Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|
fbpx Covid-19 Vaccines: How To Explain To Your Child Effectively? - Superstar Teacher - Blog
Blog
Covid-19 Vaccines: How To Explain To Your Child Effectively?
What are vaccines? How do vaccines work?
These are, perhaps, some of the questions your child have asked you recently while the COVID-19 vaccination programme is being rolled out.
Since Circuit Breaker was announced in Singapore in April 2020, we have certainly come far in terms of taking safe management measures to keep the virus in check and adapting to the new normal. As more and more people around us are getting vaccinated, we hope that this guide can come in handy in helping you and your child better understand how vaccines work.
Covid-19 Vaccines: How To Your Child Effectively
Pathogens
Before we talk about vaccines and viruses, let us first understand the term “pathogen“. Pathogens are disease-causing organisms, which can include:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Parasites
• Fungi
On the surfaces of these pathogens, you can find protein parts called antigens. When a pathogen enters the human body, the body’s immune system recognises the antigens found on the pathogen and this triggers the production of antibodies. This process is called the immune response.
Antibodies
Think of the antibodies as soldiers protecting our bodies. They work to prevent us from catching diseases by destroying pathogens that have entered our bodies. Each antibody recognises one specific antigen, which means that we have many different antigen-specific antibodies in us!
When a new or unfamiliar pathogen enters the body, the immune response does not happen immediately. It will take a while for the immune system to recognise and produce antigen-specific antibodies that target the new pathogen. During this period, the person will be susceptible to catching the disease as the pathogen starts infecting cells in the body. This is also the reason why we have antibody-producing memory cells.
Memory cells
Just like what their name suggests, memory cells will remember the pathogens that have entered our bodies. They are a type of white blood cells that are produced along with the antibodies during immune responses. Memory cells continue to exist in the body even when the invading pathogens have been destroyed.
If a previously-encountered pathogen enters the body again, the specific memory cells can quickly recognise and produce antibodies to fight the pathogen. The immune response is significantly faster and this reduces the chances of the person catching the disease caused by the pathogen.
Vaccines
Now that we have covered the background knowledge, let us try to understand how vaccines work. Unlike the usual form of medicines that we take when we fall sick, vaccines are taken to prevent us from falling sick by providing immunity towards diseases.
A vaccine contains a weakened or inactive form of the pathogen itself or an antigen (from the pathogen) that will trigger an immune response once injected into the body without causing any disease. If the actual pathogen enters the body, the immune system can act quickly to produce antigen-specific antibodies to fight against it.
Under the National Childhood Immunisation Programme (NCIP), children in Singapore are encouraged to get themselves vaccinated against 12 diseases that include tuberculosis and Hepatitis B. You can check out the immunisation schedule here.
Types of Covid-19 Vaccines
In terms of Covid-19 vaccines, the following are the common types in use. Generally, all these vaccines involve making use of the spike protein (the antigen) found on the surface of the coronavirus to trigger the production of antigen-specific antibodies.
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines
mRNA vaccines are the more advanced form of vaccines. These vaccines contain mRNA (a single-stranded RNA molecule) that carries instructions to produce the spike protein. When injected into the body, the spike protein is manufactured and detected by our immune system. This triggers an immune response and antibodies are produced. Once the spike protein is made, the mRNA will be broken down without interfering with our body’s own DNA. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines used in Singapore’s vaccination programme are mRNA vaccines.
Want to learn more about RNA? Let our Biology teacher, Mr Roy Teo, explain how RNA is involved in protein synthesis.
2. Protein-based vaccines
Such vaccines contain spike proteins manufactured in the laboratory. They are non-infectious components of the coronavirus, so they will trigger an immune response without causing any disease.
3. Vector vaccines
The viral vector vaccine, which uses a harmless version of another virus (called the “vector”) that is combined with the genetic code for producing the spike protein. Cells infected with these vectors are instructed to manufacture the antigen, thereby triggering an immune response.
Here is a more in-depth explanation of how vectors work.
In a nutshell, vaccination is important in preventing us from catching diseases. It can also help us achieve herd immunity when more people become immune to an infectious disease, which will reduce and slow down the spread of the disease within the community.
As we all know, prevention is better than cure. When we get vaccinated, not only are we protecting ourselves but also the people around us.
Sources: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Let us be part of your child’s education journey today! Do call us at 63415516 or email us at enquiry@superstarteacher.com if you have any questions. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Killing Time (American band)
Killing Time is a New York hardcore band. From their beginnings in 1988, under the name Raw Deal, they went on to record two full-length albums and several EPs, singles, and compilation tracks. The band went through three hiatuses before formally disbanding in 1998. However, the band re-formed in 2006 and has been touring/playing since. Work on their third full-length album was completed in March 2009.
Early days as Raw Deal (1989–1990)
Raw Deal was formed in 1988 by Carl Porcaro, Rich McLoughlin and Anthony Drago after they split from their former band, Breakdown. Anthony Comunale (ex-Token Entry) was recruited on vocals and Mike Sentkiewitz (ex-Sick of It All) on guitar to round out the Raw Deal lineup.
The band soon recorded a demo cassette and began playing at various venues in New York City, most notably at CBGB's which was home to many hardcore punk acts at the time. Following a show at The Ritz, they were signed by In Effect Records with an opportunity to record their first full-length album.
Mike Sentkiewitz left the band and they were forced to change their name to Killing Time after legal action was threatened by a heavy metal band of the same name. The band entered the Normandy Sound studio in Warren, Rhode Island, with hardcore producer Tom Soares, who had previously been involved with recording Cro-Mags' Best Wishes and Gang Green's Older... Budweiser. The band performed as a four-piece and re-recorded some of the tracks from their first demo and some new material which resulted in the Brightside album being released in November 1989. In the same year, Blackout Records released a New York hardcore compilation, Where the Wild Things Are, which contained two of Killing Time's tracks – "Backtrack" and "Brightside".
As Killing Time (1989–1994)
After the album was released, Rich McLoughlin expressed a desire to switch from bass to guitar but the rest of the band rejected the move. McLoughlin left and was replaced by ex-Inside Out bassist Alex Gopian. The band played a show in California (their first and last show on the west coast of the US), which spawned the 7" single "East Meets West" which included the Killing Time track "Wall of Hate" and tracks by Sick of It All, Vision, Carry Nation and Point Blank. However, for most of this period, the band was considered to be in hiatus as they neither recorded nor toured.
In late 1991, Rich McLoughlin rejoined the band as a second guitarist and the band entered the studio to record an EP, entitled Happy Hour. It contained four tracks and was released in July 1992 on Blackout Records. It was also released in Europe on Semaphore Records as a 12", complete with previously unreleased demo material which the band had recorded before signing with In Effect.
In 1992, a combination of a negative reception to Happy Hour and general problems of violence in the New York hardcore scene resulted in the band taking a hiatus. Joey I, roadie and author of the biography on the band's official website, explained, "...the Hardcore scene itself was changing – becoming more violent and the music becoming secondary to the socializing and posing, they decided to call it quits". The band members joined or formed other bands; Porcaro and McLoughlin started the Rope-A-Dope record label, while Gopian joined the hip-hop group Justice System. Drago became a police officer in White Plains, New York, and Comunale became involved in the financial sector.
The band reformed briefly in 1994 for a European tour. However, Comunale was unable to resume duties due to job commitments and Gopian's Justice System had signed to MCA Records. They were replaced by Dave Franklin of the New Jersey hardcore band Vision on vocals and ex-Judge and Uppercut guitarist Lars Weiss on bass.
In 1994 the band's unfamiliar lineup and general appearance caused mixed reviews from the European music press, causing the band again to go on hiatus.
Post-hiatus and breakup (1995–1998)
In 1995 there was an upturn in the market for hardcore punk. It was not just on the east coast, with Blackout Records leading the way with the New York hardcore and neighboring New Jersey releases – re-issuing a lot of 1980s hardcore and eventually launching the recording careers of bands like H2O – but also the west coast with labels such as Indecision Records and Nitro Records springing up. Victory Records were also prolific releasers of punk from their Chicago home in the mid-eastern states.
Comunale returned to the Killing Time fold and Sean O'Brien was added on bass. In March 1995, the band entered the studio and released the Unavoidable EP on Blackout Records. They also recorded a cover version of the Sex Pistols song "Bodies", which appeared on the compilation Punk Rock Jukebox. In addition, Brightside was re-released simultaneously in the US and Europe. The new EP was generally well received and seen as a return from the experimentations which had taken place in the Happy Hour era.
In June 1996, the band entered the LoHo Studio in New York City and emerged in August having recorded their second album, The Method. It was released in April 1997 and marked a return to the harder sound created on the Brightside album, but also a more melodic and intricate element with the addition of short guitar solos.
In spite of the success of The Method and the re-emergence of second-wave New York hardcore bands into the third wave of late-1990s hardcore – even first wave veterans Agnostic Front were tempted back to the studio – the band played its last show in Newburgh, New York, in 1997 and finally brought the band to a rest in 1998.
Reformation (2005–present)
In May 2005, the band played two reunion dates at Northsix in Brooklyn, New York City, on a bill that included The Slumlords, which included the ex-singer of Breakdown. The band was scheduled to play later in 2005 at Posi-Numbers Festival in July, headlining the third and last day of the fest. However, they never ended up playing due to the event being shut down only hours before they were scheduled to play due to a fight. The band was also scheduled to play at the Hellfest in New Jersey in August 2005 before the event was canceled indefinitely.
Early in the summer of 2006, the band tapped old friend and Uppercut guitarist Chris Skowronski to play bass and did some New York-area shows before leaving for a European tour in the fall. They returned, played a few local shows and set out for their first tour of Asia in November 2007, playing two weeks in Japan and South Korea.
In the winter of 2008, inspired by the overwhelming response during the Asian tour, the band discussed writing their first new material since 1996, using Drago's parents' garage as a studio.
In the spring of 2009, the band finalized the 12 songs that would become Killing Time's third LP and first studio effort in over ten years. Recorded in July 2009 at Electroluxe Studios in Brooklyn, "Three Steps Back", released on Dead City Records, the band drew on their various influences and musicianship to craft 12 news songs that bring New York hardcore back to its punk roots while still offering up that classic Killing Time crunch and power.
In 2003, Carl Porcaro contributed some additional guitar work on a cover version of "Tell Tale" by New Jersey hardcore band Ensign on their album Love the Music, Hate the Kids.
Members
* Anthony Comunale - vocals (1988-1992, 1995-1998, 2005-present)
* Carl Porcaro - guitar (1988-1992, 1994, 1995-1998, 2005-present)
* Anthony Drago - drums (1988-1992, 1994, 1995-1998, 2005-present)
* Christopher Skowronski - bass (2006-present)
Previous members
* Rich McLoughlin - bass (1988-1990), guitar (1991-1992, 1994-1998, 2005-2020; died 2020)
* Mike Sentkiewitz - guitar (1988-1989)
* Sean O'Brien - bass (1995-1998, 2005-2006)
* Alex Gopian - bass (1990-1992)
* Dave Franklin - vocals (1994)
* Lars Weiss - bass (1994)
Timeline
Albums/EPs
* Brightside (November 1989) In Effect Records
* Happy Hour EP (July 1992) Blackout Records
* Unavoidable EP (March 1995) Blackout Records
* The Method (April 1997) Blackout Records
* Raw Deal demo EP (May 2005) Dead Serious Records
* Three Steps Back (February 2010) Dead City Records
Singles
* East Meets West 7" (1991) Nemesis Records – "Wall of Hate" in California, USA
* Killing Time/Profound Effect 7" (?) ? – split, contains "Fools Die"
Compilations
* Where the Wild Things Are (1989) Blackout Records – "Backtrack" and "Brightside"
* Punk Rock Jukebox (1995) Blackout Records – Sex Pistols's "Bodies"
* Satisfaction Guaranteed Nawpost Records – Major Conflict's "Outgroup"
* Creepy Crawl (1997) Another Planet – "Fools Die" live
Reissues
* Happy Hour 12" EP (1992) Blackout/Semaphore Records – European import contains second Raw Deal demo
* Brightside (1995) Lost & Found – contains Happy Hour EP
* Brightside (1995) Victory Records – contains Happy Hour EP and 1st Raw Deal demo | WIKI |
Argenx's drug effective against muscle-weakening disease myasthenia gravis
June 16 (Reuters) - An experimental drug developed by argenx SE ARGX.BR, ARGX.O led to improvements in daily activities, including chewing and swallowing, in patients suffering from a muscle-weakening autoimmune disease, according to data published in the Lancet Neurology medical journal on Wednesday.
The late-stage study met its main goal of demonstrating that a greater percentage of patients on the treatment showed improvement in their daily activities compared to those on placebo.
The study enrolled 167 participants to evaluate argenx's lead drug, efgartigimod, which seeks to reduce a type of disease-causing antibodies commonly found in patients with the chronic, rare autoimmune disorder called generalized myasthenia gravis.
Patients with myasthenia gravis suffer from muscle weakness that can affect daily activities including eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking and swallowing.
Top-line results from the study were published by argenx in May last year.
At enrollment, despite ongoing myasthenia gravis therapy, patients still had poor scores on the myasthenia gravis strength and function scales. Treatment with efgartigimod provided significant, clinically meaningful, and durable clinical benefit to most of these patients, the study's authors said in the journal.
The application for the drug is currently being reviewed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the agency is scheduled to take a decision on the drug's approval by Dec. 17, the company said.
If approved, the drug will compete with treatments such as Alexion Pharmaceutical's ALXN.O FDA-approved drug Soliris, which works by suppressing a part of the body's immune system said to play a role in the disease. AstraZeneca Plc AZN.L in December agreed to buy Alexion for $39 billion.
Existing treatments for generalized myasthenia gravis are associated with burdensome short- and long-term side effects that can limit their use, according to the journal.
Autoimmune myasthenia gravis has a prevalence of about 14 to 40 per 100,000 individuals in the United States, according to patient advocacy group, the National Organization for Rare Disorders.
(Reporting by Amruta Khandekar and Manojna Maddipatla in Bengaluru; Editing by Vinay Dwivedi)
((Amruta.Khandekar@thomsonreuters.com;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Papilio erostratus
Papilio erostratus, the Erostratus swallowtail, is a species of Neotropical swallowtail butterfly from the genus Papilio that is found in Guatemala, Costa Rica, Belize and Mexico.
Description
It is very similar to Papilio pharnaces but in the male the spots on the upper surface of the hindwing are yellowish white. In the female the spots are red also above, larger than in the female of P. pharnaces the marginal spots of both wings also somewhat larger than in the foregoing species. Tail long and narrow. Sympatric with P. pharnaces in western Mexico.
Habitat
It is most common in hilly country at a height of about 1500 m (approximately 5,000 ft).
Subspecies
* Papilio erostratus erostratus – (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Belize)
* Papilio erostratus erostratinus Vázquez, 1947 – (Mexico)
* Papilio erostratus vazquezae Beutelspacher, 1986 – (Mexico) | WIKI |
Big September
Big September (previously Peakin' Trippers) were a five-piece band from Bray, County Wicklow in Ireland. As of 2007, the band was made up of Scott O'Neill on vocals, Cillian Duane on guitar, Shay Fogarty on bass, Dan Smith on drums and Dave Butler on vocals and guitar. The group disbanded in late 2014.
Formation
Formed as "Peakin' Trippers" while the members of the group were still in secondary school, they released a single in September 2008. The single, "Tin Tin", reached number 45 in the Irish singles charts in early September 2008.
As of 2009, the band were reportedly working on an album with Gareth Manix which was due to be titled "6 Pieces of Gold". In 2010, they won two heats in the Hot Press "Tiger Untamed" competition, before losing to Annebrook in the final.
The Peakin' Trippers played at events in their home town of Bray, including at Bray's "Summerfest" in 2010 and Presentation Bray's rugby festival in 2011.
Name change
The band changed their name to "Big September" and made some changes to their line-up, before performing on The Late Late Show in 2013. A new single, Moneyman, reached number 24 in the Irish singles charts for one week in September 2013.
An album, Ballroom Addicts, was released in 2014 and reached number one on Ireland's Independent Album Charts and number six in the Official Album Charts. They played a charity concert in September 2014, before disbanding after a farewell gig in early December 2014. | WIKI |
Walter John Mathams
Walter John Mathams was a nineteenth-century British hymnwriter, soldier and minister, who attended Regent's Park College in London in the 1870s as a Baptist ministerial student before converting to the Established Church of Scotland in 1900. He also founded the Ladies' Guild of the Sailors' Society.
Life
After going to sea early on in life, he found himself participating in the Yukon Gold Rush. After failing to find his fortune, he returned to England by way of Palestine. Once back in the United Kingdom, he began studying for Baptist ministry. In 1874, he entered Regent's Park Baptist College, and subsequently became the pastor at Preston, Lancashire. In 1879, his health failing, he went for a while to Australia.
Returning to England, he became, in 1883, minister at Falkirk, Scotland, and at Birmingham in 1888. He entered the ministry of the Established Church of Scotland in 1900, served for three years as chaplain to the Royal Scots Borderers, in Egypt. In 1906, he became an associate minister at Stronsay, in the Orkney Islands. In 1909, he was ordained a full minister at St. Columba's Church, Mallaig, on the north west Scottish coast. In 1919, he retired and moved to Roslin, near Edinburgh. After his wife Alexa Jane died, he moved to Swanage, Dorset
Select hymnology
Mathams published most of his hymns whilst a student at Regent's Park College, in a small hymnbook entitled "At Jesus' Feet". Attributed to him by the Dictionary of Hymnology are the following hymns:
* Bright falls the morning light
* Gentle Jesus, full of grace
* Go, work for God, and do not say.
* God loves the little sparrows
* Jesus, Friend of little children
* My heart, 0 God, be wholly Thine
* No room for Thee, Lord Jesus
* Reign in my heart, Great God
* Sailing on the ocean
* God is with Us
* Christ of the Upward Way
* Jesus, Friend of Little Children
* Now in the Days of Youth
* Stand Fast for Christ Thy Saviour
Other works
* At Jesus’ Feet (1876)
* Fireside Parables (1879)
* Sunday Parables (1883) | WIKI |
Virtualization for the Enterprise and SaaS | Cloud Technology Companies
Cloud administrations, for example, Amazon EC2, have conveyed virtualization to the cutting edge of the IT discussion. These administrations have been based on the most prevalent component of virtualization, the quick provisioning of new virtual machines on accessible equipment. This is the center preface of distributed computing - enormous measures of foundation with over the top limit sold to those associations who require it. It can give the adaptability and structure of a huge framework by moving clients the individual cuts required for their littler frameworks. Cloud Technology Companies
While well known, virtualization offers numerous advantages past the capacity to arrangement another (virtual) server quickly on the accessible abundance limit of suppliers. The full estimation of virtualization is in the more perplexing advantages, for example, high accessibility, debacle recuperation, and quick application provisioning. Basically, the hypervisor has changed itself into a ware. Pretty much every virtualization supplier has shown this acknowledgment. Visible Technologies,The Xen hypervisor was created in the free and open source network. As of late as this month, VMware made ESXi, their endeavor class hypervisor with insignificant impression, accessible as a free download. However, the mind boggling highlights of both product offerings are as yet saved for the business channel.
This article will inspect a portion of these mind boggling benefits and their application in reality. All the more significantly, it gives a few subtleties into how Contegix is actualizing virtualization to take care of complex issues and when it ought not be utilized.
The Enterprise : Powered by Virtualization
Past the purpose of quick provisioning, there are various highlights that drive the estimation of virtualization for the undertaking. The most critical are greatest usage of assets, high accessibility for applications, and business progression even with catastrophe. These subjects are on the cutting edge of prerequisites for each CIO/CTO. The genuine intensity of virtualization is in these highlights.
Distributed computing isn't yet the predominant innovation organization stage for each organization. There exists the likelihood that this will never be the situation. Numerous associations are under strict administration that keep this. Consistence concerns and absence of trust for cloud suppliers are restricting elements. Laws, for example, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Sarbanes-Oxeley (SOX), regularly leave the understanding of these laws and potential negative effect of rebelliousness as liabilities. Until these are unquestionably tended to, the venture will have a troublesome moving everything to the cloud.
However, that does not mean these associations ought to be missing from the advantages of the adaptability in scale by completely using all processing assets. Virtualization on committed figuring assets with devoted system framework is at the core of this. Basically, these organizations are assembling and using private mists (or all the more precisely private cloud-style models).
VMWare and Citrix XenServer have the capacity to expand the total assets of the accessible physical equipment. They can powerfully adjust the asset prerequisites of the virtual machines with the limit of the physical servers in a virtualization group. At the point when a virtual machine is begun, the virtualization stack distributes it to a physical server with the assets. Information Technology Colleges
Most virtualization stacks join highlights to drive high accessibility of utilizations. This does not totally enhance bunching advances, for example, Oracle Coherence and Microsoft Cluster Server. These are intended to address disappointments that happen at the equipment layer and to encourage high accessibility for applications that don't have these abilities.
High accessibility for these applications is commonly conveyed utilizing numerous hubs in a functioning latent setup. This works by send any demand for the support of the essential dynamic hub. On the off chance that the essential dynamic hub in lethargic, an auxiliary hub is elevated to essential dynamic and the demand is sent there. An issue still exists – any in-memory information held by the first essential dynamic hub is never again accessible.
This issue is understood with live movement capacities, for example, VMWare's VMotion and Citrix XenServer XenMotion. These permit the movements of a running virtual machine starting with one fundamental physical machine then onto the next without loss of information whether on-circle or in-memory and without loss of system network to customers. This is conceivable because of the replication of the virtual machine's whole memory state and exact execution state starting with one physical then onto the next. The arrangements and by and large condition of the virtual machine is put away on shared storage room.
In the event that the physical server containing the running virtual machine experiences a blackout, the virtualization stack distinguishes the blackout and initiates the reproduced virtual machine on the second physical equipment. The movement of a virtual machine safeguards the center conditions of a running machine – the exact execution express, the system character, and the dynamic system associations. This empowers the relocation with zero downtime and no negative effect to clients.
Consolidating the highlights of asset planning, live movements of virtual machines, and repeated endeavor stockpiling frameworks give business coherence capacities. Virtual machines can be reproduced starting with one virtual group then onto the next paying little mind to separation and free of fundamental equipment.
SaaS : Powered by Virtualization
Notwithstanding the prominent idea of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), the market still can't seem to completely developed. There are various elements adding to its present state. The most common is the way that framework is disproportionally an extensive level of startup costs except for improvement. However income is driven over a multi-year time frame. Subsequently, the principal client is exorbitant to turn up, however each extra client ought to have an a lot littler expense. Technology Degrees,SaaS organizations additionally request making a dimension of consistency while staying sufficiently adaptable to help client level changes.
The normal SaaS client does not think about framework expenses and concerns. The commonplace SaaS deal more than likely fits on the corporate American Express while an inward corporate programming buy requires different C-Level official endorsements. In this manner SaaS sellers must remain inside sensible value indicates that run counter rapidly counterbalancing introductory foundation costs. Moving past simply the buy of equipment gear, framework additionally incorporates the long haul progressing expenses of organization, support, the board, and upkeep of conveying the application.
Concentrating past framework and on organization a SaaS application stage ought to be focused on reproducibility. Each occasion of the SaaS-conveyed application should be almost indistinguishable to each other. Contrasts should be limited all together convey predictable conduct of use occasions per client and for help to have an indistinguishable base from which to investigate. No help design needs to find the issue was caused by a missing Apache module for a solitary client occurrence No client needs to realize that each example of the application requested gets an opportunity of issue in light of the fact that the SaaS organization can not replicate the equivalent correct strides for each request. As a last expansion to multifaceted nature, the whole procedure should be mechanized for consistency and cost reasons.
(There are remarkable exemptions, for example, the application information, organization occasion information, and the potential parameters for versatility; nonetheless, these are simply meta and client information for the application. In the event that one were to re-arrangement the application for an alternate client, this is the information that would for the most part be gotten out to begin with a new slate.)
So for what reason is such consistency an issue? It is critical to comprehend the intricacy of arrangement for the present applications - SaaS or customary. Indeed, even in the least difficult of web applications, it is never again the applications duty to deal with the hidden information store layer. This is assigned to a database, normally a RDBMS, for example, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, or SQL Server. Joined with ordinary web stacks, for example, Java, Rails, and so on, this prompts a multi-layered design requesting adaptable arrangement. For instance, a Rails application may require Apache, Mongrel group, memcache, and MySQL.
The underlying establishment and wiring together of the application framework isn't the sole arrangement issue to address. Application segments frequently require distinctive assets. Usually gainful to devote explicit assets to different parts to guarantee its accessibility, steady conduct, and avoid starvation. For instance, a Mongrel bunch or Tomcat occasion might be doled out a characterized measure of CPU and RAM while the reliant database has isolated necessities. This would help keep one administration from starving another.Cloud Computing Technology
Besides, the lithe idea of uses consider simple augmentation, frequently by means of modules, macros, and mashups. An expansion produced for a littler case may not scale to the dimensions of each association. At the point when an issue happens inside the application pile of a client (or gathering of client sharing the application foundation stack), the objective is to fence off the culpable frameworks to limit the potential effect to other people. A SaaS client does not have any desire to hear his concern happened because of asset requirement conditions made by another client.
There are a couple of approaches to achieve these necessities. With respect to framework, virtualization innovation can be utilized to address the equipment issue from a distributed computing point of view permitting steady scale. In the meantime it can demonstrate helpful in overseeing organization, support and upkeep. On the physical equipment side of depl | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
China Aviation Industry Corporation II
China Aviation Industry Corporation II (AVIC II) was a Chinese consortium of aircraft manufacturers. The consortium was created on July 1, 1999, by splitting the state-owned consortium China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC) into AVIC I and AVIC II. AVIC I was mainly focused on large planes, while AVIC II was mainly focused on smaller planes, such as trainers (JL-8, utility aircraft (licensed version of Cessna 208 Caravan), L-15, and CJ-6), small passenger airliners (Harbin Y-12), medium range transport aircraft (Y-8), and helicopters (Z-8, Z-9, WZ-10 and Z-11). On October 28, 2008, the companies officially consolidated back into one organization to more efficiently manage resources and avoid redundant projects.
Subsidiaries
* Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
* Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
* Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
* Shaanxi Aircraft Company
* Shijiazhuang Aircraft Industry Co. Ltd | WIKI |
John George Will
John George Will (22 September 1892 – 25 March 1917), nicknamed the "Flying Scot," was a Scottish rugby union player and a Lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps killed in World War I.
Will was born in Merton, Surrey, the son of Scottish physician John Kennedy Will (from Cullen, Moray) and Ella Ryng Will (from St Helens, Lancashire). He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School (1905–11) and then Downing College, Cambridge, where he played for Cambridge University RFC. He had seven caps for in 1912–14, and he was dubbed the "Flying Scot" for his playing style. Will had played in the last match before the war, the Calcutta Cup match at Inverleith against, alongside James Huggan who died in 1914, and Frederick Harding Turner and Eric Templeton Young, who died in 1915.
Will joined the Honourable Artillery Company when the war began in August 1914 and was sent to France the following month. The following April he was commissioned into the Worcestershire Hussars and then switched to the Leinster Regiment the next month. In August 1915, he was wounded in action near Hooge, Belgium. He joined the Royal Flying Corps that November and earned his pilot's certificate in England in June 1916. He remained in England as an instructor in Dover before returning to the front in February 1917 with the No. 29 Squadron.
Death
Few official details are available concerning Will's death. According to Nigel McCrery, who wrote the book Into Touch: Rugby Internationals Killed in the Great War, on the morning of 25 March 1917, Will took off from Le Hameau in a Nieuport 17 A6751 in a five-plane escort mission, and he and Lieutenant Christopher Guy Gilbert (aka the Dorset Flyer) never made it back. They were apparently attacked by the Red Baron's Flying Circus. Gilbert was shot down by the Baron, while Will was shot by the baron's brother Lothar von Richthofen.
Will's grave was found in December 1917, after the Allied forces made inroads into German-held territory. He was buried with a cross made from a broken propeller:
Will's remains were not reburied. He is commemorated at the Arras Flying Services Memorial.
Commemoration
On 25 March 2017 A commemoration ceremony was held in the Memorial Garden of Merchant Taylors' School. A 36-page booklet giving full biographical details was produced and is available here. Unique to the commemoration was that Will's nephew, Roger Hamer, was traced and was able to attend. He donated much memorabilia, including a fragment from Will's propeller, that is now stored at the School archives | WIKI |
nLab
geometric origin of inhomogeneous media
The geometric origin of inhomogeneous media
Summary
Just as geometry is encoded in the metric tensor and manifests itself via the Hodge star operator, so too do the electromagnetic constitutive equations?. For example, in linear media we have the simple constitutive relations
E=1ϵDandB=μH. E = \frac{1}{\epsilon} D \quad\text{and}\quad B = \mu H.
between the electric field EE and the magnetic field BB.
In 4d, we have
F=B+Edt F = B + E\wedge d t
The 4d constitutive relation is
G=F, G = \star F \,,
which under assumptions of linearity gives
F=η(DHdt), \star F = -\eta(D-H\wedge d t) \,,
where η=μϵ\eta = \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\epsilon}}. This may be written in a form that more closely mimics the tradition relations via
(vdtE)=1ϵDandB=μHvdt, \star(v d t\wedge E) = \frac{1}{\epsilon} D\quad\text{and}\quad\star B = \mu H\wedge v d t \,,
where v=1μϵv = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu\epsilon}} (Note: v=cv = c in vacuum).
What this means is the the electromagnetic properties of matter can be interpreted geometrically and are encoded in the Hodge star operator. Conversely, it means that geometrical properties of matter can be interpreted electromagnetically.
References
For more details see page 111 of Eric Forgy's dissertation.
Last revised on October 27, 2011 at 05:14:33. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
IGEM:Cambridge/2008/Notebook/Modelling
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Search this project
Customize your entry pages
Modelling Reaction-Diffusion Systems
Pulsating spots
Pulsating spots
Mathematically, reaction-diffusion systems are coupled nonlinear differential equations that can be solved numerically. Our first step will be to implement/model a simple two-component system originally proposed by Turing. After validating our numerical method and computating our first patterns (img to the right), we will be thinking about a more realistic system describing the behaviour of the activator and inhibitor system that we intend to engineer with B.subtilis. This will include an analysis of enzyme kinetics and we hope to deduce the parameter ranges, in which our B.subtilis construct will be able to form patterns, thus feeding back into our design decisions (promoter strength, rbs choice etc.).
We will also take an investigative approach and ask whether Turing-like patterns can originate from a system that is simpler than the one envisioned, consisting of fewer components, e.g. depending on a single signalling molecule only.
Introduction
How does pattern formation occur? Turing considered diffusion to be the crucial component. He showed that pattern formation occurs of the system has a stable steady state in the absence of diffusion, but allows unstable states to develop when the diffusion term is added. This results in divergence (or, in a biological context, gene expression/cell differentiation) and subsequent pattern formation. In the following sections, we shall deduce conditions for pattern formation for this simple system.
We will work with a two-component system and we non-dimensionalise the variables. The resulting general form is:
\frac{\partial A}{\partial t} = \gamma f(A,B) + \nabla^2 A
\frac{\partial B}{\partial t} = \gamma g(A,B) + d \nabla^2 B
where γ (determining the scale) is a constant and d stands for the diffusion ratio. We note that non-dimensionalisation has the added advantage that we can now map a specific pattern onto a wide range of biological parameters, the easiest example being that two different pairs of diffusion rates will result in the same pattern if the respective diffusion ratios remain unchanged.
Turing System
(also known as Schnakenberg reaction)
Case: Without diffusion, need stable steady state
Moving flame fronts
Moving flame fronts
Consider the following system without diffusion terms:
\frac{\partial A}{\partial t} = \gamma (\alpha - A + A^2B) = \gamma f(A,B)
\frac{\partial B}{\partial t} = \gamma (\beta - A^2B) = \gamma g(A,B)
We determine the steady state solution and add a small pertubation \tilde{A}, \tilde{B} to linearise the system about the steady state in order to determine its stability. In Matrix notation, the linearised system can be written as:
\begin{pmatrix}
\tilde{A_t} \\
\tilde{B_t} \\
\end{pmatrix}
=
\gamma
\begin{pmatrix}
f_A & f_B \\
g_A & g_B \\
\end{pmatrix}
.
\begin{pmatrix}
\tilde{A} \\
\tilde{B} \\
\end{pmatrix}
where the Jacobian is evaluated at the steady states of A and B. This is a set of coupled first-order ODEs and solutions are proportional to expt). In order to have a stable steady state, we need the real part of λ to be negative.
This requires fA + gB < 0 (need -ve trace) and fAgBfBgA > 0 (need +ve determinant), which we note as our first two conditions for pattern formation.
Case: With diffusion, need unstable steady states
Now we add diffusion to our system and require the resulting steady state to be unstable. After linearisation, the equation can be expressed as follows:
\begin{align}
\begin{pmatrix}
\tilde{A_t} \\
\tilde{B_t} \\
\end{pmatrix}
&=
\gamma
\begin{pmatrix}
f_A & f_B \\
g_A & g_B \\
\end{pmatrix}
.
\begin{pmatrix}
\tilde{A} \\
\tilde{B} \\
\end{pmatrix}
+
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & d \\
\end{pmatrix}
.
\nabla^2
\begin{pmatrix}
\tilde{A} \\
\tilde{B} \\
\end{pmatrix}
\\
& \equiv \gamma \mathbf{M}.\mathbf{w} + \mathbf{D}.\nabla^2\mathbf{w}
\end{align}
In the following steps, we consider solutions of this particular form \mathbf{w}(\mathbf{x},t) = \sum_{k} c_{k} e^{\lambda t} \mathbf{v}_k(\mathbf{x})
with \mathbf{v}_k satisfying \nabla^2 \mathbf{v}_k + k^2\mathbf{v}_k = 0.
After substituting into the linearised system, we can see that for each index k, we require:
det(\lambda \mathbf{I} - \gamma \mathbf{M} + k^2\mathbf{D}.\mathbf{v}_k) = 0.
We now need to determine the conditions for unstable steady states, i.e. conditions on the parameters for which Re(λ)>0 hold. The calculations will be standard and similar to the previous case: We need the trace and the determinant of the matrix \gamma \mathbf{M}-k^2\mathbf{D.v}_k to infer stability properties. Thus, we arrive at a set of inequalities that we can simplify to give us the following conditions:
\begin{align}
0 < \beta - \alpha &< (\alpha+\beta)^3 \\
d(\beta-\alpha) &> (\alpha+\beta)^3 \\
(d(\beta-\alpha)-(\alpha+\beta)^3)^2 &> 4d(\alpha+\beta)^4\\
\end{align}
These are a set of conditions that our parameters must satisfy in order for this particular system to develop patterns.
Given a (two-component) system, we can now infer which parameters to choose in order for the system to develop patterns. This saves us a lot of time as reaction diffusion systems are extremely sensitive to parameter changes and simply trying out sets of parameters will usually result in no patterning at all.
Bacillus and its signalling systems
We will first look at the specific components of our construct and models describing the behaviour of the agr and lux quorum-sensing systems will be introduced. We will then model our envisioned activator-inhibitor system and deduce under which conditions pattern formation will occur.
Peptide-signalling system
Receiver
We have created a simple model describing the agr-receiver device and it exhibits a two-state behaviour, akin to a switch. This is typical for quorum-sensing systems: once concentrations of AIP (our signalling molecule) pass a certain threshold value, the agr-receiver will jump from its previously "off-"state (negligible levels of PoPS from the P2 promoter) into an "on-"state (significant levels of PoPS). In nature, once the bacterial density (and thus AIP concentration) surpasses a critical value, the bacteria will e.g. sporulate, become virulent or fluoresce - behaviour that is biologically expensive (however, critical) and only advantageous at high cell densities.
The equations of this model read as follows:
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial [A]}{\partial t} &= p_{2} \frac{[A^{+}]^n}{1+[A^{+}]^n} + \beta - p_{+} [CP] [A] + p_{-} [A^{+}] - \delta [A] \\
\frac{\partial [A^{+}]}{\partial t} &= p_{+} [CP] [A] - p_{-} [A^{+}] - \delta [A^{+}] \\
\frac{\partial [C]}{\partial t} &= p_{2} \frac{[A^{+}]^n}{1+[A^{+}]^n} + \beta - c_{+} [C] [P] + c_{-} [CP] [P] - \delta [C] \\
\frac{\partial [P]}{\partial t} &= - c_{+} [C] [P] + c_{-} [CP] - \delta [P] \\
\frac{\partial [CP]}{\partial t} &= c_{+} [C] [P] - c_{-} [CP] - \delta [CP] \\
\end{align}
A rigorous justification (i.e. all the steps leading to this set of equations) should probably be on here as well.
Sender
Interesting note: There is experimental evidence that AIP production rates are not depended on the basal expression level of agrB and agrD.
AHL-signalling system
According to our experiments, B.subtilis does not degrade AHL.
Model behaviour, look at Bangalore 2007 & Canton et al. (2008), assay lux-system in B.subtilis.
A Repressible promoter
Activator-inhibitor system
Local activation, lateral inhibition.
Beyond Turing
Pattern formation with a single signalling molecule only?
Personal tools | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Gladys Reeves
Gladys Reeves (1890–1974), was an Edmonton, Alberta photographer, establishing a photographic studio in 1920 and staying in business until 1950.
Biography
Gladys Reeves was born in 1890 in Somerset, England. She and her family emigrated to Edmonton, Canada in 1904.
In 1905 she started her career in photography working as a receptionist for the photographer Ernest Brown. Brown helped Reeves start her own studio named The Art League in 1920. This was the first woman-owned photographic studio in Canada west of Winnipeg. The studio specialized in portraits and commercial photography
In 1929 Reeves' first studio was destroyed by fire, but reopened at a new location on Jasper Avenue.
Reeves and Brown opened the Pioneer Days Museum in the 1930s.
Concurrent with her success as a photographer, Reeves was involved with the beautification of Edmonton. She belonged to the Edmonton Horticultural Society where she served a term as President; the first woman to hold that office. She was a charter member of the Edmonton Tree Planting Committee. In 1923 the Edmonton Tree Planting Committee coordinated the planting of more than 5,000 trees on boulevards in Edmonton.
Reeves died in Edmonton on 26 April 1974 at the age of 83.
Her works were included in a 1983 exhibition entitled "Rediscovery: Canadian Women Photographers 1841–1941".
A collection of Reeves' photographs is in the Provincial Archives of Alberta | WIKI |
7 Travel Stocks to Buy Right Now
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
As the Covid-19 crisis initially capsized global societies, many daring investors targeted travel stocks to buy for the long haul. Their thinking centered on the eventual comeback effect. Once government restrictions faded, people who developed cabin fever would want to get out of the house. Known colloquially as revenge travel, this phenomenon bolstered several travel-related enterprises.
In 2023, it’s possible that we can see another last hurrah for certain travel stocks to buy. To be sure, consumer economy woes stemming largely from skyrocketing inflation dampened discretionary sentiment. Nevertheless, a recent CNBC article pointed out that Generation Z may provide a serious uptick. Though they may be short on cash, they desire experiences.
Basically, Gen Z marches to their own beat. And unlike other generations, this age cohort desires the expanding of horizons, mostly because of social media exposure. Therefore, even with challenging circumstances, the below travel stocks may see an upside.
BKNG Booking Holdings $2,653.68
HLT Hilton Hotels $146.78
LYV Live Nation $66.10
DIS Disney $98.17
LUV Southwest Airlines $31.15
RCL Royal Caribbean $60.41
UBER Uber Technologies $29.84
Booking Holdings (BKNG)
Source: OPOLJA / Shutterstock.com
Based in Norwalk, Connecticut, Booking Holdings (NASDAQ:BKNG) owns and operates several travel fare aggregators and travel fare metasearch engines. Arguably, its most popular site is Booking.com. Further, it operates websites in about 40 languages and 200 countries, making it popular with the global Gen Z crowd. Additionally, Booking.com’s commercials – which include relevant actors like Idris Elba – should appeal to younger travelers.
Financially, Booking offers a very solid canvas. First, its balance sheet delivers many stable metrics, including an Altman Z-Score of 5.79, thus reflecting low bankruptcy risk. Operationally, the travel specialist prints a three-year revenue growth rate of 7.2%, above 77% of companies listed in the travel and leisure industry. Also, it’s highly profitable, posting a trailing-year net margin of 17.89, above 84.68% of its peers.
Finally, Wall Street analysts peg BKNG as a consensus moderate buy. Their average price target is $2,789.57, implying nearly 4% upside potential. While it’s not one of the travel stocks to buy for becoming rich, BKNG should steer true.
Hilton (HLT)
Source: Shutterstock
A world-renowned hospitality giant, Hilton (NYSE:HLT) doesn’t immediately stand out as one of the travel stocks for Gen Z. Typically focusing on a higher-income crowd, Hilton generated upside recently, perhaps on anticipating wealthier consumers vacationing. Since the start of the year, HLT gained over 18% of its equity value.
Nevertheless, Hilton features some “fighter” brands, in particular Canopy by Hilton and Tru by Hilton. Focused on trendier, cozier lodgings but with an upscale vibe, the iconic hospitality firm is well-positioned to attract young customers. Moreover, Hilton’s competition in the home-rental space incurred some worrying trends. Thus, the hotel might be able to bank on its generally positive reputation.
As with other lodging enterprises, Hilton’s financials reflect the impact of the Covid-19 crisis. However, the company’s consistently profitable, featuring an impressive net margin of 14.3%. Lastly, covering analysts peg HLT as a consensus moderate buy. Their average price target stands at $155.10, implying nearly 5% upside potential.
Live Nation Entertainment (LYV)
Source: kondr.konst/Shutterstock.com
An American global entertainment company, Live Nation Entertainment (NYSE:LYV) promotes, operates, and manages ticket sales for live entertainment in the U.S. and internationally. Because Gen Z desires experiences over products, Live Nation fundamentally offers a tangentially relevant idea among travel stocks to buy. Still, it might require some tolerance for risk.
In particular, LYV gave up 39% of equity value in the past 365 days. Unfortunately, Live Nation hasn’t kept its nose clean from controversy, drawing the ire of Taylor Swift fans. Long story short, people couldn’t get access to the tickets, leading to many falling into the hands of scalpers. Still, scalping is basically one of the oldest capitalistic practices so the furor might fade away.
To be sure, LYV ranks among the riskiest travel stocks to buy not because of the aforementioned controversy but because of its less-than-great financials. Nevertheless, it might be undervalued based on free cash flow (FCF). To close out, analysts peg LYV as a consensus moderate buy. Their average price target comes out to $85.57, implying nearly 28% upside potential.
Disney (DIS)
Source: Shutterstock
Speaking of controversy, Disney (NYSE:DIS) finds itself in the middle of a national debate. Last year, the Magic Kingdom under then CEO Bob Chapek criticized Florida’s Parental Rights in Education bill. In response, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis seemingly retaliated, targeting Disney World’s special tax district in his state. As of now, the controversy continues to spill over, clouding what should be the happiest place on Earth.
Nevertheless, I believe Disney should benefit from the uproar, making DIS one of the travel stocks to buy. As a diverse cohort, the Pew Research Center states that Gen Z unsurprisingly supports progressive political views. Therefore, you might see young folks visit Disney World out of spite of Governor DeSantis. Second, going to Disney World might be a bucket list item for millions of Gen Z members.
On the financial front, Disney is a work in progress as it recovers from the pandemic. That said, it posts a solid three-year revenue growth rate of 2.7% (relative to the industry). Also, it’s consistently profitable. Turning to Wall Street, analysts peg DIS as a consensus strong buy. Their average price target stands at $129.17, implying nearly 30% upside potential.
Southwest Airlines (LUV)
Source: m.photo / Shutterstock.com
Diving into the trickier names among travel stocks to buy, Southwest Airlines (NYSE:LUV) ordinarily should be an easy buy. However, Covid-19 did a number on the air travel industry. Moreover, Southwest incurred significant damage. During the winter holiday season last year, the airliner suffered a severe disruption, leading to hefty losses. More recently, the company got hit with delayed or canceled flights, reminding investors of the prior painful incident.
Nevertheless, with Gen Z poised to travel in earnest this year, Southwest might deserve consideration among contrarian investors. Take aside its hiccups, the company ranks among the top discount airliners. Given that Gen Z is short on cash compared to other adult generations, LUV might fly higher.
Financially, it’s clear that Southwest operates in recovery mode from the pandemic’s devastation. For instance, the company’s long-term sales trend sits in negative territory. Still, the market prices LUV at a forward multiple of 10.63, which is undervalued. Looking to the Street, analysts peg LUV as a consensus moderate buy. Their average price target stands at $42.58, implying over 32% upside potential.
Royal Caribbean (RCL)
Source: Kokoulina / Shutterstock.com
Plying its trade in an industry that represented the poster child of the devastation of the Covid-19 pandemic, Royal Caribbean (NYSE:RCL) might not be for everyone. Still, if we’re just talking about performances on a year-to-date basis, RCL ranks among the top travel stocks to buy. Since the January opener, shares gained more than 29% in equity value.
Fundamentally, Royal Caribbean might do well among Gen Z because it provides myriad experiences. First, there’s the whole angle of going out to sea. During the cruise itself, patrons can enjoy several activities. When reaching the ultimate destination, adventures await on that journey as well. Put another way, cruises offer significant bang for the buck. Regarding the financials, let’s be clear about something: Gurufocus warns that it could be a value trap. Unsurprisingly, the pandemic and the subsequent government restrictions did a number on the industry.
Still, analysts peg RCL as a consensus moderate buy. Their average price target comes out to $84.11, implying over 33% upside potential.
Uber Technologies (UBER)
Source: Proxima Studio / Shutterstock.com
While it ranks among the riskiest travel stocks to buy, should Gen Z bolster the underlying sector, investors may want to consider Uber Technologies (NYSE:UBER). The company that basically introduced the sharing-economy concept to the public, Uber delivers a compelling profile. Notably, the Pew Research Center stated in 2019 that more Americans have been using ride-hailing apps.
Obviously, young people gravitate toward this arena but that’s a minor angle for travel stocks to buy. Much more significant is that young folks grew up using platforms like Uber. As well, since the service is tied to the Uber platform, you don’t really need to speak the language of the driver. Instead, you essentially upload your key stats, making the ride (generally speaking) a pleasant and convenient experience.
However, Gurufocus also warns that UBER may be another value trap. Profitability and fiscal stability represent ongoing concerns. Nevertheless, if you want to take a shot, analysts peg UBER as a consensus strong buy. Their average price target pings at $48.19, implying over 56% upside potential.
On the date of publication, Josh Enomoto did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.
A former senior business analyst for Sony Electronics, Josh Enomoto has helped broker major contracts with Fortune Global 500 companies. Over the past several years, he has delivered unique, critical insights for the investment markets, as well as various other industries including legal, construction management, and healthcare.
The post 7 Travel Stocks to Buy Right Now appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Geoffroea
Geoffroea is a rather small genus of wild spiny shrubs or small trees of tropical and subtropical South America. Although it gathers few species, they are highly extended geographically throughout the subcontinent. Each species is well known in its local area, as seen from the varied (and mostly domestic) usage of these trees as food, timber, or fuel. It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae. | WIKI |
St. Hugh was born in Burgundy, France in 1140. Hugh’s mother passed when he was only 8 years old. His father soon retired and went to live in a monastery where Hugh was raised and schooled. As a result, Hugh was drawn to monastic life. At age 15, Hugh joined the Augustinians, however, after a trip to the monastery of La Grande Chartreuse in the French Alps at the age of 23, Hugh decided to join the Carthusians instead. Hugh became a source of counsel for three kings throughout his life, Henry II, Richard I and John. King Henry appointed Hugh bishop of Lincoln. Hugh was at first apprehensive to accept the position but eventually did, making him the only Carthusian to have ever been a bishop in England. Hugh was also a force in the denouncement of the persecution of Jews across England in 1190-91. Hugh is considered the patron saint of sick children, sick people, shoemakers, and swans and he was canonized 20 years after his death in 1220. His feast day is November 16.
Questions for Reflection:
- Hugh of Lincoln was a proponent of social justice and religious tolerance. What causes have you stood up for? Is there a group of people or cause that you can help advocate for?
- Reach out to someone who is struggling with a difficult decision and simply lend an ear. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Tracking interaction facets
Current version: 9.2
This topic describes how to add facets to an interaction in the context of the tracker. For more information about facets, see the following topics:
Store facet data in custom values
1. Create an interaction facet and register it in the model.
2. Create an instance of an interaction facet in a tracking context. The facet must be marked [Serializable].
3. Add the facet to Sitecore.Analytics.Tracker.Current.Interaction.CustomValues as shown. In this example, the facet key is used as a dictionary key:
RequestResponseshell
namespace Documentation
{
public class Tracking
{
public void Example()
{
CustomerMood mood = new CustomerMood()
{
MoodDescription = "Super happy!"
};
Sitecore.Analytics.Tracker.Current.Interaction.CustomValues[CustomerMood.DefaultFacetKey] = mood;
}
}
}
Create an interaction conversion processor
1. Create a processor that inherits ConvertToXConnectInteractionProcessorBase
2. Implement the Process() method as shown. Copy the CustomerMood facet from args.TrackerVisitData.CustomValues to args.Facets.
RequestResponsec#
using Sitecore.Analytics.XConnect.DataAccess.Pipelines.ConvertToXConnectInteractionPipeline;
namespace Documentation
{
public class ConvertInteractionFacet : ConvertToXConnectInteractionProcessorBase
{
public override void Process(ConvertToXConnectInteractionPipelineArgs args)
{
if (args != null)
{
var customValues = args.TrackerVisitData.CustomValues;
var moodFacet = customValues[CustomerMood.DefaultFacetKey];
if (moodFacet != null && moodFacet is CustomerMood)
{
args.Facets.Add(CustomerMood.DefaultFacetKey, moodFacet);
}
}
}
}
}
Note
Custom values (args.TrackerVisitData.CustomValues) are not saved to xConnect. If custom values are not converted into a format that is supported by xConnect, the data will be lost.
Register the interaction conversion processor
Patch your processor in the main ConvertToXConnectInteractionProcessor as shown:
RequestResponsexml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<configuration xmlns:patch="http://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
<sitecore>
<pipelines>
<convertToXConnectInteraction>
<processor patch:after="processor[@type='Sitecore.Analytics.XConnect.DataAccess.Pipelines.ConvertToXConnectInteractionPipeline.ConvertToXConnectInteractionProcessor, Sitecore.Analytics.XConnect']" type="Documentation.ConvertInteractionFacet, Documentation"/>
</convertToXConnectInteraction>
</pipelines>
</sitecore>
</configuration>
Do you have some feedback for us?
If you have suggestions for improving this article, | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hemochromatosis Gene Test (HFE Test)
Test Overview
Hemochromatosis gene (HFE) testing is a blood test used to check for hereditary hemochromatosis, an inherited disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron. The iron then builds up in the blood, liver, heart, pancreas, joints, skin, and other organs.
In its early stages, hemochromatosis can cause joint and belly pain, weakness, lack of energy, and weight loss. It can also cause scarring of the liver ( cirrhosis ), darkening of the skin, diabetes , infertility , heart failure , irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia), and arthritis . But many people do not have symptoms in the early stages.
In men, hereditary hemochromatosis is usually found at ages 40 to 60. In women, it is not usually found until after menopause because, until that time, women regularly lose blood and iron during their monthly periods.
Why It Is Done
HFE testing is used to find out if a person has an increased chance of having hemochromatosis. It is often recommended for people who have a close family member—parent, brother, sister, or child—with this disease.
This test might be done if you have high iron levels in your blood. This test helps to find out if you have hemochromatosis.
HFE testing locates and identifies mutations in the HFE genes. These gene mutations are called C282Y and H63D.
How To Prepare
Generally, no special preparation is required before having a hemochromatosis gene test.
Genetic test results often have ethical, legal, or social implications. You may want to talk to a genetic counsellor before making a decision about testing. Genetic counsellors are trained to explain the test and its results clearly. A genetic counsellor can help you make well-informed decisions.
Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form (What is a PDF document?) .
How It Is Done
You might have a cheek test or a blood test.
For a cheek test, a health professional will gently swab or scrape the inside of your cheek to get a sample of cells.
For a blood test, the health professional taking a sample of your blood will:
• Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
• Clean the needle site with alcohol.
• Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
• Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
• Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
• Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
• Put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage.
How It Feels
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
If you get a cheek test, you will feel gentle pressure on the inside of your cheek from the swab.
You may worry or feel nervous before you have the test or while you are waiting for the results.
Risks
There is very little chance of a problem from having a cheek test or from having a blood sample taken from a vein. If you have a blood test:
• You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
• In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
• Ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. Aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and other blood-thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. If you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood-thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken.
Results
Hemochromatosis gene (HFE) testing is a blood test used to check for hereditary hemochromatosis, a disorder that is passed from a parent to a child (inherited) and causes the body to absorb too much iron. This HFE gene test is usually not used to check for other, less common causes of inherited hemochromatosis.
Hemochromatosis gene (HFE)
Normal:
Mutations (C282Y or H63D) are not found in the HFE gene. Normal results are called negative.
Abnormal:
Mutations (C282Y or H63D) are found in the HFE gene test. Abnormal results are called positive.
An abnormal test result does not mean that you have hemochromatosis or that you will have hemochromatosis. It means that you have a mutation in the HFE gene. Ask your doctor or a genetic counsellor to help you understand your test results.
What Affects the Test
There is a very small chance that the results of a hemochromatosis gene test may not be accurate if you have had a blood transfusion done within a week of the test.
What To Think About
• If you are thinking about having genetic testing, talk with your doctor about the benefits as well as the possibility of insurance, employment, or other discrimination based on test results. An HFE test result is private information.
• The information obtained from an HFE test can have a big impact on your life. Genetic counsellors are trained to help you understand your chance for having a child with an inherited (genetic) disease. A genetic counsellor can help you make well-informed decisions. Ask to have genetic counselling before making a decision about HFE testing.
• HFE testing is not able to predict whether you will have hemochromatosis. Although the test locates the most common HFE mutations, there may be other HFE mutations that the test does not find. You may have HFE mutations and not have the diseases or you may have symptoms of the disease but gene testing is does not find any mutations.
• HFE gene testing may identify the cause of high iron levels and eliminate the need for other tests, such as a liver biopsy .
• Iron and ferritin levels may also be checked at the same time as a hemochromatosis gene test.
Credits
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical Reviewer Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Brian D. O'Brien, MD - Internal Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Brian Leber, MDCM, FRCPC - Hematology
Current as ofJuly 15, 2014 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:KoppuPrashanth/sandbox
Prashanth Koppu
Prashanth Koppu Telugu film maker
He is worked as Assistant Director
Kalaya Nijama (2015) Gang Of Gabbar Singh (2015)
Category:Indian filmmakers Category:Telugu film directors | WIKI |
Talk:Darth Nihl
I think this is as complete as it can be at this time. See the Wookieepedia article on Darth Nihl, and you will find the two are similar in content. Chack Jadson 23:33, 3 May 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
In Reversal Since the Recession, Some States Give More Money to Public Television - NYTimes.com
Gov. Mike Pence of Indiana would seem an unlikely candidate to receive an award from the Association of Public Television Stations: In 2005, while in the House of Representatives, he led a failed attempt to zero out federal funding for public media. But last month, the association gave him a Champion of Public Broadcasting award for restoring previously cut state funding to support public broadcasting in his first budget as governor. State funding for public television, which nose-dived after the recession, has experienced an uptick in the last two years. Funding is still off sharply from the 2008 fiscal year, when 38 states appropriated about $277 million for public television stations or statewide networks, according to statistics collected by the National Educational Telecommunications Association and released by the television group. For 2014, 35 states set aside about $191.5 million. That was up about $10 million since last year, and a gain of $13.5 million since the appropriations hit a low of $178 million in the 2012 fiscal year, said Patrick Butler, chief executive of the Association of Public Television Stations. He said he is also optimistic about future gains; Gov. Robert J. Bentley of Alabama, for one, recently proposed $6.35 million in funding, a 38 percent increase, for Alabama Public Broadcasting. Gov. Mike Pence of Indiana, left, and Patrick Butler of the Association of Public Television Stations, last month. Phil Humnicky The figures are not precise because in some states appropriations for public radio and television are reported as a single figure and the telecommunications association did not break out television's portion. Also, some of the additional money was given as one-time grants for capital improvements or as contracts for specific services and not as general allocations. But the trend is hopeful, Mr. Butler said, noting that 21 states increased support in the current budget cycle. Seven states allocated the same amount of funding and seven reduced support. In making the case for support, public television stations are increasingly promoting new educational services including digital classroom resources through PBS Learning Media, online high school courses and work force training as well as their traditional role in early childhood education through Sesame Street and other programs. We are low-cost, high-quality providers of these services in ways we weren't before, Mr. Butler said, adding that state governments have begun to realize that the new offerings can be a valuable adjunct to state-provided educational services. Stations have also begun to use their broadcast spectrum for public safety applications, he said. In Florida, funding for public broadcasting ended after Gov. Rick Scott's 2011 inauguration. Today, after some money was restored, it stands at $7.4 million, including funds to support infrastructure improvements, after the state's public broadcasters did a return-on-investment calculation. We looked at all the resources and what we provide in services back, and the return was just about $11 for every dollar the state gave us, said Janyth Righter, executive director of the Florida Public Broadcasting Service. Governor Pence, in his address when he received his award, said it was an easy call when state officials were weighing whether to include funding in the budget. Public television plays a vital role in educating all of the public, but most especially our children, he said. The bankrolling of a lawsuit against the Gawker website by the Silicon Valley figure Peter Thiel has led to a debate encompassing broader themes. Gawker Media also hired an investment banker to help explore its options for a possible sale. Warner Bros.' Batman v Superman would seem to have the box-office edge, but Captain America: Civil War has surged past it. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Law Ho Yin
Law Ho Yin (羅浩賢; born 13 September 1998) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
In July 2016, Law started his career with Hong Kong Second Division club Resources Capital, helping them achieve promotion to the Hong Kong top flight.
In 2019, he was appointed captain of Resources Capital.
On 11 December 2021, Law announced his retirement from professional football. | WIKI |
Jonny Maddison
Jonathan Geoffrey Maddison (born 4 September 1994) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made 61 league and cup appearances in a seven-year playing career.
He began his career at Sunderland before joining Crawley Town in May 2013 following a spell on loan. He joined Leicester City a year later and made his debut in senior football on loan at Leamington in March 2015. He signed with Yeovil Town in July 2016 and made his debut in the English Football League in April 2017. However, he left the club in June 2018 to play first-team football at non-League Darlington. Upon signing with Port Vale in July 2019, he returned to the Football League but did not make a league appearance during his one season at the club.
Sunderland
Maddison was awarded a two-year scholarship at the Sunderland Academy in 2011. On 29 January 2013, Maddison signed for League Two club Crawley Town on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season; "Red Devils" manager Richie Barker said that he would provide competition for Paul Jones.
Crawley Town
In May 2013, having been released by Sunderland, Maddison signed permanently for Crawley Town on a one-year contract, but failed to make an appearance for the Sussex club before being released at the end of the 2013–14 season.
Leicester City
Maddison then joined the development side of Premier League club Leicester City. In March 2015, Maddison joined National League North side Leamington on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season. He made his debut in senior football for the "Brakes" on 14 March, in a 1–0 defeat at Gainsborough Trinity. He made eight further appearances for Leamington, becoming the seventh goalkeeper to feature for them during the campaign as the club suffered relegation into the seventh tier.
Yeovil Town
On 14 July 2016, Maddison signed for League Two side Yeovil Town on a one-year contract. He made his Yeovil debut on 30 August, in a 4–3 victory over Portsmouth in an EFL Trophy fixture at Huish Park. On 14 April 2017, following an injury to first-choice keeper Artur Krysiak, Maddison made his English Football League debut for Yeovil at Newport County. In June 2017, after making 11 appearances in his first season with the "Glovers", Maddison signed a new two-year contract with the club.
He had to wait until another injury to Krysiak in February of the 2017–18 season before playing a first-team game, though he won praise from manager Darren Way for his performance in a 2–0 home win over Barnet on 13 February; Way stated that "he wanted to move in the window but this is his opportunity; you're judged on your reputation and his reputation with the supporters singing his name is very high". He made a total of ten league appearances during the campaign before leaving Yeovil by mutual consent on 26 June 2018.
Darlington
On 26 June 2018, Maddison joined National League North club Darlington. Manager Tommy Wright described his arrival as "a real coup for the club". He featured 29 times in the 2018–19 campaign.
Port Vale
Maddison signed a one-year deal with League Two side Port Vale on 31 July 2019, after impressing manager John Askey on trial; he was expected to provide cover for Player of the Year winner Scott Brown. He made his debut for the "Valiants" in a 2–1 victory over Newcastle United U21 in an EFL Trophy group stage game at Vale Park on 11 November. This would prove to be his only appearance for the club and he was released at the end of the 2019–20 season.
Later life
Maddison was unable to find a new club during the COVID-19 pandemic in England, and instead spent two years working as an operations manager for Amazon, before taking up a coaching position at the Academy at Middlesbrough. | WIKI |
How to Stop Gum Disease?
Cure Gum Disease With These Amazing Tips
Four out of five Americans aged 11 and over have gum disease. Do you want to know how to cure gum disease?
If so, you’re in luck. We have the answer for you. Our article has all the information and tips on curing gum disease you need, so keep reading! It’s possible to cure Gingivitis and periodontal disease, but it takes a few simple changes in your daily routine. You can start by brushing and flossing with the right tools, using an anti-bacterial mouthwash, getting regular cleanings from your dentist. There are even more things that you can do to reverse the damage done to your teeth and gums! It takes a few simple changes in our daily routines.
Click here right now if you want some great advice on curing gum disease today!
Good dental practice to prevent gum disease:
The first thing that is recommended to help prevent gum disease and prevent further tooth decay is to make sure you’re practicing good dental health practices. This means avoiding tobacco, drinking alcohol, and making sure your mouth is free of food particles. In order to improve the appearance of your teeth, you’ll want to floss regularly and brush your teeth at least twice a day.
To protect your gum line and fight off bacteria and plaque, you must start from the beginning. Most people who try to treat gum problems without consulting a dentist don’t know what to look for or how to target certain ingredients. For example, many people use toothpaste to take care of their teeth. While toothpaste can be beneficial, thousands of other ingredients can be harmful to the body. Only your dentist can make sure you’re using the right combinations of ingredients to prevent gum disease and protect your overall health.
Bacteria, tartar, plaque, and bone loss all have something to do with why we have cavities. What you eat, drink, and do can help increase the formation of these harmful substances. If you want to avoid Gingivitis and the occurrence of cavities, then you must get to the root of the problem. To do that, start by consulting with your dentist and learning everything you can about the good ways to maintain your teeth and gums healthy.
Good oral hygiene:
One of the primary ways to prevent gum disease and cavities is through good oral hygiene. This includes brushing twice daily, flossing, and visiting the dentist regularly. As the mouth develops bacteria over time, it is necessary to kill this off to prevent serious dental problems from developing. It is also necessary to remember that not all teeth need to be cleaned. If there are problems with the bone surrounding the teeth, then brushing them is not enough.
By cleaning the teeth thoroughly and removing any debris left behind, you can help to reduce the risk of cavities.
However, once the cavities have formed, you must learn to prevent further inflammation from keeping them from getting worse. When bacteria form within your mouth and causes inflammation, this causes tooth decay and cavities form. To fight these bacteria, you must reduce the amount of inflammation and kill the bacteria causing the inflammation first. This means flossing, brushing and using mouthwash.
These simple steps are the same no matter who suffers from periodontal disease, so anyone can learn how to cure gum disease. One big difference for people suffering from this disease is regular dental checkups and cleanings. Visit your dentist regularly, especially if you notice any signs of infection or inflammation. The earlier you can start treating and preventing periodontal disease, the better.
What can you do to treat gum disease?
This depends on multiple, and various factors, including how far advanced your gum disease is and Gingivitis or periodontal disease. The more advanced your disease of gum is, the harder you will need to work at it. You should also work to prevent gum disease from getting the most benefit from your efforts to cure it. If you currently have gum disease and are not at risk for gum disease becoming more advanced, then there are steps you can take to prevent gum disease from progressing to a more advanced stage.
Cause of periodontitis:
Gum disease is generally caused due to the buildup of a thin, sticky white film called tartar on the teeth and gingiva. Tartar bacteria irritate the gums and lead to inflammation. When this happens, it allows bacteria to infect the tissues of the jaw bone and the root of the tooth. When this happens, your tooth becomes infected and needs to be removed. If your gums are irritated or swollen and your teeth have become infected with periodontal pockets or periodontitis, you have the first stages of gum disease.
There are several different symptoms that you might have. One of the best-known symptoms of periodontitis is swelling of the face and around the mouth. Other symptoms include gummy or gritty saliva, bleeding gums, tender or swollen gums, tooth sensitivity, bad breath, bad taste, and loss of appetite. You may also notice in the teeth a loss of sensation or difficulty chewing.
How do you know if you are experiencing any of the symptoms of periodontal disease?
Only after your dentist has done the proper tests can you diagnose yourself.
The first steps in treating any gum disease are to remove all of the periodontal pockets or plaque from the teeth. After this, the treatment plan starts to focus on reducing the bacteria in the mouth. When you think that you have Gingivitis or periodontitis, you should see your dentist as soon as possible.
Periodontal disease is defined as the stiffening and starting of the gums. This can occur either at the onset of Gingivitis or later. Advanced periodontal disease can lead to the loosening and removal of the diseased tooth. The pain associated with advanced periodontal disease can be unbearable, and the patient may be tempted just to let the tooth go. However, if your gums are starting to bleed while brushing or have swollen or sore gums while experiencing bad breath, you most likely have the initial stage of periodontal disease, referred to as Gingivitis, present.
In the case of severe plaque buildup, the enamel on your teeth will come off the surface of your teeth in places where they should remain. This can be particularly problematic because teeth lose their ability to hold onto bacteria and tooth decay over time. Even if bacteria are not accumulating on the surface of your teeth, they can still make their way into pockets and crevices along the edges of your teeth, where they can grow back into your mouth later without you realizing it.
The symptoms of receding gums can range from mild to severe, depending on the severity of the condition. Some people experience no symptoms, while others’ symptoms can include soreness, bleeding gums, and abscesses. In addition, some people experience symptoms only when bacteria are present. If bacteria are present, they will help form plaque, which will lead to more serious dental issues down the line.
Risk factors of Gingivitis:
Gum disease also has certain risk factors that affect women more than men. Women tend to have more sensitive gums. Women are also more likely to experience gum problems at some point during their lives. Women tend to experience these problems because of hormonal changes that accompany pregnancy. Pregnancy causes a lot of stress- on the body and the mouth. You can see hormonal changes happening to your mouth at least twice a year: during menstrual cycles and perimenopause.
These hormonal changes cause your mouth to become more sensitive to bacteria and to create more plaque. As you continue to eat and take care of your teeth, the risk factors associated with gum disease cause your mouth to become even more irritated. As the bacteria infect your teeth, you may experience inflammation, which increases the risk of gum disease.
The increased risk of gum disease is not confined to women only. It also applies to people who have recently gone through a significant period of oral hygiene maintenance. People who brush and floss regularly are less likely to experience Gingivitis. Those who suffer from poor dental hygiene habits are also more prone to developing Gingivitis.
Gingivitis or periodontal disease is a common problem with people in their middle ages and older. This is specifically due to the changes in our lifestyle, which tend to weaken the protective gingiva (the term used for the connective tissue that connects the gum to the teeth).
Thus resulting in weakening of the protection of the jawbone and periodontal pockets, and thus allowing bacteria to attack the bone and causing periodontal disease. Gum inflammation is also caused by bacteria buildup (plaques) on the supporting tissues surrounding the tooth.
Natural remedies for the treatment of periodontitis:
Tumeric:
Best natural remedies for gum inflammation and periodontal disease includes the use of turmeric. The most basic ingredient in turmeric is curcumin, an active ingredient that destroys bacteria causing periodontitis.
A regular intake of turmeric supplements can help slow down or stop the progression of the disease. Turmeric has many antiseptic properties that are very effective in treating and preventing bacterial infections in the mouth. It is, therefore, a good natural remedy for dealing with dental problems.
Ginger powder or ginger juice:
An herbal remedy made of ginger powder or ginger juice is another among the best home remedies for Gingivitis. The symptoms of Gingivitis are the same as for periodontitis. This includes bleeding when brushing the teeth, pain while eating or drinking, and bad breath. Gingivitis symptoms can be prevented by brushing the teeth at least twice a day and flossing.
Alovera:
Like all the other home remedies for dealing with oral health problems, aloe vera is also effective in treating the symptoms of Gingivitis. Aloe vera has antifungal properties that help fight fungi. In addition, aloe vera contains enzymes that are useful in the treatment of oral infections. The antifungal agents in aloe vera can weaken the enzyme that causes Candida albicans to multiply. Oral thrush caused by yeast can be effectively managed through the use of aloe vera gel.
You can use aloe vera gel on the affected area directly. Just make sure you are using aloe vera gel that has already been prepared before applying it to your gums. Use aloe vera gel at least twice a day for two days straight to see the best results. If you have any worries about its effectiveness, you can check how effective aloe vera gel is in treating other health issues like bacterial infections and rheumatoid arthritis. If you want an instant remedy, you can try using aloe vera gel today and enjoy anti-inflammatory relief within minutes.
Grapefruit seed extract:
Another among the best home remedies for combating fungal infection is a mixture of grapefruit seed extract, yogurt, and clove oil. This remedy for oral thrush uses grapefruit seed extract, a good antiseptic, and clove oil, which kills yeast. To make this combination, take grapefruit seed extract, yogurt, and clove oil, mix them, and stir into a cup of warm water. Drink this three times a day.
Saltwater:
Saltwater gargling is also among the best home remedies for candida and periodontal diseases. The combination of baking soda and saltwater is effective against dental plaque and can stimulate the salivary glands. Brushing with saltwater or clove oil dipped in saltwater is also helpful in stimulating the salivary glands. For better effect, do not forget to add the antiseptic liquid chlorine to the mixture after mixing it with water. Saltwater gargling should be done twice a day.
Smoking and tobacco:
Cigarette smoking and chewing tobacco also contribute to the risk of getting diseased gums. This is because cigarette smoking causes inflammation on the gum tissues while chewing is usually relieved of stress and mouth discomfort. Chewing tobacco after meals is a big no-no. These practices can cause loosening of the plaque that already exists inside the mouth. If left untreated, the plaque will lead to infection and inflammation of the gum. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Category: MPR
The Effect of Contact Pressure and Surface Texture on Running-in Behavior of Case Carburized Steel under Boundary Lubrication
Many engineering tests start with a run-in procedure, as it is commonly accepted that running-in at some fraction of the target load is beneficial due to a reduction in surface roughness. However, the choice of load and duration is often based on historical context or the experience and philosophies of the testing personnel. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effects of contact pressure and initial composite roughness on the surface evolution during the initial stage of testing, and (2) use this information to determine if there is an optimal load and time for the run-in portion of a test. These tests were conducted with a disc-type machine using carburized steel specimens with a circumferential lay direction and oil with anti-wear additives under specific conditions of slide-to-roll ratio, entraining velocity, oil spin-off temperature, and oil/additive package. The specimen surface was inspected using non-contact profilometery every minute for the first 10 minutes of testing, with a subsequently increasing inspection interval for a total of 150 minutes. The data demonstrate that the surface roughness reduces within the first few minutes of testing and remains stable for a period of time, which is dependent on the pressure and initial composite roughness. Additionally, hardness measurements indicate that hardness gains are occurring during the test, but over a longer timeframe. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Physiological Pathways of Stress response
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland are close neighbors and collaborators!
Hypothalamus is the stress "commanding general" despite its small size. It receives "intelligence" information from two sources. 1- Brain cortex provides it with outside information i.e. whether there is an external threat or demand. 2- Brain limbic system (the emotional part of the brain that stores long term memory, fear, anger, sadness, happy feelings and emotional attachments) provides it with information about internal needs and demands .This is how perceived threats, fears, worries and bad memories cause the same stress response as real threats.
Hypothalamus then analyzes the extent of threats or demands and issues orders to sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla (inner part) and pituitary gland to start body's stress response pathways.
Adrenal medulla, by direct order from hypothalamus, releases large amounts of potent hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Pituitary gland then releases hormones from its front part (anterior pituitary) to stimulate adrenal cortex (ACTH or Adreno-Cortical Stimulating Hormone) and thyroid gland (TSH or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). The back part (posterior pituitary) secrets Vasopressin to directly affect smooth muscles in small blood vessels, kidney tubules and uterus. Adrenal cortex , in response to ACTH, releases extra amounts of cortisol and aldosterone. Thyroid gland, in response to TSH, increases its hormone (thyroxin) output.
Stress hormones cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased urine output, increased blood sugar, decreased brain cognitive function, dilated pupils, increased sweating, increased bowel contractility, increased stomach acid production, increased metabolic rate, reduced immune function and increased protein breakdown. Muscle tension is not hormonal. It is a direct cortical to skeletal system pathway which occurs when a threat (real or perceived) is detected.
While the pituitary gland is busy pumping out stress hormones, its other non-stress hormone production is suppressed. These include Prolactin, Gonadotropin and growth hormone. Therefore chronic stress also leads to sexual dysfunction, loss of libido, cessation of milk production and breast development, protein breakdown, loss of tissue integrity, premature births and miscarriages.
Neuro-hormonal stress pathways
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
Non-stress hormones GH, Gonadotropin and Prolactin are suppressed in chronic stress syndrome | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Deep in the woods of Kentucky, a fiercely private family gave birth to blue-skinned children since the 1800s. The color of their skin was so shocking for normal people to see, that they chose to stay hidden away from the rest of society in their small community. Very few people knew they even existed, until today.
In 1820, French orphan Martin Fugate and his wife Elizabeth Smith moved onto the banks of Troublesome Creek, a beautiful area in Appalachian Kentucky. There is no official record documenting that Martin was actually blue, but he and his wife both carried a recessive gene that gave their son Zachariah Fugate a startling blue color. Martin and Elizabeth had seven children — four of them were blue. Since the gene causing their blue coloration is recessive, the family had a 25% chance of having a blue child with each pregnancy if Martin and Elizabeth were carriers. If Martin was blue, the odds would have increased to 50% for each child as Martin would have carried two copies of the recessive gene.
This is because of a condition called methemoglobinemia, which causes methemoglobin levels in the red blood cells to rise above 1 percent. It turns the skin blue, the lips purple, and the blood a chocolate brown. Methemoglobinemia can be triggered by exposure to particular chemicals (benzocaine and xylocaine, for example), but in this case, it was inherited and the product of a faulty gene that most probably caused a deficiency in an enzyme called cytochrome-b5 methemoglobin reductase.
In the 1960s, Dr Madison Cawein was able to test two Fugate descendants, Patrick and Rachel Ritchie. “They were bluer’n hell,” Cawein said. “They were really embarrassed about being blue. They wouldn’t come into the waiting room. You could tell how much it bothered them.” After conducting many blood tests, Cawein came to the conclusion that methemoglobinemia was the root of the problem, and determined that he could convert the methemoglobin back by simply injecting a missing… | FINEWEB-EDU |
Powys (disambiguation)
Powys is a county in Wales.
Powys may also refer to:
* Kingdom of Powys, a medieval kingdom in what is now Wales and England
* Powys (surname)
* Powys Thomas (1925–1977), British-born actor | WIKI |
User:Umer.malik19/sandbox
= Shafaat Ullah Shah = Lieutenant General Shafaat Ullah Shah, HI(M) is a retired three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who has served as Military Secretary to the President of Pakistan and Corps Commander, Lahore. He had the distinction of serving as the Colonel Commandant of the prestigious Baloch Regiment. His last appointment in the Army was Chief of the Logistic Staff at GHQ, Rawalpindi. After his retirement, he served as the Ambassador of Pakistan to the Kingdom of Jordon. He is author of a book titled, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, published in 1983 besides writing regularly for various magazines and newspapers. An honors Graduate of Staff College Camberley, UK, and National Defense College, Pakistan, he holds Master’s degrees. He is currently part of Ottawa Dialogue on Track II diplomacy.
As Corps Commander, Lahore he is credited for conceiving and implementing, first time in the Army, a Medical College associated with Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore and a polytechnic, to teach technical skills to the youth, free of cost. Both the institutions were inaugurated by President Pervaiz Musharraf on 06 November 2011. CMH Lahore Medical College has been graded as the Best Medical College in Pakistan by Pakistan Medical and Dental Council in 2020. | WIKI |
-- Russia Wants UN Monitors Sent to Syria in Next Few Days
Russia called on the United Nations
to send observers to Syria to monitor the cease-fire that took
effect today and guard against the risk of “provocations.” “We’d like this to happen in the next few days,” Deputy
Foreign Minister Gennady Gatilov said today in an interview in
Moscow, adding that the UN has all the necessary resources to do
so. “We shouldn’t allow a big pause between the cease-fire
taking effect and monitors being deployed,” he said. Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on his ministry’s
Twitter Inc. account that the presence of independent observers
in Syria is “very important” in case of “provocations.” He
said he’d asked UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon to finalize
details of the monitoring mission in order to secure approval of
the Security Council , the UN’s decision-making body. Syria’s army ended operations this morning after carrying
out “successful missions in combating criminal acts by armed
terrorist groups,” the official Syrian Arab News Agency
reported, citing a Defense Ministry official it didn’t identify.
It said troops will stay on alert “to confront any attack by
armed terrorist groups against civilians, law-enforcement
members, the armed forces and private and public facilities.” Fast Action The Security Council will take fast action to support a
request by special envoy Kofi Annan for observers to monitor the
cease-fire, according to a Council diplomat who spoke on
condition of anonymity because the members met in closed
consultations. The 6 a.m. cease-fire was holding, Annan said in
a statement. The Syrian government is “absolutely” committed to the
cease-fire, Jihad Makdissi, a spokesman for the Foreign
Ministry, said today in an interview with the BBC ’s Radio 4.
“We do want monitors to come as soon as possible to monitor any
possible violations.” Russia has a positive stance on the Syrian government’s
response to the cease-fire and is seeking a similar approach
from the country’s opposition, according to Gatilov. To contact the reporters on this story:
Stepan Kravchenko in Moscow at
skravchenko@bloomberg.net ;
Henry Meyer in Moscow at
hmeyer4@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Balazs Penz at
bpenz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Sharing Our Passion For Technology
& continuous learning
〈 Back to Blog
Java EE 6 and Scala
By Zach Cox | February 22, 2010 | Development
Last weekend while pondering the question “Is Scala ready for the enterprise?” I decided to write a simple Java EE 6 app entirely in Scala, without using any Java. I had three main reasons for doing this: one was just to see how easy/difficult it would be to write everything in Scala (it was easy). Another was to document the process for others journeying down the same road (the entire project is on github). Finally, I wanted to identify advantages of using Scala instead of Java that are specific to Java EE apps (I found several).
Background
The specific app I created was an adaptation of the Books example from Chapter 10 of Beginning Java™ EE 6 Platform with GlassFish™ 3. It’s a simple web app that displays a list of books in a database and lets you add new books. Although it’s a pretty trivial app, it does touch on several important Java EE 6 technologies: JPA 2.0, EJB 3.1 and JSF 2.0.
Results
As a baseline, I first created the example from the Book using Java (and put it on github). The three Java classes are mostly identical to the book: Book.java, BookEjb.java and BookController.java. Aside from those, I refactored common elements of the two JSF views into a template, included the Blueprint CSS framework and created a better Maven pom.xml.
Next I rewrote the Java parts in Scala (and put it on github). Initially I did a one-to-one mapping of the Java classes to their Scala counterparts. Once that was complete I did a bit of refactoring to Book.scala and BookEjb.scala, so the versions you’ll see on github now look a bit different. During this process I did use some hints from a few other related blog posts.
JPA
First up, here’s Book.java:
package com.sourceallies.model;
import javax.persistence.*;
@Entity
@NamedQuery(name = Book.FindAllBooks, query = "SELECT b FROM Book b")
public class Book {
public static final String FindAllBooks = "findAllBooks";
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String title;
private Float price;
@Column(length = 2000)
private String description;
private String isbn;
private Integer nbOfPage;
private Boolean illustrations;
public Long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Long id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getTitle() {
return title;
}
public void setTitle(String title) {
this.title = title;
}
public Float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(Float price) {
this.price = price;
}
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public void setDescription(String description) {
this.description = description;
}
public String getIsbn() {
return isbn;
}
public void setIsbn(String isbn) {
this.isbn = isbn;
}
public Integer getNbOfPage() {
return nbOfPage;
}
public void setNbOfPage(Integer nbOfPage) {
this.nbOfPage = nbOfPage;
}
public Boolean getIllustrations() {
return illustrations;
}
public void setIllustrations(Boolean illustrations) {
this.illustrations = illustrations;
}
public static String getFindallbooks() {
return FindAllBooks;
}
}
The Java version has 58 lines of completely useless getters & setters. You need at least 9 lines per field and more for additional annotations. IDEs like Eclipse can generate these getters/setters for you, but they still take up space and must be maintained over time.
Now let’s look at the Book entity in Scala:
package com.sourceallies.model
import javax.persistence._
import scala.reflect._
@Entity
@NamedQuery{val name = "findAllBook", val query = "SELECT b FROM Book b"}
class Book extends Id with Description {
@Column{val nullable = false}
@BeanProperty
var title: String = _
@BeanProperty
var price: Float = _
@BeanProperty
var isbn: String = _
@BeanProperty
var nbOfPage: Int = _
@BeanProperty
var illustrations: Boolean = _
}
/** Defines an id field for entities to use as a primary key. */
trait Id {
@javax.persistence.Id
@GeneratedValue{val strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY}
@BeanProperty
var id: Long = _
}
/** Defines a description field for entities. */
trait Description {
@Column{val length = 2000}
@BeanProperty
var description: String = _
}
In the code base these are actually three separate files: Book.scala, Id.scala and Description.scala, I just included them all in one place here for convenience.
The Scala version needs only two lines per field: one for the @BeanProperty annotation to generate getters/setters in the compiled class and one to declare the field itself. This is seven lines less than the Java version per field.
Fields are declared as vars so they are public by default, mutable and every var that is a non-private member of some object implicitly defines a getter and a setter method with it. So “var x” defines a getter just named “x” and a setter named “x_=”. This lets you get the field using object.x and set it using object.x = y.
If JPA supported Scala-style accessors & mutators, we’d be done, but it requires the use of get/set methods. This is why we use @BeanProperty on each field. This instructs the Scala compiler to generate Java-style get/set methods in the compiled class file so it looks just like a Java entity to JPA.
You may also be wondering why each field is assigned a value of _ in its declaration. This is just the default value in Scala, just like omitting an initializer in Java: 0 for numeric types, false for booleans, and null for reference types.
The annotations also look a bit different; in Java they’re @Column(nullable = false) but in Scala are @Column{val nullable = false}. This is just how you do it in Scala.
I also pulled the id and description fields out into their own traits. This makes the entity class shorter and makes common fields reusable and more consistent across entities. I could have pulled all fields out into their own traits, but in practice there’s probably a limit to how much you’d want to do this, some fields will be specific to a single entity class and not reusable.
EJB
Now let’s look at BookEjb.java:
package com.sourceallies.ejb;
import java.util.*;
import javax.ejb.*;
import javax.persistence.*;
import com.sourceallies.model.*;
@Stateless
public class BookEjb {
@PersistenceContext(unitName = "book")
private EntityManager manager;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public List<Book> findBooks() {
return manager.createNamedQuery(Book.FindAllBooks).getResultList();
}
public Book createBook(Book book) {
manager.persist(book);
return book;
}
}
The Java version is very simple: it basically just provides two Book-specific CRUD methods using a JPA EntityManager.
And here is the Scala version:
package com.sourceallies.ejb
import javax.ejb._
import javax.persistence._
import com.sourceallies.model._
@Stateless
@LocalBean
class BookEjb extends CrudEjb[Book]
/** Provides basic CRUD support using an injected JPA entity manager. */
trait CrudEjb[E] {
@PersistenceContext
protected var manager: EntityManager = _
def create(entity: E): E = {
manager persist entity
entity
}
def readAll()(implicit m: Manifest[E]) = manager createNamedQuery ("findAll" + m.erasure.getSimpleName) getResultList
def read(id: Long)(implicit manifest: Manifest[E]): E = manager.find(manifest.erasure, id).asInstanceOf[E]
def update(entity: E): E = manager merge entity
def delete(entity: E) { manager remove entity }
}
Again, these are two separate files in the actual code base: BookEjb.scala and CrudEjb.scala.
In the Scala version I created the CrudEjb trait that provides full CRUD support for any JPA entity, so the concrete EJB can be defined simply as BookEjb extends CrudEjb[Book]. In several places we need the Class object of the entity, which is difficult to obtain due to Java’s erasure of generic types at runtime. Scala’s Manifests are a great solution to this problem.
The Scala version requires the @LocalBean annotation while the Java version does not (not sure why). Also the EntityManager is defined as a var without the Java-style getters and setters. The container is able to inject the EntityManager using the Scala-style mutator (bean.manager = x) but it does log an error about it not having a set method.
JSF
And now the BookController.java:
package com.sourceallies.controller;
import java.util.*;
import javax.ejb.*;
import javax.faces.bean.*;
import com.sourceallies.ejb.*;
import com.sourceallies.model.*;
@ManagedBean
@RequestScoped
public class BookController {
@EJB
private BookEjb ejb;
private Book book;
private List<Book> bookList;
public Book getBook() {
if (book == null)
book = new Book();
return book;
}
public void setBook(Book book) {
this.book = book;
}
public List<Book> getBookList() {
if (bookList == null)
bookList = ejb.findBooks();
return bookList;
}
public void setBookList(List<Book> bookList) {
this.bookList = bookList;
}
public String doNew() {
return "newBook.xhtml";
}
public String doCreateBook() {
book = ejb.createBook(book);
bookList = ejb.findBooks();
return "listBooks.xhtml";
}
}
This Java version is simply a Book-specific CRUD wrapper around BookEjb, and provides Book and List<Book> objects to the JSF views.
And finally, BookController.scala:
package com.sourceallies.controller
import javax.ejb._
import javax.faces.bean._
import com.sourceallies.model._
import com.sourceallies.ejb._
@ManagedBean
@RequestScoped
class BookController {
@EJB
private var ejb: BookEjb = _
private val book = new Book
def getBook = book
def getBookList = ejb.readAll
def doNew() = "newBook.xhtml"
def doCreateBook() = {
ejb create book
"listBooks.xhtml"
}
}
The Scala version is basically just the Java version converted to Scala, no major changes, just looks a bit cleaner due to Scala’s concise syntax. As with the EJB, we get an error logged about not having a set method for injecting BookEjb, but the container does actually inject an instance properly.
Conclusion
Even though this was a simple example, I think it shows a few advantages of using Scala instead of Java in Java EE apps. You can forget about useless getters/setters in JPA entity classes, use traits to reuse common JPA entity field definitions and mixin common behavior in EJBs (example: BookEjb could also mixin Logging trait and other traits). And advanced Scala features like Manifests help you write better code faster.
This example only scratched the surface of what Scala can do, and didn’t even use things like closures, case classes, pattern matching or Scala’s functional programming capabilities (using Scala collections of JPA entities would help a lot).
〈 Back to Blog | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
skip to main content
Title: Nebular spectra of 111 Type Ia supernovae disfavour single-degenerate progenitors
ABSTRACT We place statistical constraints on Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) progenitors using 227 nebular-phase spectra of 111 SNe Ia. We find no evidence of stripped companion emission in any of the nebular-phase spectra. Upper limits are placed on the amount of mass that could go undetected in each spectrum using recent hydrodynamic simulations. With these null detections, we place an observational 3σ upper limit on the fraction of SNe Ia that are produced through the classical H-rich non-degenerate companion scenario of $\lt 5.5 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Additionally, we set a tentative 3σ upper limit otan He star progenitor scenarios of $\lt 6.4 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, although further theoretical modelling is required. These limits refer to our most representative sample including normal, 91bg-like, 91T-like, and ‘super-Chandrasekhar’ SNe Ia but excluding SNe Iax and SNe Ia-CSM. As part of our analysis, we also derive a Nebular Phase Phillips Relation, which approximates the brightness of an SN Ia from 150 to 500 d after maximum using the peak magnitude and decline rate parameter Δm15(B).
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
1814440
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10279992
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
493
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
1044 to 1062
ISSN:
0035-8711
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
1. ABSTRACT
The observed diversity in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) – the thermonuclear explosions of carbon–oxygen white dwarf stars used as cosmological standard candles – is currently met with a variety of explosion models and progenitor scenarios. To help improve our understanding of whether and how often different models contribute to the occurrence of SNe Ia and their assorted properties, we present a comprehensive analysis of seven nearby SNe Ia. We obtained one to two epochs of optical spectra with Gemini Observatory during the nebular phase (>200 d past peak) for each of these events, all of which had time series of photometry and spectroscopy at early times (the first ∼8 weeks after explosion). We use the combination of early- and late-time observations to assess the predictions of various models for the explosion (e.g. double-detonation, off-centre detonation, stellar collisions), progenitor star (e.g. ejecta mass, metallicity), and binary companion (e.g. another white dwarf or a non-degenerate star). Overall, we find general consistency in our observations with spherically symmetric models for SN Ia explosions, and with scenarios in which the binary companion is another degenerate star. We also present an in-depth analysis of SN 2017fzw, a member of the subgroup of SNe Ia which appear to be transitional betweenmore »the subluminous ‘91bg-like’ events and normal SNe Ia, and for which nebular-phase spectra are rare.
« less
2. ABSTRACT
In the new era of time-domain surveys, Type Ia supernovae are being caught sooner after explosion, which has exposed significant variation in their early light curves. Two driving factors for early-time evolution are the distribution of 56Ni in the ejecta and the presence of flux excesses of various causes. We perform an analysis of the largest young SN Ia sample to date. We compare 115 SN Ia light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility to the turtls model grid containing light curves of Chandrasekhar mass explosions with a range of 56Ni masses, 56Ni distributions, and explosion energies. We find that the majority of our observed light curves are well reproduced by Chandrasekhar mass explosion models with a preference for highly extended 56Ni distributions. We identify six SNe Ia with an early-time flux excess in our gr-band data (four ‘blue’ and two ‘red’ flux excesses). We find an intrinsic rate of 18 ± 11 per cent of early flux excesses in SNe Ia at z < 0.07, based on three detected flux excesses out of 30 (10 per cent) observed SNe Ia with a simulated efficiency of 57 per cent. This is comparable to rates of flux excesses in the literature but also accounts for detection efficiencies. Two of thesemore »events are mostly consistent with circumstellar material interaction, while the other four have longer lifetimes in agreement with companion interaction and 56Ni-clump models. We find a higher frequency of flux excesses in 91T/99aa-like events (44 ± 13 per cent).
« less
3. We present an early-phase g-band light curve and visual-wavelength spectra of the normal Type Ia supernova (SN) 2013gy. The light curve is constructed by determining the appropriate S-corrections to transform KAIT natural-system B- and V-band photometry and Carnegie Supernova Project natural-system g-band photometry to the Pan-STARRS1 g-band natural photometric system. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo calculation provides a best-fit single power-law function to the first ten epochs of photometry described by an exponent of 2:16+0:06 0:06 and a time of first light of MJD 56629.4+0:1 0:1, which is 1:93+0:12 0:13 days (i.e., < 48 hr) before the discovery date (2013 December 4.84 UT) and 19:10+0:12 0:13 days before the time of B-band maximum (MJD 56648.50:1). The estimate of the time of first light is consistent with the explosion time inferred from the evolution of the Si ii 6355 Doppler velocity. Furthermore, discovery photometry and previous nondetection limits enable us to constrain the companion radius down to Rc 4 R . In addition to our early-time constraints, we use a deep +235 day nebular-phase spectrum from Magellan/IMACS to place a stripped H-mass limit of < 0:018 M . Combined, these limits e ectively rule out H-rich nondegenerate companions.
4. ABSTRACT After correcting for their light-curve shape and colour, Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are precise cosmological distance indicators. However, there remains a non-zero intrinsic scatter in the differences between measured distance and that inferred from a cosmological model (i.e. Hubble residuals or HRs), indicating that SN Ia distances can potentially be further improved. We use the open-source relational data base kaepora to generate composite spectra with desired average properties of phase, light-curve shape, and HR. At many phases, the composite spectra from two subsamples with positive and negative average HRs are significantly different. In particular, in all spectra from 9 d before to 15 d after peak brightness, we find that SNe with negative HRs have, on average, higher ejecta velocities (as seen in nearly every optical spectral feature) than SNe with positive HRs. At +4 d relative to B-band maximum, using a sample of 62 SNe Ia, we measure a 0.091 ± 0.035 mag (2.7σ) HR step between SNe with Si ii λ6355 line velocities ($v_{Si\, rm{\small II}}$) higher/lower than −11 000 km s−1 (the median velocity). After light-curve shape and colour correction, SNe with higher velocities tend to have underestimated distance moduli relative to a cosmological model. The intrinsic scatter in our sample reduces from 0.094 to 0.082 mag after making thismore »correction. Using the Si ii λ6355 velocity evolution of 115 SNe Ia, we estimate that a velocity difference >500 km s−1 exists at each epoch between the positive-HR and negative-HR samples with 99.4 per cent confidence. Finally at epochs later than +37 d, we observe that negative-HR composite spectra tend to have weaker spectral features in comparison to positive-HR composite spectra.« less
5. Aims . We present a comprehensive dataset of optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of type Ia supernova (SN) 2016hnk, combined with integral field spectroscopy (IFS) of its host galaxy, MCG -01-06-070, and nearby environment. Our goal with this complete dataset is to understand the nature of this peculiar object. Methods . Properties of the SN local environment are characterized by means of single stellar population synthesis applied to IFS observations taken two years after the SN exploded. We performed detailed analyses of SN photometric data by studying its peculiar light and color curves. SN 2016hnk spectra were compared to other 1991bg-like SNe Ia, 2002es-like SNe Ia, and Ca-rich transients. In addition, we used abundance stratification modeling to identify the various spectral features in the early phase spectral sequence and also compared the dataset to a modified non-LTE model previously produced for the sublumnious SN 1999by. Results . SN 2016hnk is consistent with being a subluminous ( M B = −16.7 mag, s B V =0.43 ± 0.03), highly reddened object. The IFS of its host galaxy reveals both a significant amount of dust at the SN location, residual star formation, and a high proportion of old stellar populations in themore »local environment compared to other locations in the galaxy, which favors an old progenitor for SN 2016hnk. Inspection of a nebular spectrum obtained one year after maximum contains two narrow emission lines attributed to the forbidden [Ca II ] λ λ 7291,7324 doublet with a Doppler shift of 700 km s −1 . Based on various observational diagnostics, we argue that the progenitor of SN 2016hnk was likely a near Chandrasekhar-mass ( M Ch ) carbon-oxygen white dwarf that produced 0.108 M ⊙ of 56 Ni. Our modeling suggests that the narrow [Ca II ] features observed in the nebular spectrum are associated with 48 Ca from electron capture during the explosion, which is expected to occur only in white dwarfs that explode near or at the M Ch limit.« less | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Viny Okouo
Viny Pierrot Marcel Okouo (born April 10, 1997) is a Congolese professional basketball player who last played for Nevėžis Kėdainiai of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL).
Professional career
A native of the Republic of the Congo, Okouo started playing basketball when he was 15 years old and left home only shortly after to join the youth set-up of Unicaja Málaga in Spain. Okouo had been recommended by his fellow countryman Romaric Belemene. The Unicaja coaches had only seen some footage of Okouo practicing and were intrigued by his physical gifts, while his skills were underdeveloped. At Unicaja, he learned to play the game and improved vastly.
Between 2014 and 2016, he spent time on loan at Instituto de Fertilidad Clínicas Rincón of the LEB Plata, the third tier of Spanish basketball, while also seeing action for Unicaja’s development team in the EBA. Okouo made his ACB debut for Malaga during the 2015-16 campaign and saw his first minutes in the EuroCup the following season. In the 2016–17 season, Okouo won the EuroCup with Unicaja after beating Valencia Basket in the Finals.
On August 27, 2019, Okouo signed with Nevėžis Kėdainiai of the Lithuanian Basketball League.
Okouo entered into the NBA draft as early as 2017, but was recorded as an early 2018 draft entry. His name was entered into the 2019 NBA draft in which he was not selected.
On August 12, 2020, he signed with Gipuzkoa Basket of the Spanish Liga ACB..
On July 12, 2021, he signed with Monbus Obradoiro of the Spanish Liga ACB.
On August 13, 2022, Okouo signed with Fuenlabrada of the Liga ACB.
On August 15, 2023, Okouo returned to Nevėžis Kėdainiai. | WIKI |
PB'16 competition: satisfaction and optimization track: solvers results per benchmarks
Result page for benchmark
normalized-PB06/OPT-SMALLINT/reduced/mps-v2-20-10/www.csit.fsu.edu/
~burkardt/datasets/mps/normalized-reduced-mps-v2-20-10-maros.opb
Jump to solvers results
General information on the benchmark
Namenormalized-PB06/OPT-SMALLINT/reduced/mps-v2-20-10/www.csit.fsu.edu/
~burkardt/datasets/mps/normalized-reduced-mps-v2-20-10-maros.opb
MD5SUM6803f1153be9bf743da46b6e6a13cfbf
Bench CategoryOPT-SMALLINT (optimisation, small integers)
Best result obtained on this benchmarkOPT
Best value of the objective obtained on this benchmark12
Best CPU time to get the best result obtained on this benchmark0.013997
Has Objective FunctionYES
SatisfiableYES
(Un)Satisfiability was provedYES
Best value of the objective function 12
Optimality of the best value was proved YES
Number of variables90
Total number of constraints6
Number of constraints which are clauses0
Number of constraints which are cardinality constraints (but not clauses)0
Number of constraints which are nor clauses,nor cardinality constraints6
Minimum length of a constraint15
Maximum length of a constraint90
Number of terms in the objective function 90
Biggest coefficient in the objective function 168516
Number of bits for the biggest coefficient in the objective function 18
Sum of the numbers in the objective function 524354
Number of bits of the sum of numbers in the objective function 20
Biggest number in a constraint 262133
Number of bits of the biggest number in a constraint 18
Biggest sum of numbers in a constraint 524354
Number of bits of the biggest sum of numbers20
Number of products (including duplicates)0
Sum of products size (including duplicates)0
Number of different products0
Sum of products size0
Results of the different solvers on this benchmark
Solver NameTraceIDAnswerobjective functionCPU timeWall clock time
cdcl-cuttingplanes OPT linear search 2016-05-01 (complete)4100576OPT12 0.013997 0.0137039
cdcl-cuttingplanes OPT binary search 2016-05-01 (complete)4100575OPT12 0.021996 0.023422
Sat4j PB 2.3.6 Res+CP PB16 (complete)4100570OPT12 0.32395 2.15364
NaPS 1.02 (complete)4100571OPT12 1.27181 1.27353
minisatp 2012-10-02 git-d91742b (complete)4115388OPT12 29.5085 29.5141
Open-WBO PB16 (complete)4100574OPT12 46.27 46.2913
Open-WBO-LSU PB16 (complete)4100572OPT12 53.9048 53.9151
Sat4j PB 2.3.6 Resolution PB16 (complete)4100573SAT (TO)14 1800.69 1799.04
toysat 2016-05-02 (complete)4100569? (TO) 1800.04 1800.51
Additionnal information
This section presents information obtained from the best job displayed in the list (i.e. solvers whose names are not hidden).
objective function: 12
Solution found:
x1 x2 x3 x4 -x5 -x6 -x7 -x8 -x9 -x10 -x11 -x12 -x13 -x14 -x15 -x16 -x17 -x18 -x19 -x20 -x21 -x22 -x23 -x24 -x25 -x26 -x27 -x28 -x29 -x30
-x31 -x32 -x33 -x34 -x35 -x36 -x37 -x38 -x39 -x40 -x41 -x42 -x43 -x44 x45 -x46 -x47 -x48 -x49 -x50 -x51 -x52 -x53 -x54 -x55 -x56 -x57 -x58
-x59 -x60 -x61 -x62 -x63 -x64 -x65 -x66 -x67 -x68 -x69 -x70 -x71 -x72 -x73 -x74 x75 -x76 -x77 -x78 -x79 -x80 -x81 -x82 -x83 -x84 -x85 -x86
-x87 -x88 -x89 -x90 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Barnack was an engineer working for the German camera manufacturer, Leitz, and he was inspired to create a small, portable camera that could take high-quality photographs. The Ur-Leica was the result of his efforts, and it was the first camera to use 35mm film. This was a major breakthrough, as it allowed photographers to take many more pictures than was possible with the larger format cameras of the time.
The Ur-Leica went through several iterations before it was commercially released in 1925 as the Leica I. It quickly became popular among photographers, and its compact size and high-quality images made it a favorite of photojournalists and street photographers. The Leica brand went on to become one of the most famous and respected camera brands in the world, and its influence can still be seen in modern digital cameras today. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Our mission is to increase endometriosis awareness, fund landmark research, provide advocacy and support for patients, and educate the public and medical community.
Founders: Padma Lakshmi, Tamer Seckin, MD
×
Donate Now
Endometriosis Video Lectures - Ted Lee, MD
Endometriosis Video Lectures - Ted Lee, MD
Endometriosis Foundation of America
Endometriosis 2013 / Endometriosis Video Lectures
Ted Lee, MD
Intracorporeal knot; with intracorporeal knot you basically wrap the suture twice on the surgeon's loop first. Then you want to make sure you knot lays flat. Then you just reverse doing your drop, forming the loop. The loop is crucial to make that intracorporeal knot. The key is to have a twist to bring close together to be almost two instruments rubbing together against each other when you form the loop. At least that is how I do it. And I will do it a little bit differently. So that is the intracorporeal knot.
I will show you that you can actually, on purpose, make an air knot by making a slip knot. This is how you do it. You just pick a probe, a single probe and once you have done that you reverse your probe and form a square knot. So you reverse your probe and you form a square knot. When you pull, this will form basically an air knot. You can reconfigure the knot by pulling in that direction. This will change the configuration of the knot and turn it into a sliding knot a slip knot. You can do this for robotic surgery, you can do it with traditional endoscopic surgery it does not matter, a knot is a knot. The rest you finish as you would have done with a regular intracorporeal knot.
All these videos are going to be on the laptop, so set the laptop next to you, all the videos are for you to review as you are doing it. We have a lot of instructors here but you can bring out the videos and look for yourself, do self instruction.
This is an extracorporeal slip knot. This is like a bonus knot. Basically if somebody dropped your knot pusher instead of screaming and yelling and scrabbling for wherever the knot pusher has been dropped, you can do the extracorporeal slip knot. It is great for cinching the vascular pedicles, so if you want this is how you do it.
So this is in slow motion. Basically you wrap the switcher around your index finger. Flip about five or six times. Then use a hemostat and thread through the loop you already formed beneath your index finger and pull that suture through. Let go of the hemostat and that is your slip knot. That was in slow motion. Let us look at it in real time. So that is your knot there. That is a slip knot and...pull through the tool when you try to approximate tissues at the tension. This is the same suture knot laced up, feel from different angles. Wrap five or six times, go through the loop, grab the suture in the end, again, all these needles will be in all of that...here. Wrap it tight, slip, pull, it will go inside. This is what it looks like. This is actually an extracorporeal slip knot. This can come in handy.
A lot of times when you do a lot of...defect...close defect, a running suture is the best thing for that. Before there was barbed suture you had to tie an intracorporeal knot in the beginning and an intracorporeal knot at the end. Basically that is what you do when you do running suture. You can end the knot with an intracorporeal knot...not the same. The key is to do two passes, do a figure eight and pull; figure eight and pull. That is important because we do a figure of eight and pull that will make it much more efficient. You do not want to pull the suture, every time you pass the tissue, so figure of eight, pull; figure of eight and pull, that is very important.
This is like a uni-loop, a loop I sort of use and tie myself. ...
You make this, basically this is the same kind you use to secure a hook through the line when you go fishing. You will wrap it six times; in this case you only wrap it two times. Tie it to the mesh and obviously with the... or barbed sutures it almost makes this thing quite obsolete. This is before the V-Loc...the loop. This was before the V-Loc was available. Then the loop will cinch up itself. What you do is you put the loop through the shaft of your needle holder. That way it is already threaded. When you suture you will automatically thread through the loop already, automatically. This is an actual...I am going to try to close the peritoneum. We will grab the suture. So now the loop that I have already in the shaft of my needle is ready. Then we do the figure of eight basically... It is just I missed some area here. I am going to take out the fibroid here. With that, I am just going to pull the suture the loop will automatically feed into the area of...that loop is already there, you just pull and that is your anchor and suture... You do the rest of the running suture. You do running sutures you do two passes, two passes and pull, two passes and pull. Instead of pulling every time you do two passes and pull. That will increase efficiency and speed of your suturing. We will finish that up with basically a helicopter knot, do another figure eight. Basically two passes and pull. That is how you should usually do running sutures. Do not try to pull the suture every time you...the tissues. That is economy of motion.
The reason...itself to form the intracorporeal knot is look at the helicopter knot, it sort of like helicoptering around the posts. This is another way to intracorporeal knot. I guess with the...and the barbed sutures it will make this not as useful anymore but at times I still do this. That is how you close the inside of the...cut the suture there. Let us go to the next one.
So lapraty is a great device and we have a lapraty here. It is basically what could be end of suturing serves as the anchor and also serves as a finishing up. This is - I already have lapraty preloaded on a suture. I am closing the cuff. Lapraty will keep it in place I am still on running suture and I will finish with two clips. So when you close the vaginal cuff make sure you have put the size...this cuff is very, very thin. Again, I am doing a figure of eight as I mentioned to you before. When you do running sutures you want the figure of eight and then pull. That way you proliferate efficiency. The thing is when you use barbed sutures the figure of eight might makes it difficult for you to pull through the tissues. So that is the difference between your regular running suture with regular sutures versus the barbed suture. The barbed suture you do not want to do if you...get caught...pull through tissues. That is your vaginal cuff using lapraty.
The barbed suture: We have two different versions of barbed suture; one is your bidirectional, used to be quill but now...and then we have a V-Loc. It is probably the best invention since sliced bread. I have been closing bladders and rectums using the barbed suture, 3-0 barbed sutures. It works out great because it makes things much faster. Obviously if you get a small defect you will not be using a barbed suture. "In thinner tissues it does not work", which is not true because I have been closing peritoneal defect...using the barbed suture as well.
With that - if anyone wants to go over the vaginal cuff closure it is my vaginal cuff angled closure. The vaginal cuff is no...in the sense that people pay attention to. Make sure you use a big needle, figure out a good bite and you want to use monofilament sutures. That will be better for healing.
I do a modified Richardson stitch, which is for the purpose of hemostasis as well as incorporation of uterosacral ligament into your cuff closure. Most of the bleeding in the vaginal cuff is in the vaginal cuff angle medial to the uterine pedicle. The modified Richardson stitch goes out/in, out/in, in/up. Here is my monofilament stitch, here is the cup angle and here is the pedicle, uterine pedicle. Out/in, the next stitch is in/out. Here is the pedicle again, so behind the pedicle - so the first one was in front of the pedicle and the second one is behind the pedicle. When I do the last stitch in and out incorporate a portion of the uterosacral loop you can see is right here. Lift up the vaginal cuff angle. That will essentially be the same for the ligaments right there, so we incorporate that into your vaginal cuff angle. Let us tie that either with the extracorporeal knot or intracorporeal knot. That is basically your vaginal cuff angle. It will make your cuff...hemostatic.
Here is the barbed suture. Here is a cuff angle and it uses the same barbed suture stitch. Out/in. In/out. This was all medial this was before...was available so I was using Quill suture then I made my own loop that I have shown you previously. I think...stole my idea. Then we will thread it through. It is pre-threaded already so it is going to go through that little hole there. You basically just pull at the loop tight against your suture and then you finish the rest of the vaginal cuff just like that. When you pull it back the cuff angle here is going to be very... The rest is...through it.
I think that is it for my talk. Basically suturing is waxing on, waxing off. It is a very - it needs lots and lots of practice.
This is the laparoscopic version of waxing on, waxing off. Make a loop, make a loop, regress your loop. Wax on/wax off. This needs lots and lots of practice.
The moral of the story is perfect practice makes perfect.
Thank you.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Romeo and Juliet in the Snow
Romeo and Juliet in the Snow (Romeo und Julia im Schnee) is a 1920 German silent comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Lotte Neumann, Julius Falkenstein and Gustav von Wangenheim. The film's title plays off of the William Shakespeare play, Romeo and Juliet.
Cast
* Lotte Neumann as Julia
* Gustav von Wangenheim as Romeo
* Jakob Tiedtke as Bauer
* Marga Köhler as Bäuerin
* Ernst Rückert as Montekugerl
* Paul Biensfeldt as Beamte
* Julius Falkenstein as Paris
* Hermann Picha as Beamte
* Josefine Dora as Frau Montekugerl | WIKI |
Data Pipeline Steps
Data Pipeline Steps allow you to perform a variety of post-query manipulations in Chartio. Steps can be added to the pipeline under any dataset to edit the results of that specific dataset’s query. Steps can also be added after merging datasets to manipulate the merged data.
Use Advance Mode to reorder your pipeline steps
Pipeline Steps
Columns Rows Transform
Add Column Sort Rows Pivot Data
Rename Columns Limit Rows Unpivot Data
Hide Columns Filter Rows Zero Fill Data
Reorder Columns Group Rows
Combine Columns Bucket Data
Edit Column Extrapolate Data
Case Statement Transpose
Add Column
Add a calculated column to your query results. Use one of our built-in functions, or choose Custom Formula in the Formula Type dropdown to create your own. See Formulas to view some examples of functions you can use.
Add addition columns to your dataset
Bucket Data
The Bucket Data pipeline step divides the values from one column into a series of ranges, and then counts how many values fall within each range. This data format can be used to create a histogram chart.
Histograms generally use COUNT as the Aggregation, but you may also choose MIN, MAX, SUM, or AVERAGE.
Define your buckets using any of the following options: Standard Deviation, Bucket Size (amount in each range), Number of Buckets, or Custom to choose custom ranges.
Aggregate your data with the bucket data pipeline step
Bucket Data Example
Click to view example
Case Statement
Case Statement Step
Add a column to your query results (or edit an existing column) where values are set based on certain “if… then” conditions.
Dashboard variables can be used in any part of a Case Statement pipeline step.
Note: If you find that you use the same CASE statement across multiple charts, you may want to consider putting the generated column data into a Data Store or a custom column in your database.
Else statements in case pipeline step
To pass through column values in THEN or ELSE, select Column from the dropdown and choose your column.
Case Statement Example
Case Statement Example
Combine Columns
Combine columns either by applying a mathematical operation or by concatenation. Check the Hide Combined Columns checkbox to hide your original columns.
Combining columns in the pipeline
Edit Column
Use this step to edit an existing column. All column types (text, date, number, etc.) allow entering a custom formula, and numerical columns have additional formula types including simple math operations and rounding.
Edit column pipeline step
Extrapolate Data
The Extrapolate Data step provides predictive data for a column in your query results. Choose whether to add data to the existing column or create a new one, the number of rows returned, and the type of extrapolation used (Cubic, Quadratic, or Linear).
Extrapolate Data Pipeline Step
Filter Rows
Filter rows on certain conditions. Choose Include or Exclude, then choose:
• Matching all conditions
Uses AND logic. Row will be included or excluded only if it matches every condition.
• Matching any conditions
Uses OR logic. Row will be included or excluded if it matches one or more conditions.
Regular Expression Matching
Any text column supports filtering by Java-style regular expressions in the Filter Rows Pipeline step. Matching is case-sensitive and unicode-aware by default. For case-insensitive matching, add (?i) to the beginning of your regular expression.
Filter rows in the pipeline
For examples of ways to use the Filter Rows Pipeline step, see our Filter Pipeline Step Example Scenarios article.
Group Rows
Group step works the same as GROUP BY in SQL. It allows you to group your query results based on a certain column. You’ll need to choose which column you want your chart to be grouped by, and which aggregation you would like for the other columns. Aggregation types include SUM, AVG, CONCATENATE (comma-separated list), COUNT, COUNT DISTINCT, MAX, and MIN.
Group rows together
Group Step Example
Group Step Example
Hide Columns
Hide one or more columns in your query results. If you need to use hidden columns in a Formula, hide the columns as the last step.
Hide Columns in the pipeline
Limit Rows
Limit the number of rows included in your query results. Can be useful when applied after a sort—for example, sort sales descending and limit 10 to include the top 10 sales. Offset allows you to select a specific range of rows. For example, to include only rows 10-30, set the limit to 20 and the offset to 10.
Limit rows in the pipeline
Pivot Data
If your chart has one measure grouped by two dimensions, such as count of activity grouped by month and by activity type, you’ll want to pivot the data so you can use it in a chart.
Pivot tables require 3 columns. Your data is pivoted on the second column—e.g., the second column becomes the column headers.
Pivot the data in the Pipeline to see the transformation
Select Ascending, Descending, or None in the Column sort direction dropdown to customize the column order in your pivot table. Aggregate Function allows you to choose the aggregation for duplicate group values. Available aggregations are: SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, GROUP_CONCAT, and Auto. Auto will choose either SUM or GROUP_CONCAT, depending on the data type.
Pivot data in the pipeline step
For more information on how to use the Pivot Data Step, please see our tutorial on How to Pivot a Table.
To pivot on more than 3 columns, refer to Pivot on more than 3 columns.
Pivot Data Example
Pivot Data example in the pipeline
Rename Columns
Rename one or more columns. Useful for display purposes, or shortening column names for ease of use in formulas.
Rename columns in the pipeline
Reorder Columns
Easily click and drag your column names to reorder how they will appear in your chart. Note: It’s generally best to reorder columns in one of the last steps, as any editing that involves column changes will affect your reordering settings.
Reorder columns in the pipeline
Sort Rows
Apply a sort to one or more columns.
Sort rows in the pipeline
Transpose
The Transpose step simply switches rows and columns.
There are no limits on the input table format, but the resulting table cannot contain more than 1000 columns.
Transpose data to convert rows to columns
Transpose Data Example
Transpose example in the pipeline
Unpivot Data
Unpivot data is useful when you have multiple single value columns that you want to use in a visualization, such as a pie, line, or bar chart.
If each layer returns a single value, choose Cross Join as your merge type.
Unpivot data to convert back
Unpivot Data Example
Unpivot example in the pipeline
Zero Fill Data
Zero fill fills in missing values in your data with zeros. It’s important when charting a time series with missing dates, or when performing calculations on columns that contain NULL values.
Note: Zero-fill will fill in all date and numeric columns in your query results.
Zero Fill Data
Zero Fill Example
Zero fill example in the pipeline | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
IMPORTANT: This document is specific to Sigma datasets. To learn about row-level security for Sigma’s Workbooks feature, see User Attributes.
Row-level security restricts access to data based on the characteristics of the person viewing the data. Within Sigma, membership to a team and/or a user’s email can be used to filter what data is visible.
Summary of Content
Requirements
Set Up Row-level Security
[Step 1] Create a dataset
[Step 2] Create a column with user-identifying filter criteria
[Step 3] Filter the column
Requirements
• To implement this feature, you must have Can Edit access on the individual dataset.
Set Up Row Level Security
[Step 1] Create a dataset
[Step 2] Create a column with user-identifying filter criteria
Creating the right filter logic is the key to row-level security.
Sigma offers two functions that provide information about the current user. CurrentUserEmail returns the email of the user viewing the data. CurrentUserInTeam returns True if the current user is a member of any of the given teams.
Both functions can be used as a test to filter data.
Before you start: This action is only available in Edit mode. To begin editing, click Edit in the top right corner of the page.
1. Open the dataset's worksheet tab.
2. Add a new column.
3. Enter a formula for your user-identifying filter criteria.
The formula should produce logical (true/false) values.
Example
Let’s say you have a table with sales results, and you want each salesperson to see only their results.
First, you need to pull in the emails associated with each line of data in the Sales Results. You can then create a new column and set up the formula that tests for what data the viewer should see.
[Salesperson Email] = CurrentUserEmail()
This formula looks at emails in the column [Salesperson Email] and checks if it matches the email of the user currently viewing the dataset or its child document. It will return True for all rows where the current user’s email matches the salesperson email. You now have a test for what data should be shown to which user.
Sigma can also create team level row security using CurrentUserInTeam. This function checks to see if the current user viewing the data is part of any of the specified teams.
To set up team security, create a column that associates the data with the correct Sigma team. If the Southwest should only see data from California, Nevada and Arizona, set up a column with that logic.
If( [Region] = “California”, “South West”, [Region] = “Nevada”, “South West”, [Region] = “Arizona”, “South West”)
This will create a column that has the value Southwest for all rows of data that have the [Region] set to California, Nevada, or Arizona.
Expand this logic to include all of the teams you want to test for. Then create your filter column.
CurrentUserInTeam([Team])
This will return True for every row of data where the current user belongs to the team indicated in that row of the [Team] column. You now know which data should be shown to someone, based on what teams they are a member of.
Filters can also be set up to test for multiple conditions. You could filter a sheet to show salespeople only data from leads that they own, and show all the data to sales managers.
( [Salesperson Email] = CurrentUserEmail() ) or ( CurrentUserInTeam(“Sales Manager”) )
This will return TRUE for all rows when the viewer is in the “Sales Manager” team and will return TRUE only for rows where the viewer email matches the Salesperson Email for all other viewers.
[Step 3] Filter the column
Once you have a column with your filter criteria set up, you can filter your dataset to only show the desired data.
1. Select the column.
2. Filter to only show rows where the value is True.
This will filter the dataset and any child documents to only show data when the current user matches the filter criteria.
3. Hide the filtered column. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template talk:Mariënberg - Almelo railway line
Could someone make the line for the line to Zwolle and Deventer work please? Chris0693 (talk) 22:06, 10 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Henri Baron
Henri Charles Antoine Baron (23 June 1816, in Besançon – 11 September 1885, in Geneva) was a French genre painter, engraver and illustrator.
Biography
He studied art with Jean Gigoux, who heavily influenced his work. His debut at the Salon came in 1840. He would exhibit there frequently and win numerous medals. In 1846, the Duke of Aumale commissioned him to paint a decorative panel, depicting Chantilly in the 16th century, for the Duke's room at the Château de Chantilly. Four years later, his painting of a scene from the ballet Les Noces de Gamache, by Louis Milon, was purchased by the state. His regular trips to Italy inspired many of his works.
In 1852, he married Octavie Bovy, daughter of the Swiss sculptor and engraver,. As a result of this familial connection, he was hired to participate in the restoration of the decorations at the Château de Gruyères (Canton de Fribourg).
He was also a regular participant of the Salon in Lyon. After 1862, he was an active member of the. Five years later, the Empress Eugénie commissioned him to portray the festival at the Palais des Tuileries that was held during the Exposition Universelle. This was presented at the Salon of 1868. His painting, "The Winter", was part of a major exhibit at the Exposition Universelle of 1878.
He was a regular collaborator with François-Louis Français and, together, they founded the revue Les artistes contemporains. He, Français, Gigoux and Célestin Nanteuil were co-creators of many compositions, notably for the lithography workshop and publishing firm of Bertauts.
Shortly after being named a Chevalier in the Legion of Honor, he died in Geneva, where he had maintained a part-time home since his marriage.
His brother, Jules-Aimable Baron (1814-1899), was also a designer and lithographer. | WIKI |
Home ARDUINO Getting Started with Arduino and 433mhz Radio Module
Getting Started with Arduino and 433mhz Radio Module
0
In this article, we will solve the problem of transmitting a radio signal between two Arduino controllers using a popular 433 MHz transceiver.
In fact, a data transmission device consists of two modules: a receiver and a transmitter. Data can only be transferred in one direction. This is important to understand when using these modules.
module radio 433 mhz arduino
For example, you can make remote control from any electronic device, whether it be a mobile robot or, for example, a TV. In this case, the data will be transmitted from the control panel to the device.
Another option is to transmit signals from wireless sensors to a data acquisition system. Here the route is already changing, now the transmitter is on the side of the sensor, and the receiver is on the side of the collection system.
Modules can have different names: MX-05V, XD-RF-5V, XY-FST, XY-MK-5V, etc., but they all have approximately the same appearance and numbering of contacts. Also, two frequencies of radio modules are common: 433 MHz and 315 MHz
Collect the Hardware
1.Connection
The transmitter has only three outputs: Gnd, Vcc and Data.
We will connect them to the first Arduino board according to the fritzing:
MX-05V 433MHz TransmitterGNDVCCData
Arduino UnoGND+ 5V2
The receiver has four outputs, but one is not used.
The connection scheme to the second Arduino board is identical to the first one:
XD-RF-5V 433MHz ReceiverGNDVCCData
Arduino Uno №2GND+ 5V2
We just assemble both devices on a breadboard and proceed to write programs.
2.Program for transmitter
To work with radio modules, we will use the RCSwitch library. Let’s write a program that will send two different messages, in turn, every second.
#include <RCSwitch.h>
RCSwitch mySwitch = RCSwitch ();
void setup () {
mySwitch.enableTransmit (2);
}
void loop () {
mySwitch.send (B0100, 4);
delay (1000);
mySwitch.send (B1000, 4);
delay (1000);
}
Working of the Code
Let’s start analyzing the program. The first thing we did was declare an object to work with the transmitter and called it mySwitch.
RCSwitch mySwitch = RCSwitch ();
Then, inside the standard setup function, turned on the transmitter and indicated the output to which it is connected:
mySwitch.enableTransmit (2);
Finally, in the main loop of the loop program, we are sending the first message, and then the second using the send function:
mySwitch.send (B1000, 4);
The send function has two arguments. The first is a message being sent, which will be broadcast as a burst of pulses. The second argument is the size of the bundle being sent.
In our program, we just specified messages in binary number format. This is indicated by the English letter “B” at the beginning of the B1000 code. In the decimal representation, this number will become a figure of eight. So we could call the send function like this:
mySwitch.send (8, 4);
Also, send can accept binary strings:
mySwitch.send (“1000”, 4);
3.Receiver program
Now we will write a program for the receiver. To demonstrate the fact of transmission, we will turn on the LED connected to pin 3 on the Arduino board. If the receiver caught the code B1000 – turn on the LED, and if B0100 – turn off.
#include <RCSwitch.h>
RCSwitch mySwitch = RCSwitch ();
void setup () {
pinMode (3, OUTPUT);
mySwitch.enableReceive (0);
}
void loop () {
if (mySwitch.available ()) {
int value = mySwitch.getReceivedValue ();
if (value == B1000)
digitalWrite (3, HIGH);
else if (value == B0100)
digitalWrite (3, LOW);
mySwitch.resetAvailable ();
}
}
The available function returns true if the transmitter has received at least some data:
mySwitch.available ()
The getReceivedValue function retrieves one packet from the data stream and decodes it into a number. In the program, we assign the resulting number to the variable value :
int value = mySwitch.getReceivedValue ();
Related Post How to Control Arduino and led lights with a TV Remote
The task we can Perform
Now we can try to practice and can develop many different devices. Here are a few ideas.
• Remote for the lamp. On the receiver side, there is a relay module that is connected to the luminaire power supply (carefully, 220 Volts!). On the transmitter side: a clock button. Write a program for the receiver and transmitter, which at the touch of a button will include a remote relay. When you press the button again, the relay will turn off.
• Outdoor thermometer with a radio channel. Place a temperature sensor on the transmitter side. Provide autonomous power from batteries. On the receiver side: character LCD display. Write programs for the receiver and transmitter that will allow you to display temperature readings from a remote sensor on the display.
Conclusion
So now we just learned a simple and inexpensive way to transmit data over a distance. Unfortunately, the transmission speed and distance in such radio modules are very limited, so that we cannot fully control, for example, a quadcopter. However, to make a radio control to control a simple household appliance: a lamp, a fan or a TV, we can do.
On the basis of transceivers with a frequency of 433 MHz and 315 MHz, most radio channel control panels operate. With Arduino and receiver, we can decode the control signals and repeat them. More about how to do this, we will write in one of the following lessons! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
BRIEF-Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings says integration of trust banks specializing in asset administration services
March 28 (Reuters) - Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings Inc
* Says its unit Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd.(JTSB), which is also unit of Resona Holdings Inc, signed a business integration agreement with Trust & Custody Services Bank, Ltd.(TCSB), which is unit of Mizuho Financial Group Inc , to carry out a business integration through incorporating a holding company named JTC Holdings, Ltd. (JTC Holdings) by way of a joint share transfer and conducting an absorption-type merger of JTC Holdings, JTSB, and TCSB
* Incorporation date of JTC Holdings is Oct. 1
Source text in Japanese: goo.gl/XFnwQQ
Further company coverage: (Beijing Headline News) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Zong Xiao Chen
Zong Xiao Chen (born 8 March 1998) is a Chinese professional darts player from Dandong who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He is the first winner of the China Premier League. He has represented China three times at the PDC World Darts Championship.
Career
Zong played in the 2017 Shanghai Darts Masters, where he lost 0–6 to James Wade, and later in the year, he won the Chinese Qualifier competition to qualify for the 2018 PDC World Darts Championship. He played against Bernie Smith of New Zealand in the preliminary round, but even though he lost by 0–2 in sets, he set a new national record average of 86.97 in the match.
In the middle of the year, he represented his country with Momo Zhou at the 2018 PDC World Cup of Darts. After a close match, albeit at a low level, China fell in the first round match against Switzerland (Alex Fehlmann and Andy Bless) 2–5 in legs. Later that year, he played in the 2018 Shanghai Darts Masters, where he lost 0–6 to Michael Smith. In November, he competed again in the Chinese Qualifier for the 2019 PDC World Darts Championship, but lost in the qualifying final 2–5 in legs to lower-seeded Yuanjun Liu. Two weeks later, he appeared in his 2018 PDC World Youth Championship, where he was eliminated in the group-stage by Rhys Griffin. Throughout the season, he took part in individual PDC Asian Tour and PDC Development Tour tournaments, but without big success.
In 2019, once again had the opportunity to represent China at the 2019 PDC World Cup of Darts. This time his partner was Yuanjun Liu. The Chinese team was knocked out again in the first round, this time losing to the United States team (Darin Young and Chuck Puleo) 1–5 in legs. In October, he took part in next Chinese qualifying tournament for the 2020 PDC World Darts Championship. In November, he played in the PDC Development Tour competitions and 2019 PDC World Youth Championship, where he was eliminated in the group-stage by Luke Humphries. His rival in the first round of the 2020 PDC World Darts Championship was Kyle Anderson, with whom he lost 2–3 in sets.
The coronavirus pandemic significantly slowed down his career, but he devoted this time to developing his skills. In 2022, was one of the players invited to participate in the PDC China Premier League. He won seven of nine regular matchdays, being unbeaten for 21 matches, finishes the regular phase as leader and he eventually beat all rivals in the final play-offs. Zong beat Zheng Bin 5-0 in the final of the ninth matchday with an impressive average of 101.55, which is new national record average. Despite winning the tournament, Zong will not travel to the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship, because he cannot be vaccinated against coronavirus due to allergies, therefore he cannot compete outside China.
PDC
* 2018: Preliminary round (lost to Bernie Smith 0–2) (sets)
* 2020: First round (lost to Kyle Anderson 2–3)
* 2024: First round (lost to Mickey Mansell 0–3) | WIKI |
Problem - HP 7980S tape drive with IBM S7A and AIX 4.3.2
Problem - HP 7980S tape drive with IBM S7A and AIX 4.3.2
Post by Mark Rinfre » Sun, 10 Oct 1999 04:00:00
We are trying to integrate an HP 7980S (SCSI) 9-track tape drive with an IBM
RS/6000 S7A system, AIX 4.3.2. The combination works - almost. We're
experiencing problems with tapes written on other systems (IBM mainframe,
Data General). Specifically, we are trying to read tapes which have a
blocking factor of 6500 bytes (50 records of 130 bytes each) and which
typically consist of at least one full block and a partial final block. The
tapes are closed with a tape mark. AIX returns an I/O error after reading
the last block of the tape (errno = 05).
If I use the 'dd' command (dd if=/dev/rmt2 of=junk bs=6500), dd accurately
recovers the data on the tape but reports an I/O error. Any attempt to treat
the tape as a 'file' (e.g. cat /dev/rmt2 >junk) results in an error with no
data being recovered (the application we are migrating is heavily dependent
upon this method of access).
The device is defined in AIX with a block size of zero (variable block
length). Previous controlled tests, writing and reading from AIX using dd,
tar or cpio exhibit the same behavior if the amount of data written isn't an
exact multiple of 512 (this might actually be 1024... I'm a little fuzzy on
that detail right now and I'm away from the system).
I played with the "Suppress Illegal Length Indication" option and actually
made some progress by enabling it, but the previously described symptoms are
where I am at the moment. Also, I've noticed that the descriptions of the
configuration option value ranges don't always match the documentation. For
example, option 88 is documented as having ON/OFF values, but it displays a
setting of 17 on the front panel and can be cycled through a range of
numerical values, none of which are documented.
If you've shared a similar experience and have a solution or if you know
where I can find more useful documentation, I'd love to hear from you. I'd
also greatly appreciate it if you'd reply by e-mail as well as posting your
answer.
Thanks!
p.s. We're using the 7980S because it was already available(in the
original, unopened packaging) and we made the assumption that "It's SCSI -
it ought to work!".
-----
Mark R. Rinfret
CBSI, Providence, RI
http://www.markrinfret.com
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What is IBS and how can it be managed?
Henrietta Norton BSc, Dip NT, MBANT, AFMCP Co-founder of Wild Nutrition and Nutritional Therapist.
Statistics tell us that at least a third of us are affected by Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) at some time during our life and if I had a pound for every client I have seen with a diagnosis of IBS by their GP I would be a very wealthy nutritionist. I would be even wealthier if I put money on the fact that by the time they left their GP’s surgery they still didn’t know what IBS was, and what they themselves can do about it.
I can’t help but get hot under the collar about IBS. To me IBS is not a condition; it is a cluster of symptoms that, if the cause is not found, can lead to a condition such as diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease. IBS is often called ‘a functional disorder’ of the bowel; in other words, a disturbance in bowel function without any change in structure or obvious cause. When diagnostic tests such as blood tests or endoscopies are carried out the results do not reveal any obvious abnormality. It is at this point in the ‘patient handling’ that I start getting rosy around the neck and where treatment tends to conclude with a label of IBS, maybe a quick chat about reducing bloating with a pill, and a leaflet about stress relief. Few patients are left feeling empowered or informed about what they can do to manage this issue when in fact there is much that can be done.
So first things first, what is IBS?
According to medical criteria, in order to diagnose IBS, there must be at least 12 weeks (which need not be consecutive) in the preceding year of abdominal discomfort or pain characterized by a minimum of two of the following fundamental three features:
• It is relieved by defecation.
• It’s onset is associated with a change in frequency of stool.
• It’s onset is associated with a change in appearance of stool.
The following symptoms also cumulatively support the diagnosis of IBS
• Fewer than three bowel movements a week
• More than three bowel movements a day
• Hard or lumpy stools
• Loose or watery stools
• Straining during a bowel movement
• Needing to urgently rush to the loo
• Rumbling noises and excessive passage of wind
• Sharp pain felt low down inside the rectum
• Abdominal pain that is relieved by going to the loo
• A feeling of ‘not quite getting it all out’, incomplete bowel movement
• Mucus (a white sticky or stringy substance) is present in or around the stool
• A feeling of fullness, bloating or swelling in the abdomen
• Other symptoms frequently reported are: headaches, dizziness, backache, passing urine frequently, tiredness, muscle and joint pains, indigestion, nausea, shortness of breath, anxiety and depression.
The modern diets and busy lifestyles that we lead can leave us all vulnerable to some of the above at times but the cumulative effect of many of these symptoms together can lead to an IBS diagnosis.
What you can do to help yourself?
What all these symptoms have in common is that they relate to a disturbance of the colon or large intestine although there is no reported physical abnormality and therefore no physical ‘cause’ as such. However there is much that can be done effectively and naturally to address the symptoms and each person’s experience of this health phenomenon.
5 primary areas of focus for natural treatment
1. Increasing dietary fibre
This is recommended to those IBS sufferers who experience constipation. The type of fibre most commonly recommended is wheat bran. However as those with digestive vulnerability, such as those with IBS, have a heightened chance of developing a food allergy wheat bran is in fact not the optimum form of fibre. Instead choose fruit (stewed for easier digestion) and vegetable sources such as apples, pears, figs, green leafy vegetables or root vegetables such as squash or beetroot. These are also dense in antioxidants needed to heal the inflamed gut wall. Include at least two varieties of fibre with every meal to boost your intake.
2. Eliminating allergenic foods
The most recent studies on IBS have further documented the association between food allergy and an irritable bowel. According to a double blind challenge, the majority of patients with IBS (approx two-thirds) have at least one food allergy and some have multiple allergies! The most common of these being dairy and grains. If you think this could be your problem, consult a nutritionist for a food allergy test and elimination diet.
3. Removing sugar from the diet
Meals high in sugar encourage small intestine bacterial overgrowth by decreasing intestinal motility (the bit that keeps the rhythmic flow in the gut wall so that food passes effectively through the gut). It also causes the glucose running through our bloodstream (also known as blood sugar levels) to rocket and when this happens it causes this muscular rhythmic flow to slow down even further. This in effect causes muscular paralysis in the gut and food matter becoming sitting tenants. The answer is to remove refined sugar (that’s the packaged Tate & Lyle stuff) and all its products such as confectionary and pastries and replace with small amounts of local honey or maple syrup to wean yourself off your sweet tooth.
4. Addressing psychological factors that could be controlling your health
This is a tricky one. Many of us live a very busy life and because we ‘manage’ it day in and day out we may grow used to the stress that it brings with it. Unfortunately we are not always aware that our emotional and physical health is not managing this lifestyle quite so well and as a result conditions such as IBS can develop. Increased motility (the rhythmic flow again) of the colon in the gut, during exposure to stressful situations, has been shown to occur in those with IBS. The gut is also known as the ‘second brain’ because it has many of the neurotransmitters also found in the brain. This explains well the idea of having ‘butterflies in your tummy’ or a ‘gut instinct’ and further explains the link between emotions and gut function. Psychotherapy in the form of relaxation therapy, biofeedback, counselling or stress management training has been shown to reduce symptoms of IBS. Deep breathing is not only relaxing but provides the body with a greater source of oxygen for healing.
5. Supporting ourselves with food supplements
Sometimes the gut could do with a helping hand and the following nutritional supplements have been shown to be of much benefit:
Enteric coated peppermint oil preparations (0.2-0.4ml) twice per day between meals.
Fibre supplements (such as psyllium husks) 3-5 grams per day before bed and with plenty of water. This has been shown to be effective in patients with both constipation and/or diarrhoea.
Lactobacillus acidophilus or lactobacillus plantarum. Our Multi-Strain Biotic is an excellent unique formula, containing 8 strains of bacteria.
Artichoke supplements produced an overall reduction in IBS symptoms in 71% within an average of ten days in a recent study. Take 320mg of Artichoke extract 3 times per day.
Despite more research and public awareness of IBS, no cure has been found. Medical treatment may vary from advice on diet and relaxation, to the use of anti-spasmodic drugs and low dose antidepressants. Some find help from counsellors or psychotherapists, some from practitioners of complementary medicine – such as acupuncturists or hypnotherapists. As many people with IBS feel out of control with what they can do, I hope that by making informed diet and lifestyle choices you will see that in fact you can make a real difference to your experience of IBS.
Explore our product range | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Advantium
Advantium is a line of fast-cooking electric ovens for household use sold by General Electric. They use both halogen lamps and microwave energy, either separately or together.
Starting in 1998, the engineering team of Kevin Nolan, Dong Soo Shin, Todd Vincent Graves, Charles Smith, and Royce Hunt designed the original Advantium, which went on sale in 1999, uses 240-volt AC power, and draws up to 25 amperes. It can generally substitute for a conventional oven, a cooktop, and a grill, and cooks between two and eight times as quickly as conventional cooking.
Early models had plastic grills, which were not durable, and tended to snap off from the heat that the noisy fan exhausted into the kitchen. Newer models have stainless steel grills.
The Advantium 120, released in 2001, cooks less quickly, but operates at 120 volts. | WIKI |
Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 Docking Station not working with HP Pavilion dv7 laptop.
#1
Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 Hard Drive Docking Station updated with latest firmware is not working with HP Pavilion dv7 laptop.
#2
Hi Ray,
Thanks for posting here! I’m sorry to know that you are having trouble with the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 Hard Drive Docking Station. Let’s figure out what is going wrong and how to fix the issue.
Some quick questions to understand the setup and the issue better:
1. What is the current version of OS installed on the HP laptop?
2. When the power adapter is plugged into the dock and the power button is switched on, does the Green LED light up?
3. What is the make and model of the Hard Drive connected via the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3?
4. Is the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 connected to the HP laptop via USB 3.0 ports or via USB 2.0 ports?
5. Could you let us know if the Hard Drive is detected by OS?
If you could give some more information regarding what you see (OS popping error messages/codes, disconnects, etc) we’d really appreciate it.
Once you post back with this information, we will figure out the next steps.
Regards,
Roze
#3
1.The OS is WIndows 7 Home Premium, x64.
2. yes
3. Seagate, Barracuda 2000GB, S/N 5yd68e92
4. via USB 3.0 ports on left side of laptop.
5. hard drive is not detected by the OS
No error messages, OS doesn’t display drive, so there’s not much to report…
#4
Ray,
Thanks for the information! A few more questions to narrow things down:
1. Is the Hard Drive a new one or has it been used before?
2. Do you have access to any other Hard Drives? If yes, could you connect another drive and see if the new drive is being detected by the OS?
3. If you connect the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 to the laptop via a USB 2.0 port using the USB 3.0 cable (the thicker cable with blue plastic), is the Hard Drive detected?
4. If you connect the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 to the laptop via a USB 2.0 port using the USB 2.0 cable, is the Hard Drive detected?
5. If you connect the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 to the laptop via the USB 3.0 port using the USB 2.0 cable, is the Hard Drive detected?
The answers to these questions will help confirm/ rule out a bad unit or USB cable. So please do post back and let us know.
Thanks for your patience while we figure this out!
Regards,
Roze
#5
1. new
2. I don’t have access to another drive at the moment.
3. yes
4. yes
5. yes
Drive is not detected when the usb3 cable is connected to the usb3 port
#6
Ray,
Thanks for posting back with the requested information! It looks like the Plugable USB3-SATA-U3 Dock is fine but the USB 3.0 cable is faulty. We would like to send you a pretested USB 3.0 cable to get you up and running at the earliest.
As soon as you shoot us an email at support@plugable.com with your Amazon Order ID, a link to this thread and the best address to send the replacement USB 3.0 cable, we will ship it to you.
Regards,
Roze
#7 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cet mac Mágach
Cet mac Mágach is a Connacht warrior in the Ulster Cycle of Irish Mythology. He had a rivalry with the Ulster warrior Conall Cernach.
In some myths, he is said to be the brother of Conall's mother, making him Conall's uncle.
At a feast at the house of Mac Dá Thó, a hospitaller of Leinster, the warriors of Connacht and Ulster competed for the champion's portion by boasting of their deeds. Cet shamed all comers by reminding them how he had bested them in combat. However, just as Cet was about to carve, Conall Cernach arrived. Conall's boasts topped even Cet's. Cet admitted defeat, but claimed that if his brother Anlúan were present, his feats would top even Conall's. Conall responded by tossing him Anlúan's freshly severed head.
Cet killed Conchobar mac Nessa, king of Ulster. He stole the calcified brain of Mesgegra, king of Leinster, which Conall Cernach had taken as a trophy of battle, and shot it from his sling, embedding it in Conchobar's head. Conchobar's doctors couldn't remove it without killing him, so they sewed up the wound and told him he would survive as long as he didn't get excited or over-exert himself. Seven reasonably peaceful years later Conchobar was told of the death of Christ. He flew into a rage, the brain burst from his head, and he died.
Cet made a raid on Ulster one winter's day, killing twenty-seven men and taking their heads. It had snowed, so Conall Cernach was able to follow his trail. He caught up with him, but was reluctant to face him until his charioteer chided him for cowardice. They met at a ford, and Conall killed Cet in a ferocious combat that left Conall near to death himself. | WIKI |
Actinorhizal plant
Actinorhizal plants are a group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinomycetota Frankia. This association leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Actinorhizal plants are distributed within three clades, and are characterized by nitrogen fixation. They are distributed globally, and are pioneer species in nitrogen-poor environments. Their symbiotic relationships with Frankia evolved independently over time, and the symbiosis occurs in the root nodule infection site.
Classification
Actinorhizal plants are dicotyledons distributed within 3 orders, 8 families and 26 genera, of the angiosperm clade. All nitrogen fixing plants are classified under the "Nitrogen-Fixing Clade", which consists of the three actinorhizal plant orders, as well as the order fabales. The most well-known nitrogen fixing plants are the legumes, but they are not classified as actinorhizal plants. The actinorhizal species are either trees or shrubs, except for those in the genus Datisca which are herbs. Other species of actinorhizal plants are common in temperate regions like alder, bayberry, sweetfern, avens, mountain misery and coriaria. Some Elaeagnus species, such as sea-buckthorns produce edible fruit. What characterizes an actinorhizal plant is the symbiotic relationship it forms with the bacteria Frankia, in which they infect the roots of the plant. This relationship is what is responsible for the nitrogen-fixation qualities of the plants, and what makes them important to nitrogen-poor environments.
Distribution and ecology
Actinorhizal plants are found on all continents except for Antarctica. Their ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules confers a selective advantage in poor soils, and are therefore pioneer species where available nitrogen is scarce, such as moraines, volcanic flows or sand dunes. Being among the first species to colonize these disturbed environments, actinorhizal shrubs and trees play a critical role, enriching the soil and enabling the establishment of other species in an ecological succession. Actinorhizal plants like alders are also common in the riparian forest. They are also major contributors to nitrogen fixation in broad areas of the world, and are particularly important in temperate forests. The nitrogen fixation rates measured for some alder species are as high as 300 kg of N2/ha/year, close to the highest rate reported in legumes.
Evolutionary origin
No fossil records are available concerning nodules, but fossil pollen of plants similar to modern actinorhizal species has been found in sediments deposited 87 million years ago. The origin of the symbiotic association remains uncertain. The ability to associate with Frankia is a polyphyletic character and has probably evolved independently in different clades. Nevertheless, actinorhizal plants and Legumes, the two major nitrogen-fixing groups of plants share a relatively close ancestor, as they are all part of a clade within the rosids which is often called the nitrogen-fixing clade. This ancestor may have developed a "predisposition" to enter into symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria and this led to the independent acquisition of symbiotic abilities by ancestors of the actinorhizal and Legume species. The genetic program used to establish the symbiosis has probably recruited elements of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, a much older and widely distributed symbiotic association between plants and fungi.
The symbiotic nodules
As in legumes, nodulation is favored by nitrogen deprivation and is inhibited by high nitrogen concentrations. Depending on the plant species, two mechanisms of infection have been described: The first is observed in casuarinas or alders and is called root hair infection. In this case the infection begins with an intracellular penetration of a Frankia hyphae root hair, and is followed by the formation of a primitive symbiotic organ known as a prenodule. The second mechanism of infection is called intercellular entry and is well described in Discaria species. In this case bacteria penetrate the root extracellularly, growing between epidermal cells then between cortical cells. Later on Frankia becomes intracellular but no prenodule is formed. In both cases the infection leads to cell divisions in the pericycle and the formation of a new organ consisting of several lobes anatomically similar to a lateral root. Cortical cells of the nodule are invaded by Frankia filaments coming from the site of infection/the prenodule. Actinorhizal nodules have generally an indeterminate growth, new cells are therefore continually produced at the apex and successively become infected. Mature cells of the nodule are filled with bacterial filaments that actively fix nitrogen. No equivalent of the rhizobial nod factors have been found, but several genes known to participate in the formation and functioning of Legume nodules (coding for haemoglobin and other nodulins) are also found in actinorhizal plants where they are supposed to play similar roles. The lack of genetic tools in Frankia and in actinorhizal species was the main factor explaining such a poor understating of this symbiosis, but the recent sequencing of 3 Frankia genomes and the development of RNAi and genomic tools in actinorhizal species should help to develop a far better understanding in the following years. | WIKI |
elete Electrolyte Add-In
Testing Information:
Samples are provided to LGC only contain the first 5 digits of a 12 digit batch numbers. All the subsequent digits after the first 5 are for MRI Inc.'s internal tracking purposes.
Flavor:
Samples are provided to LGC only contain the first 5 digits of a 12 digit batch numbers. All the subsequent digits after the first 5 are for MRI Inc.'s internal tracking purposes.
Manufacturer : elete
Program:Informed-Sport
Supplement Type:Electrolyte(s)
Formulation:Liquid
Batch Test
Batch Id Flavour Batch Expiration Test Date
ID 016-L04, 032619-2 None Specified 30-Apr-2023 05-Apr-2019
ID 016H12 None Specified 31-May-2020 17-May-2017
ID 016H12 34409C None Specified 31-May-2020 22-May-2018
ID 016J02 None Specified 31-Jul-2021 10-Oct-2017 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ivan Bohun
Ivan Bohun (died 1664) was a Zaporozhian Cossack colonel. Close associate and friend of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, he opposed both the pacts with Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Treaty of Hadiach of 1658) and with Tsardom of Russia (Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654).
Biography
Bohun was born into a Cossack-Ruthenian nobility family. He took part in the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish rule in Ruthenia. In June 1651 he was elected colonel of troops of Bracław and took part in the Battle of Berestechko against Polish troops led by King John II Casimir Vasa, which the Cossacks lost. Surviving the defeat he regathered his forces and in June 1652 took part in the battle of Batih. In this instance the Cossacks were successful; the Polish commander Marcin Kalinowski was killed and the future hetman Stefan Czarniecki barely escaped with his life. The Polish defeat was complete and allowed the Cossack forces to start a successful offensive and effectively gain control over large parts of the Ukrainian lands. Until 1657 Ivan Bohun also led his forces in minor skirmishes against Polish forces, notably at Bratslav and Uman. He also fought against the Crimean Tatars who had switched sides in the effect of the Treaty of Zboriv of 1649 (they were initially allied with the Cossacks but supported the Commonwealth in later year).
Initially Bohun opposed the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654. After the Battle of Konotop, Ivan Bohun led an armed pro-Russian uprising against his former ally Ivan Vyhovsky near Konotop and defeated his army in the autumn of 1659.
After being captured by the Poles in 1663, Bohun was offered freedom in exchange for taking part in a new military campaign against the Tsardom of Russia. During the retreat after the disastrous Siege of Hlukhiv Bohun was executed by a firing squad for handing over important military information to the besieged Russian garrison.
Legacy
Ivan Bohun became a popular Ukrainian folk hero, immortalized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in a novel With Fire and Sword where character Jurko Bohun was loosely based on him. In the film based on the novel, directed by Jerzy Hoffman, Bohun was played by Aleksandr Domogarov.
Ivan Bohun is also well described in Bohun, a modern, historical novel about Polish-Cossack wars, written by Jacek Komuda.
His death is still commemorated annually in Lviv. | WIKI |
Frank Elliott (actor)
Frank Elliott (11 February 1880 – July 1970) was an English film actor. He appeared in more than 70 films between 1915 and 1966. He was born in Cheshire, England.
Elliott was married to actress Dorothy Cumming, and they had two children.
Selected filmography
* Cora (1915)
* Nearly a Lady (1915)
* The High Road (1915)
* Mr. Grex of Monte Carlo (1915)
* The Double Standard (1917)
* The Love That Dares (1919)
* Love Insurance (1919)
* The Railroader (1919)
* The Scarlet Shadow (1919)
* Wings of the Morning (1919)
* Once to Every Woman (1920)
* The Hope (1920)
* Alias Ladyfingers (1921)
* The Last Card (1921)
* The Speed Girl (1921)
* The Impossible Mrs. Bellew (1922)
* Ruggles of Red Gap (1923)
* Gentle Julia (1923)
* Garrison's Finish (1923)
* Red Lights (1923)
* Secrets (1924)
* The Goldfish (1924)
* Love's Wilderness (1924)
* The Torrent (1924)
* Tearing Through (1925)
* Speed Wild (1925)
* The Lady from Hell (1926)
* Fourth Commandment (1926)
* The Tender Hour (1927)
* Easy Virtue (1928)
* Take the Heir (1930)
* Zis Boom Bah (1941)
* Life With Father (1947)
* Darling, How Could You! (1951) | WIKI |
Home / Health / How can Physiotherapy Minimize the Risk of Falls in Older People?
How can Physiotherapy Minimize the Risk of Falls in Older People?
It has been found that at least one third of people over the age of 65 years fall not less than once every year, which is about 1 million older Australians annually. Though people of all ages and background fall now and then, the elderly people are more affected and might require hospitalization. Other than the physical injuries, that particular individual may also suffer from psychological effects.
Falls usually occur when there is mismatch between the physiological condition of a person, the environmental necessity and his/her individual behavior. And some people have more “risk factors” that are associated with falling. Luckily, most of these risky aspects can be controlled when undertaking proper physiotherapy in Perth.
Here is how a Physio can help with the issues that make older people more liable to falling,
• Weakening leg muscles
It becomes more difficult to maintain muscle strength as we get old. So, older people have to put some effort in order to keep their muscles strong. But considering how we become less active over the time, the probability of muscle weakness increases. However, performing targeted exercise under the guidance of a qualified physio in Perth can help them improve their condition greatly.
• Poor balance
If a person lacks adequate balance, there is an increased chance of falling. In some cases, poor balance was caused due to certain medical conditions like Parkinson’s disease or stroke. Even in these situations, relevant exercises can assist older people to regain their balance.
• Walking issues
Some people have walking problems that could be attributed to pain, weakness, balance or any coordination impairment. When the walking is insufficient, it could also increase the risk of falling. In Perth physiotherapy specialist can help identify why a person has walking issues and could improve the way he/she walks by prescribing relevant exercises. By this way, physiotherapists provide an individual enough confidence to walk more. Sometimes, they even suggest proper walking aid to assist them.
• Postural hypotension
It is a common condition in which a person feels lightheaded when he/she stands up suddenly and the blood pressure doesn’t adapt swiftly enough. Though it can be caused due to many reasons like medications and certain medical disorders, being less fit could also result in this condition. A physiotherapist would recommend cardio-vascular exercises that would enhance the general fitness of a patient, thus reducing the manifestation of postural hypotension.
• Fear
People who suffer from basophobia (fear of falling) would avoid any kinds of physical activity and lose fitness. This could aggravate all the risk factors discussed above. By developing a training plan to reduce the risk of falling, a physio would help them to let go off their fear.
If you want to prevent your loved ones from falling, speak with a local physiotherapist and get them aid as soon as possible.
About Clare Louise
Check Also
Helping Your Loved Ones in Fighting the Addiction
Substance abuse is a disease from which anyone can suffer. Around in the neighborhood, there … | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ora Alexander
Ora Alexander (born c. 1896) was an American classic female blues singer. She was a recording artist in the early 1930s, releasing eight sides, including the dirty blues tracks "You've Got to Save That Thing" and "I Crave Your Lovin' Every Day". Her recordings were in a primitive barrelhouse style. Little is known of her life outside of music.
Career
According to researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc, Alexander was born around 1896. She made ten recordings in New York City for Columbia Records, between May 1931 and March 1932, eight of which were released. From the dates of the recordings it is known that she was in New York at least twice within one year, but it is not certain whether she ever resided there. Her pianist was not generally named on the recordings, but it is certain that Milton Davage was her accompanist on "I'm Wild About My Patootie". It is conjectured that Alexander accompanied herself on other tracks.
Her saucy, ribald style is exemplified in her song "I Crave Your Lovin' Every Day" (1932), with the lyrics "Come on daddy, get down on your knees, Sock it to my weak spot if you please". Her earlier, similarly dirty blues number, "You've Got to Save That Thing" (1931), included "If you want to satisfy my soul, Come on and rock me with a steady roll". | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/Jan O. Jansson
The result was: promoted by Allen3 talk 09:40, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
Jan O. Jansson
* ... that ....Jan O. Jansson (pictured) appeared nude in the music video for singer Markoolio's song "Vilse i skogen", as the water spirit Neck from Swedish folktales?
* ALT1:... that ....Jan O. Jansson (pictured) has the nickname "Nude-Janne" because he walked around nude in most episodes of the two seasons he participated in The Farm?
Created by User:BabbaQ (talk). Nominated by BabbaQ (talk) at 12:38, 2 July 2014 (UTC).
* Reviewed:Art Is... The Permanent Revolution
* Symbol question.svg Article is new and long enough. QPQ done today (reviewed article not promoted yet). Article has inline online sources in Swedish which I can read. I prefer hook nb. 1. which is sourced. I corrected the timeframe for the video named in the hook, and when I checked a number of sentences in the beginning of the "Career" section, I couldn't find information given in those sentences in the provided sources. Unless I have overlooked something this needs be corrected (sources 6 and 7 do not back up the information they were supposed to support, as far as I can see). Photo is labelled as own work and appears to be legit, I am not sure it will work so well on the front page.
* (There also appears to be some problems with the formatting of the DYKnoms; I don't know how to fix that) Iselilja (talk) 19:03, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
* Addition: I think the hook probably should be copyedited slightly, maybe to say
* ALT2 "... that Jan O. Jansson (pictured) appeared nude when he portrayed the water spirit Neck in a music video for singer Markoolio?" Iselilja (talk) 19:11, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
* Thank you!- Yes I support that hook change Iselilja. --BabbaQ (talk) 22:15, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
* I think I have taken care of the issues you mentioned correctly as well.--BabbaQ (talk) 22:21, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg Article new enough, long enough. ALT2 hook verified. QPQ done. Good to go. Hawkeye7 (talk) 21:54, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
* Might I suggest to whoever closes this that the image is used at the DYK section. The hook is quite funny so a photo of this person might be nice for once as the DYK section is often filled with more serious subjects.--BabbaQ (talk) 22:02, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
* I'm serious about this: "appeared nude" makes it sound, for a second or two, as if it only looks like he's nude. EEng (talk) 02:53, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
* Well, as ALT1 is the hook that will most likely be used there is no problem.--BabbaQ (talk) 08:37, 7 July 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Henry Adams' History of the United States Vol. 4.djvu/483
1809 through snow and storm, he hurried back to Monticello to recover in the quiet of home the peace of mind he had lost in the disappointments of his statesmanship. He arrived at Monticello March 15, and never again passed beyond the bounds of a few adjacent counties.
With a sigh of relief which seemed as sincere and deep as his own, the Northern people saw him turn his back on the White House and disappear from the arena in which he had for sixteen years challenged every comer. In the Northern States few regrets were wasted upon his departure, for every mind was intent on profiting by the overthrow of his system; but Virginia was still loyal to him, and the citizens of his own county of Albemarle welcomed with an affectionate address his final return. His reply, dignified and full of grateful feeling, seemed intended as an answer to the attacks of partisan grossness and a challenge to the judgment of mankind:—
* "The anxieties you express to administer to my happiness do of themselves confer that happiness; and the measure will be complete if my endeavors to fulfil my duties in the several public stations to which I have been called have obtained for me the approbation of my country. The part which I have acted on the theatre of public life has been before them, and to their sentence I submit it; but the testimony of my native county, of the individuals who have known me in private life, to my conduct in its various duties and relations is the more grateful as proceeding from eye-witnesses and observers, from triers of the vicinage. Of you, then, my neighbors, | WIKI |
User:Clins002
ABOUT ME
My name is Chris Linscott. I love history and always have. Last spring I was content with just going for a straight history degree, but the more I thought about it, the more the prospect of teaching history appealed to me. In particular, I enjoy United States History. It is my firm belief that the Civil War is in many ways the most influential period in the history of this country. I hope to teach High School History, though ideally, I hope to end up at a University teaching a class that is dedicated to the Civil War and Reconstruction. I am attending classes full time; at the same time I work full time at William E. Wood Realty and Associates. I must apologize to every one out there, for I am indirectly responsible for the junk mail the company sends out. to be more precise, I work in the print shop, where we print both legal forms and, well, junk mail, that that agents send use and send out. I've been there for just over 5 years now.
Teaching Philosophy
As I have only recently decided to do this, I'm sure this will change. Right now, I believe that it is the teacher's primary mission to inform. I do not think that the teacher's goal is to directly mold the thoughts of the student; if it were then it would be no different than brainwashing. If a teacher must insert his or her opinion into the subject matter, I believe that both sides should be represented equally, or at least make it known before hand of personal bias. I was a special needs student all the way up till i graduated high school, so I feel that I have a special understanding of students in similar situations. Because I can relate, I feel that I can apply myself in reaching out and assisting students with special needs. | WIKI |
The Wildcats of St Trinian's
The Wildcats of St Trinian's is the fifth British comedy film set in the fictional St Trinian's School. Directed by Frank Launder, it was released in 1980.
The film pokes fun at the British trade union movement which had been responsible for the recent wave of strikes that culminated in the Winter of Discontent.
The film was not a critical or commercial success. It has yet to be released on DVD except in the US.
Plot
The girls of St. Trinian's hatch yet another fiendish plot—a trade union for British schoolgirls. Their friend and mentor, Flash Harry, suggests a plan which involves kidnapping girls from other rather more respectable colleges and substituting their own "agents". Thus begins a hilarious, often bloody, battle of wits as the girls meet resistance not only from Olga Vandermeer, their Headmistress, but from the Minister of Education, a private detective, and an oil sheikh. Despite all his desperate efforts to foil the conspiracy, the Minister has to face a growing realisation that the girls' demands will have to be met—for him this will mean a very great and very personal sacrifice.
Cast
* Sheila Hancock as Olga Vandemeer
* Michael Hordern as Sir Charles Hackforth
* Joe Melia as Flash Harry
* Thorley Walters as Hugo Culpepper Brown
* Rodney Bewes as Peregrine Butters
* Deborah Norton as Miss Brenner
* Maureen Lipman as Miss Katy Higgs
* Julia McKenzie as Miss Dolly Dormancott
* Ambrosine Phillpotts as Mrs Mowbray
* Rose Hill as Miss Martingale
* Diana King as Miss Mactavish
* Luan Peters as Miss Poppy Adams
* Barbara Hicks as Miss Coke
* Rosalind Knight as Miss Walsh
* Patsy Smart as Miss Warmold
* Bernadette O'Farrell as Miss Carfax
* Sandra Payne as Miss Taylor
* Frances Ruffelle as Angela Hall / Princess Roxanne
* Hilda Braid as Miss Summers
* Mary Manson as Mayfield Headmistress
* Judy Gridley as Mayfield Mistress
* Veronica Quilligan as Lizzie
* Miranda Honnisett as Jennie
* Eileen Fletcher as Agatha
* Anna Mackeown as Harriet
* Sarah Jane Varley as Janet
* Theresa Ratcliff as Maggie
* Lisa Vanderpump as Ursula
* Debbie Linden as Mavis
* Sandra Hall as Big Freda
* Eliza Emery as Butch
* Suzanna Hamilton as Matilda
* Danielle Corgan as Eva Potts
* Nicholas McArdle as Police Sergeant
* Eric Kent as Man in Phone Booth
* Ballard Berkeley as Humphrey Wills
* Melita Clarke as Air Hostess
* Sarah Lam as Chinese Girl
* Tony Wredden as Prince Narouz
* Jeremy Pearce as Evan Williams
* Matthew Smith as Eddie
* Jason Anthony as Sam
* Alfie Curtis as Taxi Driver
Production
It had been fourteen years since the previous St Trinians film. "I didn't want to do another St Trinians unless it could top the previous one," said Launder during filming. "I think this one does." Sidney Gilliat was a production consultant.
Reception
Derek Malcolm of The Guardian called it "one of the worst films I've ever seen... Please don't do anything like it again. Ever."
Launder wanted to follow the film with an adaptation of the books by Norman Thelwell about a pony school. He almost made it in Norway in the late 1970s and in 1979 planned on making it in Britain the following year. However no movie resulted. | WIKI |
新奇
Adjective
* 1) novel; new; original in an interesting way
Adjective
* 1) novel - new, original, especially in an interesting way
Noun
* 1) novelty | WIKI |
Mastectomy Preoperative Procedures
A few days before surgery, the patient's overall health is assessed. Preoperative tests depend on the patient's age and health and generally include a blood test, a chest x-ray, and possibly an electrocardiogram (EKG).
Medications that "thin" the blood, including aspirin, should be discontinued several days prior to a scheduled operation to avoid abnormal bleeding during the procedure. Patients must refrain from eating or drinking at least 8 hours prior to surgery to reduce the risk of vomiting during the procedure. This may include taking oral medications and this should be discussed with the physician.
On admission to the hospital, the patient must sign an informed consent form to make sure the surgeon has explained what a mastectomy is and the risks associated with the surgery.
Next, the anesthesiologist (physician who administers the anesthesia) performs a brief physical assessment and takes a medical history. The anesthesiologist is made aware of current medications, any history of allergies, and previous adverse reactions to anesthesia to assess conditions that may determine the choice of anesthesia and any precautions that must be taken.
An intravenous line (IV) is started to administer fluids and medication during the procedure. The patient is taken to the preoperative holding area and must stay in bed from this point on, except to use the bathroom. Sedation is sometimes given in the preoperative holding area, but the anesthesia is administered in the operating room.
Publication Review By: Stanley J. Swierzewski, III, M.D.
Published: 14 Aug 1999
Last Modified: 03 Sep 2015 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
All posts by
Paweł Wolak
2 years ago
Making API calls a seamless user experience
Almost every modern web application somehow interacts with a backend - be it loading data, doing background sync, submitting a form, or publishing the metrics. Making API requests is not an easy task - we have to consider multiple outcomes and handle them properly. Otherwise, we might end up with confused users and decreased conversion. Although the stakes are high, it is still very likely to encounter an application designed with only a happy path scenario in mind. The question is - how can we improve it?
3 years ago
Using ESLint to improve your app’s performance
Let me start with a story. Once upon a time I stumbled upon an excellent article by Philip Walton where he describes how expensive script evaluations could (and should!) be deferred until the browser is idle or they are actually needed. One of the examples that awakened my interest was creating an instance of the Intl.DateTimeFormat object, as I was using this great API quite often but never thought it can cause real performance problems. Turns out it can, especially if used inside loops. Apart from the technique described in Philip’s article, another solution is to simply reuse Intl.DateTimeFormat instances instead of creating them every time.
Paweł Wolak
Front-end developer who’s responsible for notifications in Allegro (sometimes also from the back-end side). Interested in topics related to web performance, usability and accessibility. After hours he likes getting lost in the woods practicing orienteering. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Copyright
Ch 1: Intro to Relational Database Management Systems
About This Chapter
If you need a quick introduction to relational database management systems, use this helpful chapter as your guide. Whether you're catching up in class or need a resource to use in your curriculum writing, this mobile-friendly and professionally written resource can help.
Intro to Relational Database Management Systems - Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you'll find a helpful introduction to relational database management systems you can use to refresh your knowledge of these subjects. Our lessons cover the elements and advantages of a relational database, database applications and different types of database programs. These lessons work equally well if you're new to these topics or want a quick refresher of information you already know. The quizzes along with each lesson provide a quick assessment you can use to guide your study more wisely. Help from one of our experts is available in the Dashboard should you need it. After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain how to design a database schema
• Give an example of SQL normalization
• Outline the types of normal form in DBMS
• Provide examples of first normal form and third normal form in DBMS
• Define database query and its tools
• Identify DDL, DCL and DML in MySQL
• Discuss basic SQL commands in database management systems
• Understand how to install Oracle Database Express Edition for database programming
• Install MySQL and SQL Server Express Edition for database programming
11 Lessons in Chapter 1: Intro to Relational Database Management Systems
Test your knowledge with a 30-question chapter practice test
What is a Relational Database? - Elements, Design & Advantages
1. What is a Relational Database? - Elements, Design & Advantages
The relational database is the most widely used type of database management system. Learn how the relational database organizes data using tables, keys and associations.
What is a Database Application?
2. What is a Database Application?
From social media to your bank, practically everything you do depends on a database. Database applications are used to access those databases in an efficient and secure way.
Database Programs: Types & Examples
3. Database Programs: Types & Examples
In this lesson you'll learn about databases and database programs. We'll look at examples of various types of database programs and highlight their differences in application.
How to Design a Database Schema
4. How to Design a Database Schema
Just as in construction, a solid database needs a blueprint. Database schemas are blueprints for databases. In this lesson, we will discuss how to design and create a database schema.
SQL Normalization: Example & Rules
5. SQL Normalization: Example & Rules
The amount of information we capture these days is staggering, so removing duplication is important. In this lesson, we'll take a look at SQL, normalization, and the rules associated with them.
What is Normal Form in DBMS? - Types & Examples
6. What is Normal Form in DBMS? - Types & Examples
This lesson explains the concept of correcting table structures in order to minimize database anomalies through a process called normalization. The normal process consists of multiple steps, called normal forms, each ensuring the elimination of the various types of anomalies.
First Normal Form in DBMS with Examples
7. First Normal Form in DBMS with Examples
First Normal Form might sound like the place to be if you're a database. But being first has its drawbacks. This lesson will define first normal form and provide real-world examples.
Third Normal Form in DBMS with Examples
8. Third Normal Form in DBMS with Examples
Normalization in databases help organize tables and keeps records clean. This lesson will cover the third normal form of database normalization which, through the extension of the second normal form (2NF), further reduces dependencies within the data.
Database Query: Definition & Tools
9. Database Query: Definition & Tools
This lesson will cover the concept of a database query. Database queries will be defined, and some basic examples will be explained. An example of query design using the Microsoft Access tool is described.
What are DDL, DML and DCL in MySQL?
10. What are DDL, DML and DCL in MySQL?
Information comes us at from many directions. Databases help us make sense of the information in our world. In this lesson, we'll take a look at a specific example, MySQL, and the commands that can be employed to make sense of data.
Basic SQL Commands in Database Management Systems (DBMS)
11. Basic SQL Commands in Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Basic SQL commands allow the user to achieve significant manipulation of data in the database. The database management system is the software that allows access to the database and to apply SQL commands to manage data.
Chapter Practice Exam
Test your knowledge of this chapter with a 30 question practice chapter exam.
Not Taken
Practice Final Exam
Test your knowledge of the entire course with a 50 question practice final exam.
Not Taken
Earning College Credit
Did you know… We have over 160 college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level.
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you.
Support | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Michael Kors-owner Capri misses sales estimates
Aug 7 (Reuters) - Capri Holdings Ltd posted quarterly revenue below analysts’ estimates on Wednesday, hurt by lower sales at its Michael Kors retail stores. Net income attributable to the company fell to $45 million, or 30 cents per share, in the first quarter ended June 29 from $186 million, or $1.22 per share, a year earlier, due to an impairment charge. Total revenue rose to $1.35 billion from $1.2 billion, missing analysts’ average estimate of $1.37 billion, according to IBES data from Refinitiv. (Reporting by Uday Sampath in Bengaluru; Editing by Anil D’Silva) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Harvard Graduates Targeted by Alumni-Backed Loan Funds
Michael Cagney, a hedge-fund manager
backed by China ’s largest social-networking website, is starting
a series of funds to help students at Ivy League and other top
U.S. colleges refinance their loans at lower rates. Cagney has registered SoFi Capital Advisors LLC with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to manage funds that
will finance loans at top colleges, including six members of the
Ivy League. Each of the 18 funds will be dedicated to one school
and will seek money from institutional investors as well as
alumni of that school, according to company officials and
regulatory filings. The firm plans to offer investors returns that are a
multiple of the 3.97 percent yield they would currently get from
comparable investment grade corporate bonds. Social Finance will
offer lower interest rates than the federal government and many
banks while seeking to minimize defaults by focusing on top
schools and having students borrow from their own alumni through
funds set up specifically for their school. “As I understand it, the schools they are targeting are
schools where students tend to have better job prospects and
have higher salaries coming out of school,” said Judah Kaplan,
co-founder of Great Neck, New York-based Cuzco Capital Investors
Fund LLC, which invests in delinquent consumer debt , adding he
did not have specific details of SoFi’s strategy. In addition, by having alumni as lenders, the funds rely on
the same kind of “moral suasion” as microlending, said Kaplan,
a former director of liquidity risk oversight at mortgage lender
Fannie Mae . ‘Social Return’ SoFi, based in San Francisco , is a unit of Social Finance
Inc., co-founded last year by Cagney and four other people to
capture a piece of the nation’s $1 trillion student loan market.
Social Finance has about $130 million of student loans
outstanding or in the works and plans to originate $1 billion to
$1.5 billion of such debt next year, Cagney said. The funds will raise money mainly from accredited investors
and will have a minimum investment is $100,000, though SoFi
Capital can accept lower amounts. Social Finance’s strategy is premised on an anomaly of the
student loan market: the federal government charges the same
interest rates at every school, even though some have much
higher default rates on student loans than others. Cagney and
the firm’s other co-founders, three of whom are fellow alumni of
Stanford University ’s Graduate School of Business, decided to
develop a lower-cost formula for lending to those who presented
less risk, said Saturnino Fanlo, the chief financial officer of
SoFi Capital and former chief executive officer of KKR Financial
Holdings LLC. (KFN) Government Loans Under its Stafford loan program, the U.S. Department of
Education provides a maximum of $31,000 to undergraduates who
are dependent on their parents, charging 6.8 percent annually
for unsubsidized loans and 3.4 percent to students who qualify
to borrow the money interest-free while in school. Social Finance offers rates as low as 5.99 percent as an
alternative to the unsubsidized Stafford loans and federal PLUS
loans, which allow graduate students and the parents of
undergraduates to borrow additional money from the Education
Department at 7.9 percent. The firm primarily lends to graduates
who want to refinance their college debt, though it also lends
to people who are still in school. Renren Backing Social Finance raised $79 million by selling stock in
September to a group of investors that included Baseline
Ventures and Renren Inc. (RENN) , a Chinese social-networking site that
now ranks as the largest shareholder in Cagney’s firm with a
stake of 25 percent to 50 percent, according to a range provided
in regulatory filings. After the stock sale, Social Finance
decided to sell the student loans that the firm originates to
funds backed by university alumni and institutional investors
instead of holding the debt on the company’s balance sheet,
Fanlo and Cagney said. “The specialty-finance model is a massively balance-sheet-
intensive model,” Cagney said, explaining why the company
shifted to asset management. The new approach “aligns us with
our investors and provides a lot more flexibility with how fast
we move and how aggressive we can be in getting programs set
up.” Before starting Social Finance, Cagney, 41, oversaw the
derivatives desk at Wells Fargo & Co. (WFC) and then started Cabezon
Investment Group LLC with backing from the family of J. Paul
Getty, the late founder of Getty Oil Co., according to SEC
records. He remains an owner of Cabezon, a San Francisco-based
adviser that managed $243 million for macro hedge funds and
high-net-worth individuals as of Jan. 31, the SEC records show.
Macro funds try to anticipate global macroeconomic trends. Harvard Fund SoFi Capital on Oct. 31 incorporated funds dedicated to
backing loans for students at Duke, Harvard, Rice and New York
universities and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ,
according to Delaware state records . The following month, the
firm received SEC approval to operate as an investment adviser ,
according to agency records, and created separate funds for 13
more schools, including Brown, Columbia, Cornell and Stanford
universities, Dartmouth College , and the Universities of
Chicago , Pennsylvania and Virginia . SoFi plans to set up dedicated funds for additional
schools, Fanlo said. SoFi isn’t restricting its investment funds
to elite universities, Fanlo said, adding that the firm’s
parent, Social Finance, currently makes loans available at about
80 schools. SoFi’s loan portfolio has an average coupon of 6.1 percent,
Cagney said, adding that the funds can use a “modest” amount
of leverage, or as much as 50 percent of their assets under
management. The student loans have maturities ranging from 5 to
15 years, Cagney said. Corporate bonds that mature in 15 years
currently yield about 3.97 percent, according to Bank of America
Merrill Lynch index data. “What the investor is getting,” Cagney said, is “a high-
yield type return for a very-high-quality underlying asset.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Miles Weiss in Washington at
mweiss@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Christian Baumgaertel at
cbaumgaertel@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Augustus Frank et al., Appl’ts and Resp’ts, v. The Erie & Genesee Valley Railroad Co. et al., Appl’ts and Resp’ts.
(Court of Appeals, Second Division,
Filed October 7, 1890.)
1. Railroad—Lease.
Plaintiff Woodruff leased a certain, railroad, covenanting in the lease among other things to pay the interest coupons on certain bonds as they accrued, and the principal at maturity. Woodruff sub-leased to the Erie Railroad, conveying by the lease all the rights he had taken by his lease, and the company agreed to perform all the obligations he had assumed. The Erie Co. gave a mortgage to the F. L. & T. Co. for $40,000,000, but defaulted on the original bonds in January, 1875, and in June the F. L. & T. Co. began foreclosure of their mortgage, announcing at the sale that it did not include the Woodruff lease. Held, that the lease was neither destroyed nor affected by the foreclosure of the F. L. So T. mortgage, nor by the subsequent action to dissolve the Erie Co. ; that the leasehold estate had been expressly exempted from the sale by the court, the receiver and the grantees.
2. Same—Rents—Foreclosure.
. A mortgagee out of possession has no lien upon rents. Until he elects to take possession, or moves for a receiver, the rents belong to the lessor, who may contract as he chooses with the lessee or his assignee in regard to them.
8. Same—Title of mortgagee.
When the mortgagee takes possession he does so subject to all arrangements made in good faith between a lessor, lessee and assignee for the relief of the latter, unless there was an express promise by him enuring to the mortgagee’s benefit.
4. Same.
As the appellant company, the purchaser at the foreclosure sale, was induced not to abandon possession of the road by the arrangement under consideration, so long as it remained in force it effectually reduced the amount payable-by it as assignee in possession.
Appeal by both parties from a judgment of the general term of the supreme court, in the fifth judicial department, modifying a judgment entered upon the decision of the court at special term.
Action to foreclose a trust deed, in the nature of a mortgage, executed by a railroad company to secure the payment of its bonds.
Certain railroad corporations, organized severally under the names of the Erie & Genesee Valley Eailroad Company, the Erie Eailroad Company, and the New York, Lake Erie & Western Eailroad Company, are herein referred to, respectively, as the Genesee Valley Company, the Erie Company, and the Appellant Company.
The mortgage sought to be foredlosed was executed June 20, 1871, by the Genesee Valley Company to the plaintiffs and one Lockwood, as trustees for the bondholders, to secure the payment of certain bonds concurrently issued to the amount of $120,000 of principal, due July 1, 1886, and the interest coupons attached, due successively on the first days of January and July in each year. The mortgage provided that if the interest on the bonds remained unpaid for six months, the whole amount of principal and interest should be due and payable and the mortgagees might take possession.
November 1, 1871, the Genesee Yalley Company leased its road, and all the rights, powers and privileges appurtenant thereto, to Lauren C. Woodruff for the unexpired term of its charter, which was for 100 years, and of any renewals thereof, the lessee “ paying, or causing to be paid therefor, the bonded debt of $120,000, whenever the same shall become due, * * * and
also all lawful taxes * * '* and assessments. * * * In case of payment of the bonds by the party of the first part (Yoodruff), or the Erie Eailway Company, thereafter the annual rent to be one dollar and taxes.”
The lessee expressly covenanted, among other things, to operate the road as a first-class railroad; to pay the interest on the bonded debt, and upon its maturity to pay the principal or provide for a renewal of the loan; to complete the road from Dansville to a connection with the Erie railway; to keep it and its appurtenances in repair; to indemnify the lessor against all suits, damages and costs, and upon the expiration or other sooner determination of the term granted to surrender the demised property in as good condition as when received, ordinary wear and use excepted. The various covenants were made binding upon the successors and assigns of the respective parties. November 8, 1871, said Woodruff leased the same property to the Erie Company by an instrument containing substantially the same covenants and conditions.
February 4, 1874, the Erie, Company, being then in possession of the railroad and property covered by said leases, executed a mortgage thereon, as well as upon other property, to the Farmers’ Loan & Trust Company to secure the payment of bonds to the amount of $40,000,000.
The interest coupons outstanding against the Genesee Yalley Co., up to and including those falling due January 1, 1875, were paid by the Erie Company, which, shortly after that date, became embarrassed and thenceforward failed to comply with that condition of its lease which required payment of interest. In May, 1875, the people, through the attorney-general, commenced an action to dissolve the corporation, and on the 26th of that month, Hugh J. Jewett, who was then the president of the Erie Company, was appointed receiver of its property and franchises, and took possession of the same, including the property covered by the lease from Woodruff. In June, 1875, the Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. commenced an action to foreclose its said mortgage, and on the 15th of the same month said Jewett was appointed receiver in that action also. From May, 1875, until April, 1878, when the Erie Company was reorganized, the railroad of the Genesee Yalley Co. was operated as a part of the Erie system of railroads by said receiver, who took and retained the receipts and profits, all of which he was authorized to do by orders of the court which appointed him. In like manner he was further authorized, in his discretion, to pay rent due and to become due upon the leases held by the Erie company “ in manner and form as provided in such leases respectively; ” but he was not required, as the court further •said in its order, to adopt and confirm any such leases that upon -due inquiry he should find not to be advantageous to all parties in interest.
November 7, 1877, a decree was made foreclosing the mortgage to the Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., which, after reciting among •other things that some of the leasehold interests covered by said mortgage are “ burdensome, unprofitable and worthless,” adjudged that the property “ mortgaged or intended so to be” should be sold by a referee in one parcel subject to all liens prior to the date of the mortgage, but that the plaintiff should “be at liberty to abandon and disclaim, at any time before the sale, any leasehold estates or interests, embraced or included in the mortgage, not •deemed to be valuable, by giving notice of such abandonment and disclaimer to the referee in writing, and the referee shall not expose for sale the leasehold estates and interests so abandoned and disclaimed, as part of the mortgaged premises.” The decree further provided that all leasehold estates and interests sold by the referee as part of the mortgaged property should be sold subject to the terms and provisions of the leases and contracts under which they were held. The referee was authorized to do all things needful and proper and take all measures deemed judicious and necessary to expose the 'property for sale in such a manner as to command the highest price. The receiver was directed to assign to the purchasers of the mortgaged premises, upon-their request, all executory contracts of the Erie Company, but such purchasers, as the -decree further provided, should “ not be required to assume any contracts of the defendant company entered into before the appointment of the receiver, and all such contracts not so assumed by Such purchaser * * shall be re-assigned by the receiver to the said defendant company.” It was further adjudged that if a purchase ■should be made under the reorganization act, Laws 1874, chap.480, the purchaser should take title subject to all the lawful provisions of the plan and agreement of reorganization and that he should be fully vested with the property and premises sold in pursuance of the judgment. The property “ authorized to be sold” under the decree included “ terms and remainders of terms, franchises, * "*" * leasehold estates, contracts and other property.”
The notice of sale contained the same description as the decree, but the terms of sale, which were publicly read before the property was sold, excluded “ such portions thereof as will be declared excepted at the time and place of sale.” The plan of reorganization, entered into July 21, 1876, was approved by the court, August 12, 1876. It provided for the “ foreclosure of the property of the company,” and that “if the railway is bought in after such foreclosure, a new company shall be formed to hold and work it.”
The referee, in his report of sale, states that at and prior to the ■sale due and public announcement was made by him that the lease between Woodruff and the Genesee Valley Go., or the estate or interest purporting to be created thereby, would not be included in the property sold. The sale took place April 24, 1878, and the next day it was duly confirmed by the court, which directed the referee to forthwith execute a proper deed of conveyance to the purchasers, who were the reconstruction trustees, of alL the-property “ so as aforesaid sold or intended so to be.” The referee’s deed conveys the property described in the decree, “ except, however, as follows: * * * 4. A memorandum of agreement, or lease, dated November 8,1871, between the Erie Railway Company, of the first part, and Lauren C. Woodruff, lessee of the Erie & Genesee Valley Railroad Company, of the second part.” The grantees covenanted to assume and save the receiver harmless from his contracts, obligations and lawful indebtedness.
April 27, 1878, the purchasing trustees conveyed to the appellant company, which was organized on that day, the same property, by a deed containing the same exceptions as the deed from the referee. The certificate of incorporation of the appellant, company recites the foreclosure proceedings, but expressly states, that the Woodruff lease was excepted from the property sold.
May 3, 1878, said receiver presented to th,e court his petition,, wherein, after reciting the proceedings had in the foreclosure action, he stated that in pursuance of the judgment therein “ all and singular the mortgaged premises were sold as therein directed,”* and that the referee executed and delivered a deed “ conveying the premises and every part thereof ” to the purchasers ; that the purchasers conveyed to the appellant company “ all and singular the said premises so, as aforesaid, conveyed to them,” but the petition also refers to the several deeds on record as a part, thereof and, as already stated, each deed expressly excepts the Woodruff lease. The petition further states that the appellant, company claims to be entitled to receive' from him, as receiver, “ the possession of all the property and franchises embraced in the said judgment and the several deeds of conveyance.” The petitioner asked for authority to transfer, surrender and deliver to the appellant company “allthe property and franchises in his hands', and under his control as receiver ” with certain immaterial exceptions. On the same day an order was made by the court directing him to transfer, deliver and surrender to said company “all the property and franchises whereof he is now possessed as receiver * * * and which were embraced or intended to be embraced in the judgment of foreclosure herein.”
June 1, 1878, the appellant company gave the receiver a receipt for “ all the property mentioned as being in judgment and enumerated in the referee’s report of sale thereunder.” July 18, 1878, the receiver transferred to the appellant company a large number of contracts and agreements formerly belonging to the Erie Company, but not including the Woodruff lease. It was stated in the instrument of transfer that the purchasers under the foreclosure- and their successors, the appellant company, had assumed the ex-ecutory contracts so assigned.
July 26, 1878, the receiver re-assigned to the Erie Company the Woodruff lease, among other instruments, by a writing which recited his power to do so as conferred by the judgment in the foreclosure action in case the purchasers at the mortgage sale should refuse to assume them and stated that such purchasers had not assumed them, but had rejected and refused to assume them. December 4, 1879, the receiver executed and delivered to the appellant company an instrument, which after reciting the application and order of May 3, 1878, stated that on the first day of June, 1878, he “ formally transferred and surrendered to your company the property of the Erie Eailway Company,” excepting such as he had retained to satisfy his outstanding indebtedness as receiver.
He further stated in said instrument as follows: “ I now propose to, and herewith do, transfer and surrender to your company all of the property of the Erie Eailway Company, real and personal, remaining in my hands as receiver, not heretofore transferred and surrendered to you as above recited, in order that you may become completely possessed of all the property of the Erie Eailway Company, which was sold under foreclosure, and which became vested in you by such sale and subsequent conveyances and assignments above referred to.”
November 25, 1879, final judgment was entered in the action brought by the people, dissolving the corporation and adjudging that “by reason of the said foreclosure and sale the said Erie Eailway Company has been wholly and permanently deprived of ■every right and franchise, and of every kind and character of property necessary to enable it to carry on business and to exercise and employ its franchises as contemplated and required by the laws under which said company was created.”
December 30,1879, various reports of the foregoing transactions, among othersj were confirmed by the court, and the receiver was discharged from all liability to and including December 5, 1879.
The railroad of the Genesee Valley Company has been held and operated as follows: From November 8, 1871, to May 26, 1875, by the Erie Company; from the latter date to June 1, 1878, by Mr. Jewett, as receiver; and from that time onward, so far as appears, by the appellant company.
May 14, 1879, the appellant company, of which Mr. Jewett was president from its organization, served a notice upon the Genesee Valley Company, and upon Lauren C. Woodruff, stating that the Erie Company came into possession of the road under an agreement with Woodruff, and although extensive and permanent improvements were made, it was operated at a loss ; that he, as receiver, also operated it at a loss, having been advised that the lease was void, to which Mr. Woodruff had assented, but on account of public and other considerations, he did not abandon it; that “he did not expect that the operation of the road at a loss solely for the benefit of that part of the public which it accommodated would, in addition to his loss, expose him to a claim for rental; ” that the appellant company “ acquired no interest in this property, but merely succeeded to the possession of the receiver; ” that the appellant company was no longer willing to continue the operation ■of the road at a loss, and, therefore, gave notice that it would cease to operate the road on July 1, 1879.
June 30, 1879, said Woodruff made a written proposition to the appellant company to the effect that it should continue to operate the road in question after July 1, 1879, until further notice, and to pay the expenses of running it, but that it should not “be compelled to pay any rent for the use of the same.” No obligation was to be implied from the execution of such proposal, which was not to be so construed as to affect any of the legal rights of the parties thereto “ as the same shall exist on and after July 1, 1879.” This proposition was presented to the directors of the Genesee Valley Company, who, on July 5, 1879, declared by resolution that their company desired “ to have its road operated in the future as in the past for the benefit of the citizens of the territory through which it runs, and that it will assent to any arrangement made by Mr. Woodruff having that end in view that will not conflict with or change the rights or obligations of Mr.. Woodruff and this company under the contract between them, bearing date November 1, 1871.”
They directed that a copy of this resolution, with its preamble embracing the opinion of their counsel upon the subject, should be attached to said proposal and returned to the appellant company, which on the 8th of July, 1879, notified the Genesee Valley Company and said Woodruff that it would continue to operate-the road during the month of July upon the terms mentioned in said proposal, but that unless some permanent arrangement were made by August 1, it would withdraw its trains from the road. July 30 said Woodruff agreed in writing with the appellant company that if it would not withdraw its trains on the 1st of August, but would continue to operate the road' until the 1st of September, it should have the right to do so “ free of any rental or obligation for the use of said road during said month of August.” January 24, 1880, this agreement was continued in force from September 1, 1879, until May 13, 1880, and by two subsequent agreements said arrangement was continued until May 15, 1881.
August 25, 1879, a resolution was adopted by the board of directors of the Genesee Valley Company appointing a committee to confer with Mr. Woodruff" with reference to a final settlement, of the difficulties, and in the meantime requesting the appellant, company to continue the operation of the road “as heretofore operated without liability to this company for its use, until such conference can be had and a settlement or compromise effected.”
This action was commenced October 25, 1877, but by order of the court a supplemental summons was issued March 10, 1883, bringing in said Woodruff and the appellant company as parties defendant. Upon the trial, the special term by its decree, made as of October 1, 1885, adjudged that the sum of $235,605 of principal and interest was due upon the mortgage in question, and directed the usual foreclosure and sale, with judgment for any deficiency, collectible by execution out of the property of the following defendants in the order named: 1. The appellant company. 2. Lauren C. Woodruff. 3. The Genesee Valley Company.
Upon appeal, the general term modified the decree “ so as to limit the liability ” of the appellant company “ to a sum equal to the amount of interest upon the bonds of the Genesee Valley Company ” “from the 1st day of January, 1875, to the 1st day of July, 1879, with interest on the several installments from the time they became due, respectively, amounting on July 1, 1887, the date of entering judgment, to $61,425.” This was declared to be without prejudice to the right of any party entitled thereto to require the appellant company to account for and pay any such rent as it might be liable to pay on account of the possession and. operation of the road after July 1, 1879.
December 10, 1889, the parties stipulated that when the appellant company or the said receiver should deposit to the credit of the plaintiffs, “ $37,882.45, the amount decreed in the action of Lauren 0. 'Woodruff v. Hugh J. Jewett, as receiver, * * * being the amount due and unpaid of ” the interest coupons in question from January 1, 1875, to January 1, 1878, and should pay certain costs, “such payments to be proved by the affidavit of Hon. E. C. Sprague, * * * such affidavit may be annexed to the record in this case, * * * with the like force and effect as if a supplemental answer had been interposed and a final decision of the court made to the effect that such payments had been made.”
The affidavit of Mr. Sprague, dated February 26, 1890, that the deposit had been made as required by said stipulation is. annexed to the appeal book.
James C. Carter and James Wood, for pl’ffs; Imcius N. Bangs, for Laurence C. Woodruff; J. A. Yanderlip, for Erie & Genesee Valley R. R. Co.; B. C. Sprague, for Hew York, Lake Erie & Western R R Co.
Modifying and affirming 7 N. Y. State Rep., 814.
Vann, J.
By the agreement entered into Hovember 1, 1871, between the Genesee Valley Company and Lauren C. Woodruff, a leasehold estate was carved out of the fee belonging to the former and the «consideration agreed to be paid therefor by the latter was the rent reserved, although in an unusual form. Wooruff v. Erie Railway Co., 93 N. Y, 609, 615; The People v. O'Brien, 111 id, 1; 19 N. Y. State Rep, 173. As the lease from Woodruff to the Erie Company embraced all that he had acquired from his lessor, it operated as an assignment in fact, although not such in form, of the entire term granted by the original lease. Stewart v. The Long Island R. R. Co., 102 N. Y. 601; 2 N. Y. State Rep., 557. Thenceforward the legal relations of the three parties named were those of lessor, lessee and assignee under a lease. The Erie Company became liable for the interest and principal, as it fell due, both by privity of contract and by privity of estate. Wood’s Land. & T, 742; Gear L. & T. §§ 125-6. The former liability depended upon its express promise to pay, whether it entered into possession or not, and could be discharged only by payment, while the latter depended upon entry into possession under the lease and could be avoided by assigning the entire term and relinquishing possession. When the receiver of the Erie Company took possession and operated the railroad, he also became liable, in effect, as assignee during the period of his. occupation. The foundation and nature of his liability was defined by this court when it said that “ ho could not take possession of the property and enjoy its use and occupation without incurring a liability for the payment of the rent under the lease by which his predecessor secured its possession. The principles which govern the liability of an assignee of a lease seem to be applicable to the case of a receiver, and he would be eqitably and legally chargeable with the payment of-rent under a lease for such time as he continued to occupy the property demised.” Woodruff v. Erie R. R. Co., supra, 624.
The next and last possessor of the leasehold estate was the appellant company, and the origin, nature and effect of its possession present the chief points of controversy on this appeal. It is clear that the lease was neither destroyed nor affected by the foreclosure of the mortgage held by the Farmers’ Loan & Trust Company, nor by the action brought to dissolve the Erie Company, because all of the contracting parties were not before the court in either of those actions, and the decree was made subject to all prior liens. The leasehold estate, therefore, was still in existence, unimpaired, when the appellant company entered into possession of the property. By what authority and in what capacity did it make that entry?
The claim of the plaintiffs that it entered as assignee in fact, because the judgment of foreclosure and the referee’s deed thereunder actually transferred the lease, does not appear to be well founded.
The mortgage foreclosed doubtless covered the interest of the Erie Co. in the lease, and the judgment authorized its sale as a part of the property embraced by the foreclosure, but it also authorized the plaintiffs therein to' abandon and disclaim their lien upon any of the nineteen leases not regarded as valuable, by notifying the referee to that effect before the sale. Thereupon, as the decree provided, that officer was required not to expose the leasehold estates, so abandoned, for sale as part of the mortgaged premises. No reason is perceived why a creditor has not the right to waive or release a part of his security, but if there is any question as to this because, in the case under consideration, the debtor did not ask for it, it cannot be raised collaterally. The remedy must be sought in the suit in which the judgment was rendered, as even third persons who claim rights under the judgment are bound by the provisions affecting those rights. It does not appear expressly whether the requisite notice was given or not. It appears, however, by the referee’s report of sale that the lease in question was not embraced in the property sold, and that he publicly announced before the sale that neither the Woodruff lease nor the estate created thereby would be included in the sale. The terms of sale corresponded with this announcement. The report .of the referee was confirmed and his conveyance, made under the direction of the court, expressly and specifically excepted, from the effect of the sale the lease in question. The deed from the purchasing trustees contained the same exception, and the receipt of the appellant company was for the property enumerated in the referee’s report of sale. Under these circumstances and those relating to the subject more fully detailed elsewhere, we think that the presumption arises that the notice had been given. When an officer of the court does an act “which would be a violation of his duty unless a certain condition had first been performed, it will be presumed that such condition was performed.” Davis v. Bowe, 118 N. Y., 55, 60; 27 N. Y. State Rep., 862. Moreover, independent of this presumption, the evidence shows an unmistakable intention on the part of the court, its officer and the grantees that the lease, which created, defined and, in a certain sense, constituted the leasehold estate, should be excepted from the transfer.
While the appellant company was the successor of the Erie Co., still, as to the ownership of the property sold under the mortgage, at least, it was a new corporation. This plainly appears from the title, text and object of the statutes under which the reorganization was effected. Laws 1876, chap. 446, § 1; Laws 1874, chap. 430; Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Miller, 114 U. S., 176; Hoard v. C. & O. R'y Co., 123 id., 222. It acquired title, therefore, to no property of the old company by virtue of the foreclosure proceedings, except such as was actually transferred to it under the direction of the court. If it were true, as claimed by the plaintiffs, that all the property covered by the mortgage must be sold as an entirety, and that the purchaser must accept each and every part cum onere, a railroad corporation, by making bad bargains after it had mortgaged its'property, could destroy the value of the mortgage.
The plaintiffs further contend that said lease was transferred to the appellant company by the receiver under the powers conferred upon him by the special term, and that it accepted such transfer. Title to the lease was vested in the receiver by virtue of his appointment, and it may be that the new company was willing to accept the naked title from him without any covenant to assume the burdens thereof, when it was unwilling to accept title under the foreclosure sale and assume performance of all the covenants, as required by the judgment. Certain acts of the appellant company and of the receiver are difficult to explain upon any other theory. In his petition of May 3, 1878, that officer asked for authority “to transfer, surrender and deliver” to the appellant company “ all the property and franchises in his hands and under his control as receiver,” subject to certain exceptions not now material.
The order made was as broad as- the prayer of the petition and each was broad enough to cover the lease, which was still held by the receiver. Yet the transfer, made July 18, 1878, of various executory contracts did not include the lease. That transfer, however, does not allude to said order, but purports to have been made pursuant to the judgment of foreclosure and it required the purchasers to assume the burdens. No transfer, depending on said order for authority, appears to have been made until December 4, 1879, when the receiver, by an assignment of that date, transferred to the appellant company “ all the property of the Erie Bailway Co., real and personal, remaining in my possession not heretofore transferred and surrendered to you as above recited in order that you may become completely possessed of all the property of the Erie Eailway Co., which was sold under foreclosure and which became vested in yon by such sale and the subsequent conveyances and assignments above referred to.” It does not appear whether any transfer, other than those mentioned, was made or not, except under certain proceedings in the courts of the state of Hew Jersey, which affected the property in that state only and did not include the lease in question. The assignment of July 26, 1878, to the Erie Company is not regarded as important, for the effect of a conveyance to a dying corporation, made by its own receiver in anticipation of its dissolution, is not apparent.
The appellant company, right after its organization, entered into possession of the property covered by the lease and it has remained in possession and has operated the railroad ever since, yet it failed to show upon the trial in what capacity it entered, or by what authority it operated the road. The theory of the plaintiffs as to transfer by the receiver finds some support in the entry into possession by the appellant company. It cannot be heard to say that it entered as a trespasser, for that would be asserting its own wrongful act as a defense to the claim of one who had the right to waive the tortious element, if it existed, and to insist upon the entry as valid with all the consequences that may be implied, therefrom. Schuyler v. Smith, 51 N. Y., 309; Conway v. Starkweather, 1 Den., 113.
The law presumes, under the circumstances, that it entered rightfully, and as it failed to show any other authority, may not the act of entry be regarded as a practical construction of the order of May 3, 1878, and the subsequent action of the receiver? At all events it entered into possession in subordination to the lease, for in no other way could it have entered except as a trespasser. As long as the leasehold estate was in existence no person or body corporate could give it authority to enter except under the lease. What presumption arises from the fact of possession and occupation under these circumstances ? Where a person other than the lessee is shown to be in possession of leasehold premises, the law presumes that the lease has been assigned to him. Williams v. Woodard, 2 Wend., 487, 493; Acker v. Witherell,, 4 Hill, 112, 116; Carter v. Hammett, 12 Barb., 253; S. C. 18 id., 608; Cross v. Upson, 17 Wis., 618; 1 Washburn on Real Property, 509 ; Taylor’s Land. & Ten., § 450; 2 Phil. Ev., 150; Woodfall’s Land. & T., 276. It further presumes that the assignment was sufficient to transfer the term and to satisfy the statute of frauds. Bedford v. Terhune, 30 N. Y., 453. It does not, however, presume that the assignee entered into any express covenant to pay rent, so as to make himself liable through privity of contract, or otherwise than through privity of estate. The appellant company, therefore, under the facts proved became prima facie liable as assignee of , the lease during the period that it operated the road. This involved the obligation to perform all covenants running with the land that were broken during said period, including the covenant to pay rent, or that which stood in the place of rent. The presumption that a party, other than the lessee, who is found in possession of leased premises, holds them under an assignment of the lease, may be rebutted by showing that he was in as an under-tenant Armstrong v. Wheeler, 9 Cow., 88; Carter v. Hammett, 12 Barb., 253.
It is claimed that the supposed assignee may rebut this presumption by proving that he never had any assignment, and there is authority for the position. Quackenboss v. Clarke, 12 Wend., 555; Welsh v. Schuyler, 6 Daly, 412. This, we think, is open to question, provided proof of that fact involves proof of entry without right or as a trespasser, but it is not necessary to so decide in this case, as the appellant company failed to show that it never had an assignment of the lease in question. Proof that it did not take title in a certain way, as under the foreclosure proceedings, is no proof that it did not take title at all. No effort was made to show that the documents read in evidence were the only papers in existence relating to the subject. The receiver was not called to testify that he never executed and delivered to the appellant company any instrument purporting to be an assignment of, or relating to, the lease, other than those in evidence. No officer of the company was asked whether he knew of any such paper. There was a failure to meet the burden of proof resting upon the putative assignee in this regard, and hence the presumption arising from possession ripened into a fact. The appellant company, therefore, is to be regarded as assignee of the lease during the time that it has occupied the leasehold estate, and as such liable for the rent accruing subsequent to the date of entry, at least until the new arrangement was made, which is alleged to have relieved it from further liability to pay rent as stipulated in the lease.
The appellant company operated the railroad covered by the lease without complaint or question until May 14, 1879, when it notified the original lessor and lessee, the latter being at the time one of the two mortgagees then surviving, that it was operating the road at a loss and that it would cease to operate it on the 1st of July following. Appended to this was a notice signed “ Erie Railway Company, by H. J. Jewett, president and receiver;” that “ on behalf of the Erie Railway Company, and on behalf of myself as receiver of that company, all rights to compensation for improvements and additions and all rights of reclamation for losses are hereby reserved.” Negotiations followed, which resulted in an arrangement between the Genesee Valley Company, Lauren C. Woodruff and the appellant company, by which the last named, at the request of the others, agreed to continue the operation of the road at its own expense for the public benefit, provided it should not “ be compelled to pay any rent for- the use of the same.” The mortgagees, through Woodruff, had notice of these negotiations, and of the result thereof, but they made no objection, and did not attempt to take possession of the road, although they had the right to do so. What was the effect of this arrangement ?
As we have held, the appellant company was at the time in possession as naked assignee, with no express promise on its part to pay rent. This is equally true whether its title rests upon an assignment presumed, but not otherwise proved, or upon the order of May 3, 1878, as neither source of title required anything but a bare operative transfer.
It was, therefore, liable only in respect of its possession and for such covenants only as might be broken while privity of estate continued. It was in its power to escape this liability at any time by assigning the lease and abandoning possession, even if it were done for the express purpose of avoiding the further payment of rent. Childs v. Clark, 3 Barb. Ch., 52; Tate v. McCormick, 23 Hun, 218; Durand v. Curtis, 57 N. Y., 7 ; 2 Platt on Leases, 416.
Privity of estate would thus be destroyed, and with it the foundation of future liability.
It is clear that, ordinarily, the lessor, lessee and assignee of a lease may modify its terms by reducing the amount of rent. Can they do so when there is a mortgage upon the property covered by the lease, but not upon the leasehold estate, itself ? Why can they not, in the absence of fraud and when, as in this case, there is no covenant on the part of the assignee for the benefit of the mortgagee? Without such & covenant, or some express promise, the assignee of a lease is under no more obligation to the mortgagee of a lessor, than a grantee is to the mortgagee of a grantor. Vrooman v. Turner, 69 N. Y., 280, 283; Pardee v. Treat, 82 id., 385; Root v. Wright, 84 id., 72 ; Seward v. Huntington, 94 id., 104.
A mortgagee out of possession has no lien upon rents. Until he elects to take, possession, or moves for a receiver, the rents belong to the lesgor, whp" may contract as he chooses with the assignee in regard to them. Argall v. Pitts, 78 N. Y., 239 ; Rider v. Bagley, 84 id., 461; Wyckoff v. Scofield, 98 id., 475.
When the mortgagee takes possession he does so subject to all arrangements made in good faith between a lessor, lessee and assignee for the relief of the latter, unless there was an express promise by him enuring to the mortgagee’s benefit. The fact that rent is payable as interest on a mortgage does not affect the liability of an assignee, except while privity of estate continues. When the appellant company was about to abandon possession of the road and extinguish the privity of estate, it was induced not to do so by the arrangement under consideration. How long that arrangement continued does not appear, but we think that so long as it remained in force it effectually reduced the amount of rent payable by the appellant company as assignee in possession.
The judgment of the general term should be modified by deducting therefrom the amount deposited in the Metropolitan Trust Company of Hew York, under the stipulations of December 10,1889, and, as modified, affirmed, without costs in this court to any party.
All concur, except Bradley, and Haight, J. J., not sitting. | CASELAW |
The Wolfpack
The Wolfpack is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Crystal Moselle. It is about the Angulo family, who homeschooled and raised their seven children (six boys and one girl) in the confinement of their apartment in the Lower East Side of New York City. The film premiered on January 25, 2015, at the Sundance Film Festival, where it won the U.S. Documentary Grand Jury Prize.
Synopsis
Locked away in an apartment in the Lower East Side of Manhattan for fourteen years, the seven children of the Angulo family—daughter Visnu and six sons: Bhagavan (b. 1991/1992), twins Narayana (who now goes by Josef) and Govinda (b. 1993/1994), Mukunda (b. 1995/1996), Krisna (who now goes by Glenn; b. 1997/1998), and Jagadesh (who now goes by Eddie; b. 1998/1999)—learned about the outside world by watching films, and eventually began to re-enact scenes from their favorite movies using elaborate homemade props and costumes. Their father, Oscar, had the only key to the door of their sixteenth story four-bedroom apartment in the Seward Park Extension housing project, and he prohibited the children or their mother, Susanne, who homeschooled the children, from leaving the apartment, except for a few strictly monitored trips on the "nefarious" streets of New York City each year.
Everything changed for the family when, at 15-years-old, Mukunda decided to walk around the neighborhood in January 2010, against Oscar's instruction to remain inside. After that, all of the brothers gradually begin to explore Manhattan and the world beyond the walls of their apartment.
Production
While walking down First Avenue in Manhattan one day in 2010, Crystal Moselle, a graduate of New York's School of Visual Arts, chanced upon the six Angulo brothers, who were then between 11 and 18 years old. Struck by their appearance—the brothers were each wearing black Ray-Ban sunglasses reminiscent of Reservoir Dogs and had waist-long hair—she approached them and struck up a conversation. Moselle became friends with the boys, and she later found out that: they had been largely confined to their Manhattan apartment for 14 years; they had learned about the world by watching movies; and most, if not all, social situations were new to them. The brothers quickly bond with Moselle due to their shared love of film.
The Tribeca Film Institute provided financial support and assistance to Moselle.
Release
After its premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, Magnolia Pictures bought the film's worldwide distribution rights.
The film was the closing night film of the 2015 Maryland Film Festival. It had its London premiere on August 21, 2015.
Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 87% of 149 film critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average score 7.2/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "Offering a unique look at modern fears and our fascination with film, The Wolfpack is a fascinating—and ultimately haunting—urban fable." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian gave the film a five-star review and compared it to Grey Gardens (1975), saying: "Not since Grey Gardens has a film invited us into such a strange, barely-functioning home and allowed us to gawk without reservation." Scott Foundas of Variety also gave the film a positive review, writing: "There is much to enjoy in director Crystal Moselle's debut documentary feature, which if nothing else begs a where-are-they-now sequel a few years down the road." In his review for Indiewire, Eric Kohn gave the film a B+, saying that "Crystal Moselle's portrait of teens trapped in an apartment for most of their lives is filled with compelling mysteries." Jordan Raup of The Film Stage said in his review that "The Wolfpack is an endlessly fascinating documentary, but it’s not quite a great one."
John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter was more critical of the film, writing: "This debut doc doesn't quite make the most of fascinating and likeable subjects." Kate Erbland of The Playlist said that "The Wolfpack is a film about access, and though we are admitted into the world of the eponymous Wolfpack, not understanding how we got there robs the film of compelling commentary."
Some reviews discussed ethical issues about the making of the film. Paul Byrne, while conceding that The Wolfpack tells "a confronting and confounding true story", wrote: "Some of the boys were barely teenagers when Moselle started to film, too young to give consent. The sister is mentally handicapped, so incapable of consent. The father might be mentally ill – another problem of consent...The question then becomes how much [Moselle's] presence changes what we see." Steve Thomas of The Conversation pointed to "ethical questions surrounding The Wolfpack", saying: "truth is that whilst filmmakers can cite signed release forms to justify their actions, these are just pieces of paper. Consent in longitudinal documentary projects (which follow people over a long period of time) is an ongoing process."
The film's story was covered in the June 19, 2015, episode of ABC's 20/20. | WIKI |
1841 "Caída da Praia" earthquake
The 1841 Caída da Praia earthquake (1841 Fall of Praia), also known as the Second Caída da Praia, was a series of seismic events occurring between 12 June and 15 June 1841, on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. Similar in scope to the first 1614 Cáida da Praia earthquake that destroyed most of the community, this second event is noted for the systematic process to assistance, document and catalogue the events of the tragedy.
History
The earthquake began on the morning of 12 June 1841, and was centred in the Ramo Grande area of the island of Terceira. The numerous earthquakes persisted throughout the day, and lead to intense rumbling on 13 June, resulting in the destruction of buildings and forcing people from their homes in Praia and nearby parishes. The 1641 catastrophe was already vivid in the minds of most, perpetuated by the Romantic prose of Francisco de Segura, and the townsfolk were already helped by innovative decrees issued by King Philip II after the events of the earlier tragedy.
Still, on the morning of 14 of June, new earthquakes resulted in further destruction.
Around 3:25 on the morning of 15 June, a violent earthquake caused the destruction of Praia and in Fontinhas, with general damage in eastern and northeast of Terceira, around Vila de São Sebastião and Agualva. From the beach until Cruz do Marco, a fissure opened-up, marking the fault that existed. The most damage occurred in Fontinhas, a parish where most of the buildings were affected.
Relief efforts
Since most of the townsfolk had abandoned their homes, there were no deaths, but hundreds of buildings were damaged in Santa Cruz, Fontinhas, Lajes, São Brás, Vila Nova, Agualva, Cabo da Praia, Porto Martins, Fonte do Bastardo and São Sebastião. Félix José da Costa Júnior, then secretary to the civil governor and the man responsible for providing assist to the victims of the disaster, eventually wrote Memória Histórica do Horrível Terramoto de 1841, wherein he described the circumstances and affects on the parishes of the Ramo Grande region from the earthquake: By 1836, the archipelago of the Azores was divided into three districts, due to this politico-administrative reorganization resulting from the Liberal Reforms there were new bodies that emerged to assist in causes of emergency, and specifically, natural disasters common in the Azores.
* São Sebastião — town erected in 1503, situated a mile from the sea, and two leagues and a half east of the city of Angra do Heroísmo. There are 252 homes and 1511 souls: there are 14 houses that were ruined, and 154 with serious damage, principally those that are on the northeast frontier. The Matriz church became cut, along the presbytery, and the three branch hermitages also suffered.
* Fonte do Bastardo — in this parish, that has 146 homes and 639 souls, walls are rare, that have not be demolished, presents six houses totally ruined, and 32 gravely damaged. The house of the Reverend Vicar, the best there, and constructed two years earlier received a violent concussion in the right side, from the port of Praia, that fell to the left. The Church suffered some damage. I observed that the arch of the altar was faltering, and it was that the impulse, that could open a door, between the principal sacristy and the minor sacristy.
* Cabo da Praia — situated a league south of Praia, which has 205 homes and 962 souls, presented five houses in ruin, and 70 gravely damaged. The Church suffered great damage in the tower, which fell; and the walls of the cemetery were totally destroyed.
* Lagens — There are 577 homes and 2663 souls. There 12 houses that were totally ruined, and 60 with grave damage. The church, with the concussion opened a few cracks in its walls, had its nave greatly weakened, and belltower cracked. The hermitage of Remédios appeared to be slashed. Almost all the divisionary walls were down.
* Fontinhas — There are 242 houses and 1066 souls. There 137 houses that were totally ruined, and 88 com great ruined. The demolition of the buildings, due to the position that they fell, show that the great concussion came from the northeast, and that the vertical shock affect the foundations.
* Vila Nova — There are 247 houses and 1203 souls; and presented three houses totally in ruin, and 81 with grave ruins: almost all the chimneys, in their majority, fell. The church also suffered, as with the hermitage of Ajuda, which belong to the majorat of the Baron of Noronha.
* Agualva — There are 267 houses, 1186 souls. There were two houses in total ruin, and 30 gravely ruined. The belltower of the church inclined to the north. Above Outeiro do Filipe many of the divisionary walls fell, as I observed on 4 July, when I crossed those fields to examine the roads.
Aftermath
When the town of Praia and surrounding parishes were ruined by the earthquake, management of the disaster and reconstruction was already secured by the Administrator-General of the district of Angra do Heroísmo, José Silvestre Ribeiro, and by administrative officials of the Civil Governor. In order to handle the calamity, José Silvestre Ribeiro created a network of commissions at the parish-level, so-called Comissões de Soccorros, presided by their respective parish priest, with rigorous instructions from a central Comissão dos Soccorros. The parameters for the reconstruction were defined by change and innovation:
* What is needed is that the town of Praia should become better constructed then before...what is desired is that one day they should say, If here passed a genie of destruction, then afterward there came hands of goodwill and constructive, that built from the ruins buildings, that become more beautiful and solid...That, to turn the most famous and more regular the notable town of Praia, provide better direction to its roads, or repair whatever deffect, then before known, it was necessary to make a few expenses, then the Commission will not hesitate...
The Commission then ordered that the construction of houses of straw should desist, a characteristic that was common at the time and that produced a poor, melancholy skyline. From this point forward, the characteristic tiled rooftop became the norm in the region. At the same time, the Commission issued instructions on the form and style to be applied in the reconstruction of the buildings; there were provisions stating that buildings should be symmetrical, uniform and proportional along each road, repairing errors in construction that had perpetuated in the village, including squares, roads and homes.
In order to guarantee financial resources, José Silvestre Ribeiro requested funds from the municipal councils of his district (on the islands of Terceira, Graciosa and São Jorge) in addition to soliciting assistance from the districts of Ponta Delgada and Horta. The philanthropic movement extended to the Portuguese capital and many of the districts in the Kingdom, where small commissions were created to collect funds to assist the village. For this mobilization, Praia da Vitória itself contributed to its own cause: national elites considered the town a national monument and sacred land for the Liberal cause. Cultural societies and recreational groups extended the network, linking the Terceirense town to various groups in Europe and Brazil, who also sent contributions.
A 20 February 1844 report published the public projects completed on public buildings and houses, classifying them as to the economic condition of their residents (poor and less disadvantaged) and the type of intervention (new building or repairs). Thirty-three homes constructed of straw were constructed in tile. Between 1841 and 1845, there a social change, resulting in rebuilding, change and innovation after the earthquake, organized by the district powers, that articulated the pleas for help to the archipelago, national government, European powers and Brazil. This process transformed the skyline of the municipality of Praia da Vitória. | WIKI |
Quaker Meeting
Quaker Meeting may refer to:
* Monthly meeting, the basic unit of administration in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
* Meeting for worship, a Quaker religious practice comparable to a church service
* Quaker meeting (game)
* Quaker Meeting (Quakertown, New Jersey), a historic district | WIKI |
Recursion in Java Explained With Examples
By | July 2, 2019
Java Programming Tutorial: Recursion in Java With Examples of Recursive Methods
What is Recursion?
Recursion may be defined as, “the process of invoking (and restarting) the same method that is currently executing is called Recursion”.
Another Definition of Recursion – Recursion in Java
A programming technique in which a method calls it self is known as recursion. A method that calls itself is called a Recursive method. The recursion is a powerful problem solving technique used in programming languages.
Recursion in Java explained with simple examples and recursive methods
Recursion in Java explained with simple examples and recursive methods
Advantages of using Recursion
• The use of recursion makes method simpler and shorter.
• Recursive methods are easy to write.
• Recursion is a problem-solving technique and it is an alternative to loops. Recursion provides you another way to solve problems that involve repetition, such as the problem of calculating factorial of a number.
• It is based on the concept of solving a problem by reducing the problem to smaller sub-problems.
• Recursive algorithms are simple so they are easy to understand
• Recursive algorithms are easy to implement
Limitation of Recursion
• The recursive methods are easy to write, but they are less efficient and do not perform well as compared to iteration. On the other hand, the iterative methods are difficult to write but they are more efficient and perform better as compared to recursion.
• Recursion repeatedly invokes the recursive method itself mechanism, and consequently the overhead, of method calls. Therefore, recursion may be expensive in both, memory space as well as processor time.
The Base Case and Recursive Case in Recursive Methods
There are two basic cases in any problem that can be solved using recursion technique as follows:
The Base Case: Recursion in Java
A base case is that part of a recursive method that does not contain a recursive call. Actually, it serves to limit or bound the process of repetition. Therefore, it terminates the process of recursion at some proper stage later during execution. Hence, there must be a special case to handle the simplest computations in the problem. This is called the base case for recursive problem.
Example of Base case:
Consider the recursive solution to factorial of a number problem. In this case, the base case will be: ” if number is zero then factorial is one”. We transform this in if statement of Java programming language as:
if ( number == 0)
return 1;
Recursive Case: Recursion in Java
A recursive case is that part of a recursive method that does involve a recursive call. But every recursive call must simplify the computation in some way.
Example of Recursive Case
Let us consider the factorial problem. So, here the recursive case is “when n is greater than 0 , then factorial is calculated as n * factorial(n-1).
Therefore, the if else statement in factorial problem representing base case and recursive case will be as follows:
if ( n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n-1);
Since we know from mathematics, n! = n x (n-1)!.
Hence we can say that 3! = 3 x (3-1)! therefore 3!= 3 x 2!
Similarly 2! = 2 x (2-1)! therefore 2! = 2 x 1 !
In addition, 1!= 1 * (1-1)! , therefore 1! = 1 x 0! and we know that 0! =1 which is our base case. Therefore, This will give us answer of 1!=1. We will put it in 2! = 2 x 1! to get 2. We will use it in 3!=3 x 2! to get answer of 3! = 3 x 2 =6.
Further more, the source code for recursive method factorial is as shown below:
/*
A recursive method in Java calculate
factorial of number using recursion
*/
public static int factorial(int n)
{
if ( n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n-1);
}
Can You Think About How Does Recursion Work To Solve Factorial Problem when call is factorial(3).
Recursion in Java explained with examples and Recursive methods
Recursion in Java explained with examples and Recursive methods
Now a detailed table view of the recursion process for a call factorial(3) is shown in figure one on top of this article. Therefore scroll up please! Since this will be helpful for clear understanding.
Explanation of Recursion Concept on easycppprogramming.blogspot.com
7 thoughts on “Recursion in Java Explained With Examples
1. Pingback: Using Recursion in Java Find Factorial of Number » EasyCodeBook.com
2. Gerard Spohr
you are in point of fact a just right webmaster. The web site loading speed is amazing. It kind of feels that you’re doing any unique trick. Furthermore, The contents are masterwork. you have done a magnificent activity on this matter!|
Reply
3. Tisha Sayas
Spot on with this write-up, I seriously feel this amazing site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to see more, thanks for the information!|
Reply
4. Lacy Mcvaigh
Asking questions are truly good thing if you are not understanding something totally, except this piece of writing provides good understanding even.|
Reply
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jimmy Dodds
James Angus Dodds (7 September 1914 – 26 January 1942) was a Northern Irish professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Fulham and Gillingham.
Personal life
Dodds served as a flight sergeant in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War. He was mentioned in despatches twice during his service. Dodds was killed on 26 January 1942 aboard Lockheed Hudson AE602 when it was shot down by Japanese Ki-27 fighters during the Battle of Singapore. The bomber had been returning to base after conducting a raid on Japanese ships landing at Endau. Dodds is commemorated on the Kranji War Memorial. | WIKI |
Under the Influence (Overkill album)
Under the Influence is the third studio album by thrash metal band Overkill, released on July 5, 1988 through Megaforce Records and Atlantic Records. This was Overkill's first album to feature drummer Sid Falck, who had replaced Rat Skates when the latter left the band in 1987 during the Taking Over tour.
Touring and promotion
Overkill toured for six months to promote Under the Influence, touring alongside thrash acts Nuclear Assault, M.O.D., Destruction and Testament. From October to December 1988, the band toured the United States with Slayer and Motörhead, followed by a European tour with Slayer and Nuclear Assault, which took place in January 1989.
Reception
Jason Anderson at AllMusic awarded Under the Influence three stars out of five, calling it "another confident, if unremarkable Overkill recording", while listing "Overkill III (Under the Influence)", "Shred", "Never Say Never" and "Hello from the Gutter" as highlights. The album reached No. 142 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for thirteen weeks, making it Overkill's longest Billboard run. It is also their third highest-charting album to date, with over 300,000 copies sold worldwide as of 1997.
Personnel
* Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth – lead vocals
* D.D. Verni – bass, backing vocals
* Bobby Gustafson – guitars, backing vocals
* Sid Falck – drums
Additional personnel
* Overkill – production
* Alex Perialas – engineering, production
* Rob Hunter – engineering assistance
* Michael Wagener – mixing
* Lori Fumar – mixing assistance
* George Marino – mastering
* Jon Zazula, Marsha Zazula – executive production
* Dan Muro, Pat Calello – art direction
* Rich Larson, Steve Fastner – cover illustration | WIKI |
Hot Flush Triggers And Remedies
Friday, 16 August, 2019
Hot Flush Triggers And Remedies
Author: Susie Perrie Debice
Don’t let menopausal flushes get you all hot and bothered this summer! Time to track your symptoms, identify potential triggers and invest in some well-researched natural remedies that help support hormone balance during the hotter weather.
Turn up the heat
If you’ve hit a certain age, then our little British summer heat wave could be proving hard to handle, particularly at night when the temperature remains higher than normal. Moments (or minutes) of hot flushes throughout the day could cause you to linger by the fridge with the door open or long to be by an open window.
Being woken from your beauty sleep by a full-blown night sweat could leave you scrolling through Amazon Prime pondering the merits of a portable air conditioning unit. Surely there are much more effective ways at dealing with hot flushes during the summer months than investing in cooling gadgets?
Fortunately, there are many women who have already been through the menopause before you and survived to tell the tale. Their experiences have created a catalogue of women’s wisdom which has helped shape and create much of the menopause advice available to women today. Add to this, the layer of science and clinical trials which filter out facts from fiction and now enable you to shop with confidence when it comes to natural supplements aimed at the menopause.
Detective work
Most women start to experience hot flushes during the perimenopause, which could begin anytime from 45 to 55 years old. If you fall within this age range, then it’s safe to say that your night sweats and hot flushes could be a strong indicator that your reproductive years are ending. But rather than just sit back and accept your symptoms as part of the journey you could start to do a little investigating of your own and uncover the triggers that turn on the intensity and frequency of hot flushes.
Keeping a menopause diary is a simple and effective way to see what your patterns are. Jot down or tally the number of hot flushes you have a day and make a note of the nights when a hot sweat interrupted your sleep. Also make a note of how many coffees you drank a day, when you went to the gym or did some exercise and days or evenings when you drank more alcohol than normal. Finally, add a note about your emotional state and score your stress each day out of 10. Which days did you go to work? Which days did you stay late at work? Which days did you experience stress at work?
At the end of each month scan your diary and you might find that your hot flushes are worse when you didn’t go to the gym that week or your night sweats are more frequent when you drink more coffee. Researchers have identified that women who smoke, drink more coffee and more alcohol and are less active tend to have more hot flushes. So, which of these triggers is relevant to you? Your diary holds the key to this detective work. Once you can see how your stress and lifestyle is affecting your hormone balance you should feel more motivated to make positive changes and you can track the results.
Natural remedies
Taking steps towards a healthier diet and stress-free lifestyle is a great way to help support your general hormone health. Supplementing with a few key natural remedies helps provide another layer of hormone support. There is plenty of scientific evidence to show that phytoestrogens help to support hormone balance during the menopause. You may have heard about soy isoflavones which are one of the main types of phytoestrogens now readily available either on their own or as part of a multi-nutrient formula. You’ll typically find these alongside vitamin B6 and B2 which are clinically proven to help support hormone balance and alleviate tiredness and fatigue often associated with disturbed sleep. Studies also indicate that omega-3 krill oil could be another helpful nutrient for hormone support during the menopause years to help soften the intensity of hot flushes.
Share This:
Keep Reading | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
James Menzies (New Zealand politician)
James Alexander Robertson Menzies (21 February 1821 – 18 August 1888) was the first superintendent of the Southland Province in New Zealand from 3 August 1861 to November 1864, during its breakaway from Otago Province (1861 to 1870). He continued serving on the Provincial Council after his superintendency ended.
During Menzies' tenure as superintendent, two railways projects were undertaken, a railway to link Invercargill to the port at Bluff and a wooden railway to Winton. The former is now known as the Bluff Branch, while as the wooden rails were unsatisfactory they were replaces with "standard" steel rails, and the line was extended to ultimately form the Kingston Branch. Menzies, now in disagreement with his colleagues, retired to his 8000-acre estate near Wyndham.
Menzies served on the Legislative Council for 30 years, from 1858 until his death in 1888, and promoted the interests of Southland. | WIKI |
User:Wunderkerzen
Our earth is the most beautiful planet in the known universe. Please take care for it.
Try as hard as you can to spread love, respect and acceptance in our society.
But remember, to make mistakes is human. | WIKI |
Page:History of Art in Persia.djvu/48
Relations of Persu with Greece. 33 with Aramaic writing, which at that epoch began to be in com- mon use as far as Mesopotamia. They were borrowed from the Babylonian system, Persian being the only Aryan language written with cuneiform characters.* The drift of our remarks will long ere this have been antid- pated. The fascination Greece exercised over Persia before the time of Alexander was not of the kind which had caused Egypt, ' Phrygia, and Lydia to surrender at discretion, as far back as the seventh century B.c. In the eyes of the Greeks, despite the poetic colours with which they clothed the figure of the elder Cyrus, and the interest the tragic fate of Cyrus the Younger excited in their breasts, the Persians were from first to last no more than barbarians. The latter had no feelings but of contempt for the Greeks, by whom they had certainly been worsted more than once ; yet they were a people who, on the morrow of their victories, craved the interference of their late enemy to compose their home dissensions, and who did not hesitate to accept or ask for his gold. Eminent Greek refugees may have lived some years at the court of Persian kings, where > The Persian or old Persian fanguage differs in some respects from Zend, or, to speak accurately, from Median. They were diliects spoken at the same time, one in the south and the other in the north of Iran. The Persian writing whirh has come down to us consists of inscriptions, most of them very short and several times repeated. The most important of these, in point of length, fmish, and matter, is the f ode inscription at BehistOn, which ccmiprises ten times as many words as all the rest put together. The number collected from the short texts barely reaches four hundred words (J. Darmesteter, ktudes sur la Grammaire historique de la lant^u^ ptrsane, dans Us Eludes iraniennes, torn, i., Paris, 'ievveg, pp. 4, 7). The whole collection of these inscriptions will be found in AUpinUcfu Keilinschriften^ etc., Leipzig, 1862, second edit 1889, published by Spiegel, and in ImeripttMes prntmepenUm Aekmnutudammt editit et explidft, Petersburg, 1872, brought out by Kosaovicz. Mdnant has given a translation in the volume entitled Zf-f Achhuhiidei cf Ifs inscriptions de la Perse, 8vo, A. L^vy, 1872. This work, to which we shall refer more than once, besides the translation of epigraphic tacts that have been discovered and dedj^ieied all orer Imo, contains a summaiy of the buildings and the rock-cut sculptures associated with these inscriptions, together with numerous woodcuts, and an historical essay upton the princes who had them incised. Mdnant has more recently published an account of the labours and the discoveries that have led to the reading and the tnuulation of the Avesta on the one hand, and of the inscriptions of Persia upon stone; The great rock-inscription at Bchistun was first published by Sir H. Rawlinson, in the yeir 1846, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, vol. x. part L He likewise published in the same Journal (vol. xi. pp. 334-336) the short rock-cut inscription of Xerxes at Van, along with numerous legends of Darius, Xerxes, and one of Artaxerxes Ochus at Persepolis. — ^Trs. o Digitized by Google | WIKI |
Page:02.BCOT.KD.HistoricalBooks.A.vol.2.EarlyProphets.djvu/158
numerous. This could only be accomplished, however, by their restricting the lot to the discrimination of the relative situation of the different tribes, and then deciding the extent and boundaries of their respective possessions according to the number of families of which they were composed. The casting of the lots was probably effected, as the Rabbins assumed, by means of two urns, one filled with slips having the names of the tribes upon them; the other, with an equal number, representing separate divisions of the land: so that when one slip, with a name upon it, was taken out of one urn, another slip, with a division of the land upon it, was taken from the other. The result of the lot was accepted as the direct decree of God; “for the lot was not controlled in any way by the opinion, or decision, or authority of men” (Calvin). See the fuller remarks at Num 26:56. In the account of the casting of the lots, the first fact which strikes us is, that after the tribes of Judah and Joseph had received their inheritance, an interruption took place, and the camp was moved from Gilgal to Shiloh, and the tabernacle erected there (Jos 18:1-9); after which the other tribes manifested so little desire to receive their inheritance, that Joshua reproved them for their indolence (Jos 18:3), and directed them to nominate a committee of twenty-one from their own number, whom he sent out to survey the land and divide it into seven parts; and it was not till after this had been done that the casting of the lots was proceeded with, and each of these seven tribes received its inheritance. The reason for this interruption is not given; and the commentators have differed in their opinions as to the cause (see Keil's former Comm. on Joshua, pp. 347ff.). The following appears to be the most probable supposition. When Joshua received the command from the Lord to divide the land among the tribes, they made an approximative division of the land into nine or ten parts, according to the general idea of its extent and principal features, which they had obtained in connection with the conquest | WIKI |
Draft:Why fear when aam here
Introduction: In the realm of fruits, there exists one crowned jewel that stands out among the rest—the mango. This tropical delight, revered for centuries, isn't just a fruit; it's a symbol of summer, an embodiment of sweetness, and a testament to nature's bounty. From its luscious texture to its irresistible flavor, the mango has earned its place as the king of fruits. Let's delve into the myriad reasons why mangos reign supreme in the fruit kingdom.
1. Flavor Extravaganza: Mangos are a flavor explosion in every bite. Their rich, sweet taste tinged with hints of citrus and floral notes tantalizes the taste buds like no other fruit. Whether eaten fresh, blended into smoothies, or incorporated into savory dishes, mangos infuse a burst of sunshine into every culinary creation.
2. Nutrient Powerhouse: Beyond their delectable taste, mangos pack a nutritional punch. Loaded with vitamins A, C, and E, as well as essential minerals like potassium and magnesium, mangos offer a plethora of health benefits. From boosting immunity to promoting eye health and aiding digestion, indulging in mangos is a delicious way to nourish the body.
3. Versatility at Its Finest: Mangos are incredibly versatile, lending themselves to a myriad of culinary applications. Whether sliced and diced for fruit salads, pureed into creamy desserts, or grilled to perfection for savory dishes, mangos seamlessly adapt to any recipe. Their ability to enhance both sweet and savory dishes makes them a kitchen essential for culinary enthusiasts worldwide.
4. A Tropical Escape: With just one bite, mangos transport you to a tropical paradise. Close your eyes, and you can almost feel the warm breeze and hear the gentle rustle of palm fronds. Whether enjoyed fresh on a sunny beach or sipped as a refreshing mango daiquiri, mangos evoke a sense of blissful escapism, making every moment feel like a vacation.
5. Seasonal Delight: While some fruits are fleeting, mangos grace us with their presence for a substantial portion of the year. Their extended growing season means that mango aficionados can enjoy their favorite fruit for months on end, savoring every succulent bite while it's in season.
6. Culinary Inspiration: Mangos aren't just a fruit; they're a muse for culinary creativity. From traditional mango salsa to innovative mango chutney, chefs around the world draw inspiration from this versatile fruit to elevate their dishes to new heights. With mangos as their muse, the possibilities in the kitchen are endless.
7. A Symbol of Celebration: In many cultures, mangos are revered as a symbol of prosperity and good fortune. They're often featured in celebrations and festivities, signifying abundance and joy. Whether shared among family and friends during festive gatherings or exchanged as gifts to mark special occasions, mangos embody the spirit of celebration and unity.
8. Sustainable Superfruit: Beyond their culinary allure, mangos are a sustainable superfruit with a low environmental footprint. Grown in tropical regions around the world, mangos thrive in diverse ecosystems, supporting local economies and livelihoods. Additionally, their minimal packaging requirements and long shelf life make them an eco-friendly choice for conscientious consumers.
9. Culinary Tradition: Mangos boast a rich culinary tradition steeped in history and culture. From ancient rituals to modern-day feasts, mangos have been a cherished part of culinary heritage for centuries. Their presence in traditional cuisines reflects their enduring popularity and cultural significance across continents.
10. Irresistible Allure: Above all else, mangos possess an irresistible allure that captivates the senses and delights the soul. From their vibrant hues to their intoxicating aroma, mangos beckon us with an irresistible charm that's impossible to resist. Once you've experienced the sheer pleasure of biting into a ripe, juicy mango, there's no turning back—it's an affair of the heart that lasts a lifetime.
Conclusion: In the realm of fruits, mangos reign supreme as nature's golden delight. With their unparalleled flavor, nutritional benefits, and culinary versatility, mangos captivate our senses and elevate every culinary experience. Whether enjoyed fresh on a sunny day or incorporated into
delectable dishes, mangos enrich our lives with their tropical charm and irresistible allure. From their humble origins to their global popularity, mangos have earned their rightful place as the king of fruits. So, the next time you indulge in this golden treasure, savor every moment and celebrate the magic of mangos—nature's most exquisite gift to the world. | WIKI |
Abdul Matlib Mazumdar
Abdul Matlib Mazumder (1890–1980) was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader based in undivided Assam State. In 1946, when India was still under British rule, he became an MLA and also Cabinet Minister of Assam. He was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumder along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country.
Early life
Abdul Matlib Mazumdar was born into a Bengali Muslim family in Ujankupa (near Borjurai) village near Hailakandi in southern Assam. Orthodoxy among Muslims of that time could not prevent him from pursuing his studies. He used to swim across a river daily on the way to school. He was awarded 'Earle Medal' for academic excellence in 1915. Mazumdar took Master of Arts Degree in English literature from Dhaka University in 1921 and B.L. from Calcutta in 1924. He started legal practice at Hailakandi Bar in 1925. He rose to prominence as a lawyer. The then government offered him the post of magistrate, which he refused. He was well versed in religion and philosophy. He was a very good rider and was a member of Dacca Riders' Club. Shikar and farming were his hobbies. After untimely death of his first wife, Mazumder married Samsunnahar Mazumder of Janirgool, Monachara in around 1930–31. She died at Guwahati in her eldest daughter Hena Mazumder's house in 1989.
Indian Independence Movement
In the early 1920s, he was at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement as a student at Dhaka. It was during that time that he came into contact with top other Indian leaders such as Ali brothers and became an ardent supporter of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1925. He founded the Hailakandi Congress Committee in 1937 and became its first President. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru visited Hailakandi in 1939 and 1945 respectively at the invitation of Mazumdar to strengthen the freedom movement as well as the Congress party in southern Assam. After the meeting Netaji visited Mazumder's house for a cup of tea. It was Netaji who initiated establishment of contact between Abul Kalam Azad and Matlib Mazumdar for gearing up nationalist Muslims against a growing Muslim League in the region. When Netaji was the President of the Congress, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the General Secretary. Netaji had instructed Maulana Azad during latter’s visit to Shillong to contact Matlib Mazumder, in his words, “You will find one Abdul Matlib Mazumder hailing from Hailakadi in the district of Cachar who may help you”. Once in Shillong, Maulana Azad contacted Sri Matlib Mazumder and discussed about the ouster of the Ministry headed by Sir Syed Mohd. Saadullah. Mazumdar became the first Chairman of Hailakandi township in 1939 and in 1945 he became the first Indian Chairman of the Hailakandi Local Board, a post always held by the European tea planters.
The Muslim League proved its might in the Muslim-dominated areas of India in 1937 elections. To counter the rising popularity of Muslim League, he successfully organised the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind movement in Assam. Jamiat was an ally of the Congress having a mass following among the nationalist Muslims. In the very crucial 1946 General Elections just on the eve of India's independence, he wrested the Muslim majority Hailakandi seat from the hold of Muslim League. That victory virtually sealed the hopes and aspirations of the Muslim League to include southern Assam in Pakistan. It may be mentioned here that in that election, the bulk of the Muslim nominees of the Indian National Congress including Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India in later years) had lost to their Muslim League rivals miserably.
Assam's Surma Valley (now partly in Bangladesh) had Muslim-majority population. On the eve of partition, hectic activities intensified by the Muslim League as well Congress with the former having an edge. A referendum had been proposed for Sylhet District (now in Bangladesh). Mazumdar along with Basanta Kumar Das (then Home Minister of Assam) travelled throughout the valley organising the Congress and addressing meetings educating the masses about the outcome of partition on the basis of religion. On 20 February 1947, Mazumdar inaugurated a convention – Assam Nationalist Muslim's Convention at Silchar. Thereafter another large meeting was held at Silchar on 8 June 1947. Both these meetings, which were attended by a large section of Muslims, paid dividends. He was also among the few who were instrumental in retaining the Barak Valley region of Assam with India. Mazumdar was the leader of the delegation that pleaded before the Radcliffe Commission (they met Mr Stork who was actually in the field on behalf of C. Radcliffe) that ensured that a part of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) remains with India despite being Muslim-majority (present Karimganj district). He accompanied Gopinath Bordoloi when latter met Mahatma Gandhi against Grouping. That was in 1946 and was Mahatma's last visit to Guwahati as well as Assam. During that visit the Mahatma had stayed in Sarania Hill of the city. Although Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was supposed to accompany Bordoloi, however, in view of his defeat at the hands of Muslim League candidate Matlib Mazumder had accompanied. His presence was significant as it showed that Muslim leaders in Assam were also against Grouping and even in Muslim-majority seats such as Hailakandi Muslim League faced defeat. Moulvi Mazumder's opposition to partition of India is widely known. Moulvi Mazumdar joined as a Cabinet Minister of Assam in 1946 with the portfolios of Local Self-Government, Agriculture and Veterinary.
Post-independence politics
In 1947, India became free from British rule, when Mazumdar again took charge of the same departments in Gopinath Bordoloi's cabinet as the only Muslim minister (Moulana Tayyebulla was inducted in 1948) and also the lone member from the entire Barak Valley region. The entire eastern India was swept by violence just after India's partition and independence on 15 August 1947, scores of Hindus fled the newly created East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for India, and Muslims fled Assam for East Pakistan. A large number of people lost their lives owing to violence, which resurfaced with more ferocity in 1950. Mazumdar, the only Muslim in the cabinet, along with his cabinet and party colleagues took up responsibility for the safety of both Hindus and Muslims in Assam, touring affected areas and arranging camps and rehabilitation for the refugees, organizing supplies and security.
As Assam's first Minister of Veterinary, Agriculture, etc., he is credited with the establishment of Veterinary college at Nagaon. He continued as a Cabinet Minister in Bishnuram Medhi's cabinet till 1957. His last election was in 1967 when at the age of 77, Mazumdar reached Assam Assembly victorious. He then became the Minister for Law, Social Welfare and Political Sufferers in Bimala Prasad Chaliha's cabinet. As Law minister, he initiated the separation of executive and judiciary at the district level. During the Bangladesh's war of liberation in 1970–71, he was in charge of relief-&-rehabilitation of the thousands of refugees who fled the then East Pakistan. He resigned from active politics in 1971. Other posts held by him during his long career are the chairman, Assam Madrassa Board; chairman, State Haj Committee and the Pro tem Speaker of the Assam Legislative Assembly (in 1967). He was instrumental in setting up the hajj house [haji musafir khana] including its site selection at Guwahati. As Chairman of Madrassah Board, he initiated modernization of these theological schools and is also credited with the introduction of English and science in the curriculum of madrassas of Assam. He was the key person to set up centres of higher education at Hailakandi.
Moulvi Mazumdar was a socialist of the Gandhian type. He was deeply religious but strictly secular. He also had good command over Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages. His widow Sumsunnahar Mazumdar died in June 1989 at Guwahati. Mazumdar was a silent worker and hence, his works and role during India's partition on religious lines, especially in eastern India were relatively less publicised. Abdul Matlib Mazumder was, to quote Gauri Shankar Bhattacharjee, the Left politician from Assam and a contemporary of Mazumdar, 'honest, uncorrupt, incorruptible and simple man'.
Matlib Mazumder's second son, Abdul Muhib Mazumder who was a prominent lawyer of Gauhati High Court has represented Hailakandi Constituency for four terms as MLA and was also Cabinet Minister of Assam twice. | WIKI |
Fix: You can’t Install Windows on a USB flash Drive Using Setup
This error appears when users are trying to either upgrade from an earlier version of Windows to Windows 10 or Windows 8.1 or if they are trying to update their operating system using recovery media stored on a USB flash drive.
You can’t Install Windows on a USB flash Drive Using Setup
You can’t Install Windows on a USB flash Drive Using Setup Error Fix
In other cases, the error appears even if users try to update their computer regularly using Windows Update without a USB device with Windows recovery media installed on it. Either way, we have prepared several methods which should take care of the problem quite easily if you follow the instructions carefully!
What Causes the “You can’t Install Windows on a USB flash Drive Using Setup” Error?
Windows Update errors are generally difficult to find a cause for and this problem is no exception, especially when you consider the fact that it can appear out of nowhere, even without the existence of a USB flash drive to cause the error. Still, here is a list of the most common causes:
• A faulty registry key may fool your operating system into thinking it’s a portable version which can further lead to other errors such as the one described in this article.
• Partition management is yet another cause for people who are trying to install a fresh copy of Windows. The partition where you want to install the OS must be marked as active.
Solution 1: Change a Registry Entry
The first solution on our list is quite easy to perform and it provides a quick fix as all you need to do is to change the value of a registry entry related to your operating system. Still, as editing the registry can be dangerous and lead to system instability, you should definitely make sure to use precaution.
Since you are going to edit a registry key, we recommend you check out this article we have published for you to safely backup your registry to prevent other problems. This way you can easily revert the changes you have made if something goes wrong.
1. Open the Registry Editor window by typing “regedit” in either the search bar, the Start menu, or the Run dialog box which can be accessed with the Windows Key + R key combination. Navigate to the following key in your registry by navigating at the left pane:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control
1. Click on this key and try to locate a REG_DWORD entry called PortableOperatingSystem at the right side of the window. If such option exists, right-click on it, and choose the Modify option from the context menu.
Right-click this key and choose Modify
1. In the Edit window, under the Value data section change the value to 1 or 0 depending on the current state, and apply the changes you have made. Confirm any security dialogs which may appear during this process.
2. You can now manually restart your computer by clicking Start menu >> Power button >> Restart and check to see if the problem is gone.
Solution 2: Mark the Partition as Active
This method is highly useful to users who are trying to install a fresh copy of Windows on their computer. The partition where you wish to install the operating system must be set as active which can be done by following the set of steps below:
1. Open the Disk Management utility by searching for it in the Start menu or the search bar and clicking the first option.
2. The alternative is to either use the Windows Key + X key combination or right-click on the Start menu and choose the Disk Management option in order to open its console.
Open Disk Management by Right-clicking Start Menu
1. Locate the partition you want to make active (the one where your operating system is installed or the one where it will be installed). Right-click on it and choose the Mark Partition as Active option from the context menu.
Right-click the required partition and choose this option
1. Confirm any dialog prompts and confirm your changes. Restart your computer and check to see if the “You can’t install Windows on a USB flash drive from Setup” error message still appears.
Solution 3: Reset Windows Update Components
The first method in this article is the most successful one and the second one is great for cases where the first method fails. However, this doesn’t take away the fact that this method is a generally useful way of dealing with most update-related issues on Windows PCs. It’s a somewhat lengthy method, to be honest but it will make it worth your while!
1. Let’s start with the method by shutting down the following services which are the core services related to Windows Update: Background Intelligent Transfer, Windows Update, and Cryptographic Services. Shutting them down before we start is very important if you want the remainder of the steps to perform without errors.
2. Search for “Command Prompt” either right in the Start menu or by tapping the search button right next to it. Right-click on the first result which appears at the top and select the “Run as administrator” option.
Running CMD as an admin
1. Users who are using an older version of Windows can use the Windows Logo Key + R key combination in order to bring up the Run dialog box. Type in “cmd” in the box and use the Ctrl + Shift + Enter key combination in order to run Command Prompt as an administrator.
2. Copy and paste the command shown below and make sure you click the Enter key on your keyboard.
net stop bits
net stop wuauserv
net stop appidsvc
net stop cryptsvc
Stopping the required services
1. After this step, you will have to delete some files if you want to continue with resetting the update components. This should also be done via Command Prompt with administrative privileges. Run this command:
Del “%ALLUSERSPROFILE%\Application Data\Microsoft\Network\Downloader\qmgr*.dat”
1. Change the name of the SoftwareDistribution and catroot2 In order to do this, at a command prompt with admin privileges, copy and paste the following two commands and click Enter after copying each one.
Ren %systemroot%\SoftwareDistribution SoftwareDistribution.bak
Ren %systemroot%\system32\catroot2 catroot2.bak
Running the commands above
1. Let’s navigate back to the System32 folder in order to proceed with the final part of this method. This is how to do so in Command Prompt.
cd /d %windir%\system32
1. Since we have completely reset the BITS service, we will need to reregister all of the files necessary for this service to run and operate properly. However, each of the files requires a new command in order to make it reregister itself so the process may end up being quite long. Copy the commands one by one and make sure you don’t leave out any of them. You can find the complete list if you follow this link in a Google Drive file.
2. The next thing we are going to do is reset Winsock by copying and pasting the following command back into the administrative Command Prompt:
netsh winsock reset
netsh winhttp reset proxy
Resetting Winsock and Proxy
1. If all of the steps above have gone through painlessly, you can now start the services you closed in the first step by using the commands below.
net start bits
net start wuauserv
net start appidsvc
net start cryptsvc
1. Restart your computer after following through with the steps provided and try running Windows Update again. Hopefully, you will now be able to avoid the annoying error message.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kevin Arrows
Kevin Arrows is a highly experienced and knowledgeable technology specialist with over a decade of industry experience. He holds a Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) certification and has a deep passion for staying up-to-date on the latest tech developments. Kevin has written extensively on a wide range of tech-related topics, showcasing his expertise and knowledge in areas such as software development, cybersecurity, and cloud computing. His contributions to the tech field have been widely recognized and respected by his peers, and he is highly regarded for his ability to explain complex technical concepts in a clear and concise manner. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
UNITED STATES of America, v. Edin SAKOČ, Defendant.
Case No. 2:13-cr-106.
United States District Court, D. Vermont.
Signed June 30, 2015.
Eugenia A. Cowles, AUSA, United States Attorney’s Office, Burlington, VT, Jay A. Bauer, SAUSA, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for United States of America.
David L. McColgin, Steven L, Barth, AFPD, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Burlington, VT, for Defendant.
Opinion and Order
WILLIAM K. SESSIONS, III, District Judge.
Defendant Edin Sakoc was charged with unlawful .procurement of naturalization in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1425(a). ECF No. 1. The jury heard trial testimony lasting for several weeks and ultimately returned a guilty verdict. Mr. Sakoc now moves for a new trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33 because, he argues; the government’s summation constructively amended the indictment or, at a minimum, constituted a prejudicial variance. EOF No. 199. Mr. Sakoc also argues that a new trial is warranted because the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. For the reasons described in detail below, Mr. Sakoe’s motion for a new trial is granted.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
A. Background Facts
In 1992 armed conflict began in the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (“Bosnia”) and continued for several years. Mr. Sakoc is a Bosnian Muslim from the C'apli-jina municipality in Bosnia but is now a naturalized United States citizen. According to the government, Mr. Sakoc participated in the armed conflict and persecuted Bosnian Serbs.
The government’s proof focused on a single night in July of 1992. Mr. Sakoc allegedly acted in concert with his Croatian co-conspirator whom witnesses referred to as “Boban.” Boban’s whereabouts and true identity are unknown. On or about July 9, 1992, Mr. Sakoc and Bo-ban allegedly removed Tatjana Cucak, a Bosnian Serb, from the home where she, her mother, Cvijeta Cucak, and her aunt, Vislija Ekmecic,- were staying. The three women had left their own home after it had been targeted by Croat forces and were spending the night with their friends, Misko and Nedja Durascovic.
The government alleged that after removing Tatjana Cucak from the Durascov-ics’ residence, Mr. Sakoc brought her to a house in the nearby village of Pocitelj where he assaulted and raped her. Various witnesses’ accounts of the events surrounding the rape and the house where it allegedly took place conflicted, often sharply, with one another. The parties’ theories of the case diverged most significantly with respect to this testimony.
According to the government, Mr. Sakoc then brought Ms. Cucak to a concentration camp after leaving Pocitelj and returned with Boban to the Durascovic residence. There Boban allegedly shot Cvijeta Cucak and Vislija Ekmecic and burned their bodies and former home. At trial the government claimed that in addition to the rape, Mr. Sakoc aided and abetted Boban and lied about all of these events on multiple occasions throughout his immigration process.
B. The Indictment
The Indictment refers generally to the conflict in Bosnia and specifically to the night of July 9, 1992. It describes the three women as Victim-1, Victim-2, and Victim-3 and includes details of the alleged assault and rape, murder, and burning.
The Indictment also describes Mr. Sa-koc’s immigration history. In March of 2001, Mr. Sakoc sought refugee status in the United States. As part of the process he completed refugee application Form I-590 and met with a United States Immigration Officer. The form asked “a number of questions related to his past, including his prior military service.” ECF No. 1 at 3. During his interview he “denied committing any acts of persecution while in the military.” Id He affirmed under penalty of perjury that the information he provided was true and correct and was ultimately granted authorization to enter the United States as a refugee. Mr. Sakoc arrived in May of 2001 and settled in Vermont.
In March of 2004, Mr. Sakoc became a Legal Permanent Resident (“LPR”) of the United States. His application to become an LPR included Form 1 — 485, which “asked a number of questions related to his past, including questions related to the commission of past crimes.” Id He denied committing any crimes and affirmed under penalty of perjury that the information provided was true and correct.
In February of 2007 in Mr. Sakoc applied to become a naturalized citizen of the United States. In support of his application he completed a naturalization application, Form N-400, which “asked a number of questions related to his past, including questions related to any past crimes he may have committed and whether he persecuted anyone.” ECF No. 1 at 4. He denied committing any crimes or persecuting anyone and affirmed under penalty of perjury the information he provided was true and correct. A United.States Immigration Officer interviewed him in June of 2007. In the interview he “denied committing any crimes.” Id. In September of 2007 he was naturalized in the District of Vermont.
Count 1 charges Mr. Sakoc with “knowingly procur[ing] his own naturalization contrary to law ... in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1001(a) (Making False Statements) and 1015(a) (Making False Statements Related to Naturalization or Citizenship).” ECF No. 1 at 4-5. The Indictment then describes the specific questions on Form N-400 that the government alleges Mr. Sakoc answered falsely: 1) question 15 asked whether he had “committed any crime” for which he had not been arrested, 2) question 11 asked whether he had ever “persecuted (either directly or indirectly) any person because of race, religion, national origin, membership in a particular social group or political opinion,” 3) question 23 asked whether he had ever “given false or misleading information to any U.S. government official while applying for any immigration benefit,” and 4) question 24 asked whether he had ever “lied to any U.S. government official to gain entry or admission into the United States.” ECF No. 1 at 5. The Indictment also, states that he verified the same false and fraudulent information during his interview with an immigration officer.
C. Pre-trial Motions
In its pre-trial Motion to Take Foreign Depositions, ECF No. 44, the government described the “gravamen of the indictment” thus:
[Djefendant knowingly made numerous material false statements on immigration and naturalization forms by failing to disclose his criminal actions in his native country, of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Specially, the defendant failed to disclose that, in July 1992, during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he kidnapped, assaulted, and raped a Bosnian Serb woman and he conspired to and aided and abetted the murder of said woman’s elderly mother and aunt and the arson of their family home.
Id. át 1. The government repeated this statement word for word in its Motion for Continuance of Foreign Depositions. ECF No. 57. Other pre-trial filings contain similar summaries of the charges and suggest that they all related to one night in July. See ECF No. 102 at 2 (“The indictment alleges, inter alia, that the defendant made false statements in his application for naturalization about crimes he committed on a single night in the [Cjaplji-na region in or around July 1992.”). As far as the Court is aware, none of the government’s pretrial filings state that any other alleged false statements would b& at issue.
D. Trial and Requests to Charge
During voir dire counsel for the government stated that Mr. Sakoc failed to disclose “kidnapping, rape, and assault of Ms. Cucak and the aiding and abetting and murder of her mother and aunt” in response to the four specific questions on his naturalization application. ECF No. 190 at 11. Likewise the government’s opening statement suggested Mr. Sakoc lied about the fact that “22 years ago in Bosnia, he kidnapped, assaulted, and raped Tatjana Cucak. He then helped his friend Boban murder her elderly mother and aunt.” ECF No. 191 at 11-12. ■ - =
The government’s-proposed jury instruction on unanimity also described the false statements as Mr. Sakoc’s failure to disclose “his participation-in the kidnapping, assault, and rape of Tatjana Cucak and the murders of Cvijeta' Cucak and Vislija Ek-mecic” and “his persecution of Tatjana Cu-cak, Cvijeta Cucak and Vislija Ekmecic based on their ethnicity as a Serb.” ECF No. 199-2 at 2-3. These descriptions were inserted into the language from the Indictment identifying the specific questions to which Mr. Sakoc had allegedly given a false answer (questions 15, 11, 23, and 24). Id. The Court ultimately instructed on unanimity but referred jurors to the language from the Indictment that it has already quoted instead of using the government’s instruction exactly as' proposed. Nowhere in this proposed instruction, however, did the government describe any other theories as to how Mr. Sakoc had lied during the immigration process.
In closing, the government spent the vast majority of its argument focused on the claims that it had been advancing throughout the pre-trial proceedings, discovery, and trial. The bulk of the government’s summation thus described the alleged crimes committed against the three women and the corresponding allegation that Mr. Sakoc had aided and abetted Bo-ban in persecuting them on the basis of their Serbian identity. However, the government also briefly argued, almost as an afterthought, that Mr. Sakoc had made other false statements aside from those related to purported crimes and persecution in July of 1992. The government argued that Mr, Sakoc lied on form 1-485, his LPR application, because he stated that he was in the Yugoslav Army in 1978 and the Bosnian Army in 1994 but he did not list his membership in the HVO. The government also argued that Mr. Sakoc lied on his refugee application in two ways. First, Mr. Sako5 said he helped with food and building bunkers, but that was not his actual role. Second, he was asked to list any political organizations to which he had belonged but he did not list the SDA even though, according to a government witness, he had been a member. ECF No. 197 at 25-27.
E. The Jury’s Verdict
The Second Circuit has observed that it is “sound practice for a trial judge to charge a jury that it must be unanimous” as to what individual transaction serves as the basis -for conviction. United States v. Dupre, 462 F.3d 131, 144 (2d Cir.2006). This extends to unanimously agreeing on which statement a defendant made in violation of a false statement statute. United States v. Crisci, 273 F.3d 235, 239 (2d Cir.2001). The Court therefore charged the jury:
In order to satisfy its burden -with' regard to the charge that the Defendant procured citizenship contrary to law, the government must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Defendant- made one or more of these alleged false statements.
You must give separate consideration to each of the alleged false statements the government has identified. And, before you may find that the government has carried.its burden of proof with regard to that element, you must unanimously agree that the Defendant made at least one particular material false statement.. This means that it is not sufficient to agree the Defendant made some false statements but not agree as to which one. To convict the Defendant of the crime charged, you must all agree with regard to which specific false statement or statements the government has proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
ECF No. 180 at 15-16.
Accordingly, the jury verdict sheet first asked whether the jury had unanimously-found Mr. Sakoc guilty or not guilty. The foreperson put a check néxt to guilty. It then stated that the foreperson should proceed to the following question if the jury had found him guilty. The -next question asked which false statements “do you unanimously find were involved with rer spect to the Defendant?” The foreperson left the spaces next to questions 15 and 11 blank but wrote “Guilty” next to questions 23 and 24. ECF No. 185.
II. Legal Standard
The grand jury “belongs to no branch of the institutional Government,' but rather serves as a kind of buffer or-referee between the Government and the people.” United States v. Thomas, 274 F.3d 655, 670 (2d Cir.2001) (en banc) (internal quotation and alteration omitted). Since Ex parte Bain, 121 U.S. 1, 7 S.Ct. 781, 30 L.Ed, 849 (1887) was decided, once an indictment has been returned its charges may not be broadened except by the grand jury itself. Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 215-16, 80 S.Ct. 270, 4 L.Ed.2d 252 (1960). It would be inappropriate. for a court to “speculate as to whether a grand jury might have returned an indictment in conformity with the available evidence, because such an exercise, would work the harm the Grand Jury Clause is intended to prevent.” Thomas, 274 F.3d at 670.
There are two constitutional requirements for an indictment: 1) it must contain the elements of the offense charged and “fairly informf ] a defendant of the charge against which he must defend,” or in other words give notice, and 2) it must enable him “to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense,” or in other words satisfy double jeopardy concerns. United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 108, 127 S.Ct. 782, 166 L.Ed.2d 591 (2007) (quoting Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 119, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974)).’ This Court has previously noted that the “importance óf ensuring that an indictment gives the defendant adequate notice of the charges against him cannot be understated.” United States v. Chase, No. 2:04-cr-135, 2005 WL 3288731, at *4 (D.Vt. Nov. 30, 2005). The constructive amendment doctrine is a corollary to this rule. It prohibits the government from “changing its approach midstream to rely on theories or evidence of which the indictment contained insufficient notice.” Id.
To prevail on a claim of constructive amendment, a defendant must demonstrate that “the terms of the indictment are in effect altered by the presentation of evidence and jury instructions which so modify essential elements of the offense charged that there is a substantial likelihood that the' defendant may have been convicted of an offense other than that charged in the indictment.” United States v. D’Amelio, 683 F.3d 412, 416 (2d Cir.2012) (emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v. Mollica, 849 F.2d 723, 729 (2d Cir.1988)). Constructive amendment is a: per se violation of the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment requiring reversal. Id.
Nevertheless, the Second Circuit has “consistently permitted significant flexibility in proof, provided the defendant was given notice of the core of criminality to be proven at trial.” United States v. Rigas, 490 F.3d 208, 228 (2d Cir.2007) (emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v. Patino, 962 F.2d 263, 266 (2d Cir.1992)). The “core of criminality” of an offense involves the essence of a crime in general terms but does not include the “particulars of how a defendant effected the crime.” D’Amelio, 683 F.3d at 418. While the case law does not define the phrase, it “describes the phrase in relation to the crime at issue.” Id. There is also no constructive amendment “where a generally framed indictment encompasses the specific legal theory or evidence used at trial.” United States v. Milstein, 401 F.3d 53, 65 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d 608, 620 (2d Cir.2003)).
A variance, on the other hand, occurs when “the charging terms of the indictment are left unaltered, but the evidence at trial proves facts materially different from those alleged in the indictment.” Salmonese, 352 F.3d at 621 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d 332, 337 n. 5 (2d Cir.1998)). A variance in proof offends the constitution only if it infringes on the notice and double jeopardy provisions of an indictment. D’Amelio, 683 F.3d at 417. A defendant alleging variance must show “substantial prejudice” to warrant reversal. Rigas, 490 F.3d at 226 (2d Cir.2007) (internal quotation omitted). A court assesses whether a variance is prejudicial and thus “fatal to the prosecution” by determining whether the “variance infringes on the substantial rights that indictments exist to protect,” namely “to inform an accused of the charges against him so that he may prepare his defense to and to avoid double jeopardy.” Dupre, 462 F.3d at 140.
Mr. Sakoc has moved for a new trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33. Rule 33 permits the court to “vacate any judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so requires.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 33(a). A trial court’s discretion to grant a new trial is “broad.” United States v. Sanchez, 969 F.2d 1409, 1413 (2d Cir.1992).
III. Discussion
A. Constructive Amendment
The first question the Court must address is whether the trial evidence “broaden[ed] the possible bases for conviction from that which appeared in the indictment.” Milstein, 401 F.3d at 65 (quoting United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130, 138, 105 S.Ct. 1811, 85 L.Ed.2d 99 (1985)). The Court finds that it did. During summation, counsel for the government referred to additional false statements related to Mr. Sakoc’s military duties and membership in a political party. These false statements are not described in the Indictment or anywhere else in the government’s written pleadings or oral statements.
The only phrase in the Indictment that arguably could refer to facts other than the events of July 9, 1992 describes Mr. Sakoc’s refugee application. The refugee application “asked a number of questions related to his past, including his prior military service.” ECF No. 1 at 3. The meaning of this reference to Mr. Sakoc’s military service is ambiguous but in context clearly refers to the alleged crimes and persecution described in the paragraphs above it. One sentence later, the Indictment states that when questioned, he “denied committing any acts of persecution while in the military.” Id. Moreover, the Indictment’s description of the LPR and naturalization forms relate only to “the commission of past crimes” and “questions related to past crimes he may have committed and whether he persecuted anyone.” Id. at 3^4. Read in light of the Indictment as a whole, there is no suggestion that Mr. Sakoc’s particular unit or duties were the content of any false statement and there is nothing in the Indictment at all that could be interpreted to refer to his alleged membership in the SDA.
The government gave Mr. Sakoc no indication that it would rely on false statements other than those related to the night of July 9, 1992. Its pretrial filings, oral arguments, and, tellingly, its proposed jury instruction on unanimity referred only to the alleged rape, murder, and burning described in the Indictment. The government’s new theories in closing were not included in the Indictment and therefore broadened the possible bases for conviction.
The Court must next address whether those new false statements nevertheless fell within the “core of criminality” of which Mr. Sakoc had received notice. Determining whether a constructive amendment has occurred depends on how closely the facts align with one of the two poles in the ease law. On the one hand are cases involving “proof at trial of a distinctly different complex set of uncharged facts.” D’Amelio, 683 F.3d at 419. For example, in Stirone, the indictment charged interference with the importation of actual, past sand shipments into Pennsylvania, but at trial the prosecution presented proof that the defendant had interfered with the exportation of future steel shipments from a nonexistent steel mill out of Pennsylvania into other states. 361 U.S. at 213-19, 80 S.Ct. 270. Similarly, in Milstein, the indictment charged the defendant with distributing misbranded drugs in interstate commerce with fraudulent intent, but at trial the government presented evidence establishing guilt based on a completely different theory of misbranding, namely that drugs labeled “sterile” were mis-branded because they had been contaminated with bacteria and endotoxins. 401 F.3d at 64-65.
On the other hand are cases involving a “single set of discrete facts consistent with the charge in the indictment.” D'Amelio, 683 F.3d at 419. For example, in United States v. Knuckles, 581 F.2d 305, 308-09 (2d Cir.1978) the defendants were charged with distributing heroin but at trial the evidence showed that the substance was cocaine.- The court noted that the only variance alleged was the nature of the substance. The time, place, people, and object proved at trial were all the same as those contained in the indictment. Likewise, in Dupre there was no constructive amendment because the evidence at trial concerned the same elaborate scheme to defraud investors as was described in the indictment and the starting and end dates of the conspiracy corresponded to the proof at trial, even though the particular wire transfer identified in the indictment was not proven at trial. 462 F.3d at 140-41.
The Court finds that, as in Stirone and Milstein, the government’s new theories were substantially different from the core of criminality contained in the Indictment. It might have been a different case if the government had offered proof that Mr. Sakoc had committed some other unspecified act of persecution around that time. However, the Indictment refers to a specific date and a specific category of violent crimes against a specific set of women. There are no other factual bases for alleging that the four statements were false. The proposed joint jury instruction further demonstrates that the parties and, frankly, the Court consistently viewed the core of criminality as false statements regarding crimes and persecution in or around July of 1992. Mr. Sakoc had no notice that the government would seek to prove he lied about his military duties and political membership.
This is also not a case in which “a generally framed indictment encompasse[d] the specific legal theory or evidence used at trial.” Milstein, 401 F.3d at 65 (quoting Salmonese, 352 F.3d at 620). The universe of false statements which the Indictment could have covered was potentially very broad. The government alleged that Mr. Sakoc lied on his naturalization application, but it also alleged that one of those lies could be a past lie on prior immigration forms and in prior interviews. These nested layers covered a very broad period of time because the immigration forms and interviews asked open-ended questions. To further complicate matters, in order for a false statement made in this context to be criminal it had to have been made knowingly, meaning the defendant knew that the misrepresentations alleged in the indictment were false when the defendant made them or the defendant knew that he was not eligible for citizenship at the time the misrepresentations were made. EOF No. 180 at 17. The government had to prove layers of knowledge corresponding to multiple layers of potential lies.
In the face of such a broad and complex universe of potential false statements, the government, understandably, narrowed down the set of potential falsehoods. It focused on which aspects of his history Mr. Sakoc had omitted or misrepresented, namely the events of July 9, 1992. The Indictment did not have to be so specific, however. It could have included a catchall provision that might have given Mr. Sakoc notice that he had made other false statements concerning the years during the conflict in Bosnia. The Court finds that the Indictment is narrowly drawn and does not cover the government’s newly-raised theories.
The government’s reliance on cases involving false statements described in more broadly drawn indictments, therefore, is misplaced. See, e.g., Rigas, 490 F.3d at 229; United States v. Kaplan, 490 F.3d 110, 130 (2d Cir.2007); United States v. Bernstein, 533 F.2d 775, 777 (2d Cir.1976). In Rigas, for example, the court noted that when the crime charged “involves making false statements the core of criminality is not the substance of the false statements but rather that , knowing falsehoods were submitted.” 490 F.3d at 229 (internal quotation omitted). However, the question still turns on whether the defendant had notice of what the government would seek to prove. Id. at 230. The Rigas court explained that an indictment must be read to include facts which are necessarily implied by the specific allegations made. Id. at 229. The defendants in Rigas were officers of Adelphia. They were charged with bank fraud in an indictment that alleged “broadly” that the defendants and their co-conspirators “caused Adelphia to record false and misleading entries in its books and records for the purpose of substantiating false and fraudulent loan compliance reports.” Id. The government supported this allegation by introducing evidence about sham marketing support agreements that resulted in an artificial increase in revenue. That this increase in revenue would contribute to false and fraudulent loan compliance report was implied by the broad allegations in the indictment. Id. at 230.
When an indictment is narrowly drawn and specific, as is the case here, the facts to be inferred from the specific allegations in the Indictment are likewise narrow. In this case Mr. Sakoc’s alleged lies about his military duties and political membership were not implied by any of the allegations in the Indictment nor were they encompassed within any previous legal theory expounded by the government.
Finally, the Court is persuaded that the government’s new theories created a “substantial likelihood that the defendant may have been convicted of an offense other than that charged in the indictment.” D'Amelio, 683 F.3d at 416 (quoting Mollica, 849 F.2d at 729). Counsel’s comments were addressed directly to questions 23 and 24 of the N-400 application. Those were the only two questions to which the jury unanimously agreed in convicting Mr. Sakoc. When the Court inquired what the basis for the false statements could be in light of the fact that the jury had made no finding on the questions specifically regarding crimes or persecution, the government frankly acknowledged that it was possible, that the jury had convicted Mr. Sakoc on the basis of its new theories. ECF No. 198 at 7 (“I think there was evidence in the case, particularly with regard to the refugee form, of false statements as far as participation in which unit he was involved in.”); Id. (“I think there were also questions with regard to the LPR form where he omitted the years 1992 and 1993 and his service in the HOV and simply indicated he had served in the Bosnian Army in 1994.”).
The Court need not definitively determine which aspects of the evidence at trial supported the jury’s verdict. It is enough that government’s new theories referred to questions 23 and 24 explicitly and that those two questions were the basis of the jury’s verdict. While it is possible that the jury -unanimously concluded that facts alleged in the Indictment were the basis of the false statements it is by no means clear and the inference to be drawn, if any, from the jury’s silence on the questions regarding past crimes and persecution suggests that it was not so.
The Court, therefore, “cannot be certain that the jury convicted [Mr. Sakoc] of the same [false statements] on which the grand jury indicted him.” Mollica, 849 F.2d at 730. Like the defendant in United States v. Wozniak, 126 F.3d 105, 110 (2d Cir.1997), if Mr. Sakoc had been aware that the' government would seek a conviction based on something other than the night of July 9, 1992, he “might have chosen a different trial strategy.”. Therefore the Court finds that the constructive amendment of the Indictment created a per se violation of Mr. Sakoc’s rights under the Grand Jury Clause and grants his motion for a new trial.
B. Prejudicial Variance
Mr. Sakoc argues, in the alternative, that even if the government’s new theories did not constructively amend the Indictment they nevertheless constituted a prejudicial variance. The Court agrees. A variance occurs when the evidence offered at trial proves facts materially different from those alleged in the indictment. Salmonese, 352 F.3d at 621. A defendant cannot demonstrate that he has been prejudiced by a variance in proof, however, where the pleading and proof “substantially correspond, where the variance is not of a character that could have misled the defendant at the trial, and where the variance is not such as to deprive the accused of his right to be protected against another prosecution for the same offense.” Id. at 621-22 (emphasis added) (quoting United States v. Mucciante, 21 F.3d 1228, 1236 (2d Cir.1994)).
All three aspects of prejudice are present here. To begin with the pleadings and proof do not substantially correspond and the Court is persuaded that the government’s new theories misled Mr. Sakoc at trial for the reasons explained above. Moreover, the Indictment does not protect Mr. Sakoc from prosecution for the same offense because it does not contain the government’s new theories but those theories actually may have been the basis for the conviction in this case. A double jeopardy claim “cannot succeed unless the charged offenses are the same in fact and in law.” United States v. Olmeda, 461 F.3d 271, 282 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting United States v. Estrada, 320 F.3d 173, 180 (2d Cir.2003)). While a subsequent prosecution for false statements made during Mr. Sakoc’s immigration process might be the same in law it would not necessarily be the same in fact. To determine whether two offenses charged are the same in fact, “a court must ascertain whether a reasonable person familiar with the totality of the facts and circumstances would construe the initial indictment, at the time jeopardy attached in the first case, to cover the offense that is charged in the subsequent prosecution.” Id. The Indictment does not bar prosecution for unlawful procurement of naturalization based on false statements related to Mr. Sakoc’s military duties or political membership because a reasonable person familiar with the totality of the facts and circumstances would not construe the Indictment to cover those false statements. Therefore the variance in proof was prejudicial and the Court grants Mr. Sakoc’s motion for a new trial on this basis as well.
C. Manifest Injustice
Rule 33 “confers broad discretion upon a trial court to set aside a jury verdict and order a new trial to avert a perceived miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Polouizzi, 564 F.3d 142, 160 (2d Cir.2009) (quoting Sanchez, 969 F.2d at 1413). The “ultimate test” is “whether letting a guilty verdict stand would be a manifest injustice.” United States v. Ferguson, 246 F.3d 129, 134 (2d Cir.2001). While one kind of manifest injustice courts might confront is a “real concern that an innocent person may have been convicted,” it surely is not the only kind. Id. Even if Mr. Sakoc could not demonstrate that the government had constructively amended the Indictment or prejudicially varied from it, letting the conviction against him stand in this case would be a fundamentally unfair miscarriage of justice within the Court’s discretion to correct. The content of the Indictment and the government’s representations up until closing argument led Mr. Sakoc and the Court to believe that this case was, at its core, about war crimes in Bosnia in 1992. Permitting the government to potentially convict Mr. Sa-koc based on its last minute theories thrown in for good measure but previously unknown to Mr. Sakoc and his counsel would be manifestly unjust. Therefore, the Court would grant Mr. Sakoc motion’s for a new trial in its own discretion even if the government had not constructively amended or prejudicially varied from the Indictment.
D. Plain Error
The government notes that counsel for Mr. Sakoc never objected to the underlying evidence, the verdict form, or counsel’s arguments during trial, so the errors Mr. Sakoc alleges are subject to plain error review. Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b) (“A plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court’s attention.”). Mr. Sakoc does not concede that the plain error standard should apply but neither does he argue that the Court is required to apply some other standard.
Cases addressing plain error review often involve defendants raising the question of constructive amendment or prejudicial variance for the first time on appeal rather than in the context of a motion for a new trial. See, e.g., United States v. McGinn, 787 F.3d 116, 128 (2d Cir.2015) (“Because defendants raise their constructive amendment claim for the first time on appeal, we review it for plain error.”); United States v. Bastian, 770 F.3d 212, 219 (2d Cir.2014) (noting same). Mr. Sa-koc is objecting, in a sense, before his appeal. However, plain error review may be called for in this posture nevertheless. See United States v. Fortgang, 77 Fed.Appx. 37, 39 (2d Cir.2003) (“Finally, Fort-gang contends, that improper comments in the closing arguments of the prosecutor effected a constructive amendment or variance of the indictment. Because Fortgang did not object during trial, we are limited to plain error review.”); United States v. Martinez, 100 F.3d 941 (2d Cir.1996) (“Because, however, the defendant neither objected to the prosecutor’s closing arguments during the trial, nor objected to, or asked clarification of, the charge to the jury, we review this claim for plain error only.”).
The Court need not decide what standard to apply because Mr. Sakoc can meet the plain error standard. Plain error requires a four-prong showing: “(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262, 130 S.Ct. 2159, 176 L.Ed.2d 1012 (2010) (internal quotations omitted). The Second Circuit has “previously noted that constructive amendments are ‘per se prejudicial’ even in the context of plain error review, thus automatically satisfying the third prong,” Bastian, 770 F.3d at 220 n. 4 (2d Cir.2014) (quoting Thomas, 274 F.3d at 670).
The Court finds that the government’s constructive amendment or prejudicial variance was an obvious error that affected the appellant’s substantial rights for the reasons described above. Moreover, the Court is convinced that the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, and public reputation of the judicial proceedings. Therefore, the Court will grant Mr. Sakoc’s motion for a new trial.
Because the Court has agreed to grant Mr. Sakoc a new trial on the basis of a constructive amendment or prejudicial variance and in its own discretion pursuant to Rule 33, the Court need not reach the question of whether the verdict was against the weight of the evidence.
Conclusion
Mr. Sakoc’s Post-trial Motion for a New-Trial Pursuant to Fed. R.Crim. Proc. Rule 33 is hereby granted.
. The Indictment included two counts, Count 1 charged Mr. Sakoc with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1425(a) (procuring naturalization "contrary to law”), while Count 2 charged him with violating 18 U.S.C. § 1425(b) (procuring naturalization for a “person not entitled thereto”). During the charge conference, the government voluntarily dropped Count 2, so only Count 1 was submitted to the jury.
. The HVO stands for Hrvatsko vijece obrane, the Croatian Defense Council.
. The SDA stands for Stranka demokratske akcije, Party of Democratic Action.
. The government’s reliance on United States v. Elias, is misplaced. 285 F.3d 183, 190 (2d Cir.2002) (noting that ”[i]nappropriate prose-cutorial comments, standing alone, [do] not justify a reviewing court to reverse a criminal conviction in an otherwise fair proceeding"). In Elias, the court was not considering prose-cutorial comments that effected a constructive amendment in violation of the Grand Jury Clause. Rather the court considered whether improper remarks warranted a finding of prosecutorial misconduct.
. Mr. Sakoc notes that in some instances the Second Circuit has framed the test as asking if "it is uncertain whether the defendant was convicted of conduct that was the subject of the grand jury’s indictment,” Milstein, 401 F.3d at 65 (emphasis added) (quoting Salmo-nese, 352 F.3d at 620), rather than whether "there is a substantial likelihood that the defendant may have been convicted of an offense other than that charged in the indictment,” D’Amelio, 683 F.3d at 416 (emphasis added) (quoting Mollica, 849 F.2d at 729). Mr. Sa-koc can meet either standard and, regardless of which one is used, it is clear that a defendant is not required to prove definitively what the jury relied on in reaching its verdict. It is enough that there is sufficient doubt or uncertainty.
| CASELAW |
Slipstream (comics)
Slipstream (Davis Cameron) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a superhero associated with the X-Men. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Salvador Larroca, he first appeared in X-Treme X-Men #6 (December 2001). He is a mutant, able to generate a "warp wave" for the purpose of teleportation. He and his sister Lifeguard were briefly members of the squad of X-Men featured in the series X-Treme X-Men.
Fictional character biography
He and his sister Heather lived perfectly normal lives at Surfers Paradise in Australia. They did not know that their actual father was an underworld crime lord known as Viceroy. Upon his death, they were attacked. When Heather's life was endangered, Davis was informed by Sage that although he was never meant to be a mutant (his latent mutant gene was supposed to be passed down to his children), his mutant power might be helpful to her. He agreed to let her activate it, gaining a teleportational ability in the form of the "warp wave". Together with Storm and Thunderbird III, he and his sister defeated their attackers. Following these events, both siblings join Storm's team of X-Men. Davis had a brief romance with Storm.
Later, when infiltrating the ship of the intergalactic warlord, Khan, Heather develops a more avian look, leading to speculation that the two have Shi'ar heritage. Ultimately, Davis is unable to see past his sister's alien appearance and leaves the X-Men.
Slipstream is confirmed to be among the mutants who lost their powers as a result of M-Day.
Following the creation of the Mutant Nation of Krakoa, Slipstream was somehow repowered and became a loyal citizen of Krakoa and is seen helping fight off the Russian Armed Forces that attacked the island.
Powers and abilities
Slipstream can teleport via a funnel of trans-spatial energy also called a "warp wave", to any place on earth. Warp waves use superstrings to connect any two locations on Earth. He can can take other people through the warp wave, but requires increased concentration to maintain the wave when traveling with others. Sensitivity to displacement energy signatures enables him to track other teleportations, and use his warp wave to follow. He usually navigates with the use of a shortened metal surfboard.
X-Men: The End
In X-Men: The End, a title presenting one possible future of the X-Men, Slipstream works freely for the slavers. It is eventually revealed that he is seemingly controlled by Cassandra Nova. His powers have also further developed to the point that he can now transverse the warp-wave across inter-galactic distances.
Reception
* In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Slipstream 85th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
* Comic Book Resources placed him as one of the superheroes Marvel wants you to forget. | WIKI |
User:Patrick Cristiano
Let everything happen to you: beauty and terror. Just keep going. No feeling is final.
— Rainer Maria Rilke The Book of Hours "Go to the Limits of Your Longing" The editor formerly known as PatTag2659. | WIKI |
Trespassing in Christina’s World
Ties At the steering wheel my father consults his large paper map, turning it this way and that, squinting at the small blue lines that squiggle through tiny Maine coastal towns. He’s heard that the author E.B. White’s house is somewhere around here, and he’s determined to find it. My mother, next to him in the passenger seat of our rusty gold station wagon with my baby sister on her lap, raises her eyebrows at my other two sisters and me, free-ranging in the second row. It’s the early 70s, and seatbelts haven’t caught on yet. We gaze back at her, knowing that once Dad gets an idea into his head, it’s almost impossible to stop him. We range in age from 1 to 10 (I’m the oldest), and all of us are literally and figuratively along for the ride. Besides, we’re excited at the prospect of meeting this author we already feel we know. We’ve been lulled to sleep every night by the soft cadence of my dad’s Southern accent as he reads us stories about a wise spider and a hapless pig, a resourceful mouse and a mute swan. Dad pulls off the road into the dusty parking lot of a country store with a lone gas pump, and gets out of the car. We hear him chatting with the attendant through the open window. “Sure is nice around here.” The guy shrugs. My sisters and I glance at each other. Rural Mainers tend to be stranger-wary and small-talk averse. But as usual, Dad doesn’t seem to notice. “You lived here long?” “Ayuh.” Amazingly, before long, and with only a little coaxing, the attendant is telling Dad about his grandkids and his lobster boat and pointing off into the distance, giving him the intel he’s come for. “Mr. White lives right over that hill there. Privet hedge in front. Can’t miss it.” Back on the road, my sister Cynthia ventures, “Isn’t it rude to show up on someone’s doorstep without asking?” Dad grins and winks at us in the rearview mirror. “He’ll be flattered.” We pull up to the farmhouse to find a courtly white-haired man trimming the hedge with a set of clippers. “It’s him!” Dad whispers. He rolls down his window and leans out. “Hello, good sir!” The man seems a little nonplused. “I have a car full of young readers here who’d give anything to meet their favorite author. A word from you, and they’ll remember this moment for the rest of their lives.” What choice does the poor man have? Within a few minutes, the famously reclusive E.B. White is demonstrating to a cluster of little girls in bathing suits that when you crush pine needles between your fingers and hold it to your nose, the smell is as strong as patchouli. And Dad is right — we never will forget it. My childhood was rife with moments like this. Dad was always going out on a limb, befriending people who didn’t necessarily seem to want new friends, trespassing on private property, pushing the boundaries of acceptable behavior in quest of adventure. His philosophy was that you don’t need money or plans, only a willingness to be present in the moment and to go where inspiration takes you. If you don’t, you’ll miss the entire point of being alive. Raised dirt poor in rural Georgia by a millworker mother and a father who often went to the bar rather than home after work, Dad learned early on that his quickest route up the social ladder was through charm and smarts. He got himself to college — the first in his family — on a football scholarship, then used seminary to springboard to a doctorate in a foreign land. As a young academic in the ‘60s, he grew to reject traditional values and had scant respect for the social codes of privilege. At parties, he could often be found talking to the bartender or a 95-year-old Irish grandmother in the kitchen rather than the hosts. A Southerner through and through, even after moving to Maine, he was constitutionally incapable of walking down a street in New York without stopping to chat with doormen, bodega owners and homeless people. He never met a taxi driver whose story he didn’t want to know. Dad’s unorthodox and sometimes embarrassing friendliness got him, and us, into trouble now and then. Some people didn’t take kindly to probing questions. Others found his puppy-dog openness suspect or unsophisticated. But his innate, bottomless curiosity about the world also taught his four daughters to be open to new experiences and comfortable with improvisation. Even now, in his late 70s, he lives each day with a kind of purposeful recklessness, asking provocative questions and seeking new experiences in the belief that he can break through to something better, more meaningful, more satisfying. Though my parents had little money, they took us on adventures all over the world. Driving through Scotland in a rainstorm, we pulled over to the side of the road and rode the wild ponies grazing by the fence. We coaxed a stray lamb over to our rented R.V. to feed it. One year my father switched houses, cars, teaching jobs, committees and pets with a professor in Melbourne, Australia, sight unseen. Another year our family of six flew to Crete without a plan; at the airport Dad bought a map and started asking random strangers, with the help of a woefully inadequate Greek phrase book: “What should we do?” “Where should we stay?” This spontaneity meant that we missed flights, lost luggage, drove on perilous roads late at night, stayed in some cold-water hovels, and sometimes went hungry. But it also yielded beautiful surprises: an undiscovered beach, a fisherman’s hut with a breathtaking view, a hillside breakfast of goats’ milk yogurt and fresh honey that I still remember 35 years later. It led to his daughters’ sense of the world not as a huge frightening place but as a wonderland ripe for discovery. The Maine farmhouse in Andrew Wyeth’s iconic painting “Christina’s World” was not yet a museum or even open to the public when my father got it into his head — soon after our ambush of E.B. White — to take a family field trip there. Following his usual routine, he pulled into the small village of Cushing and asked a local how to find the Olson house. When we arrived (no doubt trespassing), we picnicked in the field where the woman in the pink dress in the painting had lain. Looking up at that weathered gray house on the hill, and hearing the story of the woman with my name who spent her lifetime there, I was entranced. Years later, I drew on that experience to tell my own story of the painting in my new book. There’s no doubt that my dad’s endless curiosity has shaped who I am. I often find myself — to my own kids’ embarrassment — chatting with strangers in lines, accepting spontaneous invitations, and seeking out-of-the-way adventures. I think the most important thing I learned from my dad is that when you go out on a limb there’s a risk it will break, but you’ll get a whole new perspective on the world. And if you’re really lucky, it can feel like flying. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
2000–01 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season
During the 2000–01 English football season, Tranmere Rovers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.
Season summary
In the 2000–01 season, the all-white kit was reintroduced and they enjoyed yet another run in Cup competitions. In the FA Cup, Tranmere stunned local Premier League team Everton 3–0 at Goodison Park in the fourth round, then Southampton 4–3 in the fifth round replay after being 0–3 down. Their run of good fortune ended with a loss to Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter finals. They nevertheless struggled in League matches, Aldridge quit before Tranmere's relegation to Division Two ended a spell of ten years in Division One.
Results
Tranmere Rovers' score comes first
First-team squad
* Squad at end of season | WIKI |
Solar Powered Tank Heater
Solar Powered Tank Heater
Solar Panel Heater
Solar Powered Tank Heater
2017solar.com - If you want to construct a Solar Powered Tank Heater, there are various ideas you will need to know. This text will undergo the basics so they can allow you to design the most effective solar power system ever.
These ideas, fundamental as they appear, are literally quite important. It's because every PV panel and solar heater design revolves round them, no matter how sophisticated they are.
1. Light transmission. Light transmission is vital when you are selecting a canopy for your PV panel frame. Clearly, when extra gentle passes by, solar panels and solar heaters turn out to be extra efficient.
2. Light absorption. When gentle is absorbed, it's often transformed into heat energy. In some circumstances it's transformed into electricity. Good solar absorption is crucial for Solar Powered Tank Heater. The extra radiation you are able to take up, the better your heater works.
However this idea is not confined to heaters. If photovoltaic cells are too reflective, they find yourself throwing again most of the solar power they receive. Thus engineers coat their semiconductors with an anti-reflection substance to forestall reflection.
3. Scattering. Gentle is scattered when particles get in the way. This occurs on a foggy day or when it rains. We will not control these situations. But we can take away the mud that choose PV panels. We are able to also choose supplies that discourage mud from settling. Alternatively, we can apply different coatings on the panel to attain this effect.
4. Reflection. As mentioned, reflection lowers the effectivity of many solar power systems. However it turns into helpful once we are speaking about solar concentrators. These gadget replicate gentle from many angles and concentrate them onto a specific spot or area.
This is like a magnifying glass that concentrates gentle onto a small spot. With this power (gathered from the sun), we can use it for heating or cooking.
5. Heat conduction. Warmth affects the efficiency of solar panels and solar heaters. Thus if we know how different supplies conduct heat, we can channel heat successfully in direction of where we want it to be. For instance, solar panels turn out to be less efficient when it gets too hot. Thus if we can conduct heat away from the panels, we can preserve its efficiency.
6. Convection. The reason why we do not set up solar panels too near to the roof is as a result of we want air to flow freely between them. When convection happens, extra heat is removed from the solar panel array and this helps to decrease its temperature.
7. Radiation. There isn't much you'll be able to assist on the subject of radiated heat affecting the efficiency of your solar panels. All you can do is make your solar panel frame reflective. Less radiated heat is absorbed if you use reflective surfaces.
This Solar Powered Tank Heater wallpaper, is categorized within Solar Panel Heater. Save Solar Powered Tank Heater picture with proportions 818×723 pixels (73.77kb) for your computer picture or select on the picture above to look all pictures of "Solar Powered Tank Heater" by looking around through the thumbnails to view the entire picture's of "Solar Powered Tank Heater". You'll find numerous photos in excessive definition decision which can be provided only for you. So, it's good to see how you uncover this web site with a view to change all of the look of yours into one thing gorgeous and wonderful. Take your time, read each single publish on this weblog and inform me what you uncover later. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Gorlov helical turbine
The Gorlov helical turbine (GHT) is a water turbine evolved from the Darrieus turbine design by altering it to have helical blades/foils. Water turbines take kinetic energy and translate it into electricity. It was patented in a series of patents from September 19, 1995 to July 3, 2001 and won 2001 ASME Thomas A. Edison. GHT was invented by Alexander M. Gorlov, professor of Northeastern University.
The physical principles of the GHT work are the same as for its main prototype, the Darrieus turbine, and for the family of similar vertical axis wind turbines which includes also Turby wind turbine, aerotecture turbine, Quietrevolution wind turbine, etc. GHT, Turby and Quietrevolution solved pulsatory torque issues by using the helical twist of the blades. The helical turbine (Germany patent DE2948060A1, 1979) was originally invented by Ulrich Stampa (Bremen, Germany), engineer, author and inventor.
Fluid performance
The term "foil" is used to describe the shape of the blade cross-section at a given point, with no distinction for the type of fluid, (thus referring to either an "airfoil" or "hydrofoil"). In the helical design, the blades curve around the axis, which has the effect of evenly distributing the foil sections throughout the rotation cycle, so there is always a foil section at every possible angle of attack. In this way, the sum of the lift and drag forces on each blade do not change abruptly with rotation angle. The turbine generates a smoother torque curve, so there is much less vibration and noise than in the Darrieus design. It also minimizes peak stresses in the structure and materials, and facilitates self-starting of the turbine. In testing environments the GHT has been observed to have up to 35% efficiency in energy capture reported by several groups. "Among the other vertical-axis turbine systems, the Davis Hydro turbine, the EnCurrent turbine, and the Gorlov Helical turbine have all undergone scale testing at laboratory or sea. Overall, these technologies represent the current norm of tidal current development."
Turbine axis-orientation
The main difference between the Gorlov helical turbine and conventional turbines is the orientation of the axis in relation to current flow. The GHT is a vertical-axis turbine which means the axis is positioned perpendicular to current flow, whereas traditional turbines are horizontal-axis turbines which means the axis is positioned parallel to the flow of the current. Fluid flows, such as wind, will naturally change direction, however they will still remain parallel to the ground. So in all vertical-axis turbines, the flow remains perpendicular to the axis, regardless of the flow direction, and the turbines always rotate in the same direction. This is one of the main advantages of vertical-axis turbines.
If the direction of the water flow is fixed, then the Gorlov turbine axis could be vertical or horizontal, the only requirement is orthogonality to the flow.
Airfoil / hydrofoil
The GHT is a unidirectional turbine, operating under a lift-based concept (see airfoil), providing rotation in a consistent direction from bidirectional or reversible fluid flows. The GHT works under the same principle as the Darrieus turbine; that is, it relies upon the movement of the foils in order to change the apparent direction of the flow relative to the foils, and thus change the (apparent) "angle of attack" of the foil.
Environmental issues
A GHT is proposed for low-head micro hydro installations, when construction of a dam is undesirable. The GHT is an example of damless hydro technology. The technology may potentially offer cost and environmental benefits over dam-based micro-hydro systems.
Some advantages of damless hydro are that it eliminates the potential for failure of a dam, which improves public safety. It also eliminates the initial cost of dam engineering, construction and maintenance, reduces the environmental and ecological complications, and potentially simplifies the regulatory issues put into law specifically to mitigate the problems with dams.
In general, a major ecological issue with hydropower installations is their actual and perceived risk to aquatic life. It is claimed that a GHT spins slowly enough that fish can see it soon enough to swim around it. From preliminary tests in 2001, it was claimed that if a fish swims between the slowly moving turbine blades, the fish will not be harmed. Also it would be difficult for a fish to become lodged or stuck in the turbine, because the open spaces between the blades are larger than even the largest fish living in a small river. A fish also would not be tumbled around in a vortex, because the GHT does not create a lot of turbulence, so small objects would be harmlessly swept through with the current.
How it works
In this example the direction of the fluid flow is to the left.
As the turbine rotates, in this case in a clockwise direction, the motion of the foil through the fluid changes the apparent velocity and angle of attack (speed and direction) of the fluid with respect to the frame of reference of the foil. The combined effect of these two flow components (i.e. the vector sum), yields the net total "Apparent flow velocity" as shown in the next figure.
The action of this apparent flow on each foil section generates both a lift and drag force, the sum of which is shown in the figure above titled "Net force vectors". Each of these net force vectors can be split into two orthogonal vectors: a radial component and a tangential component, shown here as "Normal force" and "Axial force" respectively. The normal forces are opposed by the rigidity of the turbine structure and do not impart any rotational force or energy to the turbine. The remaining force component propels the turbine in the clockwise direction, and it is from this torque that energy can be harvested.
[With regards to the figure "Apparent flow velocity...", Lucid Energy Technologies, rights holder to the patent to the Gorlov Helical Turbine, notes that this diagram, with no apparent velocity at an azimuth angle of 180 degrees (blade at its point in rotation where it is instantaneously moving in downstream direction), may be subject to misinterpretation. This is because a zero apparently flow velocity could occur only at a tip speed ratio of unity (i.e. TSR=1, where the current flow induced by rotation equals the current flow). The GHT generally operates at a TSR substantially greater than unity.]
(The diagrams "Net Force Vectors" and "Normal Force Vectors" are partially incorrect. The downwind segments should show the vectors outside the circles. Otherwise there would be no net sideways loading on the turbine.) M Koester 2015.
Commercial use
Helical turbines in water stream generate mechanical power independent on direction of the water flow. Then electric generators assembled upon the common shaft transfer the power into electricity for the commercial use. | WIKI |
Solved
Read & Write into .ini file, using MySQL + Cron.
Posted on 2010-09-24
10
517 Views
Last Modified: 2012-05-10
I have .ini file in server. I want to update that file automatically with data which is in MySQL database.
How or what kind of ways are there to do it? Currently Im thinking about using MySQL and Cron but I have no idea about where to start.
0
Comment
Question by:LifeWay5
[X]
Welcome to Experts Exchange
Add your voice to the tech community where 5M+ people just like you are talking about what matters.
• Help others & share knowledge
• Earn cash & points
• Learn & ask questions
10 Comments
LVL 14
Assisted Solution
by:Kalpan
Kalpan earned 249 total points
ID: 33752926
From the cPanel, go to Cron jobs, select Standard, and enter (between the quotes)
"/usr/bin/php -q /home/USERNAME/public_html/PathToFile" into the Command to run field.
You may also want to adjust the settings specifying when to run the cron job. After you finished, click on the SaveCrontab button.
You will need to replace USERNAME with your user ID and PathToFile with the file name or the rest of the path to the file.
If you want to use your own php.ini settings for the script you are running you will need to add the following "-c /home/USERNAME/PathTo/php.ini" to the cron job entry.
0
Author Comment
by:LifeWay5
ID: 33755152
Sorry, I think you misuderstood me.
I want to write data which is in MySQL at host yy.yy.yy.yy into public_html/whateverfilename.ini which is at host xx.xx.xx.xx
0
Author Comment
by:LifeWay5
ID: 33773970
help`?
0
What is a Denial of Service (DoS)?
A DoS is a malicious attempt to prevent the normal operation of a computer system. You may frequently see the terms 'DDoS' (Distributed Denial of Service) and 'DoS' used interchangeably, but there are some subtle differences.
LVL 51
Accepted Solution
by:
Steve Bink earned 250 total points
ID: 33847340
kalmax had the correct answer, but he left a bit of it out.
The first step is to create the program or script which will change the ini file. This can be done with bash scripting, PHP, or even a compiled application you make especially for the job. The app should connect to your database, query the necessary data, and either rewrite the ini from the ground up or find/replace existing configuration items in it. In PHP, this would be done with the mysql/i libraries, as well as fopen() and fwrite(). The goal here is to write an application that queries a database and writes a text file.
The second step is essentially what kalmax posted: use cron to schedule this application to run. His example assumed PHP, which admittedly is an extremely simple option to implement, but how cron launches your app will depend on what you used to code it originally. The important note here is that the app must run as a user account capable of editing the ini file. The easiest solution is root, though that is not necessarily the best solution. You also have to consider the services that actually use the ini file. If the service is running, you may need to shut it down to modify the file, or restart it after the modification to read the current config.
0
Author Comment
by:LifeWay5
ID: 33924340
thats more getting there but Im not really a coder, would need help to code something which could change ini file.
0
LVL 51
Expert Comment
by:Steve Bink
ID: 33927815
You're going to need to learn some PHP or bash scripting to get this done. I recommend starting with PHP just because the syntax is easier and the documentation is well-organized: http://www.php.net. Break the job up into pieces:
1) Make a PHP script that connects to the database and returns data.
2) Make a PHP script that reads an INI file, and writes an INI file.
3) Make a PHP script that changes bits of text within a large area of text.
When you have those three things, put them all together and you have your application. Start out with #1 and see where it leads you. Come back if you run into difficulties, and I'll help you through the specifics.
0
LVL 70
Expert Comment
by:Qlemo
ID: 34367494
This question has been classified as abandoned and is being closed as part of the Cleanup Program. See my comment at the end of the question for more details.
0
Featured Post
Industry Leaders: We Want Your Opinion!
We value your feedback.
Take our survey and automatically be enter to win anyone of the following:
Yeti Cooler, Amazon eGift Card, and Movie eGift Card!
Question has a verified solution.
If you are experiencing a similar issue, please ask a related question
This article explains how to install and use the NTBackup utility that comes with Windows Server.
In this series, we will discuss common questions received as a database Solutions Engineer at Percona. In this role, we speak with a wide array of MySQL and MongoDB users responsible for both extremely large and complex environments to smaller singl…
This tutorial will walk an individual through the process of transferring the five major, necessary Active Directory Roles, commonly referred to as the FSMO roles to another domain controller. Log onto the new domain controller with a user account t…
This tutorial will show how to configure a single USB drive with a separate folder for each day of the week. This will allow each of the backups to be kept separate preventing the previous day’s backup from being overwritten. The USB drive must be s…
630 members asked questions and received personalized solutions in the past 7 days.
Join the community of 500,000 technology professionals and ask your questions.
Join & Ask a Question | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Iranian Oil Squeeze Could Upset OPEC Agreement on Production Cuts
President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal could pile pressure on OPEC’s pact to limit production and upset the delicate balance among its disparate signatories, analysts say.
Oil prices hit 3½-year highs this week amid expectations that renewed U.S. economic sanctions will squeeze Iran’s oil supply and escalate regional tensions that have the potential to further limit the flow of crude.
But... RELATED VIDEO Will Trump's Iran Bet Pay Off? After President Donald Trump's big gamble to pull the U.S. out of the Iran nuclear deal, the focus now shifts to Tehran, the Iranian people and America's allies. Gerald F. Seib explains the high stakes. Photo: Getty | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Formation and evolution of secondary phases and surface altered layers during borosilicate glass corrosion in pore water
Kaifeng Wang, Yang Chen, Nathaniel Findling, Frederic Charlot, Laurent Charlet, Jiliang Liu, Zhentao Zhang
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer-review
Abstract
The emergent secondary phases and surface altered layer (SAL) during the aqueous corrosion of borosilicate glass have a great impact on its chemical durability. However, the formation and evolution of these structures are still unclear. Here, by studying the borosilicate glass altered at 90 °C in pore water, the water in pore space between glass powders, the formation of secondary phases could follow two ways: 1. the consumption of aqueous ions forms analcime, zeolite, calcium silicate and barite at the surface of glass; 2. the reorganization of silica aggregates leads to smectite within the SAL. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy results show that the release of soluble elements and the formation of smectite within the SAL significantly increase the porosity of SAL. Furthermore, the layer containing smectite reorganizes inwardly and the crystallinity of smectite is gradually increased over time. The observations of transmission electron microscopy reveal that the dissolution of glass potentially goes through an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process.
Original languageEnglish
Article number26
Number of pages10
Journalnpj Materials Degradation
Volume8
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2024
Programme Area
• Programme Area 2: Water Resources
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Formation and evolution of secondary phases and surface altered layers during borosilicate glass corrosion in pore water'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cimpress (CMPR) Maintains Core Business Focus, Risks Remain
On Sep 16, we updated a research report on business services provider, Cimpress N.V.CMPR .
Cimpress is currently shifting its value proposition away from deep discounts and free-offer direct marketing efforts. The company plans to avail the opportunities present in the broader market, beyond the traditional base of highly price-sensitive customers. It is making steady progress with investments in new markets and is consistently focusing on high quality products and delivery, increased customer service and more transparent pricing.
In addition, Cimpress has been acquiring firms with complementary product offerings. The company expects to ramp up revenues with operating synergies through economies of scale and technological collaboration, to serve a wide spectrum of customers across the globe.
Cimpress has developed a competitive advantage over traditional graphic design and printing methods through proprietary web-based design software and advanced computer integrated printing facilities. The scale of Cimpress' operation provides small business customers access to quality products and printing services. The company's product line has expanded to include a wide variety of offerings for customers' marketing needs.
Due to the high volume of orders placed through its systems each day, the company is able to execute multiple orders in one print run. In this manner, the company is able to use high-end printing presses that are normally unfeasible for small batch printing jobs, economically. The company is also focusing on digital marketing services like email, online search and social media marketing.
Management has also decided to implement a radical change in the organizational structure by decentralizing operations in order to improve accountability, simplify decision-making and improve speed of execution. With operations in about 50 locations spanning 30 countries across six continents, decentralized decision making will enable the company to be nimble and entrepreneurial.
The evolved corporate structure will lead to more accountability as the company expands footprints in new geographical locations and markets as a leading provider of mass customization business products. On completion of the process, Cimpress expects annualized pre-tax operating expense savings of approximately $55 million to $60 million and pre-tax free cash flow savings of approximately $45 million to $50 million owing to lower share-based compensation expense.
Cimpress has outperformed the industry with an average year-to-date return of 2.2% as against a loss of 9.1% for the latter.
However, headwinds in currency translation often add to the woes as Cimpress generates almost half of its revenues outside the United States. The strategic repositioning of the Cimpress brand entails a huge risk. Presently, when the economy of Europe is highly unpredictable post the Brexit referendum, it becomes difficult for the company to increase revenues and reduce costs.
In addition, the company is likely to be stifled by the renegotiated deals and restrictions imposed on trade with other European Union members. Brexit could further result in higher tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade between the U.K. and the European Union, lowering productivity of the company.
Despite enjoying a leading position in the industry, Cimpress faces significant competition from traditional graphic design and printing companies and other online suppliers. Moreover, increasingly advanced desktop publishing software and more capable desktop printers offer small businesses another cost-effective solution for their marketing needs. While these sources cannot meet the breadth of product offerings provided by Cimpress, they can handle day-to-day marketing needs of small business customers. This could harm top-line growth of the company.
Nevertheless, we remain impressed with the inherent growth potential of this Zacks Rank #3 (Hold) stock. Better-ranked stocks in the industry include CBIZ, Inc. CBZ , NV5 Global, Inc. NVEE and Stantec Inc. STN , each carrying a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here .
CBIZ topped estimates thrice in the trailing four quarters with an average positive earnings surprise of 24.3%.
NV5 Global has a long-term earnings growth expectation of 20%. It topped earnings estimates thrice in the trailing four quarters with a positive surprise of 2.9%.
Stantec is currently trading at a forward P/E of 17.9x.
New Report: An Investor's Guide to Cybersecurity
Cyberattacks have become more frequent and destructive than ever. In fact, they're expected to cause $6 trillion per year in damage by 2020.
The cybersecurity industry is expanding quickly in response to these threats. In fact, a projected $170 billion per year will be spent to protect consumer and corporate assets. Zacks has just released Cybersecurity: An Investor's Guide to Locking Down Profits which reveals 4 promising investment candidates.
Download the new report now>>
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
Cimpress N.V (CMPR): Free Stock Analysis Report
Stantec Inc. (STN): Free Stock Analysis Report
CBIZ, Inc. (CBZ): Free Stock Analysis Report
NV5 Global, Inc. (NVEE): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Article
[Cloning, determination of primary structure, and expression of the C-terminal segment of human cholesterol-esterase/lipase, containing the antigenic determinant of the protein, in Escherichia coli].
Molekuliarnaia biologiia 28(2):464-7.
Source: PubMed
ABSTRACT Clone pHICE0.9 was selected from human insulinoma cDNA library by immunoscreening with antibodies against total human insulinoma proteins. This clone contains a 0.9 kb cDNA insert and expresses a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. Nucleotide sequences of 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of this cDNA insert show that clone pHICE0.9 expresses a protein which is identical to the C-terminal fragment (amino acids 483 to 745) of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase and Homo sapiens bile-acid-salt-stimulated lipase from milk. It is concluded that the protein fragment contains the antigenic determinant of human cholesterol esterase/lipase, and can be used for lipase determination in blood.
0 Bookmarks
·
47 Views | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Canadian Ammolite Gemstone
Iridescent ammolite gemstone is formed from the fossilized shell of prehistoric sea creatures called ammonites which compressed where they lay to rest between sediment on the sea floor.
Over millions of years the shifting of tectonic plates applied pressure and mineralization converting ammonite shells into the striking chromatic spectrum of material called Canadian ammolite. The presentation of color within ammolite is attributed to the light interference refracting into the many layers of gemstone. Each layer of color represents a layer of gemstone material.
No two stones are identical. Some display interconnected mosaic fractures resembling scales or spider webs while others contain ribbons of color or broad areas of intense fire seamlessly blending together. As with any fossil much of the source material has suffered from decomposition due to the erosion process making it unsuitable for gemstones and increasing the rarity of usable material.
Ammolite value has increased 250 percent over the past decade. Top grades of ammolite represent only 5 to 10 percent of the gem material that is mined annually.
To put the ammolite gemstone's rarity into perspective note that the average diamond mine produces 1.5 carats per ton of earth moved. Ammolite mining produces an average of just 0.6 carats per ton of earth. Highly specialized mining analysts must be trained to spot the ammolite gem layer. After the ammolite is located mining personnel carefully remove the stone using only hand tools. Ammolite is truly one of nature's rarest gems.
GemLORE
• According to the ancient Chinese principle of Feng Shui ammolite promotes the flow of "Qi" (pronounced chi) throughout the body enhancing well-being and reducing the body's toxicity. Its rich colours stimulate creativity energy wisdom intellect and wealth. It radiates the Earth's energy in every colour of the visible spectrum and is said to help bring the wearer's energy into balance.
• When ammolite is placed in the home it promotes a happy family. When it is placed in the office it promotes good business dealings.
GemGPS
Location: Canada
Canada
Ammonite marine mollusks with spiral shaped shells much like today's Nautilus were abundant 65 million years ago. Their natural habitat was the shallow inland sea which once covered the land of Alberta Canada.
Fossilized ammonite shells have been found in the rock formations of southern Alberta. Paleontologists theorize that during the late Cretaceous Period mosasaurs a marine reptile enjoyed dining on Ammonites since many fossils were found with bite marks.
In approximately 20 years ammolite supplies are expected to be completely exhausted.
GemFACTS
• Ranks 4 to 4.5 on the Mohs hardness scale.
• Colors display in an opal-like spectrum of fiery oranges soothing blues and electric greens.
• Sourced from Alberta Canada.
• Member of the ammonite family this stone is not a mineral but a fossil.
• Also known as calcentite korite and lumachelle.
• Ammolite is rarely offered untreated and is almost always cut into free-form slabs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Moduli space
In mathematics, in particular algebraic geometry, a moduli space is a geometric space (usually a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind, or isomorphism classes of such objects. Such spaces frequently arise as solutions to classification problems: If one can show that a collection of interesting objects (e.g., the smooth algebraic curves of a fixed genus) can be given the structure of a geometric space, then one can parametrize such objects by introducing coordinates on the resulting space. In this context, the term "modulus" is used synonymously with "parameter"; moduli spaces were first understood as spaces of parameters rather than as spaces of objects. A variant of moduli spaces is formal moduli. Bernhard Riemann first used the term "moduli" in 1857.
Motivation
Moduli spaces are spaces of solutions of geometric classification problems. That is, the points of a moduli space correspond to solutions of geometric problems. Here different solutions are identified if they are isomorphic (that is, geometrically the same). Moduli spaces can be thought of as giving a universal space of parameters for the problem. For example, consider the problem of finding all circles in the Euclidean plane up to congruence. Any circle can be described uniquely by giving three points, but many different sets of three points give the same circle: the correspondence is many-to-one. However, circles are uniquely parameterized by giving their center and radius: this is two real parameters and one positive real parameter. Since we are only interested in circles "up to congruence", we identify circles having different centers but the same radius, and so the radius alone suffices to parameterize the set of interest. The moduli space is, therefore, the positive real numbers.
Moduli spaces often carry natural geometric and topological structures as well. In the example of circles, for instance, the moduli space is not just an abstract set, but the absolute value of the difference of the radii defines a metric for determining when two circles are "close". The geometric structure of moduli spaces locally tells us when two solutions of a geometric classification problem are "close", but generally moduli spaces also have a complicated global structure as well.
For example, consider how to describe the collection of lines in R2 which intersect the origin. We want to assign to each line L of this family a quantity that can uniquely identify it—a modulus. An example of such a quantity is the positive angle θ(L) with 0 ≤ θ < π radians. The set of lines L so parametrized is known as P1(R) and is called the real projective line.
We can also describe the collection of lines in R2 that intersect the origin by means of a topological construction. To wit: consider the unit circle S1 ⊂ R2 and notice that every point s ∈ S1 gives a line L(s) in the collection (which joins the origin and s). However, this map is two-to-one, so we want to identify s ~ −s to yield P1(R) ≅ S1/~ where the topology on this space is the quotient topology induced by the quotient map S1 → P1(R).
Thus, when we consider P1(R) as a moduli space of lines that intersect the origin in R2, we capture the ways in which the members (lines in this case) of the family can modulate by continuously varying 0 ≤ θ < π.
Projective space and Grassmannians
The real projective space Pn is a moduli space that parametrizes the space of lines in Rn+1 which pass through the origin. Similarly, complex projective space is the space of all complex lines in Cn+1 passing through the origin.
More generally, the Grassmannian G(k, V) of a vector space V over a field F is the moduli space of all k-dimensional linear subspaces of V.
Projective space as moduli of very ample line bundles generated by global sections
Whenever there is an embedding of a scheme $$X$$ into the universal projective space $$\mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}$$, the embedding is given by a line bundle $$\mathcal{L} \to X$$ and $$n+1$$ sections $$s_0,\ldots,s_n\in\Gamma(X,\mathcal{L})$$ which all don't vanish at the same time. This means, given a point"$x:\text{Spec}(R) \to X$"there is an associated point"$\hat{x}:\text{Spec}(R) \to \mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}$"given by the compositions"$[s_0:\cdots:s_n]\circ x = [s_0(x):\cdots:s_n(x)] \in \mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}(R) $"Then, two line bundles with sections are equivalent"$(\mathcal{L},(s_0,\ldots,s_n))\sim (\mathcal{L}',(s_0',\ldots,s_n'))$"iff there is an isomorphism $$\phi:\mathcal{L} \to \mathcal{L}'$$ such that $$\phi(s_i) = s_i'$$. This means the associated moduli functor "$\mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}:\text{Sch}\to \text{Sets}$"sends a scheme $$X$$ to the set $$\mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}(X) =\left\{ (\mathcal{L},s_0,\ldots,s_n) : \begin{matrix} \mathcal{L} \to X \text{ is a line bundle} \\ s_0,\ldots,s_n\in\Gamma(X,\mathcal{L}) \\ \text{ form a basis of global sections} \end{matrix} \right\} / \sim $$ Showing this is true can be done by running through a series of tautologies: any projective embedding $$i:X \to \mathbb{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}$$ gives the globally generated sheaf $$i^*\mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{P}^n_\mathbb{Z}}(1)$$ with sections $$i^*x_0,\ldots,i^*x_n$$. Conversely, given an ample line bundle $$\mathcal{L} \to X$$ globally generated by $$n+1$$ sections gives an embedding as above.
Chow variety
The Chow variety Chow(d,P3) is a projective algebraic variety which parametrizes degree d curves in P3. It is constructed as follows. Let C be a curve of degree d in P3, then consider all the lines in P3 that intersect the curve C. This is a degree d divisor DC in G(2, 4), the Grassmannian of lines in P3. When C varies, by associating C to DC, we obtain a parameter space of degree d curves as a subset of the space of degree d divisors of the Grassmannian: Chow(d,P3).
Hilbert scheme
The Hilbert scheme Hilb(X) is a moduli scheme. Every closed point of Hilb(X) corresponds to a closed subscheme of a fixed scheme X, and every closed subscheme is represented by such a point. A simple example of a Hilbert scheme is the Hilbert scheme parameterizing degree $$d$$ hypersurfaces of projective space $$\mathbb{P}^n$$. This is given by the projective bundle"$\mathcal{Hilb}_d(\mathbb{P}^n) = \mathbb{P}(\Gamma(\mathcal{O}(d)))$"with universal family given by"$\mathcal{U} = \{ (V(f), f) : f \in \Gamma(\mathcal{O}(d)) \}$"where $$V(f)$$ is the associated projective scheme for the degree $$d$$ homogeneous polynomial $$f$$.
Definitions
There are several related notions of things we could call moduli spaces. Each of these definitions formalizes a different notion of what it means for the points of space M to represent geometric objects.
Fine moduli spaces
This is the standard concept. Heuristically, if we have a space M for which each point m ∊ M corresponds to an algebro-geometric object Um, then we can assemble these objects into a tautological family U over M. (For example, the Grassmannian G(k, V) carries a rank k bundle whose fiber at any point [L] ∊ G(k, V) is simply the linear subspace L ⊂ V.) M is called a base space of the family U. We say that such a family is universal if any family of algebro-geometric objects T over any base space B is the pullback of U along a unique map B → M. A fine moduli space is a space M which is the base of a universal family.
More precisely, suppose that we have a functor F from schemes to sets, which assigns to a scheme B the set of all suitable families of objects with base B. A space M is a fine moduli space for the functor F if M represents F, i.e., there is a natural isomorphism τ : F → Hom(−, M), where Hom(−, M) is the functor of points. This implies that M carries a universal family; this family is the family on M corresponding to the identity map 1M ∊ Hom(M, M).
Coarse moduli spaces
Fine moduli spaces are desirable, but they do not always exist and are frequently difficult to construct, so mathematicians sometimes use a weaker notion, the idea of a coarse moduli space. A space M is a coarse moduli space for the functor F if there exists a natural transformation τ : F → Hom(−, M) and τ is universal among such natural transformations. More concretely, M is a coarse moduli space for F if any family T over a base B gives rise to a map φT : B → M and any two objects V and W (regarded as families over a point) correspond to the same point of M if and only if V and W are isomorphic. Thus, M is a space which has a point for every object that could appear in a family, and whose geometry reflects the ways objects can vary in families. Note, however, that a coarse moduli space does not necessarily carry any family of appropriate objects, let alone a universal one.
In other words, a fine moduli space includes both a base space M and universal family U → M, while a coarse moduli space only has the base space M.
Moduli stacks
It is frequently the case that interesting geometric objects come equipped with many natural automorphisms. This in particular makes the existence of a fine moduli space impossible (intuitively, the idea is that if L is some geometric object, the trivial family L × [0,1] can be made into a twisted family on the circle S1 by identifying L × {0} with L × {1} via a nontrivial automorphism. Now if a fine moduli space X existed, the map S1 → X should not be constant, but would have to be constant on any proper open set by triviality), one can still sometimes obtain a coarse moduli space. However, this approach is not ideal, as such spaces are not guaranteed to exist, they are frequently singular when they do exist, and miss details about some non-trivial families of objects they classify.
A more sophisticated approach is to enrich the classification by remembering the isomorphisms. More precisely, on any base B one can consider the category of families on B with only isomorphisms between families taken as morphisms. One then considers the fibred category which assigns to any space B the groupoid of families over B. The use of these categories fibred in groupoids to describe a moduli problem goes back to Grothendieck (1960/61). In general, they cannot be represented by schemes or even algebraic spaces, but in many cases, they have a natural structure of an algebraic stack.
Algebraic stacks and their use to analyze moduli problems appeared in Deligne-Mumford (1969) as a tool to prove the irreducibility of the (coarse) moduli space of curves of a given genus. The language of algebraic stacks essentially provides a systematic way to view the fibred category that constitutes the moduli problem as a "space", and the moduli stack of many moduli problems is better-behaved (such as smooth) than the corresponding coarse moduli space.
Moduli of curves
The moduli stack $$\mathcal{M}_{g}$$ classifies families of smooth projective curves of genus g, together with their isomorphisms. When g > 1, this stack may be compactified by adding new "boundary" points which correspond to stable nodal curves (together with their isomorphisms). A curve is stable if it has only a finite group of automorphisms. The resulting stack is denoted $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g}$$. Both moduli stacks carry universal families of curves. One can also define coarse moduli spaces representing isomorphism classes of smooth or stable curves. These coarse moduli spaces were actually studied before the notion of moduli stack was invented. In fact, the idea of a moduli stack was invented by Deligne and Mumford in an attempt to prove the projectivity of the coarse moduli spaces. In recent years, it has become apparent that the stack of curves is actually the more fundamental object.
Both stacks above have dimension 3g−3; hence a stable nodal curve can be completely specified by choosing the values of 3g−3 parameters, when g > 1. In lower genus, one must account for the presence of smooth families of automorphisms, by subtracting their number. There is exactly one complex curve of genus zero, the Riemann sphere, and its group of isomorphisms is PGL(2). Hence, the dimension of $$\mathcal{M}_0$$ is
* dim(space of genus zero curves) − dim(group of automorphisms) = 0 − dim(PGL(2)) = −3.
Likewise, in genus 1, there is a one-dimensional space of curves, but every such curve has a one-dimensional group of automorphisms. Hence, the stack $$\mathcal{M}_1$$ has dimension 0. The coarse moduli spaces have dimension 3g−3 as the stacks when g > 1 because the curves with genus g > 1 have only a finite group as its automorphism i.e. dim(a group of automorphisms) = 0. Eventually, in genus zero, the coarse moduli space has dimension zero, and in genus one, it has dimension one.
One can also enrich the problem by considering the moduli stack of genus g nodal curves with n marked points. Such marked curves are said to be stable if the subgroup of curve automorphisms which fix the marked points is finite. The resulting moduli stacks of smooth (or stable) genus g curves with n-marked points are denoted $$\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$$ (or $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g,n}$$), and have dimension 3g − 3 + n.
A case of particular interest is the moduli stack $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{1,1}$$ of genus 1 curves with one marked point. This is the stack of elliptic curves, and is the natural home of the much studied modular forms, which are meromorphic sections of bundles on this stack.
Moduli of varieties
In higher dimensions, moduli of algebraic varieties are more difficult to construct and study. For instance, the higher-dimensional analogue of the moduli space of elliptic curves discussed above is the moduli space of abelian varieties, such as the Siegel modular variety. This is the problem underlying Siegel modular form theory. See also Shimura variety.
Using techniques arising out of the minimal model program, moduli spaces of varieties of general type were constructed by János Kollár and Nicholas Shepherd-Barron, now known as KSB moduli spaces.
Using techniques arising out of differential geometry and birational geometry simultaneously, the construction of moduli spaces of Fano varieties has been achieved by restricting to a special class of K-stable varieties. In this setting important results about boundedness of Fano varieties proven by Caucher Birkar are used, for which he was awarded the 2018 Fields medal.
The construction of moduli spaces of Calabi-Yau varieties is an important open problem, and only special cases such as moduli spaces of K3 surfaces or Abelian varieties are understood.
Moduli of vector bundles
Another important moduli problem is to understand the geometry of (various substacks of) the moduli stack Vectn(X) of rank n vector bundles on a fixed algebraic variety X. This stack has been most studied when X is one-dimensional, and especially when n equals one. In this case, the coarse moduli space is the Picard scheme, which like the moduli space of curves, was studied before stacks were invented. When the bundles have rank 1 and degree zero, the study of coarse moduli space is the study of the Jacobian variety.
In applications to physics, the number of moduli of vector bundles and the closely related problem of the number of moduli of principal G-bundles has been found to be significant in gauge theory.
Volume of the moduli space
Simple geodesics and Weil-Petersson volumes of moduli spaces of bordered Riemann surfaces.
Methods for constructing moduli spaces
The modern formulation of moduli problems and definition of moduli spaces in terms of the moduli functors (or more generally the categories fibred in groupoids), and spaces (almost) representing them, dates back to Grothendieck (1960/61), in which he described the general framework, approaches, and main problems using Teichmüller spaces in complex analytical geometry as an example. The talks, in particular, describe the general method of constructing moduli spaces by first rigidifying the moduli problem under consideration.
More precisely, the existence of non-trivial automorphisms of the objects being classified makes it impossible to have a fine moduli space. However, it is often possible to consider a modified moduli problem of classifying the original objects together with additional data, chosen in such a way that the identity is the only automorphism respecting also the additional data. With a suitable choice of the rigidifying data, the modified moduli problem will have a (fine) moduli space T, often described as a subscheme of a suitable Hilbert scheme or Quot scheme. The rigidifying data is moreover chosen so that it corresponds to a principal bundle with an algebraic structure group G. Thus one can move back from the rigidified problem to the original by taking quotient by the action of G, and the problem of constructing the moduli space becomes that of finding a scheme (or more general space) that is (in a suitably strong sense) the quotient T/G of T by the action of G. The last problem, in general, does not admit a solution; however, it is addressed by the groundbreaking geometric invariant theory (GIT), developed by David Mumford in 1965, which shows that under suitable conditions the quotient indeed exists.
To see how this might work, consider the problem of parametrizing smooth curves of the genus g > 2. A smooth curve together with a complete linear system of degree d > 2g is equivalent to a closed one dimensional subscheme of the projective space Pd−g. Consequently, the moduli space of smooth curves and linear systems (satisfying certain criteria) may be embedded in the Hilbert scheme of a sufficiently high-dimensional projective space. This locus H in the Hilbert scheme has an action of PGL(n) which mixes the elements of the linear system; consequently, the moduli space of smooth curves is then recovered as the quotient of H by the projective general linear group.
Another general approach is primarily associated with Michael Artin. Here the idea is to start with an object of the kind to be classified and study its deformation theory. This means first constructing infinitesimal deformations, then appealing to prorepresentability theorems to put these together into an object over a formal base. Next, an appeal to Grothendieck's formal existence theorem provides an object of the desired kind over a base which is a complete local ring. This object can be approximated via Artin's approximation theorem by an object defined over a finitely generated ring. The spectrum of this latter ring can then be viewed as giving a kind of coordinate chart on the desired moduli space. By gluing together enough of these charts, we can cover the space, but the map from our union of spectra to the moduli space will, in general, be many to one. We, therefore, define an equivalence relation on the former; essentially, two points are equivalent if the objects over each are isomorphic. This gives a scheme and an equivalence relation, which is enough to define an algebraic space (actually an algebraic stack if we are being careful) if not always a scheme.
In physics
The term moduli space is sometimes used in physics to refer specifically to the moduli space of vacuum expectation values of a set of scalar fields, or to the moduli space of possible string backgrounds.
Moduli spaces also appear in physics in topological field theory, where one can use Feynman path integrals to compute the intersection numbers of various algebraic moduli spaces.
Construction tools
* Hilbert scheme
* Quot scheme
* Deformation theory
* GIT quotient
* Artin's criterion, general criterion for constructing moduli spaces as algebraic stacks from moduli functors
Moduli spaces
* Moduli of algebraic curves
* Moduli stack of elliptic curves
* Moduli spaces of K-stable Fano varieties
* Modular curve
* Picard functor
* Moduli of semistable sheaves on a curve
* Kontsevich moduli space
* Moduli of semistable sheaves
Fundamental papers
* Mumford, David, Geometric invariant theory. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Neue Folge, Band 34 Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York 1965 vi+145 pp
* Mumford, David; Fogarty, J.; Kirwan, F. Geometric invariant theory. Third edition. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (2) (Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (2)), 34. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. xiv+292 pp. ISBN 3-540-56963-4
Other references
* Papadopoulos, Athanase, ed. (2007), Handbook of Teichmüller theory. Vol. I, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 11, European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich,, ISBN 978-3-03719-029-6,
* Papadopoulos, Athanase, ed. (2009), Handbook of Teichmüller theory. Vol. II, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 13, European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich,, ISBN 978-3-03719-055-5,
* Papadopoulos, Athanase, ed. (2012), Handbook of Teichmüller theory. Vol. III, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 17, European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich,, ISBN 978-3-03719-103-3.
Other articles and sources
* Maryam Mirzakhani (2007) "Simple geodesics and Weil-Petersson volumes of moduli spaces of bordered Riemann surfaces" Inventiones Mathematicae
* Maryam Mirzakhani (2007) "Simple geodesics and Weil-Petersson volumes of moduli spaces of bordered Riemann surfaces" Inventiones Mathematicae | WIKI |
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XIV/Additional Canons 3/The Canons of Carthage/Canons/Canon CXXX
Canon CXXX.  (Greek cxxxi.)
That he who has failed to prove one charge shall not be allowed to give evidence to another.
, too, it seemed good that as often as many crimes were laid to clerics by their accusers, and one of the first examined could not be proved, they should not be allowed to go on giving evidence on the other counts.
He who makes many accusations and proves nothing [is not to give witness]. | WIKI |
Talk:Sociocultural anthropology
Improvements for article
The sources listed for the article are all reliable but have not been edited for years. The academic blog listed as a source was last edited in 2003. It is best if the sources listed were no older than five years old so the reader gets the most up-to-date information. A more specific look into this study and the work anthropologist do will make this a stronger wikipedia article. Danielamoralesz210 (talk) 15:36, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
Editing Sociocultural Anthropology
I am editing this page as a university student. If you have any sources or information that would assist the progress of the page please let me know! Drizzy275 (talk) 04:16, 3 December 2021 (UTC) I have added 'Theoretical Foundations' - this is a section derived from other articles in the anthropology WikiProject. This section will outline the basic concepts involved in the study of anthropology. If you are an academic or studying the field input would be great appreciated. Drizzy275 (talk) 22:22, 7 December 2021 (UTC)
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment.
Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:42, 18 January 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
IN: scratchpad \ path-without-extension see USING: kernel sequences ; IN: scratchpad : path-without-extension ( path -- path ) [ [ 46 = ] find-last drop ] keep swap head ; IN: scratchpad \ bump-ext see USING: io.pathnames kernel math math.parser sequences ; IN: scratchpad : bump-ext ( path -- path ) dup file-extension string>number [ [ path-without-extension "." ] dip 1 + number>string 3append ] [ ".1" append ] if* ; IN: scratchpad "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.txt" bump-ext --- Data stack: "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.txt.1" IN: scratchpad bump-ext --- Data stack: "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.txt.2" IN: scratchpad bump-ext . "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.txt.3" IN: scratchpad "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy" bump-ext --- Data stack: "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.1" IN: scratchpad bump-ext . "/Users/username/Desktop/dummy.2" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Coder Perfect
DLLs embedded in a built executable
Problem
Is it possible to include a pre-existing DLL in a compiled C# executable (thus reducing the number of files to distribute)? How would one go about achieving it if it is possible?
Normally, I’m fine with leaving the DLLs outside and letting the setup program handle everything, but a couple of folks at work have asked me about it, and I’m not sure.
Asked by Merus
Solution #1
I strongly advise you to utilize Costura. Fody is by far the simplest and most straightforward approach to include resources in your assembly. It comes as a NuGet package.
Install-Package Costura.Fody
It will automatically embed all references copied to the output directory into your main assembly after you add it to the project. You might wish to add a target to your project to clear up the embedded files:
Install-CleanReferencesTarget
You’ll also be able to specify whether the pdbs should be included, whether certain assemblies should be excluded, and whether the assemblies should be extracted on the fly. Unmanaged assemblies, as far as I’m aware, are likewise supported.
Update
Some individuals are currently working on adding DNX support.
Update 2
MSBuild 16 is required for the most recent Fody version (so Visual Studio 2019). MSBuild 15 will be supported by Fody version 4.2.1. (reference: Fody is only supported on MSBuild 16 and above. Current version: 15)
Answered by Matthias
Solution #2
Simply choose Project Properties -> Resources -> Add Resource -> Add Existing File… from the context menu of your Visual Studio project. Also, add the following code to your App.xaml.cs or equivalent.
public App()
{
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.AssemblyResolve +=new ResolveEventHandler(CurrentDomain_AssemblyResolve);
}
System.Reflection.Assembly CurrentDomain_AssemblyResolve(object sender, ResolveEventArgs args)
{
string dllName = args.Name.Contains(',') ? args.Name.Substring(0, args.Name.IndexOf(',')) : args.Name.Replace(".dll","");
dllName = dllName.Replace(".", "_");
if (dllName.EndsWith("_resources")) return null;
System.Resources.ResourceManager rm = new System.Resources.ResourceManager(GetType().Namespace + ".Properties.Resources", System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
byte[] bytes = (byte[])rm.GetObject(dllName);
return System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(bytes);
}
Here’s the link to my first blog post: http://codeblog.larsholm.net/2011/06/embed-dlls-easily-in-a-net-assembly/
Answered by Lars Holm Jensen
Solution #3
You can use ILMerge to merge them if they’re managed assemblies. You’ll have to put in a little more effort using native DLLs.
Also see: How can I combine a C++ windows dll into a C# program exe?
Answered by Shog9
Solution #4
Yes, you can combine.NET executables with libraries. There are a variety of tools available to help you complete the task:
Furthermore, this can be used with the Mono Linker, which removes superfluous code and so reduces the size of the final assembly.
Another option is to use.NETZ, which can not only compress an assembly but also pack the dlls directly into the executable. The difference between the options given above is that. They are not merged by NETZ; they remain separate assemblies that are packaged together as a single package.
Answered by Bobby
Solution #5
ILMerge can merge assemblies into a single one if the assembly contains solely managed code. You can use the command-line app, or you can add a reference to the executable and combine it programmatically. Eazfuscator and.Netz, both of which are free, provide a GUI version. BoxedApp and SmartAssembly are two paid apps.
I would recommend SmartAssembly if you need to integrate assemblies with unmanaged code. I never had any problems with SmartAssembly, but I did with everything else. It can now incorporate the necessary dependencies as resources in your main executable.
By embedding dll to your resources and then depending on AppDomain’s Assembly ResolveHandler, you may accomplish all of this manually without worrying about whether the assembly is managed or in mixed mode. By embracing the worst case scenario, i.e. assemblies with unmanaged code, this is a one-stop solution.
static void Main()
{
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.AssemblyResolve += (sender, args) =>
{
string assemblyName = new AssemblyName(args.Name).Name;
if (assemblyName.EndsWith(".resources"))
return null;
string dllName = assemblyName + ".dll";
string dllFullPath = Path.Combine(GetMyApplicationSpecificPath(), dllName);
using (Stream s = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream(typeof(Program).Namespace + ".Resources." + dllName))
{
byte[] data = new byte[stream.Length];
s.Read(data, 0, data.Length);
//or just byte[] data = new BinaryReader(s).ReadBytes((int)s.Length);
File.WriteAllBytes(dllFullPath, data);
}
return Assembly.LoadFrom(dllFullPath);
};
}
The key is to save the bytes to a file and then load them from there. To avoid chicken and egg problem, you have to ensure you declare the handler before accessing assembly and that you do not access the assembly members (or instantiate anything that has to deal with the assembly) inside the loading (assembly resolving) part. Also take care to ensure GetMyApplicationSpecificPath() is not any temp directory since temp files could be attempted to get erased by other programs or by yourself (not that it will get deleted while your program is accessing the dll, but at least its a nuisance. AppData is good location). Also note that you have to write the bytes each time, you cant load from location just ‘cos
For managed dlls, you need not write bytes, but directly load from the location of the dll, or just read the bytes and load the assembly from memory. Like it or not:
using (Stream s = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream(typeof(Program).Namespace + ".Resources." + dllName))
{
byte[] data = new byte[stream.Length];
s.Read(data, 0, data.Length);
return Assembly.Load(data);
}
//or just
return Assembly.LoadFrom(dllFullPath); //if location is known.
If the assembly is completely unmanaged, see this page or this site for instructions on how to load such dlls.
Answered by nawfal
Post is based on https://stackoverflow.com/questions/189549/embedding-dlls-in-a-compiled-executable | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Degree Type
Dissertation
Date of Award
2004
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy
Department
Chemistry
First Advisor
Victor S.-Y. Lin
Abstract
I found an efficient method to control the morphology of the organically monofunctionalized mesoporous silica materials by introducing different types of organoalkoxysilanes in a base-catalyzed co-condensation reaction. The monofunctionalized materials exhibit different particle morphologies relative to the pure MCM-41 material. The concentration dependence of the morphology is a critical factor to determine the final particle shape. A proposed mechanism of the shape evolution is also offered. After understanding the role of organoalkoxysilanes in producing various well-shaped nanomaterials, I also obtained a series of bifunctional mesoporous silica materials with certain particle morphology. A series of bifunctional mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) whose physicochemical properties was investigated via solid state NMR techniques and Cu 2+ adsorption capacity tests. The ratio of two different organic groups inside of mesopores of these MSNs could be fine-tuned. These MSNs serve as a useful model system to study substrate selectivity in catalytic reactions and sorption phenomena. For example, the Cu2+ adsorption capacity of these materials was dictated by the chemical nature of the mesopores generated by the different organic functional groups.;An investigation of the substrate selectivity of the bifunctionalized MSNs in a competitive nitroaldol reaction using an equimolar amount of two competing 4-nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives was performed. Shape-controlled bifunctional MSNs were employed as the catalysts. The properties of the MSNs were investigated using various spectroscopic methods and electron microscopy. The more hydrophobic the surface organic groups are, the higher the ratio of hydrophobic final product. This is the first example to demonstrate the selection of substrate using physicochemical nature of the mesopore surface other than the conventional shape selection in zeolite systems.;I also created a cooperative dual catalyst system that is capable of activating two different substrates in aldol reaction, Henry reaction and cyanosilylation. One catalytic group activates the nucleophile, another organic group simultaneously activates the electrophile to enhance the total reaction rate. I systematically varied the amount of two organic groups and performed the three model reactions to compare rate enhancements.
Publisher
Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/
Copyright Owner
Seong Huh
Language
en
Proquest ID
AAI3190718
File Format
application/pdf
File Size
128 pages
Share
COinS
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Our February 2022 issue of COBBLESTONE Magazine is all about Harriet Tubman. Born into slavery, she is famous for escaping and guiding many others to freedom. Though her exact date of birth is not known, this March may mark her 200th birthday. In honor of this important anniversary and Black History Month, we’re sharing 12 lesser-known facts about her long and interesting life.
She wasn’t always called Harriet
She was born Araminta Ross, or “Minty” for short. Later in life, she took her mother’s first name, Harriet, and her husband’s last name.
She left her husband behind when she escaped to freedom.
Her husband, John Tubman, was a free Black man, while she was born into slavery. When she set off on her 90-mile escape to Pennsylvania, John didn’t come along with her. He believed it was too risky. When she did come back for him five years later, she discovered that he had remarried. Harriet later went on to marry Nelson Davis, who she met after John’s death, and the two lived together for 19 years until Davis’ death.
She made more than a dozen trips back to Maryland
Although John didn’t want to accompany her North, many of her family members and friends did. Harriet Tubman’s career as a ‘conductor’ on the Underground Railroad chiefly took place in Maryland’s Eastern shore, where she’d been enslaved as a young adult. She even helped her elderly parents to freedom! All in all, she rescued about 70 people and gave many others information and guidance on how to escape.
Most of her journeys north took place on Saturday nights
Her Underground Railroad journeys were carefully scheduled, planned, and timed. Because Sunday was a day of rest, freedom seekers could get a head start before formal searches intensified on Monday. She also timed many of these dangerous rescues for winter, when nights were longer, and routed her journeys through swamps and streams, making it harder for dogs to hold onto a scent or for footprints to be traced.
Harriet Tubman was a master of disguise
To avoid suspicion, she often disguised herself, frequently as a man, despite her small stature. She once memorably dressed up as an old woman carrying two chickens. Because word got out that “Moses” had never learned to read, she at least once pretended to read a newspaper in public so people wouldn’t recognize her. She even convinced a lighter-skinned freedom seeker to masquerade as a white enslaver transporting a group of enslaved people.
She served as a spymaster in the Civil War
Harriet Tubman wasn’t just “a spy” for the Union Army. She led a whole network of spies! Harrietguided three Union gunboats and about 150 Black Union troops inland up South Carolina’s Combahee River. She led them to several warehouses full of Confederate rice and cotton. The Union soldiers seized those raw materials and destroyed several plantations. They also freed 750 enslaved people! When not working as a spy, she helped out the Union Army as a nurse and cook.
The Union didn’t pay her fairly
Despite her leadership efforts, Harriet was only paid $200 for her three years of service in the war. She had to support herself with bake sales during the war! While she had been offered a small pension for being the spouse of a veteran, she wasn’t recognized for her own service to the army with a pension until 30 years after the war.
She had brain surgery
We may think of brain surgery as something more contemporary than Harriet Tubman, but she underwent an operation in 1898 after a lifetime of symptoms from a traumatic brain injury. As a girl, an overseer threw a two-pound weight at her, hitting her in the head. It changed her life forever. She dealt with severe headaches, seizures, and symptoms of narcolepsy, bringing on vivid dreams and hallucinations. As a deeply devout woman, she felt some of these experiences were visions that guided and inspired her in her difficult journeys.
She continued to give back to her community in old age
Harriet Tubman founded a home for poor or elderly African-Americans next door to her own property and later became a resident herself when she became too elderly to care for herself. Imagine moving into a retirement home and discovering that your next door neighbor was the founder of the facility– and a famous heroine, to boot!
She lived into her nineties
Although Harriet Tubman’s exact date of birth is not known, she was either 90 or 91 years old when she died in 1913. It is easy to think of Harriet Tubman as a mid-19th century figure, but she lived well into the era of automobiles, electric light bulbs, and the airplane. In fact, she out-lived Wilbur Wright. Her extraordinary life is a reminder that the horrors of slavery, nor the bravery of freedom seekers, is not ancient history.
You can visit several historic sites focused on Harriet Tubman today
Visitors can walk in Harriet Tubman’s footsteps at the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Church Creek, Maryland. You can even drive along part of the route she took to freedom on the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Scenic Byway. A new Harriet Tubman statue was also unveiled in Philadelphia this year in honor of her 200th birthday, and there are at least 15 statues honoring Tubman around the country. As one of the most celebrated figures in American history, cities around the country celebrate her courage to this day. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Massin Kevin Labidi
Untitled
Hi Team,
Can I move this draft to live Article?
* You could in theory do that, but it's a really bad idea. You have submitted your article for review. Reviewers of draft articles will in general try to help you get your article into good shape, and a reviewer will eventually move the article for you when it is acceptable. By contrast, when you move it into main space yourself (or otherwise create an article in main space without review), the new page patrollers are more interested in preserving the integrity of Wikipedia by defending against poor articles that have not been reviewed, and you article is much more likely to be nominated for deletion. Defending an article that has been nominated for deletion is more difficult and contentious than working with reviewers. -Arch dude (talk) 05:44, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
Dear Reviewer, Please review and provide your kind feedback.
Hi Reviewers, I would like to know your feedback to update accordingly.
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:07, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
* Massin Kevin Labidi.jpg | WIKI |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.