Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|
Page:2019SouthDakotaConstitution20190107.pdf/21
Whenever there is a concurrent vacancy in the office of Governor and lieutenant governor, the order of succession for the office of Governor shall be as provided by law.
The Supreme Court shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction to determine when a continuous absence from the state or disability has occurred in the office of the Governor or a permanent vacancy exists in the office of lieutenant governor.
§7. Other executive officers -- Powers, duties, and term limitations.
There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state at the general election of the Governor and every four years thereafter the following constitutional officers: attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and commissioner of school and public lands, who shall severally hold their offices for a term of four years. Commencing with the 1992 general election, no person may be elected to more than two consecutive terms as attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, or commissioner of school and public lands.
§8. Reorganization.
All executive and administrative offices, boards, agencies, commissions and instrumentalities of the state government and their respective functions, powers and duties, except for the office of Governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and commissioner of school and public lands, shall be allocated by law among and within not more than twenty-five principal departments, organized as far as practicable according to major purposes, by no later than July 1, 1974. Subsequently, all new powers or functions shall be assigned to administrative offices, agencies and instrumentalities in such manner as will tend to provide an orderly arrangement in the administrative organization of state government. Temporary commissions may be established by law and need not be allocated within a principal department.
Except as to elected constitutional officers, the Governor may make such changes in the organization of offices, boards, commissions, agencies and instrumentalities, and in allocation of their functions, powers and duties, as he considers necessary for efficient administration. If such changes affect existing law, they shall be set forth in executive orders, which shall be submitted to the Legislature within five legislative days after it convenes, and shall become effective, and shall have the force of law, within ninety days after submission, unless disapproved by a resolution concurred in by a majority of all the members of either house.
§9. Appointment and removal power.
Each principal department shall be under the supervision of the Governor and, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution or by law, shall be headed by a single executive. Such single executive, unless provided otherwise by the Constitution, shall be nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the | WIKI |
AURORA NATIONAL BANK, as Trustee of Trust No. 53, and Margaret Wollwert and Hazel Wollwert, as Beneficiaries of Trust No. 53, Plaintiffs, v. TRI STAR MARKETING, INC., an Illinois corporation, Marathon Petroleum Company, an Ohio corporation, and Lincoln Land Oil Company, an Illinois corporation, Defendants.
No. 96 C 4175.
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.
Jan. 15, 1998.
Stephen Douglas Sharp, Chicago, IL, Arm T. Parisi, Maureen Martin, Johnine J. Brown, BrownMartin, P.C., Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs.
Richard Lewis Reinish, D’Aneona & Pflaum, Chicago, IL, Roy G. Davis, David G. Lubben, Davis & Campbell, L.L.C., Peoria, IL, Peter Robert Sonderby, P.C., Chicago, IL, for Defendants Tri Star Marketing, Inc., Marathon Petroleum Co.
Edward V. Walsh, III, Sachnoff & Weaver, Ltd., Chicago, IL, for Defendant Lincoln Land Oil Co.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
MORAN, Senior District Judge.
Plaintiffs Aurora National Bank, as Trustee of Trust No. 53, and Margaret Wollwert and Hazel Wollwert, as beneficial owners of Trust No. 53 (property owners), originally brought this action against defendants Tri Star Marketing, Inc. (Tri Star), Marathon Petroleum Company (Marathon), and Lincoln Land Oil Company (Lincoln). In their complaint plaintiffs sought declaratory and in-junctive relief under the Resource Conservation and. Recovery Act (RCRA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 6901 et seq., for alleged violations stemming from defendants’ involvement in the operations of a gasoline service station on property that was leased from plaintiffs (Counts I-VI). Plaintiffs also invoked this court’s supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 to make various state law claims for relief (Counts VII-XI).
On May 15, 1997, this court issued a minute order asking the parties to submit statements of position in order to narrow the legal and factual issues with respect to plaintiffs’ RCRA claims. Specifically, the parties were asked to address the following issues: (1) whether some or all of the named defendants are liable for taking corrective action with regard to the petroleum discovered to be present in the soil, backfill and groundwater at plaintiffs’ property; (2) whether additional parties need to be added as defendants; and (3) whether it is plaintiffs’ or defendants’ burden to prove which defendants, if any, are responsible for the contamination. After reviewing the parties’ statements it is clear that they are no closer to agreement on any of these issues than they were before. For this reason we here attempt to sort out, as best we can, what happened, when it happened, and where that legally leads — not necessarily conclusively, but in all probability. We will therefore evaluate the parties’ arguments as we would if we were reviewing them on a motion for summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
Because we are evaluating the parties’ positions as if they had been presented on a motion for summary judgment, the facts recited herein are undisputed unless otherwise indicated. Plaintiff Aurora is a national banking corporation with its principal place of business in Aurora, Illinois. Aurora is trustee of Trust No. 53, a land trust that owns a tract of land located at 702 North Broadway, Aurora, Illinois (property). Aurora became the trustee of the property pursuant to a land trust agreement dated August 18, 1958. Plaintiffs Margaret Wollwert and Hazel Wollwert are the beneficial owners of Trust No. 53. Defendant Tri Star is an Illinois corporation with its principal place of business in Urbana, Illinois. Defendant Marathon is an Ohio corporation licensed to do business in Illinois. Defendant Lincoln is an Illinois company with its principal place of business in Springfield, Illinois. Lincoln was formerly known as Chronister Oil Company (hereinafter “Chronister” will refer to Lincoln and its predecessors).
At issue in this case is assigning liability under the RCRA for remediating contamination on plaintiffs’ property. In 1959, plaintiff property owners leased the property to North States Oil, a now defunct company not a named defendant in this lawsuit. North States Oil operated a gas station on the property from 1959 until September 30,1981. In 1959, North States Oil installed three steel gasoline underground storage tanks (USTs) on the property that were in existence until 1989. According to plaintiffs there was also a kerosene UST in place on the property during the tenancy of North States Oil.
On October 17, 1979, the property owners entered into the prime lease with North States Oil, under which all subsequent lessees were obligated. The prime lease made the lessee liable for property damage and required it to carry insurance against property damage in the amount of at least $100,000. It provided that
[a]t the termination of this lease or any extension thereof, all buildings, improvements, changes, and additions upon the premises shall remain and become the property of Lessor, excepting such trade fixtures as Lessee can remove without injury to the premises. It being agreed that upon the removal of such trade fixtures, the premises shall be placed by Lessee in the condition in which they were prior to the affixing of such trade fixtures to the premises.
(Cplt. Ex. 1,¶ 6).
Chronister took an assignment of sublease from North States Oil on October 29, 1979, and operated a gasoline station on the property from October 29, 1979, to October 1, 1981. Plaintiffs allege that Chronister used the four USTs (three gasoline, one kerosene) that North States installed, although defendants dispute that the kerosené UST was on the property when Chronister took over the lease. During Chronister’s tenancy it undertook substantial alterations of the property. Plaintiffs allege that Chronister relocated the dispenser islands and installed new piping to connect the USTs to the dispenser islands. The old piping was disconnected but not removed. Defendants agree that Chronister disconnected and replaced the old lines (which they claim were never used by Chron-ister) running from the USTs to the service islands. They also agree that the old lines were not removed from the ground, and assert that the reason for the installation of new lines was that there were problems with the old lines. They further state that Chron-ister replaced the pumps and. dispensers and added a new canopy over the site. Finally, defendants state that Chronister tested its new tanks and lines and found that there were no leaks.
Marathon took an assignment of sublease from Chronister on-October 1, 1981, and an assignment of the prime lease from North State Oil’s shareholders on March 15, 1982. Plaintiffs allege, and defendants do not dispute, that Marathon did not operate the gasoline station during this time, instead engaging Tri Star to do so.
Tri Star took an assignment of sublease from Marathon on December 1, 1985. Tri Star operated the gasoline station until sometime before June 1,1992, when it vacated the property. Tri Star states that when it took over the property it immediately implemented its system for detecting product loss. It hired an independent firm to periodically test the tanks and the lines for tightness. During Tri Star’s possession the tanks and lines were tested ten times, and each time the test revealed the system was “tight.”
Tri Star removed the old steel USTs in 1989 and installed three.new gasoline USTs made of fiberglass. Tri Star installed new piping to connect USTs ..to the dispenser islands, but did not remove the oldest set of piping that Chronister had left in the ground, or the second set that Chronister installed. Tri Star’s lease expired on June 30, 1991. The prime lease provided that the “rent for the first year of an extended term shall be the then fair, cash market rental value of the land only exclusive of improvements” (CpltEx. 1, ¶ 2). According to plaintiffs, Tri Star held over for another year until June 30, 1992, in order to comply with its remediation obligations. Dining that time it paid the old rent of $1,000 per month, although plaintiffs allege that during negotiations Tri Star indicated it was prepared to pay $1,250 per month.
Before vacating the property in 1992, Tri Star removed the new fiberglass USTs and, according to plaintiffs, removed the kerosene UST as well. Tri Star states that when it excavated the USTs and vacated the property it attempted to investigate the nature and extent of any contamination and make any remediation efforts required by UST laws, including the RCRA and its implementing regulations, as well as the Illinois UST laws and regulations. See 415 ILCS § 5/57 et seq., 35 Il.Admin.Code Parts 731, 732. Tri Star claims it was unable to fully comply with its UST obligations because plaintiffs would not allow further access to the property unless Tri Star agreed to make continued rent payments.
Petroleum contamination now exists in the soil, backfill, and groundwater at the property. Plaintiffs allege that contamination was discovered in the vicinity of the old piping that Chronister left behind, the second set of piping that Chronister installed, and the new piping that Tri Star installed. Plaintiffs also allege that contamination was found around the dispenser islands that Chronister installed and in the vicinity of the old steel USTs. Tri Star asserts that the area containing Tri Star’s tanks was clean and petroleum product was only detected in the area of the lines in the pump islands. It further asserts that no contamination was found in the gravel surrounding the lines Chronister installed, although it concedes that contamination was detected by odor in the clay trenches.
Tri Star has offered to remediate the site in accordance with the Illinois EPA (IEPA) Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program. Plaintiffs have rejected this offer to the extent that it would relieve defendants of any responsibility for past and future rental payments or attorney fees incurred up to this point.
DISCUSSION
Counts I through VI’ of plaintiffs’ complaint were brought under the citizen suit provision of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which provides in relevant part as follows:
§ 6972. Citizen Suits
(a) In General
Except as provided in subsection (b) or (c) of this section, any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf—
(1)(A) against any person ... who is alleged to be in violation of any permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order which has become effective pursuant to this chapter; or
(B) against any person ... and including any past or present generator, past or present owner or operator of a treatment, storage, or disposal , facility, who has , contributed or who is contributing to the past or present handling,, storage, treatment, transportation, or disposal of any solid or hazardous waste which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment----
42 U.S.C. § 6972(a)(1)(A) & (B). Section 6972(e) permits a successful plaintiff to recover its attorney fees and costs from the responsible party. 42 U.S.C. § 6972(e). Plaintiffs make claims for declaratory and injunctive relief under subsections (a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B), as well as for attorney fees and costs under § 6972(e).
I. Liability for Violation of UST Laws and Regulations Under § 6972(a)(1)(A)
First, plaintiffs claim that defendant Tri Star is liable under § 6972(a)(1)(A) for failing to comply with federal and state UST laws and regulations effective pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq. (Counts I-IV). Although subsection (a)(1)(A) does not permit a citizen suit for wholly past violations of the statute, see Gwaltney v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc., 484 U.S. 49, 57, 108 S.Ct. 376, 98 L.Ed.2d 306 (1987), the continued presence of illegally dumped materials generally constitutes a “continuing violation” of the RCRA, which • is cognizable under § 6972(a)(1)(A). See Acme Printing Ink Co. v. Menard, Inc., 891 F.Supp. 1289, 1301-02 (ED.Wis.1995).
Under federal UST regulations an “owner or operator” of UST systems must comply with certain monitoring, investigation, corrective action, and closure requirements. 40 C.F.R. § 280, Subparts E, F, G. ' A UST includes underground piping, not just the buried tank itself 42 U.S.C. § 6991(1). The definition of the term “owner” provides in relevant part as follows:
(A) in the case of an underground storage tank in use on November 8, 1984, or brought into use after that date, any person who owns an underground storage tank used for the storage, use, or dispensing of regulated substances____
42 U.S.C. § 6991(3)(A). “The term ‘operator’ means any person in control of, or having responsibility for, the daily operation of the underground storage tank.” 42 U.S.C. § 6991(4). Under the closure provisions of Subpart G, an owner/operator of a UST must measure for the presence of a contamination release prior to permanently closing the site. 40 C.F.R. § 280.72. If contamination is discovered during this site assessment, an owner/operator must begin corrective action. 40 C.F.R. § 280.72.
Plaintiffs claim that defendant Tri Star is hable under § 6972(a)(1)(A) as the owner and operator of USTs located on the property. Under the terms of the prime lease, pursuant to which Tri Star leased the property from December 1985 to June 1992, Tri Star owned all of the trade fixtures on the property, which, according to plaintiffs, included the USTs. Tri Star thus owned the. old steel USTs, which it removed in 1989, and the new fiberglass USTs it installed that same year: Tri Star also ■ “operated” both the old and new USTs, as that term is defined in the RCRA. Tri Star does not appear to dispute these conclusions. In addition, Tri Star removed the old USTs in 1989 and the new USTs in 1992. Therefore, plaintiffs claim that as the owner and operator of the old and new UST systems, and the person responsible for closing both, Tri Star was required to comply with the relevant investigation and corrective action regulations. Plaintiffs contend that Tri Star’s failure to do so subjects it to liability.
In response, defendant Tri Star argues that it cannot be' held liable under § 6972(a)(1)(A) since it has made a good faith effort to comply with the applicable UST regulations, but has been prevented from doing so by plaintiffs’ actions. Tri Star claims that it properly notified state officials before the removal of both the old and new ÚSTs. When Tri Star detected petroleum contamination near the lines in the pump islands, it filed an incident report with the IEPA as directed by the fire marshal. Tri Star further claims that it offered and attempted to perform site investigations on the property in 1992, but was obstructed from doing so when plaintiffs’ attorney asserted that Tri Star’s lease had been terminated on June 30, 1992. After that date plaintiffs would not allow Tri Star access to the property to perform testing for contamination unless Tri Star agreed to continue paying rent, which it refused to do. Tri Star claims that it continues to stand ready to conduct required site investigations and take any corrective action required under applicable laws and regulations.
Plaintiffs rejoin that Tri Star has never made a good faith effort to comply with UST laws. They claim that Tri Star negotiated the holdover year of July 1, 1991-June 30, 1992 for the purpose of conducting site investigation and remediation, and then completely failed to do so. Because defendant failed to remediate when it had the opportunity to do so, plaintiffs contend that they should not now have to provide indefinite access to defendant and thereby forego all rental income during the remediation period.
We first note that it is clear that Tri Star was obligated under 40 C.F.R, § 280, Sub-part G to investigate and take corrective action in conjunction with its closure of the USTs located on the property. There is no dispute that both the old and new USTs were removed from the property by Tri Star. There is also no dispute that contamination has been detected on the property in the vicinity of the USTs, piping, and relocated dispenser islands.
However, it is less clear whether Tri Star was relieved of its legal obligations by plaintiffs’ conduct. The plain language of the statute does not help answer this question. Under § 6972(a), this court is simply authorized “to enforce the permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order, referred to in paragraph (1)(A).” At first glance it would seem that a party in violation of applicable environmental regulations would be strictly liable to take appropriate actions to achieve compliance. Any dispute over issues such as the proper amount of rent to be charged during the compliance period would seem to raise a question that would need to be addressed separately between the parties. However, it is also true that the citizen suit provision of the RCRA only allows claims by parties “acting as private attomeys-general rather than [those] pursuing a private remedy.” Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Lamphier, 714 F.2d 331 (4th Cir.1983). - Thus, if plaintiffs here have impeded the enforcement of environmental laws for their own financial advantage, they have not acted consistent with the purpose of the statute and a finding of liability would not be warranted.
It is obvious that the issue of whether Tri Star is liable for past and future rental payments has become the focal point of the § 6972(a)(1)(A) dispute. The parties’ inability to agree on a fair rental value appears to have precipitated the termination of the lease, and plaintiffs’ demand for additional rental payments upon any future clean-up efforts by Tri Star continues to stall remediation. As both parties acknowledge, Tri Star’s financial responsibility for remediation would be limited since Tri Star’s outlay would be reimbursed by Illinois’ UST insurance fund (although Tri Star would still incur a $10,000 deductible). The question, then, is whether Tri Star is using the threat of rental payments as an excuse for its failure to comply with the UST laws or whether plaintiffs are attempting to use the citizen suit provision to obtain unwarranted rental payments from Tri Star.
In order to resolve this issue it is necessary to look to the terms of the prime lease that governed the relationship between the parties and identify what occurred during the “holdover year.” The prime lease, which was set to expire on June 30, 1991, contained a renewal clause that stated that “this Lease shall be automatically renewed and extended for two (2) additional ten (10) year periods, unless Lessee shall give to the Lessor ninety (90) days written notice to the contrary prior to the expiration of the initial term____” (Cplt.Ex. 1, ¶ 2). The prime lease provided that the “rent for the first year of any extended term shall be the then fair, cash, market rental value of the land only exclusive of improvements” (Cplt.Ex. 1, ¶ 2). The parties were to establish the rental value but, if they were unable to agree, the value was to be determined by three appraisers (Cplt.Ex. 1, ¶2). On February 22, 1991, Tri Star advised plaintiffs that it intended to “honor and accept the first ten year lease extension and will faithfully perform each and every lessee obligation under the assigned sublease” (Cplt.Ex. 11). It appears that Tri Star and plaintiffs could not come to a decision about the fair rental value and the lease was terminated on June 30, 1992. It is not clear exactly when Tri Star had notice of this termination or if Tri Star initially agreed to this termination. It is clear that in April 1992 Tri Star began taking steps to remove the USTs and conduct soil-testing on the property. Then, in a letter dated July 8, 1992, Tri Star acknowledged that the lease had been terminated on June 30 (Plfs. Reply Ex. 2). After this point Tri Star refused to continue with site remediation because plaintiffs were demanding additional rental payments.
We do not think that the information we possess permits us to make a definitive judgment on whether plaintiffs would succeed in their § 6972(a)(1)(A) claim against Tri Star, since issues of fact remain. It is not clear whether Tri Star renewed the lease in 1991 simply in order to conduct UST closure and site-remediation, as plaintiffs contend. It appears that initially Tri Star did not intend to vacate the property, but either agreed or was forced to vacate when negotiations over rent broke down. In their complaint plaintiffs assert that Tri Star breached the prime lease by failing to complete the appraisal process provided for in that agreement. But it is not clear whether this is true, and, moreover, even if it were, we are not convinced that plaintiffs would have been justified in completely revoking the lease. If plaintiffs were not so justified and defendants were simply evicted on June 30, 1992, despite their good faith efforts to comply with UST laws, then we do not see how plaintiffs would be justified in now maintaining a citizen suit against Tri Star to enforce these very same UST laws (where the underlying intent would simply be to recover rental payments). If, on the other hand, Tri Star fully agreed to vacate the property by June 30, 1992, and knew that remediation needed to be completed before that date, then Tri Star’s simple desire to not pay additional rental payment would not relieve it of liability. Tri Star would thus be obligated to incur the full costs of remediation, and the cost of accessing the site would have to be resolved as a separate issue.
Finally, we note that the issue of subsection (a)(1)(A) liability has taken on a larger significance not only because of Tri Star’s potential exposure to liability for rental income, but also because of its potential responsibility for “litigation costs,” including attorney fees, which this court may award to plaintiffs if it deems them the “prevailing or substantially prevailing party.” 42 U.S.C. § 6972(e). This issue may perhaps be the most important one since plaintiffs’ attorney fees continue to mount, while the issues of rent and remediation costs present — at least relative to attorney fees — fairly fixed and manageable costs. Of course, the possibility that Tri Star would be responsible for plaintiffs’ attorney fees would not excuse its failure to perform its legal duties under the UST laws. Therefore, we simply note here that we will treat the issues of liability and attorney fees separately. If, in the exercise of this court’s discretion, we subsequently find that plaintiffs are the “prevailing or substantially prevailing party” within the meaning of § 6972(e), then Tri Star will be held accountable for plaintiffs’ fees.
II. Liability for Contributing to Solid Waste Disposal Under § 6972(a)(1)(B)
Assuming that plaintiffs are unable to succeed in their claim under § 6972(a)(1)(A) against Tri Star, we evaluate plaintiffs’ second claim that defendants are liable under § 6972(a)(1)(B) for contributing to an imminent and substantial endangerment within the meaning of that subsection (Counts V-VI). We note initially that the citizen suit provision of § 6972(a)(1)(B) is applicable in the instant case since the petroleum contamination discovered on plaintiffs property constitutes a “solid waste” within the meaning of the RCRA. See Waldschmidt v. Amoco Oil Co., 924 F.Supp. 88, 90-91 (C.D.Ill.1996); Agricultural Excess and Surplus Ins. Co. v. A.B.D. Tank & Pump Co., 878 F.Supp. 1091, 1097 (N.D.Ill.1995); Zands v. Nelson, 779 F.Supp. 1254, 1261-64 (S.D.Cal.1991) (Zands I); but see, Winston v. Shell Oil Co., 861 F.Supp. 713, 716 (C.D.Ill.1994) (holding that plaintiffs could not bring citizen suit because petroleum USTs are exclusively regulated by Subchapter IX of the RCRA, which does not provide for citizen suits). In order to prevail under subsection (a)(1)(B) a plaintiff must show (1) that the solid or hazardous .waste “may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment”; (2) that the endangerment stems from “the handling, storage, treatment, transportation or disposal of any solid or hazardous waste”; and (3) that the defendant “has contributed or is contributing to such handling, storage, treatment, transportation or disposal.” See Craig Lyle Ltd. Partnership v. Land O’Lakes, 877 F.Supp. 476, 480 (D.Minn.1995); United States v. Conservation Chemical Co., 619 F.Supp. 162, 199-200 (D.C.Mo.1985). Where the endangerment is indivisible, joint and several liability may be appropriate “to grant all relief necessary to ensure complete protection of the public health and the environment.” Conservation Chemical, 619 F.Supp. at 199. Among other things, § 6972(a)(1)(B) permits the court to issue injunctions against any person found liable under its provisions and to order such a person to take a specific action to abate past contamination. Such an injunction may require a party to take responsibility for the remediation of a site contaminated by hazardous waste. Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc., 516 U.S. 479, 116 S.Ct. 1251, 1254, 134 L.Ed.2d 121 (1996).
The dispute between the parties here centers on the third element of the § 6972(a)(1)(B) test: whether plaintiffs can show that Tri Star and Chronister “contributed to” the solid waste disposal which is the source of the current contamination. All though it is true that individuals are liable under RCRA without regard to fault or negligence, the “contributed to” language of subsection (a)(1)(B) has been held to “ ‘expressly specifiy] that there is no liability without a causal relationship between a defendant and an imminent and substantial endangerment.’ ” Zands v. Nelson, 797 F.Supp. 805, 809 (S.D.Cal.1992) (Zands II) (quoting United States v. Hardage, 116 F.R.D. 460, 466 (W.D.Okla.1987)). While Congress intended that the phrase “contributing to” be interpreted liberally, see United States v. Price, 523 F.Supp. 1055, 1073 (D.N.J.1981), aff'd 688 F.2d 204 (3d Cir.1982), courts that have considered the issue have imposed limitations on the scope of potential liability. See Zands v. Nelson, 779 F.Supp. 1254, 1264 (S.D.Cal.1991) (Zands I) (stating that individuals who provide the materials for USTs, or who sell the land to individuals who install USTs, are not liable for “contributing to” an endangerment).
However, before we can evaluate whether defendants have “contributed to” the contamination at issue, we must first determine which theory of liability to apply to plaintiffs’ § 6972(a)(1)(B) claims. This is a critical initial inquiry since what plaintiffs must show to establish that defendants have contributed to the petroleum leakages on the property varies, depending on whether plaintiffs are operating under a “general” or “alternative” theory of liability. Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 812-18. Both parties recognize this dilemma and, pursuant to this court’s request, have submitted briefs addressing the issues of burden-shifting, the joinder of additional defendants, and the appropriate standard for subsection (a)(1)(B) “contributing to” liability. These. issues are obviously intertwined. In order to determine the appropriate standard of “contributing to” liability, we must first decide whether to invoke the burden-shifting approach set forth in Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 813. In turn, the propriety of employing the burden-shifting approach is contingent upon the joinder of all potential contributing parties.
The case law discussing the parameters of liability under subsection (a)(1)(B) is sparse. In order to properly evaluate the parties’ different contentions, we therefore look to what has emerged as one of the leading cases on this issue, Zands II, which contains a detailed explication of the “contributing to” standard. In Zands II, the court was faced with applying potential RCRA liability to a string of prior owners and operators of a gasoline station which had caused contamination dining the tenure of some or all of their ownership periods. With regard to sorting liability among the previous and current owners and operators, the current owners of the property, Zands, alleged that all of the leakage of gasoline occurred prior to their purchase of the property, that they were not informed of the leakage prior to their purchase of the gasoline station and therefore they were not liable under the RCRA.
The framework the court employed in resolving the plaintiffs’ claims'in Zands II is useful in sorting out the parties’ claims in the case at hand. First, the Zands II court offered a general theory of liability under the contribution prong of § 6972(a)(1)(B). Specifically, the court held that as to prior owners or operators of the station, in order for any liability to attach it was necessary to prove that the defendants were the owners and operators when the gasoline leaked into the soil. Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 810-11. In so holding, the court issued the following conclusions about the scope of contribution:
[T]he Court holds that owners and operators contribute to the contamination if the contamination is the direct result of activities related to the operation of a gas station; plaintiffs need not prove the specific cause of the contamination. Clearly individuals who own or operate gas stations are responsible for gasoline that leaks from the piping system or the gas tanks themselves. Indeed, the direct relationship between the leakage and the equipment owned and operated for use at the gas station is sufficient to prove the element of “contribution.”
Of course, plaintiffs cannot prevail if they prove only that the defendants were the owners and operators of this gas station at some point in the past. Additionally, to hold these defendants responsible for the contamination, it is necessary to prove that the defendants were the owners and operators of the gas station when the gasoline leaked into the soil. The primary issue thus becomes: “When did the contamination occur?”
******
[Plaintiffs may only hold defendants liable for that portion of the contamination that occurred prior to the transfer of the property to plaintiffs.
Id. (emphasis in original).
Therefore, in order to establish defendants’ liability in this case under the general theory set forth in Zands II, plaintiffs would have to show that the contamination at issue is the “direct result” of defendants Chronis-ter and Tri Star’s activities and that specific amounts of leakage occurred during the periods when each of the defendants was operating the gasoline station. Id. Plaintiffs disagree that this is the appropriate standard for determining § 6972(a)(1)(B) liability. Instead, plaintiffs contend that the contribution standard requires this court to determine not whether defendants actually caused a release but whether a release occurred from the UST system they operated, whether that was while defendants operated it or someone else did. They assert that “plaintiff does not have to prove that the petroleum was released when the Defendant operated the USTs but only that the Defendant operated the USTs from which the petroleum was released” (Plfs. Reply at 12) (emphasis in original). We think that plaintiffs misapprehend the law on this point. As we discuss more fully below, the rule plaintiffs articulate is only valid where special conditions exist which make the specific allocation of fault between defendants impossible, and where plaintiffs comply with certain procedural requirements (which at this point they have not done). See Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 817-18.
Plaintiffs cite Triffler v. Hopf, No. 92-C-7193, 1994 WL 643237, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16158, *8-13 (N.D.Ill. Oct. 31, 1994) (Plfs.Stmt.Ex.7), for the proposition that liability under the RCRA can be established simply by showing that “a release occurred from the UST system [Defendants] operated, whether that was while Defendants operated it or someone else did” (Plfs. Reply at 4). In that case, plaintiff, who operated an automobile dealership, had purchased property formerly used as a gas station, without knowing that it contained USTs. When plaintiff discovered the existence of the USTs and associated contamination, he filed an RCRA suit against the previous owners, one of which was Exxon. Exxon moved for summary judgment, arguing that plaintiff could not show that the contamination occurred while Exxon owned the property. The court denied Exxon’s motion, id. at *3, but in so doing seemed to disagree with the reasoning of the Zands II court. Specifically, the court held that plaintiff’s failure to pinpoint precisely when the leakage occurred did not entitle Exxon to summary judgment since “nothing in the plain language of the [RCRA] suggests that th[e] causal connection [between the hable party and the solid waste disposal] is magically severed by the past owner’s sale of the property.” Id. at *4.
But Triffler presented a different situation than we have here. In that ease the court was dealing with a previous owner, Exxon, who had obviously operated a gasoline station on the property in question. No subsequent owner or lessee of the property, including plaintiff, ever Used it as a gasoline station. Therefore, the fact that Exxon had allegedly sold the property before any leaks occurred, did not absolve it of responsibility since it was the only defendant whose actions could have possibly caused the contamination (Exxon was not arguing that any previous owners caused the leakages). Thus, Triffler dealt with a plaintiff who could not pinpoint exactly when the contamination occurred, -but knew that it occurred as a result of Exxon’s actions. Here, on the other hand, we are dealing with plaintiffs who know that the named defendants are previous owners/operators of a gasoline station located on their property, but do not know with certainty (or at least have not yet been able to definitively prove) that the contamination occurred during the tenancies of these particular defendants. Again, this is a very different situation from Triffler, where the chain of causation necessarily led to Exxon as the only operator of the leaking USTs. We agree with the Triffler court that where this chain of causation exists, the mere sale of the property does not break it. However, if the plaintiffs here cannot prove that the leakages at issue occurred during the tenancies of Chronister and Tri Star (as opposed to North States Oil), the chain of. causation would not necessarily extend to defendants and we see no reason why they should be held responsible for the clean-up. See Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 811. A finding to the contrary would stretch the liberal construction of the “contributing tó” language in subsection (a)(1)(B) too far. We therefore conclude that in order to establish § 6972(a)(1)(B) liability under the general rule articulated in Zands II, plaintiffs must demonstrate that both Chronister and Tri Star were responsible for gasoline leaks that occurred during the periods when each of them operated the gasoline station on the property. If plaintiffs cannot meet this burden — and they have made no effort to do so in the, briefs they have submitted thus far— then they cannot succeed in establishing the requisite .causal relationship between the leakage and the defendants’ activities that is necessary to establish “contributing to” liability.
However, plaintiffs may be able to establish defendants’ liability under an alternative liability theory. See e.g., Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 812-818; Bayless Investment and Trading Co. v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., No. 93-C-0704, 39 ERC 1428, 1994 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 12190, * (DAriz.- May 26,1994) (Plfs. Reply Ex. 5); Dominick’s Finer Foods, Inc. v. Amoco Oil Co., No. 93-C-4210, 1993 WL 524808, 1993 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 17668, *23 (N.D.Ill.Dec. 15, 1993) (Plfs.Stmt.Ex.6). In Zands II, the court found that in certain circumstances the burden of proof in an RCRA case can be shifted to the defendants under a theory of alternative liability to show that they are not responsible for contamination. 797 F.Supp. at 818. Presumptively, the rule for establishing contributor liability under the RCRA is that plaintiffs must show either “(1) that specific amounts of contamination occurred while each defendant owned or operated the property or (2) that the contamination occurred during defendants’ collective ownership and operation of the property.” Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 811. It is only when plaintiffs “cannot prove which owner or operator ‘caused’ the contamination because more than one person owned the property and operated the gas station during the period of known contamination” (i.e., are unable to make the showing required by.(l)), will the court relieve plaintiffs of their burden to demonstrate which defendant caused specific amounts of contamination. Id. at 818. At this point “the Court will shift the burden to each of the owner/operator defendants to show the contamination did not occur during the period of the defendant’s [collective] ownership or operation.” Id. However, the burden shift will occur only if plaintiffs join as defendants “all persons who owned the property or operated the gas station for at least a portion of the time during which the contamination occurred ...” Id. at 817.
The use of this alternative liability framework implicates the issues of burdenshifting and joinder of all potential defendants which continue to sharply divide the parties in this case. Defendants contend that plaintiffs are attempting to invoke this burden-shifting rule and therefore must adhere to all of the requirements for its proper use, one of which is the joinder of all persons who owned or operated the contaminated property. For their part, plaintiffs never explicitly invoke the Zands II rule, instead maintaining throughout that their burden is to show that defendants “contributed to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transportation, or disposal of [a] solid ... waste which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment.” 42 U.S.C. § 6972(a)(1)(B).
However, it is plaintiffs’ discussion of their burden of proof under the contribution prong of § 6972(a)(1)(B) that raises concern that they are in fact attempting to shift the burden on the causation issue to defendants. Specifically, as noted above, plaintiffs argue that in order to show causation they need not prove that a leakage occurred when each of the defendants was individually operating the gasoline station, only that the defendants operated the systems from which the leakage occurred (whether or not they were actually operating at the time of the leakage). By disclaiming their duty to show a causal connection between specific defendants and specific instances of petroleum leakages, defendants contend that plaintiffs are attempting to shift the burden of proof to the defendants to prove that they did not contribute to the contamination.
We agree with defendants that plaintiffs have attempted to operate under the lenient causation standard available under the alternative liability theory without fully complying with its procedural preconditions. We find that to the extent that plaintiffs in this ease wish to invoke the benefits of the Zands II alternative liability rule (ie., lenient standard for proving causation), they must also comply with the rule’s preconditions (ie., joinder of all responsible parties). Therefore, if they elect to omit North States Oil as a defendant, they must deal with the consequences of having to specifically show that identifiable leakages of petroleum occurred during Chronister and Tri Star’s individual tenancies. In contrast, if plaintiffs want this court to employ the burden-shifting rule on the basis that the contamination at issue cannot be identified temporally or apportioned between the alleged wrongdoers, then they must join all defendants, including North States Oü, who may be responsible. Id.; see also Bayless, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS, at *24.
Plaintiffs’ main argument in response is that since North States Oil was not subject to RCRA regulations when it conducted operations on the property, it could not have violated these regulations and therefore need not be joined as a defendant. However, we do not see how the nonexistence of RCRA regulations matters with regard to plaintiffs’ burden of proof under the contribution prong of § 6972(a)(1)(B). A more difficult question is posed by the fact that subsection (a)(1)(B) was not enacted until after the tenancy of North States Oil had expired. Subsection (a)(1)(B) was added to the citizen suit provision of the RCRA by amendment in 1984, five years after North States Oil assigned a sublease to Chronister and two years after North States Oil assigned the prime lease to Marathon. Although the Seventh Circuit has not squarely addressed this issue, we agree with the conclusion of other courts that have considered the issue that § 6972(a)(1)(B) applies retroactively to create liability for any person “who has contributed ... to the past or present” storage of solid waste. See Ascon Properties, Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149, 1159 (9th Cir.1989) (citing Gwaltney of Smithfield v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc., 484 U.S. 49, 108 S.Ct. 376, 98 L.Ed.2d 306 (1987) for the proposition that subsection (a)(1)(B) is an example of a statute applying retroactively); Petropoulos v. Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc., 840 F.Supp. 511, 515 (S.D.Ohio 1993) (finding that subsection (a)(1)(B) applies retroactively to lessee of garage space that owned, but discontinued using USTs before enactment of the statute). We think this conclusion is consistent with the analysis in Zands II, where the court required joinder of all contributing parties even though some of them operated a gasoline station on the property prior to the enactment of subsection (a)(1)(B). Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 808.
Therefore, we find that plaintiffs must add North States Oil as a defendant in order to employ the alternative liability theory set forth in Zands II. If plaintiffs elect to take advantage of the burden-shifting rule, then they must first establish their prima facie case by showing that the contamination occurred during the period of defendants’ collective operation of the. gasoline station. Id. at 811. Plaintiffs have proffered evidence with respect to Chronister and Tri Star that would permit them to meet their prima facie burden.
With respect to Chronister, plaintiffs’ evidence demonstrates that contamination was found around (1). the old steel USTs that Chronister used; (2) the old piping that Chronister disconnected and abandoned; (3) the second set of piping that Chronister installed and used; and (4) the relocated dispenser islands that Chronister installed and used. With respect to Tri Star, plaintiffs’ evidence shows that contamination was found around (1) the old steel USTs that Tri Star used; (2) the piping that Chronister installed and Tri Star used; (3) the piping Tri Star installed, to connect the new fiberglass USTs to the dispenser islands; and (4) the relocated dispenser islands that Chronister installed and Tri Star used.
Under the alternative liability theory the burden would shift to defendants to show that the contamination did not occur during their respective periods of operation of the gasoline station. Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 818. Defendants Chronister and Tri Star contend that they can make this showing. In support of this argument Tri Star resorts to a brief explanation of the history of gasoline prices and why the cheap gasoline available during North States Oil tenancy makes it reasonable to assume that the leakages were caused by North States Oil, not Chronister or Tri Star (who were faced with drastically higher prices which motivated them to avoid product loss). This argument, by itself, is conjecture, not fact. The economic incentive that Tri Star claims motivated it and Chron-ister to avoid spillage does nothing to elucidate whether there were actual petroleum leakages resulting from defendants’ activities during their operation of the gasoline station. Insofar as Tri Star attempts to defeat plaintiffs’ subsection (a)(1)(B) claim with this historical argument, it fails.
However, defendants also make more concrete assertions as to why the evidence produced by plaintiffs does not establish their liability as contributors. First, both Chronis-ter and Tri Star claim that they never used the old lines (installed by North States Oil and disconnected by Chronister) running from the steel USTs to the service islands. Next, they dispute that the contamination found around the lines Chronister installed was caused by leakages from those lines since they contend that the petroleum could not have leaked through the gravel surrounding the lines. They also contend that while Chronister was in possession of the site it tested the lines and USTs and found no leaks. Tri Star asserts that no contamination was found around the area containing Tri Star’s new fiberglass USTs, a claim which plaintiffs do not seem to dispute. Chronister contends that since it never used the relocated pump islands and the fiberglass USTs and piping installed by Tri Star, it cannot be responsible for any contamination associated with those areas. Tri Star does not dispute that contamination was found near the pump island areas that it used, and neither Tri Star nor Chronister dispute that contamination was found near the old USTs which both used. However, they argue that the contamination found around these areas could not be a result of their activities since they implemented testing procedures which never detected any leakages during their tenancies.
We think that the evidence presented thus far would create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendants are liable for contributing to contamination under an alternative liability theory. Plaintiffs would meet their initial burden by proffering evidence indicating that defendants used the systems associated with contamination, even though they are unable to show exactly when the petroleum leaks occurred. In turn, defendants Chronister and Tri Star claim that they did not use some of the contaminated systems {e.g., the old piping) and assert that they are able to proffer some evidence that the systems they did use (old USTs, new piping) always tested “tight” during their tenancies. These differing accounts present a factual dispute that could not be resolved on summary judgment. We reiterate that our finding here applies only to the extent that plaintiffs add North States Oil as a defendant and thereby invoke the burden-shifting approach.
The defendants also make a separate argument in response to plaintiffs’ § 6972(a)(1)(B) claims. Specifically, they assert that plaintiffs cannot attempt to hold defendants strictly liable for the entire site remediation under the RCRA since plaintiffs are “owners” whose passive behavior has contributed to the contamination. Defendants cite Zands II, where the court stated that “individuals who own and operate gas stations benefit financially from their gas stations, [and therefore] should be held responsible and accountable for injury to the environment----” 797 F.Supp. at 810. For the following reasons we find that defendants’ attempt to avert their own potential liability by attempting to impute liability to plaintiffs as property owners must fail.
We note that this is a close issue that no previous court has squarely addressed. As discussed above, the language of the statute sets forth a broad notion of liability, as it permits lawsuits “against any person ... including any past or present owner or operator of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility, who has contributed or who is contributing to” solid waste disposal. 42 U.S.C. § 6872(a)(1)(B). It is clear that this definition imposes liability on owners of contaminated property in certain circumstances. See Bayless, 1994 U.S. Dist. Lexis 12190; Zands II, 797 F.Supp. at 810; Price, 523 F.Supp. at 1073 (finding that defendants who knowingly purchased property that had been used as a landfill and who did nothing to abate the hazardous conditions that existed on the property after they were discovered could be held liable). However, even under the broadest reading of contribution, courts have established that there are some limitations on when property owners can be held liable under the statute. See Triffler, 1994 WL 643237, *6, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16158, *17-20 (Pl.Ex.7) (finding that § 6972’s long reach did not extend to “passive prior owners of property whose only ‘contribution’ to the disposal was an innocent failure to discover its occurrence during their period of ownership”); First San Diego Props. v. Exxon Co., 859 F.Supp. 1313 (S.D.Cal.1994); Zands I, 779 F.Supp. at 1264 (stating that an individual who sold land to individuals who then installed USTs could not be held liable). Thus, the issue of whether absentee property owners, like plaintiffs here, who knowingly lease their property for a commercial use that generates solid waste, is an open one.
We find that defendants here may not avoid liability by attempting to cast plaintiffs as the responsible party. The cases where property owners are found liable under the RCRA involve situations where the property owners also owned the gasoline station located on the properties. Thus, in Zands II, the defendant property owners also owned the piping, pumps, and service station on the property. 797 F.Supp. at 808. Similarly, in Bayless, the court found that the plaintiff had also contributed to the contamination where plaintiff “owned all of the improvements on the Property including USTs” and “received amounts of rent directly tied to the amount of gasoline brought onto and sold from the Property.” 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12190, at *27.
Here, plaintiffs stand in a different situation. In 1979, plaintiffs entered into the prime lease with North States Oil. Under the prime lease, which governed during the tenancies of Chronister and Tri Star, the property was leased “for any lawful purposes” (Cplt.Ex.l, ¶ 3), and the lessee was entitled to make any construction or improvements as it deemed beneficial (Cplt.Ex.l, ¶ 6). Plaintiffs received rental payments from the lessees, but these were in no way tied to the particular use of the property (Cplt.Ex.l, ¶2). At the termination of the lease “all buildings, improvements, changes, and additions” were to become the property of the lessor, excepting “trade fixtures,” which were to be removed such that the property was restored to its condition prior to the affixing of such trade fixtures (Cplt.Ex.l, ¶ 6). Plaintiffs claim, and defendants do not dispute, that the USTs were trade fixtures. Under the terms of the prime lease, then, plaintiffs did not actually own the major components of the gasoline station, they simply leased the land upon which the gasoline station owners operated their business. Thus, although (as defendants point out) plaintiffs here are unlike those in Triffler and First San Diego, where the plaintiff/owners had purchased the contaminated property after it had been previously used as a gasoline station, we think that they are nevertheless outside the admittedly broad reach of § 6972 liability. They neither owned the equipment necessary to operate the gasoline station nor derived a profit that was explicitly tied to the property being used as a gasoline station. Although it may reasonably be said that plaintiffs’ passive behavior “helped to cause” the leakages in question, this is not enough to establish liability under the “contributing to” language of § 6972(a)(1)(B). Zands I, 779 F.Supp. at 1264. Therefore, if plaintiffs can show that defendants were in fact responsible for contributing to the contamination which now exists on the property, defendants cannot escape liability simply because plaintiffs had entered into an arms-length contractual arrangement whereby defendants were given permission to operate a gasoline station.
In closing, we note that even if this court were to assume that plaintiffs were able to establish that some or all of the defendants were liable for the contamination, the issue of the appropriate allocation of the burden of remediation would not disappear: Under the RCRA, this court has broad authority to fashion equitable remedies in that we may order persons held liable under subsection (a)(1)(B) “to take such other action[s] as may be necessary ...” 42 U.S.C. § 6972(a). It is clear that a court may order a defendant to “participate in monitoring, investigating, reporting and restoring a contaminated parcel of land” as part of its equitable powers under the RCRA. Bayless, 1994 U.S.Dist. LEXIS, at *10.. While joint and several liability may be appropriate if the harm is indivisible, Conservation Chemical, 619 F.Supp. at 199, where the harm can be separated, liability must be allocated accordingly. For example, Chronister claims that it can identify certain areas of contamination for which it is not responsible. If that is true (and we make no finding that it is), then joint and several liability would not be appropriate and liability would have to be apportioned according to fault. Of course, this means that if Tri Star and Chronister were able to show that none of the contamination on the property were attributable to their conduct, then plaintiffs would be left with an action against North States Oil and the burden would fall on plaintiffs to attempt to recover against that defendant.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we make the following conclusions. First, with respect to § 6972(a)(1)(A), we find that issues of fact exist which preclude a finding of Tri Star’s liability. Although it is true that Tri Star has failed to comply with applicable UST laws and regulations, it is not clear whether this failure is the result of actions by plaintiffs that would make the imposition of § 6972(a)(1)(A) liability inappropriate. Second, with respect to § 6972(a)(1)(B), we find that plaintiffs may proceed under either a general or alternative liability theory. Under the general liability theory, plaintiffs would have to demonstrate that both Chron-ister and Tri Star were responsible for gasoline leaks that occurred during the periods when each of them operated the gasoline station on the property. Thus far, plaintiffs have not attempted to make this showing. Under the alternative liability theory, plaintiffs would first have to join North States Oil as a defendant. Once they did this, they would have to establish that the contamination occurred during the period of the defendants collective operation of the gasoline station. Each defendant would then have the burden of showing that the contamination did not occur during its period of operation. Based on the evidence presented thus far, we think that issues of fact exist with regard to whether defendants Chronister or Tri Star would be able to meet this burden.
. We note that in their complaint plaintiffs bring their subsection (a)(1)(A) claims against both Tri Star and Chronister. However, in their statement of position, plaintiffs confine this claim to Tri Star's conduct and we will, therefore, evaluate it accordingly.
. Illinois UST laws track the RCRA definitions, 415 ILCS 5/57.2, and impose liability on UST owners and operators "for all costs of investigation, preventive action, corrective action and enforcement action....” 415 ILCS 5/57.12.
. We note that Chronister would also be subject to paying plaintiffs' attorney fees if it were found liable under § 6972(a)(1)(B), as discussed below. This discussion of attorney fees therefore applies with equal force to Chronister.
. Chronister does assert that plaintiffs cannot meet their burden of showing "imminent and substantial endangerment” (Lincoln Resp. at 5). However, defendant Chronister’s main arguments in support of its contention — that plaintiffs are currently leasing the site to a flower business and that IEPA has taken no enforcement action — do not establish that an "imminent and substantial endangerment” does not exist. Chronister seems to acknowledge this point, stating that "[djetermining endangerment is a fact intensive inquiry” and that when plaintiffs are “put to their proof” they will not be able to make the requisite factual showing (Lincoln Resp. at 5). While this may indeed be the case, the existence of a factual dispute with respect to this issue would preclude resolving this case at the summary judgment stage.
. Plaintiffs make other arguments in support of their contention that joinder of North States Oil, which operated a gasoline station on the property from 1959 to 1979 and installed the original steel USTs, is unnecessary. They contend that North States Oil need not be joined because (1) it is a defunct corporation; (2) it did not own any of the USTs as of the date they were last used or closed; and (3), the evidence does not indicate that a release occurred during or as the result of its tenancy. Plaintiffs further contend that join-der of North States Oil is not required under Fed.R.Civ.P. 19. However, these arguments do not address the issue of joinder in connection with the alternative liability rule and therefore are not relevant to our inquiry here.
Plaintiffs also state that the argument about joinder of North States Oil is "really an argument about who should bear the burden of locating former shareholders, determining whether they are still liable trader corporate dissolution laws, ascertaining whether they have any assets, and evaluating whether under Rule 11 they can be named as defendants. The Property Owners do not have to bear that burden because the RCRA expressly allows them to name only one defendant” (Plf. Reply at 7). It is true, as plaintiffs assert, that § 6972 permits a plaintiff to bring a citizen suit “against any person,” and hence does not require joinder of all potential contributors under the strict terms of statute. However, the issue .here is whether North States Oil must be joined as a defendant in order to justify shifting the burden of proving causation to the defendants. Plaintiffs are welcome to only name Chronister and Tri Star as defendants in this case. If they do so, they must meet the more stringent standards of causation under § 6972(a)(1)(B) required by the general theory of liability. If plaintiffs argue (which they have thus far) that they need not prove specific causation since the contamination cannot be strictly apportioned according to fault, then joinder of North States Oil is required.
. This evidence also implicates North States Oil, although plaintiffs do not argue this point since North States Oil has not been named as a defendant.
. It appears from plaintiffs’ position papers that their evidence of contamination comes from a study of the property conducted by plaintiffs’ consultant, RAM Engineering (Plfs. Stmt Ex. 3).
| CASELAW |
props
import _curry2 from '../_internals/_curry2'
import map from '../array/map'
/**
* @name props
* @function
* @since v0.4.0
* @category Object
* @sig Object { k: v } -> Array v
* @description Pulls a list of values from an object and returns them as an array
* @param {Array} keys The list of properties to get values from
* @param {Object} obj The object to map through
* @return {Array} An array of values pulled from the object
* @example
* import { props } from 'kyanite'
*
* props(['a', 'b'], { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }) // => [1, 2]
*
* // It's also curried
*
* const g = props(['a', 'b'])
*
* g({ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }) // => [1, 2]
*/
const props = (keys, obj) =>
map(k => obj[k], keys)
export default _curry2(props) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
blob: f42997e0cc6fe7d63a42155649f25cc9a7734fc5 [file] [log] [blame]
// Copyright 2020 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
import 'package:fxtest/fxtest.dart';
import 'package:fxutils/fxutils.dart';
class FxRunException implements Exception {
final String fxCmd;
final int exitCode;
FxRunException(this.fxCmd, [this.exitCode = failureExitCode]);
@override
String toString() => 'FxRunException: Failed to run `$fxCmd` :: '
'Exit Code: $exitCode';
}
class TestFrameworkUnavailableError implements Exception {
@override
String toString() => 'Could not connect to Test Manager.\n'
'This could indicate the target device is unavailable or some bug in the test framework.';
}
class FailFastException implements Exception {
@override
String toString() => 'FailFastException';
}
class MalformedFuchsiaUrlException implements Exception {
final String packageUrl;
MalformedFuchsiaUrlException(this.packageUrl);
@override
String toString() =>
'MalformedFuchsiaUrlException: Malformed Fuchsia Package '
'Url `$packageUrl` could not be parsed';
}
class HashFileNotFoundException implements Exception {
final String message;
HashFileNotFoundException(this.message);
@override
String toString() => message;
}
class PackageRepositoryException implements Exception {
String file;
final String message;
PackageRepositoryException(this.message, [this.file = '']);
@override
String toString() => '$file: $message';
}
class PackageRepositoryParseException extends PackageRepositoryException {
PackageRepositoryParseException(String message) : super(message);
}
class UnparsedTestException implements Exception {
final String message;
UnparsedTestException(this.message);
@override
String toString() => message;
}
class UnrunnableTestException implements Exception {
final String message;
UnrunnableTestException(this.message);
@override
String toString() => message;
}
class SigIntException implements Exception {}
const _missingFxMessage =
'Did not find `fx` command at expected location: //$fxLocation';
class MissingFxException implements Exception {
@override
String toString() => _missingFxMessage;
}
class OutputClosedException implements Exception {
final int exitCode;
OutputClosedException([this.exitCode = 0]);
}
class BadMapPathException implements Exception {
final String message;
BadMapPathException(this.message);
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Christmas shopping is finished for 1 million folks
Overachievers who have already started – or finished – their holiday shopping may still be able to take advantage of upcoming sales. An estimated 34 million adults have already begun to tick items off their Christmas shopping list, according to a new survey from CreditCards.com. Of those, 1 million have completely "wrapped" this annual task. The mid-September survey polled 1,000 adults, with a margin of error of plus or minus 3.8 percentage points. "It really is pretty amazing that so many people have finished their holiday shopping so quickly," said Matt Schulz, senior industry analyst for CreditCards.com. "Some people wear that as a badge of honor." While early birds have the advantage of ample time for smart shopping – comparing prices and swooping in on the best deals – there's a risk of missing out on even better holiday sales. Or maybe not. An analysis from Boomerang Commerce last year found that major retailers' discounts and pricing for 1,000 popular products over Black Friday weekend and Cyber Monday was "nothing special." Still, it doesn't hurt to hedge your bets by monitoring pricing of recently purchased items. Many stores will refund you the difference if you spot a lower price there, or at a competitor, within a set period after your purchase. "It's going to be tough," said Edgar Dworsky, founder of advocacy site ConsumerWorld.org. "The policies vary from store to store." You may have to act fast, he said – often, the match only applies if you spot a better deal within a week or two. Stores may also require that the deal be for the exact item (model number, color, quantity, etc.) and from a specific online or in-store competitor. Many specify that they won't match deals offered from Thanksgiving through Cyber Monday. Of course, you'll also need to hang on to your receipt. "The reality is, your mileage may vary," said Dworsky. "Really try to understand the terms and conditions so you don't get your hopes up needlessly." If you made your purchases with a credit card, you may have more leeway to take advantage of holiday sale price drops, said Schulz. Several issuers, including Chase, Citi, Discover and MasterCard, offer "price protection" benefits for some or all of their cards. "Price protection from your credit card can be a really good thing," he said. Depending on the program, you may have as long as 60 days – or even 90 – to find a better price and file a claim. But like store policies, there's typically fine print on which purchases are covered and what kind of sales will be accepted for a match. Programs also cap how much you can get back on a given item and year. Whether you're aiming to take advantage of a store or credit card's price match policy, set up price alerts to be notified of drops, said Dworsky. Apps like Slice and Paribus let you link your email or Amazon account to monitor pricing on past purchases. Set reminders to do some web comparison shopping yourself ahead of a match deadline. "Nothing is as good as being your own detective and checking prices," Dworsky said. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Using WordPress Featured Images in AngularJS
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Set Some Images
3. Content Service
4. Resolve Content
5. Featured Image Service
6. Bind to Our View
7. Summary
8. Other Posts in this Series
Introduction
Over the past 7 posts we’ve been making an AngularJS application with a WordPress backend, but everything we’ve had to utilize so far has been neatly bundled in a single XHR request from WordPress. What if our WordPress page makes use of the Featured Image functionality? Wouldn’t it be nice if we could capture that too? Well we can, but it’s going to take a second request, after we get the first one.
In part 8 of this series we will make a content service to replace our existing vanilla $http requests in our route resolves, and then we’ll make an additional service to go fetch the relevant media associated with a featured image. Then we’ll conditionally display the featured image below our post title if one exists.
Set Some Images
First things first, we need some featured images to fetch. Go into your WordPress install and add a featured image to each of the test pages we’re fetching.
If you use an image more than once in multiple pages, we can test if we have fetched that information already and use it’s url from memory instead of fetching it again. More on that later.
Content Service
Currently we have an $http.get resolving in our default route. This is fine in the short term, but we really ought to move this to it’s own service. This is especially true now as we’ll be looking to do more work once that request is successful.
1. So first, let’s have yeoman create a new factory for us, called contentService:
yo angular:factory contentService
2. Open app/scripts/services/contentservice.js.
3. Add $http to the argument list of the callback function:
.factory('contentService', function ($http) {
4. Replace the body of the callback function with this:
var service = {
get: getContent
};
return service;
function getContent(page) {
return $http.get('http://some.site/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/?filter[name]=' + page)
.then(getPageSuccess);
function getPageSuccess(response) {
if (response.data && response.data[0]) {
return response.data[0];
} else {
throw response.status;
}
}
}
Resolve the contentService
1. Now in app/scripts/app.js, add contentService to the getPage argument list:
pageContent: function getPage($route, $http, contentService) {
2. Next, replace the body of the getPage function with the following:
var pathname = $route.current.pathParams.routename;
return contentService(pathname)
.then(getPageSuccess);
function getPageSuccess(response) {
return response;
}
All we’ve done here is move everything we were already doing to a reusable service.
Featured Image Service
If you spent any time exploring the returned data from our content requests, you may have noticed a property called featured_media. If your WordPress page makes use of the featured image, that property will have a value greater than 0. That value is what we will use to make another XHR to WordPress to get back all kinds of data about that image.
We’re going to make a setter/getter service to store the some of that data. But since we hope our visitors will bounce around a bit on our site, we’re going to store an array of data so that we don’t have to look up images we’ve seen before.
1. Let’s start by having Yeoman make the service (factory) for us:
yo angular:factory featuredImageService
2. Open the resulting file app/scripts/services/featuredimageservice.js and add $http and $q to the callback function argument list:
.factory('featuredImageService', function ($http, $q) {
We’re using $q so that we can return a promise regardless of whether we make an XHR or not. Again, more on that later.
3. Replace the callback function body with this (explanation numbers in the comments):
/**
* 1.
*/
var service = {
get: getImageId,
set: setImageId
},
/**
* 2.
*/
images = [];
/**
* 3.
*/
return service;
/**
* THE IMPLEMENTATION
*/
/**
* METHOD: featuredImageService.get()
*
* This method takes an id as an argument and first looks for that id in
* our stored images array, then failing that, fetches that id from our
* WordPress API.
*
* If fetching from the API is successful, we call the setImageId function,
* which stores details of that image in our images array.
*/
function getImageId(id) {
/**
* 4. & 5.
*/
var pos, deferred = $q.defer();
/**
* 6.
*/
if (id) {
/**
* 7.
*/
pos = images.map(function(e) { return e.id; }).indexOf(id);
/**
* 8.
*/
if (pos > -1) {
deferred.resolve(images[pos].url);
return deferred.promise;
}
/**
* 9. & 10.
*/
return $http.get('http://adam.merrifield.ca/wp-json/wp/v2/media/' + id)
.then(setImageId);
}
/**
* 11.
*/
deferred.reject('Unable to get featured image');
return deferred.promise;
}
/**
* METHOD: featuredImageService.set()
*
* This method is primarily used by featuredImageService.get() but could be
* useful as a public method. As such, it accepts an object as an argument,
* and we test to see if that argument is a config object
* `{id: '1234', url: 'some.url/image.jpg'}` or a callback response object
* from our XHR.
*
* Finally, we push that configuration into our images array.
*/
function setImageId(config) {
var image;
if (config) {
if (config.data) {
image = {
id: config.data.id,
url: config.data.source_url
}
} else {
image = {
id: config.id,
url: config.url
}
}
images.push(image);
return image.url;
}
return false;
}
Detailed Explanation
1. We have two public methods, get and set. featuredImageService.get() will fetch an image from WordPress or serve it from memory if it exists already.
featuredImageService.set() will store an images data in memory for use later. We’ll primarily use this privately, but it could be useful publicly, so we account for that.
2. An empty image array that we’ll fill with image data as we fetch them. We’ll reference this array before ever making an XHR.
3. We set our service into motion.
4. Declare pos, a variable we’ll use to determine what position our our pre-fetched image is in, if it exists.
5. Define deferred as our promise object. As mentioned before, we are using this promise in the event that we’ve already fetched an image and do not need to make an XHR (which would require a promise by default).
6. Test if an id was passed as an argument.
7. Get the position of the passed id in the array of image objects.
NOTE: Array.prototype.map is supported in IE9 and up. If you require more support than that, use this pollyfill.
8. If a previous image is found, resolve that url in a promise, and return the promise. The function will exit here if true.
9. If the above test failed, then we are making an XHR to our WordPress instance. This time though, we are querying the media API instead of the pages API.
We use the id contained in a fetched page object as as the id to fetch from the media query. We’ll see that in action later.
10. We use setImageId, our otherwise public featuredImageService.set() method, as our callback handler.
11. If we got this far, no previous image was found or id was not passed as an argument.
Bind to Our View
1. First we’ll inject our featuredimageservice into our DynamicCtrl. Open app/scripts/controllers/dynamic.js and add featuredImageService to the argument list of the callback function:
.controller('DynamicCtrl', function (pageContent, metaService, featuredImageService) {
2. Next, check to see if our resolved pageContent has a .featured_media property that isn’t 0:
if (pageContent.featured_media) {
}
3. Now we’ll call our featuredImageService and bind the results to our view model:
if (pageContent.featured_media) {
featuredImageService.get(pageContent.featured_media)
.then(function (response) {
dynamic.featuredImage = response
});
}
4. Finally, let’s add this image to our dynamic page markup. Open app/views/dynamic.html and add an image tag that uses dynamic.featuredImage as the ng-src:
<div class="jumbotron">
<h1 ng-bind-html="dynamic.title"></h1>
<img ng-if="dynamic.featuredImage" class="img-responsive" ng-src="{{ dynamic.featuredImage }}">
</div>
And there you have it…
angular-wordpress-featured-image
Summary
In this post we created a contentService to fetch our content in a repeatable fashion, making it easier to fetch other things once that feature is resolved. Then we made a featuredImageService that can set and get featured images from a known featured_media id.
Other Posts in this Series | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
RFCOMM
Also found in: Acronyms.
RFCOMM
(protocol)
(RS232 Serial Cable Emulation Profile) A Bluetooth transport protocol in the Core Protocol Stack based on the ETSI standard.
RFCOMM Layer Tutorial.
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
Una de ellas es crear una linea serial virtual, llamada RFCOMM y entonces crear una conexion PPP (Point to Point Protocol) sobre esta.
The protocol stack includes the HCI, L2CAP logical link and adaptation protocol, SDP (service discovery protocol, RFCOMM and OBEX.
Affix soporta los protocolos del Core Bluetooth HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM, SDP y la mayoria de los perfiles de la especificacion.
By comparison, more sophisticated radios such as Bluetooth require a dedicated core to manage the baseband protocol stack and a separate host device to manage the Logical Link Control and Adaptation protocol, RFCOMM, protocol interfaces and applications. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ajankohtainen
Adjective
* 1) of current interest, current, topical existing or occurring at the moment and being of some importance | WIKI |
Page:Passing (1929).pdf/66
paralysed them. At first Irene took her to be a stranger, but in the next instant she said in an unsympathetic, almost harsh voice: "And how are you, Gertrude?"
The woman nodded and forced a smile to her pouting lips. "I'm all right," she replied. "And you're just the same, Irene. Not changed a bit."
"Thank you." Irene responded, as she chose a seat. She was thinking: "Great goodness! Two of them."
For Gertrude too had married a white man, though it couldn't be truthfully said that she was "passing." Her husband—what was his name?—had been in school with her and had been quite well aware, as had his family and most of his friends, that she was a Negro. It hadn't, Irene knew, seemed to matter to him then. Did it now, she wondered? Had Fred—Fred Martin, that was it—had he ever regretted his marriage because of Gertrude's race? Had Gertrude?
Turning to Gertrude, Irene asked: | WIKI |
Introduction to flexible dieting
Scientist Michelle Kickham shows us it’s not all lemon water and rabbit food when it comes to healthy dieting. In fact, you can have your cake and eat it too…
It’s that time of year again. People are planning their post-Christmas slim-downs that usually last as long as those Christmas cookies. Let’s be honest though, diets are boring, unsustainable and, most of the time, far too complex for the average person to adhere to. Chicken and broccoli eight times a day, grapefruits before meals and don’t get me started on these ‘teatoxes’.
What if I told you there was a simple, effective and sustainable method to maintain, lose or even gain some weight without following any diet at all? It’s completely flexible, no foods are off limits (yes, you can have peanut butter) and it is easily tailored to your personal needs. All you have to do is supply your body the nutrients it requires each day while tailoring the specifics to your goals; whether it be weight loss, weight gain or just maintaining your physique.
Welcome to flexible dieting; The one and only nutrition plan that will suit absolutely everyone. I have laid out the basics on how to get yourself started with the process. It takes a little bit of time to get used to, but I promise you, it’s worth it.
THE MACRONUTRIENTS
The macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are the food groups that contain the calories which provide you with the energy (and vitamins and minerals) your body requires to function. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for your body and make up the bulk of your calorific intake. Protein provides amino acids which aid in muscle growth, repair and multiple metabolic processes, while fats are involved in hormone regulation and cognitive function.
Each macronutrient is required by the body and in varying proportions, but the average diet would consist of 50% carbohydrates, 20% protein and 30% fat. Calorific requirements vary and are dependent on your height, weight and activity level. Thus, the heavier and more active individuals will require more calories than a less active person.
SO, HOW DOES IT WORK?
Flexible dieting is different from your typical ‘clean eating’ or calorie controlled diets. Instead of just counting your calories (often leading to nutritional deficiencies by avoidance of certain food groups), you track your macronutrients which, as we know, are the source of our calories. This ensures that you meet your dietary requirements each day without depriving yourself or adhering to a complex meal plan.
Flexible dieting just requires you to track your food intake daily in order to ensure you are consuming the correct amount of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; all of which will add to your calorific intake per day. This takes a little bit of getting used to, but there are fantastic apps available such as MyFitnessPal to help you keep track (so no need to take a pen and paper in your pocket!). These apps even support barcode scanning so they can look up the specific food and automatically add it to your intake, with all the required details!
So now that we know how it works, here’s your step-by-step guide to joining the flexible dieting band wagon!
CALORIES FIRST!
Before you start tracking your macronutrients, you first must figure out how many calories you require to maintain your weight.
The most accurate way to determine this is to keep track of your calorie intake per day while monitoring your weight and noting any weight changes. This takes about two weeks to do properly, but it’s far more accurate than the online calculators which don’t take into account your own personal variables such as activity, age, metabolism and body fat percentage, and these vary between individuals.
WHAT SHOULD MY MACRONUTRIENTS BE?
Once you know how many calories you require to maintain your weight, you’re ready to calculate how many grams of each macronutrient you require daily. There are general guidelines you can follow, but tailoring them to your own goals and preferences is key to success. Active individuals require more carbohydrates and those involved in weight training require slightly more protein – it’s all very flexible as long as you reach the minimum daily requirements.
As a rough guide, the average person will require approximately 0.8g-1g of protein and about 0.5g of fat per lb of bodyweight. Protein and carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram and fat contains 9 calories per gram. So, if you are a 110lb female who needs 2000 calories a day, you would require 110g of protein (110 x 4 =440 calories) and 55g of fat (55 x 9 = 495 calories). The rest of your calories should come from carbohydrates and these can be calculated by subtracting your calories from protein and fat from your maintenance calories (2000 – (440+ 495) = 1065 calories) and to convert this to grams of carbohydrates, divide 1065 by four giving you 266g carbohydrates. It’s as simple as that!
PERSONALISING MACRONUTRIENTS BASED ON YOUR GOALS
Once you have your macronutrients calculated, you can tailor them to suit your goals. If you want to lose some weight, reduce your calorie intake by 200 per day. Protein intake should remain high while dieting to prevent muscle breakdown, so these 200 calories should come from either fat or carbohydrates.
Alternatively, if you want to build muscle or gain weight, increase your calories by 200 per day. The excess calories here can be whatever you prefer, but carbohydrates are the most convenient (and the tastiest!).
WHY FLEXIBLE DIETING IS THE WAY TO GO!
Flexible dieting is the most effective method of managing not only your nutrition, but also your sanity. There are no ‘bad foods’ and nothing is off limits. As long as you hit your macronutrient requirements each day, it doesn’t really matter what you eat. You will find that in order to meet your requirements, you will need to eat plenty of whole grains and vegetables, but if you find that you have 50g carbohydrates left at the end of the day there is no stopping you from digging into that bowl of ice cream!
The key to any diet or nutrition plan is sustainability; can you keep this up long term? Most ‘calorie controlled’ diets are too restrictive and lead to an unhealthy relationship with food, which is detrimental to both your physical and mental health. However, flexible dieting is sustainable, easy to follow and, if adhered to, will help you reach your goals in no time.
For more information on how to track your macronutrients, I highly recommend visiting www.MyFitnessPal.com and setting up an account with them. This will make flexible dieting a walk in the park and once adhered to correctly, will have nothing but a positive impact on your health; both body and mind. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:FK Bačka 1901
My revert
User AlexxxG87 made several edits, that are vandalisms, by nature. Here, he blanked the section he disliked. Although the links section in the article spoke about sport society of Croats, AlexxxG87 deleted that. That's vandalism. Here AlexxxG87 also blanked the section that was against his personal point of view. Here, AlexxxG87 again made an edit, in which he removed the lines he disliked. The abbreviation for football club is "nogometni klub". Croatian language is also one of languages with official status in autonomous province Vojvodina, so the club has that name (that also says in the links). Kamarad Walter (talk) 13:49, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
"nogometni klub " is not used for FK Bačka, thez use "fudbalski klub", on their team badge also says FK Bačka 1901!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Justice12321 (talk • contribs) 22:57, 14 February 2009 that was the first croatian football club, everbody said that
References, please. Thank You. Kamarad Walter (talk) 22:03, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on FK Bačka 1901. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131426/http://www.suboticke.net/arhiva/broj%2044/strane/o%20tome%20se%20govori.htm to http://www.suboticke.net/arhiva/broj%2044/strane/o%20tome%20se%20govori.htm
* Added tag to http://www.suboticke.net/arhiva/broj%2087/strane/mozaik.htm
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005040/http://www.fkbacka1901.com/klub-istorija-poznatiigraci.php to http://www.fkbacka1901.com/klub-istorija-poznatiigraci.php
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 12:11, 17 January 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:UserCymraeg
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was Delete. --RL0919 (talk) 22:48, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
Template:UserCymraeg
Unused userbox from here. I'm probably going to be doing 1-3 of these per day. Dynamic|cimanyD contact me ⁞ my edits 21:56, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
* Delete - Unused; I can't see why we should keep it. Hi 8 7 8 (Come shout at me!) 01:46, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Pascal Reinhardt
Pascal Reinhardt (born 11 September 1992) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is currently the manager of SG Sonnenhof Großaspach.
Youth
Reinhardt played as a youth for SSV Reutlingen and Stuttgarter Kickers. He scored 20 goals in the A Junior League for Stuttgarter in 2010–11.
Bayern Munich II
Despite interest from Stuttgarter in signing him to a professional contract, he decided to join Bayern Munich II in 2011. He made his debut for the team on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, as a substitute for Max Dombrowka in a 2–2 draw with 1. FC Nürnberg II, and would make a further ten appearances during the season as Bayern II finished in a disappointing 14th place in the Regionalliga Bayern. He suffered a couple of injuries in his first season — a pneumothorax injury that kept him out for four months, followed by a hernia. In 2012, he played for the first team in a friendly against SC Fürstenfeldbruck, where he scored two goals in a 7–0 victory. For the 2012–13 season, Mehmet Scholl became the new coach of Bayern II and Reinhardt's playing time diminished.
FC Homburg
Having been out of the Bayern II team during the first half of the 2012–13 season, he went on trial with SC Paderborn 07 before eventually joining FC 08 Homburg of the Regionalliga Südwest in 2013, where he scored his first senior goal on his debut, scoring the third in a 3–0 win over SC Idar-Oberstein, just a minute after coming on as a substitute for Dennis Gerlinger, which was his only goal of the season. Soon after, he injured his shoulder and was out for the next three months. The following year was a successful one for him - he finished as Homburg's top scorer with 11 goals, as they finished in 11th place in the league, while also winning the 2014 Saarland Cup.
Mainz 05 II
In July 2014, Reinhardt signed for FSV Mainz 05 II, who had just been promoted to the 3. Liga. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2014–15 season, as a substitute for Marc Wachs in a 2–1 defeat at home to Arminia Bielefeld. After suffering an ankle injury that kept him out for a year, his contract was not extended.
SSV Ulm
In January 2016, after being out of contract since his injury at Mainz, he joined SSV Ulm 1846, where he played for two seasons. In his first season, they won the fifth-tier 2015–16 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, gaining promotion to the fourth-tier Regionalliga for the following season.
Waitakere United
In the January transfer window of 2017, Reinhardt signed for Waitakere United of the New Zealand Football Championship, the top domestic division of football in New Zealand on a four-month contract. On 8 January 2017, he made his debut appearance as a substitute against Hawke's Bay United the day after he arrived in New Zealand from Germany and scored his first goal in a 2–1 victory over Hamilton Wanderers AFC, on 15 January. In the semi-final match of the league playoffs, Reinhardt scored a hat-trick, as well as a penalty kick in the shootout, in a 6–6 (3–2 PKs) loss to eventual champions Team Wellington.
VfL Nagold
Afterwards, he returned to Germany, joining VfL Nagold in 2017, in the Landesliga Württemberg, the seventh-tier of the German football league system. He had been in contact with various clubs from the 3rd division to the regional league, including FC Holzhausen, TSG Balingen and SSV Reutlingen and had trialed at FC Saarbrücken, before joining Nagold. Through the club, Reinhardt found a training position and founded his own football school in cooperation with the Nagold online sports shop “Sport-1a.de” which helped facilitate his move to the club. In a match against SV Wittendorf, Reinhardt scored the opening goal of the match just 9.23 seconds into the game. Nagold won the division in his debut season, earning promotion to the sixth-tier Verbandsliga Württemberg.
Following the season, he had an offer to join a club in the fifth-tier Oberliga, but he chose to remain with Nagold instead. He suffered an injury early in the 2018–19 season, tearing a cruciate ligament in his knee. After eight months, he returned against FC Wangen as a second half substitute, but reinjured the knee within five minutes, forcing him out for the entire next season.
Beginning in the 2019–20 season, following his injury, he became an assistant coach at VfL Nagold and also serves as part of their Mentoring Program for youth. He re-joined Nagold's playing roster for the 2020–21 season, while also continuing to serve as an assistant coach. Reinhardt would continue to wear the number 10 jersey, which had been given to new 2020 signing Nils Schuon, saying “Nobody gets the 10. Even if Messi comes, the 10 is mine.” On 22 September 2020, after re-tearing the cruciate ligament in his right knee for the third time, he was forced to end his comeback bid and retire and end his playing career, but he would remain with the club as an assistant coach. After announcing his retirement, he made a final symbolic appearance on 26 September 2020, coming on as a last minute substitute against SG Empfingen.
Coaching career
Beginning in the 2019–20 season, following his injury, he became an assistant coach at VfL Nagold On 3 August 2019, he served as the head coach for a cup match against SV 03 Tübingen II, as head coach Armin Redzepagic was unavailable. For the 2020–21 season, he was expected to serve in a player-coach role. However, after another injury forced him to retire early in season, he remained with Nagold solely in his assistant coach role. He has his B Coaching license certification.
In 2021, he became the co-manager of Verbandsliga Württemberg side FC Holzhausen.
Ahead of the 2023-24 season, he joined SG Sonnenhof Großaspach as manager.
Personal life
Reinhardt started his own soccer school in March 2020. | WIKI |
Adam Bloom
Adam Bloom (born 8 December 1970) is a British comedian and writer. He has played The Edinburgh Festival for many years, once winning The Edinburgh Festival Polygram Punter Comedy Award. In 1998 he won The Time Out Comedy Award for Best Stand-Up. He appeared at The Melbourne International Comedy Festival 1999 and 2000, winning a Stella Artois award for the former appearance.
Radio and television appearances
Bloom was a guest on RMITV's The Loft Live Episode 12 of Season 8 13 April 2000 broadcast on Channel 31 Melbourne.
He has also appeared on Mock the Week, "Never Mind The Buzzcocks", Russell Howard's Good News and The Young Person's Guide To Becoming a Rockstar.
Bloom wrote and starred in the BBC Radio 4 show The Problem with Adam Bloom which ran for three series (2003–2005).
In 1999 Channel 4 commissioned 'Beyond a Joke', Bloom's own half-hour special, a mockumentary about a comedian's life off-stage.
Notable works
MP3 Recording
* Stand Up Great Britain
* Adam Bloom Live
Adam performed at the ‘Just For Laughs’ comedy festival in Montreal in 1998, 2001, 2005 & 2013, recording TV galas in 2001 & 2005 which were broadcast in several counties around The World. He was also part of the ‘2004 Just Laughs Tour’ performing to 42,000 people in 17 cities across Canada.
In 2011 Adam provided additional material for The Antics Roadshow, a 48-minute TV documentary directed by Banksy.
On 11 September 2015 he performed at the comedy stage at Banksy's Dismaland, the art exhibition in Weston-Super-Mare.
In November 2019 he was asked to be the sole judge of Banksy's 'Gross Domestic Product' competition where Adam got to choose which of hundreds of thousands of entrants from over 200 countries won the chance to buy original Banksy art at affordable prices ranging from signed spray cans to the bullet-proof vest worn by Stormzy at Glastonbury Festival.
Bloom self published a guide book on stand-up comedy 'Finding Your Comic Genius: An in-depth guide to the art of stand-up comedy' on the 28th August 2023. | WIKI |
Talk:Surulere
Add - Congestion and crime section?
Recommending this section be added. Based on coverage littered around the search engines, Good and not so good news should be included to balance citations. Please see the following news links:
* https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/war-against-crime-in-lagos/
* https://www.thegeniusmedia.com.ng/2020/04/16/pandemonium-in-surulere-as-residents-receives-letter-from-robbery-gang-1-million-boys/
* https://www.thecable.ng/two-killed-75-arrested-over-surulere-violence
related articles
* One Million Boys
* Crime in Nigeria
--Mhazinek (talk) 09:58, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
Sources for history section
http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu26ue/uu26ue0j.htm
Wiki links: Lagos Water Corporation
Mhazinek (talk) 00:01, 3 May 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
What Could the Future of AI and Crypto Look Like?
The intersection of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology has the potential to enable a new set of decentralized, more intelligent applications than ever before. And we can already see the interest picking up: Not a single day is passing without new investment rounds in AI x Crypto companies and announcements of partnerships.
In this article, we will dive deep into what a symbiosis of these two disrupting technologies brings for the future.
As the famous futurist Ray Kurzweil once said:
“The future is not a destination, it’s a direction.”
The Fusion of AI and Crypto
Several innovative projects are already working on AI and crypto, each with its own unique way of combining those technologies. For example, GenLayer is developing an AI-powered Blockchain that harnesses the full intelligence of the internet to enable new decentralized applications.
SingularityNET is building a decentralized AI-service marketplace, while Ocean Protocol focuses on creating a decentralized data exchange for AI training.
On the other hand, decentralized networks like Akash and Render are democratizing access to compute. By using computing resources across a distributed network, these platforms are lowering the entry barriers for new participants to the ecosystem.
Comparing this approach to existing “Web2” solutions shows a clear picture: Large Language Models (LLMs) require compute resources, which are often times provided by centralized cloud based GPUs. Usually, cloud services are provided by some industry heavyweights like Nvidia’s GPU Cloud, Amazon Web Services or Google Cloud. With the before mentioned blockchain solutions LLMs can use distributed resources to reduce the reliance on centralized cloud services.
These projects are just the tip of the iceberg. The industry is still growing, and innovative projects are funded daily.
AI and Blockchain: A Symbiotic Relationship
To truly understand the disruptive future potential of merging these two technologies, let’s look at their unique characteristics.
AI can significantly improve the efficiency of blockchain networks. As shown by GenLayer’s AI-powered Blockchain it can help expand the functionalities of casual smart contracts by connecting them natively to the internet.
Also, AI algorithms can predict the best times for executing transactions to minimize fees or adjust consensus mechanisms dynamically based on network load. Using AI in smart contract audits can help identify vulnerabilities and optimize code. It can also be used to detect fraudulent activities, making blockchain networks more robust and reliable.
On the other hand, Blockchain technology provides a secure, transparent framework for Web3 projects that are advancing into a new AI area. By leveraging blockchain’s immutable and tamper-proof nature, AI developers can ensure the integrity of their data. It also allows AI models to access broad data sets without relying on a central authority or utilizing decentralized compute through networks.
Token Economy Example
Token Economy Displayed. Source: Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/token-economy-andy-martin-2f
The blockchain enables secure and efficient data sharing and monetization mechanisms within a token economy. Compared to centralized agents, AI agents on the blockchain can also operate autonomously and interact with each other without human intervention.
Consider a DAO buying services from an AI agent, which then subcontracts another AI agent or helps in decision-making processes.
Integrating AI with blockchain technology at its core represents an important shift towards creating more intelligent, autonomous, and efficient decentralized systems. In some cases they even expand the possibilities of “casual” smart contracts on the blockchain by utilizing LLMs.
Vision of the Near Future
Let’s just envision a not-so-distant future in three years. Think of a decentralized legal system where AI arbitrators resolve contract disputes independently. You are a freelancer who fulfilled the obligation in your contract, but the company won’t pay you?
Simply submit your case to an AI trained in legal databases, which will decide the case for you based on the agreed legal frameworks. This automation could fasten resolutions and reduce costs associated with traditional arbitration.
Also, a blockchain platform could enable a decentralized world database by incentivizing the crowd-sourced collection of information. Individuals or AI agents would be rewarded for gathering and summarizing accurate data on various topics to be written on a blockchain.
Challenges and Opportunities
Integrating AI with blockchain comes with its own set of technical and logistical challenges, including interoperability issues, data privacy and security concerns, and ethical and legal considerations. While legal frameworks on blockchain and AI worldwide are being implemented, such as the EU’s MiCA regulation, this new niche might have its own legal difficulties.
Issues such as data privacy and intellectual property rights will require collaboration between regulators, industry leaders, and the whole AI and Crypto community. For example, Ocean Protocol addresses intellectual property rights by enabling secure and controlled sharing of data and AI models while preserving ownership and privacy.
Additionally, investments in AI and crypto startups have been on the rise, with venture capitalists and institutional investors recognizing the immense potential of these technologies. As more funding flows into the AI Crypto space, we can expect to see accelerated innovation and the emergence of new players.
For instance, VanEck, a prominent investment management firm, projects that AI-focused crypto projects could collect $10.2 billion in annual revenues by 2030, highlighting the significant growth potential in this space. AI Tokens have also been one of the most lucrative investments since the beginning of 2023, as shown below:
VanEck stats 2023
VanEck AI Tokens Return 2023. Source: https://www.vaneck.com/pl/en/blog/digital-assets/vanecks-crypto-ai-revenue-predictions-by-2030/
Future Projections and Trends
Renowned futurists and thought leaders, such as Ray Kurzweil, have made bold predictions about the future of AI and crypto. Kurzweil envisions a future where AI will surpass human intelligence, leading to a technological singularity. He also believes that blockchain technology will play a crucial role in ensuring the security and transparency of AI systems.
As these predictions unfold, the convergence of AI and crypto could have implications for various sectors.
In the future, we can expect to see a shift towards more decentralized compute being utilized, as projects like Akash and Render gain traction. This will democratize access to computing resources and enable more inclusive AI development.
Additionally, we may witness the seamless integration of AI agents into any dApp or app, with these agents pulling data from a blockchain where each user is compensated for their data contributions. This creates a more equitable and user-centric data economy, where individuals have control over their personal information and are rewarded for sharing it.
What’s next?
The fusion of AI and crypto technologies holds immense potential for disruption across various sectors. As these two fields continue to evolve, we can expect to see more intelligent systems that revolutionize how we interact with technology and each other.
Preparing for a future where AI and crypto play a central role is important, as it will require a joint effort from researchers, developers, regulators, and users.
By embracing the opportunities and addressing the challenges that lie ahead, we can shape a future where the synergies between AI and crypto drive innovation, promote transparency, and create value for society as a whole.
Website | Blog | Discord | X (prev. Twitter) | Telegram | Simulator | Docs | Whitepaper | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Helen and the Horns
This is currently a redirection to Helen McCookerybook's entry on "Helen and the Horns", who she founded,
Can be expanded into a page of it's own in the future | WIKI |
Explore Flask
Chapter 6. Advanced patterns for views and routing
6.1. View decorators
Python decorators are functions that are used to transform other functions. When a decorated function is called, the decorator is called instead. The decorator can then take action, modify the arguments, halt execution or call the original function. We can use decorators to wrap views with code we'd like to run before they are executed.
@decorator_function
def decorated():
pass
If you've gone through the Flask tutorial, the syntax in this code block might look familiar to you. @app.route is a decorator used to match URLs to view functions in Flask apps.
Let's take a look at some other decorators you can use in your Flask apps.
6.1.1. Authentication
The Flask-Login extension makes it easy to implement a login system. In addition to handling the details of user authentication, Flask-Login gives us a decorator to restrict certain views to authenticated users: @login_required.
# app.py
from flask import render_template
from flask.ext.login import login_required, current_user
@app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template("index.html")
@app.route('/dashboard')
@login_required
def account():
return render_template("account.html")
Caution @app.route should always be the outermost view decorator.
Only an authenticated user will be able to access the /dashboard route. We can configure Flask-Login to redirect unauthenticated users to a login page, return an HTTP 401 status or anything else we'd like it to do with them.
Note Read more about using Flask-Login in the official docs.
6.1.2. Caching
Imagine that an article mentioning our application just appeared on CNN and some other news sites. We're getting thousands of requests per second. Our homepage makes several trips to the database for each request, so all of this attention is slowing things down to a crawl. How can we speed things up quickly, so all of these visitors don't miss out on our site?
There are a lot of good answers, but this section is about caching, so we'll talk about that. Specifically, we're going to use the Flask-Cache extension. This extension provides us with a decorator that we can use on our index view to cache the response for some period of time.
Flask-Cache can be configured to work with a bunch of different caching backends. A popular choice is Redis, which is easy to set-up and use. Assuming Flask-Cache is already configured, this code block shows what our decorated view would look like.
# app.py
from flask.ext.cache import Cache
from flask import Flask
app = Flask()
# We'd normally include configuration settings in this call
cache = Cache(app)
@app.route('/')
@cache.cached(timeout=60)
def index():
[...] # Make a few database calls to get the information we need
return render_template(
'index.html',
latest_posts=latest_posts,
recent_users=recent_users,
recent_photos=recent_photos
)
Now the function will only be run once every 60 seconds, when the cache expires. The response will be saved in our cache and pulled from there for any intervening requests.
Note Flask-Cache also lets us memoize functions — or cache the result of a function being called with certain arguments. You can even cache computationally expensive Jinja2 template snippets.
6.1.3. Custom decorators
For this section, let's imagine we have an application that charges users each month. If a user's account is expired, we'll redirect them to the billing page and tell them to upgrade.
# myapp/util.py
from functools import wraps
from datetime import datetime
from flask import flash, redirect, url_for
from flask.ext.login import current_user
def check_expired(func):
@wraps(func)
def decorated_function(*args, **kwargs):
if datetime.utcnow() > current_user.account_expires:
flash("Your account has expired. Update your billing info.")
return redirect(url_for('account_billing'))
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return decorated_function
• Line 10: When a function is decorated with @check_expired, check_expired() is called and the decorated function is passed as a parameter.
• Line 11: @wraps is a decorator that does some bookkeeping so that decorated_function() appears as func() for the purposes of documentation and debugging. This makes the behavior of the functions a little more natural.
• Line 12: decorated_function will get all of the args and kwargs that were passed to the original view function func(). This is where we check if the user's account is expired. If it is, we'll flash a message and redirect them to the billing page.
• Line 16: Now that we've done what we wanted to do, we run the decorated view function func() with its original arguments.
When we stack decorators, the topmost decorator will run first, then call the next function in line: either the view function or the next decorator. The decorator syntax is just a little syntactic sugar.
# This code:
@foo
@bar
def one():
pass
r1 = one()
# is the same as this code:
def two():
pass
two = foo(bar(two))
r2 = two()
r1 == r2 # True
This code block shows an example using our custom decorator and the @login_required decorator from the Flask-Login extension. We can use multiple decorators by stacking them.
# myapp/views.py
from flask import render_template
from flask.ext.login import login_required
from . import app
from .util import check_expired
@app.route('/use_app')
@login_required
@check_expired
def use_app():
"""Use our amazing app."""
# [...]
return render_template('use_app.html')
@app.route('/account/billing')
@login_required
def account_billing():
"""Update your billing info."""
# [...]
return render_template('account/billing.html')
Now when a user tries to access use_app, check_expired() will make sure that their account hasn't expired before running the view function.
Note Read more about what the wraps() function does in the Python docs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
pineal gland
noun
variants: or less commonly
pineal
or
pineal body
or
pineal organ
Definition of pineal gland
1. : a small, typically cone-shaped structure of the brain that arises from the roof of the third ventricle, is enclosed by the pia mater, and functions primarily as an endocrine gland secreting melatonin The pineal gland varies in morphological complexity, and in some nonmammalian vertebrates (such as various reptiles) may serve a photoreceptive function.
First Known Use of pineal gland
1712
Medical Dictionary
pineal gland
noun
Medical Definition of pineal gland
1. : a small body that arises from the roof of the third ventricle and is enclosed by the pia mater and that functions primarily as an endocrine gland that produces melatonin—called also pineal, pineal body, pineal organ
Learn More about pineal gland
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up pineal gland? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Love words? Need even more definitions?
Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!
WORD OF THE DAY
a severe test
Get Word of the Day daily email!
Test Your Vocabulary
The Emoji Quiz
• emoji-the-quiz
• What phase of the moon is this: 🌖 ?
How Strong Is Your Vocabulary?
Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz!
TAKE THE QUIZ
Word Winder's CrossWinder
Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way.
TAKE THE QUIZ
Love words? Need even more definitions?
Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
DevExpress.DashboardWeb.Scripts Namespace
Contains classes that implement the client-side functionality of the Web Dashboard.
Classes
ASPxClientActionAvailabilityChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ActionAvailabilityChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboard
A client-side equivalent of the ASPxDashboard control.
ASPxClientDashboardActionAvailabilityChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ActionAvailabilityChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardBeginUpdateEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardBeginUpdate event.
ASPxClientDashboardChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardDataLoadingErrorEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DataLoadingError event.
ASPxClientDashboardDrillDownPerformedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DrillDownPerformed event.
ASPxClientDashboardDrillUpPerformedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DrillUpPerformed event.
ASPxClientDashboardEndUpdateEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardEndUpdate event.
ASPxClientDashboardExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the dashboard (dashboard item) is exported.
ASPxClientDashboardInitializedEventArgs
ASPxClientDashboardInitializingEventArgs
ASPxClientDashboardItemAction
Represents an interactivity action in the dashboard item.
ASPxClientDashboardItemCaptionToolbarUpdatedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemCaptionToolbarUpdated event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemClickEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemClick / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemClick events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemData
Represents multidimensional data visualized in the dashboard item.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataAxis
An axis that contains data points corresponding to the specified value hierarchy.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataAxisPoint
A point on the data axis.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataAxisPointTuple
Represents a tuple of axis points.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataDelta
Contains the delta metadata.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataDeltaValue
Provides delta element values.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataDimension
Contains the dimension metadata.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataDimensionValue
Provides dimension values at the specified axis point.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataMeasure
Contains the measure metadata.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDataMeasureValue
Provides the measure value and display text.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDrillDownStateChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemDrillDownStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemElementCustomColorEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemElementCustomColor / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemElementCustomColor events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemEventArgs
Serves as the base class for classes that provide data for client-side events related to dashboard items.
ASPxClientDashboardItemMasterFilterStateChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemMasterFilterStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemRequestUnderlyingDataParameters
Contains parameters used to obtain the underlying data for the dashboard item.
ASPxClientDashboardItemSelectionChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemSelectionChanged / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemSelectionChanged events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemUnderlyingData
Represents a list of records from the dashboard data source.
ASPxClientDashboardItemVisualInteractivityEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemVisualInteractivity / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemVisualInteractivity events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemWidgetEventArgs
Provides data for events related to client widgets used to visualize data in dashboard items.
ASPxClientDashboardMasterFilterClearedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.MasterFilterCleared event.
ASPxClientDashboardMasterFilterSetEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.MasterFilterSet event.
ASPxClientDashboardParameter
A client-side dashboard parameter.
ASPxClientDashboardParameterValue
Provides access to the parameter value and display text.
ASPxClientDashboardParameters
A collection of ASPxClientDashboardParameter objects.
ASPxClientDashboardRangeFilterSelection
A range in the Range Filter dashboard item.
ASPxClientDashboardStateChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardTitleToolbarUpdatedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardTitleToolbarUpdated event.
ASPxClientDashboardViewer
A client-side equivalent of the ASPxDashboardViewer control.
ASPxClientDynamicLookUpValuesLoadedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.DynamicLookUpValuesLoaded event.
ASPxClientItemBeginUpdateEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemBeginUpdate event.
ASPxClientItemEndUpdateEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemEndUpdate event.
ASPxClientSelectedTabPageChangedEventArgs
Provides data for the ASPxClientDashboard.SelectedTabPageChanged event.
CardExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Card dashboard item is exported.
ChartExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how Chart dashboard items are exported.
ChartExportSizeMode
Lists constants used to specify how a Chart dashboard item should be resized when being exported.
DashboardDataAxisNames
Lists constants used to identify various types of data axes.
DashboardExcelExportOptions
Contains options related to exporting a dashboard/dashboard item to the Excel format.
DashboardExcelExportOptions.DashboardSelectionMode
DashboardExportDocumentScaleMode
Lists values that specify a scale mode when exporting a dashboard/dashboard item.
DashboardExportExcelFormat
Lists values that specify Excel formats available for exporting individual dashboard items.
DashboardExportFilterState
Lists constants used to identify the filter state's location on the exported document.
DashboardExportImageFormat
Lists values that specify the image format used for exporting a dashboard/dashboard item.
DashboardExportPageLayout
Lists constants used to identify the page orientation used to export a dashboard/dashboard item.
DashboardExportPaperKind
Lists constants used to identify a standard paper size used to export a dashboard/dashboard item.
DashboardExportScaleMode
Lists values that specify a scale mode when exporting a dashboard (dashboard item).
DashboardImageExportOptions
Contains options related to exporting a dashboard/dashboard item to an image.
DashboardPdfExportOptions
Contains options related to exporting a dashboard/dashboard item to the PDF format.
DashboardSpecialValues
Provides access to dashboard special values.
DashboardStateExcelExportPosition
Lists constants that specify the position of the dashboard state (such as master filter or current parameter values) in the exported Excel document.
DashboardStateExportPosition
Lists constants that specify the position of the dashboard state (such as master filter or current parameter values) in the exported document.
ExcelExportFilterState
Lists values that specify the filter state's location in the exported Excel file.
ExcelFormatOptions
Contains options which define how the dashboard item is exported to Excel format.
ExportFontInfo
GaugeExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Gauge dashboard item is exported.
GridExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Grid dashboard item is exported.
ImageFormatOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the dashboard or dashboard item is exported in Image format.
MapExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how Map dashboard items are exported.
MapExportSizeMode
Lists values used to specify how a Map dashboard item should be resized when being exported.
PieExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Pie dashboard item is exported.
PivotExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Pivot dashboard item is exported.
RangeFilterExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Range Filter dashboard item is exported.
RangeFilterExportSizeMode
Lists values used to specify how a Range Filter dashboard item should be resized when being exported.
TreemapExportOptions
Contains settings that specify parameters affecting how the Treemap dashboard item is Printing and Exporting.
TreemapExportSizeMode
Lists constants used to specify how a Treemap dashboard item should be resized when being exported.
Delegates
ASPxClientActionAvailabilityChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ActionAvailabilityChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardActionAvailabilityChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ActionAvailabilityChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardBeforeRenderEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.BeforeRender event.
ASPxClientDashboardBeginUpdateEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardBeginUpdate event.
ASPxClientDashboardChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardDataLoadingErrorEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DataLoadingError event.
ASPxClientDashboardDrillDownPerformedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DrillDownPerformed event.
ASPxClientDashboardDrillUpPerformedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.DrillUpPerformed event.
ASPxClientDashboardEndUpdateEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardEndUpdate event.
ASPxClientDashboardInitializedEventHandler
ASPxClientDashboardInitializingEventHandler
ASPxClientDashboardItemBeforeWidgetDisposedEventHandler
ASPxClientDashboardItemCaptionToolbarUpdatedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemCaptionToolbarUpdated event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemClickEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemClick / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemClick events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemDrillDownStateChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemDrillDownStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemElementCustomColorEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemElementCustomColor event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemMasterFilterStateChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemMasterFilterStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemRequestUnderlyingDataCompleted
References a method executed after an asynchronous request is complete.
ASPxClientDashboardItemSelectionChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemSelectionChanged / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemSelectionChanged events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemVisualInteractivityEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemVisualInteractivity / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemVisualInteractivity events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemWidgetCreatedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemWidgetCreated / ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemWidgetCreated events.
ASPxClientDashboardItemWidgetUpdatedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemWidgetUpdated event.
ASPxClientDashboardItemWidgetUpdatingEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.ItemWidgetUpdating event.
ASPxClientDashboardMasterFilterClearedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.MasterFilterCleared event.
ASPxClientDashboardMasterFilterSetEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboardViewer.MasterFilterSet event.
ASPxClientDashboardStateChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardStateChanged event.
ASPxClientDashboardTitleToolbarUpdatedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DashboardTitleToolbarUpdated event.
ASPxClientDynamicLookUpValuesLoadedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.DynamicLookUpValuesLoaded event.
ASPxClientItemBeginUpdateEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemBeginUpdate event.
ASPxClientItemEndUpdateEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.ItemEndUpdate event.
ASPxClientSelectedTabPageChangedEventHandler
References a method that will handle the ASPxClientDashboard.SelectedTabPageChanged event.
Enums
ASPxClientDashboardAction
An interactivity action performed on a dashboard. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Woman's who's who of America, 1914-15.djvu/600
612
��ORNSTBIN— OSBORN
��OBNSTEIN, Martha, 30 E. Fifty-seventh St.,
iV.Y. City.
Teacher; b. Vienna, Austria; dau. Wilhelm and Sofie (Ruh) Ornstein; ed. Vienna Madchen Gymnasium; recipient of Competitive Trustees' scholarship, Barnard Coll., 1886; Harvard En- trance scholarship ($300), Barnard, A.B. '99, A.M. 1900 (graduate scholarship in mathematics) (Phi Beta Kappa). Head of Martha Ornstein's Classes since 1900. Sec. and treas. Woman's Po- litical League, 1907-10. Recreations: Skating, mountain climbing, walking trips in Europe. Specialist in college preparatory work; has taught many men, preparatory to Harvard, Princeton, and Yale Coll. Took one year's course in law, N.Y. La/w School; graduate work in Columbia Coll. and Cornell Univ.
ORR, Eliza A. (Mrs. James W. Orr), 2420
Gough St., San Francisco.
Club woman; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., 1854; dau. James Jennings (M.D.) and Eliza A. (Clark) Jennings; ed. in high school and normal school; m. Vineland, N.J., 1875, James W. Orr; one daughter: Florence J. Long active in club work; past pres. of California Club of San Francisco; now pres. California Federation of Women's Clubs. Favors woman suffrage; voter (Progres- sive Republican). Unitarian. Mem. D.A.R.
ORR, Frances Morris (Mrs. John Bruce Orr),
628 Maple Lane, Sewickley, Pa.
Born Springfield, Mo., 1880; dau. Edward Parmalee and Charlotte (H'.:mphrey) Morris; ed. private school in New Haven; Bryn Mawr Coll., 1898-1902., A.B. '02; m. New Haven, Sept. 26, 1906, John Bruce Orr (lawyer); children: Charlotte, John Bruce. Has written articles in behalf of suEra^e in the Pittsburgh papers; in- terested in a Home for Unfortunate Women, a temporary retreat which attempts to find situ- ations for them afterward. Mem. Equal Fran- chise Fed. of Western Pennsylvania and Wom- an's Club of Sewickley Valley. Congregationalist. Has worked at landscape painting in water colors and oils, and has exhibited in New Haven and Pittsburgh.
ORRIS, Mae M. (Mrs. William N. Orris), Stan- ton, Neb.
Born Keewaunee Co., Wis., Feb. 22, 1870; dau. Lyman H. and Loretta (Whitney) Perkins; ed. Western Normal Coll., Shenandoah, la.; Morning- side Coll., Sioux City, la., and Chicago Musical Coll.; m. Marne, la., Sept. 1, 1891, William N. Orris (then sup't of schools); children: Irmel, b. 1894 (eometist and now music student at Chicago); Elwyn Bruce, b. 1898. Previous to and after marriage was primary teacher for seven years; now associate with husband In business as funeral directors and undertakers. Always actively interested in home and foreign mis- sions, holding many important offices in mis- sionary work, local, district and State; educated a girl in Phalera, India, who married a native preacher. Especially interested in the education of girls for home-making. Has spoken before many Nebraska clubs on subject: The Education of the Girl, and delivered address before the Educational Session of the Biennial Convention of the Gen. Fed. of Women's Clubs, 1912 (to which she was a State delegate from Nebraska), on the Vocational Training for Girls. Con- tributor of educational articles, short poems and verses to newspapers. Public reader; pres. two years of Woman's Literary Club of Stanton; ex- chairman Educational Dep't Neb. Fed. of Women's Clubs and active in raising money for its Scholarship Fund. Mem. D.A.R. ; one an- cestor, Cornelius Whitney, served four years in the Revolution and was at the battle of Bunker Hill; another (Powers) was with Washington at Valley Forge; another, Abraham Whitney, left the field in which he was working to help Paul Revere spread the alarm of the approach of the British; also a distant relative of Eli Whitney, who invented the cotton gin. Mem. Eastern Star Chapter, W.C.T.U., Tribe of Ben Hur, State Con- ference of Charities and Correction. Methodist. Republican. Favors woman suffrage.
��ORROK, Jessie Waldo (Mrs. George A. Orrok), 2 32 E. Seventeenth St., Flatbush, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Born Scotland, Conn., June 29, 1859; dau. George and Sarah Ellen (Jagger) Waldo; ed. Cornell Univ.; m. Brooklyn, N.Y., Dec. 24, 1898, George A. Orrok; children: Laura Davenport, George A. Jr. Favors woman suffrage.
ORTHWEIN, Nina Baldwin (Mrs. William Robert Orthwein), 5537 Waterman Av., St. Louis, Mo.
Born Chicago, 111., Dee. 19, 1882; dau. Kent Kane and Adelaide (Wallace) Baldwin; ed. Vas- sar, 1902-03; Chicago Univ., 1903-04 (mem. Omega Sigma); m. St. Louis, 1905, William Robert Orth- wein; children: Robert Baldwin, Davis Kent. Mem. Equal Suffrage League. Presbyterian (mem. religious societies). Clufbs: V/ednesday, College, Vassar.
ORVIS, Carrie Emerton (Mrs. Edwin Waitstill Orvis), 58 W. Eighty-ninth St., N.Y. City. Born Rumney, N.H., Jan. 10, 1860; dau. Charlea Rufus and Achsah Jane (Sttekney) Emerton; ed. private schools in Yonkers and N.Y. City; m. Jan. 27, 1885, Edwin Waitstill Orvis; children: Warner Dayton, Arthur Emerton, Homer Wait- still, Schuyler Adams. Much interested in char- itable and religious work; treas. St. Mary's Chap- ter, Daughters of the King. Episcopalian; mem. St. Agnes Ohapel, Trinity Parish. Mem. Nat. Soc. of New England Women, Sorosis.
ORVIS, Georgia Sizer (Mrs. Heil F. Orvis), 7101
E. Okmulgee Av., Muskopee, Okla.
Physician; b. Rosendale, Wis.; dau. George W. and Fannie A. (Newman) Sizer; ed. Ripon Coll., Wis.; Oshkosh Normal School, Wis.; Bennett Med. Coll., Chicago; served Lntemeship at Fran- ces Willard Nat. Temperance Hospital Coll.; m. Rosendale, Wis, Jan. 23, 1883, Heil F. Orvis, M.D. Practised medicine in Chicago, Oshkosh, Wis., and now at Muskogee, Okla. Chief templar of Good Templars; mem. W.C.T.U. ; Sunday- school teaoher; examiner for several fraternal societies; charter mem. Woman's League; guar- dian of local Camp Fire Girls. Favors woman suffrage. Has written various club papers, poems, etc. Methodist. Mem. Royal Neighbors, Order of Rebecca, Eastern Star. Recreation: Painting. Mem. Shakespeare Olub, Parliamen- tary Club. Has been awarded three medals on painting; exhibited at World's Fair, Chicago.
ORVIS, Gertrude Swift, Elmira College, Elmira,
N.Y.
College professor; ed. Knox Coll., Galesburg, III., the Misses Shipley's School, Bryn Mawr, Pa.; Bryn Mawr Coll., 1895-96; diplomee (certiflcat d'etudes francaises) Univ. of Paris, 1912. Teacher of English in St. Mary's Hall, Faribault, Minn., 1896-99; ass't in French. Smith Coll., 1902-07; prof. Romance languages, Elmira Coll. since 1910.
ORVIS, .T;;Iia Swift, Wellesley College. Welles- ley, Mass.
Teacher; b. Dixon, III., Nov. 22, 1872; dau. Franklin Keese and Susan A. (Swift) Orvis); ed. Vassar Coll., B.A. 1895; Cornell Univ., grad- uate student in history, 1895-97; abroad (Paris chiefly), on Women's Education Ass'n fellow- ship, 1897-98; Andrew D. .White fellowship, 1898-89. Instructor in history, Wellesley Coll., 1899-1907; associate prof, history, Wellesley Col- lege, 1907. Mem. College Club, Boston. Favors woman suffrage.
OSBORN, Anna Brabham (Mrs. George D.
Osborn'i, Puyallup, Wash.
Born Beverly, O., 1868; dau. Thomas Jefferson and Margaret (Stewart) Brabham; ed. Cornell Coll., Mount Vernon, la.; Western Coll., Toledo, la., B.S. '91 (mem. P.E.O.); m. 1898, George D. Osborn. Author of short stories: The Extry (New England Magazine); Sylvia's Conquest o! Peru (Overland); Frau Druschki Roses (De- lineator), and many in Western magazines, David C. Cook publications and Presbyterian and Methodist Sunday-school publications. Mem. Writers' Club, Seattle, Wash.; Tahoma Club, Tacoma, Wash.; Woman's Club, Puyallup, Wash. Favors woman suffrage.
�� � | WIKI |
Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties
The Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (التكتل الديمقراطي من أجل العمل والحريات, at-Takattul ad-Dīmuqrāṭī min ajl il-'Amal wal-Ḥurriyyāt ; Forum démocratique pour le travail et les libertés), also referred to as Ettakatol or by its French acronym FDTL, is a social democratic political party in Tunisia. It was founded on 9 April 1994 and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar.
History
During the rule of Ben Ali, the FDTL played only a secondary role. It was a member of the opposition 18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms alongside the Progressive Democratic Party, the Communist Party of Tunisian Workers and some Islamists. Although participating in legislative elections, it could not win any seats in the Tunisian parliament. Ettakatol's secretary-general Ben Jafar attempted to run for the 2009 presidential election, but was barred from the race.
Elections of 2009
In 2009, Ettakatol ran for the first time in the parliamentary elections, winning only 0.12% of the vote and no seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
For the presidential election held on the same day, the Mustapha Ben Jaafar announced his candidacy for the election. A new party leader who had not held elective congress at that time, Ben Jaafar defended his candidacy in an interview with Jeune Afrique.
He supported his candidacy on an analysis of lawyers on the constitutional amendment in July 2008. But Zuhair M'dhaffer, Minister Delegate to the Prime Minister for the Public Service and Administrative Development and former President of the Constitutional Council, insists that "the leader of a party has to be elected president by Congress, not by the founding body of the movement". However, Ben Jaafar said that "neither the constitution nor the electoral code, nor the law on political parties mention such a requirement" and that it depends on the rules of procedure of the parties.
On the occasion of its Ettakatol's first congress held on 29 and 30 May 2009, Mustapha Ben Jaafar was reconfirmed as secretary-general.
Ben Jaafar said his nomination confirmed by the Congress of the FDTL, especially for a "challenge to change the rules of the political game and break with the practices of another planet" while remaining open to dialogue, including with the party in power. He thinks that "failing to have equal means, [the candidates] should have the same chance to start".
On 24 September, he was the last nominee to present his candidacy, saying that "there are people capable of assuming the highest political responsibilities [...] and the alternation of power is possible," his approach trying to "get Tunisians lethargy and resignation of the state in which they are".
His supporters gathered inside the Constitutional Council, it calls for the release of trade unionists convicted in the wake of the social movement of 2008 in the mining region of Redeyef. The Constitutional Council, however, invalidate the bid on the grounds that it does not meet the requirement that a candidate must be elected leader of his training for at least two years. Therefore, Ben Jaafar called 5 Oct to vote for Brahim who is the "only serious candidate," he said.
After the revolution
During the Tunisian Revolution 2010/11, Ettakatol developed into a main representative of the centre-left secular camp. The Forum relies mainly on the voluntary commitment of its grassroot members and its activities in social media. On 17 January 2011, Ettakatol's leader Ben Jafar was appointed Health Minister of the interim government by prime minister Mohamed Ghannouchi. Protests on the streets however continued against the unchanged prevalence of ministers from Ben Ali's old dominant RCD party. The freshly appointed three ministers of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) immediately reacted and resigned just a day later. The same day, Ben Jafar joined them refusing to take up his position in the transitional government.
In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki as interim President of the Republic, and the appointment of Ennahda's secretary-general Hamadi Jebali as Prime Minister.
Ettakatol was unanimously elected as a full member of the Socialist International at the congress held on 30 August 2012. The party held its second congress on 7 July 2013; Ben Jafar was reconfirmed as secretary-general.
The foundation of Nidaa Tounes in July 2013, led to a number of parliamentarians defecting from Ettakatol and other parties to join the new party. In the 2014 parliamentary election, Ettakatol lost all of its previous 20 seats except for one in the Kasserine electoral district, which was reallocated by the Elections Authority sanctioning Nidaa Tounes for irregularities by party members.
Ideology
The FDTL is a member of the Socialist International and observer of the Party of European Socialists. Since 2007 the party has published an Arabic weekly newspaper entitled Mouatinoun (Citizens). | WIKI |
TechSpot
Laptop sudden lag
1. Hi all few days ago my laptop suddenly experience lag in everything except for sound output and the motion of the mouse cursor . It is the 1st time this laptop has ever lag so seriously .
My laptop is an ASUS A55VD with Intel Core i7-3610QM CPU @ 2.3GHz and 6GB RAM (5.89 usable) , it has windows 7 home premium 64-bit . The hard drive containing the OS still has 134GB of free space . Considering the specs above my laptop shouldn't have any problem with speed.
I usually use it to browse the internet , youtube , some gaming (Need for speed : Most Wanted 2012 & Shift , Crysis Warhead , Prototype and online games) for 10-12 hours straight . However overheating doesn't seem to be the factor of lagging as it even lags after just turning on the laptop .
I've tried shutting down and restarting several times and the interesting fact is that it doesn't actually lags until a few minutes after starting up . It also doesn't lag a bit when in safe mode . With that I eliminated the probability of hardware malfunction . I've run several antivirus checks and updated my nvidia driver but the lag is still persistent . Opening / closing a folder/ application , scrolling up and down a web page , even viewing a downloaded video also lags .
Windows Task Manager shows a reading of 12-16% of CPU usage and 49% physical memory being used with just the browser opened . Fraps shows a maximum 8fps when a video is playing.
With the details given above I hope someone could help me solve this annoying lag . Thanks in advance ! =D
2. Tmagic650
Tmagic650 TS Ambassador Posts: 21,066 +169
This type of "lag" can be caused by a virus or other type of malware infection...
Add New Comment
TechSpot Members
Login or sign up for free,
it takes about 30 seconds.
You may also...
Get complete access to the TechSpot community. Join thousands of technology enthusiasts that contribute and share knowledge in our forum. Get a private inbox, upload your own photo gallery and more. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Why You’re Never Too Old to Worry About Dental Care
dental work
If there’s one thing that most dentists wished more people knew, it’s that it’s never too late to take care of your teeth. For instance, some people might think they’re not a suitable candidate for braces because they’re adults, and yet many adults wear braces.
If you’re an adult who could use some dental work, you’re not alone. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than one in every four U.S. adults (26%) has at least one untreated cavity. Some adults don’t think much about their tooth decay if they’re older, believing that they’ll soon lose their teeth anyway. However, it’s crucial to worry about your dental care no matter what age you are. Below, we explore the top reasons why age is just a number when it comes to dental care.
Prevents Future Issues
When you fail to get dental work done in a timely manner, the issues you may be dealing with are likely to get worse. For instance, did you know that the CDC reports that the incidence of gum disease in adults 30 years or older is 46%? If gum disease isn’t treated in time, it can lead to more severe issues like tooth loss. Similarly, if you have a small cavity, this will eventually affect the deeper layers of your tooth, resulting in infections, pain, and extraction. The good news is that seeking dental treatment as soon as possible can prevent future issues, helping you save more money and a lot of headaches.
When it comes to preventing dental issues that pop up later in life, it’s important to take a proactive approach. It’s particularly important to start paying attention to your oral health as you grow older because the risk of dental problems also increases with age. Most people keep delaying that visit to the dentist because they’re convinced they’re too late anyway. This is not the approach to take because even if you have missed a few appointments, that doesn’t mean giving up will solve the problem. In fact, the situation will likely get worse over time. In addition, some people might worry that their dental issues are too late to solve.
The truth is this kind of evaluation can only be made by a qualified dental practitioner. Keep in mind that dentists are in the business of providing treatments and solving dental issues. So, there’s no need to be embarrassed because chances are your case isn’t the worst they’ve seen. Going in to see the dentist for your existing oral health issues ensures that issues like cavities and gum disease don’t cause lasting damage to your teeth. Even if you’re currently dealing with serious health issues like periodontitis, the right dental practitioner will create a customized treatment plan that can prevent you from requiring more involved dental procedures in the future.
Boost Confidence and Self-Esteem
Your smile is an integral part of your appearance. Whether you have crooked, decaying, or missing teeth, this can interfere with the appearance of your smile. Going to the dentist can help to improve your smile’s appearance and boost your self-confidence. Receiving dental work can also help eliminate issues like bad breath, typically caused by poor oral hygiene habits. Halitosis can put off many people, causing you to feel self-conscious during social interactions. Fortunately, visiting the dentist can help you achieve a nice smile and eliminate unpleasant odors. If you have crooked teeth, you can see an orthodontist and get your teeth straightened to improve the appearance of your smile.
Remember that you don’t have to be a certain age to repair cosmetic issues, either. Cosmetic dentistry exists for the sole reason of improving the appearance of your smile, no matter your age. So, even if you’re in your 30s, if you have a dental issue that affects the appearance of your smile, you can request to have dental work done. Your mental and emotional well-being matters, and having a healthy smile can do wonders for your self-confidence.
If you’re like most people, chances are that you interact with a lot of strangers, family, friends, and acquaintances. In such instances, you need to be comfortable enough to talk, smile, laugh, and eat without worrying about how your teeth look.
As mentioned, modern society values attractiveness and a healthy appearance. With cosmetic dentistry, you’re not stuck with crooked teeth forever. Instead, you can unlock the true beauty of your smile and use it to your advantage. For instance, when you have a winning smile, it’s easy for you to feel good about yourself. You can create a positive impression whether you’re at work or looking to make new friends. A great smile is infectious.
If you’re worried about how your teeth look, this may hold you back. But a smile makeover can quickly fix the problem. Get started by scheduling an appointment with your dentist if you want to improve your smile. You’re never too old to get the smile you have always wanted.
Restores the Function of Your Teeth
Too often, adults that never received the necessary dental work while they were younger can still benefit from getting it done now. This is especially so if they have a problem with misaligned teeth, which affects their bite function. For instance, if someone has crooked teeth, that means their bite isn’t aligned when their upper and lower teeth meet. When the bite isn’t aligned, this can lead to problems chewing and can even cause jaw pain. Thus, it’s never too late to solve an issue that causes pain and discomfort. The fix can be as simple as straightening crooked teeth with Invisalign, which can be done in a relatively painless manner over a specific time period.
Crooked or misaligned teeth aren’t the only issue that can affect the function of your teeth. You may have extreme tooth sensitivity if you have a damaged or decayed tooth. This can make it challenging to chew properly. The good news is that there are many dental procedures that can restore the function of your teeth. One common example is a dental crown which protects and strengthens a weakened tooth. Dental crowns can also be used to fix broken teeth and correct misshapen teeth. If you have lost some of your teeth, you can benefit from restorative dental techniques like dental implants, which are designed to function just like your real teeth.
It’s good to consult with a dentist and discuss your tooth restoration options if you have crooked, worn, damaged, or unhealthy teeth. Tooth restoration not only restores the natural function of your teeth but also prevents additional damage. It’s never too late to seek professional help to protect your teeth and prevent dental damage. Whether you need dental fillings, dental crowns, implants, dental bridges, or veneers, the right dentist will discuss your tooth restoration options with you to help you make an informed decision.
Improves Overall Health
There are many adults who have dental issues caused by a lack of education about their own personal dental health. For example, you may have been told to floss as a child but may not have been given instructions on how to effectively floss your teeth. You may be moving the floss up and down between your teeth rather than gently along the sides of each tooth.
When you have dental work to correct some of the issues you may be dealing with, whether it’s a tooth cavity or inflamed gums, your dentist usually provides you with advice on how to improve your oral hygiene. Besides the standard advice about brushing twice a day and flossing regularly, your dentist can help you develop a personalized dental hygiene routine.
As you get into the habit of visiting your dentist regularly, this will help improve your oral health, which can impact and improve your overall health. Proper dental work can help with related issues. Additionally, when your dentist examines and evaluates your mouth and teeth, they can screen for the early signs of oral cancer, diabetes, or other major illnesses.
According to the Mayo Clinic, your oral health can be thought of as the window to your overall health. Thus the importance of getting the right dental work no matter your age can’t be overemphasized. When your oral health isn’t good, the bacteria in your mouth have a chance to flourish. Your mouth is the gateway to your digestive and respiratory systems, so the presence of harmful bacteria in your mouth increases the risk of chronic illnesses. If you have some kind of oral infection and it goes unattended, this encourages microbes in your mouth to multiply and cause disease.
Poor oral health has been linked to a long list of health conditions, according to Healthline. For instance, poor oral health can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, although further research needs to be done to explain why this is so. Additionally, if your gums aren’t healthy, this is often a good indicator that your general state of health might not be good, either. Given how serious the effects of poor oral health can be, people of all ages are motivated to practice good hygiene daily and to schedule regular dental checkups and cleaning. Visiting your dentist for regular dental checkups is particularly helpful when it comes to enhancing your oral and overall health.
Gives You Peace of Mind
If you’re dealing with any dental issues, no matter how long you have been dealing with them, it’s never too late to see a dentist and have dental work done. Maybe you have had a toothache that comes and goes. This is a huge concern that can keep you up at night. You may also be afraid that the issue might get worse. The good news is that a dentist will be able to provide an accurate assessment of what’s going on with your teeth and mouth. If there are any issues, they’ll suggest a treatment plan. That means you no longer have to worry about how bad the situation is. Instead, you can enjoy peace of mind knowing you’re on track with improving your oral health.
Another thing that can rob you of peace of mind is dental anxiety. Maybe you have put off going to the dentist for so long because you’re nervous about getting dental work done. Thankfully, dental technology has improved by leaps and bounds over the years and most dental procedures are virtually pain-free. Even if you never looked forward to visiting the dentist, you can quickly change your mind once you find the right dentist who knows how to put you at ease.
In the worst-case scenario, there are solutions that can be used to combat severe dental anxiety. For instance, conscious sedation can be administered to help you relax and block pain. This allows your dentist to do the treatment you need while you’re in a relaxed state. Other options include general anesthesia, which involves deep sedation, meaning you won’t be awake during the procedure. Therefore, you can have more peace of mind when considering the idea of getting some dental work done. You can enjoy peace of mind before the procedure because you’re confident your dentist will do all they can to ensure you remain calm and relaxed. After the procedure, you’ll also have peace of mind knowing your dentist has done all they can to fix the problem.
These benefits of regular dental care can be enjoyed at any age, thus proving the notion that it’s never too late to take care of your teeth. If getting dental work hasn’t been a priority, it’s time to push it to the top of the list, so you can start enjoying these benefits.
To summarize, the benefits of receiving the correct dental work at any age include added confidence from having a healthy smile. Seeing a dental practitioner sooner rather than later also means that you can prevent certain issues from getting worse, which gives you more peace of mind. You not only get to enjoy the restored function of your teeth but good dental care can also positively impact your overall health. Please get in touch with Gainesville Dental Associates today to schedule an appointment! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wynn Resorts' new CEO Maddox has long been founder's right hand man
HONG KONG (Reuters) - Matt Maddox, who has taken the helm at Wynn Resorts Ltd after founder Steve Wynn resigned in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations, is a veteran employee long seen as a natural successor to his former boss. Maddox, who is in his early 40s, has been with the company since it was founded 16 years ago and was named president in 2013. He has acted as Wynn’s right hand man in recent years, taking an increasingly active role in investor conference calls and discussions over business operations. “With Matt, Wynn Resorts is in good hands. He and his team are well positioned to carry on the plans and vision for the company I created,” Wynn said in a statement. Wynn has denied the accusations published by the Wall Street Journal that he routinely subjected women who worked for him to unwanted advances as “preposterous”. He said, however, that the accusations had made it too difficult to continue leading the company. Maddox moved to the Chinese-controlled territory of Macau soon after Wynn Resorts secured its concession there. Wynn Macau Ltd currently operates two lavish casinos in the casino hub and the unit accounts for more than 70 percent of Wynn Resorts’ revenue. In the former Portuguese colony, Maddox worked on legislative initiatives and land concessions as well as the project’s initial $400 million in financing, the Las Vegas Review Journal wrote in 2008. “Maddox was the clear heir apparent for the CEO role. He has been with the company and at Steve Wynn’s side since 2002, most recently as President of Wynn Resorts. He also served as CFO of both Wynn Resorts and Wynn Macau,” said Vitaly Umansky, analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein in Hong Kong. Prior to working for Wynn, the Las Vegas-based executive worked in corporate finance for Caesars Entertainment and was also a banker for Bank of America Securities according to his biography on Wynn’s website. Fortune magazine in 2009 said that Maddox was the most highly paid executive at a public company. As CFO and treasurer of Wynn Resorts his 2008 compensation was $17.7 million. Maddox currently has a base salary of $1.5 million which does not include stock options and extra benefits according to Wynn Resorts’ SEC filings. Wynn started in Las Vegas casinos in the 1960s but was forced to sell his multi-billion dollar operation Mirage Resorts to tycoon Kirk Kerkorian in a hostile takeover in 2000. Wynn later created Wynn Resorts with his ex-wife in 2002. Wynn Resorts has lost nearly a fifth of its value since the Wall Street Journal report and is now worth some $17 billion. Reporting by Farah Master; Editing by Edwina Gibbs | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:VentusF1/sandbox
Ventus F1 are a group of 6 passionate students from Dundalk Grammar School who are competing in the F1 in Schools Technology Challenge.
F1 in Schools
The competition's aim is to introduce a younger generation to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in a fun and creative environment.
Dundalk Grammar
The team of students from Dundalk Grammar are filled with determination to win Regionals, Nationals and progress onto the 2014 World Finals in Ferrari World, Abu Dhabi.
Irish Success History in F1 in Schools
Team Koni Kats from St. David's Holy Faith Secondary School in Greystones, Co. Wicklow won the 2009 F1 in Schools World Finals and are the only Irish team to have won the competition.
Mission for Ventus F1
Ventus F1 strives to bring the prestigious Bernie Eccelstone trophy back to Ireland and claim the title of World Champions.
Ventus F1's Website | WIKI |
NATO to receive first Northrop surveillance drone, years late
BERLIN (Reuters) - NATO is to receive the first of five Northrop Grumman high-altitude drones in the third quarter after years of delays, giving the alliance its own spy drones for the first time, the German government told lawmakers. Thomas Silberhorn, state secretary in the German Defence Ministry, said the NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) drone would be delivered to an air base in Sigonella, Italy, followed by four additional systems, including drones and ground stations built by Airbus, later in the year. NATO plans to use the aircraft, a derivative of Northrop’s Global Hawk drone, to carry out missions ranging from protection of ground troops to border control and counter-terrorism. The drones will be able to fly for up to 30 hours at a time in all weather, providing near real-time surveillance data. Northrop first won the contract for the AGS system from NATO in May, 2012, with delivery of the first aircraft slated for 52 months later. However, technical issues and flight test delays have delayed the program, Silberhorn said. Andrej Hunko, a member of the radical Left opposition party, called for Germany to scrap its participation in the program, warning of spiraling costs and the risk that it could escalate the conflict in eastern Ukraine. “The drones are closely linked to a new form of warfare,” he said. “They stand for an arms race that will see existing surveillance and spy systems replaced with new platforms.” Silberhorn, in a previously unreported response to a parliamentary query from Hunko, said NATO had capped the cost of the program at 1.3 billion euros ($1.47 billion) in 2007. Germany, which is funding about a third of system, scrapped plans to buy its own Global Hawk drones amid spiraling costs and certification problems, and is now negotiating with Northrop to buy several of its newer model Triton surveillance drones. Fifteen NATO countries, led by the United States, will pay for the AGS system, but all 29 alliance nations are due to participate in its long-term support. Germany has sent 76 soldiers to Sigonella to operate the surveillance system and analyze its findings, Silberhorn said. He said a total of 132 German soldiers would eventually be assigned to AGS, of whom 122 would be stationed in Sigonella. NATO officials had no immediate comment on the program status or whether Northrop faced penalties for the delayed delivery. No comment was available from Northrop. (1 euro = $1.1336) Reporting by Andrea Shalal, editing by Ed Osmond | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Dolphin vs. Porpoise
Dolphin vs. Porpoise
Dolphin and porpoise are types of marine mammals that belong to the group of toothed whales. Despite similar morphology, they are not members of the same family. Dolphins are part of dolphin family, while porpoises belong to the porpoise family. There are 32 species of dolphin and 6 species porpoise that can be found in the oceans around the world. Both dolphins and porpoises are very intelligent creatures that use echo-location to find food, avoid predators and safely navigate through the water. Dolphins and porpoises give birth in the ocean and take care of their babies until they become ready to fend for themselves. Dolphins and porpoises eat fish and represent important indicators of the pollution of the water (they cannot be found in dirty, polluted waters). Although very similar at the first glance, dolphins and porpoises differ in:
Size and Shape of the Body
Dolphins and porpoises have similar color of the skin, but they can be easily distinguished by the size and shape of the body. Porpoises are smaller and have more compact body than dolphins. They can reach up to 7 feet in length. Dolphins are larger and have longer, more slender body that can reach around 10 feet in length.
Face
Dolphins have beak-like, pointed nose and large mouth filled with cone-shaped teeth. Porpoises have short, blunt snout and small mouth filled with spade-shaped teeth.
Dorsal Fin
Dolphins have hooked (wave-like) dorsal fin, while porpoises have triangular dorsal fin which resembles a dorsal fin of sharks.
Life Style
Dolphins live in large groups (pods) made of dozen of animals. Unlike them, porpoises usually live in small groups of 2 to 4 animals.
Communication
Dolphins are talkative creatures. They produce loud whistles and clicks for communication. Unlike them, porpoises produce clicks of high frequency that human ear cannot detect. "Silent" communication ensures protection against killer whales, natural enemies of porpoises.
Acrobatics Outside the Water and Friendly/Shy Nature
Dolphins like to leap out of the water and perform various acrobatics in the air. Porpoises approach surface of the water only to breathe air. They rarely leap out of the water completely. Dolphins are very playful, friendly and curious by nature. Unlike porpoises, they are not afraid of humans and they like to swim alongside the boats. Thanks to their friendly nature and ability to learn to perform various tricks (in and outside the water), dolphins are often kept in the captivity to entertain people in the marine shows.
Lifespan
Porpoises have much shorter lifespan compared to dolphins. They can survive 15 to 20 years in the wild, while dolphins can survive more than 50 years.
Related Links:
Difference between Words
Science Related Words Difference and Comparison
Porpoise vs. Dolphin
Porpoise Facts
Science Related Words Difference and Comparison
Amazon river dolphin Facts
Difference Between Words
Animal Facts for Kids
Educational Videos | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ololygon berthae
Ololygon berthae, also known as the dwarf snouted treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found in northeastern Argentina, southern Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. It is named in honor of Bertha Lutz, a Brazilian zoologist and feminist.
It occurs in grasslands and rainforest clearings. Reproduction takes place in temporary pools, also in altered habitats. This locally common species is threatened by habitat loss and pollution. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EJay Day
This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Postdlf 07:20, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
EJay Day
This article is about a non-notable American Idol finalist who has not done anything notable outside of finishing last in Season One. Delete as non-notable and unencyclopedic. Hermione1980 21:31, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, apart from a brief appearance on TV, no significant achievements or influence. Average Earthman 22:34, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. We have articles on almost every AI top 12 finalist. The finalists are seen and voted on by millions. Gamaliel 22:52, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Non-notable. Will vote to delete any other bio article whose only "notability" is a top 12 appearance on American Idol. Contestants names should go in the American Idol article unless otherwise notable. (Winners are probably notable.) Apparently we should include a bio for every person who won a single game of Jeopardy over the show's 40 year history. When we've done that, we can start working on Family Feud winners. As winners all these people are clearly more notable than are American Karaoke losers. Quale 23:09, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* keep or merge, top 12 is reasonable. Accepting articles is not the same as saying we have to create more of the same. Kappa 23:24, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Comment. Just to clarify here—the only reason I put this article up for deletion is because EJay Day has done absolutely nothing that I know of since American Idol. Sure, he was on the Season One tour; he was also on the finalists' album (I think). But he has done nothing on his own aside from that. I'm not saying we need to delete all Top 12 articles; but I agree with Quale insofar as people whose only notability is finalist status on AI. The only exception to that would be current finalists, who haven't had a chance to do anything "outside" of AI. Hermione1980 23:40, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. Even on WP:MUSIC (which is a guideline, not a restrictive minimum!) he can be said to meet criteria 2 and probably 4! Equal footing with other top 10 or 12 AI finalists. Samaritan 23:43, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. Meets Wikimusic Project guidelines. Capitalistroadster 01:37, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:35, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, top 12 on fox's most popular tv show is notable. Jendeyoung 9:16, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, personal tastes aside, American Idol is the most-watched television program in the United States for the past decade - the history of folks associated with it is of encyclopedic - if not historic - value. The subject is the first finalist ever to be voted off the show. This is one of the resaons we point out that Wikipedia is not paper. This article hurts nothing and enhances the main American Idol entry. D AVODD 16:11, May 2, 2005 (UTC)
* Comment: If Ejay Day is so important to American Karaoke, mention him in that article. He is simply not important enough for a standalone article and he is not in the slightest bit notable outside the karaoke context. It does hurt WP to include these sorts of articles. It isn't a question of WP not being paper. It's a question of using editorial restraint and judgement, and not letting WP descend into a mudhole of utter mediocrity. Quale 19:25, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
* Mediocrity also could be seen as being purposely incomplete. The information is of use to scholars of American popular culture. D AVODD 15:20, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
* It's useful to scholars in context. Scholars of pop culture won't look up Ejay Day because he's simply not notable. If his only notability is in the context of American Idol then mention him in the American Idol article. Consider researching all the contestants of American Idol, The Apprentice and The Bachelor. Put the non-notable contestents in the articles for those shows and the information is in 3 places. Otherwise it's in 100 tiny articles, each of which say, "Person A is extremely notable because he/she was the nth person to lose in season m of the reality show zzzz". Quale 20:45, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
* Merge and redirect to American Idol. He appears to have no notability outside the show.--Theo (Talk) 14:37, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
* Merge and redirect as above. His fifteen minutes were up some time ago, and my money says that no one will remember his name a year from now. --InShaneee 14:41, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
* By the policy that each episode of a major television series can merit an article, we could recast all the losing contestant articles into American Idol season 1 episode (elimination of EJay Day), or however titled, etc. Or we could just accept short individual articles on singers themselves. I'll take the second. Samaritan 14:55, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
* Delete not notable loser. Grue 04:17, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
* This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page. | WIKI |
How do I increase the size of a boot partition on a Win2K3 Server?
I have a server that has the OS installed on an unusually small partition. How do I increase the size of the OS partition? Can I do this without disturbing the data on the partition?
LVL 4
Gary GordonSolution IntegratorAsked:
Who is Participating?
PUNKYConnect With a Mentor Commented:
Use BootIt and see how-to in the link below:
http://www.experts-exchange.com/Storage/Misc/Q_21929035.html
0
kdtreshConnect With a Mentor Commented:
The only solution I'm looking at is using an imaging software like BackupExec System Recovery. You can image the drive, store the image, wipe the drive, create a new partition with the correct size, and restore the image to the new partition. Unfortunately, it's not really a fail-safe solution, but I haven't found any reliable means to repartition an NTFS drive with 2003 server installed.
I'll be watching to see if anybody has a less-destructive alternative.
0
YASAR_SAIDConnect With a Mentor Commented:
Hi
You can use the Symantec Partition Magic tool to expand the boot partition by using the free space available on your hard drive.
It is the easiest way to do it, as far as i know.
0
Question has a verified solution.
Are you are experiencing a similar issue? Get a personalized answer when you ask a related question.
Have a better answer? Share it in a comment.
All Courses
From novice to tech pro — start learning today. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:In a winter city, by Ouida.djvu/70
Rh Duc," she asked, "what will our smoking bring?—the end of the world?"
"It will bring animosity of the sexes, abolition of the marriage laws, and large increase of paralysis," replied M. de St. Louis with great decision.
"You have answered me without a compliment—what flattery to my intelligence."
"Miladi, I never flatter you. I am not in the habit of imitating all the world."
"You look severe, Della Rocca," said Madame Mila. " Do you disapprove of women smoking?"
"Madame, a woman of grace lends grace to all she does, no doubt."
"That is to say, you don't approve it?"
"Madame, I merely doubt whether Lionardo would have painted Mona Lisa had she smoked."
"What a good idea you give me!—I will be painted by Millais or Cabanel, smoking. It will be novel. The cigar shall be in my mouth. I will send you the first photograph. Ah! there is Nordlingen; he will come over here, and he is the greatest bore in Europe. You know what your King here said, when | WIKI |
User:Димитрий Улянов Иванов/sandbox
The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP; Bulgarian: Българс ка Комун исти чьес ка Пар т ия; БКП ) was the founding and ruling party of the People's Republic of Soviet Bulgaria from 1946 until 1991, when the country ceased to be a socialist state.
The party had dominated the Fatherland Front, a coalition that took power in 1944, late in World War II, after it led a coup against Bulgaria's tsarist regime in conjunction with the Red Army's crossing the border. It controlled its armed forces, the Bulgarian People's Army.
The BCP was organized on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle introduced by the Russian Marxist scholar and leader Vladimir Lenin, which entails democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed upon policies. The highest body of the BCP was the Party Congress, convened every fifth year. When the Party Congress was not in session, the Central Committee was the highest body, but since the body normally met only once a year, most duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. The party's leader held the offices of General Secretary.
The BCP was committed to Marxism-Leninism, an ideology consisted of the writings of the German philosopher Karl Marx and of Lenin (from 1922 to 1956 as formulated by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin). In the 1960s, the BCP announced some economic reforms, which allowed the free sale of production that exceeded planned amounts. After Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985, the BCP underwent political and economic liberalization, which promptly liquidated the party and dissolved the People's Republic of Bulgaria completely. After the end of the BCP, the party was renamed to the Bulgarian Socialist Party in 1990.
We Continue the Change (Bulgarian: Продължаваме Д осто й нство Изпьещ и к ; ПИС), sometimes translated as Change Continues, is a centrist, anti-corruption political party and an electoral alliance in Bulgaria led by Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev, the former caretaker Economy and Finance Ministers, respectively. It competed in the November 2021 Bulgarian National Assembly election, coming in first place with 67 seats. It was given the mandate to form a government on 13 December 2021, and formed a broad coalition between BSP for Bulgaria, There Is Such a People and Democratic Bulgaria.
Drugoch Sleyvich Krotchkov (Bulgarian: Тодор Живков) ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a Bulgarian communist statesman who served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of Soviet Bulgaria (PRSB) from 1954 until 1955 as General Secretary of the Central Committee to the Bulgarian Communist Party.
ПРЕ Д ПОЧИТАЕМЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ
българск и ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Тодор Ж и вков
Русский ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Тодор Живков
Српски ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Тодор Ж ивков
Българск и ⠀⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Кк Д д Жж Лл Цц Шш Щщ Зз Ьь Ъъ Гг Вв Юю Пп Ии Йи Бб Тт
Русский ⠀⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Кк Д д Жж Лл Цц Шш Щщ Зз Ьь Ъъ Гг Вв Юю Пп Ии Йи Бб Тт
Српски ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ К к Дд Ж ж Лл Цц Шш Щщ Зз Ьь Ъъ Гг Вв Юю Пп Ии Йи Бб Тт
Georgi Mihaylovich Dimitrov (/dɪˈmiːtrɒf/; Bulgarian: Георг и Михай лов ич Димит ров ), also known as Georgiy Mihaylov Dimitrov (Russian: Георгий Михайлов Д имитров; 18 June 1882 – 2 July 1949), was a Bulgarian Soviet communist politician. He was the first soviet leader of Bulgaria from 1946 to 1949. Dimitrov led the Communist International from 1935 to 1943.
Bulgarian (, ; българск и, bulgarski, ) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeastern Europe, primarily in Bulgaria. It is the language of the Bulgarians.
Along with the closely related Russian language (collectively forming the Eastern Slavic languages), it is a member of the Balkan sprachbund and Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum of the Indo-European language family. The two languages have several characteristics that set them apart from all other Slavic languages; include: sharing 73% of their vocabulary, the elimination of case declension, eastern palatalisation (soft accent), the development of a suffixed definite article and the lack of a verb infinitive. They retain and have further developed the Proto-Slavic verb system (albeit analytically). One such major development is the innovation of evidential verb forms to encode for the source of information: witnessed, inferred, or reported. Bulgarian is the closest language to Russian in terms of vocabulary and accent; Macedonian is the closest language to Bulgarian in terms of vocabulary and grammar.
The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet (Bulgarian: Българска К ири л и ца Азбука ) (sometimes referred to as Българска К ири л и ца Цвор ия) romanised: Bulgarska Kirilitsya Tsvoriya is used to write the Bulgarian language. The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th – 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.
Българск и ез и к е и з т очноюжен славянск и е з и к, к ойто се говор и в И з т очна Европа, пред и мно в Българ ия. Това е ез и къ т на българ ите.
Заедно с т ясно свързан и я руск и ез и к (pyccкий язык) и македонск и ез и к ( македонски jeзик ) (общо форм и ращ и и з т очнославянска т а група), той е член на балканск ия sprachbund и и з т очноюжнославянск ия д и алек т ен кон ти нуум на Индоевропе й ско ез и ково семе йст во. Тр ит е ез и ка споделя т в и сок процен т на лекс и кално сходс т во, речн и к и акцен ти. Достойнст во надалече и от ношен ията з а та з и държава.
The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet (Bulgarian: Българска К ири л и ца Азбука ) (sometimes referred to as Българска К ири л и ца Цвор ия) romanised: Bulgarska Kirilitsya Tsvoriya is used to write the Bulgarian language. The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th – 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.
List
Overview
The Bulgarian Cyrillic Script uses slightly different character representations under language localisation. Below is the Russian and Serbian Cyrillic scripts under their localised form, which are more distinctive: | WIKI |
Signatures of in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization generated by synchrotron radiation in magnetically doped and pristine topological insulators
A. M. Shikin, A. A. Rybkina, D. A. Estyunin, D. M. Sostina, V. Yu Voroshnin, I. I. Klimovskikh, A. G. Rybkin, Yu A. Surnin, K. A. Kokh, O. E. Tereshchenko, L. Petaccia, G. Di Santo, P. N. Skirdkov, A. K. Zvezdin, A. K. Zvezdin, A. Kimura, E. V. Chulkov, E. E. Krasovskii
Результат исследования: Научные публикации в периодических изданияхстатьярецензирование
8 Цитирования (Scopus)
Аннотация
Possibility of in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization generated by synchrotron radiation (SR) in magnetically doped and pristine topological insulators (TIs) is demonstrated and studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We show experimentally and by ab initio calculations how nonequal depopulation of the Dirac cone (DC) states with opposite momenta in V-doped and pristine TIs generated by linearly polarized SR leads to the hole-generated uncompensated spin accumulation followed by the SR-induced magnetization via spin-torque effect. Moreover, the photoexcitation of the DC is asymmetric, and it varies with the photon energy. We find a relation between the photoexcitation asymmetry, the generated spin accumulation, and the induced in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic field. Experimentally the SR-generated in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization is confirmed by the k shift of the DC position and by the gap opening at the Dirac point even above the Curie temperature. Theoretical predictions and estimations of the measurable physical quantities substantiate the experimental results.
Язык оригиналаанглийский
Номер статьи245407
Число страниц15
ЖурналPhysical Review B
Том97
Номер выпуска24
DOI
СостояниеОпубликовано - 11 июн 2018
Fingerprint
Подробные сведения о темах исследования «Signatures of in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization generated by synchrotron radiation in magnetically doped and pristine topological insulators». Вместе они формируют уникальный семантический отпечаток (fingerprint).
Цитировать | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- Shanghai Exchange to Curb `Abnormal' Trading After Prices Surge to Records
China’s Shanghai Futures Exchange
issued rules today to prevent “abnormal” trading following a
similar move by the Zhengzhou bourse to curb speculation as
commodity prices trade at record levels. The exchange will alert the securities regulator if
investors are found trading between their own accounts or
frequently placing and canceling orders, which can mislead the
market, it said in a statement on its website today. Investors
should also not use related accounts to hold positions that
exceed limits for individual investors, the bourse said. Domestic prices of rubber, cotton and sugar climbed to
records today on speculative buying and supply shortages.
China’s consumer price index rose to a 23-month high in October,
spurring the state reserves regulator to sell sugar, cotton,
corn, aluminum, and zinc to cool prices. “This is clearly aimed at curbing excessive speculation,”
Lin Hui, deputy director of the research department at the
Orient Securities Futures Co. The Shanghai Futures Exchange, where copper, aluminum,
zinc, natural rubber, steel, and fuel oil futures are traded,
said it will take measures ranging from verbal warnings to
submitting cases to the China Securities Regulatory Commission
to probe any “abnormal trading”. “Speculative money has been flowing into commodities,
partly because of strong inflation expectations,” said Axl
Wang, an analyst at Wanda Futures on Oct. 29. Copper for February delivery on the Shanghai Futures
Exchange gained 4.2 percent to close at 67,390 yuan ($10,120). -- Helen Sun . Editor: Richard Dobson. To contact the Bloomberg News staff on this story:
Helen Sun in Shanghai at
hsun30@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
James Poole at
jpool4@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav (2 February 1849 - 8 November 1921) was a Slovak poet, dramatist, translator, and for a short time, member of the Czechoslovak parliament. Originally, he wrote in a traditional style, but later became influenced by parnassism and modernism.
Name
He was born as Pavol Országh. His family name is Hungarian (from ország, meaning "country"). Hviezdoslav (a Slavic name, meaning approximately "celebrating the stars" and/or "Slav of the stars") was his pseudonym from 1875. His earlier pseudonym was Jozef Zbranský.
Life
Pavol Országh was living in Felsőkubin, Árva County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Vyšný Kubín, Slovakia). He was of noble origin. Hviezdoslav studied at grammar schools in Miskolc and Késmárk (now Kežmarok, Slovakia) in the Hungarian lutheran school. The young Országh became a Hungarian patriot. During this time he got acquainted with the poetry of Arany János and Petőfi Sándor and under their influence he started to write poems first in Hungarian, then from the mid-1870s in Slovak. After his graduation in 1870, he continued his studies at the Law Academy of Eperjes (now Prešov, Slovakia), where in 1871 he participated in the preparation of the Almanach Napred ("Forward" Miscellany/Almanac), which marked the beginning of a new literary generation in Slovak literature. Due to his contribution to this Almanac with several radical poems, however, he was ignored in the literary life of the country for the rest of the 1870s and couldn't get his works published. During this period, he pursued his law career in Alsókubin (now Dolný Kubín, Slovakia), but he also carried on with his literary work in his free time. He practiced as a lawyer between 1875 and 1899 in Námesztó (now Námestovo, Slovakia), and then in Alsókubin again. In 1918, he became a member of the newly created Revolutionary National Assembly (provisional governing body, later parliament) in Prague, and from 1919 to 1920, served as its representative. In 1919, he was chosen as the leader of the re-established Matica slovenská (Slovak matica), a Slovak cultural institute founded in 1863, and closed as a result of Hungarian policy in 1875.
In 1954, the Literary Museum of P. O. Hviezdoslav was established in Dolný Kubín. A festival of amateur poetry reciters named Hviezdoslav's Kubín has been held there since.
Minor planet 3980 is named Hviezdoslav.
Works
Hviezdoslav introduced the syllabic-tonic verse into Slovak poetry and became the leading representative of Slovak literary realism. His style is characterized by extensive use of self-coined words and expressions, making it difficult to translate his works into foreign languages.
His oeuvre constitutes some 12 volumes of original poetry and an additional 3 volumes of translations of classical authors. During his era, he was the poet laureate of the Slovak nation. To honor his 1905 translation, of The Tragedy of Man by Imre Madách, he was elected a member of the Kisfaludy Society in 1912.
Collected works and selections
* The Collected Poetical Works of Hviezdoslav, vol. 1 to 15 (Zobrané spisy básnické Hviezdoslava, zv. 1–15, 1892 – 1931)
* Biblical Poems (Básne biblické, Prague 1911)
* The Writings of P.O. Hviezdoslav in 12 volumes (Spisy P.O. Hviezdoslava v 12 zväzkoch, 1951–1957)
* Poetic First Fruits (Basnicke prvotiny I-II, 1955–1956)
* Poetic Maturing I-II (Básnicke zrenie I-II, 1957–1958)
* Works I-IV (Dielo I-IV, 1973, second edition 1997–1998)
Reflexive poetry
He began writing poetry – initially in Hungarian – while still attending grammar school (in Miskolc and Kežmarok / Késmárk)). His first poetry collection, the Básnické prviesienky Jozefa Zbranského ("Poetry primroses of Jozef Zbranský"), was published in 1868. It introduced the syllabic-tonic verse into Slovak literature.
An awakened national pride brought him to resolve to work in Slovak, but the inclination towards realism in his early poetry was met with aversion by the older generation.
Among the most important of his mature lyric cycles are:
* Sonety (1882–1886) (Sonnets)
* Letorosty I-III (1885–1893) (Growth Rings I – III)
* Žalmy a hymny (1885–1892) (Psalms and Hymns)
* Prechádzky jarom (1898) (Walks through Spring)
* Prechádzky letom (1898) (Walks through Summer)
* Stesky (1903) (Languors/Complaints)
* Krvavé sonety (1914/1919) (Bloody Sonnets) – important anti-World War I poetry
Epic compositions
The poet's epic compositions derive from his native Orava and from biblical topics, through which he commented allegorically on the situation of the Slovak nation:
* Hájnikova žena (1884–1886) (The Gamekeeper's Wife)
* Ežo Vlkolinský (1890)
* Gábor Vlkolinský (1897–1899)
Biblical poetry
* Agar
* Kain
* Ráchel
* Sen Šalamúnov (The Dream of Solomon)
Drama
* Pomsta (Revenge)
* Herodes a Herodias (1909) (Herod and Herodias)- verse drama inspired by the Bible; a pillar of Slovak classic dramatic repertory.
Translations
Hviezdoslav was also a translator. He translated many works of such authors as Goethe (Faust, Iphigenia on Tauris, ballads), Schiller (selected poems), Mickiewicz (Crimean Sonnets et al.), Pushkin (Boris Godunov, The Captive of the Caucasus, The Gypsies, Rusalka, etc.), Shakespeare (Hamlet, A Midsummer Night's Dream), Słowacki (In Switzerland, etc.), Arany (28 lyric poems and ballads), Petőfi (42 selected poems), Lermontov (A Song about the Emperor Ivan Vasilievitch, The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov, The Demon) and Madách (The Tragedy of Man). These translations were collected after his death into volumes 12 to 15 of The Collected Poetical Works of Hviezdoslav.
Legacy
Hviezdoslavovo námestie, a town square in Bratislava, along with the village of Hviezdoslavov and approximately 172 streets in Slovakia are named after him.
The poetry recitation contest Hviezdoslavov Kubín, which bears his name in honor, has been taking place every year since its inception in 1954, except for 1960. | WIKI |
Trace listeners (Logging) with Application Insights
For every application that is build a logging framework needs to be present. Tracing and Application are framework that can be used in almost every situation.
Application Insights is an extensible Application Performance Management (APM) service for web developers on multiple platforms. It can be used to monitor your live web application. It can automatically detect performance anomalies and includes powerful analytics tools to help you diagnose issues and to understand what users actually do with your app.
Trace listeners (Tracing) on the other end are objects that get tracing information from the trace class and output the data to a medium that is configured. For instance you can write trace information to a UI, file or a windows event log.
Trace information can be send to Application Insights by making use of the Application Insights trace listener.
Custom Tracing class
Write a custom tracing class for your application. This class can be a static class because we do not want to initiate the class and it needs to be constructed only once. In the class methods need to be created for every event severity.
public static class AppTrace {
private static TraceSource traceSource { get; set; }
static AppTrace() {
traceSource = new TraceSource("TraceLogging");
}
public static void Verbose(string message, int id = 16, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Verbose, id, Format(message, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Error(string message, int id = 2, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Error, id, Format(message, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Information(string message, int id = 8, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0)
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Information, id, Format(message, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Critical(string message, int id = 1, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Critical, id, Format(message, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Warning(string message, int id = 4, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Warning, id, Format(message, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Start(string service, int id = 256, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Start, id, Format("Starting - " + service, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
public static void Stop(string service, int id = 512, [CallerMemberName]string memberName = "", [CallerFilePath] string filePath = "", [CallerLineNumber]int lineNumber = 0) {
traceSource.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Stop, id, Format("Stoping - " + service, memberName, filePath, lineNumber));
}
private static string Format(string message, string memberName, string filePath, int lineNumber) {
return $"Message: {message}, MemberName: {memberName}, FilePath: {filePath}, LineNumber: {lineNumber}";
}
}
In the constructor the source name is configured this makes it possible to bind the trace listeners within the application configuration.
Application Insight trace listener
For sending trace information to Application Insights a reference needs need to be added to the project by adding “Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.TraceListener” NuGet package.
From the “Package Manager Console”
Install-Package Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.TraceListener
From the “Package Manager UI”
NuGet Package Manager
Configure the trace listener
To bind trace listeners to the trace source they need to be configured within the web.config or app.config. This can be done by adding the below configuration section within the configuration tag.
<system.diagnostics>
<sources>
<source name="TraceLogging" switchName="Verbose">
<listeners>
<add name="appinsights" type="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.TraceListener.ApplicationInsightsTraceListener, Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.TraceListener"/>
<add name="console" type="System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener" />
</listeners>
</source>
</sources>
</system.diagnostics>
Within our class the trace listeners are referenced by using the source name “TraceLogging”.
Within the configuration of the “Source” the listeners are configured. In the snip-it above it has a listener for Application Insights and for the Console Window. This means that depending on the “TraceLevel” of the message the message will be send to Application Insights and to the Console.
Which messages are send to the listeners depend on the switch. In the “source” tag it is configured by the “swithName” property. The switch is something you would like change when you find a problem within your application.
Azure
At the moment it is not possible to change tracing configuration within the Azure Portal that will reflect the above settings. To be able to make this configurable you can add a specific app setting to be able to set the switch in code.
Besides the switch you should also make the Id (“InstrumentationKey”) of the Application Insights service configurable.
Additions to keep it configurable
Web.config
Add an application setting for the instrumentation key and trace switch.
<appSettings>
<add key="InstrumentationKey" value="[key]"/>
<add key="TraceSwitch" value="All"/>
</appSettings>
Trace Class
To make use of these settings we also need to adjust the constructor of our class. Make the following adjustments to the constructor.
static AppTrace() {
traceSource = new TraceSource("TraceLogging");
traceSource.Switch.Level = (SourceLevels)Enum.Parse(typeof(SourceLevels), ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["TraceSwitch"], true);
TelemetryConfiguration.Active.InstrumentationKey = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["InstrumentationKey"];
}
Write information to the Trace Log
With everything in place it is easy to write monitoring information to any source of your choosing, and depending on the level specified in the settings information will be send to the log.
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
AppTrace.Verbose("Test Verbose");
AppTrace.Error("Test Error");
AppTrace.Warning("Test Warning");
AppTrace.Information("Test Information");
AppTrace.Critical("Test Critical");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
Starting this console application will show messages within in the console and Application Insights:
Console Output
Console Output
Application Insights Output
Application Insights Trace Output
As we change the “TraceSwith” setting to for example “Critical” you will see within the console window that less information is send by the trace source.
Trace Output Critical
Sample code is placed on a public repository within GitHub:
2 Replies to “Trace listeners (Logging) with Application Insights”
1. Hello, thanks for your solution but while the console is showing every trace, the appinsights shows only the first traces then stops showing, why is this happening?
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
@article {Fernandez-Zamora550, author = {Fernandez-Zamora, Maria Dolores and Gordillo-Brenes, Antonio and Banderas-Bravo, Esther and Arboleda-S{\'a}nchez, Jos{\'e} Andr{\'e}s and Hinojosa-P{\'e}rez, Rafael and Aguilar-Alonso, Eduardo and Herruzo-Aviles, {\'A}ngel and Curiel-Balsera, Emilio and S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, {\'A}ngel and Rivera-Fern{\'a}ndez, Ricardo and ,}, title = {Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation as a Predictor of Mortality After Cardiac Surgery}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, pages = {550--557}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.4187/respcare.04915}, publisher = {Respiratory Care}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mortality among the small percentage of cardiac surgery patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation is high, but this issue appears to be inadequately addressed in guidelines.METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of prospective, multi-center, and observational study in Spain including all adults undergoing cardiac surgery in 3 Andalusian hospitals between June 2008 and December 2012.RESULTS: The study included 3,588 adults with mean {\textpm} SD age of 63.5 {\textpm} 12.8 y and with median (interquartile range) EuroSCORE of 5 (3{\textendash}7) points. Prolonged mechanical ventilation (\> 24 h) was required by 415 subjects (11.6\%), with ICU mortality of 44.3\% (184 subjects), and was not required by 3,173 subjects (88.4\%), with ICU mortality of 3.1\% (99 subjects, P \< .001). Prolonged mechanical ventilation was associated with more complications and was required by 4.5\% of subjects with a EuroSCORE \<5, 11.2\% with a score of 5{\textendash}7, 27.2\% with a score of 8{\textendash}10, and 32.2\% with a score \> 10. In the multivariable analysis, ICU mortality was associated with illness severity, duration of bypass surgery, surgery type, and prolonged mechanical ventilation (odds ratio 15.19, 95\% CI 11.56{\textendash}22.09). The main cause of death was multiple organ failure and sepsis in subjects who required prolonged mechanical ventilation (50.3\%) and cardiogenic shock in those who did not (59.2\%).CONCLUSION: Prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation was required by 10{\textendash}20\% of cardiac surgery subjects, who constitute a specific group that represents most of the postoperative mortality, which is associated with multiple organ failure and sepsis.}, issn = {0020-1324}, URL = {http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/63/5/550}, eprint = {http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/63/5/550.full.pdf}, journal = {Respiratory Care} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
DESCRIPTION = "FoxtrotGPS is a map and GPS application using OpenStreetMap" AUTHOR = "Joshua Judson Rosen " HOMEPAGE = "http://www.foxtrotgps.org/" SECTION = "x11/applications" LICENSE = "GPLv2" LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=59530bdf33659b29e73d4adb9f9f6552" DEPENDS = "curl gtk+ libglade sqlite3 libexif gpsd" SRC_URI = "http://www.foxtrotgps.org/releases/${P}.tar.gz" SRC_URI[md5sum] = "6777d448ee9d3ba195f9d26ea90e3163" SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "ae9706285510554cc0813ac92522e0d1672b0ddb065307bfacfcff3c328f6adb" inherit autotools pkgconfig perlnative gconf PR = "r2" do_configure_prepend() { if [ -f ${S}/configure.in ] ; then mv ${S}/configure.in ${S}/configure.ac fi } RRECOMMENDS_${PN} = "gpsd" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Splunk Search
Decide between two queries?
New Member
I need to decide which token to use in a dashboard query (one or the other would be used for my "host" filed in the results) based on the value of one of the tokens. if I don't select a value for $t_pod$ I want the query to use $t_host$ but if I select a value for $t_pod$ I want to use that in the query.
index=MYINDEX subid=$t_submissionID$ msg=$t_messageType$ host=$t_host$
index=MYINDEX subid=$t_submissionID$ msg=$t_messageType$ host=%t_pod$
How can I decide which to use based on $t_pod$?
0 Karma
Builder
If you have text fields for both t_host and t_pod in your dashboard, this might help. It just shows the substitution.
<form>
<label>tjsnow</label>
<fieldset submitButton="true" autoRun="false">
<input type="text" token="t_pod">
<label>t_pod</label>
<default>default_t_pod</default>
<initialValue>default_t_pod</initialValue>
<change>
<set token="t_pod">$value$</set>
</change>
</input>
<input type="text" token="t_host">
<label>t_host</label>
<default></default>
<change>
<set token="t_host">$value$</set>
</change>
</input>
</fieldset>
<row>
<panel>
<table>
<search>
<query>| makeresults
| eval hostToken=if("$t_host$"=="","$t_pod$","$t_host$")</query>
<earliest>-24h@h</earliest>
<latest>now</latest>
</search>
<option name="count">10</option>
<option name="drilldown">none</option>
<option name="refresh.display">progressbar</option>
</table>
</panel>
</row>
</form>
In your example, you can then do something like this:
index=MYINDEX subid=$t_submissionID$ msg=$t_messageType$
| eval hostToken=if("$t_host$"=="","$t_pod$","$t_host$")
| where host=hostToken
0 Karma
Path Finder
What is the placeholder value if there's no selection for one of those token? Is it a wildcard?
0 Karma | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Skip to main content
Internationalization (i18n)
What is internationlization (i18n)?#
To over simplify the concept a bit, internalization (i18n for short) is the process of making the platform more user-friendly in various languages for people around the globe. This includes, but is certainly not limited to, things like making the site available in different languages, changing currency values to match your region, changing date formats, etc.
What do we currently support?#
We introduced some routing to lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive i18n implementation.
What is the goal?#
We want everyone to feel included, regardless of where they're located or what language(s) they speak. The goal is to make the platform available in various languages.
How do you get involved?#
The following is a high level outline of an approach to internationalization. This is by no means set in stone.
We encourage you to open a pull request (PR) to this documentation or to contribute to internationalization with your ideas - we're open-source!
Routing#
We have logic for routes setup. You can visit a page and add /locale/:locale to the beginning of the path. For example, if you visit the homepage, you can add /locale/fr-ca for French, Canadian where fr is the language code and ca is the region code.
Setting up languages under this "sub-folder" approach helps with Search Engine Optimization (SEO), routing, and more.
Currently, the various language routes will not do anything - it will stil show the site in English (US).
Once i18n is up and running, users will be able to select their preferred language to view the platform in. These routes will be the location of various languages.
Translating content#
There are many ways to translate static content on the platform. To start, we can explore tools like i18n-tasks which also has an option to leverage Google Translate programmatically. We'll need to create locale files (likely .yml) to house the translations.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)#
It seems search engines, especially Google, don't particularly like content on a page to be in multiple languages. To account for this on pages like articles, we can try an approach using the canonical URL for the language the article was written in.
For example, if we detect an article is written in Spanish, we can set the canonical URL for that article to be /locale/es/username/article-slug. We can then hide comments that are not in the same language as the article/rest of the page (Spanish in this example) only for the views the crawlers would see. That way, when the search engine crawler hits an article written in Spanish, the crawler will see the entire page in Spanish. We will not hide comments for the views that real users see.
Caching#
The platform relies on edge caching, especially with regards to articles. To account for this, we'll need to add logic at the edge that understands what languages the platform currently supports and where to look up the language variant in the cache.
If the edge doesn't pick up on a user selected preference (possibly sent as an additional header or cookie), the edge will look at the Accept-Language header and normalize it. The header can include more specific preferences and look something like: Accept-Language: fr-ca, fr;q=0.9, en;q=0.8, de;q=0.7, *;q=0.5. There are 2 things going on here. 1) A user can specify country/region variants for a language - fr-ca (French - Canada) and fr-fr (French - France). For simplicity's sake, we want to normalize that sort of preference to fr to start. 2) A user can specify priority using the q argument. We'll want to interpret the user's priority preferences to match their highest priority language with one we currently support.
Once the edge is aware of what language it should be looking for, it will set the cache key accordingly.
We also make use of fragment caching in several places. We need to update the keys for those caches to account for locale so we're not mistakenly serving a cached fragment in a different language than intended.
Additional considerations#
• Translating URLs. For the best SEO result, we should also translate URLs themselves into various languages. Something like the /about page could be translated, for example. For now, we aren't going to account for this.
• Translating dynamic/user generated content. For now, we plan to not automatically translate any dynamic/user generated content (articles, comments, listings, etc.). In the future we could explore what that looks like, how a user can opt-in/out of that, etc.
Styles, design, and UI#
We'll want to expand some design aspects to support other languages that may be right-to-left, have different spacings, have special characters, etc.
Next steps#
A few next steps we can take on the road to internationalization.
• Update our logic to allow special characters/encodings in URLs. Currently, we generate slugs on dynamic content like articles and tags that may include characters that make the URL invalid.Here is a good example. We want to update this logic so these characters work in URLs as expected.
• Allow Forem Admins to set a "default language". Currently, if a user doesn't select a language preference, it defaults to English ("en").
• Clean up some code. There are some places we're hard-coding strings on the frontend. We'll want to explore moving that sort data to the backend to unify where and how we're translating.
• Translate areas of the site into English (US) first to ensure things are still working. In other words, have the platform adhere to the default locale instead of hard-coded strings.
• Start translating!
Resources# | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The World's Famous Orations Volume 10.djvu/15
THE
WORLD'S
FAMOUS
ORATIONS
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
FRANCIS W. HALSEY
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
SUBSCRIPTION EDITION IN TEN VOLUMES
Vol. X AMERICA III
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY New York and London
�� � | WIKI |
Secure press for a secure world | TheHill
The gunmen broke into the Veracruz home of crime reporter Ana Flores Salazer at two o’clock in the morning and dragged her away. The next day she was found on the side of the highway in Puebla. She was bound, half-naked, and had been killed with a plastic bag. The governor of Veracruz since 2010, Javier Duarte, did not pursue the case, nor did he investigate the other 14 journalist killings that had occurred in Veracruz since he took office. Since 1992 there have been 1,053 “motivated” killings of members of the press globally, more including those with unconfirmed motives, and countless instances of assault, harassment, and kidnapping or incarceration with the intent of impeding journalism. The international community has proven insufficient in addressing security of the press globally, and we all pay a price. A free press makes a significant contribution to global security in the form of monitoring, anti-corruption, and conflict reporting - reporting that we too often take for granted. By increasing support to advocacy NGOs, requiring a commitment to press security for future partnerships, and bringing a Declaration of Principles regarding security for members of the press before the UN General Assembly, the United States can lead the global community in addressing the “culture of impunity” surrounding press security and take a vital step towards global stability. A free press is a democratic force of nature, and if the United States believes that the global spread of democracy leads to global stability then the health and security of the international press should be a priority. While press security is currently covered as a sub-category of human rights in requirements for partnership with the United States, adherence to these sub-categories (such as human trafficking in the case of Malaysia) are often ignored for expediency. In order to meaningfully communicate the importance of a free press, a commitment to preserving the safety of journalists should be an independent requirement for future US economic or military partnership deals. The international press corps also plays a vital role in observing and reporting violations of human rights, arms embargoes, the laws of armed combat, and any other of a host of international agreements that rely on monitoring for enforcement and credibility. These challenges directly threaten US peace-building, international development, and nation-building missions, yet these same missions do not sufficiently support the development of a regional free press. Just as the US has supported development NGOs like Doctors Without Borders, grants should be given to NGOs like the Committee to Protect Journalists and the International Federation of Journalists to preserve and develop free press regionally while simultaneously preserving press neutrality. As the international press does not just serve the interests of the United States, the issues of press security should also be addressed in the United Nations. The United States should take a leadership role by pursuing incremental measures in the UN General Assembly. There is a history of human rights issues being addressed first by a non-binding Declaration of Principles in the General Assembly to lay the groundwork for binding measures in the future. This is a path that should be taken for press security, and a path that the United States should take the first step on. There is a belief that government and press are, by nature, adversaries and therefore press security should not be a matter for policymakers but is the exclusive responsibility of the news industry. Given the debates raging over whistleblower protections and Edward Snowden this belief is understandable, but it is still wrongheaded and harmful. As President Obama reminded the press corps at the White House Correspondents’ Dinner: “[…]We’ve always shared the same goal –- to root our public discourse in the truth; to open the doors of this democracy; to do whatever we can to make our country and our world more free and more just.” -President Barack ObamaBarack Hussein ObamaDick Cheney to attend fundraiser supporting Trump reelection: report Forget conventional wisdom — Bernie Sanders is electable 2020 Democrats fight to claim Obama's mantle on health care MORE, White House Correspondents’ Dinner April 30, 2016 If impunity is allowed in dealing with members of the press, so too is it allowed when dealing with the security issues they report on. When atrocities go unobserved, uninvestigated, and unpunished, the global institutions that exist to ensure the safety of innocent civilians are eroded. As long as the United States of America continues to advocate democracy, freedom, and security around the world, we will depend upon on the international press, and as long as we depend on the members of the international press, we need to make their security a priority. A secure press means a secure world, and a secure world means a secure America. Michael Martelle is a graduate student at George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs in the Security Policy Studies program. The views expressed by authors are their own and not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Federal Reporter/Second series/Volume 708
* 708 F.2d 13 (1983) Insurance Company of North America v. Northampton National Bank
* 708 F.2d 17 (1983) United States v. Fusaro
* 708 F.2d 27 (1983) Warrant Authorizing the Interception of Oral Communications Cintolo
* 708 F.2d 29 (1983) United States v. L Cardillo
* 708 F.2d 31 (1983) Cruz v. Alexander
* 708 F.2d 40 (1983) United States v. James
* 708 F.2d 46 (1983) New York Racing Association Inc v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 57 (1983) Williams v. R Pierce
* 708 F.2d 65 (1983) In Re Subpoenas to Local 478 International Union of Operating Engineers and Benefit Funds
* 708 F.2d 77 (1983) United States v. Carrier
* 708 F.2d 80 (1983) Ministry of Supply Cairo Sa v. Universe Tankships Inc Sa M/s Ulysses
* 708 F.2d 87 (1983) Holt v. Continental Group Inc
* 708 F.2d 92 (1983) United States v. State of New York
* 708 F.2d 95 (1983) Home Box Office Inc v. Directors Guild of America Inc B H
* 708 F.2d 96 (1983) Aitchison v. Raffiani Dobrow
* 708 F.2d 113 (1983) Government of Virgin Islands v. Greene
* 708 F.2d 116 (1983) Valn v. United States
* 708 F.2d 121 (1983) United States v. Kelly 82-1539
* 708 F.2d 128 (1983) Greene v. Whirlpool Corporation
* 708 F.2d 132 (1983) Thomas v. Jd Cox
* 708 F.2d 137 (1983) Clevepak Corporation v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
* 708 F.2d 142 (1983) Wilson v. Atwood Group
* 708 F.2d 143 (1983) Fischl v. General Motors Acceptance Corporation
* 708 F.2d 151 (1983) Kori Corporation v. Wilco Marsh Buggies and Draglines Inc
* 708 F.2d 156 (1983) Richard Cheramie Enterprises Inc v. Mt Airy Refining Co
* 708 F.2d 159 (1983) Banks v. Hyatt Corporation
* 708 F.2d 163 (1983) Haywood v. Southwestern Electric Power Company
* 708 F.2d 168 (1983) Paul v. Petroleum Equipment Tools Co
* 708 F.2d 175 (1983) Thezan v. Maritime Overseas Corporation
* 708 F.2d 183 (1983) Carroll v. Sears, Roebuck Company
* 708 F.2d 197 (1983) Allstate Insurance Company v. Randall C Randall C
* 708 F.2d 199 (1983) Harper-Grace Hospitals v. S Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 202 (1983) American Motors Sales Corporation v. F Runke
* 708 F.2d 209 (1983) United States v. A Russo
* 708 F.2d 226 (1983) Lawson v. London Arts Group
* 708 F.2d 229 (1983) Morvay v. Maghielse Tool and Die Company Inc
* 708 F.2d 233 (1983) Hill v. Spiegel, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 238 (1983) Blaha v. Ah Robins and Company
* 708 F.2d 240 (1983) United States v. Dabish
* 708 F.2d 243 (1983) Gray v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 250 (1983) Steebe v. United States Railroad Retirement Board
* 708 F.2d 258 (1983) Smith v. Board of Education of Urbana School District No of Champaign County Illinois
* 708 F.2d 266 (1983) Peabody Coal Company v. T Lowis
* 708 F.2d 290 (1983) Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation v. Prospect National Bank of Peoria
* 708 F.2d 297 (1983) Allied Van Lines Inc v. Interstate Commerce Commission
* 708 F.2d 302 (1983) United States v. L Weston
* 708 F.2d 310 (1983) United States of America, Community Action Against Poverty of Greater Indianapolis, Inc. v. Robert Defrantz, Sr.
* 708 F.2d 313 (1983) Chauffeurs Helpers Local Union No v. Mechanical Contractor Inc
* 708 F.2d 316 (1983) Schanuel v. Anderson
* 708 F.2d 321 (1983) Hornick v. Noyes Hornick
* 708 F.2d 326 (1983) Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation v. Hallett D
* 708 F.2d 333 (1983) Townes v. Hawaii Properties Inc
* 708 F.2d 335 (1983) Goodface
* 708 F.2d 340 (1983) Robbins v. S Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 343 (1983) United States v. Montgomery
* 708 F.2d 344 (1983) United States v. D Gibson
* 708 F.2d 347 (1983) Hagen v. Traill County a
* 708 F.2d 349 (1983) Ballenger v. O Marsh
* 708 F.2d 351 (1983) Burns v. Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 352 (1983) United States v. Farmers Cooperative Company
* 708 F.2d 354 (1982) United States v. A Hagler
* 708 F.2d 365 (1983) United States v. Yermian
* 708 F.2d 372 (1983) Orloff v. Cleland
* 708 F.2d 380 (1983) Howerton v. Gabica
* 708 F.2d 385 (1983) Consolidated Data Terminals v. Applied Digital Data Systems Inc
* 708 F.2d 400 (1983) Mexico City Aircrash of October Haley v. Western Airlines Inc Tovar Dzida
* 708 F.2d 419 (1983) Southwestern Media Inc v. M Rau
* 708 F.2d 429 (1983) United States v. Rohrer
* 708 F.2d 436 (1983) Newhouse v. Robert's Ilima Tours Inc
* 708 F.2d 442 (1983) Freeman the Sanctuary v. Hittle Ih
* 708 F.2d 444 (1983) No 82-5291
* 708 F.2d 452 (1983) Britt v. Simi Valley Unified School District: W E
* 708 F.2d 455 (1983) United States v. Powell
* 708 F.2d 458 (1983) Grunfeder v. M Heckler
* 708 F.2d 465 (1983) Peterson v. Babbitt
* 708 F.2d 467 (1983) Miller v. United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local
* 708 F.2d 472 (1983) Paointhara v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
* 708 F.2d 475 (1983) Moore v. Hughes Helicopters Inc a Division of Summa Corporation
* 708 F.2d 486 (1983) Dean v. Trans World Airlines Inc
* 708 F.2d 488 (1983) Brotherhood of Teamsters and Auto Truck Drivers Local No of Alameda County v. Celotex Corporation
* 708 F.2d 492 (1983) Pennwalt Corporation v. Durand-Wayland Inc
* 708 F.2d 495 (1983) Presto Casting Company v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 499 (1983) Collins v. United States
* 708 F.2d 502 (1983) Lima v. United States
* 708 F.2d 513 (1983) United States v. E Muse
* 708 F.2d 517 (1983) Tyner v. Fort Howard Paper Company
* 708 F.2d 519 (1983) Garcia v. Sam Tanksley Trucking Inc
* 708 F.2d 523 (1983) United States v. Pino
* 708 F.2d 532 (1983) Beck v. Quiktrip Corporation
* 708 F.2d 537 (1983) Lps Kutz v. D Lamm
* 708 F.2d 541 (1983) Coleman v. D Zant
* 708 F.2d 549 (1983) Corn v. Zant
* 708 F.2d 570 (1983) Rt Vanderbilt Company v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission J
* 708 F.2d 578 (1983) Hatchell v. M Heckler
* 708 F.2d 580 (1983) United States v. Stephenson
* 708 F.2d 587 (1983) United States v. R Slocum V
* 708 F.2d 606 (1983) United States v. Bovain R
* 708 F.2d 614 (1983) Weidner v. L Wainwright
* 708 F.2d 617 (1983) Rtc Transportation Inc v. Interstate Commerce Commission
* 708 F.2d 620 (1983) Rtc Transportation Inc v. Interstate Commerce Commission
* 708 F.2d 627 (1983) Georgia Department of Medical Assistance v. United States Department of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 631 (1983) United States v. Cross
* 708 F.2d 639 (1983) Neff v. Kehoe
* 708 F.2d 646 (1983) Darden v. L Wainwright
* 708 F.2d 647 (1983) Hamm v. Members of Board of Regents of State of Florida
* 708 F.2d 655 (1983) Sweat v. Miller Brewing Company a
* 708 F.2d 658 (1983) Winningham v. Centennial Insurance Company
* 708 F.2d 661 (1983) Wl Hardee v. United States
* 708 F.2d 680 (1983) Morton v. United States
* 708 F.2d 709 (1983) In Re Jack G Makari
* 708 F.2d 712 (1983) In Re Gilbert P Hyatt
* 708 F.2d 715 (1983) Leather's Best Inc v. United States
* 708 F.2d 719 United States v. Ceniceros
* 708 F.2d 719 Davis v. University
* 708 F.2d 719 United States v. Kozachenko
* 708 F.2d 719 Barry v. Secretary, Hhs
* 708 F.2d 719 United States v. Ray
* 708 F.2d 719 United States v. Cavazos
* 708 F.2d 719 Smith v. Heckler
* 708 F.2d 719 Kocke v. Eli Lilly
* 708 F.2d 719 Hilliard v. Foti
* 708 F.2d 719 Lefebvre v. E. Baton Rouge Parish School Board
* 708 F.2d 719 Colonial Ins. v. Graves
* 708 F.2d 719 Riddle v. Futorian Corp.
* 708 F.2d 719 Holley v. Towmotor Corp.
* 708 F.2d 719 Taylor v. Winter
* 708 F.2d 719 Culpepper v. United States Parole Com'n
* 708 F.2d 719 Dunlap v. Estelle
* 708 F.2d 719 Casbon v. Maggio
* 708 F.2d 719 Young v. Heckler
* 708 F.2d 720 United States v. Marcello
* 708 F.2d 720 Sloan v. Grayson County Com'rs
* 708 F.2d 720 Boston Insulated Wire & Cable Systems, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 721 Ambrose v. Colista
* 708 F.2d 721 Ayoub v. I. N. S.
* 708 F.2d 721 Bennett v. Ford Motor Co.
* 708 F.2d 721 Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. v. Lemay
* 708 F.2d 721 Angus v. Billy
* 708 F.2d 721 Belknap v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 721 Adams v. United States
* 708 F.2d 721 Bank of Murray v. Bon Jour, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 721 Barfield v. Chancery Court of Knox County, Tenn.
* 708 F.2d 721 Adams v. Carlson
* 708 F.2d 721 Boyer v. Louisville Gas & Elec. Co.
* 708 F.2d 721 Barnes v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 721 Baker v. Mintzes
* 708 F.2d 721 Begun v. State Medical Bd. of Ohio
* 708 F.2d 721 Baskin v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 721 Auxier v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
* 708 F.2d 721 Austin v. United States Postal Service
* 708 F.2d 721 Adams v. United States
* 708 F.2d 721 Berndt v. Stinson
* 708 F.2d 721 Bowen v. Caster
* 708 F.2d 722 Briley v. Tennessee Valley Authority
* 708 F.2d 722 Burrows v. Mintzes
* 708 F.2d 722 Davidson v. United States
* 708 F.2d 722 Collins v. Egeler
* 708 F.2d 722 City of Allen Park v. Ecorse Creek Pollution Abatement Drain No. 2 Drainage Dist.
* 708 F.2d 722 Cousino v. Stair
* 708 F.2d 722 Butler v. Rice
* 708 F.2d 722 Brydle v. Kalasunas
* 708 F.2d 722 Bryan v. United States
* 708 F.2d 722 Conner v. United States F. B. I.
* 708 F.2d 722 Davis v. Garrison Motor Freight
* 708 F.2d 722 Bradley v. Rose
* 708 F.2d 722 Catron v. Wilson
* 708 F.2d 722 Clevenger v. Murr
* 708 F.2d 722 Continental Ins. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 722 Cianciola v. United States
* 708 F.2d 722 Daniels v. United States Dept. of Army
* 708 F.2d 722 Corrin v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 722 Conaway v. Merit Systems Protection Bd.
* 708 F.2d 722 Carr v. United States
* 708 F.2d 722 Cleckley v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 722 Carter v. Wendys Intern. Inc.
* 708 F.2d 722 Chappell v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 722 Callihan v. Eastern Production Credit Ass'n
* 708 F.2d 722 Clark v. Overton
* 708 F.2d 722 Buchanan v. Wilson
* 708 F.2d 722 Cummings v. United States
* 708 F.2d 723 Flack v. Pontiac Housing Com'n
* 708 F.2d 723 Goodman v. United States
* 708 F.2d 723 Ferrell v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 723 Evans v. Nationwide Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 723 Doyle v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 723 Freeman v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 723 Eagle Federal Sav. and Lo
* 708 F.2d 723 Gaines v. Roush
* 708 F.2d 723 Fisher v. United States
* 708 F.2d 723 Ervin v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 723 Eaton Corp. v. Appliance Valves Corp.
* 708 F.2d 723 (1982) Vw v. Aro
* 708 F.2d 723 Franklin v. Kroger Co.
* 708 F.2d 723 Equal Employment Opportunity Com'n v. Peterbilt Motors Co.
* 708 F.2d 723 Ford v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 723 Ford v. South Central Bell Telephone Co.
* 708 F.2d 723 Fulton v. Harrison
* 708 F.2d 723 Golden v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 723 Estelle v. United States
* 708 F.2d 723 Gambill v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 723 Gilliam v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 723 Donovan v. Gillmor
* 708 F.2d 723 Eberly v. Engle
* 708 F.2d 723 Emery v. Kaptur
* 708 F.2d 723 Gray v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 723 Furlow v. Vincent
* 708 F.2d 724 Jones v. Ohio Cas. Co.
* 708 F.2d 724 Guajardo v. Califano
* 708 F.2d 724 Holley v. Secretary of Health, Educ. and Welfare
* 708 F.2d 724 Hurt v. Department of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 724 Gwyan v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 724 Joffin v. Leskovyansky
* 708 F.2d 724 International Broth. of Elec. Workers, Local Union No. 1067, v. United Telephone Co.
* 708 F.2d 724 International Ass'n of Fire Fighters, Local 2243, v. Sylvania Tp., Ohio
* 708 F.2d 724 Hawkins v. Superintendent, Grafton State Farm
* 708 F.2d 724 Haas v. Secretary of Hhs
* 708 F.2d 724 Harrison v. Rose
* 708 F.2d 724 Jaynes v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co.
* 708 F.2d 724 Jones v. Rose
* 708 F.2d 724 Heleringer v. Kentucky Bar Ass'n
* 708 F.2d 724 Griffin v. Cox
* 708 F.2d 724 Hadley v. Veterans Admin.
* 708 F.2d 724 Hunter v. Mintzes
* 708 F.2d 724 Hall v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 724 Hale v. United States
* 708 F.2d 724 Hensley v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 724 Johnson v. United States
* 708 F.2d 724 Green v. United States Dist. Court
* 708 F.2d 724 Green v. Clemmons
* 708 F.2d 724 Hines v. United States
* 708 F.2d 724 Heatwole v. United States
* 708 F.2d 724 Harris v. Davis
* 708 F.2d 725 Matthews v. Egeler
* 708 F.2d 725 Martin v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 725 Laden v. Johnson
* 708 F.2d 725 Koontz v. General Motors Corp.
* 708 F.2d 725 King v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 725 Killebrew v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 725 Kelly v. Holiday Inn, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 725 Jones v. Sowders
* 708 F.2d 725 Leighton v. Tennessee Valley Authority
* 708 F.2d 725 League of Women Voters of Tennessee v. Collins
* 708 F.2d 725 Lauper v. Central Parking Systems, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 725 Laboratory Supply Co. v. Dow Chemical Co.
* 708 F.2d 725 Kochan v. Secretary of Health, Educ. and Welfare
* 708 F.2d 725 Loxton v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 725 Mascus v. Marshall
* 708 F.2d 725 Mauget v. Kaiser Engineers, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 725 Ligon v. James B. Beam Distilling Co.
* 708 F.2d 725 Kelly v. United States
* 708 F.2d 725 Lawrence v. United States
* 708 F.2d 726 Michael v. Detroit Bank and Trust
* 708 F.2d 726 Nabkey v. United States Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
* 708 F.2d 726 Pacific Stereo of Michigan, Inc. v. Schaak Electronics, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 726 Pangburn v. Sanilac County Bd. of Com'rs
* 708 F.2d 726 Neuendorf v. Velat
* 708 F.2d 726 May v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 726 Pette v. Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 726 Mitchell v. City of Warren, Ohio
* 708 F.2d 726 Orkisz v. United States Army Tank Automotive Command
* 708 F.2d 726 Norris v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 726 Nuttelman v. Case Western Reserve University
* 708 F.2d 726 Perkins v. United States
* 708 F.2d 726 Nicks v. Hazlett
* 708 F.2d 726 Palmer v. Davidson
* 708 F.2d 726 Palmer v. Matthews
* 708 F.2d 726 Patterson v. Heffron
* 708 F.2d 726 Mulligan v. Warden, Federal Correctional Institution, Milan, Mich.
* 708 F.2d 726 National Labor Relations Board v. Maraldo Asphalt Paving, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 726 Meadows v. Saker
* 708 F.2d 726 Moody v. International Longshoremen's Ass'n,
* 708 F.2d 726 Moser v. Glens Falls Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 726 Potter v. Greer
* 708 F.2d 726 Moore v. United States
* 708 F.2d 726 Mitchell v. United States Parole Com'n
* 708 F.2d 726 Newell v. Parke
* 708 F.2d 727 Rickets v. Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 727 Schweitzer Indus. Corp. v. Binks Mfg. Co.
* 708 F.2d 727 Short v. Secretary of Health, Educ. and Welfare
* 708 F.2d 727 Schulman Matter of Disbarment of
* 708 F.2d 727 Shea v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 727 Quillen v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.
* 708 F.2d 727 Quenneville v. Delmark Co., Inc.
* 708 F.2d 727 Reisinger v. Engle
* 708 F.2d 727 Rich v. Rockwell Intern.
* 708 F.2d 727 Smith v. Gallatin Oil Co.
* 708 F.2d 727 Roof v. Brown
* 708 F.2d 727 Robinson v. Wolverine Ford Truck Sales Inc.
* 708 F.2d 727 Robinson v. Mintzes
* 708 F.2d 727 Rahman v. Pickering
* 708 F.2d 727 Simpson v. Grant
* 708 F.2d 727 Schneider v. Dallman
* 708 F.2d 727 Sales v. Beesler
* 708 F.2d 727 Purdy v. United States
* 708 F.2d 727 Pykare v. Bettis
* 708 F.2d 727 Ralls v. United States
* 708 F.2d 727 Sherrill v. Nicholson
* 708 F.2d 727 Riddle v. United States
* 708 F.2d 727 Samuels v. Rees
* 708 F.2d 728 Stone v. Fisher
* 708 F.2d 728 Towner v. Vanderbilt University
* 708 F.2d 728 Surveyor Industries, Inc. v. Gray Drug Stores, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 728 Stern v. Shouldice
* 708 F.2d 728 Thomas v. United States
* 708 F.2d 728 United States v. Bennett
* 708 F.2d 728 Smith v. United States Parole Com'n
* 708 F.2d 728 Stallworth v. Detroit Bd. of Educ.
* 708 F.2d 728 United Const. Co. v. American Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 728 Thompson v. United States
* 708 F.2d 728 Taylor v. Love
* 708 F.2d 728 Theriault v. Geisler
* 708 F.2d 728 Turner v. Keller
* 708 F.2d 728 Transco, Inc. v. Local 110, Sheet Metal Workers' Intern. Ass'n of Louisville, Ky.
* 708 F.2d 728 Stevens v. Secretary of Health, Educ. and Welfare
* 708 F.2d 728 United States v. Betteley
* 708 F.2d 728 Solis v. Anderson
* 708 F.2d 728 Suliman v. United States Postal Service
* 708 F.2d 728 Talbott v. United States
* 708 F.2d 728 Smith v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 728 Spiker v. Cleveland Municipal Court
* 708 F.2d 728 Smith v. United States
* 708 F.2d 728 Stephens v. Smith
* 708 F.2d 728 Smith v. Rose
* 708 F.2d 728 Swanson v. Davis
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Cockrell
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Ledbetter
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Brown
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Michigan Nat. Bank-West Metro
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Mason
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Gordon
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Fortner
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Moore
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Mason
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Carper
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Nelms
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Miller
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Collins
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Harp
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Fiorini
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Longman
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. David
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Davidson
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Cadle
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Harrison
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Bunch
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Gibbs
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Kerschner
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Bratton
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Hastings
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. James
* 708 F.2d 729 United States v. Conley
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Rogers
* 708 F.2d 730 Vorisek v. Perini
* 708 F.2d 730 Vargas v. Anderson
* 708 F.2d 730 Vick v. United States Postal Service
* 708 F.2d 730 Weaver v. Rhodes
* 708 F.2d 730 Warner v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 730 Webb v. Creasy
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Puckett
* 708 F.2d 730 Upthegrove v. Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Samples
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Scott
* 708 F.2d 730 Vance v. United States
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Pokorney
* 708 F.2d 730 Warner v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Walters
* 708 F.2d 730 Webb v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Slater
* 708 F.2d 730 Venable v. Gardner
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Snider
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Walker
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Whisenton
* 708 F.2d 730 Wallace v. United States
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Smith
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Stull
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Williams
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Williams
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Williams
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Stephens
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Thomas
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Stewart
* 708 F.2d 730 United States v. Scharstein
* 708 F.2d 731 Wilson v. Denton
* 708 F.2d 731 Woods v. Abshire
* 708 F.2d 731 Wilford v. Jago
* 708 F.2d 731 West Gate Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 731 Zigmont v. Brandt
* 708 F.2d 731 Youghiogheny and Ohio Coal Co. v. Nign
* 708 F.2d 731 Woods v. Bergland
* 708 F.2d 731 Wright v. Williams Ford Sales, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 731 Wilson v. Kassulke
* 708 F.2d 731 Williams v. Reed's Distributing Co., Inc.
* 708 F.2d 731 Wilson v. Rose
* 708 F.2d 731 Westerville v. Kalamazoo County Probate Court, Juvenile
* 708 F.2d 731 Westerville v. Kalamazoo County Dept. of Social Services
* 708 F.2d 731 Youngblood v. Dalzell
* 708 F.2d 731 Wise v. Engle
* 708 F.2d 731 Woolridge v. Revell
* 708 F.2d 731 Williams v. Bailey
* 708 F.2d 732 Giley v. Hudson Pulp
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Kattah-Kassin
* 708 F.2d 732 Venook v. Seashore Condo.
* 708 F.2d 732 Sikorski v. Den Norske
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Arias
* 708 F.2d 732 Buckner v. Wharton
* 708 F.2d 732 Roiter v. Peninsular Life Ins. Co.
* 708 F.2d 732 Jacksonville Warehouse Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 732 Duerden v. Heckler
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Gaynor
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Gutierrez
* 708 F.2d 732 Cohen v. I. N. S.
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Gispert
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Natelson
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Justiz
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Hernandez-Dominguez
* 708 F.2d 732 Williams v. Von Whiddon
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Comacho
* 708 F.2d 732 Heller & Co. v. Lackow Bros.
* 708 F.2d 732 Swanko v. Orr, Sec. Air Force
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Wilson
* 708 F.2d 732 Citicorp v. Crump
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Walden
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Baker
* 708 F.2d 732 Lampshire v. Proctor & Gamble
* 708 F.2d 732 Boykin v. Stone & Webster
* 708 F.2d 732 United States v. Ellison
* 708 F.2d 732 Ga State Bd. v. Bowers
* 708 F.2d 732 Skaggs v. Crawford County, Ohio
* 708 F.2d 732 Kentucky Fried v. Settlement Admin.
* 708 F.2d 732 Spiller v. Tenn. Trailers, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 733 Sheets v. Uslife Credit Corp.
* 708 F.2d 733 Blanco v. United States Postal Service
* 708 F.2d 733 Garmany v. Sutton
* 708 F.2d 733 Skelton v. Sheffield
* 708 F.2d 733 Young v. Arnold
* 708 F.2d 734 United States v. Badolato
* 708 F.2d 734 National Labor Relations Board v. Great Scot of Florida, Inc.
* 708 F.2d 734 Davis Bros. Inc. v. Donovan
* 708 F.2d 734 United States v. Russell
* 708 F.2d 734 Booker v. Wainwright
* 708 F.2d 734 Morrison, Inc. v. Donovan
* 708 F.2d 734 Seibert v. I. R. S.
* 708 F.2d 734 Adp-Financial Computer Services, Inc. v. First Nat. Bank of Cobb County
* 708 F.2d 734 United States v. Lester
* 708 F.2d 734 Bergen v. Edenfield
* 708 F.2d 734 Hunter v. Southeastern Newspapers Corp.
* 708 F.2d 735 (1983) Wilson v. R Block Hopi Indian Tribe
* 708 F.2d 760 (1983) US Southwest Africa/namibia Trade Cultural Council v. United States
* 708 F.2d 774 (1983) Finer Foods Sales Co Inc v. R Block
* 708 F.2d 783 (1983) Electricities of North Carolina v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
* 708 F.2d 789 (1983) Williams v. Barry
* 708 F.2d 794 (1983) Wald v. Regan
* 708 F.2d 804 (1983) Chicago Title Insurance Company v. Sherred Village Associates Chicago Title Insurance Company
* 708 F.2d 814 (1983) Jay Edwards Inc v. New England Toyota Distributor Inc
* 708 F.2d 838 (1983) United States v. Finucan
* 708 F.2d 852 (1983) Urico v. Parnell Oil Company
* 708 F.2d 857 (1983) United States v. Quejada-Zurique
* 708 F.2d 862 (1983) Davis v. Sears Roebuck and Company
* 708 F.2d 865 (1983) Johnson Johnson v. Vanguard Holding Corporation
* 708 F.2d 869 (1983) Yiu Sing Chun v. C Sava
* 708 F.2d 877 (1983) Pena v. New York State Division for Youth
* 708 F.2d 880 (1983) New York City Health and Hospitals Corp v. A Blum F R
* 708 F.2d 886 (1983) Taylor v. Curry
* 708 F.2d 894 (1983) United States v. Canel
* 708 F.2d 898 (1983) Amezquita-Soto v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
* 708 F.2d 909 (1983) Fink v. Western Electric Company E Fink
* 708 F.2d 920 (1983) Food Town Stores Inc v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* 708 F.2d 925 (1983) United States v. Winstead
* 708 F.2d 930 (1983) Allen Campbell Co General Contractors Inc v. Virginia Metal Industries Inc
* 708 F.2d 934 (1983) United States v. Balliviero
* 708 F.2d 944 (1983) Golden Bear Distributing Systems of Texas Inc v. Chase Revel Inc
* 708 F.2d 954 (1983) Vela v. Wj Estelle
* 708 F.2d 967 (1983) Ryland v. B Shapiro O E
* 708 F.2d 976 (1983) Olsen v. Shell Oil Company
* 708 F.2d 986 (1983) Roccaforte v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 991 (1983) Kirchberg v. Feenstra
* 708 F.2d 1002 (1983) Espino v. Besteiro
* 708 F.2d 1011 (1983) Former Fifth El Paso Natural Gas Company v. Sun Oil Company Tenneco Oil Co
* 708 F.2d 1020 (1983) Bullard v. Wj Estelle
* 708 F.2d 1023 (1983) Harrison v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1028 (1983) Crawford v. L Pittman
* 708 F.2d 1038 (1983) Laurenzo Laurenzo v. Mississippi High School Activities Association Inc
* 708 F.2d 1043 (1983) Mason and Dixon Lines Incorporated v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1048 (1983) Lashley v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
* 708 F.2d 1055 (1983) Tennessee River Pulp and Paper Company v. Eichleay Corporation
* 708 F.2d 1058 (1983) Kinsella v. S Schweiker
* 708 F.2d 1066 (1983) Buchanan v. City of Jackson
* 708 F.2d 1072 (1983) Hearn v. Mintzes
* 708 F.2d 1078 (1983) United States v. Lewis
* 708 F.2d 1209 (1983) Buckhanon v. Percy J
* 708 F.2d 1217 (1983) Stoleson v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1225 (1983) Inryco Inc v. Metropolitan Engineering Company Inc
* 708 F.2d 1235 (1983) Ranyard v. Board of Regents
* 708 F.2d 1241 (1983) Corgain v. Hg Miller Ortega
* 708 F.2d 1254 (1983) David Webb Company Inc v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 1258 (1983) Perry v. Local Lodge of International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
* 708 F.2d 1263 (1983) Analytica Incorporated v. Npd Research Inc Schwartz & Freeman
* 708 F.2d 1280 (1983) Brooks v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1283 (1983) United States v. Correa-De Jesus
* 708 F.2d 1287 (1983) Armour-Dial Men's Club Inc v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 1290 (1983) Gaunce v. H T
* 708 F.2d 1294 (1983) United States v. Thompson
* 708 F.2d 1306 (1983) Morris v. A Getscher
* 708 F.2d 1312 (1983) Bell v. F Bolger
* 708 F.2d 1322 (1983) Monark Boat Company v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 1329 (1983) Tuepker v. Farmers Home Administration T
* 708 F.2d 1333 (1983) Property Tax Research Company v. Falstaff Brewing Corporation
* 708 F.2d 1338 (1983) Land-O-Nod Company v. Bassett Furniture Industries Incorporated Eb
* 708 F.2d 1344 (1983) 32 Fair Emplpraccas 658 32 Empl Prac Dec P 33659
* 708 F.2d 1347 (1983) Clay v. Traders Bank of Kansas City
* 708 F.2d 1353 (1983) Brunson v. Higgins
* 708 F.2d 1361 (1983) Bohnsack v. Employers Insurance of Wausau
* 708 F.2d 1365 (1983) United States v. L Issacs
* 708 F.2d 1371 (1983) United States v. Offices Known As State Distributing Co
* 708 F.2d 1376 (1983) Heath v. W Cleary
* 708 F.2d 1380 (1983) State of California v. D Settle
* 708 F.2d 1385 (1983) Consolidated Freightways Inc v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 1394 (1983) United States v. F Lane
* 708 F.2d 1399 (1983) Holloman v. Watt
* 708 F.2d 1402 (1983) Jackson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 1406 (1983) Cheng to v. Boeing Company Harada
* 708 F.2d 1412 (1983) United States v. Hamilton
* 708 F.2d 1417 (1983) United States Marshals Service v. Federal Labor Relations Authority
* 708 F.2d 1421 (1983) Gi Trucking Company v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1423 (1983) California Glazed Products Inc v. Burns and Russell Company of Baltimore City
* 708 F.2d 1430 (1983) Citizens Committee to Save Land Grant Railroads v. Burlington Northern Inc
* 708 F.2d 1436 (1983) St Elizabeth Community Hospital v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 1445 (1983) Russie v. United States Department of Justice
* 708 F.2d 1449 (1983) Charlton Dunlavey v. Arizona Title Insurance and Trust Company
* 708 F.2d 1455 (1983) Grand Jury Proceedings Ortloff Conley v. United States
* 708 F.2d 1458 (1983) Mediterranean Enterprises Inc v. Ssangyong Corporation
* 708 F.2d 1466 (1983) Brandwein v. California Board of Osteopathic Examiners
* 708 F.2d 1476 (1983) Roberts v. Elaine Powers Figure Salons Inc
* 708 F.2d 1483 (1983) M/v American Queen v. San Diego Marine Construction Corp
* 708 F.2d 1493 (1983) Weathersby v. L Morris
* 708 F.2d 1498 (1983) Canova v. National Labor Relations Board
* 708 F.2d 1507 (1983) M.m. Felton v. Trustees of California State Universities and Colleges
* 708 F.2d 1511 (1983) Zobrist v. Coal-X Inc
* 708 F.2d 1523 (1983) Battle v. Anderson Jm
* 708 F.2d 1540 (1983) United States v. A Scalf
* 708 F.2d 1547 (1983) Haar v. Hanrahan
* 708 F.2d 1554 (1983) Plastic Container Corporation v. Continental Plastics of Oklahoma Inc
* 708 F.2d 1561 (1983) Romero v. Department of the Army
* 708 F.2d 1564 (1983) Estate of Sowell v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
* 708 F.2d 1568 (1983) United States v. Laing
* 708 F.2d 1571 (1983) Grand Jury Proceedings in Matter Freeman Grand Jury Proceedings in Matter Freeman
* 708 F.2d 1576 (1983) Red Carpet Corporation of Panama City Beach v. S Miller Bk
* 708 F.2d 1579 (1983) Cbs Inc v. Morrow | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Collaboration of the Month/Expired nominations
Immune system
This is a vital Featured article that receives 5,500 average daily views, and has been proposed to run on the mainpage at TFA as the COVID vaccine is launched. The article has good bones, and I think we could tune it up in time to provide the benefit to our readers as the vaccine is launched, and it would be a good showcase for WPMED's work. Please see my plea at article talk. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 17:06, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Ajpolino (talk) 17:22, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
* 2) Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:27, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
Comments
* Perhaps (??) we have made enough progress on this article that we can move on to a different article for the MCOTM (if other editors will look in here and make sure it's tuned up enough for the mainpage). Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:24, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
* Super! With that in mind, we'll move on to something else for December. Updating now. Ajpolino (talk) 00:38, 2 December 2020 (UTC)
* Archiving, since this made it to TFA. Thanks to all who helped out! Ajpolino (talk) 17:57, 31 January 2021 (UTC)
Scleroderma
Daily average page views for 2019 were 1,655, C-class, mid importance, listy with cleanup needs, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 13:44, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
Support
Comments
* I am going to throw in for either tonsillitis or dexamethasone, as both are B-class with higher page views. Between the two, I have a slight preference for tonsillitis, but only because I rarely work on drug articles. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 23:27, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
Brucellosis
A zoonotic infection with a long and interesting history; huge parts of this article (especially the parts that need MEDRS sources) are unsourced. With 845 views per day, this isn't as high-profile as some of the other candidates here... but hey, I think it's interesting. Spicy (talk) 14:28, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Spicy (talk) 14:28, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
Comments
Placebo
* Nominated at 18:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC).
This article is a rambling, out-of-date treatise that can and should give clearer information about--for example--the placebo effect in response treatments as diverse as high quality evidence-based medicine to medical quackery, why placebo controls are necessary for a quality study, and the known and suspected mechanisms involved.
Support
* 1) — Scientizzle 18:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* 2) — Enviropearson (talk) 03:24, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
* 3) LeeVJ (talk) 22:30, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
* 4) — -- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 04:38, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
Comments.
* This has also been proposed at the Pharmacology project. If chosen, it might be nice for both projects to coordinate its development. WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:32, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* This article is within the scope of Medicine(B Class), Psychology(Start Class), Philosophy(B Class), Rational Skepticism(B Class), Alternative Medicine(B Class) and Philosophy(Start Class). This is a great opportunity for cross-disciplinary collaboration. -Enviropearson (talk) 03:24, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
* I think it is pointless if one WikiProject starts working on this without the input of the others. If elected, I would suggest posting messages on the other WikiProjects' talk pages to engage their members. JFW | T@lk 11:45, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
* On reflection of this I have come up with a proposal for Queued articles on the discussion page, LeeVJ (talk) 00:21, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
Developmental milestones Child development stages
* Nominated at 16:07, 5 July 2008 (UTC).
This important topic in pediatrics is just a stub. Support
* 1) —Ketan Panchal t aL K 16:07, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 07:04, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
Comments
* I found out that the topic was being dealt with by a list (rather than an article with a complicated name: Child development stages. It's a well compiled list, and I'm not sure if needs urgent attention. Still, I urge others to go through the article and decide if it requires any improvement. I have also proposed that developmental milestones be merged with this article. —Ketan Panchal t aL K 16:31, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
ADHD
* Nominated at 17:26, 16 September 2008 (UTC).
This article is of a very controversial nature. Is an important topic due to how common it is. However it doesn't currently provide a good overview of the evidence.
Support Comments.
* 1) Doc James (talk) 17:26, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 16:46, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
* 3) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:51, 29 September 2008 (UTC) I'd agree with this, more eyes would be helpful.
* 4) Jeyradan (talk) 16:23, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
* 5) Sifaka talk 02:15, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
* 6) cyclosarin (talk) 10:13, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* 7) Nja 247 21:12, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
* 8) Unionhawk Talk 00:01, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
* 9) Abce2 | Aww nuts! Wribbit!(Sign here) 21:50, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
* 10) RobinHood70 (talk) 18:00, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
* 11) Hordaland (talk) 14:35, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
* 12) -- Literature geek | T@1k? 00:36, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
* 13) Hyperion35 (talk) 05:33, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
* 14) Com mi t ch ar ge 18:12, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
* 15) scuro (talk) 01:38, 6 October 2009 (UTC) There has been a thaw, and we have agreed that the article can be chosen after the ADHD Arbitration Amendment has been closed.
* 16) Regards, --— Cyclonenim | Chat 15:13, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
* This is not where content disputes should be re-hashed.
* Comment There currently is an Arbitration case involving this article (see here). I think we should wait for that to settle down before we go ahead and add large amounts of information. Renaissancee (talk) 23:06, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
* Will this be for only the main article or also the nine subarticles that are split off?--scuro (talk) 13:42, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
* Perhaps you'd list them here? - Hordaland (talk) 14:35, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
* I don't understand how your question answers my question.--scuro (talk) 03:29, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
* My 'question' was intended to ask you to flesh out your question. Not everyone has at her/his fingertips what those 9 are.
* I know very little about the MCOTW process and cannot answer your question. - Hordaland (talk) 16:01, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
(outdent) In response to Hordaland's request, here is an alphabetized list of sub-articles I was able to find by doing a search for "main article" in the ADHD article, including the horizontal list at the bottom - feel free to edit this list to add any others that may have been missed due to the limitations of that search. --RobinHood70 (talk) 18:37, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
* ADHD coaching
* ADHD predominantly inattentive
* Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
* Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies
* Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder management
* Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
* History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
* List of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder organizations
* Low arousal theory
* Neurodiversity
* Social construct theory of ADHD
* I need positive evidence that this article is safe for MCOTW. JFW | T@lk 23:35, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
I've moved the entire discussion to the talk page. If you want to snipe at another editor, please let me suggest finding a nice brick wall somewhere. ;-)
If that won't do, then you can try the talk page. I've left the above notes here because of the potentially handy links to related articles. WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:08, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
It's been quiet as of late in ADHD. Now might be a good time to consider making this the weekly collab since it has been relatively friendly. Sifaka talk 20:23, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
Anatomy
* Nominated at 23:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC).
Scouring 0.7 release candidate, this was one of two articles that caught my attention that deserved attention. A top importance article - C-class! Was a former GAN. This a fairly short overview type article so shouldn't be too tricky to get into shape!.plenty of images and easy references should be available.(C- class)(60,000 hits)(top)
Support
* 1) LeeVJ (talk) 23:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 23:21, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
Comments.
Migraine
* Nominated at 23:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC).
Scouring 0.7 release candidate, this was one of two articles that caught my attention that deserved attention. A meaty article 100+ refs already, but doesn't seem to have had a collaboration of the week applied to it before...(B-class)(115,000)(mid)(todo)
Support
* 1) LeeVJ (talk) 23:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 23:21, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
* 3) Kpjas (talk) 19:40, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
Comments.
* Definitely. JFW | T@lk 23:21, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
Chest pain
* Nominated at 09:35, 30 September 2008 (UTC).
Based on page view statistics I obtained from MedlinePlus, this subject scores quite poorly. Symptoms in general are imho less developed compared to conditions. Perhaps this could become an example of a good symptom article.
Support
* 1) Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 09:35, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
* 2) Kpjas (talk) 19:40, 1 November 2008 (UTC) - challenging
* 3) JFW | T@lk 19:40, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Comments
Full Genome Sequencing
* Nominated at 19:56, 23 February 2009 (UTC).
February 23, 2009
Support
* 1) This technology will be commercialized by the end of the year and will be a tremendously powerful new technology for our entire civilization. It is a major component of Kurzweil's Singularity and is an integral component of the genetic revolution. The entire future of medicine, such as the rapidly emerging field of Predictive Medicine, will be based upon this new technology that will change the paradigm of medicine from being reactionary to being proactive against disease.
* 2) Support NCurse work 15:46, 28 February 2009 (UTC)
Comments.
Hypertension
This article is rambling and difficult to read as it now exists. It seems to me that if you didn't already know the information presented in the article, it would be tough to learn it from there. Hypertension is extremely common; I suspect that this page gets a lot of views and has the potential to have a big impact. It ought to be a shining example of what a medical wikipedia page can be. Wawot1 (talk) 23:59, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Wawot1 (talk) 23:59, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 09:28, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
* 3) -- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 05:05, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
Comments.
Mental retardation
An important article, I think -- I disagree with the "mid-importance" rating it has been given. It's a touchy subject for a variety of reasons, and really should be an example of our best work. It's currently not terrible, but not particularly great. The Japanese article is apparently featured, so perhaps some Japanese-speaking editors can work from there. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
Support
* 1) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 09:28, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
Comment
* Issues about rating should not be raised here. I also don't think we should be dependent on the content of the Japanese article. JFW | T@lk 09:28, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
Bipolar disorder
Very important, high-profile topic currently at B class with the potential to be made into a GA, or perhaps FA, with enough effort and community collaboration. According to WikiProject Medicine's popular pages, bipolar disorder is the 17th most viewed website with 372920 views, or 12430 views per day. I therefore see it as of vital importance that this topic reaches a good status, and given that we have some psychiatrists involved in the project, it might be worth a shot getting them to lead us through the renovation of the topic. Regards, --— Cyclonenim | Chat 07:24, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Regards, --— Cyclonenim | Chat 07:24, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) JFW | T@lk 09:28, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
Comments
Breast cancer
This top importance article is currently of mediocre B quality. The community's assistance would be invaluable. Axl ¤ [Talk] 17:22, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Axl ¤ [Talk] 17:24, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) WS (talk) 17:38, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
* 3) JFW | T@lk 01:36, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
* Nominated at 17:53, 3 August 2009 (UTC).
This article has historically been through a significant number of disputes and could use a collaboration of those with a better medical understanding of the condition, from all sides of the larger medical debate, to judge it for weight and accuracy.
Support Comments
* 1) RobinHood70 (talk) 17:53, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
* 2) Sam Weller (talk) 19:06, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
* 3) Ward20 (talk) 22:12, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
* Does this refer only to the main article or also the numerous subarticles that were once split off? JFW | T@lk 19:07, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
* I was thinking only of the main article, but I would imagine the sub-articles would benefit from a body of editors as well. Merging some of them back into the main article might also be appropriate, though I know that's been debated in the past and ultimately nothing was done. --RobinHood70 (talk) 19:27, 3 August 2009 (UTC) (Edited: 20:01, 3 August 2009 (UTC))
* Merging some subarticles might be OK, as CFS is not overlong. A way of ensuring that the remaining subarticles are accurately summarized is needed. Sam Weller (talk) 19:06, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
Hepatitis
Monthly view count of 70k+, currently in pretty shoddy state. LT90001 (talk) 08:07, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
* This is also rated top importance. I "vote" for this as I think it might potentially draw more contributors. Lesion ( talk ) 14:44, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
* Great candidate, but this is one of the few articles being edited as part of the UCSF elective - but just for another week. Perhaps if we are to select this, we could wait until January? -- Scray (talk) 21:54, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
* Psoriasis is Dec, so I understand this would be Jan. Lesion ( talk ) 21:59, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
Cancer
A top-importance article of fundamental importance to this project. --LT910001 (talk) 14:39, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
* I have the feeling that this is already a reasonably good article and would get more benefit from rigorous review against quality standards and perhaps external review. JFW | T@lk 21:07, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
Comments
* This was a previous MCOTM collaboration already in 2011. Peter.C • talk • contribs 18:41, 26 July 2015 (UTC)
Pregnancy
A top-importance article of fundamental importance to the project. --LT910001 (talk) 14:39, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
* Agree that this should be getting attention. JFW | T@lk 21:07, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
Pregnancy occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg after it's released from the ovary during ovulation. The fertilized egg then travels down into the uterus, where implantation occurs. A successful implantation results in pregnancy. On average, a full-term pregnancy lasts 40 weeks. First of all the question should be what is fertilizâtion?undefined Fertilization is when the male gamete fuses with the female gamete. ( user talk: esosalaw), 6 July 2020
Rheumatoid arthritis
A common and disabling disease that deserves better. Given the copious literature it would ideally suited for collaborative editing. JFW | T@lk 21:05, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
Support
* 1) --WS (talk) 11:12, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
Hearing loss
Support
* 1) a top importance grade C article. Some high importance articles I'm aware of that would be good for some collaborative effort are snoring, Oral cancer andpost nasal drip. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 19:22, 26 July 2015 (UTC)
* 2) Definitely. Major cause of disability in many age groups. JFW | T@lk 20:42, 26 July 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
1736 Floirac
1736 Floirac, provisional designation, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.7 kilometer in diameter.
It was discovered on 6 September 1967, by French astronomer Guy Soulié at Bordeaux Observatory in southwestern France, who named it after the French town of Floirac.
Classification and orbit
Floirac is a member of the Flora family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,215 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.
First observed as at Simeiz Observatory in 1914, the body's observation arc begins with its 1927-identification as at Heidelberg Observatory, approximately 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Bordeaux.
Physical characteristics
This asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.
Lightcurves
In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Floirac was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Petr Pravec and collaborating colleges. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.775 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude (U=3). An alternative period solution of 12.28 hours (Δmag 0.25) was found by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in June 2006 (U=2).
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Floirac measures between 8.617 and 10.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.252 and 0.302.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes an albedo of 0.2711 and a diameter of 8.73 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4, based on Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data.
Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer for Floirac, a French town in the Département Gironde, near Bordeaux, where the discovering observatory is located. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 July 1968 (M.P.C. 2883). | WIKI |
Kratom Powder in Bowl
Red Maeng Da vs Red Bali: Which is Right For You?
Kratom, particularly the red vein strains like Red maeng da and Red bali, has increasingly captivated enthusiasts worldwide with its distinct characteristics. These red strains are particularly notable for their unique effects and origins. If you’re looking to compare red Maeng Da vs red Bali, understanding the subtle differences between these popular strains can guide you toward a more informed choice.
This comprehensive guide should help you decide which strain aligns best with your needs while providing insights into red Maeng Da kratom effects, red Bali kratom benefits, strain origins, who they might be best for, and more.
Understanding Red Kratom Strains
Red vein strains come from the Mitragyna speciosa tree, native to Southeast Asia. They’re a popular vein color option due to their potential to offer various benefits, from promoting relaxation to enhancing focus. Known for their deep red veins and stems, these strains are often sought after for their soothing and relaxing qualities, accompanied by a pleasant feeling that sets them apart from other kratom strains. This is unmistakable when comparing red Maeng Da vs red Bali.
The red veins often indicate the maturity of the kratom plant, while the reddish hue of red kratom powder or extract is due to a unique drying process, often involving prolonged sun exposure. Red vein kratom strains are also rich in 7-hydroxymitragynine, an alkaloid known for its mood-regulating and soothing properties. This potent component contributes to the unique effects that red kratom strains are celebrated for. Red kratom strains like red Maeng Da and red Bali stand out as some of the most popular options in the red vein kratom variety.
Red Bali Kratom
1 kilo Red Bali Kratom Powder
Red Bali kratom is a unique strain that stands out for its superior experience, combining energetic, euphoric, and relaxing effects. When comparing red Maeng Da vs red Bali, you’ll note that this popular strain is particularly appreciated for its ability to induce a profound sense of calmness while simultaneously enhancing overall mood. It’s harvested from mature kratom leaves in the dense jungles and rainforests of Bali, Indonesia. This careful selection ensures the highest alkaloid content, which kratom enthusiasts find highly appealing.
Benefits of Red Bali Kratom:
Before we look into red Maeng Da kratom effects, let’s learn more about red Bali kratom, which is an excellent choice for those seeking a potent strain with rich alkaloid content. Its renowned properties include:
• Relaxation and serenity: Known for its powerful relaxing effects, it helps in reducing muscle tension and promoting a sense of tranquility.
• Enhanced focus: Besides relaxation, it also aids in improving focus and concentration, making it suitable for tasks requiring mental clarity.
As we compare red Maeng Da vs red Bali, it’s clear that red Bali kratom is a more versatile and effective choice for individuals looking to experience a unique blend of relaxation and mental alertness. Its natural and pure form, combined with a high concentration of beneficial alkaloids, makes it a sought-after strain in the world of kratom. Whether it’s unwinding after a busy day or enhancing focus for work or studies, red Bali kratom offers a balanced and holistic approach to well-being.
Red Maeng Da Kratom
1 kilo Red Maeng Da Kratom Powder
Red maeng da kratom, a prominent member of the Maeng Da family, is renowned for its robust aroma and high alkaloid concentration. Originating from Thailand, this strain is celebrated for its calming experience and potency. It’s a preferred choice among kratom enthusiasts for its intense effects, offering a unique balance of well-being and relaxation. If you’re looking for a regular go-to red kratom strain between red Maeng Da vs red Bali with relaxing effects, opt for red Maeng Da kratom.
Benefits of Red Maeng Da Kratom:
Just like the red Bali kratom benefits above, red Maeng Da Kratom is sought after for more than its relaxing properties. Its benefits include:
• Soothing experience: Creates a calming environment, ideal for relaxation and end-of-day relief.
• Help with daily discomfort: It can be helpful in managing day-to-day discomforts.
• Fostering tranquility: Offers a sense of tranquility, beneficial in times when you feel overwhelmed.
• Natural relaxation: Its relaxing effects make it a natural choice for those looking to enhance their wellness routine.
Red Maeng Da kratom stands out for its unique combination of potency, calming effects, and aromatic qualities. Comparing red Maeng Da vs red Bali, the Maeng Da strain not only offers relaxation but also helps create a more serene atmosphere, making it an excellent choice for those looking to add a natural element of calm to their daily lives.
Choosing the Best Strain: Red Bali vs Red Maeng Da
Red vein powder
Red vein kratom powder
Deciding between Red bali and Red maeng da kratom comes down to personal preference and desired effects. If you’re seeking a serene, calming experience with a focus on relaxation and managing daily discomforts, red Bali is an excellent choice. Its soothing properties are ideal for unwinding after a hectic day.
On the other hand, if you’re looking for a more potent experience with robust aromas and a calming yet intense effect, Red maeng da is the way to go. It offers a unique blend of tranquility and potency, suitable for those who desire a more pronounced experience.
Learn more on Our Blog
Comparing red Maeng Da kratom vs red Bali effects and benefits will definitely help you learn more about what makes each one unique. Both red kratom strains offer unique experiences with their distinct properties. At First Choice Kratom, we make it easy for you to compare different kratom strains so you can determine which aligns best with your needs. Want to learn more? Our blog is a great resource for comprehensive insights on everything about kratom, including beginner guides, kratom storage tips, and the latest state legislation and regulations.
We also have a wide selection of kratom powders, extracts, capsules, and blends in different strains and effects. Whether you’re looking for Red Maeng Da or Red Bali kratom for sale, we’re your premium kratom supplier. Explore our kratom for sale online.
author avatar
larry8956 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Necaise, Mississippi
Necaise (also known as Necaise Crossing) is an unincorporated community in Hancock County, Mississippi, United States.
Necaise is the birthplace of professional basketball player Wendell Ladner. | WIKI |
Anti-pyramid measure is really a pro-pyramid bill | TheHill
We’ve all heard the phrase, “a wolf in sheep’s clothing.” H.R. 3409, is exactly that. Crafted by the Direct Selling Association (DSA) and sponsored by Rep. Marsha BlackburnMarsha BlackburnTaylor Swift defends staying out of the 2016 election: 'I just knew I wasn't going to help' The 23 Republicans who opposed Trump-backed budget deal Senate passes sweeping budget deal, sending it to Trump MORE (R-Tenn.), H.R. 3409 has been inappropriately named the “Anti-Pyramid Promotional Scheme Act of 2017.” In reality, this bill is anything but anti-pyramid. To the contrary, among other problems, it gives protection to pyramid schemes by redefining the term “pyramid scheme” in a way that allows almost any pyramid scheme to escape the definition. We are not alone in that assessment. FTC Commissioner, Terrell McSweeney wrote that H.R. 3409 would “fundamentally damage the ability of the Federal Trade Commission to protect consumers from pyramid schemes” and “entirely stop the FTC from shutting down these kinds of scams.” Several reputable consumer organizations agree. Blackburn had it right in her op-ed on Aug 28 when she wrote: “Every year, far too many unsuspecting Americans fall victim to pyramid schemes. Sold on the hopes of economic freedom that direct selling can deliver, many find themselves stuck with unmovable inventory and mountains of debt. Worse, operating under the guise of a reputable direct selling business, these schemes often target the most vulnerable among us such as single parents, immigrants and retirees…they need to be stopped.” We couldn’t agree more. We would enthusiastically support legislation that would actually prevent the practice of inventory loading and illegal pyramid schemes. But in its current form, H.R. 3409 does the opposite. We do not doubt Blackburn’s intent. But she erred in accepting the carefully crafted language authored by the DSA, which is currently dominated by companies who, themselves, practice inventory loading. For over 30 years, I have had the rare experience of having a front row seat to the direct selling industry. My company, Melaleuca, is a member in good standing in the DSA. My involvement as a member of the Board of Directors of the DSA has allowed me to witness firsthand the inner workings of the industry and to observe that many DSA members are heavily involved with inventory loading. Melaleuca’s attorneys were on the DSA drafting committee that drafted H.R. 3409. We argued against much of the language now found in the bill. And we heard the arguments as to why some companies felt that this exact language was necessary. Those companies known to load inventories were the most insistent on the exact wording. To accomplish their objective, these companies inserted language into H.R. 3409 stating that if a company has a “bona fide inventory repurchase program,” it can never be deemed a pyramid scheme. The problem is that the bill’s definition of a “bona fide inventory repurchase program” allows for serious mischief. In fact, DSA companies who are loading inventories and operating pyramid schemes know full well how to tout such a buyback program and yet assure that they will never have to repurchase any inventory because the definition allows them to implement requirements and processes that deter any distributor from actually requesting a buyback. This language is similar to the DSA’s current “Code of Ethics” that many DSA members currently use as a shield as they implement their various inventory-loading schemes. Herbalife had a “bona fide inventory repurchase program” and was in full compliance with the DSA’s Code of Ethics while it was recently sanctioned by the FTC and had to pay back $200 million to its own distributors. Had H.R. 3409 been law, it would have protected Herbalife, and its distributors would have had no redress. HR 3409 is written in a way that any company can easily be in compliance and still load inventories. It is written that way on purpose. If anyone were to doubt this point, we would invite any representative to propose adding language to the bill that would give real teeth to the concept of preventing inventory loading and watch for serious pushback from the DSA and some of its most prominent members. Because H.R. 3409 gives cover to pyramid schemes, if enacted, bad operators will be emboldened. This will lead to more consumers being harmed, more lives being ruined, and more financial devastation to those who fall prey to yet another scheme. We know that is not what Blackburn intended. We do agree with Blackburn’s position that our nation needs serious legislation against pyramid schemes and inventory loading. H.R. 3409, isn’t it. It is the opposite. It’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing. Frank VanderSloot is a board member of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's executive committee and the founder and CEO of Melaleuca, a $1.75 billion health products manufacturer based in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The views expressed by this author are their own and are not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Common Types Of Strokes
Signs and Symptoms of a StrokeThere are a couple of major kinds of stroke: Ischemic stroke and Hemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic stroke takes place when arterial blood vessels are obstructed by blood clots or through the progressive buildup of plaque along with other fatty deposits. About eighty-seven percent of most cerebrovascular events are ischemic.
Ischemic stroke is easily the most widespread type of stroke. These cerebrovascular events are the cause of roughly 83 % of most strokes. A victim’s outlook generally is dependent upon what amount of the brain was refused oxygen and for how long. Most medical professionals think treatment must start within 3 hours from the start of signs and symptoms for the greatest probable outcome.
Hemorrhagic stroke happens when blood-vessels within the brain cracks, dripping blood into the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are the cause of 13 % of the most cerebrovascular events, however, they are accountable for greater than 30 % of most stroke fatalities.
Why Do Strokes Occur?
The Brain is certainly an intricate organ and each and every part of the brain accounts for a unique function or capability. The Mind is also essentially the most crucial human organ. The chance to get a stroke is biggest immediately after a stroke has occurred and reduces as time passes.
Who Is At Risk For A Stroke?
Men and women are both at risk for stroke. The probability of stroke is even greater in females who smoke cigarettes. Cerebrovascular events are a little more frequent in males, although they’re much more lethal in females.
Strokes can take place by jeopardized blood circulation or blood clot development and when hemorrhagic strokes also take place.
How Are Cerebrovascular Events Treated?
Strokes that develop from blood loss will need surgery treatment. Strokes are classified as the second foremost cause of death amongst females. Signs and symptoms are generally most extreme once the stroke 1st occurs, however they might gradually worsen. Surgery will be dependent upon the severity of the stroke.
Neurological Disorders Of The BrainHow Does One Recover?
Stroke rehabilitation data indicates that about 10% of cerebrovascular event survivors have a total recuperation which means that the great majority may have anywhere from around slight to significant impairments which require treatment.
Stroke recuperation is really a complicated process that differs from one particular individual to another. Treatment, like homeopathy, also needs to begin the moment vital signs are steady following a cerebrovascular event. Rehabilitation might keep going on an out-patient schedule following the patient has went back home, and recuperation might go on for several weeks or perhaps several years.
Treatment counselors will continue to work with stroke sufferers to re-learn intricate tasks for instance washing and utilizing the bathroom. Individuals who have a stroke often have options in regards to where their treatment is done.
Conclusion:
If you have experienced a stroke or know a loved one who has, you should consult your doctor for the best recovery methods available. Just as you visit a cosmetic surgeon or vaginalbleaching.org if you were interested in vaginal bleaching, you must go to a neurologist that specializes in strokes. If you do not have a regular doctor after treatment, contact the hospital or surgery center where your procedure was done. The surgical center will be able to point you in the right direction for rehabilitation support. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Optical properties of BaY2F8:Ce3+
Anno: 2005
Autori: Fabeni P., Di Martino D., Nikl M., Pazzi G. B., Sani E., Toncelli A., Tonelli M., Vedda A.
Affiliazione autori: IFAC (ex IROE)-CNR, Via Panciatichi 64, Florence, Italy;
INFM-CNR and Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53,20125 Milano, Italy;
Institute of Physics AS CR, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Prague, Czech Republic;
NEST-INFM, Dip. di Fisica dell’Università di Pisa, Via Buonarroti 2, 56127 Pisa, Italy
Abstract: The optical properties of Ce3+-doped BaY2F8 crystals were investigated under selective laser excitation and X-ray irradiation. In both cases, the emission spectrum is dominated by the characteristic doublet transition from the lowest energy level of the 5d configuration to the spin-orbit split 2F ground state of Ce3+. Excitation bands at 4.1, 5.0, 5.9 and 6.2 eV, due to transitions between 4f and split 5d levels were observed. The emission time decay was satisfactorily analyzed by a single exponential component, characterized by
a decay time of approximately 28 ns at 10 K and slightly increasing with temperature. A monotonic temperature quenching of the photo-luminescence intensity was observed; on the other hand, the temperature dependence of radio-luminescence intensity is modulated by the presence of shallow traps competing with Ce3+ ions in carrier trapping during irradiation.
Giornale/Rivista: JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS
Volume: 2 (1) Da Pagina: 244 A: 247
Parole chiavi: Cerium; Doping (additives); Electronic structure; Irradiation; Lasers; Luminescence, Lowest energy level; Selective laser excitation; X-ray irradiation, Optical properties
Citazioni: 2
dati da “WEB OF SCIENCE” (of Thomson Reuters) aggiornati al: 2024-09-08
Riferimenti tratti da Isi Web of Knowledge: (solo abbonati) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Trello
Trello is a web-based Kanban-style list-making application which is a subsidiary of Atlassian. Users can create their task boards with different columns and move the tasks between them.
Account integration using Access Token
To begin, you will need:
STEP 1: Go to Trello API Key Portal, the page will show 404s error if you’re not signed into Trello.
STEP 2: Click the [Go to the Power-Up Admin Portal].
STEP 3: In Power-Up Admin Portal, check the acknowledgement and click [Continue] button.
STEP 4: Go back to the Trello API Key Portal, the API Key and OAuth Secret will be shown below.
STEP 5: For the API Token, click the [Token] right below the API Key and it will navigate to the authorize page.
STEP 6: In the authorize page, click the [Allow] button.
STEP 7: Copy the API Token which is presented.
STEP 8: In iMBrace, create a new Trello API credential and paste API Key, API Token, OAuth Secret and click [CREATE] button.
DONE: The credential can then be used for Trello nodes.
Last modified 7mo ago | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
• Alibek Jakupov
Computer Vision Data Augmentation: Code Sample
Updated: Nov 19
I've been recently using Azure Custom Vision for training an image classifier and exporting a trainied model in a tensorflow format. With the help of transfer learning it allows training a model with only few samples (at least 50 images per class). Great, isn't it?
However, if you start your project from scratch, you may not have even 50 images per class. Or, you may have sufficient number of items for one class and only few for the other one. In this short article we are going to exlpore some code snippets that will allow us to easily generate synthetic data.
Insted of introduction:
Data augmentation in data analysis are techniques used to increase the amount of data by adding slightly modified copies of already existing data or newly created synthetic data from existing data. It acts as a regularizer and helps reduce overfitting when training a machine learning model. It is closely related to oversampling in data analysis... Geometric transformations, flipping, color modification, cropping, rotation, noise injection and random erasing are used to augment image in deep learning.
Wikipedia "Data augmentation"
So, up we go!
Step 1 : Create a folder with classes
For this experiment I've created a single folder called images with many subfolders, each corresponding to a class.
Something like this
-\images
image_augmentation.py
----\class1
----\class2
----\class3
----\class4
Nothing complicated, right?
Step 2: put your data into the folders
Again, just put your samples into a corresponding folder. For example, I've created a simple electrical switch classificator, and prepared 2 images per class, 2 for the class "ON" and two for the class "OFF"
OFF folder
ON folder
Step 3 Prepare common functions
Here're some useful functions that may be used in different project, like image saving, or subfolders recognition
import os
import cv2
import imageio
import numpy as np
import imgaug as ia
import imgaug.augmenters as iaa
from PIL import Image
from datetime import datetime
from imgaug.augmentables.batches import UnnormalizedBatch
def count_files_in_folder(folder):
files_count = len([name for name in os.listdir(folder) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(folder, name))])
return(files_count)
def save_image(image, folder):
"""Save an image with unique name
Arguments:
image {Pillow} -- image object to be saved
folder {string} -- output folder
"""
# check whether the folder exists and create one if not
if not os.path.exists(folder):
os.makedirs(folder)
# to not erase previously saved photos counter (image name) = number of photos in a folder + 1
image_counter = count_files_in_folder(folder)+1
# save image to the dedicated folder (folder name = label)
image_name = folder + '/' + str(image_counter) + '.png'
image.save(image_name)
def get_files_in_folder(folder):
return [os.path.join(folder, name) for name in os.listdir(folder) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(folder, name))]
def list_oversample(initial_list, max_size):
"""duplicate a list n times or take a part of a list
Arguments:
initial_list {list} -- array to be resized
max_size {int} -- majority class size
"""
resized_array = []
initial_length = len(initial_list)
new_size = max_size - initial_length
if new_size >= initial_length:
augment_rate = int(new_size/initial_length)
resized_array = initial_list*augment_rate
else:
resized_array = initial_list[:new_size]
return resized_array
def save_image_array(image_array, folder):
for image in image_array:
save_image(Image.fromarray(image), folder)
Step 4 : set the augmenters
# Set augmenters
ia.seed(1)
seq = iaa.Sequential([
iaa.Fliplr(0.5), # horizontal flips
iaa.Crop(percent=(0, 0.1)), # random crops
# Small gaussian blur with random sigma between 0 and 0.5.
# But we only blur about 50% of all images.
iaa.Sometimes(
0.5,
iaa.GaussianBlur(sigma=(0, 0.5))
),
# Strengthen or weaken the contrast in each image.
iaa.LinearContrast((0.75, 1.5)),
# Add gaussian noise.
# For 50% of all images, we sample the noise once per pixel.
# For the other 50% of all images, we sample the noise per pixel AND
# channel. This can change the color (not only brightness) of the
# pixels.
iaa.AdditiveGaussianNoise(loc=0, scale=(0.0, 0.05*255), per_channel=0.5),
# Make some images brighter and some darker.
# In 20% of all cases, we sample the multiplier once per channel,
# which can end up changing the color of the images.
iaa.Multiply((0.8, 1.2), per_channel=0.2),
# Apply affine transformations to each image.
# Scale/zoom them, translate/move them, rotate them and shear them.
iaa.Affine(
scale={"x": (0.8, 1.2), "y": (0.8, 1.2)},
translate_percent={"x": (-0.2, 0.2), "y": (-0.2, 0.2)},
rotate=(-25, 25),
shear=(-8, 8)
)
], random_order=True) # apply augmenters in random order
Step 5 (option 1): Manually define the number of desired items
Here the process is quite straightforward, I simply order the augmenter to generate N items per class, say, 50 per class
# input image
IMAGE_FOLDER = 'images'
# all subfolders in the initial directory
image_subfolders = [os.path.join(IMAGE_FOLDER, subfolder) for subfolder in os.listdir(IMAGE_FOLDER)]
max_image_count = 50
image_target_subfolders = [subfolder for subfolder in image_subfolders if count_files_in_folder(subfolder) < max_image_count]
Step 5 (option 2): Set the number of items per class depending on the majority class
This one is more interesting. For exemple, we've got 100k images for class A, and only <1k images for the other classes (B, C, D etc). There's no need to generate more synthetic data for the majority class, so we automatically define the number of items for each minority class, according to the size of the largest one
# input image
IMAGE_FOLDER = '../data/categories_resized'
# all subfolders in the initial directory
image_subfolders = [os.path.join(IMAGE_FOLDER, subfolder) for subfolder in os.listdir(IMAGE_FOLDER)]
# number of instances in the majority class
max_image_count = max([count_files_in_folder(subfolder) for subfolder in image_subfolders])
image_target_subfolders = [subfolder for subfolder in image_subfolders if count_files_in_folder(subfolder) < max_image_count]
Step 6 : generate the synthetic data
for subfolder in image_target_subfolders:
print (subfolder)
# =============Time calculation===============
start_time = datetime.now()
# =============Time calculation===============
# create images array per folder
image_files = get_files_in_folder(subfolder)
synthetic_image_files = list_oversample(image_files, 50)
images = [imageio.imread(image_file) for image_file in synthetic_image_files]
# apply imge augmentation on a subfolder
augmented_images = seq(images=images)
save_image_array(augmented_images, subfolder)
# =============Time calculation===============
# check the endtime
end_time = datetime.now()
# get the total time spent
time_spent = end_time - start_time
spent_minutes, spent_seconds = divmod(
time_spent.days * 86400 + time_spent.seconds, 60)
print("{} min {} sec".format(spent_minutes, spent_seconds))
# =============Time calculation===============
Now let's have a look on our initial folders
OFF folder augmented
ON folder augmented
Now we can bring everything to Azure Custom Vision to train a classifier.
Hope this was useful, enjoy!
98 views0 comments
Recent Posts
See All
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
"Many foreigners mistakenly believe that Chinese women are creatively oppressed, that they have been oppressed for centuries," Teacher Yang said, glancing at me wryly.
"That's correct," I replied, lifting my eyebrows. "Can you disprove it?"
"Of course," he said, smiling. "I cite my case by calling on Yuan Mei (1716-97), one of China's foremost poets of the 18th century. He was a key promoter of women's literary writing. Yuan had many unconventional ideas regarding women. His position caused intellectuals to revaluate the way women were perceived—both as literary talents and as fellow human beings."
"Many ancient Chinese female poets existed?" I asked.
"Of course," he replied. "Female literary activity blossomed in the late Ming (1368-1644) and early Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. Some male Ming poets, such as Zhong Xing (1574-1624), felt that women were actually better poets than men. Yuan and Chen Wenshu (1775-1845) promoted women who wrote classical verse. This, in effect, also began a paradigm shift in thinking about women's lives—from concubines to foot binding."
"Can you elaborate on this a little, please?" I asked my friend.
"Certainly; more crucial to the idea of women poets is this paradigm shift: The traditional Confucian concept held that 'a woman without talent is virtuous.' Literacy was thought harmful to femininity. But during the Ming period more females learned to read, and they often chose classical literature, which in turn led them to try their hands at writing poetry. Yuan and other poets supported this trend; it's said that more females wrote more poems in the 18th century than in the 20th."
"So poems lead to women's rights?" I asked.
"Literacy leads to knowledge and knowledge promotes positive change. Ancient courtesans wrote poems, then aristocratic women wrote poetry; this changed male attitudes toward women. The radical Ming thinker Li Zhi (1527-1602), for example, argued that women were the intellectual equals of men. But it is Yuan who is most on my mind to tell you about today."
"He certainly sounds like an interesting guy, a man who liked women," I said.
"Indeed," replied Teacher Yang. "He was brought up in a household of women, and babied by his mother and grandmother. His sisters and his cousin were Yuan's first literary disciples. He was also quite devoted to his family, especially his mother."
"Perhaps his close relationships in mentoring female relatives influenced him, along with his harmonious relationships with women in his family?" I commented, watching Teacher Yang's face.
"Indeed," Yang replied, smiling happily. "For no house, anywhere in the world, is amicable without having harmony among the women. Although his relatives were his first students, his interest in women's verses grew and grew. For this, Yuan was attacked by his contemporaries. But Yuan continued to support female literary writings. He published, at his own expense, the works of two sisters, Yuan Ji and Yuan Shu. He frequently corresponded with women writers, and inscribed painting that they sent him."
"What was the Confucian dictate about women that discouraged literacy and creativity?" I asked.
"'Words should not pass outside the women's quarter' is one," replied Teacher Yang. "'Women were to be quiet and still.' But one woman, named Zhou Yuezun, conducted a very lively correspondence with Yuan. She regarded him as her mentor, and she is only one of many of his female disciples."
"Why did Yuan go against the norm and help women develop their talent?" I asked.
Teacher Yang replied: "I cannot be sure, but perhaps it has to do with his literary theory of Nature and Inspiration. Yuan asserted that true poetry derives from nature and feelings. He recognized that everyone possesses unique nature and feelings, hence even illiterates could possibly create poems. He understood that oppressed women are potentially men's equals; he felt that women could create equal or better poetry than men. Perhaps his close relationships with the females in his family were crucial to his thinking."
"I'm sure he enjoyed the admiration females gave him as well," I commented.
"I agree with you," Teacher Yang responded with a smile.
The writer is an American living in Beijing | FINEWEB-EDU |
How to set up a project with Ruby on Rails, PostgreSQL and GraphQL
Anna Dydio
24 September 2021
5 min read
Setting up a project with Ruby on Rails, PostgreSQL and GraphQL is actually pretty straightforward.
But first, some prerequisites. For this tutorial (tested on versions 2.7.3, 6.1.4.1 and 11.0 respectively), you must have all three, Ruby on Rails, PostgreSQL and GraphQL installed on your development machine.
Some general knowledge of Ruby and Rails is also recommended.
Before we begin, however, you might be wondering why anyone would want to replace the perfectly fine experience provided by the traditional REST API with one offered by GraphQL. Well, one obvious reason is that GraphQL deals quite elegantly with resources over- and under-fetching. With GraphQL you are given the exact information you request - nothing more, nothing less. Moreover, it is almost self-documenting, making that one less item on your list of things to worry about. And there are other pros to GraphQL, such as it being both strongly typed and language and database independent. But in the meantime, I'll leave those for you to explore on your own.
So, without further ado, let’s set up our first GraphQL API on Ruby on Rails.
Setting Up GraphQL for Rails
Step 1 - PostgreSQL database
Let’s create a Ruby on Rails API app with PostgreSQL as the database. We’ll be making a very simple bookshelf API.
Step 2 - GraphQL to Gemfile
Let’s add GraphQL to our project. To do so, add gem ‘graphql’ to your Gemfile.
For testing your queries in development, add gem ‘graphiql-rails’ under the development category.
Now, let’s install our gems.
Make sure that your config/routes.rb includes the following:
Step 3 - Create database
Time to create the database and start the server.
Now go to localhost:3000/graphiql (or a different port if specified) in your browser. If you can see the graphiql interface, you can skip step 4.
Step 4 - Loading...
In case you keep seeing the Loading… page, go to config/application.rb and uncomment the line requiring “sprockets/railtie”. Then, create an empty app/assets/config/manifest.js file.
Restart your server. You should be able to access the graphiql interface by now.
Step 5 - Author, Books
Next, we'll create some resources by generating author and book models. Authors can have many books and books belong to the authors.
Open your author model file, add has_many :books, and save so that our associations are on point.
Great - we're now ready to work with GraphQL!
Step 6 - Author/ Book Types
Let’s create author and book types.
Open the author_type.rb file and add field :books, [Types::BookType], null: true under other fields so that when querying for authors we can also ask for the information on their books.You can think of the types as the schemas for specific resources.
Step 7 - Mutations
Now that our types are ready, we can make our first mutation. Mutations are used to modify the resources in the database.
Let’s start with the mutation to create authors. Create a file create_author.rb under app/graphql/mutations and update it as follows:
Similarly, let’s add mutation for creating books. Create a file create_book.rb:
You can create similar mutations to update and destroy resources.
When you’re ready, add the following to your mutation_type.rb file:
To test our mutations, let’s try to create our first author. Go to our GraphiQL interface, write the following and execute the query.
In return you should receive a response resembling this one:
Now, create your first book in a similar manner.
Step 8 - First Queries
Last but not least, let’s create our first queries. To be able to do so, update your query_type.rb file with the following. All fields created here will be available to us through the API.
Let’s run this query in the GraphiQL:
If you added some books to the database, the response should return something similar to:
Afterword
So, there you have it. And congratulations - you’ve just created your first Rails GraphQL API! If you’re looking for a means as authorization, you can always check the gem action_policy-graphql, and more tips on GraphQL in Ruby on Rails can be found at: https://www.howtographql.com/graphql-ruby/0-introduction
Good luck!
Finally, if you'd like to find out more about the other development languages and technologies expertly employed at SDH, feel free to contact us at hello@start-up.house.
You may also like...
Startups
Startup House has been honoured with Forbes Diamonds 2023
We are delighted to share that Startup Development House is an official recipient of a Forbes Diamond in 2023.
Startup Development House
02 February 2023
2 min read
Startups
How Accelerators Help Startups
Airbnb, Dropbox, and AirHelp. It's quite likely you're familiar with these company names, given their prominence among the more successfully accelerated startups of the...
Ewa Rutczyńska-Jamróz
26 January 2023
11 min read | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Seeding Data - Multiple inserts in one statement
Created 4 years ago by garethshaw
Hi all Lots of questions, finally getting going on this project and I'm running into lots of little issues. So I want to seed maybe 300 records, I've created an array which I loop over, however this means I'm doing a single insert 300 times, can I create an insert statement and do them all in one go?
/**
* Makes data array
*/
$makes_data = array(
array(
'name' => 'DJI Innovations',
'description' => 'As the market leader in easy-to-fly drones and aerial photography systems, DJI quadcopters have become the standard in consumer drone technology',
),
);
/**
* Loop over each of the Makes
*/
foreach ($makes_data as $make_data) {
// grab the name name
$make_name = trim($make_data['name']);
// slugify it
$make_name = trim(str_replace("+", " plus", $make_name));
$make_name_slugified = trim($this->str->slug($make_name, "-"));
// add each one in to the database
$this->makes->create(
[
'en' => [
"name" => $make_name,
"description" => trim($make_data['description']),
],
'slug' => $make_name_slugified,
'enabled' => true,
]
);
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Man-bunned protester turns out to be 'full-time human guinea pig' and aspiring comedian
Sam Spadino was booted from Duluth’s Amsoil Arena for allegedly yelling at Trump and calling him a rapist before security removed him.
(Fox News) The man-bunned protester who was thrown out of President Trump’s Minnesota rally on Wednesday night appears to be an aspiring comedian and self-described “full-time human guinea pig.” Sam Spadino, who was mocked for his man-bun hairdo by Trump , was booted from Duluth’s Amsoil Arena by security staffers. This, after he allegedly yelled at Trump and called him a rapist. Spadino was also carrying a large photo of Trump alongside financier and registered sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. On his Twitter account, Spadino posted, “Trump just asked me if I&aposm a man or a woman and honestly I don&apost even know any more,” alongside hashtags including #Bernie2020 and #trumpisachildrapist. Spadino was featured in a 2016 interview with Vice where he talks about being a human lab rat in Phase 1 clinical trials. “[My first trial was] testing out a new delivery system of fentanyl, a pretty hardcore painkiller,” Spadino told Vice . “I also did a study that was with synthetic THC, and I got a little high off of that.” Spadino’s Twitter account features a photo of him along with pornographic actress Stormy Daniels – who is suing Trump and his former attorney Michael Cohen to dissolve a confidentiality agreement that prevents her from discussing a purported sexual relationship with Trump in 2006. A search for Spadino’s name on the internet also brings up a number of strange stand-up comedy routines and a fake game show that he hosts, where the winner gets a baby. Spadino’s interruption of Trump came only hours after the president signed an executive order stopping the controversial practice of separating children from parents who ca=ome to this country illegally. Trump and his supporters were met with numerous protests during his brief visit to Minnesota. More than 1,000 people marched past the arena on Wednesday, drawing taunts and middle fingers from some Trump supporters. Following the speech, two protesters were handcuffed after they refused to stop yelling at and crowding a supporter of the president outside the arena. The two were cited and released – one for disorderly conduct and the other for obstructing the legal process. Despite the protests, Duluth police said the day remained relatively civil as thousands of supporters greeted the president in the arena. “Thousands of people and overwhelming civility was a good day for Duluth,” Police Chief Mike Tusken wrote on Facebook. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Jimmy Murray (footballer, born 1880)
James Arthur Murray (9 June 1880 – 29 October 1933) was a Scottish professional footballer who played in the Football League for Aston Villa and Small Heath. He played as a right-sided forward. He represented the Scottish Junior international team.
Murray was born in Benwhat, Dalmellington, Ayrshire. He played for St Augustine's and for Benwhat Heatherbell before joining Ayr in 1897. In March 1901 he moved to England and signed for the Football League champions Aston Villa; he played once in the 1900–01 season and once the following season before joining local rivals Small Heath in November 1901. Murray scored in his only competitive outing for Small Heath, in a losing cause against Sunderland in the First Division, and was described as "fairly fast, has capital command of the ball and can shoot excellently". Nevertheless, he moved to Southern League club Watford in 1902, and later appeared for Kettering and Wellingborough, also in the Southern League.
He died in Glasgow in 1933 at the age of 53. | WIKI |
Þórunn Erna Clausen
Þórunn Erna Clausen (born 12 September 1975) is an Icelandic actress and songwriter.
Clausen is the daughter of Olympic athlete and dentist Haukur Clausen. She studied drama at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London and graduated in 2001.
In 2004, Clausen won an Edda Award for her supporting role in the Icelandic film, Dís.
Clausen was married to the musician Sjonni Brink who together composed "Coming Home", Iceland's entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Brink died before his first performance in the third semi-final of Söngvakeppni Sjónvarpsins 2011. Clausen has also written entries for Iceland's selections in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018, with her song, "Our Choice", sung by Ari Ólafsson winning Söngvakeppnin 2018, therefore heading to the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. | WIKI |
Convert A Firebase Database Snapshot/Collection To An Array In Javascript
Last updated: March 8, 2018
Because Firebase is a NoSQL JSON data store, you might have noticed that when you get some data from Firebase that it is an object. If the title wasn’t obvious enough, we are talking about using Firebase Realtime Database in a web application.
Take the following example:
firebase.database().ref('/posts').on('value', function(snapshot) {
console.log(snapshot.val());
});
Let’s imagine that we have 20 posts in our database. You’ll get back an object containing keys and objects for all of our imaginary posts.
If you’re working with a Javascript framework or library such as Aurelia, then you’ll know that iterating an object opposed to an array is more complicated (especially HTML templating).
So, here is a function I ended up writing which I use quite a lot in my Firebase applications:
function snapshotToArray(snapshot) {
var returnArr = [];
snapshot.forEach(function(childSnapshot) {
var item = childSnapshot.val();
item.key = childSnapshot.key;
returnArr.push(item);
});
return returnArr;
};
I am a big fan of verbose functions, although using the power of modern spec Javascript you can create a more condensed shorthand equivalent of the above function.
To use our newly created function
firebase.database().ref('/posts').on('value', function(snapshot) {
console.log(snapshotToArray(snapshot));
});
If you are using a transpiler like Babel, writing using TypeScript or targeting evergreen browsers like Chrome and Firefox, a nicer solution is:
const snapshotToArray = snapshot => Object.entries(snapshot).map(e => Object.assign(e[1], { key: e[0] }));
You call our shorthand function the same, but it’s a less verbose and harder to understand one-line function. Special thank you to the commenters below who have proposed their own solutions as well.
Dwayne
18 thoughts on “Convert A Firebase Database Snapshot/Collection To An Array In Javascript
1. An ES7 one-liner:
let arr = Object.entries(snapshot).map(e => Object.assign(e[1], { key: e[0] }));
2. That key interrupts the loop number, for example if a node only contain 2 child then another extra child ‘key’ is added. that increase the loop number.
3. did you try it ?
the problem in the first place is we get object of values…
so we dont have .forEach … because its unknown object and not array !
4. I am using similar solution in angular with ionic 3. My issue is this: when I bind my datas to html, I could not get a unique key for each entry.
I am trying to implement a like/unlike button right on esch entry binded but the key for each entry is my problem.
For example: adding a delete button on each binded entry. When clicked, it deletes another entry and not the actual post.
Using navParams works fine but one has to goto post details first.
How do I get a unique key for each post binded without going to post details first? Any ideas please?
Posts are binded in timeline.html and logins in timeline.ts and post details are binded in post-details.html and navparams from post-details.ts
5. I can’t stress how helpful this was. I am finding the documentation on Firebase isn’t the most clear. Thank you for posting this solution!
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
A yellow awareness ribbon links together with a teal ribbon
Are Ovarian Cancer and Endometriosis Linked?
Women with ovarian cancer and endometriosis have long asked: Could my endometriosis have caused my ovarian cancer? So far, some studies say yes, some say maybe, and some say no. What is the evidence linking ovarian cancer and endometriosis?
How does cancer develop?
Healthy cells in the body grow and divide at a regular rate. Cells that try to multiply must pass "checkpoints" that monitor for mutations. Cancer cells are basically cells that got past the checkpoints. These cells tend to have serious mutations and grow too quickly, forming tumors.
The basics of endometriosis
The tissue that lines the uterus is called the endometrium. This lining thickens each month during the menstrual cycle. It is then shed during a woman’s period each month. Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue from inside the uterus grows outside the uterus.1
While endometriosis is not a type of cancer, it does share some of the same features of ovarian cancer. Both conditions are known for:2
• Invading surrounding tissue
• Uncontrolled cell growth
• Forming new blood vessels
• Fewer cells dying off when they are supposed to
Ovarian cancer and endometriosis also share many of the same symptoms, including:1,2
Overlapping symptoms may complicate being diagnosed with ovarian cancer in its early stages when treatment is more likely to be successful.
The link between ovarian cancer and endometriosis
About 1 out of 10 U.S. women have endometriosis. It is even more common in women with chronic pelvic pain or those having trouble getting pregnant. One study found between 4 percent and 29 percent of women with ovarian cancer also have endometriosis. A long-term study of nurses found endometriosis greatly increased the risk of developing ovarian cancer (81 percent to 114 percent).1-3
Some studies find a strong link between ovarian cancer and endometriosis. But doctors do not fully understand how endometriosis and ovarian cancer may be connected. Some theories include:2,3
• Endometriosis symptoms may mask or be confused with ovarian cancer symptoms.
• Endometriosis may create a friendly environment for cancer cells by increasing inflammation and changing estrogen levels.
• Genetics may contribute to both conditions.
It is rare, but some women develop atypical endometriosis lesions. These are endometrial cells that become cancerous. However, only 1 out of 100 women with endometriosis develop atypical lesions. So, this is thought to be a rare connection between the 2 conditions.2-4
Despite this, having both ovarian cancer and endometriosis is rare. The average woman has about a 99 percent chance of never developing ovarian cancer. Women with endometriosis have about a 98.5 percent chance of never developing that cancer. The overall risk of developing ovarian cancer is less than 2 percent even with endometriosis.4
Are you living with both ovarian cancer and endometriosis? Connect with others by starting a conversation in Forums.
If you would like to learn more about endometriosis, visit AdvancedOvarianCancer.net’s sister site Endometriosis.net.
By providing your email address, you are agreeing to our privacy policy. We never sell or share your email address.
Join the conversation
or create an account to comment.
poll graphic
Community Poll
How many of these self-care items do you want to try this month? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
aguri
AGURI(1) BSD General Commands Manual AGURI(1)
NAME
aguri — display aggregation-based traffic profile
SYNOPSIS
aguri [-46adhPv] [-c count] [-i interface] [-f pcapfilters] [-g geometry]
[-l nodes] [-n plots] [-p pidfile] [-r dumpfile] [-s interval]
[-t thresh] [-w outputfile] [-x dsDS] [-y KM] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
aguri is an aggregation-based traffic profiler that records summary
information of network traffic. aguri can be used as a flexible traffic
monitoring tool which covers a wide range of application, from short-term
trouble detection to long-term trend monitoring.
aguri adapts itself to spatial traffic distribution by aggregating small
spatial fractions so that it does not require any predefined rule. Thus,
aguri is capable to detect unexpected increase of unknown protocols and
DoS attacks. Temporal aggregation is achieved by creating a summary of
summaries applying the same algorithm to its outputs.
By default, aguri records 4 fields in an IPv4 or IPv6 packet, that is,
source address, destination address, source port number, destination port
number.
aguri monitors network traffic using libpcap(3), and produces a summary.
aguri also produces a summary when it receives a HUP signal. Periodic
summaries can be obtained by sending HUP signals from cron(8) to the
running aguri program. When neither an interface nor a dumpfile is
specified, aguri reads aguri output files and produces a summary of
summaries.
The options are as follows:
-4 Process only IPv4 packets.
-6 Process only IPv6 packets.
-a Enable X11 tree animation. (experimental)
-c count
Exit after processing count packets.
-d Enable debug outputs.
-i interface
Listen on interface.
-f pcapfilters
Specify pcap filters.
-g geometry
Specify window geometry for X11 tree animation.
-h Display help information and exit.
-l nodes
Use the specified number of nodes for each tree.
-n plots
Output the specified number of plot entries for plot output.
-P Output in the plot format.
-p pidfile
Write the process id to the pidfile.
-r dumpfile
Read packets from dumpfile. (which was created with the -w
option of tcpdump(1) ).
-s interval
Output a summary every interval seconds.
-t thresh
Specify the threshold value for aggregation. The unit is 0.1%.
Default is 10 (1%).
-v Print the version number and exit.
-w outputfile
Direct output to outputfile. By default, output is directed to
stdout.
-x dsDS
Process only the specified field type. When d is specified, the
destination address is processed. When s is specified, the
source address is processed. When D is specified, the
destination protocol is processed. When S is specified, the
source protocol is processed.
-y KM Scale the output values for plot output. When K is specified,
values are converted to Kbps. When M is specified, values are
converted to Mbps.
RETURN VALUES
aguri returns 0 on success, and non-zero if the arguments are incorrect
or at an error.
SEE ALSO
lipcap(3), tcpdump(1), cron(8)
BSD March 17, 2001 BSD | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
About Java/Kotlin downloading pictures, the problem that pictures can't be displayed when they are opened
Posted by downfall on Mon, 24 Feb 2020 14:10:16 +0100
Picture download is a very simple function. I can get the stream from the online address through IO stream, and then output the stream to the file to complete the download function. However, recently, I found that the picture download in a website is successful, but it can't be opened when it is opened, which puzzled me. No one has made it clear at all
Today, through research and discussion with friends, we finally found the answer. As for the answer, please read on patiently~
Problems arise
The test image address is http://www.xbiquge.la/files/article/image/10/10489/10489s.jpg
Download the Java version of picture code:
URL url = new URL("http://www.xbiquge.la/files/article/image/10/10489/10489s.jpg");
URLConnection connection=url.openConnection();//Open links
InputStream inputStream = connection.getInputStream();
BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(inputStream);
BufferedOutputStream bufferedOutputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("e:\\test.jpg")));
int c;
byte[] temp = new byte[1024 * 2];//Provide buffers
while ((c = bufferedInputStream.read(temp)) != -1) {
bufferedOutputStream.write(temp,0,c);//How much to read, how much to write
}
bufferedOutputStream.close();
inputStream.close();
Download code Kotlin version:
val file =File("e:\\test.jpg")
val openConnection = URL("http://www.xbiquge.la/files/article/image/10/10489/10489s.jpg").openConnection()
val bytes = openConnection.getInputStream().readBytes()
file.writeBytes(bytes)
Through the above comparison, we can see that Kotlin code is much simpler than Java code
The above code is all right. Download the picture and open it as shown in the figure below
Then open it with a browser and save it as a save picture. The picture can be opened normally
It can't be opened with the thunderbolt test. It seems that the problem can't be found
Unwilling to admit defeat, I went to search and added various request headers, but they were still invalid. It seems that I have reached a dead end
Reason
I have no choice but to ask the big boys in the study group for advice
"Ah, this picture can also be decompressed. There are pictures in it!" Said the group's netizen named yeshen.
? I changed the extension of the picture to zip and unzipped it. I found the picture that can be opened normally
We know that the downloaded file is a compressed package, so the problem is solved, but why?
I just talked about this problem with python's boss. He tried. python can get the picture correctly. Why can't java? After discussion, the reason is found from the request header, as shown in the following figure
It turns out that when the website responds, it returns the compressed file stream of GZIP, which can reduce the waiting time for users to browse the webpage
Python and browser both have built-in automatic decompression function, so that's why browsers can view pictures and python can get correct pictures
Solution
For gzip file streams
Here, we just need to use GZIPInputStream to wrap InputStream and then output it. Here, I only paste the code of kotlin version. For Java, please refer to and change it
val file =File("e:\\test.jpg")
val openConnection = URL("http://www.xbiquge.la/files/article/image/10/10489/10489s.jpg").openConnection()
val bytes = GZIPInputStream(openConnection.getInputStream()).readBytes()
file.writeBytes(bytes)
General method of downloading pictures
Because of the pictures we want to download, the server may return uncompressed pictures. If we continue to use the above method, an error will be reported
So we need to add a judgment to determine whether the input stream is compressed
Here I'll just wrap it up as a method
fun downloadImage(url: String, file: File): File {
val openConnection = URL(url).openConnection()
//Prevent some websites from jumping to the verification interface
openConnection.addRequestProperty("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36")
//If the image is gzip compressed
val bytes = if (openConnection.contentEncoding == "gzip") {
GZIPInputStream(openConnection.getInputStream()).readBytes()
} else {
openConnection.getInputStream().readBytes()
}
file.writeBytes(bytes)
return file
}
Reference resources
How to check if InputStream is Gzipped? stackflow
Topics: Java Python Windows | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
USS Shelby
USS Shelby (APA-105) was a Windsor-class attack transport that served with the US Navy during World War II. She was commissioned late in the war and initially assigned to transport duties; consequently she did not take part in any combat operations.
Shelby was named after counties in nine US states. She was laid down on 13 June 1944 under Maritime Commission contract by the Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard, Sparrows Point, Maryland; launched on 25 October 1944; and commissioned on 20 January 1945.
World War II
Shelby underwent shakedown in Chesapeake Bay, and then reported to Davisville, Rhode Island, to embark 1,356 Seabees. Sailing on 24 February, she delivered the men to Pearl Harbor on 17 March.
Invasion of Okinawa
At Pearl, she loaded combat medical supplies and 1,383 troops, and sailed on 7 April. Stopping at Eniwetok from 15 to 23 April and at Ulithi from 27 to 29 April, Shelby arrived at Okinawa and disembarked her troops on 3 and 4 May.
The ships there underwent frequent air attacks, and, on 4 May, a kamikaze aircraft passed over Shelby and crashed into the light cruiser USS Birmingham (CL-62) anchored nearby. The same day, Shelby began receiving casualties from the beach, although cargo unloading continued until 6 May. On 8 May, she got underway with 166 wounded servicemen on board, whom she disembarked at Saipan on 12 May before returning to San Francisco on 28 May.
On 13 June, Shelby sailed from San Francisco with troops and cargo for Manila, where she arrived on 8 July after stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi. She then returned, via the same route, to San Francisco on 5 August; and, after 10 days repairs, moved to San Diego to load more cargo and passengers.
After hostilities
Sailing on 20 August, Shelby arrived at Pearl Harbor on 26 August and sailed from there on 1 September with troops and equipment for the occupation of Japan. The transport entered Sasebo, Japan, on 22 September; and, after disembarking her troops, departed on the 25 September to pick up additional occupation forces in the Philippines. She embarked these in Lingayen Gulf between 3 and 5 October and delivered them at Sasebo on 14 October.
Operation Magic Carpet
Embarking some marine units there, she sailed from Sasebo on 21 October and arrived at Saipan on 6 November. At Saipan, Shelby reported for duty with Operation Magic Carpet, and she sailed on 7 November loaded with homeward-bound servicemen. Disembarking these at Los Angeles on 21 November, she underwent repairs before sailing from San Pedro on 13 December on her second "Magic Carpet" run.
She embarked troops at Manila between 2 and 4 January 1946, and returned them to Seattle on 23 January. A month later, she sailed for the east coast, arriving at Norfolk, Virginia on 14 March for inactivation.
Decommission
Shelby was decommissioned on 14 May 1946, delivered to the War Shipping Administration on the 16 May and struck from the Navy List on 5 June 1946.
Service stars
Shelby received one battle star for her World War II service.
Commercial service
Shelby was sold to American Export Lines in 1948, which renamed her Exeter. She was sold again on 24 September 1965, renamed Oriental Pearl, and re-flagged in Liberia. She was scrapped in 1974. | WIKI |
Dictionary classes in C#
Hashtable class stores the item in key-value pair. Each item is a key/value pair stored in a DictionaryEntry object. It uses the key to access the elements in the collection.
You can add any type of key and value in Hashtable by using Add() method.
public virtual void Add(object key, object value);
Because each item stored as key-value pair, that’s why you cannot access element like, we access in case of ArrayList. In Hashtable element type is DictionaryEntry.
Creating a Hashtable
Hashtable empTable = new Hashtable();
Adding Items to a Hashtable
You can use Add() method or indexer to add item as key-value pair in Hashtable. The following code adds three items to hashtable.
empTable.Add("1", "Raj");
empTable.Add("2", "James");
OR
empTable[3]= "Shiva";
Retrieving an Item Value from Hashtable
The following code returns the value of "1" key:
string name = empTable["1"].ToString();
Removing Items from a Hashtable
The Remove method removes an item from a Hashtable.
empTable.Remove("3");
Looking through all Items of a Hashtable
The following code reads the values of all items of a hashtable.
// Loop through all items of a Hashtable
foreach (DictionaryEntry obj in empTable)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}:\t{1}", obj.Key, obj.Value);
}
A DictionaryEntry class works as a container containing a Key and a Value.
Example
using System;
using System.Collections;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Hashtable empTable = new Hashtable();
empTable.Add("1", "Raj");
empTable.Add("2", "James");
empTable[3]= "Shiva";
foreach (DictionaryEntry obj in empTable)
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}:\t{1}", obj.Key, obj.Value);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Execute the above code you will get the following output:
2: James
1: Raj
3: Shiva
It is not necessary that Hashtable will give you the result in ordered manner with respect to key. See the above output.
Important points of Hashtable
• Hashtable stores item in key-value pairs of any data type.
• The Hashtable key cannot be null but the value can be null.
• Hashtable retrieves an item by comparing the hashcode of keys.
• DictionaryEntry class is used with foreach loop to iterate Hashtable.
• Hashtable class is a very efficient collection for huge number of elements.
SortedList Class
SortedList class is a dictionary class that stores key/value pairs in sorted order, based on the value of the keys.
Important Properties of SortedList
PropertyDescription
CapacityGets or sets the number of elements in the SortedList
CountGets the number of elements contained in the SortedList.
IsFixedSizeIt returns Boolean value. True- if the size is Fixed, else False.
ItemGets or sets the element at the specified key in the SortedList.
KeysGet list of keys of SortedList.
ValuesGet list of values in SortedList
Important Methods of SortedList
MethodsDescription
void Add(object key, object value)Add key-value pairs into SortedList.
void Remove(object key)Removes item from SortedList according to key.
void RemoveAt(int index)Removes item at the specified index.
bool Contains(object key)Checks whether key exists or not in SortedList.
object GetByIndex(int index)Returns the item specified by index
int IndexOfKey(object key)Returns an index of specified key
Example
using System;
using System.Collections;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
SortedList list = new SortedList();
list.Add(3, "Third");
list.Add(4, "Fourth");
list.Add(1, "First");
list.Add(5, "Fifth");
list.Add(2, "Second");
foreach(DictionaryEntry obj in list)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}:\t{1}", obj.Key, obj.Value);
}
Console.WriteLine("Capacity =: " +list.Capacity);
Console.WriteLine("Count =: " +list.Count);
Console.WriteLine("ContainsKey =: " + list.ContainsKey(3));
Console.WriteLine("ContainsValue =: " + list.ContainsValue(3));
Console.WriteLine("GetByIndex =: " + list.GetByIndex(1));
Console.WriteLine("IndexOfKey =: " + list.IndexOfKey(2));
Console.WriteLine("IndexOfValue =: " + list.IndexOfValue("Third"));
Console.WriteLine("IsFixedSize =: " + list.IsFixedSize);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
You can add key of any data type in SortedList, but always remember that you cannot add keys of different data types in the same SortedList.
Example
SortedList list = new SortedList();
list.Add(2, "Second");
// It will give run time exception. Item has already been added. Key in dictionary:2
list.Add(2, "MyValue");
Key things of SortedList
• SortedList stores keys and values of any data types.
• SortedList stores the key-value pairs in ascending order of the key.
• Key must be unique and cannot be null.
• For accessing value, you need to be cast to appropriate data type.
SpecializedDictionary
ListDictionary
ListDictionary, HybridDictionary, OrderedDictionary are specialized dictionary so you must use namespace “System.Collections.Specialized” in your program.
The ListDictionary class is a very efficient collection for small collections. Its working is same as Hashtable but for less than ten elements, ListDictionary is better. It is not necessary that item in the ListDictionary are in order.
Example
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
ListDictionary list = new ListDictionary();
list.Add(3, "Third");
list.Add(4, "Fourth");
list.Add(1, "First");
list.Add(5, "Fifth");
list.Add(2, "Second");
foreach(DictionaryEntry obj in list)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}:\t{1}", obj.Key, obj.Value);
}
Console.WriteLine("Count =: " + list.Count);
Console.WriteLine("IsFixedSize =: " + list.IsFixedSize);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
HybridDictionary
ListDictionary is efficient for small collection and HashTable is efficient for large collection. But what if you do not know the size of collection at early stage? In this situation HybridDictionary comes in picture.
As its name suggests that it is combination of dictionary, So It is implemented as a ListDictionary in initial stage (item less than ten) and when the list becomes too large it convert itself into a Hashtable internally.
Example
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
HybridDictionary list = new HybridDictionary();
list.Add(1, "First");
list.Add(2, "Second");
list.Add(3, "Third");
list.Add(4, "Fourth");
list.Add(5, "Fifth");
foreach(DictionaryEntry obj in list)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}:\t{1}", obj.Key, obj.Value);
}
Console.WriteLine("Count =: " + list.Count);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
OrderedDictionary
An OrderedDictionary is much like a Hashtable but it has some extra method. You can access the elements by index. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 53.djvu/346
; Sykes's Local Records, 1833, ii. 85–6; Davenport's Life, Writings and Principles of T. Spence, 1836; Hyndman's Nationalization of the Land in 1775 and 1882; Gent. Mag. September 1814 p. 300, March 1815 p. 286.]
SPENCE, WILLIAM (1783–1860), entomologist, was born at Hull in 1783, and passed his early life in business there. At ten years old he interested himself in botany. In early life he also studied economic subjects; he strongly supported the old corn laws, and was subsequently an opponent of James Mill. He upheld the view that the prosperity derived from agriculture was inherently superior to that derived from trade and commerce (cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. v. 214; Pantheon of the Age, iii. 434).
In 1805 his attention was turned to entomology, especially the study of the coleoptera. He shortly after became acquainted with William Kirby [q. v.], and a friendship began which was terminated only by the latter's death in 1850.
In 1808 the two friends agreed to begin their ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ of which the first volume appeared in 1815, and the fourth and last in 1826 (7th edit. 1856). Spence passed four or five months in the summer of 1812 in London, making researches, principally in the library of Sir [q. v.] In 1815, after the battle of Waterloo, he made a four months' tour on the continent.
Between 1818 and 1826 he resided at Exmouth, and from 1826 to 1830 he travelled in Italy and Switzerland. He revisited Italy in 1843. Meanwhile he had settled in London, and assisted in 1833 in the formation of the Entomological Society of London, of which he and Kirby were elected sole British honorary members. He was president of the society in 1847. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1806 and of the Royal Society in 1834, and served on their respective councils. He died at his residence in Lower Seymour Street, London, on 6 Jan. 1860.
Besides his joint work with Kirby, Spence was author of:
* 1) ‘Radical Cause of the … Distresses of the West India Planters,’ 8vo, London, 1807; 2nd edit. 1808.
* 2) ‘Britain independent of Commerce,’ 8vo, London, 1807, which went through four editions in that year, and was severely censured by m'Culloch.
* 3) ‘Agriculture the Source of Britain's Wealth,’ 8vo, London, 1808.
* 4) ‘Observations on the Disease in Turnips termed … Fingers and Toes,’ 8vo, Hull, 1812.
* 5) ‘The Objections against the Corn Bill refuted,’ 8vo, London, 1815; 4th edit. the same year. Nos. 2, 3, and 5, with a speech on East India trade, were printed together in ‘Tracts on Political Economy’ in 1822.
He also contributed some twenty papers, chiefly on entomological subjects, to scientific journals between 1815 and 1853.
A portrait engraved by W. Ruddon from a painting by [q. v.] is in the possession of the Linnean Society.
SPENCER. [See also and .]
SPENCER, AUBREY GEORGE (1795–1872), first bishop of Newfoundland, born on 8 Feb. 1795, was son of William Robert Spencer [q. v.] His brother was [q. v.], bishop of Madras. He matriculated from Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 28 March 1817, but did not graduate. After being ordained Spencer went out to the Bermudas, of which in 1824 he was appointed archdeacon.
In 1839, when Newfoundland was constituted a separate diocese, with the Bermudas under its care, Spencer was appointed bishop of Newfoundland, returning to England for consecration; during his visit he was created D.D. of Oxford University. He began the organisation of his diocese and founded the Theological College, and laid the first stone of the cathedral of St. John's, besides helping to found twenty other churches. But his health could not long endure the severe winters of Newfoundland, and on 28 Nov. 1843 he was translated to Jamaica, which included British Honduras and the Bahamas. Here he found a more congenial home, though a good deal of travelling was necessary. In October 1848 he made a visitation of the Bahamas and went to Havannah some years later. He remained in Jamaica till 1856, when failing health compelled him to appoint a coadjutor. Returning to England, he settled at Torquay, where he died on 24 Feb. 1872.
Spencer married, on 14 July 1822, Eliza, daughter of John Musson, and left three daughters.
Spencer was the author of ‘Sermons on Various Subjects’ (1827), ‘The Mourner Comforted’ (1845), and a number of fugitive poems, some of which appeared in ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ (e.g. October 1837, p. 555).
| WIKI |
Odd Arne Espevoll
Odd Arne Espevoll (born 5 June 1976) is a retired Norwegian football defender.
He hails from Vikedal and started his career in Vindafjord IL. He made his debut for Viking FK in late 1994 and remained there through 2003, except the season 2001 when he was loaned out to FK Haugesund. In 2004 he joined Hinna, then Jarl.
Espevoll was capped for Norway on under-21 level. He participated in the bronze medal-winning squad at the 1998 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. | WIKI |
User:Daniela.e510/sandbox
The advertisements in The Crisis were definitely limited to schools. Another important advertisement fro the magazine was job listings. People could look through the ads and find various positions in varying fields like teachers, vendors, nurses, dentists, civil service and stenographers etc. People could also find land plots for sale like this one (Advertisement in the Crisis) for those during this time who were prospering enough to build their own homes. | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/308
290 ATHENAE. citing astonishment by the design of the building. and which would have been most admirable if it had been finished. (p. 140, ed. Fuhr.) Aristotle (Polit. v. 11) mentions it as one of the colossal undertakings of despotic governments, placing it in the same category as the pyramids of Egypt; and Livy (xli. 20) speaks of it as "Jovis Olympii templum Athnis, unum in terris inchoatum pro magnitudine dei," where "unum" is used because it was a greater work than any other temple of the god. (Comp. Strab. ix. p. 396; Plut. Sol. 32; Lucian, Icaro-Menip. 24.) About 174 Antiochus Epiphanes commenced the completion of the temple. He employed a Roman architect of the name of Cossutius to proceed with it. Cossutius chose the Corinthian order, which was adhered to in the subsequent prosecution of the work. (Vitruv. l. c.; Athen. v. p. 194, a.; Veil, Pat. i, 10.) Upon the death of Antiochus in 164 the work was interrupted; and about 80 years afterwards some of its columns were transported to Rome by Sulla for the use of the Capitoline temple at Rome. (Plin. xxxvi. 5. s. 6.) The work was not resumed till the reign of Augustus, when a society of princes, allies or dependents of the Roman empire, undertook to complete the building at their joint expense. (Suet. Aug. 60.) But the honour of its final completion was reserved for Hadrian, who dedicated the temple, and set up the statue of the God within the cella, (Paus. i. 18. § 6, seq.; Spartian. Hadr. 13; Dion Cass. lxix. 16.)
Pausanias says that the whole exterior inclosure was about four stadia in circumference, and that it was full of statues of Hadrian, dedicated by the Grecian cities. Of these statues many of the pedestals have been found, with inscriptions upon them. ATHENAE. (Böckj, Inscr. No. 321–346.) From the existing remains of the temple, we can ascertain its size and general form. According to the measurements of Mr. Penrose, it was 354 feet (more exactly 354·225) in length, and 171 feet (171·16) in breadth. "It consisted of a cella, surrounded by a peristyle, which had 10 columns in front, and 20 on the sides. The peristyle, being double in the sides, and having a triple range at either end, besides three columns between antae at each end of the cella, consisted altogether of 120 columns." (Leake.) Of these columns 16 are now standing, with their architraves, 13 at the south-eastern angle, and the remaining three, which are of the interior row of the southern side, not far from the south-western angle. These are the largest columns of marble now standing in Europe, being six and a half feet in diameter, and above sixty feet high.
A recent traveller remarks, that the desolation of the spot on which they stand adds much to the effect of their tall majestic forms, and that scarcely any ruin is more calculated to excite stronger emotions of combined admiration and awe. It is difficult to conceive where the enormous masses have disappeared of which this temple was built. Its destruction probably commenced at an early period, and supplied from time to time building materials to the inhabitants of Athena during the middle ages.
Under the court of the temple there are some very large and deep vaults, which Forchhammer considers to be a portion of a large cistern, alluded to by Pausanias as the chasm into which the waters flowed after the flood of Deucalion. From this cistern there is a conduit running in the direction of the fountain of Callirrhoë, which he supposes to have been partly supplied with water by this means (Leake, p. 513; Mure, vol. ii. p. 79; Forchhammer, p. 367.)
RUINS OF THE OLYMPIEIUM. | WIKI |
Uploaded image for project: 'JDK'
1. JDK
2. JDK-8202469
(ann) Type annotations on type variable bounds that are also type variables are lost
Details
Description
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM :
Type annotations on type variable bounds are not detected if the bounds are themselves type variables.
STEPS TO FOLLOW TO REPRODUCE THE PROBLEM :
Run the code example for a demonstration of the behavior.
EXPECTED VERSUS ACTUAL BEHAVIOR :
EXPECTED -
The type annotations of both type variable bounds are detected.
ACTUAL -
The type annotations of a type variable that is bound by another type variable is not detected.
---------- BEGIN SOURCE ----------
public class Foo {
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE_USE)
@interface SampleTypeVariable { }
<T, S extends @SampleTypeVariable T, U extends @SampleTypeVariable Object> void foo() { }
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Method foo = Foo.class.getDeclaredMethod("foo");
TypeVariable<Method>[] typeParameters = foo.getTypeParameters();
TypeVariable<?> s = typeParameters[1];
AnnotatedType[] annotatedBoundsOfS = s.getAnnotatedBounds();
System.out.println(annotatedBoundsOfS[0].getDeclaredAnnotations().length);
TypeVariable<?> u = typeParameters[2];
AnnotatedType[] annotatedBoundsOfU = u.getAnnotatedBounds();
System.out.println(annotatedBoundsOfU[0].getDeclaredAnnotations().length);
}
}
---------- END SOURCE ----------
CUSTOMER SUBMITTED WORKAROUND :
None.
FREQUENCY : always
Attachments
Activity
People
• Assignee:
vromero Vicente Arturo Romero Zaldivar
Reporter:
webbuggrp Webbug Group
• Votes:
0 Vote for this issue
Watchers:
5 Start watching this issue
Dates
• Created:
Updated: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
3 Great Guys
Three Great Guys is a joint album by Paul Anka, Sam Cooke and Neil Sedaka. It was released in February 1964 and included 12 songs with four songs from each of the three artists and a collaboration on the last Neil Sedaka track by Stan Applebaum and His Orchestra. René Hall and Sammy Lowe were the orchestra conductors on the other tracks.
Track list
Side A
* 1) "I Can't Say a Word" – Paul Anka
* "No, No" – Paul Anka
* 1) "I'm Gonna Forget About You" – Sam Cooke
* 2) "Tenderness" – Sam Cooke
* 3) "This Endless Night" – Neil Sedaka (arranged by conductor Stan Applebaum and produced by Al Nevins)
* 4) "Too Late" – Neil Sedaka (produced by Al Nevins and Don Kirshner)
Side B
* 1) "Laugh Laugh Laugh" – Paul Anka
* 2) "I Remember" – Paul Anka
* 3) "I Ain't Gonna Cheat On You No More" – Sam Cooke
* 4) "Talkin' Trash" – Sam Cooke
* 5) "Without Your Love" – Neil Sedaka (produced by Al Nevins)
* 6) "Another Day, Another Heartache" – Neil Sedaka with Stan Applebaum and His Orchestra (produced by Al Nevins and Don Kirshner) | WIKI |
Talk:Joe Jordan
Untitled
Hmm, I thought that Joe was from Cleland, about 10 miles from Carluke.
I recall the day he returned from the 1974 world cup, all the kids from Cleland Primary school, including me, spent the whole afternoon in Mennock Street waiting for him to come home (I think his parents lived there).
Dalglish: Goals in 3 World Cups incorrect?
The article twice mentions that Jordan joined Kenny Dalglish as the only Scottish player ever to score in 3 World Cup finals competitions. However this information on Dalglish appears neither in the list of players to score in three WCFs, nor on Dalglish's own page. As one who is just about old enough to remember, I am fairly certain that Dalglish did not score in the 1974 tournament (Scotland's 3 goals being scored by Jordan (2) and Lorimer). Demogorgon's Soup-taster 13:51, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
Time at AC Milan
It doesn't actually say anything whatsoever about his time at Milan - was it really that un-notable? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:20, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
This article should also mention the anti-Italian remarks by Jordan that sparked off Gattuso's attack on him after the AC Milan-Spurs game in February 2011.
* It already does. Daemonic Kangaroo (talk) 17:19, 17 February 2011 (UTC)
NOT#NEWS and UNDUE
There seem to be some misconceptions about these policies on this article. First, material that is repeatedly referred to later in biographical materials as important to the subject's life, important enough to be used as examples to support other claims in the article, are by definition, not NEWS. Second, UNDUE does not mandate removing large well sourced and relevant parts of an article just because other parts don't have enough content. That's a frankly absurd way to approach article development. Those gaps exist simply due to lack of easily obtainable coverage to expand them to the size they should be if this were a Featured Article. I should know, I spent much of last week looking for them. MickMacNee (talk) 14:50, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* I struggle to see why there should be over 200 words on the Gattuso incident. It is well sourced, but is it really that relevant? It is a small incident in Jordan's career. In the same section, is it worth of anything more than a passing mention that he had angry confrontations with Roy Hodgson and Paul Ince? And is it genuine notable that he had a glass of wine with Ince?
* This Gattuso spat was not a small incident, and it is covered in as much detail as is necessary to present the NPOV, properly attributed. Do you honestly think this will not be covered in detail in any proper biography of Jordan? I will repeat, if this biography was raised to FA standards, where all significant aspects were covered in appropriate detail, it would not look so out of place. But removing it because it is not currently an FA is not how Wikipedia works. And no, the others were not small incidents either. They are notable aspects of his career, because reliable sources have chosen to reference them long after they took place. You might think they are insignificant, but that's simply your own personal opinion, which is not how we judge what is and is not significant. MickMacNee (talk) 15:28, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* That all these incidents warrant this much detail is your own personal opinion. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 15:48, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* Rubbish. How do you think I even knew these incidents had even happened, if it wasn't for their ongoing coverage in reliable sources? The detail is standard, and the attribution appropriate, as called for in WP:NPOV. This is not my view, it's the consensus view of the entire site. MickMacNee (talk) 15:55, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* There are a myriad of reliable sources on this incident because football coverage sells newspapers. Is it genuine notable in the career of Joe Jordan that he shouted at Paul Ince and later had a glass of wine with him? For the Gattuso incident, yes it happened, but not all the stuff in there is necessary. Could you accept that this is perhaps more concise:
"On 15 February, 2011, during Tottenham's 1-0 victory over AC Milan in Italy, in last 16 UEFA Champions League, Jordan was involved in two heated exchanges with Milan player Gennaro Gattuso. During the game Gattuso had a touchline confrontation with Jordan, and after the game, Gattuso grabbed Jordan by the neck and attempted to head butt him, to which Jordan neither reacted or retaliated to physically. Gattuso later apologised, and was banned by UEFA for four European matches for assaulting Jordan."
* Bit more to the point, maybe? Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 16:13, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* More to the point according to who? Who are you to decided that this is the extent of detail the reader should know? Who are you to decide which viewpoints are includable and which aren't? This is the exact sort of POV I'm talking about. If you have an offical print biography of Jordan to hand, please present it so we can discuss this on a factual basis. If not, I'm more than happy to use newspapers to inform what is and isn't notable about the guy. Or are you now going to start paring down other details too, like the Man U jaw breaking incident? That is after all still only sourced to a newspaper. MickMacNee (talk) 16:40, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* Conversely, who are you to decide the extent of detail that the reader should know? I am concerned that, by your rationale, every single piece of attributable information about a subject should be included in an article. Also, an 'official' biography is quite likely not to adhere to NPOV. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 16:49, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* Anyway, this argument isn't getting either party anywhere! I've invited members of WP:Footy to have a look, and hopefully through that a consensus can be found. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 16:50, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* I meant official as in reliable, not official as in authorised. I decide based on policy and good practice, as followed by articles of superior quality to this one is in, even now. Your version is a very basic and very obvious violation of NPOV for a start, completely ignoring as it does Gattuso's explanations, and in terms of attribution, it's not a question of scale at all, yours contains not a single bit of attribution at all. And the idea I have included every single bit of attributable information is ludicrous, as anyone reading the actual newspapers where this material comes from would realise. I have included the minumum necessary, and nothing more. You really shouldn't be asking FOOTY for advice on what NPOV, UNDUE and NOT#NEWS mean, you need to be asking FA reviewers. MickMacNee (talk) 16:59, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
The incident is covered in twice as much detail as it needs to be. Talking about Featured Article status, Thierry Henry covers the handball incident in as much detail as this. Obviously that is absurd, seen as Jordan/Gattuso resulted in a backpage headline and a short suspension, whereas the handball resulted in one nation heading to the World Cup instead of another and months of headlines, with a diplomatic spat to boot. This is all fluff: [Gattuso later apologised and took full responsibility for having lost his head and doing what he did to "an older person", and with a UEFA investigation having begun immediately, stated he would accept any forthcoming ban. In explaining the head-butt he said "Jordan busted my balls for the whole second half" and "I was annoyed about the words I'd exchanged with Jordan earlier. We were both speaking Scottish given that I played in his country in Glasgow but I'm not going to say what was said". According to Gattuso's agent, the head butt was triggered by Jordan calling him an “Italian bastard”, a claim which Jordan rejected emphatically, stating "He clearly doesn't realise I consider playing for Milan the proudest time of my career, that my daughter lives and works in Italy and that I love the country and the people. It's just a nonsense, it really is.”] Remove it. Cheers.--EchetusXe 17:56, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* I tend to fall in the middle somewhere. Certainly, the present coverage of the Gattuso incident is overblown and needs condensing. As the above user says, most of it is just fluff. Mick MacNee should remember that Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, not a selection of biographies. The Ince and Hodgson incidents seem to be far too trivial to warrant more than a passing mention. -- Daemonic Kangaroo (talk) 19:16, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* Again, are you basing that judgement of what is and is not 'trivial' on your personal opinion, or what actual reliable sources have deemed historically noteworthy? To describe the act of giving proper attribution and context as 'fluff' is simply unsupportable. MickMacNee (talk) 21:06, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* I would not use the Henry article as an example of anything. It was passed as an FA well before the handball incident, and all efforts by multiple editors to give that incident proportionate coverage have been blocked by one editor who has one of the worst cases of OWNership I've seen in my life. The coverage it has in main text had to be fought tooth and nail over against the exact same objections here - NOT#NEWS, not notable etc etc, and yet even after the full impact was seen, it still omits half of the relevant facts of that months long dispute and its full consequences. It doesn't even get a mention in the lede, that's how shit that article is. Go over there and try and add it if you disbelieve me, I give it an hour before blind reversion. As far as the Gattuso incident is concerned, to claim that it only generated one story is provable false. It generated massive and in depth coverage, much of which now provides biographical detail that his article didn't even have before. That's not a run of the mill trivial incident. Infact, as of yesterday it was still being talked about in the media, being used as a comparison in a row about FIFA punishments. MickMacNee (talk) 21:06, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* The Henry handball coverage is a bit light. Anyway, there is no need for all these quotes. They could be summarised as follows:
[On 15 February 2011, during Tottenham's 1-0 victory over AC Milan at the San Siro, in the last 16 of the UEFA Champions League, Jordan was involved in two heated exchanges with Milan player Gennaro Gattuso. During the game Gattuso had a touchline confrontation with Jordan, and after the game, Gattuso grabbed Jordan by the neck and attempted to head butt him, to which Jordan neither reacted or retaliated to physically. Gattuso apologized, but received a four match ban from UEFA. His agent claimed Jordan used a racial slur to provoke Gattuso, an accusation Jordan claimed to be 'nonsense'.]
* In England what Gattuso and Jordan said hasn't been examined much, and if anything the most widely reported quote was from Redknapp, who said that 'Gattuso picked on the wrong bloke because Jordan is the original hard man'. There is no need for four lines of quotes from Gattuso as it doesn't add any information, as he said 'I'm not going to say what was said' - his comments do not give the reader any information.--EchetusXe 23:03, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* It doesn't give them information? And what does your version do? What does the reader find out from that as regards Gattuso's motives or explanations? Absolutely nothing. Worse, with your weasely use of words like 'claimed', they could come away with any number of completely innacurate perceptions of what everybody's positions were. With your version, they can presume pretty much anything they want, or more likely, go looking for a better source of information than Wikipedia. It would hardly be the first time. MickMacNee (talk) 23:54, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
* You're confusing "information", which includes all news, with "encyclopaedic information", which should give the user enough dots in the right places to get an accurate picture of what happened. I don't think the cutting should go as far as Waffles' edit did, but the balance isn't right. Even accepting that it's not your fault that other sections are too short, you have portrayed Jordan as someone who has spent 90% of his time at Spurs fighting with players and staff from other clubs. At the very least, the Spurs section itself should paint a balanced picture. As the present situation is misleading to the point of being a clear breach of BLP policy, I have reverted. I accept that it goes too far the other way, but when it comes to negative content in a BLP, you always start with too little and work your way upwards, never the other way around. —WFC— 08:48, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
* MickMacNee it gives exactly the same information in half the space. I am baffled to see how a reader would crave more information than my paragraph gives, search elsewhere for information and then be satisfied when they find a source listing Gattuso's explanation that "I was annoyed". Your definition of 'weasel words' is also quite bizarre. Unless Gattusso's agent witnessed the events first hand and also has a genetic condition that prevents him from lying then it is a claim and not a divine truth that a racial slur was used. Not that the word 'Italian' was a racial slur the last time I checked.--EchetusXe 13:08, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
Textbook WP:UNDUE and exactly the sort of thing which lowers the quality of existing articles. Real-world consequences were minimal and applied entirely to Gattuso. WFC has it precisely right about how we apply BLP to situations like this. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward: not at work) - talk 13:34, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
You're all completely wrong. There is a clear difference between BLP issues (misrepresentation of information) and simple quality concerns (patchy coverage). You simply cannot apply UNDUE to an article to so blatantly hack parts out of it, when it is so clearly and obviously nowhere near, i.e. not even 10%, what it would be, if it were complete, if it were at the version where anyone could reasonably ask, is the coverage now here in proper proportion? It's really sad that the only justification any of you seem to have for cutting this back to this vague and pretty pointless summary, is that the article is so shit it doesn't contain enough information right now elsewhere to make it 'look' in proportion (rather than actually being in proportion if the article was complete), and so you are going to degrade the quality of all parts of it, even the properly sourced, properly attributed, parts. While the suggestions above were fatally flawed with their dodgy summarisation and unbalanced ommissions and assumptions, the reverted to one line for all incidents version is frankly a joke, and is itself a 'begging the question' type BLP violation, considering at least one of those incidents, probably more, Jordan was completely blameless. Given your explanations above, is the jaw breaking incident now also 'out of balance' for the Man U section? Because it's beyond doubt considered historically notable, per the sources, and is of a size hat would be perfectly acceptable if this article was an FA. You won't be able to answer that question without proving you logic behind these changes to be utterly wrong, imho. MickMacNee (talk) 19:54, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
* Is Jordan's argument and subsequent glass of wine with Ince "historically notable"? If we compare with Thierry Henry there is more on the Jordan-Gattuso incident than Henry's entire 2003-04 season, where Arsenal won the league without losing a game and he won the Golden Boot. Anyway, Wikipedia works by consenus, which seems to be against MickMacNee. Ilikeeatingwaffles (talk) 20:37, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
* And there is far more content in that article about his advertising deals than about that season aswell. Like I said, don't use that article as a comparison for anything, it's not credible. And like I said, if it's not notable, how did I know about it? Do you think I went searching for every mention of his name each year? Of course I didn't. I've got no idea why you've fixated on the glass of wine line, but to apply the logic used above, assuming the information on the whole incident even existed anymore, that one line could apparently be removed as fluff, yet doing so would clearly change the entire reader take-home view of the whole incident. MickMacNee (talk) 03:39, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* Arguing that it isn't undue weight because eventually the article will be significantly improved and thus relatively less of it will be devoted to an incidental aspect of the subject simply misses the point of the BLP policy, which is that we can do harm by giving an undue negative perception of the subject. The perception of the revision you keep restoring is that this is a more important aspect of the subject than his playing years at Man U and Milan combined. That's inappropriate. What with your (sadly inevitable) edit warring and scaling up of invective, I think we're done here. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward: not at work) - talk 02:16, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* We were done here the moment people started claiming that BLP lets you actively trim articles to the lowest quality overall, on some flawed understanding of the magical powers of having too much neutral, sourced, and above all accurate, content in an article can have to allow people to reinforce whatever POV they brought with them to the article in the first place, but which isn't actually reflected in the text. Notwithstanding the fact I was the idiot who wasted his time adding to several parts of this BLP to drag this sorry POS article from E-class to D-class recently, meaning that in some parts where there was previously nothing at all, or crappily sourced POV raddled scribblings, you actually now have enough reliably sourced properly worded information to be able to make these flawed observations, I'm not about to go looking for sources I know are not out there, just so I can add 400 words on a time in his career that nobody in actual fact has considered particularly noteworthy, to be allowed to add God knows what percentage of characters you think that adds up to in your interpretation of BLP and vague or non-existent recollections of what Jordan is and is not remembered for, to be able to cover the aspects that reliable sources have bothered to consider historically notable. No, as ever, people looking for well sourced, properly attributed information, have to go elsewhere. People looking for a 'when did you stop beating your wife' type one line summarisation of his coaching 'confrontations', can come to this 'article'. What's ironic is that the article now retains information I had purposely added for balance, although not striclty on the formula you seem to employ, but nonetheless in the proportion reflected by the sources, to properly temper the 'impression' he is only remembered for being an 'attack dog'. Since the hack though, anyone reading this now is going to to get quite a ridiculously one-sided view now in the opposite direction. In addition, add to that the fact the lede is now also a whacking great BLP violation too. Again, I'll leave you experts to solve that one, in a manner that doesn't involve reverting this to E-class or contradicting your previous positions, if you can. MickMacNee (talk) 03:39, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* If that's true, they're going to get that impression because you'd rather complain that we are not presenting him as someone who spent 90% of his Spurs career attacking people, than actually try to balance the section out. Bearing in mind that all five of us have engaged in qualitative discussion, I'd say there is an underlying consensus to expand on the current section. Myself, yourself and Echetus have said in varying ways that there is scope for more than one and a half lines (but less than six paragraphs) while the primary concern of myself and Chris is that, regardless of the shortcomings of other parts of the article, the Spurs section is proportionate to what he has done while at Spurs. If not being allowed to negatively skew the facts about a living person is too odious a restriction for you, that's your problem. But I hope that you see sense and start discussing how we can accomodate the information without being misleading in a negative way. —WFC— 09:41, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* I'll be doing nothing more to this article. If I could, I'd revert all my recent expansion, both positive and 'negative'. To be accused of wanting to deliberately negatively skew a BLP is more than enough for me to take. If you think that's what BLP actually says, or even how readers think, then good luck to you. If you guys want to pretend that UNDUE refers to your personal views of what an article looks like, rather than what it actually refers to, namely representing "all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint", then good luck to you also. I know what the references say, and in what proportion. The consensus is inherent in the wording of the policy. MickMacNee (talk) 14:57, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* Maybe one day you'll come to terms with the meaning of phrases such as "Do not give disproportionate space to particular viewpoints." In the meantime, thanks for the good wishes. Regards, —WFC— 15:09, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* Maybe one day you'll read the whole policy page, and realise that's not judged through simple personal opinion, or done in situations where an articles current allocation of 'space' is not credible at all, because it's in a complete shit state full stop. As of right now, in your supposedly BLP compliant version, as far as 'space' is concerned, 'confrontations' is still the only notable aspect of his Tottenham coaching career. The only aspect. If you really were acting per policy, you'd have removed the entire section. Are you purposely leaving out the section where he calls Tottenham a top club also? Is that a BLP 'balance' issue, or just a straight up mistake? MickMacNee (talk) 16:27, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
* So you've gone from saying that 90% of what he does at Spurs is confront others, to 100%. Okay. Thanks for educating us on BLP. —WFC— 17:37, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
Requested move 10 August 2014
* The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the move request was: page moved. Armbrust The Homunculus 13:19, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
Joe Jordan (footballer) → Joe Jordan – I believe that the football player is clearly the primary topic amongst people known as Joe Jordan (rather than Joseph). His viewing statistics (11,842 in the last 90 days) are almost 20 times greater than the musician (605) and almost 30 times greater than the politician (397). The footballer is very notable within his field; he is only one of two players from Great Britain to score in three separate FIFA World Cup tournaments (David Beckham being the other); he appeared over 50 times for his national team and has been inducted into the national hall of fame. Jmorrison230582 (talk) 10:42, 10 August 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page moves. GiantSnowman 12:11, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
Survey
* Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with or , then sign your comment with . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.
* Support does indeed look like primary meaning. PatGallacher (talk) 21:47, 10 August 2014 (UTC)
* Support - appears to be primary topic. GiantSnowman 12:11, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
* Support per proposer's sound analysis. --Cavarrone 05:50, 13 August 2014 (UTC)
Discussion
* Any additional comments:
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 1 one external link on Joe Jordan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110919045127/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk:80/page/Managers/0,,10289,00.html to http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/page/Managers/0,,10289,00.html
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 06:48, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Joe Jordan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100403001228/http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1124 to http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1124
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 12:30, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Joe Jordan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110315052031/http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1706 to http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1706
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 12:31, 1 December 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Bing Crosby
Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer, actor, television producer, television and radio personality, and businessman. The first multimedia star, he was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century worldwide. Crosby was a leader in record sales, network radio ratings, and motion picture grosses from 1926 to 1977. He was one of the first global cultural icons. Crosby made over 70 feature films and recorded more than 1,600 songs.
Crosby's early career coincided with recording innovations that allowed him to develop an intimate singing style that influenced many male singers who followed, such as Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Dean Martin, Dick Haymes, Elvis Presley, and John Lennon. Yank magazine said that Crosby was "the person who had done the most for the morale of overseas servicemen" during World War II. In 1948, American polls declared him the "most admired man alive", ahead of Jackie Robinson and Pope Pius XII. In 1948, Music Digest estimated that Crosby's recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music in America.
Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Going My Way (1944) and was nominated for its sequel, The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), opposite Ingrid Bergman, becoming the first of six actors to be nominated twice for playing the same character. Crosby was the number one box office attraction for five consecutive years from 1944 to 1948. At his screen apex in 1946, Crosby starred in three of the year's five highest-grossing films: The Bells of St. Mary's, Blue Skies, and Road to Utopia. In 1963, he received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. Crosby is one of 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, and audio recording. He was also known for his collaborations with his friend Bob Hope, starring in the Road to ... films from 1940 to 1962.
Crosby influenced the development of the post–World War II recording industry. After seeing a demonstration of a German broadcast quality reel-to-reel tape recorder brought to the United States by John T. Mullin, Crosby invested $50,000 in the California electronics company Ampex to build copies. He then persuaded ABC to allow him to tape his shows and became the first performer to prerecord his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. Crosby has been associated with the Christmas season since he starred in Irving Berlin's musical film Holiday Inn and also famously sang "White Christmas" in the movie. Through audio recordings, Crosby produced his radio programs with the same directorial tools and craftsmanship (editing, retaking, rehearsal, time shifting) used in motion picture production, a practice that became the industry standard. In addition to his work with early audio tape recording, Crosby helped finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, and co-owned the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team, during which time the team won two World Series (1960 and 1971).
Early life
Crosby was born on May 3, 1903, in Tacoma, Washington, in a house his father built at 1112 North J Street. Three years later, his family moved to Spokane in Eastern Washington state, where Crosby was raised. In 1913, his father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house stands on the campus of Crosby’s alma mater, Gonzaga University, as a museum housing over 200 artifacts from his life and career, including his Oscar.
Crosby was the fourth of seven children: brothers Laurence Earl "Larry" (1895–1975), Everett Nathaniel (1896–1966), Edward John "Ted" (1900–1973), and George Robert "Bob" (1913–1993); and two sisters, Catherine Cordelia (1904–1974) and Mary Rose (1906–1990). His parents were Harry Lillis Crosby (1870–1950), a bookkeeper, and Catherine Helen "Kate" (née Harrigan; 1873–1964). His mother was a second-generation Irish-American. His father was of Scottish and English descent; an ancestor, Simon Crosby, emigrated from the Kingdom of England to New England in the 1630s during the Puritan migration to New England. Through another line, also on his father's side, Crosby is descended from Mayflower passenger William Brewster (c. 1567 – 1644).
In 1917, Crosby took a summer job as property boy at Spokane's Auditorium, where he witnessed some of the acts of the day, including Al Jolson, who held Crosby spellbound with ad-libbing and parodies of Hawaiian songs. Crosby later described Jolson's delivery as "electric".
Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years but did not earn a degree. As a freshman, Crosby played on the university's baseball team. The university granted him an honorary doctorate in 1937. Gonzaga University houses a large collection of photographs, correspondence, and other material related to Crosby.
On November 8, 1937, after Lux Radio Theatre's adaptation of She Loves Me Not, Joan Blondell asked Crosby how he got his nickname: "Crosby: 'Well, I'll tell you, back in the knee-britches day, when I was a wee little tyke, a mere broth of a lad, as we say in Spokane, I used to totter around the streets, with a gun on each hip, my favorite after school pastime was a game known as 'Cops and Robbers', I didn't care which side I was on, when a cop or robber came into view, I would haul out my trusty six-shooters, made of wood, and loudly exclaim bing! bing!, as my luckless victim fell clutching his side, I would shout bing! bing!, and I would let him have it again, and then as his friends came to his rescue, shooting as they came, I would shout bing! bing! bing! bing! bing! bing! bing! bing!' Blondell: 'I'm surprised they didn't call you 'Killer' Crosby! Now tell me another story, Grandpa! Crosby: 'No, so help me, it's the truth, ask Mister De Mille.' De Mille: 'I'll vouch for it, Bing.'"
As it happens, that story was pure whimsy for dramatic effect; the Associated Press had reported as early as February 1932—as would later be confirmed by both Bing himself and his biographer Charles Thompson—that it was in fact a neighbor—Valentine Hobart, circa 1910—who had named him "Bingo from Bingville" after a comic feature in the local paper called The Bingville Bugle which the young Harry liked. In time, Bingo got shortened to Bing.
Early years
In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of high-school students a few years younger than himself. Al and Miles Rinker (brothers of singer Mildred Bailey), James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, who performed at dances both for high school students and club-goers. The group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years. Crosby and Al Rinker obtained work at the Clemmer Theatre in Spokane (now known as the Bing Crosby Theater).
Crosby was initially a member of a vocal trio called The Three Harmony Aces with Al Rinker accompanying on piano from the pit, to entertain between the films. Crosby and Al continued at the Clemmer Theatre for several months, often with three other men—Wee Georgie Crittenden, Frank McBride, and Lloyd Grinnell—and they were billed The Clemmer Trio or The Clemmer Entertainers depending who performed.
In October 1925, Crosby and Rinker decided to seek fame in California. They traveled to Los Angeles, where Bailey introduced them to her show business contacts. The Fanchon and Marco Time Agency hired them for 13 weeks for the revue The Syncopation Idea starting at the Boulevard Theater in Los Angeles and then on the Loew's circuit. They each earned $75 a week. As minor parts of The Syncopation Idea, Crosby and Rinker started to develop as entertainers. They had a lively style that was popular with college students. After The Syncopation Idea closed, they worked in the Will Morrissey Music Hall Revue. They honed their skills with Morrissey, and when they got a chance to present an independent act, they were spotted by a member of the Paul Whiteman organization.
Whiteman needed something different to break up his musical selections, and Crosby and Rinker filled this requirement. After less than a year in show business, they were attached to one of the biggest names. Hired for $150 a week in 1926, they debuted with Whiteman on December 6 at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago. Their first recording, in October 1926, was "I've Got the Girl" with Don Clark's Orchestra, but the Columbia-issued record was inadvertently recorded at a slow speed, which increased the singers' pitch when played at 78 rpm. Throughout his career, Crosby often credited Bailey for getting him his first important job in the entertainment business.
The Rhythm Boys
Success with Whiteman was followed by disaster when they reached New York. Whiteman considered letting them go. However, the addition of pianist and aspiring songwriter Harry Barris made the difference, and The Rhythm Boys were born. The additional voice meant they could be heard more easily in large New York theaters. Crosby gained valuable experience on tour for a year with Whiteman and performing and recording with Bix Beiderbecke, Jack Teagarden, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Eddie Lang, and Hoagy Carmichael. Crosby matured as a performer and was in demand as a solo singer.
Crosby became the star attraction of the Rhythm Boys. In 1928, he had his first number one hit, a jazz-influenced rendition of "Ol' Man River". In 1929, the Rhythm Boys appeared in the film King of Jazz with Whiteman, but Crosby's growing dissatisfaction with Whiteman led to the Rhythm Boys leaving his organization. They joined the Gus Arnheim Orchestra, performing nightly in the Coconut Grove of the Ambassador Hotel. Singing with the Arnheim Orchestra, Crosby's solos began to steal the show while the Rhythm Boys' act gradually became redundant. Harry Barris wrote several of Crosby's hits, including "At Your Command", "I Surrender Dear", and "Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams". When Mack Sennett signed Crosby to a solo film contract in 1931, a break with the Rhythm Boys became almost inevitable. Crosby married Dixie Lee in September 1930. After a threat of divorce in March 1931, he applied himself to his career.
Success as a solo singer
On September 2, 1931, 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby, his nationwide solo radio debut, began broadcasting. The weekly broadcast made Crosby a hit. Before the end of the year, he with both Brunswick Records and CBS Radio. "Out of Nowhere", "Just One More Chance", "At Your Command", and "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" were among the best-selling songs of 1931.
Ten of the top 50 songs of 1931 included Crosby with others or as a solo act. A "Battle of the Baritones" with singer Russ Columbo proved short-lived, replaced with the slogan "Bing Was King". Crosby played the lead in a series of musical comedy short films for Mack Sennett, signed with Paramount, and starred in his first full-length film, 1932's The Big Broadcast (1932), the first of 55 films in which he received top billing. Crosby would appear in almost 80 pictures. He signed a contract with Jack Kapp's new record company, Decca, in late 1934.
Crosby’s first commercial sponsor on radio was Cremo Cigars and his fame spread nationwide. After a long run in New York, Crosby went back to Hollywood to film The Big Broadcast. His appearances, records, and radio work substantially increased his impact. The success of his first film brought Crosby a contract with Paramount, and he began a pattern of making three films a year. Crosby led his radio show for Woodbury Soap for two seasons while his live appearances dwindled. Crosby’s records produced hits during the Depression when sales were down. Audio engineer Steve Hoffman stated, "By the way, Bing actually saved the record business in 1934 when he agreed to support Decca founder Jack Kapp's crazy idea of lowering the price of singles from a dollar to 35 cents and getting a royalty for records sold instead of a flat fee. Bing's name and his artistry saved the recording industry. All the other artists signed to Decca after Bing did. Without him, Jack Kapp wouldn't have had a chance in hell of making Decca work and the Great Depression would have wiped out phonograph records for good."
His first son Gary was born in 1933 with twin boys following in 1934. By 1936, Crosby replaced his former boss, Paul Whiteman, as host of the weekly NBC radio program Kraft Music Hall, where he remained for the next decade. "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)", with his trademark whistling, became his theme song and signature tune.
Crosby's vocal style helped take popular singing beyond the "belting" associated with Al Jolson and Billy Murray, who had been obligated to reach the back seats in New York theaters without the aid of a microphone. As music critic Henry Pleasants noted in The Great American Popular Singers, something new had entered American music, a style that might be called "singing in American" with conversational ease. This new sound led to the popular epithet crooner.
Crosby admired Louis Armstrong for his musical ability, and the trumpet maestro was a formative influence on Crosby's singing style. When the two met, they became friends. In 1936, Crosby exercised an option in his Paramount contract to regularly star in an out-of-house film. Signing an agreement with Columbia for a single motion picture, Crosby wanted Armstrong to appear in a screen adaptation of The Peacock Feather that eventually became Pennies from Heaven. Crosby asked Harry Cohn, but Cohn had no desire to pay for the flight or to meet Armstrong's "crude, mob-linked but devoted manager, Joe Glaser". Crosby threatened to leave the film and refused to discuss the matter. Cohn gave in; Armstrong's musical scenes and comic dialogue extended his influence to the silver screen, creating more opportunities for him and other African Americans to appear in future films. Crosby also ensured behind the scenes that Armstrong received equal billing with his white co-stars. Armstrong appreciated Crosby's progressive attitudes on race, and often expressed gratitude for the role in later years.
During World War II, Crosby made live appearances before American troops who had been fighting in the European Theater. He learned how to pronounce German from written scripts and read propaganda broadcasts intended for German forces. The nickname "Der Bingle" was common among Crosby's German listeners and came to be used by his English-speaking fans. In a poll of U.S. troops at the close of World War II, Crosby topped the list as the person who had done the most for G.I. morale, ahead of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, General Dwight Eisenhower, and Bob Hope.
The June 18, 1945, issue of Life magazine stated, "America's number one star, Bing Crosby, has won more fans, made more money than any entertainer in history. Today he is a kind of national institution." "In all, 60,000,000 Crosby discs have been marketed since he made his first record in 1931. His biggest best seller is "White Christmas" 2,000,000 impressions of which have been sold in the U.S. and 250,000 in Great Britain." "Nine out of ten singers and bandleaders listen to Crosby's broadcasts each Thursday night and follow his lead. The day after he sings a song over the air—any song—some 50,000 copies of it are sold throughout the U.S. Time and again Crosby has taken some new or unknown ballad, has given it what is known in trade circles as the 'big goose' and made it a hit single-handed and overnight... Precisely what the future holds for Crosby neither his family nor his friends can conjecture. He has achieved greater popularity, made more money, attracted vaster audiences than any other entertainer in history. And his star is still in the ascendant. His contract with Decca runs until 1955. His contract with Paramount runs until 1954. Records which he made ten years ago are selling better than ever before. The nation's appetite for Crosby's voice and personality appears insatiable. To soldiers overseas and to foreigners he has become a kind of symbol of America, of the amiable, humorous citizen of a free land. Crosby, however, seldom bothers to contemplate his future. For one thing, he enjoys hearing himself sing, and if ever a day should dawn when the public wearies of him, he will complacently go right on singing—to himself."
White Christmas
The biggest hit song of Crosby's career was his recording of Irving Berlin's "White Christmas", which Crosby introduced on a Christmas Day radio broadcast in 1941. A copy of the recording from the radio program is owned by the estate of Bing Crosby and was loaned to CBS Sunday Morning for their December 25, 2011, program. The song appeared in his films Holiday Inn (1942), and—a decade later—in White Christmas (1954). Crosby’s record hit the charts on October 3, 1942, and rose to number 1 on October 31, where it stayed for 11 weeks. A holiday perennial, the song was repeatedly re-released by Decca, charting another 16 times. It topped the charts again in 1945 and a third time in January 1947. The song remains the bestselling single of all time. Crosby’s recording of "White Christmas" has sold over 50 million copies worldwide. His recording was so popular that Crosby was obliged to re-record it in 1947 using the same musicians and backup singers; the original 1942 master had become damaged due to its frequent use in pressing additional singles. In 1977, after Crosby died, the song was re-released and reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. Crosby was dismissive of his role in the song's success, saying "a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully".
Motion pictures
In the wake of a solid decade of headlining mainly smash hit musical comedy films in the 1930s, Crosby starred with Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour in six of the seven Road to musical comedies between 1940 and 1962 (Lamour was replaced with Joan Collins in The Road to Hong Kong and limited to a lengthy cameo), cementing Crosby and Hope as an on-and-off duo, despite never declaring themselves a "team" in the sense that Laurel and Hardy or Martin and Lewis (Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis) were teams. The series consists of Road to Singapore (1940), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Utopia (1946), Road to Rio (1947), Road to Bali (1952), and The Road to Hong Kong (1962). When they appeared solo, Crosby and Hope frequently made note of the other in a comically insulting fashion. They performed together countless times on stage, radio, film, and television, and made numerous brief and not so brief appearances together in movies aside from the "Road" pictures, Variety Girl (1947) being an example of lengthy scenes and songs together along with billing.
In the 1949 Disney animated film The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, Crosby provided the narration and song vocals for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow segment. In 1960, he starred in High Time, a collegiate comedy with Fabian Forte and Tuesday Weld that predicted the emerging gap between Crosby and the new younger generation of musicians and actors who had begun their careers after World War II. The following year, Crosby and Hope reunited for one more Road movie, The Road to Hong Kong, which teamed them up with the much younger Joan Collins and Peter Sellers. Collins was used in place of their longtime partner Dorothy Lamour, whom Crosby felt was getting too old for the role, though Hope refused to do the film without her, and she instead made a lengthy and elaborate cameo appearance. Shortly before his death in 1977, Crosby had planned another Road film in which he, Hope, and Lamour search for the Fountain of Youth.
Crosby won an Academy Award for Best Actor for Going My Way in 1944 and was nominated for the 1945 sequel, The Bells of St. Mary's. He received critical acclaim and his third Academy Award nomination for his performance as an alcoholic entertainer in The Country Girl.
Television
The Fireside Theater (1950) was his first television production. The series of 26-minute shows was filmed at Hal Roach Studios rather than performed live on the air. The "telefilms" were syndicated to individual television stations. Crosby was a frequent guest on the musical variety shows of the 1950s and 1960s, appearing on various variety shows as well as numerous late-night talk shows and his own highly rated specials. Bob Hope memorably devoted one of his monthly NBC specials to his long intermittent partnership with Crosby titled "On the Road With Bing". Crosby was associated with ABC's The Hollywood Palace as the show's first and most frequent guest host and appeared annually on its Christmas edition with his wife Kathryn and his younger children, and continued after The Hollywood Palace was eventually canceled. In the early 1970s, Crosby made two late appearances on the Flip Wilson Show, singing duets with the comedian. His last TV appearance was a Christmas special, Merrie Olde Christmas, taped in London in September 1977 and aired weeks after his death. It was on this special that Crosby recorded a duet of "The Little Drummer Boy" and "Peace on Earth" with rock musician David Bowie. Their duet was released in 1982 as a single 45 rpm record and reached No. 3 in the UK singles charts. It has since become a staple of holiday radio and the final popular hit of Crosby's career. At the end of the 20th century, TV Guide listed the Crosby-Bowie duet one of the 25 most memorable musical moments of 20th-century television.
Bing Crosby Productions, affiliated with Desilu Studios and later CBS Television Studios, produced a number of television series, including Crosby's own unsuccessful ABC sitcom The Bing Crosby Show in the 1964–1965 season (with co-stars Beverly Garland and Frank McHugh). The company produced two ABC medical dramas, Ben Casey (1961–1966) and Breaking Point (1963–1964), the popular Hogan's Heroes (1965–1971) military comedy on CBS, as well as the lesser-known show Slattery's People (1964–1965).
Singing style and vocal characteristics
Crosby was one of the first singers to exploit the intimacy of the microphone rather than use the deep, loud vaudeville style associated with Al Jolson. Crosby was, by his own definition, a "phraser", a singer who placed equal emphasis on both the lyrics and the music. Paul Whiteman's hiring of Crosby, with phrasing that echoed jazz, particularly his bandmate Bix Beiderbecke's trumpet, helped bring the genre to a wider audience. In the framework of the novelty-singing style of the Rhythm Boys, Crosby bent notes and added off-tune phrasing, an approach that was rooted in jazz. He had already been introduced to Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith before his first appearance on record. Crosby and Armstrong remained warm acquaintances for decades, occasionally singing together in later years, e.g. "Now You Has Jazz" in the film High Society (1956). In Crosby's performances, the presence of jazz phrasing, jazz rhythm and jazz improvisation varied depending on the piece of music, but those were elements that Crosby frequently used. This can be observed particularly in his straight jazz work during the late 1920s/early 1930s, Crosby’s recordings with Buddy Cole and His Trio from the mid-1950s, as well as in his numerous collaborations with such jazz musicians as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Joe Venuti, or Eddie Lang. However, while Crosby can be called a jazz singer, he was not strictly only a jazz singer as he modeled the style and techniques to a broad scope of music that he performed, ranging from Jazz to Country to even such material as operetta arias.
During the early portion of his solo career (about 1931–1934), Crosby's emotional, often pleading style of crooning was popular. But Jack Kapp, manager of Brunswick and later Decca, talked Crosby into dropping many of his jazzier mannerisms in favor of a clear vocal style. Crosby credited Kapp for choosing hit songs, working with many other musicians, and most important, diversifying his repertoire into several styles and genres. Kapp helped Crosby have number one hits in Christmas music, Hawaiian music, and country music, and top-30 hits in Irish music, French music, rhythm and blues, and ballads.
Crosby elaborated on an idea of Al Jolson's: phrasing, or the art of making a song's lyric ring true. "I used to tell Sinatra over and over," said Tommy Dorsey, "there's only one singer you ought to listen to and his name is Crosby. All that matters to him is the words, and that's the only thing that ought to for you, too."
Critic Henry Pleasants wrote in 1985: [While] the octave B flat to B flat in Bing's voice at that time [1930s] is, to my ears, one of the loveliest I have heard in forty-five years of listening to baritones, both classical and popular, it dropped conspicuously in later years. From the mid-1950s, Bing was more comfortable in a bass range while maintaining a baritone quality, with the best octave being G to G, or even F to F. In a recording he made of 'Dardanella' with Louis Armstrong in 1960, he attacks lightly and easily on a low E flat. This is lower than most opera basses care to venture, and they tend to sound as if they were in the cellar when they get there.
Career achievements
Crosby's was among the most popular and successful musical acts of the 20th century. Billboard magazine used different methodologies during his career, but his chart success remains impressive: 396 chart singles, including roughly 41 number 1 hits. Crosby had separate charting singles every year between 1931 and 1954; the annual re-release of "White Christmas" extended that streak to 1957. He had 24 separate popular singles in 1939 alone. Statistician Joel Whitburn at Billboard determined that Crosby was America's most successful recording act of the 1930s and again in the 1940s.
The number of Bing Crosby record sales varies. Organizations that audit record sales do not have an official information, but some claim sales are notable, namely: In 1960, Crosby was honored as "First Citizen of Record Industry" based on having sold 200 million discs. The Guinness Book reported some of the singer's worldwide sales on a few occasions: In 1973, Crosby had sold more than 400 millon records worldwide, and by 1977 he had sold 500 millon discs, being ranked as the most successful and best-selling musical artist in 1978. Some sources contradict these alleged sales to the Guinness Book, as it is not an organization that counts or audits artists' sales in the United States or worldwide. According to different sources, Bing Crosby's sales number varies between: 300 million, 500 million, or even 1 billion, making him one of the best-selling singers in history. The single "White Christmas" sold over 50 million copies according to Guinness World Records.
For 15 years (1934, 1937, 1940, 1943–1954), Crosby was among the top 10 acts in box-office sales, and for five of those years (1944–1948) he topped the world. Crosby sang four Academy Award-winning songs—"Sweet Leilani" (1937), "White Christmas" (1942), "Swinging on a Star" (1944), "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (1951)—and won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Going My Way (1944).
A survey in 2000 found that with 1,077,900,000 movie tickets sold, Crosby was the third-most-popular actor of all time, behind Clark Gable (1,168,300,000) and John Wayne (1,114,000,000). The International Motion Picture Almanac lists Crosby in a tie for second-most years at number one on the All Time Number One Stars List with Clint Eastwood, Tom Hanks, and Burt Reynolds. His most popular film, White Christmas, grossed $30 million in 1954 ($0 million in current value).
Crosby received 23 gold and platinum records, according to the book Million Selling Records. The Recording Industry Association of America did not institute its gold record certification program until 1958 when Crosby's record sales were low. Before 1958, gold records were awarded by record companies. Crosby charted 23 Billboard hits from 47 recorded songs with the Andrews Sisters, whose Decca record sales were second only to Crosby's throughout the 1940s. They were his most frequent collaborators on disc from 1939 to 1952, a partnership that produced four million-selling singles: "Pistol Packin' Mama", "Jingle Bells", "Don't Fence Me In", and "South America, Take It Away".
They made one film appearance together in Road to Rio singing "You Don't Have to Know the Language", and sang together on radio airwaves throughout the 1940s and 1950s. They appeared as guests on each other's shows and on Armed Forces Radio Service programming during and after World War II. The quartet's additional Top-10 Billboard hits from 1943 to 1945 include "The Vict'ry Polka", "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Town of Berlin (When the Yanks Go Marching In)", and "Is You Is or Is You Ain't (Ma' Baby?)" which helped the morale of the American public.
In 1962, Crosby was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He has been inducted into the halls of fame for both radio and popular music. In 2007, Crosby was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame and in 2008 the Western Music Hall of Fame.
Popularity and influence
Crosby's popularity around the world was such that Dorothy Masuka, the best-selling African recording artist, stated that, "Only Bing Crosby the famous American crooner sold more records than me in Africa." His great popularity throughout the continent led other African singers to emulate him, including Masuka, Dolly Rathebe, and Míriam Makeba, known locally as "The Bing Crosby of Africa."
Presenter Mike Douglas commented in a 1975 interview, "During my days in the Navy in World War II, I remember walking the streets of Calcutta, India, on the coast; it was a lonely night, so far from my home and from my new wife, Gen. I needed something to lift my spirits. As I passed a Hindu sitting on the corner of a street, I heard something surprisingly familiar. I came back to see the man playing one of those old Vitrolas, like those of RCA with the horn speaker. The man was listening to Bing Crosby sing, "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Positive". I stopped and smiled in grateful acknowledgment. The Hindu nodded and smiled back. The whole world knew and loved Bing Crosby." His popularity in India led many Hindu singers to imitate and emulate him, notably Kishore Kumar, considered the "Bing Crosby of India".
Throughout Europe and Russia, Crosby was also known as "Der Bingle", a pseudonym coined in 1944 by Bob Musel, an American journalist based in London, after Crosby had recorded three 15-minute programs with Jack Russin for broadcast to Germany from ABSIE.
Entrepreneurship
According to Shoshana Klebanoff, Crosby became one of the richest men in the history of show business. He had investments in real estate, mines, oil wells, cattle ranches, race horses, music publishing, baseball teams, and television. Crosby made a fortune from the Minute Maid Orange Juice Corporation, in which he was a principal stockholder.
Role in early tape recording
During the Golden Age of Radio, performers had to create their shows live, sometimes even redoing the program a second time for the West Coast time zone. Crosby had to do two live radio shows on the same day, three hours apart, for the East and West Coasts. Crosby's radio career took a significant turn in 1945, when he clashed with NBC over his insistence that he be allowed to pre-record his radio shows. The live production of radio shows was reinforced by the musicians' union and ASCAP, which wanted to ensure continued work for their members. In On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, John Dunning wrote about German engineers having developed a tape recorder with a near-professional broadcast quality standard: "[Crosby saw] an enormous advantage in prerecording his radio shows. The scheduling could now be done at the star's convenience. He could do four shows a week, if he chose, and then take a month off. But the networks and sponsors were adamantly opposed. The public wouldn't stand for 'canned' radio, the networks argued. There was something magical for listeners in the fact that what they were hearing was being performed and heard live everywhere, at that precise instant. Some of the best moments in comedy came when a line was blown and the star had to rely on wit to rescue a bad situation. Fred Allen, Jack Benny, Phil Harris, and also Crosby were masters at this, and the networks weren't about to give it up easily."
Crosby's insistence eventually factored into the further development of magnetic tape sound recording and the radio industry's widespread adoption of it. He used his clout, both professionally and financially, for innovations in audio. But NBC and CBS refused to broadcast prerecorded radio programs. Crosby left the network and remained off the air for seven months, creating a legal battle with his sponsor Kraft that was settled out of court. Crosby returned to broadcasting for the last 13 weeks of the 1945–1946 season.
The Mutual Network, on the other hand, pre-recorded some of its programs as early as 1938 for The Shadow with Orson Welles. ABC was formed from the sale of the NBC Blue Network in 1943 after a federal antitrust suit and was willing to join Mutual in breaking the tradition. ABC offered Crosby $30,000 per week to produce a recorded show every Wednesday that would be sponsored by Philco. He would get an additional $40,000 from 400 independent stations for the rights to broadcast the 30-minute show, which was sent to them every Monday on three 16 in lacquer discs that played ten minutes per side at $33 1⁄3$ rpm.
Murdo MacKenzie of Bing Crosby Enterprises had seen a demonstration of the German Magnetophon in June 1947—the same device that Jack Mullin had brought back from Radio Frankfurt with 50 reels of tape, at the end of the war. It was one of the magnetic tape recorders that BASF and AEG had built in Germany starting in 1935. The 6.5 mm ferric-oxide-coated tape could record 20 minutes per reel of high-quality sound. Alexander M. Poniatoff ordered Ampex, which he founded in 1944, to manufacture an improved version of the Magnetophone.
Crosby hired Mullin to start recording his Philco Radio Time show on his German-made machine in August 1947 using the same 50 reels of I.G. Farben magnetic tape that Mullin had found at a radio station at Bad Nauheim near Frankfurt while working for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The advantage was editing. As Crosby wrote in his autobiography: "By using tape, I could do a thirty-five- or forty-minute show, then edit it down to the twenty-six or twenty-seven minutes the program ran. In that way, we could take out jokes, gags, or situations that didn't play well and finish with only the prime meat of the show; the solid stuff that played big. We could also take out the songs that didn't sound good. It gave us a chance to first try a recording of the songs in the afternoon without an audience, then another one in front of a studio audience. We'd dub the one that came off best into the final transcription. It gave us a chance to ad-lib as much as we wanted, knowing that excess ad-libbing could be sliced from the final product. If I made a mistake in singing a song or in the script, I could have some fun with it, then retain any of the fun that sounded amusing."
Mullin's 1976 memoir of these early days of experimental recording agrees with Crosby's account: "In the evening, Crosby did the whole show before an audience. If he muffed a song then, the audience loved it—thought it was very funny—but we would have to take out the show version and put in one of the rehearsal takes. Sometimes, if Crosby was having fun with a song and not really working at it, we had to make it up out of two or three parts. This ad-lib way of working is commonplace in the recording studios today, but it was all new to us."
Crosby invested $50,000 in Ampex with the intent to produce more machines. In 1948, the second season of Philco shows was recorded with the Ampex Model 200A and Scotch 111 tape from 3M. Mullin explained how one new broadcasting technique was invented on the Crosby show with these machines:
"One time Bob Burns, the hillbilly comic, was on the show, and he threw in a few of his folksy farm stories, which of course were not in Bill Morrow's script. Today they wouldn't seem very off-color, but things were different on radio then. They got enormous laughs, which just went on and on. We couldn't use the jokes, but Bill asked us to save the laughs. A couple of weeks later he had a show that wasn't very funny, and he insisted that we put in the salvaged laughs. Thus the laugh-track was born."
Crosby started the tape recorder revolution in America. In his 1950 film Mr. Music, Crosby is seen singing into an Ampex tape recorder that reproduced his voice better than anything else. Also quick to adopt tape recording was his friend Bob Hope. Crosby gave one of the first Ampex Model 300 recorders to his friend, guitarist Les Paul, which led to Paul's invention of multitrack recording. His organization, the Crosby Research Foundation, held tape recording patents and developed equipment and recording techniques such as the laugh track that are still in use.
With Frank Sinatra, Crosby was one of the principal backers for the United Western Recorders studio complex in Los Angeles.
Videotape development
Mullin continued to work for Crosby to develop a videotape recorder (VTR). Television production was mostly live television in its early years, but Crosby wanted the same ability to record that he had achieved in radio. The Fireside Theater (1950) sponsored by Procter & Gamble, was his first television production. Mullin had not yet succeeded with videotape, so Crosby filmed the series of 26-minute shows at the Hal Roach Studios, and the "telefilms" were syndicated to individual television stations.
Crosby continued to finance the development of videotape. Bing Crosby Enterprises gave the world's first demonstration of videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device aired what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (6.3 mm) audio tape moving at 360 in per second.
Television station ownership
A Crosby-led group purchased station KCOP-TV, in Los Angeles, California, in 1954. NAFI Corporation and Crosby purchased television station KPTV in Portland, Oregon, for $4 million on September 1, 1959. In 1960, NAFI purchased KCOP from Crosby's group. In the early 1950s, Crosby helped establish the CBS television affiliate in his hometown of Spokane, Washington. Crosby partnered with Ed Craney, who owned the CBS radio affiliate KXLY (AM) and built a television studio west of Crosby's alma mater, Gonzaga University. After it began broadcasting, the station was sold within a year to Northern Pacific Radio and Television Corporation.
Thoroughbred horse racing
Crosby was a fan of thoroughbred horse racing and bought his first racehorse in 1935. Two years later, Crosby became a founding partner of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club and a member of its board of directors. Operating from the Del Mar Racetrack at Del Mar, California, the group included millionaire businessman Charles S. Howard, who owned a successful racing stable that included Seabiscuit. Charles' son, Lindsay C. Howard, became one of Crosby's closest friends; Crosby named his son Lindsay after him, and would purchase his 40-room Hillsborough, California estate from Lindsay in 1965.
Crosby and Lindsay Howard formed Binglin Stable to race and breed thoroughbred horses at a ranch in Moorpark in Ventura County, California. They also established the Binglin Stock Farm in Argentina, where they raced horses at Hipódromo de Palermo in Palermo, Buenos Aires. A number of Argentine-bred horses were purchased and shipped to race in the United States. On August 12, 1938, the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club hosted a $25,000 winner-take-all match race won by Charles S. Howard's Seabiscuit over Binglin's horse Ligaroti. In 1943, Binglin's horse Don Bingo won the Suburban Handicap at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. The Binglin Stable partnership came to an end in 1953 as a result of a liquidation of assets by Crosby, who needed to raise enough funds to pay the hefty federal and state inheritance taxes on his deceased wife's estate. The Bing Crosby Breeders' Cup Handicap at Del Mar Racetrack is named in his honor.
Sports
Crosby had a keen interest in sports. In the 1930s, his friend and former college classmate, Gonzaga head coach Mike Pecarovich, appointed Crosby as an assistant football coach. From 1946 until his death, Crosby owned a 25% share of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Although he was passionate about the team, Crosby was too nervous to watch the deciding Game 7 of the 1960 World Series, choosing to go to Paris with Kathryn and listen to its radio broadcast. Crosby had arranged for Ampex, another of his financial investments, to record the NBC telecast on kinescope. The game was one of the most famous in baseball history, capped off by Bill Mazeroski's walk-off home run that won the game for Pittsburgh. Crosby apparently viewed the complete film just once, and then stored it in his wine cellar, where it remained undisturbed until it was discovered in December 2009. The restored broadcast was shown on MLB Network in December 2010.
Crosby was also an early investor in Bob Cobb's Billings Mustangs baseball club in 1948, joining other Hollywood stars Cecil B. DeMille, Robert Taylor, and Barbara Stanwyck who were also shareholders in the club. Crosby was also the honorary chairman of the club's board of directors.
Crosby was also an avid golfer. He first took up golf at age 12 as a caddy. Crosby was already spending much time on the golf course while touring the country in a vaudeville act or with Paul Whiteman's orchestra in the mid to late 1920s. Eventually, Crosby became accomplished at the sport, at his best reaching a two handicap. Crosby competed in both the British and U.S. Amateur championships, was a five-time club champion at Lakeside Golf Club in Hollywood, and once made a hole-in-one on the 16th hole at Cypress Point.
In 1937, Crosby hosted the first 'Crosby Clambake', a pro-am tournament at Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in Rancho Santa Fe, California, the event's location prior to World War II. After the war, the event resumed play in 1947 on golf courses in Pebble Beach, where it has been played ever since. Now the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, the tournament is a staple of the PGA Tour, having featured Hollywood stars and other celebrities.
In 1950, Crosby became the third person to win the William D. Richardson award, which is given to a non-professional golfer "who has consistently made an outstanding contribution to golf". In 1978, he and Bob Hope were voted the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship. Crosby is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1978.
Crosby also was a keen fisherman. In the summer of 1966, he spent a week as the guest of Lord Egremont, staying in Cockermouth and fishing on the River Derwent. Crosby’s trip was filmed for The American Sportsman on ABC, although all did not go well at first as the salmon were not running. He did make up for it at the end of the week by catching a number of sea trout.
In Front Royal, Virginia, a baseball stadium was named in Crosby’s honor. The Front Royal Cardinals of the Valley Baseball League play their home games here. The Bing is also home to both of the county's high schools' baseball teams.
Personal life
Crosby reportedly had an alcohol problem between the late 1920s and early 1930s, spending 60 days in jail for drinking and crashing his car during prohibition. He got his drinking under control in 1931.
In 1977, Crosby told Barbara Walters in a televised interview that he thought marijuana should be legalized, because he believed it would make it much easier for the authorities to exert proper legal control over the market.
In December 1999, the New York Post published an article by Bill Hoffmann and Murray Weiss called Bing Crosby's Single Life which claimed that "recently published" FBI files revealed connections with figures in the Mafia "since his youth". However, Crosby's FBI files had already been published in 1992 and provide no indication that Crosby had ties to the Mafia except for one major, but accidental encounter in Chicago in 1929 which is not mentioned in the files, but is told by Crosby himself in his as-told-to autobiography Call Me Lucky. In the over 280 pages of Crosby's FBI files, there is only one reference to organized crime or gambling dens, the content of some of the many threats that Crosby received throughout his life.
The comments made by FBI investigators in the memos discredited the claims made in the letters. In the FBI files, there is only one reference to a person associated with the Mafia. In a memorandum dated January 16, 1959, it is said: "The Salt Lake City Office has developed information indicating that Moe Dalitz received an invitation to join a deer hunting party at Bing Crosby's Elko, Nevada, ranch, together with the crooner, his Las Vegas dentist and several business associates." However, Crosby had already sold his Elko ranch a year earlier, in 1958, and it is doubtful how much he was really involved in that meeting.
Romantic relationships
Crosby was married twice. His first wife was actress and nightclub singer Dixie Lee, to whom he was married from 1930 until she died of ovarian cancer in 1952. They had four sons: Gary, twins Dennis and Phillip, and Lindsay. Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman (1947) is said to be based on Lee's life. The Crosby family lived at 10500 Camarillo Street in North Hollywood for more than five years.
After his wife died, Crosby had relationships with model Pat Sheehan, who married his son Dennis in 1958, and actresses Inger Stevens and Grace Kelly. Crosby married actress Kathryn Grant, who converted to Catholicism, in 1957. They had three children: Harry Lillis III, who played Bill in Friday the 13th, Mary Frances, best known for portraying Kristin Shepard on TV's Dallas, and Nathaniel, the 1981 U.S. Amateur champion in golf.
Particularly during the late 1930s and the 1940s, Crosby's domestic life was dominated by his wife's excessive drinking. His efforts to cure her with the help of specialists failed. Tired of Dixie's drinking, Crosby even asked her for a divorce in January 1941. During the 1940s, he consistently had difficulties trying to stay away from home, while also trying to be there as much as possible for his children.
Crosby had one confirmed extramarital affair between 1945 and the late 1940s, while married to his first wife Dixie. Actress Patricia Neal, who herself at the time was having an affair with the married Gary Cooper, wrote in her 1988 autobiography As I Am about a cruise to England with actress Joan Caulfield in 1948:
"She [Caulfield] was a lovely girl and we had some good talks. She, too, was in love with an older married man who was quite as famous as Gary [Cooper]. She confided to me that she desperately wanted to marry Bing Crosby. We were in the same boat in more ways than one, but I could not tell her so."
In the 2018 Crosby biography Bing Crosby: Swinging on a Star; the War Years, 1940–1946, there are excerpts from an original diary of two sisters, Violet and Mary Barsa, who, as young women, used to stalk Crosby in New York City in December 1945 and January 1946, and who detailed their observations in the diary. The document reveals that, during that time, Crosby was taking Caulfield out to dinner, visited theaters and opera houses with her, and Caulfield and a person in her company entered the Waldorf Hotel where Crosby was staying. The document also clearly indicates that at their meetings a third person, in most instances, Caulfield's mother, was present. In 1954, Caulfield admitted to a relationship with a "top film star" who was a married man with children, who, in the end, chose his wife and children over her.
Caulfield's sister, Betty Caulfield, confirmed the romantic relationship between Caulfield and Crosby. Despite being a Catholic, Crosby was seriously considering divorce in order to marry Caulfield. Either in December 1945 or January 1946, Crosby approached Cardinal Francis Spellman with his difficulties with dealing with his wife's alcoholism, his love for Caulfield and his plan to file for divorce. According to Betty Caulfield, Spellman told Crosby: "Bing, you are Father O'Malley and under no circumstances can Father O'Malley get a divorce." Around the same time, Crosby talked to his mother about his intentions and she protested. Ultimately, Crosby chose to end the relationship and to stay with his wife. Crosby and Dixie reconciled, and he continued trying to help her overcome her alcohol issues.
Homes
In November 1958, Crosby purchased the 1,350-acre Rising River Ranch in Cassel, California after renting a portion of it for several years. Attorney Ira Shadwell declined to disclose the purchase price. In October 1978, actor Clint Eastwood purchased the ranch under the name of his business manager, Roy Kaufman, for $1.5 million.
Crosby and his family lived in the San Francisco area for many years. In 1963, he and his wife Kathryn moved with their three young children from Los Angeles to a $175,000 ten-bedroom Tudor estate in Hillsborough, formerly owned by fellow horseman Lindsay C. Howard, one of Crosby's closest friends, because they did not want to raise their children in Hollywood, according to son Nathaniel. This house went up for sale by its current owners in 2021 for $13.75 million.
In 1965, the Crosbys moved to a larger, 40-room French chateau-style house on nearby Jackling Drive, where Kathryn Crosby continued to reside after Bing's death. This house served as a setting for some of the family's Minute Maid orange juice television commercials.
Children
After Crosby's death, his eldest son, Gary, wrote a highly critical memoir, Going My Own Way (1983), depicting his father as cruel, cold, remote, and physically and psychologically abusive. While acknowledging that corporal punishments took place, there were reports of all of Gary's immediate siblings distancing themselves from the abuse claims, either in public or in private.
Crosby's younger son Phillip disputed his brother Gary's claims about their father. Around the time Gary published his claims, Phillip stated to the press that "Gary is a whining, bitching crybaby, walking around with a two-by-four on his shoulder and just daring people to nudge it off." Nevertheless, Phillip did not deny that Crosby believed in corporal punishment. In an interview with People magazine, Phillip stated that "we never got an extra whack or a cuff we didn't deserve".
Shortly before Gary's book was actually published, Lindsay said, "I'm glad [Gary] did it. I hope it clears up a lot of the old lies and rumors." Unlike Gary, Lindsay stated that he preferred to remember "all the good things I did with my dad and forget the times that were rough". "Lindsay Crosby supported his brother (Gary) at the time of its publication but had a tempered view of its revelations. 'I never expected affection from my father so it didn't bother me,' he once told an interviewer.'" However, after the book was published, Lindsay addressed the abuse claims and what the media had made out of them:
"He was a good father. It was a happy childhood. We had our differences, but we were raised to respect our parents, to do what they said. If we didn't, we got punished. As far as I know [Gary] wrote it because it was about himself and what he felt his life was about. I don't think it had anything to do with Daddy Dearest. I understand what he's trying to prove. I don't think he did anything wrong."
Dennis Crosby reportedly "said his older brother (Gary) was the most severely treated of the four boys. 'He got the first licking, and we got the second.'"
Gary's first wife of 19 years, Barbara Cosentino, of whom Gary wrote in his book, "I could confide in her about Mom and Dad and my childhood", and with whom Gary stayed friendly after the divorce, stated:
"I do not know if what's in the book is true but he never said anything to me about whippings. I think it all got a little out of hand. I certainly never witnessed anything between him and his father. I couldn't believe it when I read the book because it just didn't sound like Gary. I can't pinpoint it. Gary said to me before I read it, 'It's not the same book I wrote.'"
Gary Crosby's adopted son, Steven Crosby, said in a 2003 interview:
"In the early years, I think, like any family you are going to butt heads with your mom, your dad and your brothers and sisters. I think there was some father–son stuff that everyone has. The book was I think an attempt of my dad to come to grips with some things in his life."
Bing's younger brother, singer and jazz bandleader Bob Crosby, recalled at the time of Gary's revelations that Bing was a "disciplinarian", as their mother and father had been. He added, "We were brought up that way." In an interview for the same article, Gary clarified that Bing "was like a lot of fathers of that time. He was not out to be vicious, to beat children for his kicks."
The author of the 2018 biography on Bing Crosby, Gary Giddins, claims that Gary Crosby's memoir is not reliable on many instances and cannot be trusted on the abuse stories.
Crosby's will established a blind trust in which none of the sons received an inheritance until they reached the age of 65, intended by Crosby to keep them out of trouble. They instead received several thousand dollars per month from a trust left in 1952 by their mother, Dixie Lee. The trust, tied to high-performing oil stocks, folded in December 1989 following the 1980s oil glut.
Lindsay Crosby died in 1989 at age 51, and Dennis Crosby died in 1991 at age 56, both by suicide from self-inflicted gunshot wounds. Gary Crosby died of lung cancer in 1995 at age 62. Phillip Crosby died of a heart attack in 2004 at age 69.
Nathaniel Crosby, Crosby's younger son from his second marriage, is a former high-level golfer who won the U.S. Amateur in 1981 at age 19, becoming the youngest winner in the history of that event at the time. Harry Crosby is an investment banker who occasionally makes singing appearances.
Denise Crosby, Dennis Crosby's daughter, is an actress and is known for her role as Tasha Yar on Star Trek: The Next Generation. She appeared in the 1989 film adaptation of Stephen King's novel Pet Sematary.
In 2006, Crosby's niece through his sister Mary Rose, Carolyn Schneider, published the laudatory book Me and Uncle Bing.
Disputes between Crosby's two families began in the late 1990s. When Dixie died in 1952, her will provided that her share of the community property be distributed in trust to her sons. After Crosby's death in 1977, he left the residue of his estate to a marital trust for the benefit of his widow, Kathryn, and HLC Properties, Ltd., was formed for the purpose of managing his interests, including his right of publicity. In 1996, Dixie's trust sued HLC and Kathryn for declaratory relief as to the trust's entitlement to interest, dividends, royalties, and other income derived from the community property of Crosby and Dixie.
In 1999, the parties settled for approximately $1.5 million. Relying on a retroactive amendment to the California Civil Code, Dixie's trust brought suit again, in 2010, alleging that Crosby's right of publicity was community property, and that Dixie's trust was entitled to a share of the revenue it produced. The trial court granted Dixie's trust's claim. The California Court of Appeals reversed it, holding that the 1999 settlement barred the claim. In light of the court's ruling, it was unnecessary for the court to decide whether a right of publicity can be characterized as community property under California law.
Health and death
Following his recovery from a life-threatening fungal infection in his right lung in January 1974, Crosby emerged from semi-retirement to start a new spate of albums and concerts. On March 20, 1977, after videotaping a CBS concert special, "Bing – 50th Anniversary Gala", at the Ambassador Auditorium with Bob Hope looking on, Crosby fell off the stage into an orchestra pit, rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month-long stay in the hospital. Crosby’s first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977, the day Elvis Presley died, at the Concord Pavilion in Concord, California. When the electric power failed during his performance, Crosby continued singing without amplification. On August 27, Crosby gave a televised concert in Norway.
In September, Crosby, his family and singer Rosemary Clooney began a concert tour of Britain that included two weeks at the London Palladium. While in the UK, Crosby recorded his final album, Seasons, and his final TV Christmas special with guest David Bowie on September 11, which aired a little over a month after Crosby's death. Crosby’s last concert was in the Brighton Centre on October 10, four days before his death, with British entertainer Gracie Fields in attendance. The following day, Crosby made his final appearance in a recording studio and sang eight songs at the BBC's Maida Vale Studios for a radio program, which included an interview with Alan Dell. Accompanied by the Gordon Rose Orchestra, Crosby's last recorded performance was of the song "Once in a While". Later that afternoon, he met with Chris Harding to take photographs for the Seasons album jacket.
On October 13, 1977, Crosby flew alone to Spain to play golf and hunt partridge. The next day, Crosby played 18 holes of golf at the La Moraleja Golf Course near Madrid. His partner was World Cup champion Manuel Piñero. Their opponents were club president César de Zulueta and Valentín Barrios. According to Barrios, Crosby was in good spirits throughout the day, and was photographed several times during the round. At the ninth hole, construction workers building a house nearby recognized Crosby, and when asked for a song, Crosby sang "Strangers in the Night". Crosby, who had a 13 handicap, won with his partner by one stroke.
As Crosby and his party headed back to the clubhouse at around 6:30 p.m., Crosby said, "That was a great game of golf, fellas. Let's go have a Coca-Cola." Those were his last words. About 20 yd from the clubhouse entrance, Crosby collapsed and died instantly from a massive heart attack. At the clubhouse and later in the ambulance, house physician Dr. Laiseca tried to revive him, but was unsuccessful. At Reina Victoria Hospital, Crosby was administered the last rites of the Catholic Church and was pronounced dead at the age of 74.
On October 18, 1977, following a private funeral Mass at St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church in Westwood, Los Angeles, Crosby was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.
Legacy
Crosby is a member of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division.
The family created an official website on October 14, 2007, the 30th anniversary of Crosby's death.
In his autobiography Don't Shoot, It's Only Me! (1990), Bob Hope wrote, "Dear old Bing, as we called him, the Economy-sized Sinatra. And what a voice. God I miss that voice. I can't even turn on the radio around Christmas time without crying anymore."
Calypso musician Roaring Lion wrote a tribute song in 1939 titled "Bing Crosby", in which he wrote: "Bing has a way of singing with his very heart and soul / Which captivates the world / His millions of listeners never fail to rejoice / At his golden voice...."
Bing Crosby Stadium in Front Royal, Virginia, was named after Crosby in honor of his fundraising and cash contributions for its construction from 1948 to 1950.
In 2006, the former Metropolitan Theater of Performing Arts ('The Met') in Spokane, Washington, was renamed to The Bing Crosby Theater.
Crosby has three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. One each for radio, recording, and motion pictures.
Compositions
Crosby wrote or co-wrote lyrics to 22 songs. His composition "At Your Command" was number 1 for three weeks on the U.S. pop singles chart beginning on August 8, 1931. "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance With You" was his most successful composition, recorded by Duke Ellington, Frank Sinatra, Thelonious Monk, Billie Holiday, and Mildred Bailey, among others. Songs co-written by Crosby include:
* 1) "That's Grandma" (1927), with Harry Barris and James Cavanaugh
* 2) "From Monday On" (1928), with Harry Barris and recorded with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra featuring Bix Beiderbecke on cornet, number 14 on US pop singles charts
* 3) "What Price Lyrics?" (1928), with Harry Barris and Matty Malneck
* 4) "Ev'rything's Agreed Upon" (1930), with Harry Barris
* 5) "At Your Command" (1931), with Harry Barris and Harry Tobias, US, number 1 (3 weeks)
* 6) "Believe Me" (1931), with James Cavanaugh and Frank Weldon
* 7) "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931), with Roy Turk and Fred Ahlert, US, no. 4; US, 1940 re-recording, no. 27
* 8) "You Taught Me How to Love" (1931), with H. C. LeBlang and Don Herman
* 9) "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You" (1932), with Victor Young and Ned Washington, US, no. 5
* 10) "My Woman" (1932), with Irving Wallman and Max Wartell
* 11) "Cutesie Pie" (1932), with Red Standex and Chummy MacGregor
* 12) "I Was So Alone, Suddenly You Were There (1932), with Leigh Harline, Jack Stern and George Hamilton
* 13) "Love Me Tonight" (1932), with Victor Young and Ned Washington, US, no. 4
* 14) "Waltzing in a Dream" (1932), with Victor Young and Ned Washington, US, no.6
* 15) "You're Just a Beautiful Melody of Love" (1932), lyrics by Bing Crosby, music by Babe Goldberg
* 16) "Where Are You, Girl of My Dreams?" (1932), written by Bing Crosby, Irving Bibo, and Paul McVey, featured in the 1932 Universal film The Cohens and Kellys in Hollywood
* 17) "I Would If I Could But I Can't" (1933), with Mitchell Parish and Alan Grey
* 18) "Where the Turf Meets the Surf" (1941) with Johnny Burke and James V. Monaco.
* 19) "Tenderfoot" (1953) with Bob Bowen and Perry Botkin, originally issued using the pseudonym of "Bill Brill" for Bing Crosby.
* 20) "Domenica" (1961) with Pietro Garinei / Gorni Kramer / Sandro Giovannini
* 21) "That's What Life is All About" (1975), with Ken Barnes, Peter Dacre, and Les Reed, US, AC chart, no. 35; UK, no. 41
* 22) "Sail Away from Norway" (1977) – Crosby wrote lyrics to go with a traditional song.
Grammy Hall of Fame
Four performances by Bing Crosby have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance".
Radio
* 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby (1931, CBS), Unsponsored. 6 nights a week, 15 minutes.
* The Cremo Singer (1931–1932, CBS), 6 nights a week, 15 minutes.
* 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby (1932, CBS), initially 3 nights a week, then twice a week, 15 minutes.
* Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents Music that Satisfies (1933, CBS), broadcast two nights a week, 15 minutes.
* Bing Crosby Entertains (1933–1935, CBS), weekly, 30 minutes.
* Kraft Music Hall (1935–1946, NBC), Thursday nights, 60 minutes until January 1943, then 30 minutes.
* Bing Crosby on Armed Forces Radio in World War II (1941–1945; World War II).
* Philco Radio Time (1946–1949, ABC), 30 minutes weekly.
* This Is Bing Crosby (The Minute Maid Show) (1948–1950, CBS), 15 minutes each weekday morning; Bing as disc jockey.
* The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show (1949–1952, CBS), 30 minutes weekly.
* The Bing Crosby Show for General Electric (1952–1954, CBS), 30 minutes weekly.
* The Bing Crosby Show (1954–1956) (CBS), 15 minutes, 5 nights a week.
* A Christmas Sing with Bing (1955–1962), (CBS, VOA and AFRS), 1 hour each year, sponsored by the Insurance Company of North America.
* The Ford Road Show Featuring Bing Crosby (1957–1958, CBS), 5 minutes, 5 days a week.
* The Bing Crosby – Rosemary Clooney Show (1960–1962, CBS), 20 minutes, 5 mornings a week, with Rosemary Clooney. | WIKI |
Talk:Ductus deferens
Moved the page
I went ahead and moved this page from Vas deferens to ductus deferens via WP:BOLD. Vas deferens is the old term, and though still used, the modern anatomical term is ductus deferens and is used in clinical settings. Invinciblewalnut (talk) 21:43, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
* I'd also like to say that WP:MEDMOS states one should use the medical term for article titles. Invinciblewalnut (talk) 21:46, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
* I'm surprised that you moved this boldly without discussion, given that it has existed as the more common name, vas deferens, for many year. As you know from WP:MEDMOS, Most articles on human anatomy use the international standard Terminologia Anatomica (TA) as a basis for the English title of an article. Editor judgment is needed for terms used where there is a very clearly used common name, in non-human anatomy, and in other problematic areas. The issue here is a vas deferens that ductus deferens is the anatomical name in humans but not in other species (as can be seen from the references), and I contend that vas deferens (or simly vas) is the more common name even in humans (hence vasectomy). Hence this is a case where Terminologia Anatomica should, not be used. Hence, I contest the move; self-revert then formally propose if you still think that it is warranted? Klbrain (talk) 00:14, 2 October 2021 (UTC)
* I'll self-revert since I see your reasoning and am curious about what others think. My anatomy textbook (Netter 7th Ed., ©2019) uses ductus deferens, which is why I disagree with you in saying that the anatomical name of the structure in humans is ductus deferens. It may have been referred to as vas deferens in the past, but this is no longer the standard, as seen in the Terminologia Anatomica. This explains why the vasectomy is called as such; it just hasn't yet been changed to something like "ductectomy." The TA does list vas deferens as a synonym, however. Invinciblewalnut (talk) 20:05, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
* Sorry for the writing slip there ... I've corrected by statement above (see my strikeout). Thanks for revert and the starting discussion linked below. Klbrain (talk) 12:26, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Vas deferens which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:46, 3 October 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Running a website as a desktop app on Windows 10 [How to]
Web applications are extremely useful, but sometimes you might want to turn a specific website into a desktop application. By doing so, you can start a certain website without opening a new tab in your browser, something that can be rather useful. This is how to do so on Windows 10:
How do you run a website as a desktop app on Windows 10?
How to – Running a website as desktop app
Solution 1 – Use Add to desktop option
Most modern browsers allow you to run your favorite websites as desktop applications. To do that, visit the desired website and choose the Add to desktop option. To do that in Google Chrome, follow these steps:
1. Navigate to the website you want to convert to a desktop application.
2. Click the Menu button in the top right corner and choose More tools > Add to desktop.
3. Enter the name for the shortcut. Check Open as window option and click on Add. It’s important to check the Open as window option or else the shortcut will just open a new tab in your browser.
4. After doing that, locate the newly created shortcut on your desktop and double click it.
5. Your website will now open in a new window and you’ll be able to use it as a regular application.
After doing that, you can pin the shortcut to your Taskbar or move it anywhere on your PC.
Solution 2 – Create a Chrome shortcut
According to users, you can run a website as a desktop application by creating a new Chrome shortcut. To do that, follow these simple steps:
1. Create a Chrome shortcut on your desktop.
2. Optional: Change the name of the shortcut to the website name. This step isn’t mandatory but will allow you to easily differentiate your web application from regular Chrome shortcut.
3. Right-click the newly created shortcut and choose Properties from the menu.
4. Go to the Shortcut tab and locate Target field. In the Target field, add –app=http://websitename.com. Click Apply and OK to save changes. Be sure not to delete anything from the Target field.
5. Now simply run the newly created shortcut and you’ll start the desired website as an application.
This solution offers the same results as the previous one but has few extra steps and doesn’t require you to visit the website or open Chrome at all. This solution is perfect for advanced users that want to quickly run their favorite websites as desktop apps. If you’re a novice user, you might want to skip this solution.
Solution 3 – Use Chrome’s apps page
According to users, you can easily run any website as a desktop application by using Chrome’s apps page. This process is relatively simple and you can do it by following these steps:
1. Open Chrome and navigate to the website that you want to run as an application.
2. Bookmark the website. The easiest way to do that is to select the name of the website in the address bar and then drag and drop it to the Bookmarks bar. If Bookmarks bar isn’t available, press Ctrl + Shift + B to show it.
3. Now, open a new tab and navigate to chrome://apps. Once that tab opens, drag and drop your latest bookmark from the Bookmarks bar to the list of applications below.
4. Now, right click the newly added application and check Open as window option from the menu. Right-click the application again and choose the Create shortcuts option.
5. Select the desired location for a new shortcut and click OK.
After doing that, you can start the selected website as an application from your Desktop.
Solution 4 – Use App Studio
Microsoft has its own service that allows you to convert any website to a Universal application with ease. Do the following:
1. Navigate to https://appstudio.windows.com. Click Start now.
2. Log in with a Microsoft account and create your profile.
3. Click on Hosted Web App.
4. Enter the name of your application and click Start now.
5. In the Base Url field, enter the name of the website you want to convert.
6. Optional: Make changes and choose which capabilities you want to have in your app.
7. Once you’re done, click the Finish button and follow the instructions to download your application.
App Studio is a useful service that can easily convert any website into a Universal application. This service offers a wide range of features, so we encourage you to explore it and discover all of its possibilities.
Solution 5 – Use Nativefier
If you want to convert a website into a desktop app, you might want to consider using Nativefier, a command line tool that might not be suitable for novice users. To use this tool, you need to have Node.js installed and run $ npm install nativefier -g command to download this tool. The tool is relatively simple to use. To convert a website into a desktop app, you need to enter $ nativefier “http://websitename.com”.
We have to mention that Nativefier allows you to create cross-platform applications, so you can run them on Windows, macOS, and Linux. This tool can easily convert any website into an .exe file which makes it incredibly useful. However, this application requires Node.js, so it might not be suitable for basic users. If you’re a developer and familiar with Node.js, be sure to try Nativefier.
Solution 6 – Use Applicationize
Running a website as a desktop app is relatively simple and you can easily convert any website by using Applicationize. To do that, follow these steps:
1. Navigate to the Applicationize website.
2. Enter the address of the website that you want to convert.
3. Optional: Configure additional options such as app icon, app title, custom frame color and the ability to open links as popups.
4. After doing that, click Generate & Download Chrome Extension button.
5. Now you need to open Chrome and navigate to chrome://extensions tab.
6. Open File Explorer and locate the downloaded file. Drag and drop the file to the chrome://extensions tab in Chrome.
After doing that, the extension will be installed and you can access it by navigating to chrome://apps page. From there, you can create a desktop shortcut by following Steps 4 and 5 from Solution 3.
Solution 7 – Use WebDGap
Another service that can help you convert a website to a desktop application is WebDGap. This service has a simple user interface and can easily convert almost any website to a desktop app. To do that, follow these simple steps:
1. Navigate to the WebDGap in your browser.
2. Choose Convert Site button.
3. Enter Application name and the URL of the website that you want to convert. Click the Apply button.
4. Now upload an image that you want to use as an icon.
5. Select the desired platform.
6. The conversion process will now start.
7. After the conversion is completed, you’ll be asked to download your application as a .zip file.
8. After you download the file, open it. Extract the contents to the desired folder and run the nw.exe file. If everything is in order, you’ll see the desired website available in a new window.
WebDGap is an amazing service that allows you to convert any website to Windows, macOS, Linux or Chrome application. The service is incredibly simple to use, so even the most basic users should be able to use it. It’s also worth mentioning that this service is completely free, so you can use it without any restrictions.
As you can see, running websites as desktop applications is relatively simple. If you use Google Chrome, you can easily convert any website into a desktop app. If you want to save a website as a .exe file, we suggest that you try WebDGap service.
READ ALSO:
For various PC problems, we recommend to use this tool.
This tool will repair common computer errors, protect you from file loss, malware, hardware failure and optimize your PC for maximum performance. Quickly fix PC issues and prevent others from happening with this software:
1. Download ReimagePlus (100% safe download).
2. Click “Start Scan” to find Windows issues that could be causing PC problems.
3. Click “Repair All” to fix all issues (requires upgrade). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Temperature and humidity based projections of a rapid rise in global heat stress exposure during the 21st century
Ethan D. Coffel, Radley M. Horton, Alex De Sherbinin
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
236 Scopus citations
Abstract
As a result of global increases in both temperature and specific humidity, heat stress is projected to intensify throughout the 21st century. Some of the regions most susceptible to dangerous heat and humidity combinations are also among the most densely populated. Consequently, there is the potential for widespread exposure to wet bulb temperatures that approach and in some cases exceed postulated theoretical limits of human tolerance by mid- to late-century. We project that by 2080 the relative frequency of present-day extreme wet bulb temperature events could rise by a factor of 100-250 (approximately double the frequency change projected for temperature alone) in the tropics and parts of the mid-latitudes, areas which are projected to contain approximately half the world's population. In addition, population exposure to wet bulb temperatures that exceed recent deadly heat waves may increase by a factor of five to ten, with 150-750 million person-days of exposure to wet bulb temperatures above those seen in today's most severe heat waves by 2070-2080. Under RCP 8.5, exposure to wet bulb temperatures above 35°C - the theoretical limit for human tolerance - could exceed a million person-days per year by 2080. Limiting emissions to follow RCP 4.5 entirely eliminates exposure to that extreme threshold. Some of the most affected regions, especially Northeast India and coastal West Africa, currently have scarce cooling infrastructure, relatively low adaptive capacity, and rapidly growing populations. In the coming decades heat stress may prove to be one of the most widely experienced and directly dangerous aspects of climate change, posing a severe threat to human health, energy infrastructure, and outdoor activities ranging from agricultural production to military training.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number014001
JournalEnvironmental Research Letters
Volume13
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 2018
Externally publishedYes
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
• General Environmental Science
• Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Temperature and humidity based projections of a rapid rise in global heat stress exposure during the 21st century'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Blog at Quail Park of Granbury in Granbury, Texas
Quail Park of Granbury logo
Blog
Return To Blog
Learn about Sundowning at Quail Park of Lynnwood in Lynnwood, Washington
What is Sundowning?
What is Sundowning? How Does it Affect Those with Alzheimer's & Dementia?
Aging brings with it many physical and cognitive changes. Some cognitive decline, typically a slowing in processing speed, is normal. However, more extreme cognitive deficits are typically a sign of dementia or Alzheimer’s. Such conditions can be frightening. Individuals and their families may not know what to expect. People typically following a trajectory of worsening symptoms, but one that is not often talked about, is sundowning. This is a phenomenon where dementia symptoms seem to worsen in the evening.
Learn more about sundowning and how to address it, to help the aging adult in your life:
Symptoms of Sundowning
As noted, sundowning describes a phenomenon where dementia patients exhibit increased confusion in the evening. Often, these individuals will become anxious and agitated. They might convey a belief they are in the wrong place and need to go home. They may want to launch into the typical evening behaviors of their past—picking up children from school, running to the grocery store, and going home to start dinner. When not allowed to leave their location, they may become increasingly argumentative.
Causes of Sundowning
The symptoms of sundowning seem to be the result of a few variables or components working together. For one, aging adults who have been awake all day, may find themselves becoming fatigued. This can affect their already diminished cognitive functioning. This factor can be further exacerbated if the individual is hungry or thirsty. Evening is also the time of day when the sun sets, and seniors may be accustomed to a certain routine. They become concerned they are not where they should be.
Another factor that can contribute to sundowning is stress. Of course, stress is a factor that can worsen the symptoms of many different mental and physical health disorders. For an individual with dementia, their ability to understand and manage stressful situations may be somewhat diminished. When they do face stress, they may become confused, and react quite differently than they would have in the past. Daytime and evening stress can contribute to and exacerbate the occurrence of sundowning symptoms.
Prevention of Sundowning
Fortunately, to help an aging adult avoid the escalation of confusion, you can take steps to prevent the symptoms of sundowning. One way to prevent sundowning is to maintain a daily routine. Establishing a new routine can help an aging adult find some sense of stability. The routine should include activity. You may think a nap would be helpful to avoid fatigue, but it may actually be more prudent to avoid naps, so the senior will be tired enough to go to bed in the early evening and can sleep well through the night.
Limit the individual’s intake of caffeine, especially in the evening, and perhaps eliminate alcohol altogether. Both can affect sleep-wake cycles and add to confusion. Avoid large meals in the evening, as this may also disrupt regular sleep patterns. To ease the evening transition, turn on lights and close the blinds or curtains. Implement an evening routine that can help to induce calm and prepare the individual for bedtime. This might include watching a favorite television program or listening to relaxing music.
Management of Sundowning
When symptoms of sundowning do occur, you can take steps to help manage the situation. Stay calm, ask the individual gentle questions, listen carefully, and respond in a soothing voice. Do what you can to reduce their distress by explaining the circumstances so they can understand. Use distraction techniques to shift their mind from their distress. Take them to a different room or engage them in a calming activity. Ensure they have food, water, prescribed medications, and help them prepare for bedtime.
Final Recommendations
Many families want to help their seniors remain at home. This is admirable as many seniors do find great benefits in being with their families. However, dementia and Alzheimer’s can be challenging conditions. Some families find that they are unable to give their senior the full level of care that they need. This is especially true for families where the adults all work and there are small children in the home. Ultimately, this environment may not be ideal for the aging adult either. They may find it chaotic and unsettling, and it may exacerbate their dementia symptoms, including occurrences of sundowning.
Families may decide that it is in their seniors’ best interest to move into a memory care setting. These locations are ideal for the population because they have specialized services and staff trained to provide dementia care. The calm environment, routine, and stability can help an aging adult with dementia to feel at their best. This can help to prevent symptoms of sundowning and at least contain the symptoms when they do occur. If you are looking for a dementia care setting for your senior, consider Quail Park Memory Care Residences. Their services focus on providing for quality of life while maintaining dignity.
Every Day Is a Celebration | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Radian Provides Update on Capital Actions, Comments on Proposed Changes to PMIERs and Sets Fourth Quarter 2017 Conference Call for February 1, 2018
-- Leverages financial flexibility and strengthens PMIERs financial position at low cost by expanding existing reinsurance program and issuing intercompany surplus note --
-- Expects to comply with the proposed PMIERs by the effective date without a need to take further actions --
PHILADELPHIA--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Radian Group Inc. today announced that it has taken the following actions in order to leverage its financial flexibility and cost-effectively strengthen the financial position of Radian Guaranty Inc., its principal mortgage insurance (MI) subsidiary, under the Private Mortgage Insurer Eligibility Requirements (PMIERs):
Enhancements to Single-Premium MI Reinsurance Program
Radian Guaranty has agreed with its reinsurance providers to increase the cession of business for its first single-premium MI quota share reinsurance arrangement, which was entered into in 2016. The cession of business increased from 35 to 65 percent for single-premium policies with effective dates in 2015 through 2017. This increased cession, which is effective December 31, 2017, has been approved by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the GSEs). As previously announced, the company entered into a second single-premium MI quota share reinsurance arrangement in October 2017, with 65 percent cession on single-premium policies with effective dates in 2018 and 2019. This reinsurance arrangement has also been approved by the GSEs. These actions are consistent with the company’s continued focus on effectively managing its capital position in a cost-efficient manner, improving its return on capital and proactively managing the retained mix of single-premium business in its total MI portfolio. Issuance of Intercompany Surplus Note
On December 28, 2017, Radian Group transferred $100 million of cash and marketable securities to Radian Guaranty in exchange for a surplus note. The intercompany surplus note has a 0 percent interest rate and a stated maturity date of December 31, 2027. The surplus note may be redeemed at any time upon 30 days prior notice, subject to the approval of the Pennsylvania Insurance Department. Any redemption of the surplus note increases holding company liquidity by the corresponding amount of the redemption.
As a result of these capital actions, at December 31, 2017, Radian Guaranty’s “Available Assets” under the PMIERs were approximately $3.7 billion and its “Minimum Required Assets” under the PMIERs were approximately $3.2 billion, resulting in an excess of approximately $450 million, or 14 percent. This compares to an excess of approximately $237 million, or 7 percent, at September 30, 2017. In addition, Radian Group maintained approximately $200 million of available liquidity as of December 31, 2017. Total available liquidity, which includes the company’s $225 million unsecured revolving credit facility entered into in October 2017, was approximately $425 million as of December 31, 2017.
As expected, Radian Guaranty experienced a recent increase in reported delinquencies in hurricane-affected areas. Given that the PMIERs require Radian to maintain significantly more Minimum Required Assets for delinquent loans than for performing loans, the company’s Minimum Required Assets from FEMA-designated areas increased by approximately $100 million as of December 31, 2017, as compared to September 30, 2017. The company believes that these hurricane-related delinquencies have reached their peak and, based on past experience, continues to expect that these delinquencies will not result in a material number of new paid claims.
Proposed Changes to PMIERs
On December 18, 2017, Radian Guaranty received a summary of proposed changes to the PMIERs that are being recommended to the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) by the GSEs. Based on this initial summary, which remains subject to comment by the private mortgage insurance industry, Radian expects to be able to fully comply with the proposed PMIERs and to maintain an excess of Available Assets over Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs as of the expected effective date in late 2018, without a need to take further actions to do so. The company’s expectation is not dependent upon the existing surplus note and is based on its projections for positive operating results in 2018, its strong capital position, and the benefits of its reinsurance programs.
In response to the GSEs’ request, Radian expects to provide initial comments on the proposed PMIERs to the GSEs and the FHFA, which will include the company’s suggested modifications. Once the proposed PMIERs are finalized, the company anticipates a six-month implementation period before they are effective, which is expected to be no earlier than the fourth quarter of 2018. Radian is subject to non-disclosure agreements with each of the GSEs covering the specific provisions of the GSE-recommended changes.
“Our ongoing compliance with PMIERs allows us to continue to support our customers with the products and services they need, and helps create sustainable homeownership opportunities for more families,” said Radian Chief Executive Officer Rick Thornberry. “I am pleased with our financial strength and flexibility, which allow us to effectively manage our capital position today and are expected to enable us to comply with the proposed changes to PMIERs.”
Fourth Quarter and Year-end 2017 Conference Call
Radian will hold a conference call on Thursday, February 1, 2018, at 10:00 a.m. Eastern time to discuss the company’s fourth quarter and year-end 2017 results, which will be announced prior to the market open on the same day.
The conference call will be broadcast live over the Internet at http://www.radian.biz/page?name=Webcasts or at www.radian.biz . The call may also be accessed by dialing 800.230.1093 inside the U.S., or 612.332.0226 for international callers, using passcode 443361 or by referencing Radian.
A replay of the webcast will be available on the Radian website approximately two hours after the live broadcast ends for a period of one year. A replay of the conference call will be available approximately two and a half hours after the call ends for a period of two weeks, using the following dial-in numbers and passcode: 800.475.6701 inside the U.S., or 320.365.3844 for international callers, passcode 443361.
In addition to the information provided in the company's earnings news release, other statistical and financial information, which is expected to be referred to during the conference call, will be available on Radian's website under Investors >Quarterly Results, or by clicking on http://www.radian.biz/page?name=QuarterlyResults .
About Radian
Radian Group Inc. (NYSE: RDN), headquartered in Philadelphia, provides private mortgage insurance, risk management products and real estate services to financial institutions. Radian offers products and services through two business segments:
Mortgage Insurance , through its principal mortgage insurance subsidiary Radian Guaranty Inc. This private mortgage insurance helps protect lenders from default-related losses, facilitates the sale of low-downpayment mortgages in the secondary market and enables homebuyers to purchase homes more quickly with downpayments less than 20%. Mortgage and Real Estate Services , through its principal services subsidiary Clayton, as well as | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Title Shelf erosion and submarine river canyons; implications for deep-sea oxygenation and ocean productivity during glaciation
Author Tsandev, I.; Rabouille, C.; Slomp, C.P.; van Cappellen, P.
Author Affil Tsandev, I., Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences- Geochemistry, Utrecht, Netherlands. Other: CNRS, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, France; Georgia Institute of Technology
Source Biogeosciences, 7(6), p.1973-1982, . Publisher: Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Union, Katlenburg-Lindau, International. ISSN: 1726- 4170
Publication Date 2010
Notes In English. Published in Biogeosciences Discussions: 2 February 2010, http://www.biogeosciences- discuss.net/7/879/2010/bgd-7-879-2010.html; accessed in Apr., 2011; abstract: doi:10.5194/bg-7-1973-2010. 49 refs. GeoRef Acc. No: 310433
Index Terms erosion; geochemical cycles; glaciation; ocean environments; ocean bottom; oxygen; Pleistocene; sedimentation; carbon; Cenozoic; continental shelf; cycles; deep-sea environment; deep-sea sedimentation; depletion; geochemical cycle; glacial environment; interglacial environment; last glacial maximum; marine environment; marine sedimentation; ocean floors; organic carbon; paleogeography; particulate materials; phosphorus; Quaternary; sea-level changes; submarine canyons
Abstract The areal exposure of continental shelves during glacial sea level lowering enhanced the transfer of erodible reactive organic matter to the open ocean. Sea level fall also activated submarine canyons thereby allowing large rivers to deposit their particulate load, via gravity flows, directly in the deep-sea. Here, we analyze the effects of shelf erosion and particulate matter re- routing to the open ocean during interglacial to glacial transitions, using a coupled model of the marine phosphorus, organic carbon and oxygen cycles. The results indicate that shelf erosion and submarine canyon formation may significantly lower deep-sea oxygen levels, by up to 25%, during sea level low stands, mainly due to the supply of new material from the shelves, and to a lesser extent due to particulate organic matter bypassing the coastal zone. Our simulations imply that deep-sea oxygen levels can drop significantly if eroded shelf material is deposited to the seafloor. Thus the glacial ocean's oxygen content could have been significantly lower than during interglacial stages. Primary production, organic carbon burial and dissolved phosphorus inventories are all affected by the erosion and rerouting mechanisms. However, re-routing of the continental and eroded shelf material to the deep-sea has the effect of decoupling deep- sea oxygen demand from primary productivity in the open ocean. P burial is also not affected showing a disconnection between the biogeochemical cycles in the water column and the P burial record.
URL http://www.biogeosciences.net/7/1973/2010/bg-7-1973-2010.pdf
Publication Type journal article
Record ID 65007164 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Here's a win-win way to trade Broadcom's earnings report
Broadcom could be setting up for a winning trade. The semiconductor giant reports earnings Thursday after the closing bell, and the options market is implying a 5% move in either director for its stock, which has climbed about 18% since the beginning of this year. That's roughly in line with Broadcom's post-earnings move over the last four quarters, which has created a window of opportunity for traders looking to bet on a big swing, said Dan Nathan, co-founder and editor of RiskReversal.com. "We talk all about implied movement, and I think here's a good example of just how we figure that out," he said Wednesday on CNBC's "Options Action," adding that Broadcom options saw two times their average daily trading volume in the day's session. In Broadcom shares on Wednesday, that straddle was made up of the weekly, at-the-money $297.50 call options and the $297.50 put options, purchased at around $7 each for a total cost of roughly $14, Nathan said. Broadcom was trading around $300 early Thursday. "That's the straddle. If you bought the implied movement between now and Friday's close, you would either need a $14 rally to the upside or a $14 decline to the downside," he said. "That's a pretty wide range if you think about it, but in line with how this stock has moved over the last four quarters." And, with Broadcom's stock up for the year but still underperforming the VanEck Vectors Semiconductor ETF, which tracks the chipmakers and is up almost 40% for 2019, this kind of trade can seize on the uncertainty around where Broadcom will go next. "Broadcom has a way to go here," Nathan said. "One of the reasons for this underpeformance? We know that they just bought Symantec's enterprise business here. They've been really acquisitive over the last few years, so that might be keeping some wraps on the multiple for now." Guy Adami, director of advisor advocacy at Private Advisor Group, had his eye on one key level in Broadcom: "the previous all-time high" at around $323 that the stock reached in May. "Given the parameters [Nathan]'s talking about, maybe it takes a run at those levels and maybe it tops out there," he said in the same "Options Action" segment. "So, I think there's a good chance we make a run given the environment we're seeing, but I think you pull the rip cord if it gets [there]." Broadcom shares were up by less than 1% in early Thursday trading. Disclaimer | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
consistency of ABC
Along with David Frazier and Gael Martin from Monash University, Melbourne, we have just completed (and arXived) a paper on the (Bayesian) consistency of ABC methods, producing sufficient conditions on the summary statistics to ensure consistency of the ABC posterior. Consistency in the sense of the prior concentrating at the true value of the parameter when the sample size and the inverse tolerance (intolerance?!) go to infinity. The conditions are essentially that the summary statistics concentrates around its mean and that this mean identifies the parameter. They are thus weaker conditions than those found earlier consistency results where the authors considered convergence to the genuine posterior distribution (given the summary), as for instance in Biau et al. (2014) or Li and Fearnhead (2015). We do not require here a specific rate of decrease to zero for the tolerance ε. But still they do not hold all the time, as shown for the MA(2) example and its first two autocorrelation summaries, example we started using in the Marin et al. (2011) survey. We further propose a consistency assessment based on the main consistency theorem, namely that the ABC-based estimates of the marginal posterior densities for the parameters should vary little when adding extra components to the summary statistic, densities estimated from simulated data. And that the mean of the resulting summary statistic is indeed one-to-one. This may sound somewhat similar to the stepwise search algorithm of Joyce and Marjoram (2008), but those authors aim at obtaining a vector of summary statistics that is as informative as possible. We also examine the consistency conditions when using an auxiliary model as in indirect inference. For instance, when using an AR(2) auxiliary model for estimating an MA(2) model. And ODEs.
2 Responses to “consistency of ABC”
1. I enjoyed reading this, and think it makes a nice link to the indirect inference work on binding functions.
I have a comment on the example in Section 6 using distance (13). It seems to me that this shows a lack of consistency under lim eps->0 lim T->infty. However for any fixed finite T taking eps->0 recovers the true posterior. So I think this example would meet an alternative definition of consistency where the order of the limits is switched.
2. drewancameron Says:
I haven’t finished reading this yet, but so far it feels more like a first step or case study of ABC consistency: in the sense that the case of R^n summary statistics and the rejection ABC (indicator function) kernel is somewhat vanilla compared to e.g. an infinite-dimensional summary statistic (e.g. Weyant et al., 2013) with generic kernel of bandwidth epsilon and various other flavours of ABC?
Similarly, I would have thought a lot of summary statistics would converge to their limiting value almost surely, so in that case S1 could be weakened allowing S2 to be tightened, etc.
Leave a Reply
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
WordPress.com Logo
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
You are commenting using your Google account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )
Facebook photo
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.
%d bloggers like this: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mandolins and Moonlight
Mandolins and Moonlight (Mandolinen und Mondschein) is a 1959 West German musical romance film directed by Hans Deppe and starring Christine Görner, Claus Biederstaedt and Johanna König.
It was shot in studios in Berlin and on location in Venice. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ernst H. Albrecht.
Cast
* Christine Görner as Susanne Peters
* Claus Biederstaedt as Robert Küfner
* Johanna König as Schwester Gisela
* Kurt Großkurth as Direktor Ferdinand Küfner
* Monika Dahlberg as Zimmermädchen Trudi
* Walter Gross as Max Krank
* Nina van Pallandt as Karin Gustafsson
* Frederik van Pallandt as Sven
* Harry Friedauer
* Herbert Hübner
* Alexander Engel
* Rex Gildo | WIKI |
Talk:Eye of the Gorgon
Good...
The pages are staying, good, but one thing I would like to change is until will have a plot to write, leave the plot and just have a synopsis. Any different ideas?--Wiggstar69 23:50, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
A Few Questions
These may have been answered in Part II for all I know, but Part I raised a few questions that puzzle me. 1...does anyone with zoom-ability or who knows how to take scenes off a T.V. and put them online know if the two clocks [Bea's, and then the one with Mrs. Randall talking about 1951] gave a date? 2...Alan's statement of "6 months ago" confuses the recent furor over dating of IOTB and ROTS even more. Can anyone clear things up? 3...If Edgar and Bea discovered the talisman in Syria "50 years ago" [who told Sarah this date? Bea didn't], then how does it relate to the death of either Stheno or Euryale? 4...How did the nuns know about Edgar's find? 5...Why did the sisterhood leave Greece? 6...Why did they go to Syria? 7...Why did they come to England. 8...Of all the abbeys and nursing homes in England, why did the sisters choose St. Agnes and why did Bea choose Lavendar Lawns? 9...Have Clyde and Luke got no ability to whatsoever to stop three [possibly] Human nuns from kidnapping one of them? 10...The episode seems to take longer than two days, yet no-one has to go back to school. Why not? [User: Stripey]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:02, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
* I would be interested about dates although most of these questions seem to forget that this is a television programme and is not to be taken too seriously.--Wiggstar69 13:08, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
* A few good errors there. Try them at The Tardis Index File. Those articles need updated badly. Stuart DD contributions 21:00, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
Thank you. :)
Plot
Can we make sure we get part 2 for this plot finished, since the plot for warriors of the Kudlack has already been started.--Wiggstar69 21:34, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
Hope my effort's good enough? [User: Stripey]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:17, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
Star Trek Reference
The article for The Empty Child mentions that in the episode is the first ever mention of star trek in a televised story. Should this also be included in outside references in this article? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:14, 7 May 2008 (UTC) No, as a Doctor Who episode is continuity, not an outside reference. Only a reference to Star Trek was needed. Digifiend (talk) 13:34, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
Clyde's comment
When he says 'in 40 years he will be able to take his brain and put it in a robot to live forever' I'm pretty sure he means that in the sense of guessing what the future holds rather than actually knowing for fact that that sort of thing is possible in 40 years time as that sort of thing is not consistent with the Doctor Who history. Though it may be a reference to the cybermen. Any thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:03, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
ok it's gone now because I can see it's been added/removed a couple times before for not being a direct reference to the cybermen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:16, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
Goodnight Sweetheart
When Maria goes to see Bea to find out how to save her father, Bea begins playing the song 'Goodnight Sweetheart', which shares its name with another BBC time travel programme. Does no one else feel that this was a sly 'Outside Reference'? Vampire hermes (talk) 04:36, 1 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
If the software and inventory functionality is only used for the supported regions, the new approach can be used via the AMA and the documentation can be followed, which unfortunately contains some errors. From August, the new way via AMA will be the standard. Microsoft also wants to provide a functioning migration path by August.
To activate the feature, the PolicySet [Preview]: Enable ChangeTracking and Inventory for virtual machines (currently in preview) can be used. At least the policies for Change tracking, AMA and Data Collection Rule must be activated. The policy for the User-Assigned-Identity (Assign Built-In User-Assigned Managed Identity to Virtual Machines) is incorrect and can be omitted. A remediation task of this policy does not setup a correct user managed identity in the VM either. It would only become compliant if a User-Assigned-Identity was (manually) set for the VMs. ☝️ This is also the problem, because the user managed identity is required in order to have write permissions to the Log Analytics Workspace or the Data Collection Rule.
The steps to setup the Inventory of the VM with AMA are:
1. Deploy a Log Analytics Workspace
2. Deploy the Data Collection Rule and reference the Resource ID of the Log Analytics Workspace from point 1
3. Create a User Assigned Managed Identity and give it Contributor Permissions on the scope the VMs
4. Deploy the PolicySet (☝️It is unimportant whether your own managed identity is used or not. In the end, you will need your own managed identity anyway)
5. Assign the User Assigned Managed Identity to the VMs
After deploying the whole PolicySet:
The User Assigned Managed Identity is not assigned by the policy:
Therefore the installed AMA on the VM is not connected to the Log Analytics Workspace:
A remediation task does not work either:
After assigning the User Assigned Managed Identity manually to the VM:
The Agent is working properly:
You can find the results in Log Analytics Workspace or in the Inventory blade of VM:
⚠️ Please note that assigning the User Assigned Managed Identity must be done through a policy or script, otherwise this solution will not work automatically for new VMs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland
Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland, Application no. 45036/98 (30 June 2005), was a decision taken by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) which held that the Court's role is confined to ascertaining whether the effects of Member States' national adjudications are compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights.
If the level of protection for fundamental rights offered by an organization is comparable to the protection provided under the Convention (known as equivalent protection), than that organization is presumed to be in compliance with Convention requirements. Under this decision, a national measure required by EU law enjoys the presumption of equivalent protection with ECHR rights, unless a deficiency in protection is revealed. This presumption is called the "Bosphorus Presumption."
Facts
Bosphorus v. Ireland concerns an application brought by Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi (“Bosphorus Airways”), an airline charter company registered in Turkey. The Bosphorus v. Ireland case takes place during the Yugoslav Wars of 1991-94 which followed the collapse of former Yugoslavia. On April 17, 1993, UN Security Council Resolution 820, stated that States would seize any aircraft on their territory “in which a person or enterprise of or operating from the [FRY] has a majority or preponderant interest.” The United Nations economic sanctions against the warring ex-Yugoslav states were implemented by Community Law (particularly EC Council Regulation 990/93). These resolutions were interpreted by the Irish authorities to require the seizure of all Yugoslav assets, including the planes leased by the Yugoslav state airline to Bosphorus Airways.The Irish authorities therefore seized an aircraft in May 1993 which was leased by Bosphorus from the Yugoslav state airline and had been in Ireland for maintenance. The ECHR Registry press release published in 2005 after the ECHR Grand Chamber delivered their judgement explains: "'Bosphorus Airways’ challenge to the retention of the aircraft was initially successful in the High Court, which held in June 1994 that Regulation 990/93 was not applicable to the aircraft. However, on appeal, the Supreme Court referred a question under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on whether the aircraft was covered by Regulation 990/93. The ECJ found that it was and, in its judgment of November 1996, the Supreme Court applied the decision of the ECJ and allowed the State’s appeal. By that time, Bosphorus Airways’ lease on the aircraft had already expired. Since the sanctions regime against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) had also been relaxed by that date, the Irish authorities returned the aircraft directly to JAT [Yugoslav Airlines]. Bosphorus Airways consequently lost approximately three years of its four-year lease of the aircraft, which was the only one ever seized under the relevant EC and UN regulations.'"
Judgement
The European Court of Human Rights, in the case of Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland, held unanimously that there had been no violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property) to the European Convention on Human Rights. The court recognized that the impoundment of Bosphorus Airways' aircraft by Irish authorities, as ordered by the Irish Minister for Transport, brought the airline under the jurisdiction of Ireland. The court certified that EC Regulation 990/93, which was binding and directly applicable in all Member States, justified the impoundment. It emphasized that this action was a mandatory enforcement of EU law under Article 8 of EC Regulation 990/93 and not discretionary. The court concluded that the impoundment was justified as EC law provided protection of fundamental rights equivalent to the Convention system, asserting that Ireland did not deviate from Convention standards by enforcing this EU regulation.
The following excerpt from the ECHR Registry press release explains how the "Bosphorus Presumption" (as defined earlier) was formed and applied in the case:"'The Court found that the protection of fundamental rights by EC law could have been considered to be, and to have been at the relevant time, “equivalent” to that of the Convention system. Consequently, a presumption arose that Ireland did not depart from the requirements of the Convention when it implemented legal obligations flowing from its membership of the EC. Such a presumption could be rebutted if, in a particular case, it was considered that the protection of Convention rights was manifestly deficient. In such cases, the interest of international co-operation would be outweighed by the Convention’s role as a “constitutional instrument of European public order” in the field of human rights.'"The court did not find that the protection of Bosphorus Airways’ Convention rights was manifestly deficient, because of the general interest (political action against the Yugoslav War) pursued by the impoundment and by the sanctions regime and of the ruling of the EC. This led to the conclusion that "the presumption of Convention compliance had not been rebutted and that the impoundment of the aircraft did not give rise to a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1."
Joint concurring opinions
Both joint concurring opinions in Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland agree with the decision made by the majority of the court that there has been no violation of Article 1 of Protocol No.1, but do not agree with all steps in reasoning followed by the majority or all aspects of its analysis.
Joint concurring opinion of judges Rozakis, Tulkens, Traja, Botoucharova, Zagrebelsky and Garlicki
In this joint concurring opinion, the judges are not entirely convinced by the approach that was adopted in order to establish that "equivalent protection" exists between the EU and the Convention. Particularly because when the decision was made in 2005 "it remains the case that the Union has no yet acceded to the European Convention of Human Rights and that full protection does not yet exist at the European level." They argue that the judgement minimizes or ignores certain factors which establish a genuine difference between rights and make it unreasonable to conclude that equivalent protection exists in every case.
First, they raise that while the ECJ's interpretation of Community law is binding to on the court which made the referral, the later court still has the power when deciding how to enact that ruling in practice. They suggest that there should be more exploration into how ECJ interpretations could impact other cases, especially those that might involve basic rights and freedoms and looking at whether the way the ECJ's rulings are implemented by national courts consistently protects people's rights as much as the European Court of Human Rights would to properly ensure "equivalent protection".
Second, they take issue with the fact that individuals' access to the court is limited. They state that "the right of individual application is one of the basic obligations assumed by the States on ratifying the Convention. It is therefore difficult to accept that they should have been able to reduce the effectiveness of this right for persons within their jurisdiction on the ground that they have transferred certain powers to the European Communities."
While the judgement states that in concreto review is possible since the presumption could be rebutted if the protection of Convention rights was "manifestly deficient", the judges in the concurring opinion find that manifestly deficient has too low of a threshold when compared to the ECHR's regular standards for supervision. The EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights which at the time of this decision in 2005 had not yet come into force (it became legally binding with the coming into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009) draws heavily from the ECHR. Its provisions are seen as morally binding, suggesting that rights recognized under the ECHR should have the same meaning and scope when applied in the EU context. However, even with the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the concurring judges fear creating a double standard where EU law applies less stringent standards than those of the ECHR, despite the overlap in rights and protections. This could lead to inconsistencies in how rights are upheld across different EU states, potentially causing inequality among states that are party to different international agreements.
Joint concurring opinion of Judge Ress
* 1) Judge Ress believes it is important for the EU to accede to the ECHR in order to make the control mechanism of the Convention complete. While he agrees with the conclusion of the judgement, but he argues that to come to this conclusion "the whole concept of presumed Convention compliance by international organizations, particularly the European Community, was unnecessary and even dangerous for the future protection of human rights in the Contracting States when they transfer parts of their sovereign power to an international organization.
* 2) He disagrees with the Joint Concurring Opinion of Judges Rozakis, Tulkens, Traja, Botoucharova, Zagrebelsky and Garlicki that the judgement could be a step toward the creation of a double standard, because the presumption of Convention compliance should not exclude a case-by-case analysis by the Court to assess actual breaches of the Convention. He agrees with the main judgement that the European Community has an effective protection of fundamental rights, regardless of the limited access of individuals to the ECJ. He acknowledges that "a major part of the jurisprudence of the ECJ of the level and intensity of the protection of property rights and the application of Article 1 of Protocol No.1 is missing, but he thinks that in the future the presumption of Convention Compliance will be enriched in that area. However he believes that there is not already a presumption of Convention compliance just because of the mere formal system of protection. The Charter of Fundamental rights could also help this issue.
* 3) He argues that "manifestly deficient" protection includes scenarios where the ECJ is either not competent, overly restrictive in allowing individual access, or misinterprets or misapplies Convention guarantees. The protection level is expected to be "comparable" to that of the ECHR, and deficiencies are considered manifest if the ECJ deviates from established ECHR jurisprudence on the interpretation or application of the Convention or its Protocols.
* 4) The principle of pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept) in international treaties does not imply that treaties between Contracting Parties to the Convention take precedence over the Convention itself. He stresses that international treaties and the establishment of international organizations must not take precedence over the Convention. It is recognized that while international cooperation is essential, it must not lead to the formation of international bodies that fail to align with the Convention's standards, ensuring that international treaties and organizations comply with ECHR requirements.
Legal precedents
The doctrine of "equivalent protection" and the issue of transfer of power under Community law featured in Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland had appeared in the M&Co judgment of the EDH Commission (1990). In the Commission affirmed that "the transfer of powers to an international organisation is not incompatible with the Convention provided that within that organisation fundamental rights will receive an equivalent protection."
The Matthews v. the United Kingdom case is also an important precedent because "it was the first case in which the Court held that a Member State of the European Union was in breach of the Convention brought about by EU law. The violation was rooted in the EC Act on Direct Elections of 1976, a treaty concluded by all the EU Member States at the time." In Matthews, the court stated:"'The Convention does not exclude the transfer of competences to international organisations provided that Convention rights continue to be ‘secured’. Member States’ responsibility therefore continues even after such a transfer.'"Bosphorus was more complicated than Matthews because the violation wasn't of EU primary legislation, but EU secondary legislation (an act adopted by the organization itself) which meant it could be brought to the ECJ. In Matthews Contracting Parties are responsible for violations of Convention rights only originating in the organization’s constituent treaties, then in Bosphorus violations of Convention rights originating in acts or omissions by the organs of the organization are added to the scope. "While Matthews established that the Member States of the EU remain generally accountable for human rights violations caused by the law of the European Union, the Bosphorus decision was seen as an attempt to accommodate the autonomy of the EU legal order within the premise set out in Matthews. Furthermore, it was submitted that the judgment had to be viewed in the specific context of an EU accession to the Convention" and of the potential double standard created by the overlapping jurisdiction between the ECJ and the ECHR.
Bosphorus presumption
The Bosphorus Presumption is the ECHR's presumption, established in Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland, that a national measure required by EU law generally enjoys the presumption of equivalent protection with ECHR rights. It was set when the ECHR considered the human right protection afforded by the European Union to be equivalent to that of the Convention. The Court in Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland declared itself competent to verify the conformity of a national measure implementing a Community regulation with the Convention. The court stated that in the same way Member State's authorities can better interpret and apply their domestic law, and that the European Union Community's judicial organs can better interpret and apply Community law (Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland §143), basing its decision on the margin of appreciation left to States in the application of these regulations. This lays the groundwork for the Bosphorus Presumption which the court establishes in the following paragraphs §155-156 of the Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland case: "155. In the Court's view, State action taken in compliance with such legal obligations is justified as long as the relevant organisation is considered to protect fundamental rights [...], in a manner which can be considered at least equivalent to that for which the Convention provides [...]. By “equivalent” the Court means “comparable”; any requirement that the organisation's protection be “identical” could run counter to the interest of international cooperation pursued [...]. However, any such finding of equivalence could not be final and would be susceptible to review in the light of any relevant change in fundamental rights protection.
156. If such equivalent protection is considered to be provided by the organisation, the presumption will be that a State has not departed from the requirements of the Convention when it does no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership of the organisation. However, any such presumption can be rebutted if, in the circumstances of a particular case, it is considered that the protection of Convention rights was manifestly deficient. In such cases, the interest of international cooperation would be outweighed by the Convention's role as a “constitutional instrument of European public order” in the field of human rights [...]." | WIKI |
Susan COMBS, Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of Texas; and Greg Abbott, Attorney General of the State of Texas, Appellants v. NEWPARK RESOURCES, INC., Appellee.
No. 03-12-00515-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Austin.
Dec. 31, 2013.
Rehearing Overruled Feb. 4, 2014.
Charles K. Eldred, Assistant Attorney General, Financial Litigation, Tax, and Charitable Trusts Division, Austin, TX, for Appellants.
James F. Martens, Danielle V. Ahlrich, Lacy L. Leonard, Martens, Todd & Leonard, Amanda G. Taylor, Hohmann, Taube & Summers, L.L.P., Austin, TX, for Appel-lee.
Before Chief Justice JONES, Justices PEMBERTON and FIELD.
OPINION
SCOTT K. FIELD, Justice.
In this suit to recover franchise taxes paid under protest, appellants Susan Combs, Comptroller of Public Accounts for the State of Texas, and Greg Abbott, Attorney General of the State of Texas (collectively, the Comptroller), appeal from the trial court’s final judgment in favor of appellee Newpark Resources, Inc. On appeal, the Comptroller asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that Newpark was entitled to a tax refund because (1) Newpark’s subsidiary, Newpark Environmental Services, LLC (NES), did not qualify for a cost-of-goods-sold deduction and (2) Newpark was not entitled to exclude from its total revenue NES’s payments to subcontractors. See Tex. Tax Code §§ 171.1011(g)(8), 171.1012. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
Structure of the franchise tax
Because this Court has not previously analyzed the most recent incarnation of Texas’s franchise tax, we begin our discussion with a brief overview of the franchise tax. The franchise tax is a tax on the value and privilege of doing business in Texas. See In re Nestle USA, Inc., 387 S.W.3d 610, 612 (Tex.2012) (orig. proceeding). The tax was enacted in 1893 but has been significantly restructured several times. See id. at 612-13 (discussing history of franchise tax). The current version of the franchise tax is codified in chapter 171 of the Tax Code, which was adopted in 2006 as part of the legislature’s “effort to provide lasting property tax relief, establish a stable and long-term source of funding for public schools, and meet the June 1, 2005 deadline set in West Orange-Cove.” In re Allcat Claims Serv., L.P., 356 S.W.3d 455, 458-59 (Tex.2011) (orig. proceeding) (citing Neeley v. West Orange-Cove Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist., 176 S.W.3d 746, 753-54 (Tex.2005) (concluding that previous school-funding scheme was unconstitutional)). “The tax is still based primarily on revenue and only secondarily on capital, and now applies to every for-profit entity doing business or chartered in Texas that is distinct from its owners.” In re Nestle USA, 387 S.W.3d at 614.
As the supreme court explained, the current franchise tax is generally calculated using the following formula:
Total Revenue
— General Deduction: the greater of either the Cost of Goods Sold, Compensation, or 30%
= Margin
x Percentage of gross receipts from Texas business
= Taxable Margin
x Tax Rate (0.5% for entities primarily engaged in wholesale or retail trade, 1% for all others)
= Franchise tax
Id.
The calculation of total revenue is governed by section 171.1011 of the Tax Code. Generally, total revenue is “income reported to the federal IRS with various deductions, limitations, and exceptions.” See id. at 615 (listing several exclusions from total revenue). The relevant revenue exclusion in this case is set out in section 171.1011(g)(3) and requires a taxable entity to exclude from total revenue all “flow-through funds that are mandated by contract to be distributed to” subcontractors that “provide services, labor, or materials in connection with” various improvements to real property.
After calculating total revenue, a taxable entity may take one of three general deductions: cost of goods sold, compensation, or 30% of total revenue. The cost-of-goods-sold deduction, which is the deduction Newpark elected to take in this case, is governed by section 171.1012 of the Tax Code. This provision allows a company to deduct ‘“all direct costs of acquiring or producing goods,’ some indirect costs like insurance, utilities, and quality control, and up to 4% of other ‘indirect or administrative overhead costs.’ ” See id. (quoting Tex. Tax Code § 171.1011(a)(1), (c)-(d), (f)).
Newpark and its subsidiaries are “Affiliated entities engaged in a unitary business.” In re Nestle USA, Inc., 387 S.W.3d at 614; see also Tex. Tax Code § 171.1014. Therefore, Newpark files a single tax report for the combined group. The group must elect to take the same general deduction-meaning all members must take either a cost-of-goods-sold, compensation, or 30% deduction. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1014(d). With this background in mind, we turn to the specific facts of this case.
Factual and procedural background
Newpark describes itself as an “integrated oilfield services company,” providing services to third-party “exploration and production companies” that are necessary for the drilling of oil and gas wells. Newpark’s primary business activity — at least with respect to the disputed issues in this case — involves the manufacture, sale, injection, and removal of “drilling mud.” Drilling mud is a product that is injected into a well hole as it is being drilled to cool and lubricate the drill as well as to facilitate the removal of rock, soil, and other “waste material” from the hole.
Newpark, as the parent company, uses several subsidiaries for its various drilling-mud operations. One subsidiary manufactures the industrial minerals that go into making drilling mud; another subsidiary produces, sells, injects, and removes the drilling mud from the well; and NES — the main subsidiary at issue in this appeal— removes the resulting nonhazardous waste materials from the drilling site, transports the waste to NES’s underground disposal sites, and injects the waste into the sites for permanent disposal. NES hires subcontractors to operate the trucks and barges that haul waste to the disposal sites.
Newpark explained that its customers generally purchase Newpark’s services as an “integrated service package” rather than separately from each subsidiary. Contracts are usually between the customer and Newpark and its “subsidiaries and affiliated companies unless expressly excluded by written agreement.” These contracts generally do not specify what subcontractors, if any, Newpark or its subsidiaries will use to provide their services.
The Comptroller conducted a “desk audit” of Newpark’s franchise-tax returns for 2008 and 2009 and asked Newpark to explain its subsidiaries’ business activities. Newpark explained NES’s business as outlined above, and based on that description, the Comptroller determined that Newpark owed an additional $186,547.03 for 2008 and $205,698.98 for 2009, plus penalties and interest. This adjustment was based on the Comptroller’s determination that NES’s disposal of waste material was a service that did not qualify for a cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Newpark paid the additional tax under protest and filed this underlying protest suit.
In its suit, Newpark asserted that it was entitled to include NES’s expenses in Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See id. § 171.1012. Alternatively, Newpark argued that it was entitled to exclude a nearly equivalent amount from its total revenue based on NES’s flow-through payments to subcontractors for hauling the waste. See id. § 171.1011(g)(3). Newpark also claimed additional cost-of-goods-sold deductions for its various indirect and administrative overhead expenses that were not included in Newpark’s original tax return. See id. § 171.1012(f).
Following a bench trial, the trial court rendered a final judgment in Newpark’s favor, concluding that Newpark was entitled to a refund of $472,872, plus statutory interest. The Comptroller did not timely request, and the trial court did not issue, findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, to reach the amount of New-park’s refund, the trial court must have concluded that Newpark was entitled to claim NES’s expenses — including its indirect and administrative overhead expenses — in Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See supra n. 2. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court, acting as factfinder, is the sole judge of credibility of the witnesses and weight to be given to their testimony. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex.1986). Where, as in this case, no findings of fact or conclusions of law are filed or requested, we must infer that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment. Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 885 S.W.2d 80, 88 (Tex.1992). When the implied findings of fact are supported by the evidence, we must affirm the trial court’s judgment on any theory of law applicable to the case. See In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716, 717 (Tex.1984); Carrollton-Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist. v. JPD, Inc., 168 S.W.3d 184, 188 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.).
The issues in this case primarily concern the proper construction of chapter 171 of the Tax Code. See generally Tex. Tax Code §§ 171.1011-.1014. Statutory construction is a question of law that we review de novo. See First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tex.2008). When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent. Id. at 631-32. In determining legislative intent, we first consider the plain language of the statute. GMC v. Bray, 243 S.W.3d 678, 685 (Tex.App.-Austin 2007, no pet.). When statutory text is clear, it is determinative of legislative intent, unless enforcing the plain meaning of the statute’s words would produce an absurd result. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex.2009). We consider the statute as a whole, reading each word in context rather than in isolation, and unless a different definition is supplied by the legislature, we assume the words chosen have their plain and ordinary meaning. See City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex.2008). Our analysis is informed by the presumption that “the entire statute is intended to be effective” and that “a just and reasonable result is intended.” See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021(2), (3); Shook v. Walden, 304 S.W.3d 910, 917 (Tex.App.-Austin 2010, pet. denied). Only when the statutory text is ambiguous “do we resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.” Shook, 304 S.W.3d at 917 (internal quotations omitted); see also Combs v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 298 S.W.3d 793, 796-97 (Tex.App.-Austin 2009, pet. denied).
DISCUSSION
The Comptroller raises four issues on appeal, which we group into the following two categories. First, the Comptroller asserts that NES provides only services, and therefore its expenses do not qualify for a cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Second, the Comptroller argues that NES’s payments to its subcontractors do not constitute “flow-through funds” that can be excluded from total revenue because Newpark’s contracts with its customers did not require Newpark or NES to use those subcontractors.
The parties concede that if Newpark can include NES’s expenses in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction, then the trial court’s judgment in Newpark’s favor must be affirmed regardless of whether Newpark can also exclude its flow-through payments from total revenue. See supra n. 2. Therefore, we will address the cost-of-goods-sold issue first because it may be dispositive in this case. See Carrollton-Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 168 S.W.3d at 188 (noting that appellate court will affirm trial court’s determination of tax if correct on any legal theory presented); see also Tex.R.App. P. 47.1 (requiring appellate courts to hand down opinions that are as short as possible while addressing every issue necessary to disposition).
In its first, third, and fourth issues on appeal, the Comptroller challenges the trial court’s determination of Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Specifically, the Comptroller argues that because NES provides only services, it does not sell any goods for which it could claim a cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Therefore, according to the Comptroller, the trial court erred in including NES’s expenses in Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction.
As we will discuss, the resolution of this issue involves two separate questions. First, in determining cost of goods sold, do we consider each member of a combined group’s business in the context of the combined group’s business as a whole, rather than treating each member as if it were a stand-alone company? Second, does NES “furnish[ ] labor or materials to a project for the construction ... of real property” such that it can include the cost of that labor or material in its cost of goods sold? See Tex. Tax Code 171.1012(i). Under the facts of this case, we answer yes to both questions, and therefore we affirm the trial court’s implied finding that Newpark was entitled to include NES’s expenses in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction.
Do we consider NES’s expenses in the context of Newpark’s overall sales?
In its brief, the Comptroller repeatedly emphasizes that NES does not sell any goods in the ordinary course of its business, and therefore it cannot qualify for any cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See id. § 171.1012(a)(1), (c)-(d) (defining “good” and listing several costs associated with production and sale of goods that can be deducted). According to New-park, this argument underscores the fault in the Comptroller’s analysis, in that the Comptroller incorrectly views NES as an isolated business rather than as a part of Newpark. The Comptroller’s analysis, according to Newpark, is inconsistent with the plain language of the statute.
We agree with Newpark that the plain language of the statute does not support the Comptroller’s interpretation that section 171.1014(e)(1) requires each member’s business to be viewed in isolation when determining the member’s eligibility to take a cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Section 171.1014 generally governs when and how a combined group files a combined report, and subsection (e) delineates how the combined group calculates its cost-of-goods-sold deduction. This subsection states:
For purposes of Section 171.101, a combined group that elects to subtract costs of goods sold shall determine the amount by:
(1) determining the cost of goods sold for each of its members as provided by Section 171.1012 as if the member were an individual taxable entity;
(2) adding the amounts of the cost of goods sold determined under Subdivision (1) together; and
(3) subtracting from the amount determined under Subdivision (2) any cost of goods sold amounts paid from one member of the combined group to another member of the combined group, but only to the extent the corresponding item of total revenue was subtracted under Subsection (c)(3).
Id. § 171.1014(e) (emphasis added).
Subsection 171.1014(e) is an accounting mechanism that adds up each member’s cost of goods sold while eliminating any “double counting” of intra-group sales or transfers. Given that this provision is effectively a procedural tool, it would be inconsistent to treat subsection 171.1014(e)(1) as an additional substantive limitation that would require each member’s business activity to be viewed in complete isolation from the combined group. Cf. Sergeant Enter., Inc. v. Strayhorn, 112 S.W.3d 241, 249-50 (Tex.App.-Austin 2003, no pet.) (noting that procedural tax tools generally do not affect vested rights of what can be taxed).
This conclusion is directly supported by subsection 171.1014(d-1), which states that “[a] member of a combined group may claim as costs of goods sold those costs that qualify under Section 171.1012 if the goods for which the costs are incurred are owned by another member of the combined group.” As this provision indicates, a member that does not sell any goods itself may nevertheless deduct as cost of goods sold those expenses it incurs to sell goods owned by another member of the combined group. It would be entirely inconsistent to treat individual members as isolated entities under subsection (e)(1) but nevertheless allow them to deduct their costs for selling goods that are owned by other members of the combined group.
Finally, the overall structure of section 171.1014 supports the conclusion that when determining the franchise tax of a combined group, we consider the group as whole, not each member in isolation. See City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26 (noting that courts consider statute as a whole and read words in context, not in isolation). As subsection 171.1014(b) clearly states, a “combined group is a single taxable entity for purposes of the application of the [franchise tax].” Furthermore, subsection 171.1014(d) requires a combined group to choose to deduct either cost of goods sold or compensation “for all its members,” thereby indicating that the franchise tax is intended to apply to all members of a combined group as if they were a single taxpayer. See also Tex. Tax Code §§ 171.1014(h) (requiring members of combined group to use same accounting period for determining margin and apportionment), 171.1014(i) (making each member jointly and severally liable for tax owed by combined group). It would be inconsistent with this framework to consider a combined group as a single taxable entity, require each member to take the same general deduction, but nevertheless treat each member as an isolated entity for purposes of determining eligibility to take the cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Compare id. § 171.1014(b), (d)-(d-1), with id. § 171.1014(e)(1). This conclusion would lead to the absurd result that a company that had no subsidiaries could take all costs-of-goods-sold deductions allowable under section 171.1012, but if that same company created subsidiaries it could potentially lose substantial cost-of-goods-sold deductions because each subsidiary might not sell goods in the ordinary course of its business.
Therefore, reading section 171.1014 as a whole, we agree with Newpark that each member’s cost-of-goods-sold deduction must be determined by considering the member’s expenses in the context of the combined group’s overall business. To the extent the Comptroller asserts that section 171.1014(e)(1) requires us to look at NES in complete isolation, that interpretation is inconsistent with the statute. Thus, under the plain language of section 171.1014, we determine NES’s eligibility to take a cost-of-goods-sold deduction within the context of Newpark’s overall business.
Do NES’s expenses qualify as costs of goods sold under section 171.1012(i)?
In its primary argument on appeal, the Comptroller asserts that Newpark cannot include NES’s expenses in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction. Specifically, the Comptroller claims that NES’s removal and disposal of waste material is a “service” within the meaning of section 171.1012, and therefore NES does not sell a good for which the cost-of-goods-sold deduction could apply. See id. § 171.1012(a)(3)(B)(i) (excluding “services” from definition of tangible personal property). In its response, Newpark asserts that NES furnishes labor to projects for the construction and improvement of real property, and therefore Newpark is entitled to take a cost-of-goods-sold deduction for these expenses under section 171.1012(i). We begin our analysis of this issue with a brief overview of the cost-of-goods-sold deduction, focusing on those sections relevant to this appeal.
For purposes of the cost-of-goods-sold deduction, a “good” is “real or tangible property sold in the ordinary course of business of a taxable entity.” Id. § 171.1012(a)(1). “Tangible personal property” is further defined as “personal property that can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is perceptible to the senses in any other manner,” as well as various films, sound recordings, and other forms of property not at issue in this case. Id. § 171.1012(a)(3)(A)(i)-(iii). However, “services” are specifically excluded from the definition of tangible personal property. Id. § 171.1012(a)(3)(B)(i)-(ii).
A taxable entity that elects to take the cost-of-goods-sold deduction may deduct “all direct costs of acquiring or producing the goods,” including labor, materials, handling, depreciation, and other sunk costs related to production. Id. § 171.1012(c)-(d). A taxable entity may also deduct up to 4% of its indirect or administrative overhead costs — such as legal, security, and accounting services — provided that it can demonstrate those costs “are allocable to the acquisition or production of goods.” Id. § 171.1012(f). However, a taxable entity generally cannot include costs related to the actual sale of goods — such as distribution, advertising, rehandling, or bidding expenses — in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See id. § 171.1012(e).
Finally, subsection 171.1012® creates a restriction-and potential expansion-of which entities can take a cost-of-goods-sold deduction. It states, in relevant part:
A taxable entity may make a subtraction under this section in relation to the cost of goods sold only if that entity owns the goods.... A taxable entity furnishing labor or materials to a project for the construction, improvement, remodeling, repair, or industrial maintenance ... of real property is considered to be an owner of that labor or materials and may include the costs, as allowed by this section, in the computation of cost of goods sold.
Id. § 171.1012(i) (emphasis added). With this statutory framework in mind, we now consider the facts of this case.
Newpark concedes that NES’s disposal of waste does not qualify as either real or tangible personal property, and thus NES itself does not sell a “good” within the meaning of the franchise tax. See id. § 171.1012(a)(1). However, as discussed above, we do not consider NES in isolation, but rather determine whether NES’s expenses qualify as a deductible cost of selling some Newpark good. See id. § 171.1014(d-1). Within that context, Newpark asserts that NES’s expenses are part of the overall labor and materials that Newpark furnishes to the drilling of oil and gas wells, which the Comptroller does not dispute constitutes a project for the construction and improvement of real property. See id. § 171.1012(i). Based on the record, it appears that NES’s expenses do not fit into any of the specified costs that can be deducted under subsections (c), (d), or (f). Therefore, if NES’s expenses qualify for a cost-of-goods-sold deduction, they must qualify under section 171.1012(i).
The Comptroller asserts that NES’s removal and disposal of drilling mud is purely a service and does not constitute labor furnished to a project for the construction or improvement of real property. The terms “labor” and “service” are not defined in chapter 171 or in the Tax Code. Nevertheless, the Comptroller contends that the terms must have different meanings because section 171.1011(g)(3) lists “services” and “labor” as separate activities that can be related to the improvement of real property. See id. § 171.1011(g)(3) (noting that taxpayer may exclude flow-through payments for “services, labor, or materials in connection with ... design, construction, remodeling ... on real property”). This use of separate terms, according to the Comptroller, indicates that the legislature understood services to mean something distinct from labor with respect to the construction of real property.
Although we agree that the separate listing of services and labor in section 171.1011(g)(3) indicates that they encompass different concepts, the fact that the terms are listed separately does not mean they are mutually exclusive. See Matagorda Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. Coastal Liquids Partners, L.P., 165 S.W.3d 329, 334-35 (Tex.2005) (noting that categories listed separately in statute can still overlap). Furthermore, the fact that section 171.1011(g)(3) indicates that labor and services have distinct meanings does not provide us with clear guidance as to what that distinction is. Neither term is defined in the statute, and the ordinary definitions of labor and services substantially overlap such that both definitions tend to refer to the words interchangeably. See City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26 (noting that courts assume undefined terms have ordinary meaning). Webster’s Dictionary does offer one arguably pertinent definition of services, explaining it to mean “useful labor that does not produce a tangible commodity,” noting that “railroads, telephone companies, and physicians perform services although they produce no goods.” See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2075 (Phillip Gove Ed. 2002). However, even assuming we could reconcile that definition with section 171.1011(g)(3)’s reference to “services ... in connection with the actual or proposed design, construction, ... of real property,” the same question still remains — does NES furnish “labor” to a project for the construction of real property? In order to answer that question, we must determine section 171.1012(i)’s function.
Function of section 171.1012(i)
The function of section 171.1012(i) must be determined within the context of the section 171.1012 generally. See City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26 (noting that courts consider entire statute and put words in context). We will primarily consider the consequences of the various proposed constructions, presuming that the legislature intended the entire statute to be effective and to achieve “a just and reasonable result.” See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 811.021(3), 311.023(5).
Generally, section 171.1012(i) operates as a broad limitation on which entities can claim the cost-of-goods-sold deduction, restricting it to those that actually own the goods they sell. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(i). However, the section then provides a general exception to this rule— stating that those that furnish labor or materials to certain projects related to real property are “considered to be an owner of that labor or materials and may include the costs, as allowed by this section, in the computation of cost of goods sold.” See id. (emphasis added). It is not entirely clear from the structure of this subsection what the legislature was trying to accomplish. Did it mean that, in the context of improving real property, a party furnishing labor does not need to sell a separate good to qualify for the cost-of-goods-sold deduction? If so, can those entities that furnish labor to the improvement of real property deduct all expenses related to their supply of labor as a cost of goods sold? Can multiple taxpayers qualify as furnishing the same labor, thereby allowing multiple deductions for the same expense?
The Comptroller asserts that “[t]he purpose of Section 171.1012(i) is to allow construction companies and contractors ... to act like they are the owner of those materials and labor.” Otherwise, the Comptroller notes, “construction companies and contractors could not take the Cost of Goods Sold deduction because they do not own the finished product.” Although this is merely a litigation position and not a formal interpretation, it is generally consistent with Newpark’s explanation of the statute and a common-sense understanding that many contractors and subcontractors that improve or maintain real property do not actually own or sell the property. Given that real property itself is a “good” within the meaning of section 171.1012, but that many of the businesses that incur costs to improve or maintain real property never sell that good, the legislature could have reasonably intended section 171.1012® to allow those same companies to deduct their costs as if they were a cost of goods sold.
Otherwise, section 171.1012(i)’s provision making the party that furnishes labor the “owner” of that labor would be meaningless because, regardless of whether a contractor owned the labor it supplied, the contractor could not deduct the cost of supplying that labor unless it also sold the real property or some other tangible personal property in the ordinary course of its business. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(i); see also Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021(2) (noting that courts presume entire statute intended to be effective). Furthermore, it would make the classification of real property as a good relatively ineffectual because a potentially large percentage of taxable entities that incur costs to develop or maintain real property would never be able to deduct those costs as a cost of goods sold. Therefore, we conclude that when viewed in the context of section 171.1012, subsection (i) means that the party that supplies labor or materials to the construction, improvement, remodeling, repair, or industrial maintenance of real property can deduct its labor or material expenses as a cost of goods sold, assuming those expenses would qualify as the cost of selling real property. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(i) (permitting deduction of labor and materials costs “as allowed by this section”). Having determined the function of section 171.1012(i), we can more accurately determine what constitutes labor furnished for the improvement of real property.
Meaning of “labor” within the context of section 171.1012
Given our conclusion that section 171.1012© is designed to allow the party that furnishes labor for the improvement of real property to deduct that cost as if it sold the property, there is no reason to believe that “labor” under subsection 171.1012® means anything different than labor under section 171.1012 generally. See Sheshunoff v. Sheshunoff, 172 S.W.3d 686, 692 (Tex.App.-Austin 2005, pet. denied) (noting that courts presume that same terms used in same connection in different statutes have same meaning). Generally, a taxable entity may deduct “all direct costs of acquiring or producing” goods, including “labor costs.” See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(c)(1).
“Labor” is a broad term that encompasses a wide range of activities, including “expenditure of physical or mental effort especially when fatiguing, difficult, or compulsory.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1259, 2075 (Phillip Gove Ed. 2002). None of the surrounding statutory text indicates that labor has a more limited meaning than its common definition. Cf. Railroad Comm’n of Tex. v. Texas Citizens for a Safe Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 628 (Tex.2011) (“[W]e have warned against expansively interpreting broad language where it is immediately preceded by narrow and specific terms.”). Therefore, we presume that the legislature intended to allow taxable entities to deduct a wide range of labor expenses. See Texas Dep’t Pub. Safety v. Abbott, 310 S.W.3d 670, 675 (Tex.App.Austin 2010, no pet.) (noting courts assume broad statutory terms have broad meaning).
We look to the facts of this case to determine whether NES’s services, put in the context of Newpark’s overall services, qualify as labor for the construction or improvement of real property. It is undisputed that the drilling and construction of oil and gas wells qualifies as construction or improvement to real property. Furthermore, it is undisputed that the injection and removal of drilling mud qualifies as labor and materials that are furnished for the construction of oil and gas wells. Therefore, the only question is whether NES’s subsequent transport and disposal of the used drilling mud and other waste material is part of the labor involved in the drilling process.
These activities, according to the Comptroller, are clearly a service and not labor supplied for the improvement of real property. While the Comptroller’s hypothetical may be true as far as it goes, it seems that Newpark’s activity in the record before us is more analogous to a demolition company that tears down a preexisting structure and then removes the resulting debris so that new construction can begin. It would be irrational to conclude that the demolition of the old structure is labor furnished for the construction or improvement of real property but that the actual removal and disposal of the resulting debris is a service that is not part of the construction process. After all, demolition without disposal would be pointless in this situation.
Similarly, it is difficult to view NES’s disposal of waste material as though it were not an essential and direct component of the drilling process. Given that similar costs for scrap material and pollution control devices are deductible as costs of producing tangible personal property, it follows that such expenses should also be deductible for the improvement or maintenance of real property. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(c)(7)-(8), (d)(3). There was testimony at trial that the waste material was an inescapable byproduct of drilling, that removal and disposal of this waste material was essential to continue drilling, and that without this disposal the drilling process would come to an immediate halt. Based on this testimony, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the removal and disposal of this waste material was labor furnished to a project for the construction and improvement of real property.
Admittedly, other cases may present a close issue as to when labor is too far removed from the construction, improvement, remodeling, repair, or industrial maintenance of real property to qualify for the cost-of-goods-sold deduction under section 171.1012(i). In this ease, however, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s implied finding that NES furnishes labor to a project for the construction or improvement of real property. Therefore, the trial court did not err in including NES’s expenses within Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction. We overrule the Comptroller’s first, third, and fourth appellate issues.
CONCLUSION
Having concluded that Newpark was entitled to include NES’s expenses in its overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction, we need not determine whether Newpark could also exclude flow-through payments to subcontractors from NES’s total revenue. See Carrollton-Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 168 S.W.3d at 188 (noting that appellate courts affirm trial court’s determination of tax if correct on any legal theory presented); see also Tex.R.App. P. 47.1. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Concurring Opinion by Chief Justice JONES.
J. WOODFIN JONES, Chief Justice,
concurring.
Although I concur in the judgment, I write separately because I believe the franchise-tax statute obligates us, as a threshold matter, to calculate Newpark’s total revenue. In order to do that, it is necessary that we address whether New-park’s flow-through payments to subcontractors should be excluded from total revenue. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1011(g)(3) (specifying that “taxable entity shall exclude from its total revenue ” funds burdened by contractual obligation to be “distributed to other entities”); id. § 171.1011(j) (prohibiting funds excluded from total revenue from being included in determination of cost-of-goods-sold or compensation subtractions); cf. Fed. Rev. Rul. 59-92 (Jan. 1, 1959) (setting forth principle that “where a taxpayer receives funds burdened by an obligation to be expended for a specific purpose and earmarked for such purpose, the funds so held do not constitute gain or income to the taxpayer”). Although not directly stated, the majority opinion apparently avoids considering the total-revenue issue on the basis that it would be “advisory” to consider the matter in light of the parties’ concession that the result would be the same in this case regardless of whether the disputed revenue were actually excluded from total revenue (in whole or part). I believe this approach disregards the order of operations dictated by the statute.
“The distinctive feature of an advisory opinion is that it decides an abstract question of law without binding the parties.” Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 444 (Tex.1998); see also State Bar of Tex. v. Gomez, 891 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex.1994) (advisory opinion is one not binding on parties); Black’s Law Dictionary 1125 (9th ed. 2009) (defining “advisory opinion” as “[a] nonbinding statement by a court of its interpretation of the law on a matter submitted for that purpose”). Under the plain language of the franchise-tax statute, matters implicating total revenue are necessarily antecedent to the COGS subtraction issue as presented in this case. Moreover, the issue of excluding flow-through payments from total revenue is implicated in this case, and a decision interpreting that provision would indisputably bind the parties. This is not a case in which the amount of funds to be included in Newpark’s total-revenue calculation is undisputed. To the contrary, the' parties hotly contest what portion of the funds Newpark received is actually revenue that is taxable in the first instance. Newpark contends that, by contract, it is merely a conduit for some funds paid to subcontractors, while the Comptroller maintains that Newpark does not meet the statutory requirements for excluding subcontractor payments from total revenue. There is nothing hypothetical or abstract about this issue. Accordingly, although I agree with the result in this case, I fear that the majority opinion may be read to suggest that taxpayers or taxing authorities can calculate revenue and expenses in any order that is convenient for them in derogation of express statutory language. Cf. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. v. Combs, No. 03-10-00764-CV, 2011 WL 6938491, at *1-5 (Tex.App.-Austin Dec. 29, 2011) (mem. op.) (dispute concerning tax refund ignored plain language of statute that dictated sequence giving rise to accrual of tax obligations, penalties on underpayments, and interest on overpayments); Carrollton-Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist. v. JPD, Inc., 168 S.W.3d 184, 187-88 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.) (in denying refund of portion of penalties and interest calculated on incorrect appraised value, taxing authority failed to adhere to order of operations dictated by taxing scheme).
Under the franchise-tax statute, franchise taxes are assessed against each respective entity’s “taxable margin.” Tax Code § 171 .002(a), (b). There are four methods of computing taxable margin, and those methods are characterized by the mutually exclusive subtractions authorized to be made from total revenue depending on the method selected: no subtractions under the E-Z computation method (Tax Code § 171.1016), a 30% general subtraction (Tax Code § 171.101(a)(1)(A)), a subtraction for cost of goods sold (Tax Code § 171.101(a)(1)(B)(ii)(a)), or a subtraction for compensation (Tax Code § 171.101(a)(1)(B)(ii)(b)). Taxable margin is the figure on which an entity’s franchise-tax obligation is based, and all four methods of computing taxable margin require that total revenue be calculated as the first step. Once total revenue is properly calculated, the taxpayer may elect to make one of three general subtractions along with other adjustments, as applicable, before applying the tax rate, which is .5% for taxable entities primarily engaged in retail or wholesale trade and 1% for all others. See, e.g., Tax Code §§ 171.0021, .106 (apportionment of margin to this state), .107 (deduction of cost of solar energy device), .108 (deduction of cost of clean coal project). In the alternative, if the taxpayer has less than $10 million in total revenue, the taxpayer may elect a lower tax rate of .575% in lieu of making any subtractions or adjustments other than apportionment of revenue between in-state and out-of-state business. See id. §§ 171.1016, .106. The tax obligation is then determined by multiplying taxable margin by the applicable tax rate and subtracting any credits or discounts. See id. § 171.0021 (discounts for small businesses). Taxpayers can choose any method of determining taxable margin that they qualify for and that results in the lowest tax obligation. See id. § 171.101(a) (“The taxable margin of a taxable entity is computed by ... determining the taxable entity’s margin, which is the lesser of [30% cap method, COGS subtraction method, or compensation subtraction method].”), .1016 (allowing certain taxpayers to elect to pay lower franchise-tax rate under E-Z computation method). According to the plain language of the statute, the amount of total revenue must be the same for all four methods of calculating taxable margin.
Although the majority opinion generally acknowledges the formula prescribed by the statute, including that the COGS subtraction must come after total revenue has been calculated, it does not further address this predicate legal issue. Along the way, the opinion states that the taxpayer or taxing entity may choose, at its discretion, whether to exclude sums from total revenue or subtract them as part of the COGS or compensation subtraction and that the trial court in the present case therefore “must have concluded that New-park was entitled to claim [all of] NES’s expenses ... in Newpark’s overall cost-of-goods-sold deduction.” See Combs v. Newpark, 422 S.W.3d 46, at 49 (emphasis added). The opinion also states that “if a taxable entity excludes flow-through payments to subcontractors from its total revenue, it cannot claim those same payments in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction.” Id. at 49 n. 2 (emphasis added); see also id. at 54 (phrasing revenue exclusion in discretionary terms while statute uses mandatory terms). The majority opinion also presumes, without analysis, that funds that are not considered to be part of the taxpayer’s total revenue — i.e., funds that were not income or gain because the taxpayer was contractually obligated to hand those funds over to a third party — could nevertheless be properly considered and treated as the taxpayer’s expenses. In my opinion, these statements are inconsistent with the statute’s plain language because they treat the exclusion of flow-through payments from total revenue as discretionary rather than mandatory.
This is not just a theoretical distinction with no potential substantive impact. With respect to the COGS subtraction specifically, there is a 4% cap on the inclusion of indirect and administrative expenses along with a requirement that the total of such expenses be allocable to the acquisition or production of goods. See Tax Code § 171.1012(f). Ignoring the statutory order of operations creates a potential that the total indirect and administrative expenses could be inflated, resulting in an inflation of the amounts subject to the cap. It is difficult to conceptualize all the possible permutations of revenue, expenses, and allocations that could be affected by the failure to follow the statutory order of operations. Although there appears to be no actual impact to the bottom line in this case, that does not justify proceeding in a manner different from what the statute requires.
The COGS subtraction is not an “alternative legal theory” but is an element of Newpark’s chosen method of computing taxable margin; it is not itself a separate theory of computing tax liability. Based on the wording of the franchise-tax statute, any determination of the amount of tax owed necessarily requires a determination of whether the flow-through funds are to be subtracted from total revenue — either they are excluded in whole or in part or they are not. Only if it is determined that they should not be subtracted from total revenue is it proper to consider whether such funds might be otherwise deductible. The relevant legal theory at issue here is the method of determining taxable margin using the COGS subtraction; while the amount of the COGS subtraction is an essential element of that theory, so is the antecedent calculation of total revenue.
I am concerned that we are ignoring the plain language of a statute simply because the parties say we can do so without impacting the result in a particular case.
. Newpark also provides other services to drilling operations, including manufacturing and renting "composite mats” and other "initial planning and drill-site-location and construction services.” Although these other activities may be included in Newpark’s overall revenue and, by extension, be subject to the franchise tax, they are generally not relevant to the issues in this appeal.
. As the statute makes clear, if a taxable entity excludes flow-through payments to subcontractors from its total revenue, it cannot claim those same payments in its cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1011 (i). The value of Newpark’s alleged exclusions and deductions are not in dispute, and NES’s proposed cost-of-goods-sold deduction is slightly larger than its proposed flow-through revenue exclusion.
. The parties dispute whether the cost-of-goods-sold deduction is "an imposition of a tax rather than an exemption,” which affects whether the tax is strictly construed in favor of or against the taxpayer. See Upjohn Co. v. Rylander, 38 S.W.3d 600, 606 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied). However, this rule of construction only applies if the statute is ambiguous. See id.
. In addressing the cost-of-goods-sold-deduction issue first, we in no way suggest that the Comptroller or taxable entities are free to determine a general deduction before determining total revenue. However, in this case, the parties concede that if Newpark was entitled to take the cost-of-goods-sold deduction, the trial court’s judgment must be affirmed. Therefore, although the cost-of-goods-sold deduction is not a stand-alone theory for determining franchise tax, in this specific case, it is a stand-alone theory for affirming the trial court's judgment. See Tex.R.App. P. 47.1 (requiring courts of appeals to hand down opinion that is as brief as practicable while addressing every issue necessary for final disposition).
. The Comptroller's first, third, and fourth issues relate to whether NES’s direct expenses, administrative-overhead costs, and pollution-control costs qualify for the cost-of-goods-sold deduction. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(c)(7), (f), (i). As the Comptroller concedes, if NES's direct expenses are deductible as a cost of goods sold, then NES may also deduct its administrative-overhead and pollution-control costs. As part of its fourth issue, the Comptroller also asserts that there is no evidence to substantiate how much Newpark spent on its pollution-control costs. Even assuming that this argument was not waived as inadequately briefed, see Tex. R.App. P. 38.1(i), we conclude that there is sufficient testimony and documentation in the record to support the trial court's valuation of NES’s pollution-control costs.
. It is not entirely clear whether the Comptroller actually asserts that NES’s activities must be viewed in isolation. In its brief, the Comptroller states that "an entity which would not be eligible for the Cost of Goods Sold deduction if it were an individual taxable entity must calculate its Cost of Goods Sold deduction as zero.” This language could be read to support Newpark's argument that the Comptroller attempts to look at NES-and by extension all subsidiaries-as if it were a standalone business, completely separate from its parent company. However, the Comptroller also argues that the analysis would be the same even if NES were part of the subsidiary that sold drilling mud because NES’s activities are still only services. Thus, it is unclear whether the Comptroller actually attempts to analyze NES in isolation. Nevertheless, because resolution of this issue is fundamental to our disposition of this case, we will address Newpark’s argument that, when determining NES’s cost-of-goods-sold deduction, NES’s activities must be considered in the context of Newpark's overall business.
. The removal and disposal of waste from the drilling site is not an aspect of the acquisition or production of drilling mud, nor is it a result of deterioration, spoliage, or other sunk cost associated with the production of drilling mud. See Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012(c)-(d). In addition, NES's removal and disposal of waste does not constitute an indirect or administrative overhead cost of producing a good. See id. § 171.1012(f).
. Webster’s defines "labor” as the "expenditure of physical or mental effort especially when fatiguing, difficult, or compulsory,” while "service” is defined as "the performance of work commanded or paid for by another.” See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1259, 2075 (Phillip Gove Ed. 2002). Thus, both labor and services are generally work done for another, with labor potentially including an additional expenditure of either physical or mental effort.
. Because "labor” within the context of section 171.1012(i) can be given a clear and definite meaning based solely on the plain language of the statute, we conclude that the statute is not ambiguous. See Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex.2009). Therefore, we do not reach whether the cost-of-goods-sold deduction operates as an imposition of a tax rather than a tax exemption. See Upjohn Co. v. Rylander, 38 S.W.3d 600, 606 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied) (noting that these presumptions only considered when tax statute is ambiguous). Similarly, we need not defer to the Comptroller's interpretation of the statute. Id.
. While the appellants assert that "[t]he resulting tax liability does not differ whether the subcontractor payments are treated as a revenue exclusion or part of a deduction,” New-park observes that the tax refund would be different depending on how the disputed issues are actually resolved except that the amount of any tax refund would be capped by the amount Newpark actually paid under protest, plus interest.
. The E-Z computation method offers a potentially lower tax rate of 0.575 percent for taxpayers "whose total revenue from its entire business is not more than $10 million.” Tax Code § 171.1016. However, a taxpayer electing this method "may not take a credit, deduction, or other adjustment” other than apportioning its gross receipts attributable to business in this state. Id.; see also id. § 171.106 (apportionment of margin to this state).
. Newpark asserts in its brief that its tax liability would in fact vary depending on how the issues in this case are resolved, but any refund in this action would be capped at the amount of tax paid under protest.
| CASELAW |
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2015 May 19
Template:SS501 sidebar
The result of the discussion was Delete; deleted as G7 by AnomieBOT ⚡ 09:08, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
* SS501 sidebar
The band's discography is already linked in the main article, as well as Template:SS501. I think a sidebar is unnecessary. Random86 (talk) 08:52, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
* Support: I was the one who created the sidebar coz I think it'll be useful for the new readers. I think it became unnecessary after a while, just as you said, so I think it's better to just delete it. 001Jrm (talk) 02:27, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
cities and mayors of 100,000 population templates for states with few large cities
The result of the discussion was delete. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 03:43, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
* New Mexico cities and mayors of 100,000 population
* Nebraska cities and mayors of 100,000 population
* Kentucky cities and mayors of 100,000 population
Two linked cities is insufficient for templates in Template:Cities and mayors of 100,000 population footer. TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 05:39, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
* Delete all per nominator's rationale. Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 07:55, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
* !vote amended to include NM, Nebraska and KY. Dirtlawyer1 (talk) 06:11, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
* Comment - I created these solely because Template:Kentucky cities and mayors of 100,000 population exists. Why are you putting this on me instead of nominating that one as well? -- Molandfreak (talk, contribs, email) 00:48, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
* I have added Kentucky.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 05:38, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
* Support as creator of two of these. These templates are not necessary; I saw the Kentucky one and thought other states with two cities should have them by that rationale. Unneeded in the slightest. -- Molandfreak (talk, contribs, email) 19:19, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:Omniana.djvu/144
126 Lebanus; you are the sacred pix of celestial perfumes, whose sweet exhalations shall never be exhausted; you are the holy oil, the unextinguishable lamp, the unfading flower, the divinely-woven purple, the royal vestment, the imperial diadem, the throne of the divinity, the gate of Paradise, the queen of the universe, the cabinet of life, the fountain ever flowing with celestial illustrations.
"All hail the divine lanthorn encompassing that crystal lamp whose light outshines the sun in its mid-day splendour; the spiritual sea whence the world's richest pearl was extracted; the radiant sphere, inclosing him within your sacred folds, whom the heavens cannot contain within their vast circumference; the celestial throne of God, more glistering than that of the glorious cherubims, the pure temple, tabernacle, and seat of the divinity. "You are the well-fenced orchard, the | WIKI |
Chilean central bank hopeful of no recession, will prevent peso panic - deputy governor
deputy governor@ * Violent protests in Chile did major damage to economy * Deputy central bank chief sees demonstrations continuing * Bank still ready to intervene in FX markets if needed * Central bank "not uncomfortable" with current peso level * Hopeful no need to cut growth forecasts further * Chart of peso's troubles https://tmsnrt.rs/2ujYthh * LONDON, Jan 22 (Reuters) - Chile's central bank will intervene forcefully if violent protests threaten its peso currency again, though it hopes the relative calm in recent weeks will be enough to keep the country out of recession, its deputy governor Joaquin Vial said. Vial told Reuters in an interview that Chile's most widespread protests since its return to democracy in 1990 had done serious damage to the economy. He is hopeful though that it will not be worse than the central bank feared in December when its slashed its 2020 growth forecast to a range of 0.5% to 1.5% from 2.75% to 3.75% previously. "It looks to me that the estimate (for the economy) we made last quarter is very much in line with what happened," Vial said. Asked if there was still a risk of a "technical" recession, defined as back-to-back quarterly contractions in the economy, he added: "If you look at the chart we are probably going to avoid that because the worst figures were from October and November." "December is going to be very bad also, but we have seen some normalisation and the first quarter will most likely be somewhat better...But we have to see how fast confidence is going to restore." The protests initially erupted in October after metro ticket prices were raised, but quickly escalated to subway stations being set alight and riots on the streets that left 26 dead and upwards of $1.5 billion in losses for businesses. Vial warned that March and April could get rough again, with more student protests expected and then a referendum on replacing Chile's dictorship-era constitution. If tensions do flair again though the central bank is prepared after last year's troubles saw the peso plunge 15%. Vial said it had looked like getting "out of control" at one point, but the central bank stepped in, putting $10 billion of its roughly $40 billion of currency reserves on the table to stem the rout. It required a number of emergency meetings but it worked. It ended up using about $2 billion of its reserves and the peso made back some ground, but the bank is still on alert. "We have signalled very clearly that we may intervene again in the foreign exchange market if there is disruption again." At the same time, Vial stressed that the central bank does not want to change the "trend" of the exchange rate. "Among other things we think this is part of the normal reaction to the new reality of the Chilean economy," he said referring to the sharp shock to growth. It could be argued that is should be lower, but "we don't feel uncomfortable with this level of the exchange rate," he added. On interest rates, which did not change during the protests, there are opposing forces. The economy is under stress, but the sharp drop in the peso means inflation will soon be nearly 4%, well above the central bank's preferred level of 3%. "We don't feel the depreciation has created the pressure to raise rates," Vial said. However, with the risk of more peso weakness if demonstrations become violent again, he added: "from my personal point of view, (a rate cut) is less likely that the opposite option." (Reporting by Marc Jones; Editing by Angus MacSwan) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Al Burton
Alan Burton Goldstone (April 9, 1928 – October 22, 2019) was an American composer, conductor, consultant, producer, production manager and screenwriter.
Early life
Burton was born in Columbus, Ohio. He graduated from Northwestern University, when he earned his degree, in 1948.
Career
Burton started his career in 1949, as producing and writing the variety Campus to Campus.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, Burton produced television programs and films, including, The Oscar Levant Show, Hollywood a Go-Go and Malibu U, among others.
From the 1970s to the 1980s, Burton started working with screenwriter, Norman Lear on his soap opera television series, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. He also was a composer, conductor and consultant for Diff'rent Strokes (and its spin-off The Facts of Life) and Hello, Larry.
From the 1980s to 2019, Burton worked on Charles in Charge, as the executive producer. Later in his career, he worked on Family Guy, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, The Goldbergs, Saturday Night Live and Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
Death
Burton died on October 22, 2019, of natural causes at his home in San Mateo, California, at the age of 91. | WIKI |
William Alderman Linton
William Alderman Linton (February 8, 1891 – 1960) was an American Presbyterian missionary and Korean independence activist. He moved to Korea in 1912 and engaged in various charitable activities there.
Early life
William Alderman Linton was born February 8, 1891, in Thomasville, Georgia. William Linton's brother and sisters died and his parents separated in the first 10 years of his life. Cynthia McLean, Sunday School teacher, and M.M. Hull influenced his early life. Linton lived with Hull while he attended college and through this association met John Fairman Preston, who invited Linton to become a missionary to Korea.
Educational ministry in Korea
To be an educational missionary in Korea, Linton conducted self-directed research and study, including Korean pronunciation training and earning additional degrees from Columbia Teacher's College and Columbia Theological Seminary.
Linton's key accomplishment as an educational missionary in Korea under Japanese rule was fighting for the rights of Korean students and participating in the anti-Japanese colonization movement as principal of Jeonju Shinheung High School. As a result of the school's refusal to participate in Shinto shrine worship, it was forced to shut down in 1937. Linton continued to seek the classification needed from the Japanese Government-General of Korea's Bureau of Education that would enable Korean students to continue their education without losing the opportunity to pursue higher education.
Following Japanese colonial rule of Korea and the Korean War, in 1956 Linton founded Daejeon College in Daejeon, and served as its first president. The college ultimately became known as Hannam University in 1982.
Family
Even after Linton's death in 1960, his family has continued to serve Korea and is currently impacting Korean society in Christian missions, medical care, and public service.
Two of William Linton's sons, Hugh Linton and Thomas Dwight Linton, served as Christian missionaries in Korea. Hugh Linton planted more than 600 churches in South Jeolla province, served in the Korean War, and during the 1960s established several tuberculosis clinics. Dwight Linton planted churches in the Gwangju area and later, while living in the US, served on the board of Christian Friends of Korea for over a decade.
Two of Hugh Linton's sons have made significant contributions to Korea in medical care. John Alderman Linton is director of Severance Hospital's International Care Center located in Seoul, and whom invented a new type of ambulance for Korea in 1993. In 2012, he was granted Korean citizenship in recognition of his contribution to Korean Society. In 1995, Dr. Stephen Winn Linton established the Eugene Bell Foundation, named for William Linton's father-in-law who also served as a missionary in Korea. This non-profit organization provides medicine and medical equipment to North Korea and has provided treatment to more than 200,000 North Korean tuberculosis patients. | WIKI |
ARRL
Amateur Radio Quiz: Workbench Wisdom
03/04/2010
By H. Ward Silver, N0AX
ARRL Contributing Editor
n0ax@arrl.org
March 4, 2010
Even though you might be an inveterate tinkerer and builder, it's occasionally a good idea to put down those hot irons, sweep off the workbench and turn off the test equipment. This quiz is for you!
1) An Arduino is a type of ________________.
a. transistor array
b. microprocessor prototyping system
c. coax connector
d. Italian vacuum tube
2) Which is most likely to have a "bat handle?"
a. soldering iron
b. rack-mount enclosure
c. toggle switch
d. torque wrench
3) Which connector family is most closely associated with parallel data interfaces?
a. DB
b. USB
c. BNC
d. Centronics
4) What type of holes does a nibbling tool cut?
a. circles
b. squares
c. rectangles
d. irregular
5) What does DIP stand for?
a. Drill In Place
b. Dual Interconnection Pins
c. Dual In Line Package
d. Delta Insertion Point
6) What is the name for the solder composition with the lowest melting point?
a. Acid core
b. Eutectic
c. RoHS
d. Silver-bearing
7) A bipolar switching transistor's fully-saturated collector-to-emitter voltage is ___________.
a. 0.3 V or less
b. 0 V
c. 0.7 V
d. 5 V, +/- 10 percent
8) An op-amp's ability to change output voltage rapidly is called _____________.
a. beta
b. CMRR
c. slew rate
d. open-loop gain
9) What component is used to keep plate voltage out of an amplifier's output matching circuit?
a. Plate Choke
b. Neutralizing Capacitor
c. Bleeder Resistor
d. Blocking Capacitor
10) Which of these is a Germanium diode?
a. 1N28
b. 1N34A
c. 1N914
d. 1N4148
11) Which type of logic element's output is false when both inputs are true or both inputs are false?
a. NAND
b. NOR
c. XOR
d. D-type Flip-Flop
12) Winding parallel wires on a ferrite core is called _____________.
a. bifilar
b. trifilar
c. twisted-pair
d. scramble-wound
Bonus: An "orange drop" would be what type of component?
Answers
1. b -- www.arduino.cc
2. c -- Miniature toggle switches frequently have handles shaped like a baseball bat.
3. d -- Now mostly known as a "parallel port" connector, it was originally developed as a high-speed data interface by Centronics for its printers.
4. d -- A nibbling tool is used to cut irregularly-shaped holes in sheet metal in a series of small, rectangular bites.
5. c -- This is the most common package for through-hole components.
6. d -- Eutectic refers to the mix of metals that melts at the lowest temperature.
7. a -- The exact voltage depends on the circuit.
8. c -- Slew rate is measured in V/µsec.
9. d -- This component passes output RF, but not dc.
10. b -- Germanium is used for its special temperature coefficient and lower forward voltage drop.
11. c -- XOR stands for Exclusive-OR.
12. a -- Bifilar windings are used to balance multiple winding's electrical characteristics.
Bonus: Sprague's "orange drop" film capacitors have been around a long time.
Back | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Simonsf
Hello ,Thank you for visiting my page..I am Simon Farande ,I have completed B.E Computer Science and Engineering from TKIET warananagar | WIKI |
Daniel Hardcastle
Daniel John Hardcastle (born 23 March 1989), known online as Nerd³ or NerdCubed, is a British YouTuber, author and actor. Created in 2011, his YouTube channel primarily consists of video game-related content. As of September 2023, it has approximately 2.44 million subscribers and 1.34 billion video views. He is the author of The Sunday Times bestseller Fuck Yeah, Video Games: The Life and Extra Lives of a Professional Nerd.
Online
Hardcastle rose to prominence through a scripted, story-based webcomic created within Minecraft. After creating his YouTube channel on 20 March 2011, Hardcastle initially uploaded a series of comedic vlogs before he uploaded his first let's play. His first let's play series, called Nerd³'s Minecraft Buildy Thing, ran from 27 August 2011 to 22 August 2012. After creating videos on a few indie games, Hardcastle uploaded his first Nerd³ Plays video on 7 January 2012. In 2012, Machinima sponsored him to create the series 13 Ways To Die.
In 2015, Hardcastle was nominated for a Golden Joystick Award for "online personality of the year". He has since amassed more than 2.44 million subscribers and 1.34 billion total views. On Red Nose Day 2019, Hardcastle raised over £16,000 for Comic Relief over the course of an 11-hour livestream. In September 2019, Hardcastle's YouTube account was unverified for being not widely recognised outside the platform.
Film
In 2020, Hardcastle starred in the film Ashens and the Polybius Heist alongside his longtime collaborator Stuart Ashen, who also co-wrote the film. Hardcastle himself also holds a small writing credit for the film, having written two jokes into it when Ashen gave him the script. Hardcastle will also be starring in Ashen's film Turn Back.
Books
Hardcastle began writing his first book, Fuck Yeah, Video Games: The Life & Extra Lives of a Professional Nerd, in 2017. On 4 June 2018, he started crowdfunding the book through the website Unbound. The book reached 100% of its target on the first day and 1000% by 11 June. Reaching a total of 1903% of its initial goal, the book is the most successful crowdfunded book in the United Kingdom. The foreword of the book was written by founder of Double Fine and game director Tim Schafer, and another a chapter was contributed by YouTuber Stuart Ashen. The book was released on 19 September 2019 and was a The Sunday Times best seller.
On 26 September 2019, crowdfunding began for Hardcastle's second book, The Paradox Paradox, a science fiction novel which he described as "a bit Star Trek, a bit Doctor Who, and a bit fucked up." The book achieved its funding goal within 20 minutes.
Personal life
Hardcastle is married to Rebecca Maughan, an artist who illustrated Fuck Yeah, Video Games.
Hardcastle's father, Steve "Dad³" Hardcastle, with whom he has regularly collaborated, started a YouTube channel in 2013; it has accumulated more than 300,000 subscribers and 23 million total views. He retired from making videos on 5 February 2024.
Hardcastle studied astrophysics at the University of Leicester, but dropped out after the first year. | WIKI |
Group One Trading, L.p. Buys Micron Technology Inc, Charter Communications Inc, Snap Inc, Sells ...
Group One Trading, L.p.
New Purchases: CHTR , SNAP , FB , MRO, YUM, MDCO, SRPT, LITE, NEM, CSCO,
Added Positions:MU, BMY, BAC, ACAD, SM, TSLA, CLR, ILMN, UUP, MDLZ,
Reduced Positions:HUM, AGN, ABX, JD, GDX, DB, USO, CNX, TEVA, UNG,
Sold Out:MBLY, DISH, YPF, NXPI, ETE, LOCK, TSL, LLY, ABT, BCOR,
For the details of GROUP ONE TRADING, L.P.'s stock buys and sells, go to http://www.gurufocus.com/StockBuy.php?GuruName=GROUP+ONE+TRADING%2C+L.P.
These are the top 5 holdings of GROUP ONE TRADING, L.P.
Micron Technology Inc ( MU ) - 1,298,916 shares, 2.84% of the total portfolio. Shares added by 175.50%
Advanced Micro Devices Inc ( AMD ) - 2,416,307 shares, 2.66% of the total portfolio. Shares added by 15.96%
SeaWorld Entertainment Inc ( SEAS ) - 1,863,303 shares, 2.57% of the total portfolio. Shares reduced by 17.86%
iShares Silver Trust ( SLV ) - 1,545,546 shares, 2.01% of the total portfolio. Shares reduced by 24.32%
Mondelez International Inc ( MDLZ ) - 555,766 shares, 1.81% of the total portfolio. Shares added by 27.61%
New Purchase: Charter Communications Inc (CHTR)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in Charter Communications Inc. The purchase prices were between $285.77 and $333.15, with an estimated average price of $318.52. The stock is now traded at around $325.38. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 1.33%. The holdings were 53,773 shares as of 2017-03-31.
New Purchase: Snap Inc (SNAP)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in Snap Inc. The purchase prices were between $19.54 and $27.09, with an estimated average price of $22.16. The stock is now traded at around $22.96. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 1.03%. The holdings were 602,844 shares as of 2017-03-31.
New Purchase: Facebook Inc (FB)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in Facebook Inc. The purchase prices were between $116.86 and $142.65, with an estimated average price of $133.64. The stock is now traded at around $150.22. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.36%. The holdings were 33,853 shares as of 2017-03-31.
New Purchase: Marathon Oil Corp (MRO)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in Marathon Oil Corp. The purchase prices were between $14.61 and $18.18, with an estimated average price of $16.4. The stock is now traded at around $14.70. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.32%. The holdings were 264,000 shares as of 2017-03-31.
New Purchase: Yum Brands Inc (YUM)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in Yum Brands Inc. The purchase prices were between $63.18 and $68.65, with an estimated average price of $65.12. The stock is now traded at around $68.95. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.32%. The holdings were 66,396 shares as of 2017-03-31.
New Purchase: The Medicines Co (MDCO)
Group One Trading, L.p. initiated holdings in The Medicines Co. The purchase prices were between $32.85 and $54.41, with an estimated average price of $45.61. The stock is now traded at around $46.87. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.28%. The holdings were 74,523 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: Micron Technology Inc ( MU )
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in Micron Technology Inc by 175.50%. The purchase prices were between $21.71 and $28.97, with an estimated average price of $24.42. The stock is now traded at around $29.28. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 1.81%. The holdings were 1,298,916 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMY)
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in Bristol-Myers Squibb Company by 65.92%. The purchase prices were between $46.82 and $60.13, with an estimated average price of $54.85. The stock is now traded at around $55.09. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.6%. The holdings were 371,095 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: Bank of America Corporation (BAC)
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in Bank of America Corporation by 100.81%. The purchase prices were between $22.05 and $25.5, with an estimated average price of $23.73. The stock is now traded at around $24.13. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.59%. The holdings were 664,551 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc (ACAD)
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc by 1279.28%. The purchase prices were between $28.77 and $39.85, with an estimated average price of $35.3. The stock is now traded at around $29.06. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.51%. The holdings were 212,796 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: Tesla Inc (TSLA)
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in Tesla Inc by 120.23%. The purchase prices were between $216.99 and $280.98, with an estimated average price of $253.78. The stock is now traded at around $324.68. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.49%. The holdings were 42,720 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Added: SM Energy Co (SM)
Group One Trading, L.p. added to the holdings in SM Energy Co by 535.61%. The purchase prices were between $20.75 and $36.08, with an estimated average price of $27.7. The stock is now traded at around $21.65. The impact to the portfolio due to this purchase was 0.49%. The holdings were 320,418 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Sold Out: Mobileye NV (MBLY)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in Mobileye NV. The sale prices were between $39.86 and $61.4, with an estimated average price of $48.09.
Sold Out: DISH Network Corp (DISH)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in DISH Network Corp. The sale prices were between $58.02 and $64, with an estimated average price of $61.83.
Sold Out: YPF SA (YPF)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in YPF SA. The sale prices were between $16.85 and $24.28, with an estimated average price of $21.54.
Sold Out: NXP Semiconductors NV (NXPI)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in NXP Semiconductors NV. The sale prices were between $96 and $104.22, with an estimated average price of $101.12.
Sold Out: Energy Transfer Equity LP (ETE)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in Energy Transfer Equity LP. The sale prices were between $17.71 and $19.86, with an estimated average price of $18.84.
Sold Out: LifeLock Inc (LOCK)
Group One Trading, L.p. sold out the holdings in LifeLock Inc. The sale prices were between $23.9 and $24, with an estimated average price of $23.95.
Reduced: Humana Inc (HUM)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in Humana Inc by 83.14%. The sale prices were between $195.24 and $219.25, with an estimated average price of $206.75. The stock is now traded at around $230.80. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -3.97%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 62,597 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Reduced: Allergan PLC (AGN)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in Allergan PLC by 66.9%. The sale prices were between $210.8 and $249.32, with an estimated average price of $232.88. The stock is now traded at around $229.97. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -1.82%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 68,022 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Reduced: Barrick Gold Corp (ABX)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in Barrick Gold Corp by 59.05%. The sale prices were between $16.39 and $20.5, with an estimated average price of $18.45. The stock is now traded at around $16.45. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -1.71%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 1,180,766 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Reduced: JD.com Inc (JD)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in JD.com Inc by 57.97%. The sale prices were between $25.82 and $31.72, with an estimated average price of $29.43. The stock is now traded at around $39.25. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -1.26%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 569,927 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Reduced: VanEck Vectors Gold Miners (GDX)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in VanEck Vectors Gold Miners by 49.01%. The sale prices were between $20.92 and $25.57, with an estimated average price of $23.21. The stock is now traded at around $21.93. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -1.1%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 870,981 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Reduced: Deutsche Bank AG (DB)
Group One Trading, L.p. reduced to the holdings in Deutsche Bank AG by 97%. The sale prices were between $15.87 and $18, with an estimated average price of $16.83. The stock is now traded at around $19.01. The impact to the portfolio due to this sale was -1.06%. Group One Trading, L.p. still held 28,762 shares as of 2017-03-31.
Warning! GuruFocus has detected 6 Warning Signs with MU. Click here to check it out.
MU 15-Year Financial Data
The intrinsic value of MU
Peter Lynch Chart of MU
Premium Members
This article first appeared on GuruFocus .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Mental health among medical students
Rashi Hiranandani is a medical student in the Class of 2019 at the University of Ottawa
Medical school is a stressful time in students’ lives. There are emotional, physical, and mental stressors; particular daunting is the stress of being in new clinical environments on a weekly or even daily basis and having patients’ lives in our hands. Medical students are sleep deprived and over-worked. We have the stress of not matching to the residency of our choice or even not matching to a residency program at all. Medical students also experience significant burnout and compassion fatigue, with burnout rates ranging from 27 to 75% [1]. It thus comes as no surprise that medical students suffer from rates of mental illness higher than the general population. This is not ideal for the health of the medical students, nor is it optimal for the health of the patients they care for.
A 2016 systematic review published in JAMA reported that, on average, 27.2% of medical students deal with depression or depressive symptoms [2]. Among students who suffer from depression, only 16% receive help [2]. The population of medical students who suffer from depression is astonishingly high in comparison to about 10% of the general population, and it is concerning that medical students are not getting help when they need it. Furthermore, in a study comparing rates of depression between medical students and residents, it was found that medical students have higher rates of depression [3]. The same study highlighted that female medical students are more depressed than their male counterparts, and that second-year medical students have the highest rates of depression in comparison to their peers [3]. The study also showed that there were differences in depression rates based on ethnicity, with African-American medical students having the highest rates of depression [3].
It has been shown that there are several factors and personality traits that predispose medical students to depression. For example, medical students with poor sleep quality report higher depressive symptoms, and personality traits such as high neuroticism also predispose medical students to have higher rates of depression [4]. A longitudinal study investigated traits that might be related to burnout in medical students training at a Swedish medical school [5]. Students were assessed in their first and third years of medical school. The study revealed that students with depressive symptoms, impulsivity traits, and financial stress in their first year of medical school were more likely to experience burnout. Twenty-seven students in the study were identified to have a psychiatric diagnosis, yet only six were receiving psychiatric help [5].
In addition to depression, other mental health disorders are also prevalent in the medical student population. A study conducted in an Iranian medical school revealed that 4.5% of their medical students had bipolar disorder [6]. This is much higher than the general Iranian population, where the rate of bipolar disorder is only 0.8%. Medical students also have high rates of substance use disorders. In a survey of 133 U.S. medical students, it was found that 44% had smoked cigarettes, 96% had consumed alcohol, 57% had used marijuana, 22% had used amphetamines, 20% had used cocaine, 17% had used benzodiazepines, 15% had used hallucinogens, and 40% had used opioids at some point in their lives [7]. The study also found that use of illicit substances was highest in students with depressive symptoms. Another study surveyed fourth-year students at 13 U.S. medical schools and found that 87% of students consumed alcohol, 17.3% consumed marijuana, 9% consumed cigarettes, 0.9% consumed opioids, and 1.2% consumed amphetamines in a time frame of 30 days before the survey [8].
The combination of stress of medical school and the poor mental health of medical students discussed above also puts medical students at risk of suicide. The 2016 JAMA systematic review found that, on average, 11.2% of medical students experience suicidal ideation [2]. It has also been shown that the suicide rates of male physicians are 40% higher than the general male population, and the suicide rates of female physicians 300% higher than the general female population [9]. This is reflected in trainees as well, with female medical students being 3-4 times more likely to complete suicide as compared to females of their age in the general population [10].
Though the rates of mental illnesses and suicide are staggeringly high among medical students, they rarely receive care for their mental health. It has been reported that time constraints, stigma, and confidentiality issues were significant barriers to medical students receiving care for their physical and mental problems [11]. In a study conducted in an Indian medical school, stigma, confidentiality issues, and lack of awareness of where to receive care were reported more often for care of mental health issues when compared to to physical issues [12]. Australian medical students also identified stigma (including peer judgment and disclosure of information), time issues, and affordability as barriers to receiving mental health services [13].
Medical education is filled with highly stressful environments. The rate of mental illnesses in medical students is high. Despite this, students do not access appropriate resources and barriers related to this should be addressed. It has been shown that increasing familiarity with mental health makes prejudices against mental illness decrease; psychiatrists have less stigma towards mental illness compared to clinical medical students, and clinical medical students who have completed their psychiatry rotation have less stigma than preclinical medical students [14]. In addition, to address issues related to time constraints, medical students should be given flex days so that they have time to attend their healthcare appointments.
Ultimately, it is clear that the culture and stigma related to mental health among medical students needs to change. The first step is to increase awareness of the predominance of mental illness among medical students and let those struggling know they are not alone.
References
1. Fares J, Al Tabosh H, Saadeddin Z, El Mouhayyar C, Aridi H. Stress, burnout and coping strategies in preclinical medical students. North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;8(2):75.
2. Rotenstein L, Ramos M, Torre M, Segal J, Peluso M, Guille C et al. Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students. JAMA. 2016;316(21):2214.
3. Goebert D, Thompson D, Takeshita J, Beach C, Bryson P, Ephgrave K et al. Depressive Symptoms in Medical Students and Residents: A Multischool Study. Academic Medicine. 2009;84(2):236-241.
4. Mokros Ł, Witusik A, Michalska J, Łężak W, Panek M, Nowakowska-Domagała K et al. Sleep quality, chronotype, temperament and bipolar features as predictors of depressive symptoms among medical students. Chronobiology International. 2017;34(6):708-720.
5. Dahlin M, Runeson B. Burnout and psychiatric morbidity among medical students entering clinical training: a three year prospective questionnaire and interview-based study. BMC Medical Education. 2007;7(1).
6. Jolfaei A, Abbasi S, Tamannaie Z. Prevalence of bipolar disorders among a sample of medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;9:95-96.
7. Psychoactive substance use among medical students. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;143(2):187-191.
8. Conard S, Hughes P, Baldwin D, Achenbach K, Sheehan D. Substance use by fourth-year students at 13 U.S. medical schools. Academic Medicine. 1988;63(10):747-58.
9. Talbott J. Suicide Rates Among Physicians: A Quantitative and Gender Assessment (Meta-Analysis). Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health. 2006;2006:155-156.
10. Fifty-two medical student suicides. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;138(2):198-201.
11. Estabrook K, Christianson H. Medical Student Healthcare Barriers and Solutions: Perspectives of Students. Academic Psychiatry. 2013;37(4):283.
12. Menon V, Sarkar S, Kumar S. Barriers to healthcare seeking among medical students: a cross sectional study from South India. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2015;91(1079):477-482.
13. Ryan G, Marley I, Still M, Lyons Z, Hood S. Use of mental-health services by Australian medical students: a cross-sectional survey. Australasian Psychiatry. 2017;25(4):407-410.
14. Eksteen H, Becker P, Lippi G. Stigmatization towards the mentally ill: Perceptions of psychiatrists, pre-clinical and post-clinical rotation medical students. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2017;63(8):782-791. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Who Trump is banning from the US, illustrated
Let's say you're trying to board a plane from another country and cross the border into the United States. There have always been reasons why you can't enter the US, like if the US believes you're a spy or a terrorist. But on Friday, President Donald Trump signed an executive order that added to these reasons — and now innocent people, including refugees, will be turned away. (Read an in-depth explainer here.) So if you're trying to enter the US, you now have to pass a few more tests. If you're an immigrant or visa holder from one these countries — Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, or Yemen — you can't enter US for the next 90 days. And Trump may add to the list. If a country doesn't agree to provide the US certain information about people who apply to come, then they may also be tacked on. If you're a refugee, you can't enter the US for the next 120 days. And once the 120 days is over, you can only enter the US if you're on a list of countries the US has okayed. Trump has decided that if you're one of the 5 million refugees fleeing the Syrian war, you can't enter the US indefinitely. That's because Trump doesn't want to deal with figuring out who the good guys or bad guys are in this Syrian conflict, which is in line with the isolationist philosophy he has espoused. There are some exceptions for refugees though. One is if you are a refugee coming to the US under a preexisting agreement. But the big exception is if you're a "religious minority" who is being persecuted in your country. In practice, it seems likely this will help Christians who are persecuted in the Middle East — something Trump has said he would do. Trump has instructed the federal government to create a new process to screen people who immigrate to the US. And one thing each person will have to prove is whether he or she would be a "positively contributing member of society." Let's say you're a refugee and you've passed through all these gates. If you weren't one of the first 50,000 refugees into the US during this fiscal year, then you can't enter. And since 30,000 refugees have already been resettled in the US, there are only 20,000 slots left. Reminder: There are nearly 5 million refugees from the Syrian civil war. Under President Obama, this quota was set at 110,000, so Trump is lowering that number. But it's also possible that these new hyper-stringent barriers to entry will mean the US doesn't even reach that quota. What this all means is that the US, in the year 2017, is using the fear of immigrant terrorism — which is an exceedingly tiny threat — to refuse entry to people based on where they’re from and how they pray. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
If you think a bug might affect users in the 57 release, please set the correct tracking and status flags for Release Management.
Add a way to disable dependency checks
RESOLVED WONTFIX
Status
Add-on SDK
General
P3
normal
RESOLVED WONTFIX
5 years ago
3 years ago
People
(Reporter: anant, Unassigned)
Tracking
Firefox Tracking Flags
(Not tracked)
Details
(Reporter)
Description
5 years ago
It seems like cfx is searching for the string "require" in order to determine what the dependencies of a module are. However, when using a library that has been optimized by Closure Tools [1], there are tons of require statements that are otherwise harmless, but are marked as unfulfilled dependencies by cfx.
Would it be possible to disable the dependency check via a command-line switch?
[1] https://developers.google.com/closure/
In theory, switching cfx to js will magically fix this.
Priority: -- → P3
Is this tool minifying the code? so that require('x'); becomes r = require;r('x'); ?
I don't think disabling this build time mapping feature will work because we do the mapping in order to determine what permissions your add-on is requesting.
Flags: needinfo?(anant)
Given the current plans to replace Py CFX with CFX.js, we're not going to fix this on the python side. Cancelling the needinfo to clean up the dashboard a tiny bit.
Flags: needinfo?(anant)
I think the JS-based dependency scanner will have exactly the same problems as the python-based one.
I've used Anant's code (Firebase) a little bit. If I remember correctly, the Closure code was defining a require() function and then calling it several times for internal purposes, completely unrelated to the require() of node.js/requirejs/jetpack. This definition was inside a big function itself, so I think it shadows the require() provided by jetpack at the top-level scope.
We've talked about a more sophisticated dependency scanner which uses the same lexer/parser as spidermonkey itself and works on the AST instead of using a bunch of regexps, which might be easier with a JS-based scanner if that environment provides access to its own parser. That would at least make it easier to ignore require() calls inside quotes and block comments. Detecting a shadowed version of require() would go beyond the call of duty, I think.. that sounds pretty hard.
(there is another issue, in which several require() statements are really intended as require(), but they're if/then/else'd off unless the code detects it's running inside node.js or require.js . When it's in a regular web-context, it relies on DOM properties instead, for stuff like WebSockets. These cause a similar problem unless the specific name being imported can be the same for jetpack as for node.js/requirejs.)
One other solution I suggested to Anant was to add a build step that takes the output of Closure, search-and-replaces s/require/FOO/, then prepend the jetpack-specific require() statements. Basically anything to convince Closure to use some other name for its internal "require" functionality.
Or we could add some sort of magic comment to the jetpack syntax, like:
// JETPACK-DEPENDS: sdk/page-mod, sdk/tabs, ./mystuff
and teach the dependency scanner that when it sees that line, it ignores the rest of the file and instead pretends that it just saw require("sdk/page-mod") etc. Pretty straightforward, pretty reliable, pretty easy to explain.
(In reply to Brian Warner [:warner :bwarner] from comment #4)
> I think the JS-based dependency scanner will have exactly the same problems
> as the python-based one.
+1
I'm wondering one thing: Are those modules optimized by closure regular commonjs module that you load using jetpack require() statement?
If not, these files can be moved to data/ older and avoid being analysed by the dependency parser.
Sorry we won't be releasing any new versions of cfx, jpm is the replacement https://www.npmjs.com/package/jpm
Note: JPM doesn't do any require/dependency checks.
Blocks: 840023
Status: NEW → RESOLVED
Last Resolved: 3 years ago
Resolution: --- → WONTFIX
You need to log in before you can comment on or make changes to this bug. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Chumsnuggie
I enjoy watching sports and am especially active with the Dallas Stars. Though they are my favorite, I enjoy editing sports pages for all sports. | WIKI |
Hyperexcitability and brain morphological differences in mice lacking the cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc
Sheila M.S. Sears, Sarah H. Roberts, Sandra J. Hewett
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
5 Scopus citations
Abstract
System xc (Sxc) is a heteromeric antiporter (L-cystine/L-glutamate exchanger) expressed predominately on astrocytes in the central nervous system. Its activity contributes importantly to the maintenance of the ambient extracellular glutamate levels, as well as, to cellular redox homeostasis. Since alterations in glutamate levels and redox modifications could cause structural changes, we analyzed gross regional morphology of thionin-stained brain sections and cellular and subcellular morphology of Golgi–Cox stained layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex (PM1) of mice naturally null for SLC7A11 (SLC7A11sut/sut)—the gene that encodes the substrate specific light chain (xCT) for Sxc. Intriguingly, in comparison to age- and sex-matched wild-type (SLC7A11+/+) littermate controls, we found morphologic changes—including increased dendritic complexity and mushroom spine area in males and reduced corpus callosum and soma size in females—that have previously been described, in each case, as morphological correlates of excitability. Consistent with this, we found that both male and female SLC7A11sut/sut mice had lower convulsive seizure thresholds and greater seizure severity than their sex-matched wild-type (SLC7A11+/+) littermates after acute challenge with two pharmacologically distinct chemoconvulsants: the Glu receptor agonist, kainic acid (KA), or the GABAA receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). These results suggest that the loss of Sxc signaling in males and females perturbs excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in vivo, potentially through its regulation of cellular and subcellular morphology.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3339-3353
Number of pages15
JournalJournal of Neuroscience Research
Volume99
Issue number12
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 2021
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Hyperexcitability and brain morphological differences in mice lacking the cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.