capacities to Low-Earth Orbit:
* Space Shuttle: 24,400 kg (53,600 lb)
* Progress: 2,350 kg (5,200 lb)
* Automated Transfer Vehicle: 7,667 kg (16,900 lb)
* H-II Transfer Vehicle: 6,700 kg (14,771 lb)
* Dragon: 6,000kg (13,227lb) [approx.]
(information taken from the wiki page of each vehicle)
Please also see a Summary of All Current and Being-Manufactured Spacecraft (with proper names and company names) here:
* Orion_(spacecraft)
Please use this info and update it/add to it as you see fit. It's some of the most important stuff that people will likely want to know about current human space travel. --Radical Mallard (talk) 20:50, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
* Forgot Cygnus. -- WingtipvorteX PTT ∅ 21:14, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
* It's listed under "COTS Related". I was going to wait until Cygnus launched to get the payload info.--Radical Mallard (talk) 21:57, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
* I'm not sure if we should add it because the comparison between the vehicles is much more complicated than just the mass they can deliver to orbit.--Craigboy (talk) 12:47, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
* It's more relevant to the Comparison of space station cargo vehicles page. Doyna Yar (talk) 16:14, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
Capacity of SpaceX CRS-1
Why is even the second flight to the ISS only loaded to 15% (550kg)? Is the Falcon9 still at and thrust level incompatible with the 3310kg payload?--Stone (talk) 20:27, 24 September 2012 (UTC)
* Great question. I was flabbergasted when I read that low published mass payload number as well. If anyone has a source that explains it, the info ought to definitely be used to improve the CRS SpX-1 article, and perhaps the main Dragon (spacecraft) article as well. It is difficult to believe NASA isn't taking up all the cargo capacity that is a) needed in the station, b) approved for carriage on Dragon (e.g., I don't think Dragon was built to do the large amount of hypergolic propellant that is carried on-board the Russian Prospect resupply spacecraft; could be other special cargo types as well), and c) would fit in the Dragon. Is it perhaps that the pressurized cargo volume maxima is being reached and it just happens that such low-density cargo does not get close to the mass maxima for the space transport trip? Cheers. N2e (talk) 00:41, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
* 6.8 cubic metres (6800 l)with 550kg makes a density of 0.1 kg/l. The other supply spacecrafts have a similar volume to mass ratio. A average density of 0.1kg/l looks very odd. Is it possible that the Falcon9 is not good enough to lift more? --Stone (talk) 07:27, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
* If I had to speculate, I would suspect that NASA doesn't quite trust SpaceX yet with vital payloads. There could also be other reasons for the lack of payload, but speculating that the lift isn't there doesn't sound right either. The previous flight included a secondary mission that had the 2nd stage continue a burn to a high altitude orbit (not quite GEO, but the apogee of the final orbit was over 10 million meters. Is it possible in this upcoming flight that SpaceX is trying to put a dummy satellite into GEO, just to prove they can accomplish the task? --Robert Horning (talk) 14:08, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
* If you want to make ISS people happy send them fresh water and fruits. ISS always needs alot of fuel. These items are not a risk if lost. So I would fill it to max. Also stuff wich you can re-sell after reentry would make more sense than to leave it empty.--Stone (talk) 14:56, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
* Dragon doesn't transport fuel (only Progress and ATV do) and Zvezda's tanks can only hold so much.--Craigboy (talk) 08:33, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
* Might want to check this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Falcon_9#ISS_re-supply. Doyna Yar (talk) 02:58, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
* Are there reliable sources so this information could be put into this article? Raw speculation is fine for a fan forum, but I would presume that something of this nature would be talked about by a reputable news organization or at least somebody covering commercial spaceflight activity in one of the various trade journals about spaceflight. It certainly would be something worth adding into this article. --Robert Horning (talk) 10:46, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
* The numbers of SpaceX are sparse and most of the time with an margin due to advertising. The truth is not clear if you do not have all numbers.--Stone (talk) 12:03, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
I presume that NASA holds press conferences and that presumably somebody from Wikipedia/Wikinews might even be able to ask a question at that press conference about this information? Either that or somebody else who is really hungry for a juicy story to try and get to the bottom of this issue? Even a letter to a congressman asking why tax dollars are being spent so foolishly for sending essentially an empty spacecraft to the ISS? I just can't imagine this getting a pass from those who may be writing articles about spaceflight, especially a known critic of SpaceX like Andy Pasztor of the Wall Street Journal?
Regardless, this figure seems to be comparable with the COTS 2 payload, and the question wasn't raised there. Perhaps this is a tempest in a teapot, but it does seem like something which could be asked in a variety of places which could be turned into a reliable source. --Robert Horning (talk) 19:27, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
* The press conference is on Saturday, I strongly believe someone will bring up the question. SpaceX COTS 2 was a demo mission that was required to perform a lot of different test maneuvers before it could berth with ISS. It was also filled with only low value cargo and I believe at the time the ISS was still pretty full from STS-135 (but don't quote me on that). Also in my opinion Pasztor is an idiot.--Craigboy (talk) 08:20, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
* I would agree that Andy Pasztor is an idiot, but one thing I think is pretty certain is that he is no SpaceX fanboi who will buy the company line in a press release. If there was anything which could put SpaceX in a negative light, he would be nearly the first person to write an article about such a topic. Sending an e-mail to him as a story suggestion on something like this would be like throwing a match into a gasoline tank. --Robert Horning (talk) 23:16, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
In the pre-launch news conference on 6 Oct, SpaceX prez Gwynne Shotwell pretty much answered this question head on (it was the first question of the Q&A portion of the news conference). The cargo upmass on this flight is relatively low-density; thus low mass relative to volume. A few minutes earlier, in her prepared remarks, she indicated that the interior pressurized cargo volume of the Dragon would be more full than was seen on the COTS 2/3 mission, appearing to fill up each of the major areas where cargo can be stowed, including the central region which was unused on the last flight. The NASA guy also seemed to indicate that their might have been some payload processing snafus on the NASA side, but that was less explicit. I suspect we'll see this covered in the space press in the next day or two and will be able to locate a secondary source for this info to go into the SpaceX CRS-1 article. Cheers. N2e (talk) 04:25, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
If you review the CRS contract you'll find that NASA decides how much is sent up and returned by Dragon on the CRS flights, not SpaceX. SpaceX is contracted for a minimum of 20 tonnes (metric I think) with options for more flights if NASA decides they are required. SpaceX is like FedEx in this sense, they simply provide the vehicle.
Further investigation by readers will elicit the fact that the F9 was carrying ballest and the OrbCom test satellite which clearly demonstrates considerable capability. If NASA had wanted more carried then the ballest and/or the secondary payload would have been ditched. And further, NASA interview indicated that the extra shuttle flight had stuffed the ISS with extra provisions to allow for delays in the COTS program. Downmass was more important than upmass on this flight and probably future flights as well since no other existing vehicle has this capability, i.e. getting back science experiments, equipment for refurbishment, etc. There's been plenty of discussion about all of these aspects on space-related sites and press but perhaps not in the general news outlets. I refer you to a couple of good ones: www.spaceflightnow.com and www.nasaspaceflight.com --2403:3B00:201:333:891E:FEB9:B328:67CF (talk) 08:14, 31 October 2012 (UTC)BeanCounter
Headline Image Free Alternatives
The Headline image is a screengrab from a SpaceX demo video. I am sure that SpaceX is delighted that the image that shows up on Wikipedia is from their promotional material, it seems to go against Wikipedia's policies to use non free media when it is not necessary. Numerous Public Domain/Free Licensed shots of the Dragon exist, such as This One (NASA). Unless an Exterior shot of an ISS rendezvous is considered necessary, I think that we should use a NASA pic, seeing as there are quite a few. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Usacfg (talk • contribs) 22:29, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
* That only shows the CRS Dragon and not DragonRider.--Craigboy (talk) 00:56, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
* What about this picture? Dragon on launchpad<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:49, 7 November 2012 (UTC)
* That only shows the CRS Dragon and it doesn't show Dragon in its deployed form.--Craigboy (talk) 00:20, 9 November 2012 (UTC)
GA nomination
This article is detailed, well-sourced and well-illustrated without being excessively long - I think it could qualify as a Good Article. I'm going to nominate it now. Michaelmas1957 (talk) 10:38, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
A few things:
Few points
General characteristics.
* General characteristics
* 18 attitude control thrusters insted of 18 Draco thrusters whoold be mor informative
* The SuperDraco should be separated from the General characteristics because it is a future upgrade and not a
* With a production of 1 each three months there must be 4 from 2011 and 8 from 2012. Overall 12 Dragons. Is this fact?
* Demonstration flights
* launched a stripped-down version Why?
* Operational flights section is a little short amount of cargo andreturn cargo might be a good addition.
* Red Dragon and Mars One Dragon are relative long for the far future developpment they reflect.
* Red Dragon
* The 2018 launch for it is no longer possible, it was never in the last three selected missons for 2018. Was it a offical proposal?
* Radiation tolerance
* What is the difference to the shuttle or the sojus? It experienced some events which are normal in this aproach.
* Red dragon was always quoted to be different in design?
--Stone (talk) 18:17, 25 December 2012 (UTC)
Red Dragon/MarsOne
These sub-sections seem out of place in the history section, since they are proposals only. I'd like to move them to the "Design" section, where it seems a more natural follow-on from the other three versions of Dragon listed there. I'll wait a week to see if anyone strongly objects, but anyone who strongly agrees is welcome to take the initiative. -- PaulxSA (talk) 20:50, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
Will a Dragon Spacecraft ever be re-used?
Seems like we are using a new Dragon Spacecraft for each mission. Is the mission name also the name of the actual spacecraft used? Wasn't the real savings of Dragon that the spacecraft could be sent back into space, or are they planned to be retired after each mission? user:mnw2000 01:16, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
* The NASA specs for the contracted Cargo Resupply (CRS) missions to the ISS require a new Dragon for each mission; standard operating procedure for the legacy US space program. SpaceX is planning on using refurbished Dragons for the the DragonLab commercial missions that are on their launch manifest. But I have not seen anything in the public news feeds (meaning WP:V information) about how easy or hard it has been for SpaceX to fill up (sell) the cargo manifest for the commercial DragonLab missions they have scheduled. If anyone sees a source for such info, please let us know. Cheers. N2e (talk) 02:55, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
* SpaceX plans to eventually start reusing the capsules (ever couple of months they'll restate it during press conferences or interviews) but I don't think they've released a timetable on when they will refly one.--Craigboy (talk) 07:04, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
Info
Musk recently stated that the manned variant won't have solar arrays, he didn't clarify if the next version of the Cargo variant will also not have them. The quote starts at about 23 minutes into the video.
"For the crewed version of Dragon, we’re actually not planning on having solar arrays, we’re planning on just having a very big battery pack…We’re not going to put solar arrays on it unless it’s for some reason a long duration mission." - Elon Musk during the CRS SpX-2 Post Launch Press Conference on 1 March 2013 --Craigboy (talk) 02:53, 31 March 2013 (UTC)
* Very interesting news. Of course, with Musk's Tesla experience on that technology front, I can see the tradeoff of larger battery pack versus complexity for the relatively short-duration missions to ferry some crew to the Space Station. Did the Space Shuttle have much in the way of solar arrays? Or did the Shuttle also use the battery approach? ... or fuel cells? or what? N2e (talk) 02:59, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
* Space Shuttle used fuel cells. Boeing's CST-100 is also planned to use batteries. The reason why the DragonRider and CST-100 designs can get away with this is because they only have a free flight time of a few days with the rest of the mission spent attached to the ISS and receiving power from its massive arrays.--Craigboy (talk) 07:17, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
The trunk's protective thermal control coating
Z-93C55 was developed by Alion Science and Technology Corp., based in McLean, Va. Prior to being used on Dragon it was part of Materials International Space Station Experiments (MISSE)-1 and 2. The coating is an evolution of Z-93P, which was used on many other NASA missions. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20130014266_2013014076.pdf --Craigboy (talk) 22:20, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
Introduction too much about SpaceX
The introduction of this article talks more about the company SpaceX than about the Dragon vehicle. I think one line about the company, and a link to the Wiki page, is enough, especially in the introduction text. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:57, 5 December 2013 (UTC)
I forgot to log in. Message above is from: Erwin (talk) 07:58, 5 December 2013 (UTC)
Dragon v2
Info on the second version of Dragon (not to be confused with DragonRider, the still yet-to-be-publicly-disclosed crew-carrying version of Dragon with super draco rocket engines attached (for Launch Abort System capability and for the potential powered-thruster landings that SpaceX has been talking about.) has been released. Would usefully improve the article.
"Dragon got a few upgrades since its last trip to station.
To support more critical science payloads for the ISS, the spacecraft flying on Monday has nearly four times its previous powered cargo capability. Dragon will carry additional freezers in its pressurized section and for the first time ever, powered cargo inside its unpressurized trunk – NASA’s OPALS and HDEV experiments. The spacecraft is also sporting redesigned cargo racks to accommodate the additional payloads. Read more about OPALS at http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/861.html, read more about HDEV at http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/917.html"
I don't have the time to update the article just now. So leaving this on the Talk page for others, or for the future. Cheers. N2e (talk) 22:20, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
* BTW, I believe it was SpaceX COO Gwynne Shotwell, in her "Space Show" interview a few weeks ago, that referred to the Dragon on this mission as "version 2". Links to her interview are in a few of the various SpaceX-related wikipedia articles; or I could probably find it if needed. I'm not sure if the two NASA links above refer to it as v2 or not; haven't read them yet. N2e (talk) 22:30, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
CRS-3
Updated section for CRS-3 which is underway. Someone like to add anything to it? Because of the weather it is unclear whether the 1st stage of the Falcon 9 rocket can be recovered at sea. See this article: SpaceX Launches Cargo and Tries a Rocket Recovery Radical Mallard (talk) 23:03, 18 April 2014 (UTC)
* Updates at: SpaceX Twitter Account Radical Mallard (talk) 19:54, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
Have any capsules been reused
Article says that Dragon capsule is designed for recovery/reentry and reuse. Would be nice if the mission table identified the capsules and if they were recovered and considered reusable ? - Rod57 (talk) 10:48, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
* For the CRS missions, NASA decided that it didn't want to risk reuse, as it was unproven. Part of the reason the missions are so expensive (130 million each) is that NASA decided to pay for a new Dragon capsule for each and every one of the 12 deliveries, plus 3 capsules for test use (later decreased to 2 test capsules). The NASA CRS capsules may end up being retrofitted and reused for future DragonLab missions, but they won't be used for crew delivery because the Dragonv2 is quite different than the v1 currently in use (it includes launch abort capabilities, for one). As of right now no Dragon has been reused after its initial mission, due to lack of near-term customer commitment, and the fact that every launch opportunity for the next 2 years is already tied up with other missions. — Gopher65talk 12:20, 14 May 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
+ 2
[Solved][CharGen]math.random() is not random enough
It seems that all the times i have it run, i am getting a lot of middle numbers. not very many highs or lows. for example, if i want a random number between 0-5 i get a lot of 2s and 3s some 4s and 1s but almost never any 0s or 5s. Update: still not seeing any range variation after using "java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;" Solution: i needed to tweek the numbers it was randomly generating to extend the range and reduce the offset.
10th Jun 2017, 8:31 PM
oddeofreq
oddeofreq - avatar
3 Answers
+ 5
I copied your "Character generator" program, stripped out everything that wasn't a random() call, then calculated the balance of each result over 100,000 iterations (for each category). After compensating for the "stats retries" (for being too low) -- and just counting retries for 11 -- the output looks fairly balanced, so you might be seeing local effects. I didn't test for any sort of grouping, but (like flipping tails 100x in a row) an infinite RNG could hang around a place for "as long as it wants", since I think it only has to even out after infinite time. Forcing apparent smoothness in a shorter time is non-random, but it's an interesting idea... https://code.sololearn.com/cfcWVOC88168/?ref=app (Percentage totals won't be exactly 100% due to rounding)
11th Jun 2017, 12:11 AM
Kirk Schafer
Kirk Schafer - avatar
+ 4
I think localRandomThreads would be the 'most random'. Try testing and comparing Math.random to it. This is the code: import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom; int randomNum = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, 6); This should produce a random number from 0-5.
10th Jun 2017, 9:03 PM
Rrestoring faith
Rrestoring faith - avatar
0
Probably you have to modify the seed like C
10th Jun 2017, 8:55 PM
Andrés04_ve
Andrés04_ve - avatar | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
package Devel::Profiler::Apache; use 5.006; use strict; use warnings; use File::Path qw(rmtree mkpath); our $VERSION = 0.01; sub import { my $pkg = shift; die "Invalid import options for Devel::Profiler::Apache " . "- must be a list of key-value pairs." if @_ % 2; our %OPT = @_; die "Inavlid import option to Devel::Profiler::Apache " . "- output_file not allowed." if exists $OPT{output_file}; my $path = Apache->server_root_relative("logs/profiler"); rmtree($path) if -d $path; Apache->push_handlers(PerlChildInitHandler => \&handler); } sub handler { my $r = shift; our %OPT; # for some reason this handler is being called multiple times for # the same child process. make sure we only initialize # Devel::Profiler once. our %DONE; return if exists $DONE{$$}; $DONE{$$} = 1; my $dir = Apache->server_root_relative("logs/profiler/$$"); File::Path::mkpath($dir); $r->log_error("Devel::Profiler::Apache => $dir/tmon.out"); # setup options $OPT{output_file} = "$dir/tmon.out"; $OPT{package_filter} = [] unless exists $OPT{package_filter}; $OPT{package_filter} = [ $OPT{package_filter} ] unless ref $OPT{package_filter} eq 'ARRAY'; push @{$OPT{package_filter}}, \&package_filter; # load Devel::Profiler and initialize require Devel::Profiler; Devel::Profiler->import(%OPT); Devel::Profiler::init(); return 0; } # exclude Apache:: due to problems with misbehavin' Apache XS modules sub package_filter { my $pkg = shift; return 0 if $pkg =~ /^Apache/ or $pkg =~ /^mod_perl/; return 1; } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME Devel::Profiler::Apache - Hook Devel::Profiler into mod_perl =head1 SYNOPSIS # in httpd.conf PerlModule Devel::Profiler::Apache; # or in startup.pl use Devel::Profiler::Apache; =head1 DESCRIPTION The Devel::Profiler::Apache module will run a Devel::Profiler profiler inside each child server and write the I file in the directory I<$ServerRoot/logs/profiler/$$> when the child is shutdown. The next time the parent server pulls in Devel::Profiler::Apache (via soft or hard restart), the I<$ServerRoot/logs/dprof> is cleaned out before new profiles are written for the new children. Devel::Profiler::Apache currently uses the package_filter option to avoid profiling any modules that begin with Apache::. This necessary to avoid profiling sensitive Apache XS code that do strange things with their symbol tables (storing arrays in the CODE slots, for one!). At some point this will be refined to only exclude the problem modules within Apache::. =head1 USAGE Most users of Devel::Profiler can simply copy the code from the SYNPOSIS and use that as-is. However, if you need to modify the way Devel::Profiler works then you can pass Devel::Profiler::Apache the same options that are used with Devel::Profiler: use Devel::Profiler::Apache buffer_size => 1024; =head1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This module is based heavily on Apache::DProf by Doug MacEachern which provides equivalent functionality for Apache::DProf. =head1 AUTHOR Sam Tregar =head1 SEE ALSO L, L =cut | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Negative Binomial Distribution Python Examples
Negative Binomial Probability Distribution
In this post, you will learn about the concepts of negative binomial distribution explained using real-world examples and Python code. We will go over some of the following topics to understand negative binomial distribution:
• What is negative binomial distribution?
• What is difference between binomial and negative binomial distribution?
• Negative binomial distribution real-world examples
• Negative binomial distribution Python example
What is Negative Binomial Distribution?
Negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution representing the probability of random variable, X, which is number of Bernoulli trials required to have r number of successes. This random variable is called as negative binomial random variable. And, the experiment representing X number of Bernoulli trials required to product r successes is called as negative binomial experiment. Let’s understand the concept with the example of tossing a coin. Let’s say we want to continue flipping the coin until 3 heads come. This experiment of flipping a coin until 3 heads (r=3) come can be called as negative binomial experiment. And, the number of times the coin need to be flipped in each experiment represent the value of negative binomial random variable, X.
The negative binomial experiment would have the following properties:
• The experiment consists of X repeated trials until r successes occur.
• Each trial could result in only two outcomes – success or failure. In other words, the trial must be Bernoulli trial
• The probability of success on each trial is same as P
• The trials are independent of each other. Thus, in tossing coin experiment, head in one trial will not impact what appears in the next trial. It could be either head or tail.
The negative binomial distribution can be represented as the following when X represents the number of trials needed to get r successes where the probability of success in each trial is P.
\(\Large B^{*}(X; r, P)\)
.
The expected value / mean of the negative binomial distribution is defined as the expected / mean number of trials required to achieve r successes where the probability of success is P.
\(\Large \mu_{X} = \frac{r}{P}\)
.
Alternative Definitions of Negative Binomial Distribution
Negative binomial distribution definitions vary with the definition of negative binomial random variable. Here are different definitions of the negative binomial random variable:
• Negative binomial random variable X represents number of successes before the binomial experiment results in k failures. The probability of success is P and failure is 1 – P.
\(\Large \mu_{X} = k*\frac{P}{(1-P)}\)
.
• Negative binomial random variable X represents number of failures before the binomial experiment results in r successes. The probability of success is P and failure is 1 – P.
\(\Large \mu_{X} = r*\frac{1-P}{P}\)
.
Difference between Binomial & Negative Binomial Distribution
To understand the difference between binomial and negative binomial distribution, lets understand the difference between binomial and negative binomial experiment.
Binomial experiment is getting number of successes in N number of Bernoulli trials. The binomial random variable is number of successes. In binomial distribution, the number of trials are fixed.
Negative binomial experiment is about performing Bernoulli trials until r successes is achieved. The negative binomial random variable, X, is number of trials which are required to achieve r successes. In negative binomial distribution, the number of trials are not fixed.
In both the above cases, the following properties holds good:
• The trials have only two outcomes – success and failures. In other words, the trials are Bernoulli trials.
• The trials are independent of each other. The outcome from one trial does not impact the following trials.
• The probability of getting success in each trial is one and the same.
Negative Binomial Distribution Real-world Examples
Here are some real-world examples of negative binomial distribution:
• Let’s say there is 10% chance of a sales person getting to schedule a follow-up meeting with the prospect in the phone call. The number of calls that the sales person would need to get 3 follow-up meetings would follow the negative binomial distribution. Thus, one will be able to calculate what is the probability that the sales person get 3 follow-up calls set in the 10th call. As per the alternative definitions, the number of rejections before which the sales person achieve 3 follow-up calls will follow the negative binomial distribution.
• Let’s say there is 30% chance that a basketball player will be able to get a perfect score in the free throw. The number of free throws that may be required to get the first score will follow the negative binomial distribution. Recall that this will also follow the geometric distribution. Geometric distribution, that way, is considered as the special case of negative binomial distribution. This example can also be read as the following – Number of free throw failures which will required to get the first perfect score will follow negative binomial distribution.
Negative Binomial Distribution Python Example
Here is the Python code representing negative binomial distribution. Pay attention that Scipy.stats nbinom can be used to calculate probability distribution.
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import nbinom
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#
# X = Discrete negative binomial random variable representing number of sales call required to get r=3 leads
# P = Probability of successful sales call
#
X = np.arange(3, 30)
r = 3
P = 0.1
#
# Calculate geometric probability distribution
#
nbinom_pd = nbinom.pmf(X, r, P)
#
# Plot the probability distribution
#
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(8, 6))
ax.plot(X, nbinom_pd, 'bo', ms=8, label='nbinom pmf')
ax.plot(X, nbinom_pd, 'bo', ms=8, label='nbinom pmf')
plt.ylabel("Probability", fontsize="18")
plt.xlabel("X - No. of Sales Call", fontsize="18")
plt.title("Negative Binomial Distribution - No. of Sales Call Vs Probability", fontsize="18")
ax.vlines(X, 0, nbinom_pd, colors='b', lw=5, alpha=0.5)
Here is how the negative binomial distribution plot would look like:
Negative Binomial Probability Distribution
Fig 1. Negative Binomial Probability Distribution
Conclusions
Here is the summary of what you learned in this post regarding negative binomial distribution:
• Negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution which models the number of trials it will take to achieve r successes. Alternative definition is number of failures it would take to r successes.
• Negative binomial experiment is number of Bernoulli trials it will take to achieve r successes.
• Negative binomial random variable is number of Bernoulli trials to get r successes.
Ajitesh Kumar
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Ajitesh Kumar
I have been recently working in the area of Data analytics including Data Science and Machine Learning / Deep Learning. I am also passionate about different technologies including programming languages such as Java/JEE, Javascript, Python, R, Julia, etc, and technologies such as Blockchain, mobile computing, cloud-native technologies, application security, cloud computing platforms, big data, etc. For latest updates and blogs, follow us on Twitter. I would love to connect with you on Linkedin. Check out my latest book titled as First Principles Thinking: Building winning products using first principles thinking
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User:M828376/sandbox
Hatsune Miku is a virtual pop-star. She is a fictional character. BTW she is not real. Miku is the protagonist of a manga series named Maker Hikōshiki Hatsune Mix, written by Kei Garō. The manga explores the many possibilities of story-telling and has featured numerous adventures, ranging from giant-sized battles with Hatsune Miku to home exploits. Here's the catch: Hatsune Miku isn't real. Hatsune Miku is a virtual character created by Crypton Future Media. Originally, she was sold as the face of computer software that allowed users to generate their own music, with her as a vessel. Imagine GarageBand mixed with Sims performing your songs. The main reason for the pigtailed vocaloid's immense popularity was because Hatsune Miku had become much more than a synthetic voice. She was a vessel for fan creativity and represented unlimited opportunities for artistic expression. "39" is a song featuring Hatsune Miku by sasakure. It was uploaded in celebration of Miku's 5th birthday. The song is about Miku giving thanks to all her listeners, people who use her, and just any overall fan of VOCALOID in general for sticking with her for this long. Akihiko Kondo is married to Hatsune Miku. The name Miku is primarily a female name of Japanese origin that means Beautiful, Sky, Long Time. Created by Crypton CEO Hiroyuki Itoh, Hatsune Miku was “born” on August 31, 2007. Itoh envisioned her as an avatar for Crypton's voice synthesis software, which he built using Yamaha's Vocaloid 2 program. Miku is getting a new TV show called Hatsune Miku VS Hatsune Iza. A large number of people searching “Hatsune Miku” or “初音ミク” caused Google and Yahoo's servers to automatically block her name due to suspected spam or search abuse. Even a popular wiki page about her suddenly vanished due to a suspected copyright violation. Her name is from the Japanese characters for first, sound, and future, so her name means “first sound from the future.” According to her backstory, Hatsune Miku comes from a not-so-distant future where music was lost. She emerged as a 16-year-old singing android who reintroduced her skills to the world. Sadly and tragically her creator died at 31 years old. He was born 1979. She has made a whole bunch of songs. The best way you could listen to them is on YouTube. Her name also stands for voice from the future. My favorite song she made was Anamanguchi. Tragically Miku died. Her body was buried under a ramen shop. But luckily, her music was still on social media and all of that other stuff. But the only place her music doesn't play is the radio. | WIKI |
[GSoC 2016] Better Alias Analysis By Default - Mid Term Summary
Dear LLVM Community,
This is a brief summary of what I've done so far for CFL-AA, and what I plan to do next.
tl;dr: CFL-AA is getting saner. Low-hanging fruits on its improvement have almost been picked up. I can either make CFL-AA more precise (with certain performance cost), or teach other passes to capitalize on CFL-AA better as the next step. Comments and suggestions are more than welcomed.
Before my project starts, I asked on the mailing list for testing CFL-AA. According to Geoff Berry (http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2016-May/099900.html),
- Enabling CFL-AA in the complilation pipeline did not cause any correctness issues.
- Enabling CFL-AA in the complilation pipeline did not affect performance of the compiled program in any significant way.
In other words, CFL-AA was very conservative at that moment, to the point that it did not offer much beyond what BasicAA can do. Fortunately, over the last month the situation has been improved. Here is a list of precision enhancement I made for CFL-AA:
- [r271322] Remove aliasing relations between GEP pointers and GEP indices. Before this patch, CFL-AA will claim that a and b may-alias each other in the following codes:
int a[10], b[10];
a[N] = ...;
b[N] = ...;
This seemingly insane behavior was actually there to safeguard certain cases where people do crazy stuffs with pointer arithmetics. Later we figured out that those crazy behaviors were in fact UB and therefore we could drop support for it.
- [r271421] Teach CFL-AA to understand function attributes. CFL-AA used to treat opaque function calls in a very conservative manner. However, we know that library calls such as malloc(), free() and strcmp() are marked with special attributes we can use to help resolve aliasing queries. With this patch, we can safely rely on CFL-AA to say "noalias" for a and b in the following code snippet:
char* a = (char*) malloc(len);
char* b = (char*) malloc(len);
... // popluate string a and b here
if (strcmp(a, b) == 0)
...
- [r272040] Improve precision for inttoptr/ptrtoint. If CFL-AA found this snippet:
int a, b, *p = &a, *q = &b;
int c= (int)p + (int)q;
It used to report may-alias for p and q, just because both of them are casted to integers. This was later relaxed in a way that pointers are only treated conservatively when you cast it back from integers.
- [r272335, r272690, r273219, r273229] Improvement on inter-procedural analysis. This is the one single feature of CFL-AA that enables it to really offer something that BasicAA doesn't. The work is still ongoing, but the central idea here is that we can make CFL-AA look past function calls and yield almost the same result as if the function call was inlined. So if we have
int *p = ..., *q = /* something other than *p */;
foo(&p, &q);
... // use p and q here
As long as CFL-AA can see the body of foo(), and as long as foo() doesn't do anything that makes p alias q, CFL-AA won't count p and q as may-alias pairs when analyzing the codes after the call to foo(). I don't think this is currently possible with BasicAA.
Looking forward, there are certainly many other ways to further improve CFL-AA's precision (e.g. adding field sensitivity, and making the analysis inclusion-based rather than equality-based). However, I feel like I've almost pushed the analysis to a point where in exchange for more precision we may inevitably start to pay extra cost and observe some noticeable performance drops. If the performance problem turns out to be not that bad, I could just keep going where I'm headed.
But if it becomes a problem, there is also a plan B: Notice that what I've said is all about alias queries. In LLVM, clients of alias analysis also care about other things like mod-ref info, in which area CFL-AA hasn't improved that much. Also, code snippets I listed before to justify my patches look pathetically simple and very unrealistic. What I really want to look into is some real-world client passes running on real-world benchmarks, and see if any precision gets lost during the interaction between the client pass and the alias analysis pass.
If you have any comments or suggestions, please let me know. Also, if you have any concrete examples in mind that existing AAs (including CFL-AA) can't do but you them to be handled properly, please tell me! I am more than happy to make everyone's code a little bit faster :slight_smile:
What exactly is the semantic justification here? I'm asking because
there are a number of crucial use cases for aliasing global arrayish
variables behind the compiler like linker sets. We had quite some fun in
NetBSD with newer GCC introducing breakage by exploiting UB in fun ways.
It would be nice to avoid breaking valid applications in system/embedded
land.
Joerg
+Hal
The use-case we dropped support for, specifically, was:
void foo() {
int a;
int *ap = &a;
int *ap2 = (int*)((char*)NULL + (uintptr_t)&a);
// now ap and ap2 may alias
}
Our justification is that LLVM (specifically, BasicAA) already explicitly doesn’t support this pattern, so we shouldn’t have to support it in CFLAA.
Dear Joerg,
I also want to add that except for the interprocedural analysis part, whatever changes I made to CFL-AA I always tried avoid being semantically more aggressive than BasicAA. So if certain UB gets exploited in CFL-AA now, BasicAA would probably do the same as well. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
From 30646c31454cb3effc7bba66ae74f0a4a708ebe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michael Drake Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2016 09:07:44 +0100 Subject: Time: Micro-optimisation: Put GMT first in timezone list. --- utils/time.c | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'utils') diff --git a/utils/time.c b/utils/time.c index 14f4004b9..71fa30fe3 100644 --- a/utils/time.c +++ b/utils/time.c @@ -282,10 +282,13 @@ enum nsc_time_zone_offsets { /** * List of timezones. * - * The order here is the order they appear in the `timezone_mins` array. - * So there is value in putting the most common timezones first. + * The order here is the order they appear in the `timezone_mins` and + * `timezones` arrays. So there is value in putting the most common + * timezones first. */ enum nsc_time_zones { + /** "GMT" first since its the only one I've seen in the wild. -- tlsa */ + NSC_TIME_ZONE_GMT, NSC_TIME_ZONE_IDLE, NSC_TIME_ZONE_NZST, NSC_TIME_ZONE_NZT, @@ -299,7 +302,6 @@ enum nsc_time_zones { NSC_TIME_ZONE_FWT, NSC_TIME_ZONE_MET, NSC_TIME_ZONE_MEWT, - NSC_TIME_ZONE_GMT, NSC_TIME_ZONE_UTC, NSC_TIME_ZONE_WET, NSC_TIME_ZONE_WAT, -- cgit v1.2.1 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Tudor Jenks--Imaginotions.djvu/122
104 "My niece," I said, "is certainly not an ordinary girl. You 'll all admit that, I am sure, when you have known her as long as I have."
The headsman sent the page for another ax. The people waited in silence, hardly knowing what had taken place. The King seemed to enjoy the experience. It was something new, and kings (at least all the kings I know) are terribly bored, and fond of novelty. He clapped his hands and called out, "Brava!"
The crowd separated at one point and the page arrived with the spare ax. The headsman handled it with the caressing hand of an artist, poised it lightly in the air, and brought it down with a swish upon my niece's swanlike neck. I had a swanlike neck when younger.
"Huzza!" cried the hireling crowd. But they had shouted too soon. As the keen edge neared her golden ringlets, the ax-head left the handle and becoming a garland of flowers encircled her neck in a really effective manner. I could not but admire the esthetic value of the colors against her fair skin. Old men are somewhat forgetful, and I do not distinctly recall whether I have mentioned my niece's beauty. It is a family characteristic, and in my young days I was universally admitted to be the handsomest astrologer in our parish.
The King had by this time lost his temper. "He had come out," as he remarked in high dudgeon, "to see an execution—not to witness an exhibition of legerdemain!" (His choice of language was always excellent, by the way.) So now he rose to his feet, and ordered the guards to seize the prisoners.
The guards were arranged in a hollow square around the scaffold, and at the word of command they pointed some very jagged halberds and other painful poking instruments in our direction. I looked at my niece with some misgiving, but apparently she was quite able to take care of herself. She stood up also, and pro- | WIKI |
Ocean Ou
Shen Yi-tseng (born 12 October 1969), better known by his stage name Ocean Ou or Ou De Yang or Happy House Cafe, is a Taiwanese Mandopop singer. Early in his career, he was known for keeping his face hidden from public view, using computer-generated 3D models for all his album covers and music videos. He was a member of a now defunct three-man band called "Y.I.Y.O.".
Discography
* 2003 北半球有歐得洋
* 2005 看見六色彩虹
* 2005 有故事的人
* 2007 101封情書
* 2009 起飛 EP
* 2011 留给幸福的十张纸条
* 2015 因为有你 | WIKI |
Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer
Field Marshal Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, (13 March 1857 – 16 July 1932) was a senior British Army officer of the First World War. After commanding V Corps at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, he took command of the Second Army in May 1915 and in June 1917 won an overwhelming victory over the German Army at the Battle of Messines, which started with the simultaneous explosion of a series of mines placed by the Royal Engineers' tunnelling companies beneath German lines, which created 19 large craters and was described as the loudest explosion in human history. He later served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine and then as Governor of Malta before becoming High Commissioner of the British Mandate for Palestine in 1925 and retiring in 1928.
Early life and education
Herbert Plumer was son of Hall Plumer of Malpas Lodge, Torquay, Devon (a grandson of Sir Thomas Plumer), and Louisa Alice, daughter of Henry Turnley, of Kensington. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
Military career
Plumer was commissioned as a lieutenant into the 65th Regiment of Foot on 11 September 1876. He joined his regiment in India and became adjutant of his battalion on 29 April 1879. Promoted to captain on 29 May 1882, he accompanied his battalion to the Sudan in 1884 as part of the Nile Expedition. Plumer was present at the battle of El Teb in February 1884 and the battle of Tamai in March, and was mentioned in Despatches. He spent from 1886 to 1887 attending the Staff College at Camberley, England, before being appointed Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General in Jersey on 7 May 1890. He was promoted to major on 22 January 1893 and posted to the 2nd Battalion the York and Lancaster Regiment before being appointed assistant military secretary to the General Officer Commanding Cape Colony in December 1895. He went to Southern Rhodesia in 1896 to disarm the local police force following the Jameson Raid and then later that year returned there to command the Matabele Relief Force during the Second Matabele War. He became deputy assistant adjutant-general at Aldershot with promotion to brevet lieutenant colonel on 8 May 1897.
In 1899 Plumer returned to Southern Rhodesia where he raised a force of mounted infantry and, having been promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel on 17 October 1900, he led them at the Relief of Mafeking during the Second Boer War. He was promoted to colonel on 29 November 1900 and was then given command of a mixed force which captured General Christiaan de Wet's wagon train at Hamelfontein in February 1901. Plumer arrived back in the United Kingdom in April 1902, and two months later was received in audience by King Edward VII on his return. In a despatch dated 23 June 1902, Lord Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief in South Africa during the latter part of the war, wrote how Plumer had "invariable displayed military qualifications of a very high order. Few officers have rendered better service."
He was promoted to major general for distinguished service in the field on 22 August 1902, and was appointed Commander of the 4th Brigade within 1st Army Corps on 1 October 1902. The following year he became General Officer Commanding 10th Division within IV Army Corps and General Officer Commanding Eastern District in December 1903. He became Quartermaster-General to the Forces in February 1904, General Officer Commanding 7th Division in April 1906 and General Officer Commanding 5th Division within Irish Command in May 1907. Promoted to lieutenant general on 4 November 1908, he went on to be General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Northern Command in November 1911. In addition to his military duties, he served as the Commissioner for London Boy Scouts from 1910 to 1912.
First World War
Following the unexpected death of Sir James Grierson on his arrival in France in 1914, Plumer was considered for command of one of two Corps of the British Expeditionary Force alongside Douglas Haig: this position eventually went to Horace Smith-Dorrien. Plumer was sent to France in February 1915 and given command of V Corps which he led at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.
He took command of the Second Army in May and, having been promoted to full general on 11 June 1915, he won an overwhelming victory over the German Army at the Battle of Messines in June 1917. The battle started with the simultaneous explosion of a series of mines placed by the Royal Engineers' tunnelling companies beneath German lines. The detonation created 19 large craters and was described as the loudest explosion in human history. After the mines were fired, Plumer's men left their trenches and advanced 3,000 yards. He won further victories at the battle of the Menin Road Ridge and the battle of Polygon Wood in September 1917 and the battle of Broodseinde in October 1917 advancing another 5,000 yards in the process.
In November 1917 Plumer was given command of the British Expeditionary Force sent to the Italian Front after the disaster at Caporetto. Early in 1918, Plumer was sought by Lloyd George for the position of Chief of the Imperial General Staff as a replacement for William Robertson: he declined the position. Plumer instead commanded the Second Army during the final stages of the war, during the German spring offensive and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive.
Later career
Plumer was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief the British Army of the Rhine in December 1918 and Governor of Malta in May 1919. He was promoted to field marshal on 31 July 1919, and was created Baron Plumer of Messines and of Bilton on 18 October 1919. In August 1925 he was appointed High Commissioner of the British Mandate for Palestine. He resisted Arab pressure to reverse commitments made by the British Government in the Balfour Declaration, and dealt firmly with both the Zionists and the Arab Nationalists. On one occasion, an Arab delegation protested a proposal by Jewish battalions to install their regimental colours in the chief synagogues, saying they "wouldn't be responsible for the consequences". Plumer replied, 'That's all right, you're not asked to be responsible for the consequences. I'll be responsible." In Mandatory Palestine Plumer gained a reputation as being "genuinely even handed" and was one of the few British administrators who was consistently popular with both the Jewish community and the Arab community in that territory. Privately, he was sympathetic to the cause of establishing a homeland for the Jewish people but he tried his best to "be fair" to Arab concerns as well while he was High Commissioner.
On 24 July 1927 he conducted the inauguration ceremony for the Menin Gate memorial at Ypres in Belgium.
Plumer was created Viscount Plumer for his "long and distinguished public services" on 3 June 1929.
Death
Plumer died at his home in Knightsbridge in London on 16 July 1932 at the age of 75. His body was interred in Westminster Abbey.
Family
In July 1884 Plumer married Annie Constance Goss (1858–1941), daughter of George and Eleanor Goss; they had three daughters and one son.
Honours
British Foreign
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 1 January 1918 (KCB – 29 June 1906; CB – 19 April 1901 )
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George – 1 January 1916
* Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order – 14 July 1917
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire – 1924
* Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John – 23 June 1925
* Legion of Honour (France) – 14 December 1917
* Croix de Guerre (Belgium) – 11 March 1918
* Croix de Guerre with palm (France) – 11 March 1919
* Army Distinguished Service Medal (United States) – 12 July 1919
* Grand Cordon, Order of the Rising Sun (Japan) – 21 January 1921 | WIKI |
User:Mrawra
Hi, I’m Saad Mohammed Rawra from Brazil, IN, but South Bend was calling me back! I am an undergrad alum of the University of Notre Dame-GO IRISH! I attended the University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine in Biddeford, ME. I plan to further my Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine skills in Primary Care Sports Medicine and explore an early interest in international health. I am an avid ND & Colts football fan and Red Sox baseball fan and enjoy playing volleyball and tennis. My family lives in the Brazil area and are thrilled that I am back in Indiana. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2008 November 5
5 November 2008
* Mike Sullivan (football coach) ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Neil916 (Talk) 08:25, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
* Active Reception ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . WWGB (talk) 12:11, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
* Nuclear Fuel Complex ([ history] · [ last edit]) from -- T harikrish Talk 16:15, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
* Copyvio deleted from history. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:54, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* La Huerta ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Andreas (T) 18:09, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
* Vio deleted from history. Stored at La Huerta/deleted revisions 2008/10/13. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:48, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* Austin S. Norcross ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Already cleaned. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:44, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* Fernando sandoval ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
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* Medmenham club ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Already deleted and recreated as a redirect. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:38, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* Montarsiccio (Bedonia) ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Oatlands fc ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Rolf wittmer ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Incomplete assertion of permission. Blanked, instructed contributor how to verify, relisted. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:35, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* Vic Braden ([ history] · [ last edit]) from . Nomination completed by DumbBOT (talk) 00:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* Blanked and relisted under today. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:18, 13 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Philosophical Transactions - Volume 095.djvu/310
278 of their situation, which gives the latitude of the greatest curvature 45° 21'. A second measure gives 45° 41'.
Jupiter being now at a considerable altitude, I have viewed it alternately with Saturn. The figure of the two planets is decidedly different. The flattening at the poles and on the equator of Saturn is much greater than it is on Jupiter, but the curvature at the latitude of from 40 to 48° on Jupiter is less than on Saturn.
I repeated these alternate observations many times, and the oftener I compared the two planets together, the more striking was their different structure.
May 26. 10-feet reflector. With a parallel thread micrometer and a magnifying power of 400, I took two measures of the diameter of the points of greatest curvature. A mean of them gave 64,3 divisions = 11",98. After this, I took also two measures of the equatorial diameter, and a mean of them gave 60,5 divisions = 11",27; but the equatorial measures are probably too small.
To judge by a view of the planet, I should suppose the latitude of the greatest curvature to be less than 45 degrees. The eye will also distinguish the difference in the three diameters of Saturn. That which passes through the points of the greatest curvature is the largest; the equatorial the next, and the polar diameter is the smallest.
May 27. The evening being very favourable, I took again two measures of the diameter between the points of greatest curvature, a mean of which was 63,8 divisions = 11",88. Two measures of the equatorial diameter gave 61,3 divisions = 11",44. | WIKI |
Health
Various Therapeutic Properties of CBD Oil
Cannabidiol, more commonly known as CBD is known to be beneficial in dealing with various common ailments. CBD is one of the chemical compounds that is found in the hemp plant naturally. Many people debate whether or not CBD should be used, because of the misconception that CBD causes psychoactive effects and gets people high. However, what actually causes these effects is another chemical compound found in hemp plant, called THC. Since CBD products don’t contain THC, they are completely safe to use. Even marijuana paste that promises to have less than 0.3 percent of THC is safe to use. With that said, here are some of the therapeutic properties of CBD.
Pain Relieving Property
Traditionally, CBD has been used for relieving pain, and it has been in use since 2900 BC. While that had been a more traditional view of how CBD worked, various scientists started experimenting to find out how CBD can help in alleviating acute pain. Our brain has a system called the endocannabinoid system which monitors the reception of pain. CBD helps in pacifying pain by affecting these cannabinoid receptors. Now, pain is an accompanying effect of various health conditions, like arthritis and bowel troubles. You can use CBD to pacify pain associated with an array of conditions.
Depression and Stress Combating Properties
Depression is one of the most commonly occurring mental health disorders. Along with that, stress and anxiety are something that we all go through on a regular basis. These mental disorders can have a great impact on our day to day functioning as well as overall productivity, leaving people devastated. While people mostly use pharmaceutical drugs to deal with these disorders, these drugs might have certain side-effects. CBD can be an alternative to these drugs since it has natural properties to combat these mental conditions.
Acne Fighting Properties
Since CBD has anti-inflammatory properties, it can help in getting rid of acne. Acne is one of the most commonly occurring skin related issues. Many adolescents deal with low self-esteem and low-confidence resulting from acne on the face. Acne can be caused due to the excessive production of sebum and oil, which causes clogging of the pores. Acne has a visible inflammation, with a filling of a fluid-like substance. CBD can help in controlling the production of sebum and bringing down the inflammation. As a result, it becomes easy to deal with acne and getting rid of acne spots as well.
Neuroprotective Properties
CBD can have various neuroprotective properties that can be useful for people who have neurological disorders. As believed by researchers, it acts on the endocannabinoid system of the brain and regulates the production and secretion of various useful neurotransmitters and hormones. It can also help in getting rid of toxic substances and free radicals in the brain, as a result of which oxidative stress can be taken care of. The pain relieving and inflammation reducing properties of CBD also help in dealing with neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
With more research in the area of how beneficial CBD can be, the uses of CBD products would become a lot more common. Contrary to what people may believe, CBD is an amazing natural alternative to a number of allopathic remedies. Since CBD products don’t contain THC in them, you can also be sure that all you get is relief from pain and no feeling of high. Furthermore, it does not cause addiction or withdrawal effects as well. People can start having CBD when they feel the need and can stop taking it once they feel they don’t need it anymore.
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Talk:Nested stack automaton
Merge proposal
Should this page merge to Embedded pushdown automaton? Please comment here. Discussion started on behalf of. D O N D E groovily Talk to me 15:03, 16 April 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Archie Clark (basketball)
Archie L. Clark (born July 15, 1941) is an American former professional basketball player. At 6'2", he played guard for five National Basketball Association (NBA) teams.
Born in Conway, Arkansas, Clark grew up in the suburbs of Detroit and joined the United States Army after high school. While playing for an intramural basketball team at Andrews Air Force Base, he was discovered by a scout from University of Minnesota and soon accepted a scholarship to play for John Kundla. After a strong collegiate career, which included an All Big Ten selection as a senior, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the fourth round of the 1966 NBA draft.
In his 10-season (1966–1976) NBA career, Clark played for the Lakers, the Philadelphia 76ers, the Baltimore/Capital Bullets, the Seattle SuperSonics, and the Detroit Pistons. In 1968, Clark was part of the trade (together with Darrall Imhoff and Jerry Chambers) that brought Wilt Chamberlain to the Lakers. He averaged 16.3 career points and 4.8 career assists and appeared in two National Basketball Association All-Star Games; he also received All-NBA Second Team honors in 1972.
He was acquired along with a 1973 second-round selection (19th overall–Louie Nelson) and cash by the Baltimore Bullets from the 76ers for Kevin Loughery and Fred Carter on October 17, 1971. He refused to play for the Bullets under the same contract he had in Philadelphia. He rejoined the team nine days after the trade on October 26 while his contract was being renegotiated. He was dealt from the Washington Bullets to the SuperSonics for Dick Gibbs and a 1975 third-round pick (48th overall–Tom Kropp) on August 19, 1974.
Clark was one of the first effective practitioners of the crossover dribble, which inspired his nickname "Shake and Bake."
In 1987, Clark unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Ecorse, Michigan. In 1992, he co-founded the National Basketball Retired Players Association with Dave DeBusschere, Dave Bing, Dave Cowens and Oscar Robertson.
NBA
Source | WIKI |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 15.djvu/831
Fasten the lower strip of the two permanently to the disk, leaving the other strip free to move in an horizontal plane about the center of the disk. You will then have a stand like that represented in Fig. 3,
A being the stationary arm, and B the movable arm. Make the small disk of wood also into a table (see Fig. 4) by fastening in three sharp—feet screws will do. Place this smaller table centrally on the larger one, and it becomes the platform on which the prism is to stand. The next thing is to put the collimator and telescope in their places. For this purpose two small oblong blocks of wood are needed, each one having the upper part hollowed out into a groove to take—one the collimator, the other the telescope. (See Fig. 5, d, d.) The block carrying the collimator is placed on the stationary arm, and the one with the telescope on the arm which is free to move. Both are secured in their places by elastic bands. The blocks of wood must necessarily be of such a height that the axis of their respective tubes (collimator and telescope) may be brought into alignment (1) with
each other, and (2) with the prism. The instrument is then complete (see Fig. 5), where A is the collimator, B the prism, and C the telescope.
The manner of using the spectroscope has been described in such works as those I have already mentioned, and does not properly belong to an article such as this, but perhaps a few hints as to the adjustment of the instrument may not come amiss to the beginner. The | WIKI |
Thomas E. Sotheron-Estcourt
Captain Thomas Edmund Sotheron-Estcourt JP (27 April 1881 – 25 January 1958) was a British Army officer and a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1931 to 1935.
He married Anne Evelyn Anson on 10 October 1912.
Estcourt was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 7th (Militia) Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 11 November 1902. He served with the Royal Scots Greys in the First World War before he was retired from the Army in September 1919 following injuries he received on active service.
At the 1931 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontefract. He held the seat until the 1935 general election when it was taken by the Labour Party candidate Adam Hills. | WIKI |
Multiagent A* is a heuristic that takes the commonly used A* algorithm and applies it to Dec-POMDP’s. Let’s investigate how it works.
The Algorithm
def estimated_state_value(belief, action):
"""
The cornerstone of the A* algorithm
is to have an optimistic estimator. Because
an MDP assumes more information, it will
always have at least as much value as a
POMDP solution or a Dec-POMDP solution.
For this, I have chosen mdp, as it is
solveable in polynomial time.
"""
estimated_value = 0
for state, probability in belief:
estimated_value += probability \
* calculate_mdp(state, action)
return estimated_value
def select_top_policy(policies):
"""
Select the policy currently valued highest
This will be a mix of the actual policy value
based on the current policy tree, and the
estimated value of the policy based on an
optimistic estimator.
"""
# Policies is most likely implemented as a tree
# ...
return top_policy
def top_policy(
candidate,
best_policy,
best_value):
candidate_value = calculate_value(candidate)
if candidate_value > best_value:
return (candidate, candidate_value)
else:
return (best_policy, best_value)
def multi_agent_astar(max_layers=10,initial_belief):
best_policy_value = float("-inf")
best_policy = Nil
open_policies = actions_at_belief(initial_belief)
while len(open_policies) > 0:
candidate = select_top_policy(open_policies)
expanded_policies = expand_child_nodes(candidate)
(complete_policies, remaining_policies) = split_on_depth_of(
expanded_policies, max_layers)
for policy in complete_policies:
(best_policy, best_policy_value) = top_policy(
policy,
best_policy,
best_policy_value)
open_policies.insert(remaining_policies)
clean_out_policies_worse_than(
open_policies,
best_policy_value)
return best_policy
Analysis
The algorithm described above follows the traditional approach seen in any A*-inspired algorithm. It is optimal given an optimistic estimator, and it requires a defined start state. It is a top-down algorithm.
The part of this algorithm that makes it multi-agent is really just the implementation of the selector and the node expansion. This leverages a well known and extremely algorithmic tool.
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Chiropractors’ Tips for a Healthy Pregnancy
7
To ensure the healthiest pregnancy, make sure that you are eating well enough for you and your baby. Here is a list of some of the most important eating and diet tips as advised by chiropractors which you have to know when you are expecting.
Eating and Diet Tips
First, pregnant women should make an effort to ask their care provider or personal doctor about the issue of how much weight they should gain while they are in their period of pregnancy. Also, they should make sure to talk to their health care provider first before taking any supplements so as to avoid causing unwanted, unnecessary or detrimental side effects to their baby.
Pregnant women are also advised to prepare and ingest foods which are rich in folate, iron, calcium, and protein, or get these nutrients from available and credited prenatal supplements. Aside from these foods and supplements, they are expected to eat high-fiber foods regularly, as well and drink plenty of water so as to avoid constipation.
They should similarly never neglect to eat their breakfast every day, as it is indeed the most important meal of the day. Remember that your diet is very important if you consider breasfeeding your baby.
What to Abstain
Being pregnant and wanting to deliver that healthiest baby would also entail several sacrifices; particularly for women who have fondness for drinking alcohols. Hence, pregnant should make the effort to abstain from ingesting alcoholic drinks in the meantime. Aside from alcohol, pregnant women should also avoid eating raw fish, or those fish with high mercury content and soft cheeses.
Sleep and Stress
It is important that pregnant women get all the rest they can while they are waiting for their baby. The moment the baby comes out, it would be impossible for them to enjoy a long, uninterrupted sleep. It is advised that pregnant women get at least 8 hours of sleep every night and a couple hours of nap within the day.
Moreover, soon-to-be mothers should also avoid stress as this could affect the condition of their baby. Too much worry and anxiety may also cause miscarriage during the first few months of pregnancy. Thus, it is important for them to just relax and enjoy their pregnancy.
Pregnancy and Exercise
As for physical movements, pregnant women should target to be able to do at least 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days of the week. However, before undertaking any strenuous physical activity, they should first inquire with their health care provider if such would be advisable or otherwise.
Engage in Chiropractic Care
To minimize back pain, reduce labor pain, and shorten labor time, regular chiropractic care for pregnant women can help. It also promotes overall health and wellness which is not only beneficial to you but to your baby, too.
After delivering the baby, the responsibility and the need to continue eating well remains and it is imperative that this will facilitate the gradual return to one’s original healthy weight. Similarly, it is advisable that one should gradually get back to their usually routine of regular, moderate, physical activity. In all these, it is important that they be followed with consideration, discipline and most of all, with appreciation of the wonders and miracles of pregnancy, and its joys and inspiration. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Acheron Pulse
The Acheron Pulse is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Plot
The Doctor returns to The Drashani Empire, which is now under attack from alien invaders known as The Wrath.
Cast
* The Doctor – Colin Baker
* Tenebris – James Wilby
* Dukhin – Joseph Kloska
* Teesha – Jane Slavin
* Vincol – Chris Porter
* Boritz – John Banks
* Athrid – Chook Sibtain
* Olerik – Carol Noakes
* Empress Cheni – Kirsty Besterman
Continuity
* This is the second in a trilogy of stories that began with the Fifth Doctor in The Burning Prince and concludes with the Seventh Doctor in The Shadow Heart.
* Three decades have passed since the Doctor's last visit. | WIKI |
Gradle and the “Parent Pom”
Coincidentally, something came up I wanted to blog about, and it turns out it’s a follow up to the last blog post I wrote 9 months ago.
I’ve been increasingly unhappy with using “apply from” to apply a script plugin from a hard coded location. It’s no use if you’re offline, or not on the right VPN to access the file, or whatever. What I didn’t realise is that I could do apply all the same configuration defaults from a binary plugin. Then you get proper dependency management like you would with a Maven parent pom.
Here’s the code for the Plugin, which is just a standard gradle plugin
import org.gradle.api.Project
import org.gradle.api.Plugin
import org.apache.log4j.Logger
import org.gradle.api.GradleException
public final class CommonConfigPlugin implements Plugin<Project>{
@Override
void apply(Project project) {
addDependencies(project)
applyPlugins(project)
configureReleasePlugin(project)
}
private void configureReleasePlugin(Project project) {
if (!project.parent) {
project.createReleaseTag.dependsOn { project.allprojects.uploadArchives }
}
//do this for all projects
project.uploadArchives {
... config here ...
}
}
private void addDependencies(Project project) {
project.afterEvaluate {
project.dependencies.add("testCompile", "junit:junit:4.11")
project.dependencies.add("compile", "log4j:log4j:1.2.14")
}
}
private void applyPlugins(Project project) {
project.configure(project){
apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'maven'
}
//apply these to parent project only
if (!project.parent) {
project.configure(project){
apply plugin: 'sonar-runner'
apply plugin: 'release'
}
}
}
}
Then in the main build.gradle file for any project, I add the jar as a dependency and apply the plugin.
allprojects {
repositories {
mavenLocal()
maven { url "http://my.repo"}
}
apply plugin: "my-common-config"
}
buildscript {
repositories {
mavenLocal()
maven { url "http://my.repo"}
}
dependencies {
classpath 'uk.co.anorakgirl.gradle:my-common-config-plugin:1.0.0'
}
}
Any dependencies which the plugin has end up as dependencies in the buildscript of the project, meaning I don’t have to repeat the dependency on the release plugin, because my common config plugin already depends on it.
I’m going to put more in this common-config-plugin.
Gradle release ramblings
Over the last couple of weeks I had to get up to speed on gradle. We got inspired to try out Gradle at work following an great talk on Groovy for SysAdmins by Dan Woods at the Groovy & Grails eXchange 2013, during which Groovy and Gradle were used as a mechanism for building and deploying VMs.
First off, I seem to love Gradle! The build.gradle files are so slimline and readable. The challenges for the last couple of weeks were:
• How to manage releases in a similar way to maven
• How to include common elements in our builds (parent pom functionality
Gradle Release plugin
We decided to use the townsfolk gradle-release plugin as it seems to do pretty much what Maven release has been doing for us: check for snapshot dependencies, check version control is up to date, set version, build, tag, set next snapshot and commit.
To use the plugin, the dependency has to be made available to the build.gradle file itself. Standard dependencies are only available to the project being built. This is where the buildscript block comes in – dependencies declared here can be used in the groovy script itself.
buildscript{
repositories {
mavenCentral()
maven { url "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/groups/public"}
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.github.townsfolk:gradle-release:1.2'
}
}
The one thing that the plugin does not do is upload artifacts to a maven repository, but this is easy as Gradle allows you to declare dependencies between tasks. We add a dependency on the uploadArchives task, which comes from the maven plugin:
createReleaseTag.dependsOn uploadArchives
A couple of gotchas here. When using this with a multi-module project, you can only apply the plugin to the parent project, and all modules have to have the same version. We found initially that only the parent project was getting deployed to artifactory. The task dependency must be modified as follows for multi-module projects:
createReleaseTag.dependsOn allprojects.uploadArchives
Extracting common gradle elements to use across projects
The parent pom we use for maven projects has common plugin configurations, standard dependencies and so on. We decided to try and create a similar “parent” gradle file, to use across all our projects. The apply from syntax can be used to configure the project with an external script:
apply from: 'https://artifactory.url/../gradle-common-1.0.gradle'
Notice that the apply from is coming from a maven repository. We used the release plugin described above to release a common gradle file as a maven artifact, so this can managed following all our standard release practices too!
The common gradle file can contain all of the gradle build language, including applying other scripts. One thing it cannot contain is a buildscript block. To include common configuration in a buildscript block, you must create a second common file, containing a project.buildscript block:
project.buildscript {
repositories {
mavenCentral()
maven { url "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/groups/public"}
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.github.townsfolk:gradle-release:1.2'
}
}
Within the project, apply this script within the project buildscript block:
buildscript {
apply from: 'https://artifactory.url/../gradle-common-buildscript-1.0.gradle'
}
This seems like doubling up to me, but is how it appears to work. It means we have two common gradle files to apply separately.
One final gotcha I found when moving the release plugin configuration into our common gradle files – when I tried to configure the task dependency in the external script, I got this error when building multi-module projects:
Could not find property 'uploadArchives' on project ':submodule'.
This seems to be because the parent is trying to configure the dependency on the subproject uploadArchives task, but the subproject does not yet have that task. It must be to do with the order in which gradle applies external scripts? Anyway, the solution was to delay evaluation of the dependency (those clever gradle folk think of everything!). Putting the dependency in a closure does this (Found this at #3 here 12-new-things-i-learned-from-a-three-day-gradle-training. So in the main common gradle file I have these lines, which apply the release plugin to the parent project only and create a lazy dependency on the uploadArchives task for all modules.
if (!project.parent) {
apply plugin: 'release'
project.createReleaseTag.dependsOn { allprojects.uploadArchives }
}
And that’s it, infrastructure in place!
(Credit for setting a lot of this up goes to JCDubs but I was so excited when I started working with it I had to write up what we learned on the way. I’m looking forward to lots more XML free building…)
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sultan bin Nasser al-Suwaidi
Sultan bin Nasser al-Suwaidi (born in 1953) is an Emirati banker and former long-term governor of the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates.
Al-Suwaidi was born in 1953 in Abu Dhabi. He has a degree in business administration and finance. Al-Suwaidi started his career in 1978 in the finance and administration department of Abu Dhabi Investment Authority. In 1982, he joined Abu Dhabi Investment Company as general manager.
In 1984, he became general manager of Bahrain-based Gulf International Bank. In 1985, he was tasked with leading the three-bank merger to create Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank.
Al-Suwaidi was appointed governor of the Central Bank of the UAE in 1991. He introduced modernisation initiatives for banking processes and regulations. He was replaced as governor in September 2014. | WIKI |
Page:Rudyard Kipling's verse - Inclusive Edition 1885-1918.djvu/741
INCLUSIVE EDITION, 1885-1918 723
All except Bob Brygandync ami he was a yeoman good, He caught Slingawai round the waist and threw him on to the mud.
"I have taken plank and rope and nail, without the King his
leave,
After the custom of Portesmouth, but I will not suffer a thief. Nay, never lift up thy hand at me there's no clean hands
in the trade. Steal in measure," quo' Brygandyne. "There's measure in
all things made!"
"Gramercy, yeoman!" said our King. "Thy council liketh
me." And he pulled a whistle out of his neck and whistled whistles
three.
Then came my Lord of Arundel pricking across the down, And behind him the Mayor and Burgesses of merry Suthamp-
ton town.
They drew the naughty shipwrights up, with the kettles in
their hands, And bound them round the forecastle to wait the King's
commands. But "Sith ye have made your beds," said the King, "ye
needs must lie thereon. For the sake of your wives and little ones felawes, get you
gone!"
When they had beaten Slingawai, out of his own lips
Our King appointed Brygandyne to be Clerk of all his ships.
" Nay, never lift up thy hands to me there's no clean hands
in the trade. But steal in measure," said Harry our King. "There's
measure in all things made!" | WIKI |
Monday, August 13, 2012
How to get HTML5 content in SharePoint 2010
Suppose you want to use HTML5 elements on your SharePoint 2010 site? You create a web part that renders the content as HTML5, for example using <canvas> or <svg> to render dynamic graphical content. The graphics show up fine in FireFox, Chrome etc, but in Internet Explorer it doesn't appear at all, or it is rendered incorrectly. You double-check to ensure that you are using Internet Explorer 9 or later, which is HTML5 compatible. Still the problem persists. How do we solve this?
The reason the HTML5 content is not rendered correctly is that the master page contains an instruction to Internet Explorer to act as if it was version 8, even if you have version 9 (or later). So the solution is to change this instruction.
Open the v4.master master page for your site using a text editor or SharePoint Designer. In the <head> section, locate the line:
<head runat="server">
...
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=8"/>
...
</head>
and change it to
<head runat="server">
...
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/>
...
</head>
Now your HTML5 content will render correctly. This solution works both for SharePoint Online and your friendly neighborhood SharePoint.
1 comment:
1. Nice work! Looking forward to working more in HTML5 – this is a great tutorial. Do you have any plans to release a SharePoint Foundation version of this v5.master?
http://essayswriters.org/college/
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Stadion Maksimir
Maksimir Stadium (Stadion Maksimir, ) is a multi-use stadium in Zagreb, Croatia. Named after the surrounding neighbourhood of Maksimir, it is one of the largest stadiums in the country with a current seating capacity of 25,912 and a maximum possible capacity of 35,423. It is the home stadium of Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb and has been used since 1990 by the Croatia national football team for the majority of international competitions.
Built in 1912, the stadium underwent renovations in 1948, 1998, and 2011. Its facilities can be converted into a concert stage which has been used to host musical acts.
Maksimir Stadium has four stands: north, east, west, and south, with all seats seated, and no standing places for spectators in the stadium.
A major renovation of the stadium in June 2011 saw new seats installed, and a greater distance created between seats.
Due to the strong earthquake that struck Zagreb on March 22, 2020, the east stand has not been open to spectators.
The construction and the early years
With the rising popularity of the sport in Zagreb, the local football club HAŠK, which was one of the first multi-sports club in Croatia, decided to build a new stadium for their club. They bought the ground in the Svetice neighbourhood in Zagreb, which lies on the opposite side of the Maksimir Park, from the Archdiocese of Zagreb. HAŠK built a wooden stand with a capacity of 6,000, which was also the first ground with a proper stand in Zagreb at that time. The stadium was opened on 5 May 1912, and at the opening ceremony of the new stadium, HAŠK and their city rival, HŠK Građanski Zagreb, played several friendly matches to commemorate the opening. Due to the close relationship and alliance of HAŠK and HŠK Građanski Zagreb and the latter one playing at the Stadion Koturaška, which was in a poor state, Građanski also started playing their home matches at the new Stadium Maksimir.
On 26 May 1941, a representative of the Ustashe fascist government of the Independent State of Croatia addressed young Zagreb students at their meeting at the Maksimir Stadium, and at one point ordered the Serbian and Jewish students to be segregated, but the children disobeyed. Soon afterwards, in June 1941, rebel youths burned the stadium down. In 1977, a movie Operation Stadium was made to commemorate the segregation incident.
After World War II and the development
After World War II, Građanski got dissolved by the newly established communist regime of Yugoslavia and a new club, FD Dinamo Zagreb, inherited the clubs' colours, honours and the ground and is, therefore, the direct successor of HŠK Građanski Zagreb. When the UEFA Euro 1976 final tournament was held in Yugoslavia, Maksimir hosted the Netherlands v. Czechoslovakia semi-final match and the Netherlands v. Yugoslavia third place match. Maksimir was the central venue for the 1987 Summer Universiade hosted by the city of Zagreb.
In 1990, several events happened at Maksimir. On 13 May, the Dinamo Zagreb–Red Star Belgrade riot took place, an infamous riot involving Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade supporters. The last match of the Yugoslavia national football team was hosted at Maksimir on 3 June. On 17 October of the same year, Croatia played the United States in what was Croatia's first match in the modern era.
In modern times
In 1998, plans were made for a massive renovation, and the first phase started the same year. The old northern stand was demolished and a new one built within a year. This renovation increased Maksimir's seating capacity to 38,079. After 1992, for 16 years the Croatian football team had a proud unbeaten record at this stadium in any competitive match, however, on 10 September 2008 (two years after suffering a 2–0 defeat at the same venue) England became the first team to beat Croatia in Zagreb, winning 4–1, ending a thirty match undefeated streak.
In the summer of 2011, a little, but much needed "facelifting" was made on the stadium. All seats were replaced, a new drainage system, under-soil heating and automatic watering were installed along with a new turf, the athletic track was covered with blue artificial grass and all brick surfaces were covered in blue cloth.
2020 earthquake
The earthquake, which happened on the morning of 22 March 2020, damaged the structural stability of the stadium. After an inspection by a structural engineer, the Maksimir stadium was deemed "temporarily unusable". The eastern stand, which is also the biggest single stand by capacity, took the most damage and is awaiting the final decision following a detailed building inspection. While waiting, the club is allowed to host matches on the Maksimir stadium, but with the eastern stand being closed for viewers.
In August 2023, Maksimir was ranked the third ugliest football stadium in Europe according to research carried out by the Money agency based on reviews on platforms such as Google, TripAdvisor and Football Ground.
Capacity per sector
Four stands (8 sectors) contribute to the total seating capacity of 35,423: 25,912 with the East stand closed.
* North stand (up): 4,510
* North stand (down): 4,950
* North stand (VIP): 300
* West stand (up): 5,101
* West stand (down): 6,369
* West stand (VIP): 748
* East stand: 9,514 – temporarily closed due to earthquake damage
* South stand: 3,931
Concerts
The stadium has also been used as the venue for some big concerts, including:
* On 5 September 1990, David Bowie performed a sold-out concert as a part of his Sound+Vision Tour (1990).
* In 2000, Zlatan Stipišić Gibonni performed a concert in front of 32,000 people, promoting his album Judi, zviri i beštimje (2000).
* On 22 June 2005, Bijelo Dugme performed a reunion concert for a crowd of 70,000 people on their Tour 2005. (2005).
* On 17 June 2007, Marko Perković Thompson performed a concert for a crowd of 70,000 people as a part of his Bilo jednom u Hrvatskoj Tour (2007).
* On 9 and 10 August 2009, U2 performed two sold-out concerts for 124,012 people as a part of their U2 360° Tour (2009-2011).
* On 8 June 2011, Bon Jovi performed a concert for a crowd of 33,698 people as a part of their Bon Jovi Live Tour, which supports the band's sixth compilation album, The Greatest Hits. (2011).
* On 11 June 2012, Madonna was scheduled to perform a concert as a part of her MDNA Tour, but the concert was cancelled due to logistic reasons.
* On 23 May 2013, Depeche Mode was scheduled to perform a concert as a part of their Delta Machine Tour, but the concert was changed to the Arena Zagreb due to logistic reasons.
* On 13 August 2013, Robbie Williams performed a concert in front of 45,000 people, featuring Olly Murs as his opening act, as a part of Take the Crown Stadium Tour (2013).
Renovation plans
The 1998 renovations plans included lowering the pitch and adding seating where the current running track is, gaining 16,000 seats. The plans also included the addition of a modern roof structure. Maksimir was to have a capacity of 60,000 and was to be an exclusively football stadium. However, in the beginning of the 2000s, the renovations were suspended.
In 2008, the Zagreb city government presented two potential stadiums; Project Maksimir at the current location and Project Vulkan (Volcano), which was proposed for the Kajzerica neighbourhood. The two proposals were to go to a citizens vote, however, little progress was made.
Kajzerica Proposal
The design competition for the new stadium was won by architect Hrvoje Njirić in May 2008. The winning design, nicknamed "Blue Volcano" (Plavi vulkan), would have a capacity of 55,000 and would include a blue-coloured polycarbonate dome exterior and a cloud-like structure suspended above the stadium covered in photovoltaic panels.
The referendum about the proposal, which had originally been scheduled for June 2008, was postponed several times since and has not been held. In October 2012, the project was abandoned, to be briefly revived in 2013 with an eye to a possible UEFA Euro 2020 bid, and again in 2018, following Croatia's historic success in the World Cup.
Recent Plans
There were talks in 2018 that the stadium was going to be demolished and a new, state-of-the-art stadium would be built on the same location. In 2019, Dinamo Zagreb announced that it will demolish Maksimir and build a new stadium on its own, without the help of the Croatian Government, but needed confirmation from the governing body of Zagreb and its mayor, Milan Bandić. Shortly after, it was announced that Dinamo Zagreb and the City of Zagreb will enter a joint collaboration to build the new stadium. The new stadium was supposed to be built on the ground of the current Maksimir Stadium and have had a capacity of 30,000 spectators. The stadium would have had a garage, shopping centre, hotel and several fan corners. After the 2020 Zagreb earthquake, the talks were, once again, put on hold.
Between 1997 and 2015, a total of HRK 800 million (c. €108 million) has been spent renovating the stadium.
As of October 2022, Marko Milić of the Croatian government, has guaranteed that there will be a new Maksimir built with help of the government and the city of Zagreb.
In June 2023, the Mayor of Zagreb Tomislav Tomašević announced plans to reconstruct Stadion Kranjčevićeva, the second major stadium of Zagreb. The plans included the increase of the stadium capacity to 12,000 seats with a total remodelling of all four stands. At the unveiling of the plans, Tomašević said that the plan was for Dinamo Zagreb to leave Maksimir and play out of Kranjčevićeva on completion in 2025 so that the old stadium at Maksimir can be demolished and a new stadium built in its place.
In July 2023, the two major football stadiums in Croatia, Maksimir and Poljud were declared sports buildings of national interest by the Croatian Government. The decision was said to confirm the government's intention to construct a new stadium in Maksimir and complete significant renovations to Poljud.
In December 2023, the Croatian Government, the City of Zagreb, and the Zagreb Archdiocese reached a resolution on a land rights dispute that would allow the construction of a new stadium at the location of the current Maksimir Stadium to proceed. This was seen previously as one of the more difficult hurdles to overcome in relation to the stadium reconstruction process. | WIKI |
Aspen Group to Announce Fiscal 2018 3rd Quarter Results on Thursday, March 15th
NEW YORK, Aspen Group, Inc. (Nasdaq:ASPU), a post-secondary education company, will host a conference call to discuss its fiscal year 2018 third quarter (ending January 31, 2018) financial results and business outlook on Thursday, March 15, 2018, at 4:30 p.m. (ET). Aspen will issue a press release reporting results after the market closes on Thursday, March 15.
The conference call can be accessed by dialing toll-free (844) 452-6823 (U.S.) or (731) 256-5216 (international), passcode 6565836.
Subsequent to the call, a transcript of the audiocast will be available from the Company’s website at ir.aspen.edu . There will also be a 7 day dial-in replay which can be accessed by dialing toll-free (855) 859-2056 or (404) 537-3406 (international), passcode 6565836.
About Aspen Group, Inc.: (Nasdaq:ASPU)
Aspen Group, Inc. is a publicly held, for-profit post-secondary education company headquartered in New York, NY. It owns two accredited universities, Aspen University and United States University. Aspen Group’s vision is to make college affordable again in America.
Aspen University’s mission is to offer any motivated college-worthy student the opportunity to receive a high quality, responsibly priced distance-learning education for the purpose of achieving sustainable economic and social benefits for themselves and their families. Aspen University is dedicated to providing the highest quality education experiences taught by top-tier faculty - 54% of Aspen University’s faculty hold doctoral degrees. To learn more about Aspen University, visit www.aspen.edu .
United States University began its institutional history in 1997 as InterAmerican College in National City, CA. Its initial focus was the provision of affordable educational opportunities to working adults, Latinos, and educated immigrants to increase bilingual capacity in education and healthcare in Southern California. In 2010, the school was renamed to United States University and recently moved its campus into the heart of San Diego. United States University is regionally accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offering bachelor and master level degree programs in nursing, education, health science, and business & management. To learn more about United States University, visit www.usuniversity.edu .
Company Contact:
Aspen Group, Inc.
Michael Mathews, CEO
914-906-9159
Source:Aspen Group Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
~40% drop in performance when upgrading from 4.3 to 4.5
Description
In Akka we have some basic perf tests for our persistence library built on top of the cassandra driver.
We noticed a 40% drop off in write throughput when upgrading from 4.3 to 4.5.
I git bisected the driver to see when it was introduced and it was:
git bisect good
24757424b70b3e7bd889e94e8d1acf313ba70fec is the first bad commit
commit 24757424b70b3e7bd889e94e8d1acf313ba70fec
Author: olim7t <omichallat+github@gmail.com>
Date: Mon Feb 3 16:22:59 2020 -0800
JAVA-2637: Bump Netty to 4.1.45
I've also confirmed this by running with 4.5.0 and overridden netty to 4.1.39.Final
Environment
None
Pull Requests
None
Activity
Show:
Olivier Michallat
May 11, 2020, 5:02 PM
The fix is merged, last run to validate it on the Akka Persistence test:
I'll proceed to release 4.6.1.
Olivier Michallat
May 6, 2020, 1:17 AM
Upon further investigation, it's not obvious that Netty is to blame, at least not directly. The driver does its own message coalescing in an attempt to limit the number of I/O syscalls, see DefaultWriteCoalescer. If I replace the current implementation by a "no-op" one (flush after every write), 4.1.43 and 4.1.45 are back to the same order of magnitude.
It looks like something changed in the way the event loop handles scheduled tasks, and that doesn't play well with our coalescer implementation. I suspect this line in particular.
I should also mention that both examples are a bit contrived: executing synchronous requests in a loop means that the coalescer will only ever handle 1 write at at time, that doesn't give it a chance to do its job. If I parallelize the load across multiple client threads, the problem immediately goes away. A perf drop on a basic example is still a bad look though, I will keep investigating to see how we can adapt the coalescer code.
Olivier Michallat
May 5, 2020, 6:02 PM
We have a reproduction in pure Java, see this cassandra-user ML thread.
I'm raising the priority on this, we'll most likely release a patch version in the next few days to downgrade Netty to 4.1.43. We'll also raise an issue with the Netty project.
Alex Dutra
April 13, 2020, 8:44 AM
any news on this front? We are trying to narrow down the scope of code involved in the regression, but we could use your help (see Olivier’s last comment).
Olivier Michallat
March 10, 2020, 11:08 PM
I will log a Netty issue for this, but I'm trying to come up with a simpler reproducing case.
Ideally I'd like something that involves just the driver, not Akka persistence. But the fact is that just executing queries does not easily reproduce the issue, I think it might have to do with the amount of work done in future callbacks.
I'm not very familiar with Akka, could you help me understand the query execution model? From what I've gathered so far:
• in CassandraLoadTypedSpec, the main iteration is in testThroughput:
• the processor behavior is implemented (mocked?) in object Processor, the message ends up in this method:
• from there is gets murky, but I see methods like CassandraJournal.writeMessages which is probably what ends up executing the query.
Fixed
Assignee
Olivier Michallat
Reporter
Christopher Batey
Reproduced in
4.5.0
4.6.0
4.5.1
Affects versions
Fix versions | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mpi communications, Computer Engineering
We have to use 3 MPI communications: Plz the code in C++
1. MPI_Scatter
2. MPI_Alltoall
3. MPI_Gather
**The length of the array will be determined by the user First we create an array in the master processors and fill it by random numbers.
Then we divide the the length of the array by the number of the slave processors.
In each slave processor we create to buckets(arrays).
The first one is n/p (n= length of big array, p= number of processor) and the second array is n length.
Then we use MPI_Scatter to send each part of the big array to each first bucket of slave processor.
Then we use any sort functions to sort the the buckets.
Then we divide the small buckets by number of slave processors.
After that we use MPI_Alltoall to send all the first parts of small buckets to array 2 in processor 1 and so on for all second parts to array 2 in processor 2.
Posted Date: 2/23/2013 2:37:46 AM | Location : United States
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Obstructive sleep apnea and the prevalence and incidence of cancer
Kendzerska T, Leung RS, Hawker G, Tomlinson G, Gershon AS. CMAJ. 2014; 186(13):985-92. Epub 2014 Aug 5.
Background — A link between obstructive sleep apnea and cancer development or progression has been suggested, possibly through chronic hypoxemia, but supporting evidence is limited. The authors examined the association between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and prevalent and incident cancer, controlling for known risk factors for cancer development.
Methods — The authors included all adults referred with possible obstructive sleep apnea who underwent a first diagnostic sleep study at a single large academic hospital between 1994 and 2010. We linked patient data with data from Ontario health administrative databases from 1991 to 2013. Cancer diagnosis was derived from the Ontario Cancer Registry. They assessed the cross-sectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and prevalent cancer at the time of the sleep study (baseline) using logistic regression analysis. Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between obstructive sleep apnea and incident cancer among patients free of cancer at baseline.
Results — Of 10 149 patients who underwent a sleep study, 520 (5.1%) had a cancer diagnosis at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 7.8 years, 627 (6.5%) of the 9629 patients who were free of cancer at baseline had incident cancer. In multivariable regression models, the severity of sleep apnea was not significantly associated with either prevalent or incident cancer after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index and smoking status at baseline (apnea-hypopnea index > 30 v. < 5: adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-1.30, for prevalent cancer, and adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% CI 0.80-1.31, for incident cancer; sleep time spent with oxygen saturation < 90%, per 10-minute increase: adjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03, for prevalent cancer, and adjusted HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.02, for incident cancer).
Interpretation — In a large cohort, the severity of obstructive sleep apnea was not independently associated with either prevalent or incident cancer. Additional studies are needed to elucidate whether there is an independent association with specific types of cancer.
Keywords: Cancer
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
VPN- Service Dedicated For Highly secured Communication
Virtual Private Network
Today’s Internet era has made the world a small town and as the organization grown, they spread their footprint globally across the world. To pace up with the growing world, and to streamline the whole process, a highly secured, fast and reliable mean of communication is mandatory to get the best possible result. Also the far flung employees need a highly flexible and equally secured means of communication to connect with their network from remote location.
VPN
The most popular technology to fulfill this need is VPN (Virtual Private Network). VPN is basically highly secured private networks that make use of public network (Mostly Internet) to connect globally or remote areas. The VPN connection is basically based on “Virtual connection” routed. The main advantages of VPN service is that it offer tremendous security to the business, as it is very difficult to read the encrypted data.
VPN 3
Today, the Internet world is developing at a fast pace and it is more accessible than ever before. Internet Service Provider (ISPs) is growing faster and provides highly flexible service at very low cost. To leverage this tremendous benefit, most companies have replaced tradition leased line with advance internet Connection which provides high performance and security.
Basically, VPN support these three modes of uses:
• LAN -to -LAN interconnection
• Remote Connection
• Communication within an intranet
Basic Technology behind VPNs
There are various protocols that have been popular behind VPN development:
• PPTPVPN
• SOCKS
• IPsec
These protocols are responsible for encryption and secure data transfer in VPNs. A well authentication allows VPN Clients and servers to maintain a perfect communication and identity the people connected to network.
The Future of VPN
VPN 2
Virtual private network has gain tremendous popularity as its offer advantages to save huge money and offers incredible security of data and information. With the advancement in technology and increases influence of Internet, VPN is expected to grow continually in recent years and more and more advancement is expected in such field. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Joseph Tyree GLANTON, Jr. et al. v. Myrtle LORD et al.
Court of Appeals of Tennessee, at Nashville.
Nov. 3, 2003 Session.
Feb. 15, 2005.
Permission to Appeal Denied by Supreme Court Oct. 24, 2005.
Tusca R.S. Alexis, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Joseph Tyree Glanton, Jr. a/k/a Songoleke Kotunu, Luvell L. Glanton, and Jerry Glanton.
Frank M. Fly, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellees, Myrtle Lord, William Glanton, Jr., Simon L. Glanton, Bob-bine Wade, Bobby Smith, and James A. Glanton.
OPINION
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., P.J., M.S.,
delivered the opinion of the court,
in which WILLIAM B. CAIN and PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JJ., joined.
This consolidated appeal involves an in-tra-family dispute over ancestral property. Three brothers filed two separate suits in the Chancery Court for Rutherford County to sell and partition real property that had been owned by them deceased uncle and grandfather. They challenged the right of three of their cousins to inherit because they were non-marital children and their paternity had not been judicially established before their father’s death. The trial court rejected the brothers’ arguments and granted summary judgments in favor of the cousins in both cases. The brothers appealed both judgments, and this court consolidated the appeals. We affirm the summary judgments in favor of the cousins in both cases and deny the cousins’ request for frivolous appeal damages.
I.
This appeal involves three generations of the Glanton family. The first generation is represented by Luther T. Glanton, Sr. (“Grandfather Luther”). The second generation is comprised of Grandfather Luther’s nine children, including Joseph T. Glanton, Sr., Robert Lee Glanton, Myrtle Glanton Lord (“Aunt Myrtle”), Simon H. Glanton (“Uncle Simon”), and James A. Glanton (“Uncle James”). The third generation consists of Grandfather Luther’s many grandchildren, in particular the children of Joseph T. Glanton, Sr. and Robert Lee Glanton. In the two chancery court cases giving rise to this consolidated appeal, Joseph T. Glanton, Sr.’s three children — Luvell L. Glanton, Joseph T. Glan-ton, Jr. a/k/a Songoleke Kotunu, and Jerry Glanton (collectively, the “Plaintiff Cousins”) — have challenged the right of Robert Lee Glanton’s three children — Bobby Glanton Smith, Bobbine Glanton Wade, and Simon L. Glanton (collectively, the “Disputed Hems”) — to inherit by intestate succession.
Grandfather Luther died intestate on April 11,1961. His estate was not submitted to probate at the time of his death, and for the next forty years, his home and the surrounding land were managed by Aunt Myrtle. Aunt Myrtle rented out the property for much of that time and used the proceeds to pay for family reunions, to bury one of her brothers, and to maintain the property. Aunt Myrtle distributed the remainder of the rental proceeds to various members of the Glanton family.
Uncle Simon died intestate on April 8, 2001. At the time of his death, he had substantial holdings, including five residential rental properties, a grocery store, substantial personal property, and over $300,000 in several bank accounts. However, he left no surviving spouse or children, and both of his parents predeceased him. Under the Tennessee laws of intestate succession, all of his property would pass to the two siblings who survived him — Aunt Myrtle and Uncle James — and to the children of his siblings who predeceased him. His estate was submitted to probate on April 16, 2001, and a statutory Notice to Creditors was published in a local newspaper on May 3 and 10, 2001.
After Uncle Simon died, the Plaintiff Cousins considered filing suit to obtain a determination of their legal rights in the real property of both Uncle Simon and Grandfather Luther. Specifically, the Plaintiff Cousins wanted to challenge the Disputed Heirs’ right to inherit from the decedents by intestate succession because their father, Robert Lee Glanton, had not been married to their mothers, and because their paternity had not been adjudicated prior to Robert Lee Glanton’s death. Robert Lee Glanton died in an accident in 1960 while the Disputed Heirs were still young children. Although he did not marry the Disputed Heirs’ mothers, he acknowledged the Disputed Heirs as his children, and the entire Glanton family treated the Disputed Heirs as his children for the next forty-one years.
The Plaintiff Cousins 'filed two complaints in the Chancery Court for Rutherford County on May 10 and December 12, 2001 seeking a sale and partition of the real property of Uncle Simon and Grandfather Luther, respectively, and a determination of the inheritance rights of the decedents’ putative heirs. The Plaintiff Cousins named all of Uncle Simon and Grandfather Luther’s putative heirs — including the Disputed Heirs — as defendants in the two cases. In both complaints, the Plaintiff Cousins specifically stated that the Disputed Heirs “claim to be children of Robert Lee Glanton, deceased, and thus heirs of’ Uncle Simon and Grandfather Luther. In the May 16, 2001 and January 15, 2002 answers to the two complaints, the Disputed Heirs admitted that they claimed to be Robert Lee Glanton’s biological children and that they were thus entitled to inherit from the decedents by intestate succession.
Both sides filed motions for summary judgment in the two cases. The Disputed Heirs argued that DNA testing performed after Uncle Simon’s death conclusively established that they were in fact the biological children of Robert Lee Glanton and that they were thus entitled to inherit from both Uncle Simon and Grandfather Luther by intestate succession. The Plaintiff Cousins countered that even if the Disputed Heirs were Robert Lee Glanton’s biological children, they were still precluded from inheriting from the decedents by intestate succession. They asserted that the Disputed Heirs could not inherit from Uncle Simon because they failed to assert and prove their paternity and corresponding right to inherit within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against Uncle Simon’s estate as required by the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d 803 (Tenn.1996). The Plaintiff Cousins argued that the Disputed Heirs could not inherit from Grandfather Luther because he had died over forty years earlier and, therefore, that the ten-year limitation on actions contained in Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) (2000) barred their claim.
The trial court rejected the Plaintiff Cousins’ arguments and granted summary judgments in favor of the Disputed Heirs in both cases. In a July 19, 2002 order in the case involving Uncle Simon’s real property, the trial court found (1) that the DNA results conclusively established that the Disputed Heirs are the biological children of Robert Lee Glanton; (2) that the Disputed Heirs asserted their paternity and corresponding right to inherit from Uncle Simon in the answer to the complaint initiating the first chancery court suit; (3) that the Disputed Heirs had therefore asserted their right to inherit from Uncle Simon within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against his estate; and (4) that the Disputed Heirs were not required to prove their paternity within the time for creditors to file claims against the estate in order to inherit by intestate succession. In its December 4, 2002 order in the case involving Grandfather Luther’s real property, the trial court found (1) that Grandfather Luther’s estate had never been probated; (2) that there is no limitation on the time for submitting an estate to probate; (3) that creditors could thus still file claims against Grandfather Luther if and when his estate is ever submitted to probate; and (4) that Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) did not prevent the Disputed Heirs from asserting and proving their paternity and corresponding right to inherit from Grandfather Luther because creditors could still file claims against his estate.
The Plaintiff Cousins appealed the summary judgments in favor of the Disputed Heirs. On January 29, 2003, we granted a request to consolidate the appeals. On October 28, 2003, the attorney for the Disputed Heirs filed a motion and brief seeking an award of damages against the Plaintiff Cousins for filing a frivolous appeal in accordance with Tenn.Code Ann. § 27-1-122 (2000).
II.
The Plaintiff Cousins raise a hodgepodge of issues in their briefs on appeal, most of which are wholly without merit. However, they press three arguments which require discussion. First, relying on Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d 803 (Tenn.1996), they argue that the Disputed Heirs’ answer admitting that they claimed to be Robert Lee Glanton’s biological children and thus entitled to inherit from Uncle Simon by intestate succession was legally insufficient to assert their claim. Second, they argue that even if the answer was sufficient to assert the claim, the Disputed Heirs were also required to prove their paternity within the time for creditors to file claims against Uncle Simon’s estate under this court’s decision in Scaife v. Roberson, No. E2002-02666-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 1453061 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar.21, 2003) (No Tenn. R.App. P. 11 application filed) and that they failed to do so. Third, they argue that the ten-year statute of limitations in Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) bars the Disputed Heirs from inheriting from Grandfather Luther by intestate succession because Grandfather Luther died over forty years before the suit for a sale and partition of his real property was filed. We will address each of these arguments in turn. Because all three arguments present questions of law, we will review the trial court’s determinations de novo with no presumption of correctness. Kilgore v. NHC Healthcare, 134 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tenn.2004).
III.
The ManneR in Which the Disputed Heirs Asserted Their Paternity and Corresponding Right to Inherit From Their Uncle
The Plaintiff Cousins assert that the trial court erred by holding that the Disputed Heirs had effectively asserted their paternity and corresponding right to inherit from Uncle Simon by intestate succession. They insist that the Disputed Heirs’ answer to their complaint admitting that they were claiming a right to inherit from Uncle Simon because they were Robert Lee Glanton’s children was not the sort of claim envisioned by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Bilbrey v. Smithers. This argument exalts form over substance.
A.
Non-marital children may inherit by intestate succession from or through their biological father if their “paternity is established by an adjudication before the death of the father or is established thereafter by clear and convincing proof.” Tenn.Code Ann. § 31-2-105(a)(2)(B) (2001). Over twenty-five years ago, the Tennessee Supreme Court, interpreting the predecessor to Tenn.Code Ann. § 31-2-105, held that where the adjudication of paternity does not occur until after the father’s death, non-marital children may inherit by intestate succession from or through their father only “where rights of inheritance have not finally vested” in the other heirs. Allen v. Harvey, 568 S.W.2d 829, 835 (Tenn.1978).
Six years later, the Tennessee Supreme Court retreated from Allen v. Harvey when it allowed a non-marital child to inherit by intestate succession from his biological father even though he did not assert his right to inherit until three and one-half years after his father’s death. Marshall v. Marshall, 670 S.W.2d 213 (Tenn.1984). As the Court itself later noted, permitting Mr. Marshall to assert his paternity claim “obviously disturbed vested property rights.” Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 806.
The Court also noted that in the eighteen years since its Allen v. Harvey decision, neither it nor the Tennessee General Assembly had “addressed directly the time within which a child born out of wedlock must assert the right to inherit by virtue of his relationship with his natural father.” Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 806-07. Accordingly, the Court set about to determine how Allen v. Harvey’s temporal limitation on intestate succession claims by non-marital children should be applied in practice. The Court held that in the absence of a statute addressing the issue, non-marital children seeking to inherit from or through their biological father by intestate succession “must assert the right to inherit within the time allowed creditors to assert a claim against the estate of the person who was the owner of the property in which an interest is claimed.” Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808.
While conceding that its decision was “somewhat arbitrary,” the Court explained that it chose this limitations period because (1) it could be implemented by reference to familiar and well defined rules, (2) it provided the constitutionally mandated notice to claimants, (3) it protected the rights of creditors and subsequent property owners, (4) it posed no threat to “rights of inheritance” beyond those already posed by creditors and taxing authorities, and (5) it retained the current degree of dependability in the titles to intestate property. Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808. The Court reiterated its holding as follows:
In summary, a child born out of wedlock, whose paternity was not adjudicated prior to the death of the father, can establish the right to inherit by intestate succession by asserting that right against the estate of the deceased owner of the property in which an interest is claimed within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against the estate and by establishing paternity by clear and convincing proof.
Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808.
B.
The Plaintiff Cousins argue that Bilbrey v. Smithers bars the Disputed Heirs from inheriting from Uncle Simon by intestate succession. They note that the deadline for creditors to file claims against Uncle Simon’s estate was September 3, 2001, four months from the date of the first publication of the Notice to Creditors, and they argue that the Disputed Heirs failed to “assert the right to inherit” within that time. The Disputed Heirs counter that their claim of paternity and a corresponding right to inherit from Uncle Simon was actually raised and put at issue in the pleadings in this case. They point out that the Plaintiff Cousins’ May 10, 2001 complaint and their May 16, 2001 answer, both filed long before the September 3, 2001 deadline for creditors’ claims, raised their paternity claim and corresponding inheritance claim. The Plaintiff Cousins respond that the Disputed Heirs’ answer to their complaint is insufficient because Bilbrey v. Smithers requires the claim to be made in a separate complaint or counterclaim.
Neither Bilbrey v. Smithers nor its progeny require that a non-marital child’s assertion of paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by intestate succession must be made in a separate complaint or a counterclaim in order to be valid. While it is true that the non-marital child in Bilbrey v. Smithers asserted his claim in a complaint instituting a lawsuit rather than in an answer to a complaint, there is no suggestion in Bilbrey v. Smithers that this procedural detail affected the outcome of the case. Bilbrey v. Smithers requires only that non-marital children “assert the right to inherit” in some proceeding leading to a “judicial determination” of paternity. Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807-08. It does not require that the assertion be made in a particular proceeding or that it be made in any particular form.
In short, we do not construe Bilbrey v. Smithers to impose a formalistic pleading requirement that would force non-marital children to file a separate action or a counterclaim when the issue has already been raised in the complaint instituting the lawsuit and the issue has been joined in an answer filed by the non-marital children seeking to inherit. Thus, it is irrelevant that the Disputed Heirs raised the issue by way of an answer rather than by filing a separate complaint or a counterclaim. Bilbrey v. Smithers requires only that a non-marital child seeking to inherit by intestate succession from or through his or her father raise the issue of paternity and a corresponding right to inherit in some proceeding which affords the other putative heirs notice and an opportunity to be heard on the issue. Because the Disputed Heirs met this requirement, we reject the Plaintiff Cousins’ argument that Bilbrey v. Smithers bars their claim to inherit from Uncle Simon.
IV.
The Timeliness op the Establishment op the Disputed Heies’ Pateenity
The Plaintiff Cousins next argue that even if the Disputed Heirs have asserted their claim in a timely manner, they are still precluded from inheriting from Uncle Simon by intestate succession because their paternity was not judicially established in a timely manner. Relying on Scaife v. Roberson, No. E2002-02666-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 1453061 (Tenn.Ct. App. Mar.21, 2003) (No Tenn. R.App. P. 11 application filed), they assert that non-marital children must have their paternity judicially established within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against a decedent’s estate in order to be entitled to inherit by intestate succession.
There is no factual question here. The Disputed Heirs did not obtain a judicial determination of their paternity until July 19, 2002 when the trial court issued its order granting their motion for summary judgment and declaring that they were the biological children of Robert Lee Glanton. This declaration came approximately ten months after September 3, 2001, the deadline for creditors to file claims against Uncle Simon’s estate. Thus, if we were to apply the holding of Scaife v. Roberson to this case, the claims of the Disputed Heirs would be barred. However, we respectfully decline to follow Scaife v. Roberson.
We find three fundamental flaws in the reasoning of Scaife v. Roberson. First, we do not read Bilbrey v. Smithers to require the result reached in the case. The only question before the Tennessee Supreme Court in Bilbrey v. Smithers was “the time within which a child born out of wedlock must assert the right to inherit by virtue of his relationship with his natural father.” Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 806-07 (emphasis added). The Court did not consider, let alone decide, how long a non-marital child has to prove paternity once a timely claim has been filed. Judicial opinions are authority only for the points actually considered and decided. Shousha v. Matthews Drivurself Serv., Inc., 210 Tenn. 384, 390, 358 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tenn.1962) (“[i]t is familiar law that a decision is authority for the point or points decided, and nothing more”); People v. Gilbert, 1 Cal.3d 475, 82 Cal.Rptr. 724, 462 P.2d 580, 585 n. 7 (1969) (“[i]t is axiomatic that cases are not authority for propositions not considered”). Thus, the decision in Bilbrey v. Smithers did not compel the holding of Scaife v. Roberson.
Second, requiring non-marital children not only to assert their paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by intestate succession but also to prove this assertion within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against the decedent’s estate would be inconsistent with the practice followed with respect to actual creditors of an intestate estate, which is the touchstone of Bilbrey v. Smithers. Tenn.Code Ann. § 30-2-306(c) requires creditors to file claims against a deceased’s estate within four months of the first publication of the Notice to Creditors; however, there is no statutory deadline for resolving creditors’ claims. In light of the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision to equate the claims of non-marital children with creditors’ claims, we perceive no reason why the timetable for the disposition of these claims should differ.
Tenn.Code Ann. § 30-2-314(a) (2001) provides that the personal representative or any person interested in the estate as a creditor, distributee, heir, or otherwise has thirty days from the expiration of the deadline for creditors’ claims to file exceptions to any such claims. If any party filing an exception demands a jury trial, Tenn.Code Ann. § 30-2-314(d)(3) requires the probate court clerk to certify the file to the circuit court, and “[ajfter the matter has been certified to the circuit court for trial, it shall be proceeded within [sic] that court as in any other law case.” In such cases, an heir’s inheritance rights may not “finally ves[t]” until long after the expiration of the initial deadline for creditors to file claims against the estate. Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807. Thus, as with actual creditors, as long as a non-marital child asserts paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by intestate succession by the statutory deadline for creditors to file claims against the decedent’s estate, the fact that the judicial process establishing paternity extends past that deadline will have no bearing on the viability of the non-marital child’s claim.
The third flaw in the reasoning of Scaife v. Roberson is that it is unreasonable to expect that non-marital children who have not established paternity before their biological father’s death will be able to obtain an actual adjudication of paternity within the relatively short deadlines applicable to the filing of creditors’ claims against a decedent’s estate. Given the trial courts’ often crowded dockets, the parties’ right to discovery under the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, and the time necessary to obtain DNA testing, it is unrealistic to think that non-marital children seeking to inherit by intestate succession will be able to secure an actual adjudication of paternity within the four months following the first publication of the Notice to Creditors in every or even a majority of the cases. Thus, the imposition of such a requirement would, in many cases, essentially undermine the statutory command that non-marital children be allowed to inherit by intestate succession from or through their biological father if paternity is established by an adjudication before the father’s death “or is established thereafter by clear and convincing proof.” Tenn.Code Ann. § 31-2-105(a)(2)(B) (emphasis added). We do not believe the Tennessee Supreme Court intended such a result with its decision in Bilbrey v. Smithers.
For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully decline to follow the Scaife v. Roberson decision. As long as a non-marital child asserts his or her paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by intestate succession within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against the decedent’s estate, the claim will not be barred under Bilbrey v. Smithers even though the actual adjudication of paternity may not take place for some time. This delay in the final vesting of the rights of inheritance in the other heirs of the decedent is consistent with the delay occasioned by the filing of claims by actual creditors. Thus, we reject the Plaintiff Cousins’ argument that the Disputed Heirs cannot inherit from Uncle Simon by intestate succession because they failed to establish their paternity within the time for creditors to file claims against his estate.
V.
The Timeliness of the Disputed Heirs’ Claim to Their Grandfather’s Estate
Finally, the Plaintiff Cousins assert that the trial court erred by concluding that the Disputed Heirs’ claim to Grandfather Luther’s property was not barred by the ten-year statute of limitations in Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3). They insist that the claim is barred because Grandfather Luther died in 1961 and the Disputed Heirs did not file their claim until 2001. We have concluded that the trial court correctly decided that the Disputed Heirs’ claim was not time-barred because Grandfather Luther’s estate had never been probated and, therefore, the time for creditors to file claims against his estate had not yet expired.
The ten-year statute of limitations in Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) is essentially a “catch-all” statute of limitations applicable to all causes of action for which the law does not provide a more specific statute of limitations. In re Estate of Overton, No. 03A01-9701-PB-00025, 1997 WL 269473, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. May 21, 1997) (No Tenn. R.App. P. 11 application filed). Thus, in order to determine whether Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) bars the claim of the Disputed Heirs in this case, we must first determine whether the law expressly provides a more specific limitations period for such a claim. We have concluded that it does.
The Tennessee Supreme Court has directly addressed the question of “the time within which a child born out of wedlock must assert the right to inherit by virtue of his relationship with his natural father.” Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 806-07. The Court held that
a child born out of wedlock, whose paternity was not adjudicated prior to the death of the father, can establish the right to inherit by intestate succession by asserting that right against the estate of the deceased owner of the property in which an interest is claimed within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against the estate.
Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808. The statutes governing the assertion of creditors’ claims against a decedent provide specific limitations on the time within which such claims must be brought. Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 30-2-306, 30-2-307, 30-2-310 (2001). Because Tennessee law expressly provides a specific limitation on claims such as the one raised by the Disputed Heirs, Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) does not apply to their claim.
Having ruled out the application of Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) to this case, it remains to be decided when the applicable statutes of limitation began to run with regard to the Disputed Heirs’ claim and whether the limitations period has expired. The trial court determined that the statutes of limitation applicable to the Disputed Heirs’ assertion of their paternity and corresponding right to inherit from Grandfather Luther by intestate succession had not yet started to run. We agree.
The statutes of limitation applicable to creditors’ claims — and thus to a non-marital child’s claim of paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by intestate succession — do not begin to run until after a decedent’s estate is submitted to probate and a statutory Notice to Creditors is published or posted. Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 30-2-306, 30-2-307, 30-2-310; Brady v. Smith, 56 S.W.3d 523, 526 (Tenn.Ct.App.2001); Estate of Divinny v. Wheeler Bonding Co., No. M1999-00678-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 337584, at *2-3 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar.31, 2000), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 4, 2000). As' a result, until a probate estate is opened, neither creditors’ claims nor assertions by non-marital children of a right to inherit by intestate succession are barred by the applicable statutes of limitation. Moreover, under Tennessee law, there is no limit on the time for submitting an estate to probate. 1 Jack W. Robinson, SR. & Jeff Mobley, Pritchard on the Law of Wills and Administration of Estates § 35, at 56 (5th ed.1994); In re Estate of Overton, 1997 WL 269473, at *1-2. Thus, Grandfather Luther’s estate could still be probated even at this late date, and creditors would then be able to file claims against the estate. Accordingly, under Bilbrey v. Smithers, the claim of the Disputed Heirs to inherit from Grandfather Luther by intestate succession is not yet barred by any applicable statute of limitations.
The Plaintiff Cousins contend that this legal analysis is inconsistent with Brady v. Smith. In that case, the decedent, who had never been married, died intestate in 1992. His estate was never administered. Four years later, the decedent’s two sisters filed a complaint seeking a sale and partition of the decedent’s real property. One year later, a guardian ad litem appointed by the court to represent the interests of the decedent’s “unborn and unknown heirs” filed an answer stating that two individuals had approached him claiming to be the biological children of the decedent. These two individuals later petitioned to intervene in the case and sought an adjudication of their paternity and their right to inherit from the decedent. They subsequently proved through DNA testing that the decedent was their biological father.
The decedent’s sisters argued that the non-marital children’s claim was time-barred because the applicable statute of limitations was one year from the date of the decedent’s death under Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 30-2-306, 30-2-307, and 30-2-310, and the non-marital children had not asserted their claim within that time. The non-marital children responded that their claim was not time-barred because the applicable statute of limitations was ten years under TenmCode Ann. § 28-3-110(3), and they had asserted their paternity and right to inherit by intestate succession within that time. The trial court accepted the non-marital children’s argument that Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3)’s ten-year statute of limitations governed their claim, and the Eastern Section of this court affirmed the trial court’s decision. Brady v. Smith, 56 S.W.3d at 525-27.
In Brady v. Smith, the Eastern Section had no reason to analyze the applicability of Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) to the claims of non-marital children filed more than ten years after the decedent’s death. The disputed claim in that case had been filed within ten years of the decedent’s death, and the parties had agreed that if the one-year statutes of limitation in Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 30-2-306, 30-2-307, and 30-2-310 did not apply, then the ten-year statute of limitations in Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) did. Had the Eastern Section been confronted squarely with the question whether Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) bars intestate succession claims by non-marital children asserted more than ten years from the date of the decedent’s death where the decedent’s estate was never submitted to probate, the Eastern Section might well have concluded — as we have — that Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) does not apply to such claims in light of the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in Bilbrey v. Smithers and the statutes setting specific limitations periods for the filing of creditors’ claims against a decedent’s estate.
While our approach may differ somewhat from the approach taken by the Eastern Section in Brady v. Smith, our analysis is fully consistent with the result reached in that case. As explained above, it is only after the decedent’s estate has been submitted to probate that the limitation on intestate succession claims by non-marital children contained in Bilbrey v. Smithers begins to run. Thus, under our analysis, the non-marital children in Brady v. Smith would have been free to pursue their intestate succession claim because the decedent’s estate had never been administered, and so the limitation on the non-marital children’s claim had not yet begun to run. The only difference between our approach and that of the Eastern Section is that the Eastern Section relied on Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110 to reach this result, while under our analysis, reliance on Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110 would have been unnecessary.
VI.
FRivolous Appeal Damages Undee Tenn.Code Ann. § 27-1-122
The Disputed Heirs, asserting that this appeal is ftivolous, have requested this court to require the Plaintiff Cousins to pay for the legal expenses they incurred on this appeal. Parties should not be forced to bear the cost and vexation of baseless appeals. Davis v. Gulf Ins. Group, 546 S.W.2d 583, 586 (Tenn.1977); Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 66-67 (Tenn.Ct.App.2003). Accordingly, in 1975, the General Assembly enacted Tenn.Code Ann. § 27-1-122 to permit appellate courts to award damages against parties whose appeals are frivolous or are brought solely for the purpose of delay. A frivolous appeal is an appeal that is so devoid of merit that it has no reasonable chance of succeeding. Combustion Eng’g, Inc. v. Kennedy, 562 S.W.2d 202, 205 (Tenn.1978); Wakefield v. Longmire, 54 S.W.3d 300, 304 (Tenn.Ct.App.2001). Determining whether to award these damages is a discretionary decision. Banks v. St. Francis Hosp., 697 S.W.2d 340, 343 (Tenn.1985).
We have determined that this appeal is not frivolous. As explained above, in Scaife v. Roberson, the Eastern Section of this court accepted the argument pressed by the Plaintiff Cousins that non-martial children seeking to inherit from or through their biological father by intestate succession must not only assert their paternity within the time for creditors to file claims against the decedent’s estate, but must also establish their paternity within that time. In addition, in Brady v. Smith, the Eastern Section of this court accepted the argument pressed by the Plaintiff Cousins that Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) applies to intestate succession claims by non-marital children such as the Disputed Heirs. Although we have rejected these arguments in the present case, we would be hard-pressed indeed to label an appeal frivolous where a substantial portion of it is based on arguments accepted by another section of this court. Accordingly, the motion for damages for filing a frivolous appeal is denied.
VII.
We affirm the judgment concluding that Bobby Glanton Smith, Bobbine Glanton Wade, and Simon L. Glanton are the biological children of Robert Lee Glanton and that they are entitled to inherit from Luther T. Glanton, Sr. and Simon H. Glanton by intestate succession. We remand the case to the trial court for whatever further proceedings may be required, and we tax the costs of this appeal, jointly and severally, to Luvell L. Glanton, Joseph T. Glan-ton, Jr. a/k/a Songoleke Kotunu, and Jerry Glanton and their surety for which execution, if necessary, may issue.
. In the interest of readability, we have adopted the nomenclature used by the parties in their briefs on appeal to identify certain members of the Glanton family.
. Uncle James died a few months after Uncle Simon did. The parties to this consolidated appeal agree that under the laws of intestate succession, Uncle James’s share of the inheritance passed to his children.
. The Rutherford County Probate Court case involving Uncle Simon's estate has not yet been concluded, and it is not before us in this consolidated appeal.
. Luvert Glanton, the mother of the Plaintiff Cousins, was also a plaintiff in the suit involving Grandfather Luther’s real property. However, she is not a party to this consolidated appeal.
. Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 30-2-306(c) (2001), 30-2 — 307(a)(1) (2001).
. The opinion, having not been officially reported, is considered "persuasive” but not "controlling.” Tenn. S.Ct. R. 4(H)(1).
| CASELAW |
Fill textarea from a file upload javascript
2 months ago | 55 views
To select the file, put <input type="file" id="localFileInput"> in the HTML wherever you want the file selection box to be. Then, add some JavaScript just before the closing script tag in your dashboard that handles the contents of the file. You'll need to include something like:
var control = document.getElementById("localFileInput")
add an event listener:
control.addEventListener("change", function(event){...
and inside that function you can use FileReader() to read the contents of the local file.
EDITED RESPONSE BELOW:
Assuming the user will be selecting the file, try the following:
Select the local file:
<input type="file" id="inputfile"/>
A blank textarea that will be populated by the contents of your text file:
<textarea rows="4" cols="50" id="putcontentshere"></textarea>
The javascript needed to put the contents of the file in the textarea (this goes just above the closing script tag in the body of the html):
//External data file handling starts here
var control = document.getElementById("inputfile");
control.addEventListener("change", function(event){
var reader = new FileReader();
reader.onload = function(event){
var contents = event.target.result;
document.getElementById('putcontentshere').value = contents;
};
reader.onerror = function(event){
console.error("File could not be read! Code " + event.target.error.code);
};
console.log("Filename: " + control.files[0].name);
reader.readAsText(control.files[0]);
}, false);
Simple as that. If you want to do it without the user selecting the file, I think you might be out of luck. Allowing the browser/DOM to access the local file system without user interaction would be a big no-no and isn't allowed (that I know of) without hacking something. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Ogbobbyjohnson1/Crop
Methods of Cropping and Popular Crops in the U.S.
Cropping is not simply planting and letting it grow, there are various methods of cropping that are used in the agricultural industry. Such as mono cropping, crop rotation, sequential cropping, and mixed intercropping. Each method of cropping have their purposes and possibly disadvantages to them as well. Himanshu Arora defines mono cropping as where a field only grows one specific crop year round. Mono Cropping has its disadvantages, according to Himanshu Arora, such as the risk of the soil losing its fertility. Following mono cropping, another method of cropping is relay cropping. According to the National Library of Medicine, Relay cropping may solve a number of conflicts such as inefficient use of available resources, controversies in sowing time, fertilizer application, and soil degradation. The result coming from the use of relay cropping is higher crop output. In the United States, corn is the largest crop produced, and soybean follows in at second, according to the government of Alberta. Referring to a map given by the Government of Alberta, the most popular region to grow these popular crops are in the inner states of the U.S., it is where the crops are most successful in output. | WIKI |
Ephedra
Etymology
From.
Hyponyms
* (sea grape, joint pine, joint fir) - type species; (clapweed, ), , , (syn. ), , , , , , (gray ephedra, Nevada ephedra, Mormon tea), , , , , (green ephedra) - selected other species; for more species see | WIKI |
Talk:Nephrops norvegicus
Name
In the UK 'Norway lobsters' are refered to langoustines, in my experience, they are never refered to as 'Norway lobsters' and most people wouldn't have a clue what one was (other than some unknown type of lobster). I would even go as far to say that lots of people don't even realise that langoustines are a type of lobster but think they're a type of prawn. From my experience I would say that Irish people refer to them as Dublin Bay prawns and that Australian people refer to them as scampi (which is only used in the UK when they are served in breadcrumbs) Who calls them 'norway lobsters'? Will Bradshaw (talk) 15:31, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
* I agree. Why on earth is this named "Norway Lobster"? Half of all langoustines are caught in the UK and they are know as langoustines here or scampi when deep-fried. Is "Norway Lobster" another americanism? Torqueing (talk) 17:26, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
* I suggest this page gets moved to 'Langoustine' if nobody comments in support of 'Norway lobster' within the next couple of weeks. Will Bradshaw (talk) 20:14, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* No, this is definitely not an Americanism (the animal doesn't occur anywhere near the New World). They are very widely known as Norway lobsters in the British Isles, with a slight and understandable preponderance for "Dublin Bay prawn" west of the Irish Sea. Perhaps next time, you might consider notifying the relevant WikiProject of your move request. It came as something of a shock to find that there was an active discussion going on, about an article I have contributed to quite significantly, which hadn't been mentioned on any of the pages I watch. --Stemonitis (talk) 19:12, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
* I apologise, I had a bit of a look over various procedures about requesting moves but didn't see anything about notifying WikiProjects. I would support a move to N. norvegicus though. Will Bradshaw (talk) 18:14, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
Ridge
The bit that suggests nephrop fisheries without by catch of plaice and soul being unviable is nonsense. I've fished for nephrops, and whilst its soul destroying and extremely cold (off the north east coast its winter season trawling) standing at a sorting tray for 10 or more hours, there's good money in it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:58, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
Requested move
* The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:34, 1 December 2010 (UTC) Norway lobster → Langoustine — Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 01:06, 23 November 2010 (UTC) WP:COMMONNAME
* I have never heard the term 'Norway Lobster' used, they are known as langoustines. Will Bradshaw (talk) 23:10, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
* They are called Norway lobsters here in England. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 23:52, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
* According to the BBC they are also called scampi . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:28, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
* Scampi in the kitchen, Norway lobsters by fishermen and sea biologists. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 07:04, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
* They're only called scampi if they're served in breadcrumbs and fried, if they're served whole they're langoustines, it's also worth noting that the BBC page says that they're "closely related to the lobster" but makes no other mention of them being lobsters, every recipe on there refers to them as langoustines. They may be called norway lobsters by fishermen and sea biologists, but I'm fairly certain that more people come across them as consumers and use the term langoustine. Will Bradshaw (talk) 08:46, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
* Support I saw them on menus as langoustine in England. Tasty! -- Ja Ga talk 19:32, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
* Given that consumers may come across them as either scampi or langoustines, the former may also refer to other species, the latter may be confused with langostino, and the article is about the animal rather than (specifically) about the food, I'd be inclined to leave the title as it is.--Kotniski (talk) 10:36, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* To avoid confusion we could put a "Not to be confused with..." thing in, I would say that langoustine does refer to the animal and not just the food. Will Bradshaw (talk) 18:36, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* For what it's worth, "Nephrops norvegicus" "Norway lobster" massively trounces the same thing with "langoustine" on both Google Books and Scholar.--Kotniski (talk) 18:49, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* Langoustine beats them both in a normal google search and although a significant number of the results are just about langoustines as food, not all of them are. Going back to the marine biology point earlier, Glasgow University has a 'Langoustine Lab', not a 'Norway Lobster Lab' or an 'N. norvegicus lab'. Will Bradshaw (talk) 00:23, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose langoustine is a generic name 'in the kitchen'; Norway lobster is the usual common name for the species. —innotata 17:01, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. I had no idea there was a discussion going on here, else I'd have made my opinions known earlier. Terms like "langoustine" and "scampi" are always going to be vague, unless carefully defined by equating them to a more precise term. The best "common name" for the article title, considering all the different spheres of life it appears in (fisheries, kitchens, laboratories, aquaria, etc.) is undoubtedly "Norway lobster". (I suspect the good people of Glasgow University simply liked the alliteration, so we can't set too much weight by that.) The only justifiable change of name would be to "Nephrops norvegicus", since there are so many competing and contrasting common names. Indeed, I was half planning to make that move soon. Whenever there is confusion or competition, the scientific name is the best choice. --Stemonitis (talk) 19:09, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Merger with Scampi
As User:Macrakis has already suggested on Talk:Scampi, scampi is simply a manner of preparing Nephrops norvegicus for human consumption. There is little information on the Scampi article that is not already included on Nephrops norvegicus; a merger would not bloat the latter article. As such, Scampi should be merged here. Neelix (talk) 14:17, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
* An alternative would be to expand scampi to cover other similar taxa that are (presumably) prepared in the same way for consumption, such as the "Australian scampi", Metanephrops australiensis, and the "New Zealand scampi", Metanephrops challengeri. I haven't looked in detail, but I imagine it would cover meat from any species in the (polyphyletic) group of Nephrops + Metanephrops (and possibly Nephropsis and others). --Stemonitis (talk) 14:24, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
* That's not exactly what I said. "Scampi" is the normal Italian name and the general (legally defined) culinary name for Nephrops norvegicus in Europe, and the culinary name for a variety of other species around the world. It has also become the name of two distinct styles (sauteed with garlic in the US; breaded and deep-fried in the UK) of preparation for seafood (see e.g. "scallop scampi" (!!). The scampi article could be a disambiguation article pointing to the various species called "scampi" as well as to a Scampi (dish) article. --Macrakis (talk) 19:59, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
* A disambiguation page makes sense to me, although I would distinguish between Scampi (British cuisine) and Scampi (American cuisine), considering that the two dishes are unrelated to each other. Do you have sources to verify that "scampi" is used to refer to species other than Nephrops norvegicus and not simply one of those species prepared in one of the two manners you describe? Neelix (talk) 02:50, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
* Not off hand, but they're not hard to come by. This Australian government source, for instance, explicitly equates "scampi" with (several) Metanephrops species (p. 96), and is written from a fisheries point of view, so is not relating to culinary preparation. --Stemonitis (talk) 10:27, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
* Certainly, Metanephrops should be on the disambiguation page, as should Nephrops norvegicus. Is everyone on board with making Scampi a disambiguation page and splitting the information currently on the Scampi article into Scampi (British cuisine) and Scampi (American cuisine)? Neelix (talk) 15:39, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'm not sure a disambiguation page is the way forward. I haven't seen any convincing evidence that the various dishes called "scampi" are entirely different; that is, I'm not sure there are separate topics of "scampi (British cuisine)" and "scampi (American cuisine)" (let alone what to title them). I suspect that the culinary "scampi" is whatever method is the preferred local way of cooking Nephrops-like lobsters, and then, by extension (perhaps only in North America), other dishes cooked in a similar way. That doesn't immediately seem to need disambiguation to me, just explanation in a single coherent article. If the Americans use "scampi" (none of which species occur naturally around North America, as far as I can tell – perhaps some of the less significant Nephropsis species?) for sautéeing with garlic, then a separate article may not be needed, anyway, just links to sautéeing and garlic. --Stemonitis (talk) 10:28, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
* I have reviewed your observations and reworded the lead of the Scampi article accordingly. If everyone is OK with the new lead, I would be glad to withdraw the merger suggestion. Neelix (talk) 16:38, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'd be happy with it. --Stemonitis (talk) 05:45, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
External links modified (February 2018)
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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Way of the Dragon 2
May I?
May I have more time to edit and expand the page? Also I added more external links and references. 19jduryea 14:16 | WIKI |
Lag Badana National Park
Lag Badana National Park (Bushbush National Park) is a national park of Somalia. It is located on the far southern coast.
Overview
Lag Badana was the first national park to be established in the country. During the second half of the 1980s, the Ministry of Tourism under the Siad Barre administration sought to center the tourist industry in the vicinity of the park, with nearby coral reefs and offshore islands likewise envisioned as part of the development.
By 1989, newer legislation was drafted governing the establishment of national parks, game reserves and special reserves. The conservation of wildlife resources was at this time overseen by the Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range's National Range Agency. Its Department of Wildlife also operated an independent law-enforcement unit, which had been created through presidential decree.
Following the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, development of the national park came to a halt. In August 2014, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced a number of new development projects aimed at Somalia's youth. Among these was an initiative to assign leadership of the national park to young managers so as to strengthen environmental preservation and potential tourism opportunities.
Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit.
Wildlife
The Lag Badana area contains over 200 vascular plant species and is home to rare animals like the lesser kudu. Of the plants, around 20 are endemic. | WIKI |
Talk:Jinete
Riding style
There was a medieval riding style known as a la jineta, derived from Islamic light cavalry (and an alternative style, a la brida, longer stirrups, deeper seat). I presume the riding style and the term jinete have similar roots? Any etymologists out there? Montanabw (talk) 04:35, 18 March 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Japan's first quarter GDP growth seen slowing sharply in setback for 'Abenomics'
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan’s economy likely slowed to a crawl, or possibly even contracted slightly at the start of this year, which would break the longest run of growth seen for decades and thwart Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s reflationary ‘Abenomics’ polices. Many economists expect the world’s third largest economy will return to growth in the current quarter, while blaming temporary factors such as bad weather and a slowdown in global electronic products demand for the first-quarter slump. But potential fallout from Sino-U.S. trade frictions and global protectionism cloud the outlook for Japan’s export-reliant economy in the coming quarters, they say. “The economy maintains momentum towards recovery but exports are slowing as global growth seems to have peaked in the fourth quarter,” said Ryutaro Kono, chief economist at BNP Paribas Securities. “Manufacturers are piling up inventories of goods and the United States is leaning towards protectionism, so Japan’s economy may struggle to accelerate in the second quarter onwards.” Policymakers worry that next year’s planned sales tax hike could hurt fragile domestic demand as sluggish wages keep a lid on consumer spending, despite the record profits earned by Japanese corporations. A sharp slowdown could also add to the headaches of a premier grappling with domestic issues such as suspected favoritism, declining support, and opposition pressure for his finance minister to resign. A slowdown could also call the Bank of Japan’s rosy economic outlook into question, especially after the central bank last month ditched a firm timeframe for meeting its elusive 2 percent inflation goal after more than five years of monetary stimulus. All this could mean that the government will keep the fiscal spigot wide open and maintain pressure on the central bank to prolong its massive monetary stimulus, some economists say. Cabinet Office data due on Wednesday is expected to show Japan’s economy contracted at an annualized rate of 0.2 percent in January-March from the previous quarter, slowing sharply from 1.6 percent annual growth seen in October-December 2017. A contraction would mark the first decline in gross domestic product (GDP) in nine quarters, ending the longest run of growth since a 12-quarter streak from April-June 1986 to January-March 1989 during Japan’s economic bubble. A 0.2 percent contraction would translate into a flat quarter-on-quarter reading, a Reuters poll of 18 economists found. Private consumption, which makes up about 60 percent of the economy, probably stood flat after a 0.5 percent gain in the fourth quarter. The quarter was hit by bad weather that drove up fresh vegetable prices and dampened consumer spending. External demand - or exports minus imports - likely made no contribution to first-quarter GDP as exports slowed from the rapid growth seen in the second half of 2017, led by strong exports of electronics and electrical sectors products related to smartphones. Capital expenditure likely rose 0.4 percent, versus a 1 percent gain in the previous quarter, led by demand for factory automation and labor-saving technologies as companies tried to cope with a labor shortage. Reporting by Tetsushi Kajimoto; Editing by Eric Meijer | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Armand Renaud
Armand Renaud (29 July 1836–15 October 1895) was a French poet.
Life
Renaud was born in Versailles. He worked as an official in the Hôtel de Ville, Paris, where for a short time he was a colleague of Léon Valade, and afterwards in the prefecture of the department of the Seine, where he finally became an inspector of the fine arts (inspecteur des beaux-arts).
He was a friend of Stéphane Mallarmé, who brought him into contact with the Parnassian poets, among whom Renaud is now numbered.
Renaud's poems, often influenced by Persian and Japanese poetry, were set to music by Camille Saint-Saëns and Reynaldo Hahn.
He died in Paris and is buried in the Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles.
Selected works
* Les poèmes de l'amour (1860)
* La griffe rose (1862)
* Caprices de boudoir (1864)
* Les pensées tristes (1865)
* Nuits persanes (1870)
* Au bruit du canon (1871)
* L'Héroïsme (1873)
* Idylles japonaises (1880)
* Recueil intime (1881)
* Drames du peuple (1885) | WIKI |
2020–21 FC Urartu season
The 2020–21 season was Urartu's twentieth consecutive season in the Armenian Premier League.
Season events
On 30 July, Urartu's planned friendly match against BKMA Yerevan was cancelled.
On 4 August, Urartu's planned friendly match against Pyunik on 6 August was cancelled.
On 8 August, Urartu announced the signing of Jonel Désiré from Lori FC.
On 11 August, Urartu announced the signing of Juesukobiruo Okotie from Sporting Warri FC, whilst defender Narek Petrosyan left Urartu the following day by mutual consent.
On 17 August, the Football Federation of Armenia announced that that day's match between Urartu and Lori would not take place as Lori still had players and staff in isolation following an outbreak of COVID-19.
On 31 August, Narek Petrosyan re-signed for Urartu.
On 12 September, Urartu announced the signing of Pavlo Stepanets from Ararat Yerevan.
On 29 September, the season was suspended indefinitely due to the escalating 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. On 13 October, the FFA announced that the season would resume on 17 October.
On 2 November, Urartu's game against Pyunik was postponed due to positive COVID-19 cases within the Pyunik team.
On 22 November, Urartu announced the signing of Isah Aliyu after he'd left Al-Shoulla.
On 11 January, Pavlo Stepanets left Urartu after his contract was terminated by mutual consent.
On 27 January, Robert Darbinyan left Urartu to join FC Pyunik.
On 2 February, Urartu announced the signing of Vadym Paramonov from Rukh Lviv.
On 8 February, Yevgeni Osipov left Urartu by mutual consent.
On 12 February, Urartu announced the return of Yevhen Budnik from Persita Tangerang.
On 17 February, Urartu announced the signing of Pyotr Ten from FC Minsk.
On 18 February, Igor Paderin came out of retirement to re-join Urartu, with Salomon Nirisarike joining from Pyunik the following day.
On 28 February, Urartu announced the signing of Artur Miranyan.
On 9 March, Urartu announced the departure of Aleksandr Grigoryan as Head Coach, with Tigran Yesayan being put in temporary charge.
On 9 April, David Papikyan left Urartu after his contract was terminated by mutual consent.
Appearances and goals
* colspan="14"|Players away on loan:
* colspan="14"|Players who left Urartu during the season:
* colspan="14"|Players who left Urartu during the season:
* colspan="14"|Players who left Urartu during the season:
* } | WIKI |
Monitoring and modeling of nitrogen conversions in membrane-aerated biofilm reactors: Effects of intermittent aeration
Yunjie Ma
Research output: Book/ReportPh.D. thesis
622 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
Nitrogen can be removed from sewage by a variety of physicochemical and biological processes. Due to the high removal efficiency and relatively low costs, biological processes have been widely adopted for treating nitrogen-rich wastewaters. Among the biological technologies, biofilm processes show great advantages as compared to suspended growth processes, allowing for biomass accumulation and retention without the need of external solid separa-tion devices. The decoupling of solids retention from hydraulic retention is especially useful for slow-growing microorganisms, such as nitrifying bacte-ria, e.g. ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), which are involved in ammonium (NH4+) removal process.
Stability of engineered biological processes requires an appropriate balance between activities of the main microbial groups involved in the system. How-ever, finding proper operational conditions is especially challenging in bio-films. On the one hand, the existence of strong spatial chemical gradients within biofilms increases the difficulty to prescribe environmental conditions that favor any desired biological process. On the other hand, the presence of multiple simultaneous chemical gradients complicates the performance opti-mization. Mathematical modeling offers a way to describe and analyze multi-ple processes that occur simultaneously in time and space in biofilm systems.
This PhD project investigated NH4+ removal process in membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs), focusing on aeration control, especially the appli-cation of intermittent aeration. Compared to conventional biofilms which are characterized by co-diffusion, MABRs display counter-diffusion fluxes of substrates: oxygen is supplied through the membrane, whilst NH4+ is provid-ed from the bulk liquid phase. The counter substrate supply not only offers flexible aeration control, but also supports the development of a unique mi-crobial community and spatial structure inside the biofilm. In this study, lab-scale MABRs were operated under two types of aeration control: continuous versus intermittent aeration. Long-term reactor performance was monitored. Based on bulk measurements of NH4+, nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), mi-crobial activities of individual functional guilds were evaluated. I found that NOB suppression occurred under intermittent aeration, but not under contin-uous aeration. Relative aeration duration and aeration intermittency were two effective operational factors in regulating MABR performance under inter-mittent aeration. Besides daily bulk monitoring, in situ microprofiles of dis-solved oxygen (DO), pH and nitrous oxide (N2O) were performed. The sig-nificant temporal fluctuations in local biofilm pH (not DO) during aeration control suggested that pH-related effects drive the changing microbial activi-ties under intermittent aeration, as compared to continuous aeration. Total N2O emissions were dramatically reduced at the onset of intermittent aera-tion, due to the development of an anoxic N2O reduction zone by hetero-trophic bacteria (HB).
To further investigate the causal link between NOB suppression and aeration regime change, a 1-dimensional (1-D) multispecies nitrifying biofilm model was developed in Aquasim software, incorporating a pH calculation. Kinetic parameters to be estimated were chosen based on a local sensitivity analysis, and were estimated from in situ microprofiles. With the calibrated model, I identified that the periodically varying free ammonia inhibition, which was associated with transient pH variations, was the likely key factor causing NOB suppression in intermittently-aerated nitrifying MABRs.
To further investigate the mechanisms of N2O mitigation under aeration con-trol, the 1-D biofilm model was extended to a partial nitritation-anammox (PNA) biofilm model, including description of all relevant biological N2O production pathways. Sensitive kinetic parameters were estimated with long-term bulk performance data. With the calibrated model, roles of HB and AnAOB were discussed and evaluated in mitigating N2O emissions in auto-trophic nitrogen removal MABRs. Moreover, I developed a 1-D biofilm mod-el in Matlab software describing the counter-diffusion PNA process, aiming at an improved model calibration/evaluation for the highly variable N2O emissions.
Overall, a combination of experimental and modeling efforts were imple-mented to study nitrogen conversions in MABRs. The results showed that intermittent aeration was an efficient strategy to regulate microbial activities in counter-diffusion biofilms, achieving an energy-efficient NH4+ removal process with low N2O emissions.
Original languageEnglish
Place of PublicationKgs. Lyngby
PublisherDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Number of pages70
Publication statusPublished - 2018
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Page:Gesta Romanorum - Swan - Wright - 2.djvu/17
Rh ." She swore accordingly; and the knight then informed her of the situation of the lady, and his desire that no one might attend her but herself. The obedient spouse promised compliance, and the lady was privately introduced into the hall appointed for her residence. She was splendidly attended, and when the time of her confinement came on, she was safely delivered of a beautiful boy. As soon as the knight understood this, he entreated permission to call in a priest for the purpose of performing the rite of baptism. But she positively refused, declaring that its shameful birth forbade her to interfere, since it would expose her to detection and disgrace. "Your crime indeed is heavy," returned the knight, "but consider, should your child, therefore, perish immortally?" "My vow is registered in heaven," said the lady; "I have sworn, nor will I add perjury to my faults. Moreover, I command you to prepare an empty cask." The knight obeyed; and the lady, placing therein the cradle with the new-born boy, inscribed on small tablets the following words,—"Know ye, to whomsoever chance | WIKI |
sfhperiodic.py 4.25 KB
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# Copyright (C) 2015 Centre de données Astrophysiques de Marseille
# Copyright (C) 2015 Institute of Astronomy
# Copyright (C) 2015 Universidad de Antofagasta
# Licensed under the CeCILL-v2 licence - see Licence_CeCILL_V2-en.txt
# Author: Denis Burgarella & Médéric Boquien
"""
Periodic SFH in the form of rectangles, and decaying or delayed exponentials
============================================================================
# This module implements a periodic star formation history (SFH) formed by
regularly-spaced star formation events. Each even can either be rectangular, a
decaying exponential, or "delayed".
"""
from collections import OrderedDict
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import numpy as np
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from . import SedModule
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class SfhPeriodic(SedModule):
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"""Several regularly-spaced short delayed-SFH SF events
This module sets the SED star formation history (SFH) as a combination of
several regularly-spaced short SF events.
"""
parameter_list = OrderedDict([
("type_bursts", (
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"cigale_list(dtype=int, options=0. & 1. & 2.)",
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"Type of the individual star formation episodes. 0: exponential, "
"1: delayed, 2: rectangle.",
0
)),
("delta_bursts", (
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"cigale_list(dtype=int, minvalue=0.)",
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"Elapsed time between the beginning of each burst in Myr. The "
"precision is 1 Myr.",
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)),
("tau_bursts", (
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"cigale_list()",
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"Duration (rectangle) or e-folding time of all short events in "
"Myr. The precision is 1 Myr.",
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20.
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)),
("age", (
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"cigale_list(dtype=int, minvalue=0.)",
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"Age of the main stellar population in the galaxy in Myr. The "
"precision is 1 Myr.",
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)),
("sfr_A", (
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"cigale_list(minvalue=0.)",
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"Multiplicative factor controlling the amplitude of SFR (valid "
"for each event).",
1.
)),
("normalise", (
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"boolean()",
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"Normalise the SFH to produce one solar mass.",
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True
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)),
])
def _init_code(self):
self.type_bursts = int(self.parameters["type_bursts"])
self.delta_bursts = int(self.parameters["delta_bursts"])
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self.tau_bursts = float(self.parameters["tau_bursts"])
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age = int(self.parameters["age"])
sfr_A = float(self.parameters["sfr_A"])
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if type(self.parameters["normalise"]) is str:
normalise = self.parameters["normalise"].lower() == 'true'
else:
normalise = bool(self.parameters["normalise"])
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time_grid = np.arange(0, age)
self.sfr = np.zeros_like(time_grid, dtype=np.float)
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if self.type_bursts == 0:
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burst = np.exp(-time_grid/self.tau_bursts)
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elif self.type_bursts == 1:
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burst = np.exp(-time_grid/self.tau_bursts) * \
time_grid/self.tau_bursts**2
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elif self.type_bursts == 2:
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burst = np.zeros_like(time_grid)
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burst[:int(self.tau_bursts)+1] = 1.
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else:
raise Exception("Burst type {} unknown.".format(self.type_bursts))
for t_burst in np.arange(0, age, self.delta_bursts):
self.sfr += burst
burst = np.roll(burst, self.delta_bursts)
burst[:self.delta_bursts] = 0.
# Compute the galaxy mass and normalise the SFH to 1 solar mass
# produced if asked to.
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self.sfr_integrated = np.sum(self.sfr) * 1e6
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if normalise:
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self.sfr /= self.sfr_integrated
self.sfr_integrated = 1.
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else:
self.sfr *= sfr_A
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self.sfr_integrated *= sfr_A
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def process(self, sed):
"""Add a star formation history formed by several regularly-spaced SF
events.
** Parameters **
sed: pcigale.sed.SED object
"""
sed.add_module(self.name, self.parameters)
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sed.sfh = self.sfr
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sed.add_info("sfh.integrated", self.sfr_integrated, True)
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sed.add_info("sfh.type_bursts", self.type_bursts)
sed.add_info("sfh.delta_bursts", self.delta_bursts)
sed.add_info("sfh.tau_bursts", self.tau_bursts)
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# SedModule to be returned by get_module
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Module = SfhPeriodic | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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