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Sunday, March 9, 2014
The last chip in the comparison is the Z16F2810. When I started the tests I got a Loop overhead time of only 0.64, which made me think the chip might be very fast. When I moved on to the multiplication and division tests, though, some of them completed in only 0.89 seconds. After looking at the assembly generated during compilation I noticed that the arguments of division were only being copied to the register that holds the answer. It seems that even though all the variables were declared as volatile, the compiler decided to optimize the division out anyway. This made me think the compiler was simply ignoring the volatile keyword but the assembly generated when accessing volatiles is slightly different. Loops involving them take about 25% longer to run, so it does have an effect. The only way I could prevent it from optimizing out multiplies and divides while keeping optimizations was to declare the involved variables globally. The User Manual for the chip helped a lot when looking at this problem and I think it is really well done.
For arithmetic operations, the chip did very well. It was always faster than the MSP430 and almost as fast as the LPC1114 for most things. One place it did very well was division where it outperformed all the other chips by a large margin because it has a hardware divider. General GPIO is also pretty fast, although it does not have any special mechanism for speeding it up like the masks on the LPC1114 or the constant generator on the MSP430. BCD Add was about the same as the MSP430. BCD Multiply was faster than on the MSP430 but still much slower than on the LPC1114.
After running all the chips, here are my conclusions:
MSP430Easy to use and reasonably fast. Good choice for small jobs and low-power projects. Held back by low clock speed (16MHz), small memory, and lack of hardware multiplier.
LPC1114The fastest chip by far for everything but division and 8 bit math. Lots of RAM and Flash. Straightforward to use, although there is no real community. Very fast GPIO with masks. Top choice for calculations.
DS89C450Fast for 8 bit math, although slow at shifting. Very fast GPIO since each GPIO pin is mapped to its own byte in memory. Extremely slow at BCD calculations. The only real advantage is the external memory bus.
AT89LP6440Similar to the DS89C450 but lower clock speed and performance.
Z16F2810Good performance but inferior to the LPC1114 in everything but dividing. Debugger is very useful but the IDE itself is sometimes clunky. Enough RAM and very big Flash (128kB). PLCC package is inconvenient.
In the future I plan to do a few more projects that will need the extra horsepower for the LPC1114. For other smaller jobs I will stick with the MSP430.
Saturday, March 8, 2014
The last chip in the comparison of microcontrollers is the Z16F2810. It comes in PLCC and is the only part in the ZNEO line that isn't QFP only. In order to program the chip I soldered a PLCC socket to perfboard with headers for one of the GPIO ports and for an FTDI cable.
In the beginning I was excited about the PLCC socket but it turned out to be somewhat inconvenient to solder due to all the jumper wires needed to reach the inside row of pins. Next I connected the chip to the FTDI cable and tried to access it over UART as described in this Application Note about the bootloader. I had overlooked that the UART bootloader is not part of the ROM and has to be loaded over the one-wire interface normally used to program the chip. Until I realized this I removed the chip several times looking for faults in the circuit and managed to crack the socket with a screwdriver on the third removal. Zilog sells a specialized cable for programming their chips through the debug pin and I hoped to make something similar that would work over an FTDI cable. One forum post I found was really helpful. It showed what the cable looks like inside:
It seemed pretty unlikely that I could recreate this on my own. Later in the post someone mentioned that some of the Zilog documents show how to program the chip with a serial cable and only one diode. All I had to do was solder the diode and a 10k pull-up to the debug pin to make it work with the FTDI cable.
The next hurdle was the software. The picture above shows a USB SmartCable which will work with the ZNEO version of the ZDSII software Zilog offers for programming and debugging. The ZNEO version of ZDSII does not, however, work with the Serial SmartCable which the FTDI cable would replace. The Z8 Encore! version of ZDSII does support the cable. The same forum post explains that you can simply copy the file SerialSmartCable.xdt from the debugtools directory of the Z8 version to the debugtools directory of the ZNEO version. You will also need a copy of the file NxZNeoSerial.dll. Another website, also in German, explains that a copy of this file comes with Smart Flash Programmer 2.2.0.
The ZDSII IDE works well enough for writing code, although I still prefer to use Code::Blocks. The debugger is really handy. You can set break points and look at the disassembly compared to the C source as the program is running, as well as examine memory and registers. It is a little unwieldy, however, to go through the whole process of disconnecting, compiling, reconnecting, transferring, and restarting every time code is recompiled. In my opinion there should be a single button to recompile and run code. Another small gripe is that when code starts to run, the debugger automatically halts on the first instruction and jumps to that place in the source. Unfortunately, that is always start-up code, so every time you press Go it opens the start-up assembly file supplied with the compiler and waits for you to continue. This is just annoying since it has to be closed every time.
The IDE uses make with its own compiler. Running this compiler from the command line shows that there are many compiler options but the only one available in the IDE is "Limit Optimizations for Easier Debugging." There is no way from the IDE to specify arguments to optimize for speed or size specifically. You can, however, export a makefile from the IDE and run make on its own. Doing this I was able to edit the makefile to add the flags for speed and size optimizations but neither of them produced any difference. I copy the file generated by make to the output directory of an empty project that I keep open in the IDE. Because compiling is done outside of the IDE, I can upload the file to the chip without having to disconnect and reconnect.
Monday, March 3, 2014
The next chip to test is the AT89LP6440. This is a single-cycle 8052 compatible like the DS89C450. It can run from an internal oscillator at 8MHz or an external crystal up to 20MHz like I am using. According to the datasheet, total capacitance for the crystal should not exceed 20pF and the chip itself adds about 10pF of that. The smallest capacitors I can find are 22pF so I ran it without capacitors and it seems to work fine on a breadboard.
As you might imagine, the AT89LP6440 performs similarly to the DS89C450 at 20MHz. The times are not exactly the same, though, because both chips perform some instructions in less cycles than original 8051s. This is apparent, for example, in the multiply times where the AT89LP6440 can do 32 bit multiplication about 30% faster because it does multiplies in 2 cycles instead of the 4 cycles needed by the DS89C450 and standard 8051s. The AT89LP6440 also shifted about 5% faster in the tests, although it was a little slower at BCD calculations. Like the DS89C450, I don't think I will end up using this in a calculator but it may come in handy because it can run at 3 volts and has an external memory interface.
Sunday, March 2, 2014
Using an FTDI cable to program the AT89LP6440 like I mentioned in my last post turned out to be more difficult than I expected. Configuring the FT232 chip is a real pain because the reset command in the API does not seem to actually reset any of the chip settings to default. After trying some more tweaking I noticed that the uploading itself inexplicably hangs sometimes on longer files. I was not able to finish the next step of the microcontroller comparison. According to another page, FTDI states that "using bitbanging for SPI or I2C is not recommended with the FT232RL part."
The next step was to use an MSP430 to take data in over UART and relay it over SPI to the AT89LP6440. The UART interface of the DS89C450 works really well so I copied this. The MSP430 gives a prompt over UART that can be used to erase the chip, load or verify firmware, and set flags. The challenge of the project was coordinating interrupts and ring buffers for the hardware UART and SPI peripherals so that no data is missed. At 9600 baud it worked reliably but at higher speeds there were checksum errors because sometimes the previous UART byte was not read before the next one came in. This seems to happen at the end of a line of hex when the MSP430 has to send a lot of data out over SPI to prepare the chip for writing. The solution was to send an XOFF character back to the terminal, which stops it from sending any more data bytes until an XON character is sent. Like this I can program at 57.6k and after a few dozen tries I have not had any errors writing to the chip or verifying the firmware. The MSP430 is also connected to the reset line of the AT89LP6440 so that I can put the chip in run mode without having to press any buttons on the breadboard. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f659c39bb9fb69f68ddfb6894dcc2c2f89baa754c70f4f59bec3b35511463595'} |
Is The Nose Medial To The Ears?
Are the shoulders medial to the midline?
The arms are Lateral to the midline.
The neck is Medial_to the arms.
The shoulders are Late to the midline..
Is the chin inferior to the nose?
The chin is inferior to the nose. The chin is below the nose in the anatomical position.
Are the ears medial to the shoulders?
In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the 1 body surface; the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the 2 body surface; and the top of the head is the most 3 part of the body. The ears are 4 and 5 to the shoulders and 6 to the nose. … The elbow is 9 to the fingers but 10 to the shoulder.
Is the nose medial to the cheekbones?
Answer and Explanation: The nose is MEDIAL to the cheekbones. In anatomical terminology, medial means a part of the body closer to the midline of the body.
Are eyes inferior to the brain?
Inferior: means the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal). Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain) – [ventral].
Is the nose inferior to the eyes?
The eye is lateral to the nose. The nose is medial to the ears.
Is the elbow distal to the shoulder?
Proximal then refers to something closer to the torso while distal refers to parts and places away from the torso. So a finger is distal to the wrist, which is distal to the elbow, which is distal to the shoulder.
What is medial to the ears?
A lateral orientation is a position away from the midline of the body. … A medial orientation is a position toward the midline of the body. An example of medial orientation is the eyes, which are medial to the ears on the head.
What is inferior to the nose?
The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll, (turbinate meaning inverted cone). | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '25', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9023507833480836}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27149', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MGSOBYCSJRFRZTGSMQZMKDPNVAVMEJBG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4bed3584-b605-4450-8f12-2204df9d1a21>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 29, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '45.130.40.27', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4JLOTTR6MDF257LX4AHIHBEEE4WZSD34', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6db2864d-d551-452a-ba75-4be5512272c4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://factorymichaelkorssale.com/qa/is-the-nose-medial-to-the-ears.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3d638b62-03b5-41ba-81bf-409e92c7ba77>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '363', 'url': 'https://factorymichaelkorssale.com/qa/is-the-nose-medial-to-the-ears.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-101.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3077715039253235', 'original_id': '5c44d8f54e798feebcb07748d6877a9b2554893c53a26f77d5978f0d137f7f3f'} |
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Geosciences LibreTexts
9.3 Sea Level
• Page ID
• [this page is in need of additional text, images, video, and clarification on some of the text that has been written - some of it is inaccurate or misleading]
Sea level is the average water level over a period of time. Water level is the height of water relative to some reference point. [4]
Sea level changes on short and long term scales. Over the short term, tides are the most significant change in sea level. Storms also affect sea level over the short term. Coasts can be storm-dominated or tide-dominated, which affects relative sea level. Relative sea level is the position of the sea relative to the land. [1] Land can emerge from or submerge into the crust, which affects how we view sea level. Emerging land makes it appear that the sea level is decreasing relative to the land, while submerging land makes it appear that sea level is rising relative to the land[2, pg 222]. These relative changes affect storm and tide sea level changes. The definitions of storm or tide dominated coasts are relatively straightforward: storm dominated coasts are controlled by storms and tide dominated coasts are controlled by tides. Storms and tides control sea level, as well as other geologic processes such as sediment deposition. 80% of coasts on Earth are storm dominated, 17% tide dominated, and the remainder is dominated by ocean current [2, pg 217].
Each type of coast has specific regions to it. Here is an example of a storm dominated coast [3]:
The wave base at the bottom right of the image is where waves typically begin forming due to shallowing of the ocean floor. During a storm, this wave base is pushed closer to the coast, therefore "raising" the sea level temporarily.
Recording sea level is important because that is how elevation and depth of the oceans is calculated. Scientists can also use sea level to keep track of how other climate factors are changing. Though natural global cycles contribute to sea level rise over long timelines, anthropogenic activity is speeding up the process significantly. The burning of fossil fuels and other human activities has lead to increased greenhouse gases, which accelerates the ocean warming.
There are two main factors from global warming that contribute to sea level rise:
1. Melting Ice
• While melting ice does add water to the ocean system, this only changes sea level when the ice was previously out of water (i.e. landlocked ice, glaciers, ice caps) since ice takes up more volume than the water it contains.
2. Thermal expansion of water
• When seawater warms, the particles become more spread out due to the higher kinetic energy, and this increased volume causes the sea level to rise.[4]
The mean sea level of the ocean is measured over a long period of time, and may help identify effects of global climate change and the anthropogenic effects.
Since 1900, the sea level increase has been recorded to be between .04 and .1 inches per year, while the increase since 1992 has been measured at .12 inches per year. This seemingly slight increase is quite large due to the compounding effects. Global warming has been affecting so many things from agriculture to marine life and the rising of modern sea level is a red flag that global warming is occurring. This can lead to a drop in available land space for human habitation, and may eventually cause flooding of islands and coasts. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.937411606311798}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '63286', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SUGRIVVQTJJEJ3UNZYHUEFAJLFCOEYPG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b7568009-122f-44aa-8415-263912e6b329>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 4, 37, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.168.122.151', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OAWFJF4MYK63L7P4NAAWYADYCMVQDUFM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e80331ea-defe-4103-b898-bbbf7ae482fa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Book%3A_Oceanography_(Hill)/09%3A_Coastal_Processes/9.3_Sea_Level', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b3b3f831-0d18-452d-a422-4383eb2db28b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '566', 'url': 'https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Book%3A_Oceanography_(Hill)/09%3A_Coastal_Processes/9.3_Sea_Level', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-97-181-44.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7089515924453735', 'original_id': 'ad4dc91012af6ae279548d27dd80a76ad906e8e933f652f56a8cd6595ab1638f'} |
Monday, July 22, 2019
ACW #624 - Secret Six
Action Comics Weekly #624 (Secret Six)
"The Sound of a Silent Heart"
Writer - Martin Pasko
Pencils - Frank Springer
Inks - Frank McLaughlin
Colors - Carl Gafford
Letters - Albert DeGuzman
Editor - Robert Greenberger
Last week ended with the promise of "Tony's Story". Could it be that what this feature needs is more character-focused stories?!
Let's find out!
We pick up where we left off at the Tidewater Motel, where it looks as though Tony and Shelley are about to... get it on. Before things get too hot 'n heavy, Tony backs off... citing that, among other things, he basically kidnapped her. There's also the it about her being half his age, the uncomfortable situation, and... well... something else, but we'll get there. He goes to leave the room, but Shelley pleads with him to at least be there with her. He complies.
As they're both about to drift off, Tony is stirred when he thought Shelley was saying something. Ya see, she moves her lips when she prays... and if you recall, pre-Mockingbird, Tony was deaf. Reading lips became second-nature to him. He asks if Shelley'd be up for a late-night walk.
We join the pair down at the beach, where Tony begins to share his Secret Origin. Ya see, he was a reporter for Peephole Magazine... a Pulitzer Prize winner to boot! Ya know, I always thought Peephole was kind of like the Enquirer... and I can't see any of those writers winning one of the biggest prizes in the field. Then again, now that I say it out loud, maybe "Peephole" is a take on People Magazine? Still though, are People Magazine contributors stacking Pulitzers on their shelves? Anyhoo... he was a hard-hitting, "tough as nails" sort (who we learn Shelley had somehow heard of), and he was looking into a crooked Coal Mining Union leader. Wait... a crooked Union leader? Say it ain't so!
So, Tony made an appointment to head into the Mine to take a look. He took his photographer, Tom Pearson in with him. Once inside, they stumbled upon a stack of dynamite! Before he knew it, Tony was tackled out of the way of the blast by Tom!
Tom perished in the explosion... Tony was dug out a day later, but when he came to, he did so in "a world gone mute" (his words). This really hampered his reporting career, as he could no longer count on things like inflection to deduce whether or not someone might be lying to him.
He wraps up his story, and suggests that he and Shelley get some sleep... tomorrow they drive to Los Angeles so he can tie off some loose ends. Then, even though Shelley isn't exactly clawing at him, he tells her more reasons why they can't be together. He compares what she's currently feeling to fear... not love. Well, "fear" might arouse some people, but evidently not Tony.
We close out the following morning in the Forest Glades Cemetery in L.A. Tony is there visiting the grave of his... lover. Ya see, it's here that we learn that he and Tom were more than just coworkers.
Now, this is more like it. This is exactly the kind of story the Secret Six feature has been needing for... well, a very long time. Early on during the run, the story kind of "settled" on Vic for a bit. We learned about where he'd come from... and how he became the way that he was. Up until now, that was some of the strongest stuff this feature had delivered.
I feel like, and I might be wrong, but... when you drop a half-dozen brand-new characters into an already obscure property, it might behoove you to at least attempt to flesh them all out. Instead, what we've gotten is a few scattered adventures where I had to keep a "cheat sheet" to tell who was who. It reminded me of sketching out maps on graph paper while trying to traverse a dungeon in Phantasy Star.
Here though, Tony... a character I wasn't even sure was a member of the team a few weeks back, gets a very thoughtful and thorough-ish backstory. The big reveal... Tony's gay. Not so big a deal in "current year", but you gotta imagine this fact probably made or (unfortunately) broke the characters for some readers. A fairly brave move... and one I wonder how the readership received. The letters pages that follow might be worth diving into.
My only problem with this chapter... and it's no fault of the story, is all of this work and effort to develop the new Sixers isn't really going anywhere. With thirty-plus years of hindsight, this entire endeavor feels like kind of a waste. Again, no fault of the story... maybe just now I'm starting to see the kind of potential that will go to waste.
Overall... as a chapter, it's really good! A nice change of pace for the Seriously Stagnant Secret Six.
Tomorrow: Cross-Country!
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A new CNN documentary about President Obama speculates that Republican opposition to the first black president’s big-government program was rooted in racial animus.
True to Mr. Obama’s legacy, “The Legacy of Barack Obama” finds plenty of time to bash Republicans.
“Did race play a role in the brick wall of Republican resistance to Barack Obama?” CNN anchor Fareed Zakaria asks at the outset of the documentary, which aired on Wednesday.
The two-hour prime-time exposé, first reported by NewsBusters, features a who’s who of liberal pundits — many of them former Obama White House officials — who wholeheartedly agree that racism was a driving force behind Republican resistance to the president’s efforts to grow the size of government and centralize power in Washington, D.C.
After delving into Mr. Obama’s upbringing, the documentary cuts to a joyous scene at the president’s 2008 acceptance speech.
“It seemed like a fairy-tale beginning but at precisely the moment the first couple began swaying on the dance floor, the central crisis of the Obama presidency was already taking shape,” Mr. Zakaria narrates.
“Within half a mile of where Obama and Michelle are dancing and celebrating their great victory, his Republican opponents are wining and dining and plotting his downfall,” says The New Yorker’s Ryan Lizza, adding that “15 of the most powerful Republicans in Washington made a pact that night” to undermine Mr. Obama at every turn.
“It’s indisputable that there was a ferocity to the opposition and a lack of respect to him that was a function of race,” says David Axelrod, a CNN political commentator and former chief strategist to the president.
And CNN political commentator Van Jones, a former top environmental official in the Obama administration, says he can’t think of a single thing congressional Republicans and Mr. Obama agreed on over eight years. But he can think of one thing — and only one thing — that explains the discord.
“You have to have an extraordinary explanation for this level of obstruction,” Mr. Jones says, evidently not referring to philosophical disagreement between liberalism and conservatism about the size and scope of government.
Although the documentary hints at racism around every corner of the bicameral legislature, it does not actually accuse any lawmakers of being racists.
“David Axelrod says, at least one powerful Republican was personally disrespectful to Obama,” Mr. Zakaria feebly alleges at one point.
Bringing the evening to a race-baiting crescendo, Mr. Zakaria recalls an incident in which Mr. Obama said a police officer “acted stupidly” by arresting a black Harvard professor who tried to force his way into his home after finding the door jammed.
The CNN anchor notes that the timing of the controversy coincided with fierce Republican opposition to Obamacare, which passed without a single GOP vote.
Suddenly, Mr. Zakaria remarks, “Rage over ObamaCare was turning to race.”
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Revlynn promoted
Discussion in 'Staff Announcements' started by HisManySongs, Apr 8, 2011.
1. Join me in congratulating Revlynn on her promotion to Moderator.
Jeffin likes this.
2. Congrats!
3. Congratulations Revlynn
4. I heartily approve! Congratulations, you've earned it.
5. Thanks everyone. You've made my day.
Jeffin likes this.
6. Congratulations. You'll be a wonderful addition.
7. Hello Revlynn,rejoice,for your promotion is a testimony that,heaven has a record of you.Keep the fire burning
8. Congratulations. Moderating is serious work.
9. OOOOOOOOOOOOoooooooooooooooooo yyyyyyyyyessssssssssssss!!!!!!. You surely did earn this Revlynn :D
Chili out.
10. Congratulations. :D
11. Great stuff
12. Congratulations RevLynn!
I'm very happy about your promotion to Moderator! :D You are a blessing!
13. Congrats! You always have amazing posts so I know you will be a great Mod too! :D
14. congrats! :)
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CASSE : Bris accidentel de verres ou de porcelaine dans un café ou un restaurant. — « Dans beaucoup de villes, le maître d'hô tel marié prend des pourboires, une part pour safemme^ une part pour ses enfants, une part pour la casse, etc. » (A. Luchet.) CASSE : Rognures et raclures de pâtisseries vendues à deux sous le cornet par des pâtissiers. CASSE (je t'en) : Ce n*est pas pour toi. (Halbert.) Mot à mot et ironiquement : je casse pour toi un morceau de ce que tu con voites. CASSE-GUEULE : Bal public de dernier ordre, où on se bat souvent : CASSENOISETTES : Tête dont le nez et le menton se rap prochent comme les pinces d'un cassenoisettes. La perte des dents donne souvent cet aspect aux figures de vieillards. — « Les flâ neurs du quartier les avaient sur nommés les deux Casse-Noiset tes, n (Balzac) CASSE -POITRINE : <r Cettr boutique est meublée de deux comptoirs en étain où se débi tent du vin, de l'eau-de-vie et toute cette innombrable famille d'abrutissants que le peuple a nommés, dans son énergique langage, du Casse-Poitrine. »(Pr. d'Anglemont.) — a Ces demoi selles n'ont plus la faculté de se faire régaler du petit coup d'é trier, consistant en casse-poitrine, vespetro, camphre et autres in grédients. » {"Pétition des filles publiques de Paris, 3o.)— Se di sait autrefois du vin très-acide. V. Briolet. '• CASSE-POITRINE: Pédéraste. V. le d' Tardieu {Attentats aux mœurs.) CASSEMENT DE PORTE -. Vol avec effraction. (Rabasse.) CASSER : Manger. Mot à mot : casser avec lesdents. — ce J'avions déjà cassé trois ou quatre gigots, cinq ou six cochons de lait, et une pièce de bœuf à la mode. • (Vadé, 1744.) V. Casser le cou. CASSER : Dénoncer. — Abrév. de casser du sucre. — « Part à deux, ou je casse sur toi. » (Du Camp.) CASSER (se la) : S'enfuir. — a Vous vous esbignez. Ils se la cassent. » (A. Second.) — « C'est assommant ici. Je me la casse. Cassons-nous-la. « (E. Villars.) CASSER (à tout) : Avec em portement. — S'est appliqué dans l'origine aux voitures qu'on me nait grand train, au risque de tout casser. Se dit maintenant de tout. V. Ringuer, ~~ « Q.ue CAS — « — CAS :ty es belle! splendidei! à .toutt] CASSER DU BEC :Sentirmau-j vai«. -^ Casser a ici le sens dei couper, ce qui donne, mot à mat :'; grouper de son bec... celui des «utres. V. Couper la Gueule, CASâEK IdU GRAIN : Ne p^ t&ice ce qui oat i:0romaodé. Ç^- CASSER DU SUCRE : Dénon xser. (Rabasse), -^ médire (Del -vau.) — a il en est qui, pour| amoindrir leurs peines, cassent xiu sucre sur leurs camarades, p {Stamir, 67.) CASSER LA GUEULE : Frap iper au visage. CASSER LA H ANE : Couper la ^Dourse. (Halbert.) ^ Vieux mot. CASSER LE COU : Manger. «< tt Chère belle, ne viendrez :yous pas casser le cou .à un fri candeau ce «oir*? » ILespès, râôô.) •* a Viens-tu casser le cou à une gibelotte? » (Nadai:.) CASSER LE NEZ (se). —Trou ver porte closie. Mot à mot ; se •casser le nez contre une jp9iBtfi •qu'on croyait ouvecte» CASSER SA CANNE, CASSER SON PIF : Dormir. — AUuqion ii la position d'un dprmeur dpnt la tête perd son point. d'Qp,pui jet «'incline brusquement «n .aiVAnt «^Ils <;aissent leur canne... Us^c^ âent leur pif.» (Villars.) V. Or^ue (jouer de 1'.) CASSEK SA CANNE ; JÊtxe bien malade. (Ra basse.) CASSER SA CANNE : Rompre son ban , quand on ost jious la «urveilbnce ^ lia justioe. Vak Canne, CASSER SA PÎPE : Mourir. (Rabasse.) CASSER «ON ŒUF : Faire une ^fausse oou<fhe. CASSJvR SON PIF ; Dormijc V. Casser sa canne, CASSER SON SABOT, SA CRUCHE : Perdre sa virginité. -^ Souvenir des chansons d'au trefois «ù cas à-peu^rès galants dominaient. CASSER Ut4E PORTE : Voler avec effraction. CASSEROLE (passer par la) : Être en traitement .pour la syphi lis. Ondisaijt.autr«}fois;2a^^^r£Mr les réchauds de saint dôme. Comme le vieus^ jeu de mots aller <« Suède, Tune et Tautr^ expression (font allusion àia cha« leur requise par les sudorifiques qui jouent un grand rôle dans la cure. CASSEROLK : Dénon ciateur, femme dénonçant à la police. (Halbert.)-^ Vient, de.fi^ft. ser. V. ce .mot. Il iost à ncMArque le dànottciaiQur a'appelk lauwt cuisinier f que dénoncer c'est 4n«»> ger le .morceau ou se mettre à table» — « Tout le monde a peur des coqueuses qu'on appelle en core des casseroles ou des mou* tons. D fP. de'Grandpré.) CASSEl/R : Tapageur, pcêt à tout.casser^XJDhautel, 08 ) — uLa manière oblique d mt ils se cqUp fent leur don 110 un sàr casseuf . • (De La Harre.J <C A S S£.U R : J>éa4»noiatefar« V. Casser du sucre. CAS -87^ CAT CASSBUR DE IH>RTES : Vo kair avec«ffrflctk)n (Halbert.) — Vêtus de toile bleue comme des ouvriers, ils marchent par trois le soir dans les rues, entrent dans les maisons mal gardées, frap pent aux portes des logis non éclairés^ et les forcent, si on ne répond pas. l'-n fait le guet, les deux autres opèrent. (Rabasse.) CA.8SINE : « Ce mc^ signifiait autf^bis une petite maison de campagne; maintenant, il n*est plus d'usage que pour dire un logement triste et misérable. » (Dhautel, 08.) -^ Diminutif de Céue : « Âh ! ben, vous n'êtes pas dégoûté !... voilà u-ne cassine. Je 8OP6 de la -cuisine, c'est à faire lever le cœur, un vr^i .furoier, quoi!! I » (Marqufit.) CASSOLETTE (ouvrir sa) : Vesser. Mot à mot : répandre des parfums trop aouaus. CASSURE: Débit accentué. — « Le brio et la cassure (encore un mot oofEimandé par la situation) avec lesquels ellîe (mademoiseUe Siily) enlève à gosier déployé son rôle de Béatrix. » (Vie parisienne, 65.) CASTE DE CHAîRRUË : Quart d'écu. (Halbert.) CASTOR : Officier de marme évitant les embarquements et les expéditions de terre ferme. Le castor b&Ùt tvokintiecs «ur ie ri CASrrORW ^ CfeapcKer. (Al Ttumack des Débiteurs, 5i.) "Mot mot : marchand -de eattc^rs. CASTORISER : Bans la ma rLue^ jc'est .éviter les emhacgue ments.Dans Tannée de terre^x^est voyager -peu ou point, et se per* pétuer dans des garnisons agréa bles. — a Pélissier (le maréchal) disait : la garde impériale casto rise. » (Cluseret, 68.) CASTROZ : Chapon. (Grand val.) C'est castrat, avec change^ ment de finale. CASTU : Hôpital. (Grandval.) T — Forme abrégée de castuc, à moins que ce ne soit une équi* ; voque sur la grande phrase de 1 rhôpital : Qu'as^tu? (que res sente«-vou8 .') C'est ainsi qu'on appelle les douaniers qu'as-tu là. CASTUC : Prison. fVidocq.) Du mot castel, château. V. Ra vignolé. CATÉGORIE d", 2«, >)^ Cesdivisions, qu'une ordonnance (vers i8do) avait rendues offi cielles pour la vente de la viande de boucherie, ont été adoptées par les gouailleurs pour coter le degré de distinction de celui-ci ou de celle-là. On a dit une fem" medetroisièmecaté^orie, comme une femme du quart de monde : a Docteur, je t'abandonne Bac^ chaate. Jela. dépècerais bien, mais les mocceaujc seraient de troisià^ me catégorie,, et le veau est en baifise. » (Michu.) Le terme a.fioi par s'étendre à tout, en multipliai^t à rinôni fi norobfe .4es catégories. — « Les amateurs sedi^piitent des croûte de sixième catégorie, auxquelles on A 3BM udA .iajuK nez. » '^,<Fjts^ bault.) •CAÏÏ'Oi^AN îChignon de femme voluminew* ©tmé au niveau de la nuque par »n paquet de fa» veurs. (Modes de 66.) CAV ss CEN Quand j'nperçoii le catogan ]>e cette charmante personne, Accompagné de son ruban Dont le lon^ bout dcpjsse une aune. (E. Villari.) CAUCHEMAR : Homme en nuyeux à l'excès. (Dhautel.) Mot à mot : vous oppressant comme un cauchemar. CAUCHEMARDANT : Insup portable. — a C'est cauchemar dant. » (Jaime fils.) — a Pour en finir avec cette profession si af freusement cauchemardante. » (Paris-Étudiant, 5/.) CAUCHEMARDER : Être cau chemardant. — a Pour abriter sa copscience contre ccrtiins hom mes noirs qui pourraient venir le cauchemarder. » {Physiologie du parapluie, 4r.) CAVALCADES : Vicissitudes galantes, a Ça fait dei manières, un porte-maillot comme ça. — Et qui en avait vu, des cavalca des. 3) (Gavarni.) CAVALE : Fuite, action de se cavaler. « La cavale est plus dif ficile que lago. » (Rabasse.) CAVALKR (se) : Fuir avec la vitessed'un cavalow cheval(vieux mot). — a II faut se cavaler et vivement. » (Chenu.) V. Feston. — « Nous nous cavalons, moi et Todore, du côté du Temple. » (Monselet.) — ce Ces promesses avaient cavale mon esprit et mon courage. » (Lettre mystique tou chant la comviration dernière. Leyde, 1702.) * , CAVALLE : ovation. (Petit dictionnaire d'argot, 44.) Mot à inot : action de se cavaler. GAVÉ : Dupe. Mot à mot : t'>mb$ dans un trou, une cave. — Même image dans enfoncé, cas qué, CAVÉ-î: : Église. (Halbert.) — Elle est voûtée comme la cave. CE : Argent. (Rabasse.) Voir Chêne, Tout de ce : Trèsbien. (Vi docq ) CELUI DE (avoir) : Avoir l'hon neur de. — Usité par moquerie des politesses exagérées de la pe tite bourgeoisie, où l'on avait à cœur de répondre : J'ai celui de, etc., à l'interlocuteur qui vous avait dit : j'ai eu l'honneur de, etc. ^ a Mam'selle, aurai-je celui d'aller avec vous ? » (J. La dimir, 41.) CENTCOUPS (faire les) : Com mettre des actes de folie, de dé sespoir. — a Tu peux faire les quatre cents coups dans la cité. » (E. Sue.) CENTRALE : Prison centrale. — (1 Les centrales, comme disent les voleurs, sont les prisons dont ils craignent le plus le régime sévère. » {Figaro, 76.) CENTRE : Nom. (Vidocq), état civil. (Rabasse.) Faux centre. Centre à Vestor-» gue : Faux nom : V. Estorgue. Coquer son centre: Donner son nom. V. Ravignolé, CENTRE DE GRAVITÉ : Derrière. — « Il se risque... Ne fré missez pas, belle lectrice; les don Juan sont très-forts sur la gym« nastique. Dès leur plus tendre en fance ils se sont exercés à tomber sur leur centre de gravité. C'est lî-dessus que don Juan est tom bé, n (E. Lemoine.) CER -89 CHA CEN TRIER : Député du cetttre conservateur sous LouisPhilip pe. V. Ventru : a Moreau ! Mais il est député de TOise. — Ah ! c'est le fomeux centrier. » (Bal zac.) CENTRfER, CENTRIPÈTE : Soldat du centre, fantassin. CERBÈRE: Portier malhon nête et grondeur comme le Cer bère de la fable : — ce Misérable, disait-elle au cerbère, si mon mari le savait. — Bah! répondait il... un terme de payé, ^a aide. » (Ricard.) CERCLE : Pièce d'argent. — Allusion de forme. CERCLE (pincer, rattraper, repincer au demi-) : Prendre à rimproviste. — Terme d'escrime. — « Filons... je connais l'escalier de service... Aie! pinces au demi cercle. » (Villars.) CERCLE -.Tonneau. (Vidocq.) Allusion aux cercles retenant les douves. CERCUEIL: Bière, boisson. Jeu de mots. V. Cogne. CERF : Mari trompé. — Allu sion de cornes. L'amant quitte alors sa coiquête Et le cerf entre à la maison. (Bé ranger.) CERF (se déguiser en) : Courir. Allusion à la vitesse du cerf. V, Ballon {se lâcher du). CERF-VOLANT : Femme dé pouillant les enfants mal sur veillés par leurs bonues. — Jeu de mots. Elle vole dans les jardins publics où vole aussi le jouet dit cerf-volant. CERISIER : Cheval aussi mau vais que les bidets qui portent des cerises au marché. — On dit d'un mauvais cavalierquMl monte en marchani de cerises. (Dhau tel.) CES : Ce pronom a parfois une valeur ironique particulière lors^ qu'il est placé devant les substan tifs. — <c On a donné à ce^ dames que voici le nom de musardines. )•■ (Alb. Second.) — Bérangerachan sonné ces demoiselles. CLSARIEN : partisan du pou voir absolu et surtout du pouvoir Napoléonien. ^ « L'abus du par lementarisme favorise ce que nous appelons les Césariens. » (P. Mo^ niteur, 5 août 75.) CHABANNAIS, CHABANAÏS :: Bruit. — a II m*embête, votre pu blic. En font-ils du chabanais. »^ (DécembreAlon nier.) Ah 1 ça prend dans les raes ? Le chabanais, ça moasse. (Sardoa.) CHACAL : Zouave. (Dans l'argot militaire d^ Afrique.) CHAFRIOLER : Se complaire. Qc L'atmosphère de plaisirs où il se chafriolait. » (Balzac.) CHAHUT : Dispute. — t Je. n'ai jamais de chahut avec José phine comme toi avec Millie. » (Monselet.) CHAHUT : Cancan populaire^ — «La chahut comme on la dan sait alors était quelque chose de hideux, de monstrueux; mais c'était la mode avant d'arriver au cancan parisien, c'est-à-dire à cette danse élégante, décemment lascive lorsqu'elle est bien dan sée. Aujourd'hui le cancan en. €IIA — 90 — OÏA féoole «moilerae tciompftie, la 'Ch^hut n'-eat plus guère con nue que des «titis d» Funanv •bules. 0» (Pr. d'AngleriN^nt, 5i.) -*c tln-caf^actèred'im'tteifalité'et • d'indécence comparable au cha hut que dansent ]fi^ fauboi^i^iens français dans les salons de Dé Ac^ens. » (Man6ioi, 33.^ JE)t pour -se mettre en rut Apprommit là du «peaple à dansor 4e 'OhaliuL (A. IfiiMibifiC.} CHAHUT: "Mêlée, remue-mé nage. • a -La t^valerîe jnonte à •chevfiL C'était un chahut, un tx>ucan ^nôMd. • Commetitaires de iAmiot.) CHAHUTER i Paire Upage, danser le chahut.— ce Ça mettra le "Vieux Cha«]«t ,en gatté... il cha hutera 8ur4a4»outique.-4> E.-Sue. CHAHUTER : JUa¥CM»r,c«l i)uter. •Snr .1q8 jwnto (du -noir Gooyte, Chahutant le vieux Caron, f^oiis l'ûshiconsdans aa nannitejetc. (Chanson dc-canotiert.) CHAHUTEUR .: Tapageur, •danseur de châlhut. CHAILLOT! (A) : AJlez vous promener 1 Mot à mot : Allez à •Chaillot! Cette injure, fort usi tée, daterait, selon M. Louis 'Ul-I bach, qui s'en est occupé dans le; jFryflrtq, de Pannée 1^4, où la «construction du tova d'encevnte <x)n9terna tellement les habitants de 'Chaillot que le nom d'ahuris ' leur est resté. Pour notre part, nous avons ■constaté qu'en 1826 ce terme d'tf iiuiri de Chaillot était encore po pulaire, car le Dictionnaire pro vméiai de K^iUot Im àomant une place : « JUmn, «ocpris, étooe^. On dit à ^aris : îm uhmis 4c CkaiHot. « 11 coiHi^ieiit d^a^o«iter que le village de Chaillot était autr^ois le point de «aire des tiifiuvais plaisants. «^ Quand on parlait d'une A^nès de Chaillot c'était pour désigner une -fille suspecte. — « Ahl ciel! disais-je en moi m€n^, cette Agnès de Chaitlpt serait-elle de ce pa3f!s-ci^ n{Voy^ jge ^ Paris à Saint'doud, 1754.} « A Chaillot les gêneutsi veut dire tout simplement : Au diable les lt9m^tm^ » (MftQ£.^j{rif ef fronté, 63.) T aroie'la proposition boan^te •En t'offront mon cœur et -ma iiMim. Quoi ! ta m' réponds, «êv' de mon âme : « A-Qiaillitt 1 ton ics^ur .et ;Hhi «om L» '(AQg.^^dy.) CHAJR ÀgANON : Soldat — « LÎiomme'n'etLit pluSj comme on disait sôus l'Empire, de la chair à canon. » (D' Véron.) CHAIR HUM4IW (vende^r ou marchand de) : Proxénète : A^ntde ren»f^lacêaient militaire. — Au xviîi» siècle, on doimait déjà ce nom aux serments recru teurs. CHALOUPE : Femme au ju pon gonflé comme une voile de chilloupe. "^ 4c Cte Chaloupel » crie un ^amin de Gavarni der* rière une élégante. CHALOUPE ORAGEUSE : Cancan échevelé. — Comparai son de la danse au Toulis d'une chaloupe. — c Ils chaioupaient à la Chaumière. » {Étudiants,^) — « Ohé ! les danseurs ! qui eat-ce CHA 91 CHA <)ui veut du cancan et de la cha loupe à mort? » — (E. Botu^et, 1845.) — V. Tulipe. CHALOUPER : Danser la dia ioupç, faire débauche. Et je chaiawp'a» Tant jqu' j'aufai De ia vaiâscûle de poche. {pQtfiGboud.)' CHAMBARDER : Bousculer. — Terme de marine CHAMBERTER : Être indis cret (Rabasse.) CHAMBRE DE SURET* : Prison de la Conciergerie. (Sta mirO CHAMBRE DES PAIRS : Ba ^ne. — Côté des.condanaajÊs à vie. Les autres *ont les députés. CHAMEAU ; Femnï* de naau vaise-vie. — On dit aussi : Cha meau d'Egypte^ chameau à deux ^oises, ce qui paraît une allusion à la mise en évidence de certains appas. Cette épithèt» passe aussi pour dater de la campagne d'E gypte, pendant laquelle nos sol dats, profonds analogistes, au raient été frappés de la docilité avec laquelle le chameau se cou chait pour recevoir son fardeau. Tel est du moins l'avis de VEn cyclopediana. — « Qu'est-ce que tu dis là, concubinage? coquine, c'est bon pour toi. A-t-on vu ce chameau dltgypte! » (Vidal, 33.) — « Cette vie n^est qu*un désert, avec un chameau pour faire le voyage et du vin de Champagne pour se désaltérer. » (F Deriège, 42.) — tt II n'y a pas d'afifront pour une femme appelée cha meau! Cet animal est sobre et laborieuar. X^uelle citoyenne du quartier Bréda peut en dire au tant? J> (Commerson.) CHAMP DE NAVETS ; i Un convoi remontait l'avenue d'Ita« lie se rendant à ce triste cime tière co nnu sous le nom de Cham p de Navets. » (A. d'Aunay« 75.) CHAMP : Champagne. —« Ma ria^ OhL <iu ^hamp ! — Éoie... 9gae,'^ Maria, Qu'est-ce que vous avez donc^ r Éole. On dit du Champagne. -^ Maria. Ah bah ! où avezvous vu ça? (Th. Bar rière.) CHAMPA<3N£, fine champa que : Eau-de-vic fine. — Du non» d'un village de la Charente Inférieure. — a Nous lui ferons prendre un bain de fine Cham pagne. » (Cochinat.) — On dit également ; un petit verre de fine, ou de Champagne, CHAMPOREAU : Boisson très-goûtéc en Algérie. Tous les cabarets portentsur leur enseigne ce nom, qui est celui de Tinven teur. Le champoreau se fait en ajoutant une liqueur quelconque àducafé au laîttrès^tendu d'eau ; il y a le champoreau au rhum, le champoreau au kirsch, etc. — « On y -boit des champoreaux (du lait, du café et du rhum), ce qui n'est pas mauvais. » {Conun, de Loriot.) . CHANÇARD : Favorisé par U chance. ' « Chacun se sauve comme il peut. Je parle des chan çards. » {Commentaires de Lo^ riot,) CHANDELLE : Mucosité cou lant du nez, comme le suif coule ". GHA 92 — CHA de la chandelle, — quand on ne la mouche pas. CrMNDELLE : Fusil de muni tion. — Il est comme la chandelle, long, rond, et il en sort une flamme quand on y met le feu. Être conduit en quatre chan delles,— Être conduit par quatre soldats. CHANDELLE: Bouteille. «Nous allons chez le marchand de vin et je demande une chandelle à 1 2 sous, j» {La Correctionnelle.) CHANOINE, CHANOINESSE : Rentier, rentière. (Colorabey.) Assimilation de la rente à la pré bende du canonicat. CHANTAGE : Extorsion dV gent sous menace de révélations scandaleuses. — « Le chantage, c'est la bourse ou l'honneur. » (Balzac.) — « Le chantage existe partout. Et celui que Ton punit n'est pas toujours le plus dange reux. II y a le chantage en gants paille, qui s'exerce dans un sa lon, qui prend des airs de vertu, qui, du haut dcson équipage, écla bousse le passant ; celui-là, on ne l'atteint pas! Mais le tribunal est la terreur de ces exploiteurs de bas étage qui proposent aux gens crainiiis et aux pusillanimes une terrible alternative : la bourse ou le déshonneur! tt Nous avons vu autrefois au Palais un vieux professeur, fort connu, savant émincnt. Ce mal-, heureux, depuis un demi-siècle, était exploité par une bande de misérables qui lui demandaient de l'argent sous peine de lui im puter un vice ignoble. Le profes seur avait craint le scandale; il avait payé. Ce qu'il y avait de singulier, c'est que les premiers exploiteurs étaient morts ou reti rés avec leurs rentes, et avaient cédé à des successeurs leur part dans l'exploitation de M. X.., A chaque trimestre, un coup de sonnette se faisait régulièrement entendre dans la maison habi tuellenient si tranquille du sa vant; ce coup de sonnette faisait tressaillir le pauvre homme : c'était la diffamation qui venait réclamer le prix de son silence. Et M. X... a payé comme cela en viron 3 00,000 francs. Enfin la justice a mis la main sur ces cor saires de la vie privée. Les douze coquins qui vivaient sur la for tune de M. X... ne vivront doré navant qu'aux frais de l'État. » {Figaro.) CHANTER : Être victime d'un chantage. ^ « Tout homme est susceptible de chanter, ceci est dit en thèse générale. Tout hom me 9 quelques défauts de cui rasse qu'il n'est pas soucieux de révéler. (Lespès.) CHANTER (faire) : Rendre quelqu'un victimed'un chantage. Mot à mot ; faire chanter (réson ner; ses écus. Chanter plus iiaut voulait dire jadis donner une plus forte somme. Le Dictiounaire de l'Académie le donne avec ce sens. — «Puisque l'argot court aujour d'hui les boudoirs, nous dirons que faire chanter signifie obtenir de l'argent de quelqu'un en lui faisant peur, en le menaçant de publierdes choses qui pourraient nuire à sa considération, ou qu'il a pour d'autres raisons un grand intérêt à tenir ignorées. » (Ro queplan, 41.) — «.Faire chanter, c'est faire payer une chose qu'on CIIA -93 CHA ne doit pas. » (Dhautel, 08.) — Ce dernier exemple, qui est le plus ancien, ne semble pas don ner au mot sa signification pré cise d'aujourd'hui. CHANTERELLE (appuyer sur Ja) : Toucher à un endroit sen sible, ou serrer la gorge de quel qu'un à le faire crier. — Assimi lation de la voix à la corde aiguô du violon. CHANTEUR: oc Le chanteur s'est procuré un document im portant; il demande un rendez vous à l'homme enrichi. Si l'hom me compromis ne donne pas une somme quelconque, le chanteur lui montre la presse prête à l'en tamer, à dévoiler ses secrets. L'homme riche a peur, il finance. Le tour est fait. Vous vous livrez à quelque opération périlleuse, elle peut succomber à une suite d'articles : on vous détache un chanteur qui vous propose le ra chat des articles. » (Balzac.) — Vidocq déclare chanteurs : !• les journalistes qui exploitent les ar tistes dramatiques ; 2* les faiseurs de notices biographiques qui les offrent à tant la ligne; 3» ceux qui proposent à des prix énormes des autographes ayant trait à des se crets de famille. ^ « Sans comp ter, ajoute-t-il, mille autres fri pons dont les ruses défraieraient un recueil plus volumineux que la Biographie Michaud, » On nomma enfin chanteurs les hommes exploitant la crainte qu'ont certains individus de voir divulguer des passions contre na* turc. Ils dressent à cette fin des jeunes gens dits Jésus qui leur fournissent l'occasion de consta ter des flagrants déTits sous les faux insignes de Jergfiiils.dc. ville et de commissaires de police. La dùpë"tFansTge~pdur des sommes considérables. » (Canler.) — La » cenaire était chanteur de cette classe, et a consacré à ce métier [ quelques pages de ses Mémoires, ' 36. CHANTILLY : Dentelle de Chantilly. — a J'ai là une confec tion de velours avec des Chan tilly. » {Alm, du Hanneton,} CHAPARDER : Marauder. — De chat'pard : chat tigre. — « La veille, il avait chapardé dans le village une grosse bûche. » {Alnt, du Hanneton, 67.) CHAPARDEUR : Maraudeur, voleur. — « Si le sergent-major et le fourrier n'étaient pas aussi chapardeurs, nos rations nous suffiraient. » {Commentaires de Loriot.) CHAPELET DE S* FRAN ÇOIS : Chaîne attachant un con damné. (Rabasse.) CHAPELLE (faire) : Relever sa jupe pour se chauffer à un feu de cheminée. CHAPON : Moine.(Colombey,) — Allusion à la chasteté obliga toire. CHARABIA : a Toutes ces af faires se traitent en patois d'Au vergne dit charabia i> (Balzac.) CHARABIA : Auvergnat. — a Que penseriez-vous d'un homme qui n'est ni Auverpin ni Chara bia. » (Pr. d'Anglemont.) CHARGÉ : Ivre. Mot à mot, qui a sa charge de boisson. CHARGER : Pour les cochers de fiac.e, c'est prendre des voya CHA -*94 CHA getirs. Mot à mot : cfaai^tr leurs voitures. CHARIER : Chercher à savoir. (Kabasse.) CHARIEUR : Celui qui cher che à savoir. (Id.) CHARLEMAGNE (faire) : Se retirer du jeu lorsqu'on est en gain, sans plus de hçon qu'un roi. — Il paraît que les rois avaient ce p-'ivilégc sans manquer aux usages. Ce terme contient en même temps un Jeu de mots s«r te roi de carreatE,, le seul dont le nom soit français. — « Le lansquenet fait fureur.,. Ah! c'est qu'il est commode de pouvoir faire Char lemagne sans rougir, etCharle magne est le roi du lansquenet. On se trouve en gain^ on quitte la table et tout est dit. »(E.Arago.) — « Le jeu est agréable parce qu'on n*est point poli. On s'em porte et Ton fait Charlemagne. » (Stendhal, 1826.) —«Si je gagne par impossible, je ferai Gharle magne sans pudeur. » (AbooL) CHARLEMAGNE : Poignard d'infanterie. — Allusion à l'épée du grand monarque. CHAkLOT : Malin. (Rabasse.) CHARLOT : « Le peuple et le monde des prisons appellent ainsi Texécuteur. des hautes œuvres de Paris. » (Balzac.) Le mot est ancien : « J't'avans vu faire la procession dans la ville, derrière le confessionnal à Chariot casse-bras, qui Vimarqué à l'épaule au poinçon de P^ris. » (Vaué, 1744.) — <c Qoe Chariot TOUS endorme! Tirez d'ici, meu ble du Chfttelet. » (Idem.) V. Garçon. On disait ChaHol casse-bntr, p9r aihtsion k la roue sor la quelle il cassant les bras des con damnés. CHARMANT, CHARMANTE : Galeux, galeuse. (Halbert.) CHARMANTE : Gale. — « U charmante y fait gratter bien des mains, aussi la visite était-elle rigOOTcuse. s (Vidal, 33.) CHARON : Voleur. (Vîdocq ) — Diminutif de CharrUur, " Desêas le pont aa Cbange Certain ngmU de ckaage Se criUdt m diaj?on. (Vidoeq.) CHARPENTER : Tracer la charpente, le scénario d'une pièce. — a As-tu vu la pièce d'hier ? — —Oui, c'est assez gentil. —Est-ce bien charpenté? — Peuh 1 oouci couci. 1» (La Fkzelière.) — « Dans l'art dramatique, les gens de let tres ont bien voulu me recon naître une importante qualité, celle de charpenter une pièce. » (Alex. Duval,. 33.) CHARPENTIER ; ColMora teur chargé de diarrpenter nne pièce. — «c il n'est pas si facile de se montrer nit kuibtle charpen* tier. » (A. Seçcmd.) CHARRIAGE : Escroquerie. — Action de charrier. V. Charrier^ CHARRIAGE A L'AMÉRI CAIN K : ce II exige deux com pères : celui qui feif TAméricain, un faux étranger qui se dit Amé ricain, BrésHiienet depuis quelque temps Mexicain, 2* celui qoi lui sert de iepeur ou de jardinier. Le kveur lie conversation avec CHA -95^ CKA tous les naifs qui paraissent por ter quelque argent. Puis on ren contre V Américain qui leur pro pose (f échanger une fbrte somme en or contre une itoxjincffe Somme d'argent. La cK-pe sttiE&pttÉttoh bientlôt les« harrieur» s'éloigne^ ^ lui ktbsaiit contre te somme qv!if débourse d«s podleaux qui coiMittan>ei!ift du plomb au' lieu: d'or. » <Canler.> — On Vapp^lt aussi vol à l'américaine et vol au Changé. — Avec le temps l^Amé rkain s*est démodé, tt est de vertu successivement un Birési fien et tfn Mexicain. CHARRIAGE AU POT r Udi bute de la même façon que le précédeht. Seulement rAmérîcain (Jffreà étfsrrfetrx cdmpa-gHôils d^enr trer à ses frais dan« lîne maîsotî de débaache* Patf crainte d'un vol, il cache devant eux danis un pot une somme considérable. Plas l0ît!, a ^ faYise et envoie la dtrpe reprendre* le tr ésôf après lo5 âvis^f feit déposer tine caution ^c fequdfe il dî pat^, tandis ^w Î6 malheureux va déterrer un trésor imat^inaire. Charriage au coffret. — Va rtété fflOdetne dii précédent. LTAmé ricttacooâe àiimecfcsittr de comp toir QA cotfret terme è eié dans lequel ii ai fan wir préalabtemetrt àm roaleaux de pièces d*or. Il r«^ vient de la |ot»fWi«v '^ • beioipr d'argbnt et il a perdu la cté do coffret. On lui fait uite avance «r ïl no reparaît pi«s. Lecoifret ne contenait que des centime». CHARRIAGE A LA MRCA WIQuK : Un voleur jiettc son jnouchoir au coud'irn passant «t Je porte à demi étrangjé sur se* émules pandani «^u'un coi»plice le dévalise. --Ce genre de char riage s^'appâlle mainteiMntyo/ldW père François* CHARRIER : Vofer quelqu'irn en le myttifiaat, die Vidocqu — , Du vieux mot charter : mystiôer^ qui est encore usité dans le dia lecte-flamand. Morà mx>t: mener en chatibt. H esta ntftcr que roir 1er a conservé tinsena analogue. CHARI^ICUR , CHARRON, CARE^UR : Voleur prati^ttant le ebarrtage. — MenM observai tionr <)ue ci-destua pouv le mot routeur, CHARIEUR, CAHIBltOtJSIER : Chairlataa noioade. (Haibevt.) CHASSE : Mercuriale. (Dhïu tet, 68.)- <t C*e8t pas rembarras,. .feat croire qti'îl atrra recru tmc fameuse chasse pour être remorttsé si en colère. » (H. Monnier.)r CHASSE^ CHASSIS : Œil. — C'est uiï vrai châssis pour la tête. —«Je m'arc-botrteet lui crève un châssis, d (Vidocq.) V. Co^ quer, Balancer, Estorgue. CH ASSE-COQUTM , CHASSE NOBLE : Gendarme. (Halbert.) CHASSEPOT : Fusil de muni tion se chargeant par la culasse, — Di* norm dte son inventeur. — « Dumanet, lorsqu'il ne fait pas miervei'lle avec son chassepot, a ie Tesprit comme quatre. » (V. Nofr.) CHASSER : partir. (Rabasse.J CHASSER DES RELUITS5 Pleurer. Mot à mot : chasser les larmes des yeux. CHASSER LE BROUILLARD i Eorre la ^utte, V. Brouillard* CHA -95 CHA CHASSES D'OCCASE : Yeux j louches. Mot à mot : yeux mal assortis, achetés d'occasion. Voir Estorgue^ (Halbert.) CHASSIS: Paupières. (Ra basse.) CHASSUE : Aiguille. (Hal bert.) — Son trou s'appelle chas dans la langue régulière. CHASSURE : Urine. (Halbert.) CHAT : Guichetier. (Vidocq.) — Allusion au guichet, vraie chatière derrière laquelle on voit briller ses yeux. CHAT, CHATTE : Sobriquet d'amitié. — a Alfred, mon gros chat! — Qu'est-ce que tu veux, Minette ? » (Montépin.) — a Tu vas te trouver mal à présent, Fanny ! pauvre chatte chérie. » (H. Mon nier.) CHATAIGNE : Soufflet. —Son bruit sec peut à la rigueur être comparé à celui de la châtaigne qui éclate au feu. CHATEAU DE l/OMBRE : Bagne. (Stamir.) CHATTEMENT : Avec la câli nerie d'une chatte. — « Elle alla chattement à lui. r> (Balzac.) CHATTERIE : Friandise, câ linerie. CHAUD : Coureur de belles, homme ardent et résolu. — Au trefois on* disait chaud lancier, — a Le chaud lancier a repris Son Altesse Royale. » (Courrier bur^ lesque, 2« p., i65o.) CHAUD : Artificieux, avide. — Forme du vieux mot caut : rusé, qui a fait cauteleux, — On dit souvent dans ce sens : c^est un chaud f ou vous êtes chaud, vous, CHAUD (être) : Avoir rœil au guet. (Colombey.) CHAUD (il y faisait) : Allusion aux feux de l'artillerie et de la mousqueterie. — La bataille était rude. — « Ah ! vous étiez à Wa gramr — Un peu. — Il y faisait chaud, hein?» (H. Monnier.) CHAUD (il fera) : Jamais, Mot à mot : il fera un temps chaud comme il n'y en aura ja mais. — a C'est bien. Quand tu me reverras, il fera chaud. » (Méry.) CHAUDE-LANCE : Gonor rhée. (Vidocq.) Allusion à sa cuisson et à ses élancements. CHAUDRON : Mauvais piano, résonnant comme un chaudron. CHAUFFE LA COUCHE : Mari trompé et content. Mot à mot : chauffant pour un autre la couche conjugale. — « Les maris qui obtiennent le nom déshono rant de chauffe la couche. » Bal zac.) CHAUFFER : Montrer beau coup d'ardeur pour faire mar cher une affaire. — « La vente des collections léguées par feu le ba ron Bruel, était chauffée à faire éclater les soupapes de la fantai sie et de la vanité. » (De Pont martin, 66.) CHAUFFER : Presser le crédit. (5i, Almanach des Débiteurs,} CHAUFFER: S'animer, deve nir très-ardent en parlant d'une bataille ou d'une entreprise quel conque. — a II paraît que ça chauffe en Afrique, » (Balzac.)^— CHA 97 c Oh ! tonnerre ! çsl va chauffer ! » (E. Sue.) CHAUFFER LE FOUR : Boire avec excès. — <c 11 me restait en core 4 francs. J'avais chauffé le four depuis samedi. » (Monselet.) CHAUFFER UNE FEMME : Courtiser avec ardeur. — a Toutes ses lettres disent : je vous aimei cdmes(-moi ! ! sinon je me tue!!! Répéter cela pendant trois moi fi, cela s'appelle dans la langue don juanique, chauffer une femme. » (E. Lemoine.) CHAUFFER UN ARTISTE : Applaudir chaleureusement. — « Elle recueillait les plaintes de son petit troupeau d'artistes... on ne les chauffait pas suffisam ment. » (L. Reybaud.) V. Em poigner. CHAUFFEUR : Homme d'en train.— a C'était un bon enfant... un vrai chauffeur. » (H. Mon nier.) CHAUFFEUR -.Amoureux.— » C'est l'officier, le chauffeur de la petite. » (H. Monnier.) CHAUMIR : Perdre. (Vidocq.) — C'est le verbe a chômer » avec changement de finale. CHAUSSER : Convenir. (Dhautel.) — a Les diamants ! ça me chausse, ça me botte. » (Mé lesville.) -^ a Cela rentre dans vos études. . . cela vous chausse rait. » (L. Reybaud.) V. Brosse, CH.USSETTES (essence de) : Mauvaise odeur provenant des pieds. Les raffinés disent : ex trait de chaussettes. CHAUSSETTE : « La cfiaus sette est un simple anneau de fer CHA que porte à la jambe, comme signe de reconnaissance seule ment, le forçat qui n'est plus ac couplé. • (Moreau Christophe, 3?) CHAUSSON (vieux) : Prosti tuée, avachie co.-ïime un vieux chausson, une vieille pantoufle. — On dit, en abrégeant, chaus son. (J. Choux.) CHAUSSON : Science de se battre à coups de pied. De là le mot « chausson. » Dans le peuple, on dit savate, La savate que l'on appelle aujourd'hui chausson. » (Th. Gautier , 43.) V. Savate. CHAUVIN, CHAUVINISTE : Patriote ardent jusqu'à l'exagéra tion. — a Je suis Français! Je suis Chauvin ! » (Cogniard, 3 1 .) « Un spécimen du type Chauvin dans toute sa pureté. » (Montépin.) — Allusion au nom d'un type de caricatures populaires, comme le prouve cet exemple : «1825, épo que où un libéralisme plus large commença à se moquer de ces élo ges donnés aux Français par les Français, de ces railleries lancées par les Français contre les étran gers. Charlet, en créant le cons crit Chauvin, fit justice de ces niaiseries de l'opinion. » (A. Jal, Paris moderne, 34.) CHAUVINISME : Patriotisme trop ardent. Le chauvinisme a son côté ridicule, mais il a aussi sa grandeur. On s'en est trop moqué, et cette réaction a été mille fois pire, mais la science du juste milieu n'est pas une qualité française. — « Le chauvi nisme a fait faire de plus grandes choses que l'amour de la patrie dont il est la charge. » (No. iac.) G <^^ CHE -98- CHE — c Le chauTÎnisme est peut être la dernière vertu que nous ayons possédée. » (Berthaudl.) « Chauyiaisine» r Se dit per ex tension de toute exagération ba nale. — d L'hoaneur et l'argent, magnifique écho du chauvinisme bourgeois. » (KCirecouxt^ 55.) CHAUVMSTÉ : Patriote ar dent. Se prend aussi adjiBCtiTcment : « Mous n'avons vécu qu'avec peu de gouvememeats français dans des rapports aussi conrects qu'a vec k sien, en décomptant quel ques intermezzos d^iuvinistes. b (D'Ami m.» 73.) CHEF : Cuisinier, chef de cui sine. CHEF : Maréchal des lo^s chef. CHEF DE CUISINE : Contre^ maître dirigeant la fabcicatioa d'une brasserie;. (Vinçard.) CHELÏNGUER : Puer. Cheîinguer des arpîons ou de Vorteiï : Sentir mauvais des pieds. Cheîinguer du 5ec; Sentir mau vais de la bouche. CHEMINÉE: « il est de bon ton de porter un chapeau de soie, vulgo cheminée. 9 {La Lutte, 67.) — Cheminée doit être pris ici dans le sens de tuyau de poêle, CHEMISES (compter ses) : Vomir. — Allusioii à la posture penchée de rhomsne qui vomit. CHEMISE (être dans la) : Ne pas quitter, être au mieux. CHEMISE DE CONSEILLER : Linge volé. (Colombey.) CHENATRE ; Très-bon. (GrandTat.) — Augmentatif de chenu, CHÊNE : Homme bonâ 7<^er, riche, abréviation de ckgtm, ~^ «c Qtt'às^tu dooc morfillé> — J'ai fait suer un chêne, son aubcr j'ai enganté et ses attachefrde ce» » (Vidocq.) CUENIQUE, CHNiC : Eau-de^ vie. — Dbninutif de chemm : bon. — « Le pemtqfuier de régiment rase sans rétribution, maïs en avant le chnic » (Bataille^ 434 CHENIQUEUR : Buveur de ckesîque. CHENOC ; Mauvais, avarié, et par extension « vieil infirme. 9 — C'est Fanti thèse de cbewu . — «Vous êtes un vieux birbe... Gemment?" un birbe... Oui? vous êtes tm vieux ch'noc. » (/Dernier jour d^tm coHdonmé,.) CHENU: Excellent. — Dès 1718, le Dictionnaire comique de Leroux dit dans ce sens : Voiià du. vm ckenu. Selon (08), chemi, sign ifiant au propre Ùanc de vieil' lesse, est a^>]iqué au vin que la vieillesse améliore, et par exten sion à toute chose de première qualité. — « Ce doit être du chenu et du ficelé. » {Phys. du matelot, 43.) — « Il met sur son nez une chenue paire de lunettes. » (La BédoUière.) — c Gou^eon, une prise de tabac ï — Oui-da, t'nez en Vlà qu'est ben chenu. » (Vadé, 1755.) — c As -tu fréquenté le» marchandes de modes .^ c'est là du chenu l » (P» Lacroix, Sa.) Chenu sorgue : Bonsoir. — c Chenu sorgue, roupille sans tafFe. » (Vidocq.) Chenu reluit : Bonjour. Voir Fourgat^ CHE 99 — CHENUMENT : Très-bien. — c Une ane a beau Peindre de se défendre cVnumeat. j» (Vadé, 1755.) V. Artie. CHER: Rude, élevé. (C<ilom bqr.) — La cherté est pcise id au figuré. CHÉRANCE : Ivresse. (Idem.) CHEVAL :Hof&me brutal, grossier. Je voudrais être un ^'and cheval. On ours, pour laisser uoe fille, A la merci de son cheval. (Bonfflers, o5,) CHEVAL DE RETOUR : Condamnéconduitau bagnepoar la iecoodefoîjs. (Rabasse.)— «C'est un cheval de retour, ^k»s comme il tire la df>oite. 9 (Balzac.) CHEVALIER DE L'AUNE : Commis en nouveautés. — oc II n*7 a qoie ces chevaliers de l'aune pour aimer la boue au bas d'une robe. » (Balzac.) ChepAÎier du crochet : aiiflFon nier. Chswàlier du lustre : Paqieur. Chevalier du printemps : Niais | portant trn œillet rouge à la bou-^ lonnière pour singer une déco ration. Mot à mot : chevalier de Fcrdre du printemps. Chevalier grimpant : V. Bon jour (voleur au.) CHEVAU-LÉGER : Député de reKtréme droite.. Ainsi nommé du lieu de réunion particulier à Versailles. — « Le ^oupe mo narchique jetant Jes chevaux-lé gers par dessus bord, neprend sa place de combat, x (Saint-Gen^st, 75.) CHEVAUX A DOUBLE SE CHEVELU : Romantiqœ. — Les longs cheveuxétaientdexaode dans Técole romantique de 3o. — a n peuplait mon salon de jeunes célébrités de Técole chevelue. » (L. Reybaud.) — c L'art chevelu a fait vuae révolutkxD pour abolir les tif^ades de l'art bien peigné. » (Idem). « « Qa connaît peu le restaurateur Dinodiau. Cest un homme que le oommerce des lit térateuî» chevelus a rendu spi^ rituei. » (Mars, 63.) CHE MELLE : Jambes. — c Tiens, sfv prête ces cheramx à double se melle, prends ce paquet et valse jusqu'aux Invalides, s (Balzac.) CHEVEU : Inquiétude^ souci aussi tourmentant qu'un cheveu dans le gosier^ — « Veux-tu que je te dise, t'as un cheveu. — Eh bien ! oui , j'ai un cheveu. » (Monsdet.) CHEVEUX (il a de beaux) : Il a mauvaise mine. Se dit de n'im • porte quoi et de n'importe qui. CHEVEUX (Avoir mal aux) : Avoir la tête lourde un lende main d'ivresse. CHEVILLES : Pommes de terre frites. (Rabasse.) Allusion de forme, ou jeu de mots. (Elles bouchent un trou à Testornsc.) CHEVI5TE : Partisan de la réforme musicale de Chevé. — (c Avant trois mois, les chevistes seront sur les dcfnts. » (S. Lou dier, 72.) CHÈVRE : fGober ou prendre sa) : Mettre en colère. — La chè vre est peu endurante de sa na ture. — M.ot ancien. « Prenez que la raison lui eût mis de l'eau CHI — 100 — CHI dans son vin ou que son amitié d'autrefois fût fâchée d*avoir pris la chèvre. » (Vadé, 1 744.) CHEVRON : Récidive. (Vi docq.) CHEVRONNÉ : Récidiviste.— Allusion aux chevrons qui mar quent l'ancienneté du service mi litaire. CHIC : Mot d'acceptions fort diverses et fort répandues dans toutes les classes. C'est le vieux mot de langue romane chic (fi nesse, subtilité), qui a fait nôtre mol chicane. — a J'espère avec le temps que j'entendrai le chic, » dit du Lorens, un poète satirique du XVI* siècle qui était en même temps magistrat. Dans la Hen riade travestie^ Fougeret de Mon bron écrit plus tard : La Discorde qui sait le chic En fait faire ua décret pablic. Le chic était donc jadis la scien ce du fin. Il s'emploie aujour d'hui dans les cinq acceptions sui vantes : Chic : Distinction. — Le mot serait ancien dans ce sens. A pro pos de Reine Audu, la reine des halles, une des héroïnes de nos fastes révolutionnaires, le père Duchesne dit : a Quel chic la li berté donne aux femmes! » (In termédiaire du 10 octobre 65.) — «Le port des ordres veut de Télé gance sans aft'éterie, de la tenue sans pose et «'ne aisance qui ne soit pas du sans-géne; enfin ce q u'on appelai lia race au siècle dar n icr; le bon ton il y a cinquante ans; c ctait moins et c'était plus que le chic d'aujourd'hui. » {i^ie paris., 66.) — « Petite friponne ! auraient dit nos grands-pères... Elle a du chic, ou mieux encore elle a du chien, ou elle a du zing, s'écrient les gentlemen, leurs petits-fils. » (E. Villars, 66.) Chic : Élégance de toilette ou d'ameublement. — t Vous serez ficelé dans le chic. » (Montépin.) — a L'officier qui a du chic est celui qui serre son ceinturon de manière à ressembler à une gourde.» (Noriac.) — « Lambert fut enchanté de son gîte. C'est le dernier mot du vrai chic, dit-il. » (A bout.) — A l'école de St-Cyr, sous le premier empire, chic était déjà synonyme d'élégance mili taire. V. Tic. Être au chic ; Être bien vêtu. (Rabasse.) Chic : Cachet artistique, origi nalité. — (x II lui révéla le sens intime de l'argot en usage cette semaine-là, il lui dit ce que c'é tait que chic, galbe, etc. » (Th. Gautier, 38.) — a Une première série du Carnaval de Gavarni est loin d'avoir le chic étourdissant de la seconde. » (E. de Mi recourt.) Chic : Facilité banale, n'ayant rien de sérieusement étudié. — C est le contraire de la significa tion précédente. Il y a eu sans doute réaction contre l'abus in considéré du mot. De là cette di vergence ironique. — a C'étaient là de fameux peintres. Comme ils soignaient la ligne et les con tours! comme ils calculaient les proportions! ils ne faisaient rien, de c/i/c ou d'après le mannequin.» (La Bédollière.) — a Un paysage d'une délicieuse naïveté. Il n'y a là dedans ni chic ni ficelles. i> (Alph. Karr.) Le mot chic pris dans ce der CHl — 101 — CHI nier sens, a fini par s'appliquer à la littérature, à l'art oratoire. — « Parleur de chic, comme disent les artistes, il fait de l'amplifica tion. » (P. Véron.J Chic : Mauvais genre, genre trop accusé. — « Ce chic que le tripot colle à Tépiderme des gens et qui résiste à toute lessive com me le masque des ramoneurs. » (P. Féval.) CHIC, CHIQUÉ : Distingué, opulent, qui a du chic. •« a Ça un homme chic! C'est pas vrai, c'est un calicot. j> (Les Cocottes ^ 64 ) — « C'est chique et bon genre. » (Ricard.)— «Ah! voilà ma femme chic ! Madame, j'ai l'honneur d'ê tre. » (De Concourt.) — c Oux qui dansent ce sont des gueux. îles gens chic font cercle autour d'eux. • (Blavet.) CHICAN : Marteau. (Halbert.) CHICANDARD : V. Chicard, Chicarder, CHICANDER : Danser le pas chicard. — a Chicard est français de cœur, sinon de grammaire, bien qu'il ne soit pas encore du Dictionnaire de l'Académie. .. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'dictionnairehis04larcgoog_8', 'collection': 'French-PD-diverse', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1881.0', 'title': "Dictionnaire historique d'argot", 'creator': 'Larchey, Lorédan, 1831-1902', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7353', 'token_count': '13833', '__index_level_0__': '23402', 'original_id': 'e05720923557be782b2aa665af5cc4ea16f9fdd266a36607520f946d0a0fb075'} |
CIX Developer Documentation
The CIX API provides a standards based interface to the CIX Forums platform. It contains a full set of functions that allow you the developer to both add new and access existing content. We have made every effort to make the methods logical and easy to understand. And have also endevoured to include full documentation, and examples where appropriate.
Refer to the sections below for guidance on using the CIX API.
Before you get started with using the CIX API, you will first need to create and register a client with CIX. A client is an unique ID and name that allows your code to authenticate with the CIX API using a CIX username and password. Almost all the API methods will require you to first authenticate before you can use them.
Authentication Guide
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The CIX API uses a REST-based interface. This means that our method calls are made over the internet by sending HTTP GET or POST requests to our REST server. You can opt to have method results returned as either XML or JSON, depending on your preference. Refer to the API Documentation for more details and to try out each method call interactively. (Note that you will require an account with CIX to be able to use the method calls.)
API Guidelines
Guidelines are provided to help you make the optimal use of the CIX API. Developers are advised to refer to the guidelines as appropriate.
Getting Help
The best way of getting help if you get stuck is to ask a question in the cix.developer forum. Where the CIX dev team and other participants will do their best to assist. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9077019095420836}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '9219', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BG2KL3CQXSHSMFIGSRABWEGGEARCN35L', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:920e4a6c-9c29-46b2-9773-6174d5e80ea5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 18, 18, 17, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '185.35.148.20', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:M3M2G4TOOEC2NZMDCKPBXHJOZKMLHSGP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5b77c63e-294e-426e-bea6-1a729494c36e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://dev.cix.uk/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:65dd024d-e874-4c01-923c-ec739af340a5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '325', 'url': 'https://dev.cix.uk/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-184-199-160.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018734633922576904', 'original_id': '9403a06a14e941935f892420549d6dbf57f0bb2e1ef8b0c5bf85d159c6b3167c'} |
Paul B. Brown
Paul B. Brown, Contributor
4/06/2014 @ 6:23AM |1,075 views
By All Means, Dream Of Those IPO Billions--And Then Get Back To Work
When the subject of successful entrepreneurs and their riches comes up, we all have our favorite images.
For some, it is the owner of the Virgin empire (records, airlines, space travel) Sir Richard Branson and his private 74-acre isle in the British Virgin Islands. (They tell me you can rent the island—which comes complete with staff and accommodations for 30—for about $60,000 a night.)
For others, it is the realization that the riches that come from creating a successful company allow you to engage in just about any whim. Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon, bought The Washington Post, overpaying substantially when he wrote a $250 million check.
For me, it was a picture in The New York Times on the day after Twitter went public. There were a handful of men—and they were all men—staring up at a stock ticker which showed how much Twitter (TWTR in Wall Street short-hand) was trading for moments after going public. (The stock was already steadily climbing.)
The picture of the normal looking guys was nothing out of the ordinary—just a bunch of white guys standing around gawking—but it was the caption that caught–and held–by attention. It identified each of the men in the photo and the amount of billions they had just made from the public offering.
I am not alone in being fascinated by that pictures like that.
There is no doubt when people think of successful entrepreneurs one of the first things that come to mind.
And it is a relatively quick jump from that to “I am going to start a company to get rich.”
The jump seems to get shorter all the time, given all the attention that IPOs are getting these days.
But the focus on all the potential money to be made is actually a bad thing as you go about building your company.
Where You Could Go Astray
There is nothing wrong with making a lot of money or wanting to be rich.
But if that is your primary focus, you run the very real risk of getting off course extremely quickly.
The problem is exactly what it always is with get rich quick scheme: They rarely work.
You will take short cuts. You will short-change customers. You won’t invest for the long haul. Heck, you might be tempted to rush into a “hot” field where you are far from an expert.
That is no way to become successful.
What gets lost in the billions that entrepreneurial companies raised through their recent initial public offerings is that they invariably followed an extremely disciplined process in the building their companies.
1. They discovered a market need.
2. They created a product or service that filled that need.
3 And then they created communication that linked the market need they had discovered to the product/service that they had created to fill it.
The wealth that followed was “simply” a by-product of that.
So, by all means when you take a break daydream about what it would be like to have your own private island, or whatever it is that would represent overwhelming financial success for you.
But considered it that, a harmless fantasy.
And then get back to building your company.
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• Chas Chas 3 months ago
Thanks, as always, for reading and for the quote | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '70', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9627242088317872}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '90199', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6DNCGYULOC6XJ4E6ZAVR2VTJX7DV2A7J', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f7bee537-506b-4dca-94b5-658eb9b52b1e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 6, 5, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '63.240.4.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:T7BR7FKPQQNPXAWYX3ZJBPDGMECJRHIB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9d296faf-a02b-4b13-8b1a-ff68e8f9bd7f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.forbes.com/sites/actiontrumpseverything/2014/04/06/by-all-means-dream-of-those-ipo-billions-and-then-get-back-to-work/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d94e5c2f-49ed-4e1e-8af9-b796dab1273a>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '674', 'url': 'http://www.forbes.com/sites/actiontrumpseverything/2014/04/06/by-all-means-dream-of-those-ipo-billions-and-then-get-back-to-work/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.037084102630615234', 'original_id': 'af1ddf55b14bcfe444d80b541ea7a2ab22b3ee21ac18ffe357467234df6d937c'} |
Blue Note
The Finest In Jazz Since 1939
High Fidelity
Artists - Herbie Mann
Recording period between
Herbie Mann began on clarinet when he was nine but was soon also playing flute and tenor. After serving in the Army, he was with Mat Mathews' Quintet (1953-1954) and then started working and recording as a leader. During 1954-1958 Mann stuck mostly to playing bop, sometimes collaborating with such players as Phil Woods, Buddy Collette, Sam Most, Bobby Jaspar, and Charlie Rouse. He doubled on cool-toned tenor and was one of the few jazz musicians in the '50s who recorded on bass clarinet; he also recorded a full album in 1957 (for Savoy) of unaccompanied flute.
After spending time playing and writing music for television, Mann formed his Afro-Jazz Sextet, in 1959, a group using several percussionists, vibes (either Johnny Rae, Hagood Hardy, or Dave Pike) and the leader's flute. He toured Africa (1960) and Brazil (1961), had a hit with "Comin' Home Baby," and recorded with Bill Evans. The most popular jazz flutist during the era, Mann explored bossa nova (even recording in Brazil in 1962), incorporated music from many cultures (plus current pop tunes) into his repertoire, and had among his sidemen such top young musicians as Willie Bobo, Chick Corea (1965), Attila Zoller, and Roy Ayers; at the 1972 Newport Festival his sextet included David Newman and Sonny Sharrock. By then Mann had been a producer at Embroyo (a subsidiary of Atlantic) for three years and was frequently stretching his music outside of jazz. As the '70s advanced, Mann became much more involved in rock, pop, reggae, and even disco. After leaving Atlantic at the end of the '70s, Mann had his own label for awhile and gradually came back to jazz. He recorded for Chesky, made a record with Dave Valentin, and in the '90s founded the Kokopelli label on which before breaking away in 1996, he was free to pursue his wide range of musical interests. Through the years, he recorded as a leader for Bethlehem, Prestige, Epic, Riverside, Savoy, Mode, New Jazz, Chesky, Kokopelli, and most significantly Atlantic. He passed away on July 1, 2003, following an extended battle with prostate cancer. His last record was 2004's posthumously released Beyond Brooklyn for Telarc. ~ Scott Yanow | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '47', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.986140251159668}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '21989', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AQRXJY7VXLFH4KSEN4KIYXLLLNGI5UD2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a68cda54-b5c6-462a-9de9-6615272add89>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 1, 15, 54, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.201.43.29', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YV5EBWQSMEVHGF7RFTWIYYP2M3JWL6XK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:aa149ae6-20de-4cfd-b5b4-9964b0c225e9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.bluenote.com/artists/herbie-mann', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a051a114-8f91-48a6-b6f9-5ebd9c0227ea>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '421', 'url': 'http://www.bluenote.com/artists/herbie-mann', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02040642499923706', 'original_id': 'eb9fbe0467fd2b6c16f46a1be284665293c39c596ac38f60da20756c29911227'} |
SoundCloud Is Reportedly Planning To Block All DJ Mixes: Exodus to Mixcloud Imminent?
A new report claims that SoundCloud is getting ready to block or severely limit all DJ mixes uploaded to the streaming service. The move could anger DJs and their fans and accelerate a move to Mixcloud that has already begun on the part of some performers.
Music streaming service SoundCloud once again appears to be the victim of its own success. The streaming service hit it big last year, with the number of songs and streams on the service more than doubling from those of the year before. SoundCloud built its reputation largely as a streaming service for underground music, specifically EDM (Electronic Dance Music), and has been the go-to streamer for the majority of DJs to upload not only their new tracks, but also their exclusive mixes, which, by nature, contain multiple tracks and samples from different artists.
As it grew in size and popularity, the company came under huge pressure from the three major record labels, Warner Music, Universal Music Group and Sony Music Group, for hosting unlicensed music whose copyrights belonged to the big three. Under threat of legal action, SoundCloud began purging the accounts of many of its most popular uploaders, specifically targeting many DJs who posted mixes on the streamer.
Recently, SoundCloud finally inked licensing deals with the big three, which included a percentage stake in the streamer for each label, and it was clear that big changes were in the works. A subscription service was just launched to supplement the company's 185 million active free users, but it appears the label pressure to remove unlicensed content is only getting stronger. In March, SoundCloud completely deleted Grammy-nominated producer and DJ Morgan Page's account due to inclusion of a mix he claimed was perfectly legal.
Now, if a new report is to be believed, the company is getting ready to delete or block all DJ mixes that are not fully cleared, which, as it stands, is pretty much all of them. The move could be a huge blow to SoundCloud's status as the go-to spot for underground DJ mixes, and force a move elsewhere en masse.
Some DJs have been posting instead to rival Mixcloud, and others have been using it as a supplementary platform on which they post the same mixes they post on SoundCloud in anticipation of this type of purge. Many of the more famous high-profile DJs have also been repackaging their mixes as Apple podcasts. As news of the reported upcoming purge continues to spread, it's likely that the exodus from SoundCloud will continue.
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Responsible, efficient exploration and production of energy has become a highly technical undertaking. New technologies offer an unparalleled opportunity to improve that process, thereby reducing environmental impact, increasing safety and improving company economics and community standards of living.
WellDog has built a reputation for adapting cutting-edge technology to create practical, easy-to-adopt technical solutions for key industry problems.
WellDog develops, sources, advances and manages a diverse set of innovative technologies. The company focuses on platform technologies that enable the company to address the numerous critical needs of today’s unconventional oil and gas and alternative energy industries in a high volume, low cost manner. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9092679023742676}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32190', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LSGEQMNMWYDUQXVMAA35DBSOXT624G5U', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:aa5e8477-5d08-4eee-81ec-f9abeb15823d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 18, 2, 54, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.193.6.66', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DJVBVJ3ZKETVWMRBBCSEO4YX6ZAQMUHW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:33508d62-e24c-4131-aa1a-ef33e475d7a1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.welldog.com/technology/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:be2ffa60-fb61-49e7-94fc-90fa1dc719da>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '102', 'url': 'https://www.welldog.com/technology/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-168-158-209.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05374038219451904', 'original_id': '956c8c9aaf88d70f81567a6dea43a3c10d4f79f266aa25462768bef826c97095'} |
• Vishwanathan Subramaniam
Misconstrued Sustainability
Sustainable is defined as, “(the) avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance” and gained traction as a concept only after the 1970s US oil crisis[1]. Though the reducing oil supply harboured a need to conserve oil and use it more efficiently, the focus of solutions were more on attaining ‘economic benefits’ for stakeholders instead of achieving an ‘ecological balance’. From the 1970s to now, the world has undergone a lot of industrial growth and the factors affecting the environment have continuously increased in number. With rising sea levels and deteriorating air quality world over, positive climate action is the need of the hour, but efforts towards sustainability still seems to be lost.
Source: www.google.com
Our sector of construction is widely known for being responsible for 40% of the global carbon emissions[2], but it too seems lost in understanding and applying sustainability. Concrete, wood, steel, plastic, stone, clay, etc. which are among the most common materials used and all of them are doubly negative with harmful emissions in their procurement and manufacturing, and performing poorly during operation with environmental efficiency.[3] Despite this, buildings and infrastructure are still given tags of being ‘green’ and ‘environmentally efficient’ for addressing certain limited aspects of mostly design and sometimes materials. The authors of the paper “The Unsustainability of Sustainable Architecture” argue that this partial attention to sustainability still results in an unsustainable building, whereas to have any sort of real environmental benefit, the concept of sustainability must be applied to all aspects of the architecture.
(i) Energy
The energy consumed during construction and operation is an important metric that has significant correlation to the carbon footprint of a structure. Sourcing the energy through renewable sources, reducing energy wastage, as well as maximising operational efficiency is key in ensuring that electricity used and cost of energy for users of the infrastructure stay low.
(ii) Emissions
The emissions generated, and their handling are key aspects that need to be in accounted for right from the stages of planning the construction. These range from the release of greenhouse gasses such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Sulphur Dioxide, to pollutants like dust and organic and inorganic wastes, which occur from material procurement and transport, to construction of the building, use of the building, and even after it’s demolition. Waste management plans are a must in today’s world and the lack of a system, or even an improper model of waste management not only generates dangerous emissions but can interrupt day-to-day use of the structure.
(iii) Water
With cities across the world facing water shortages, the water used by industrial processes and during construction need to be cut down. This principle should also be applied to water used by the occupants of the building using technology and appropriate education, along with maximising the use of wastewater and rainwater.
Sustainability must encompass every possible effort and our built environment has a huge role to play | Source: shutterstock.com
(iv) Material wastage
In the construction stages on average 10-13% of the materials remain unused. Further, the building upon end of the life, more often than not, ends up in landfills. Site waste management plans (SWMPs) for the construction phases must be put in place and legislations too need to do their bit to assist this massive waste generation. Upon demolition of the structure too, there must be a conscious effort to recycle as much of the material as possible.
(v) Biodiversity
The flora and fauna of a region through the process of construction must be created, or enhanced, or at the bare minimum, be retained. This not only applies to the area that the built environment occupies but also the effect of materials and their sourcing that influences natural resources and can cause the loss of habitat for many species. For example, large swaths of forests and farms are cleared to use topsoil for making clay bricks and their baking process further adds carbon emissions into the atmosphere which is extremely harmful.
(vi) Sourcing
Procurement optimisation is a necessary element of construction in today’s hyper-connected world. Despite the falling costs of logistics, it is necessary to source materials locally to reduce the significant negative climate impact that transportation can cause. A conscious effort must also be applied to reusing materials and acquiring them from recycled sources.
(vii) Social Impact
Our infrastructure needs to facilitate social change by moving on from being stagnant eyesores from the industrial era to instead becoming a living, daily reminders of making better buildings. Our society has various social, mental, physical and behavioural factors that benefits when surrounded by healthier built environments, and therefore architects and planners need to be conscious of their ability to modify user behaviour along with the physical spaces they design.
(viii) Calculating Climate Impact
Testing and measuring climate impact are essential processes that needs to be expanded to all infrastructure that we currently occupy and plan to construct. This effort will not only help overhaul large volumes of our existing built environment but also makes us more critical to micro elements that constitute to construction. As the authors of the paper “The Unsustainability of Sustainable Architecture” argue, we need to use our existing infrastructure in more efficient manners and reduce their operational footprints but also, there is a vast volume of construction ahead of us that needs to encompass sustainability holistically.
At GreenJams, we spend every single day trying to be more sustainable than the last and our products, Agrocrete®, Hempbloc™ and Bindr™ are constant efforts to address the enormous problems of crop residue management and the construction industry emissions. As listed above, buildings and infrastructure have too many aspects that determine environmental performance and therefore, we’d love to hear from you about newer technologies, processes, people and organisations that can help us build better buildings and maintain the ecological balance our future generations need. It’s time we put no effort to green-washing and all effort into actual sustainability!
[1] https://www.history.com/topics/1970s/energy-crisis [2] https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/WorldGBC-embodied-carbon-report-published [3] https://cmapspublic.ihmc.us/rid=1Q78DC21Q-1Z286JT-2NM3/Life%20cycle%20assessment%20of%20building%20materials_XXX.pdf [4] https://constructingexcellence.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SUSTAINGUIDE.pdf
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This is Your Brain on Chemo
Cancer is a pretty good excuse for almost anything. You lose your keys in the middle of treatment, you forget someone’s name, you wipe an entire afternoon (and a friend’s hospital visit) from your memory—people are pretty understanding. You do have cancer, after all. But while patients, survivors, and families have long been aware of the mental effects of chemotherapy, doctors and scientists have taken longer to acknowledge and legitimize this phenomenon. Although methods, subject populations, and observed effects vary widely, recent studies overwhelmingly find changes in neurological function after chemotherapy, called “chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes” in the literature and “chemobrain” everywhere else. Its impacts vary based on the type of treatment, but it can affect mood, verbal learning, and memory, among other things. Hence the forgetting of names and where you put the keys. But while observing the effects of the cancer experience is relatively straightforward, pinpointing the chemotherapy drugs as the cause is not so simple. Depression and anxiety, not uncommon for people fighting a life-threatening disease, wreak havoc on the brain: they are associated with decreased working memory and slower processing. Stress doesn’t help either: it elevates glucocorticoid levels, causing problems with memory and plasticity in the hippocampus. Even before the emotional turmoil of treatment, people with cancer may have decreased cognitive function from some underlying cause that messes with both the brain and the eventual cancer site. For example, if your DNA repair mechanism is not up to par, mistakes accumulate in neurons (impacting cognitive function) and in the rest of your body (which could lead to tumor formation). The list of confounding factors continues: the effectiveness of the blood-brain barrier of a particular individual, whether or not a patient has undergone menopause, the type of cancer and treatment regimen… the situation is complicated, and so is teasing out a simple answer. With all those caveats, though, a few fairly simple mechanisms look promising. Placing chemotherapy drugs directly on a dish of brain cells makes them very unhappy, causing both cell death and decreased cell division. If the same drug given to a patient can cross the blood-brain barrier, even in low concentrations, it has similar effects. Another proposal focuses on drugs which work by disrupting the DNA of tumors—unfortunately, they also disrupt the DNA of healthy cells, including those in the brain. Some chemotherapy regimens include the use of molecules occurring naturally in the human body, like cytokines and hormones, which throws off internal methods of regulation and can cause neurological changes. Advances in detection and treatment have changed the landscape of cancer, making survival a more realistic possibility and sparking new discussions on the quality of post-chemo life. The approximately 12 million survivors alive today in the U.S. (compared to 3 million in 1971) attest to this success but also show us that we still have a long way to go. The newfound legitimacy of chemobrain within the medical community is raising the bar for cancer treatment—maybe now survivors will remember all the extra years that medical advances have given them.
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• Lines and paragraphs break automatically. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '56', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9225349426269532}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '61928', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YYUJZ5VRBZZSROFKN5X5GEHYABSGTTDC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a17b6c7a-abf2-4c71-8ccc-d16e9f4554b4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 12, 9, 2, 44, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.22.177.18', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7Z7GJXBLRSXVVRXOGY6S6HCIIII75ESV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:04406ead-949f-4e8f-9001-224b9b97936d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://helix.northwestern.edu/blog/2012/06/your-brain-chemo', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8e994048-29d3-407f-863d-9b69682fd2c3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '573', 'url': 'https://helix.northwestern.edu/blog/2012/06/your-brain-chemo', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-80.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3858456611633301', 'original_id': '4a77480ac956772f779836ff0f3b8683dde7010e0ea30e8a5b66b3410f20f052'} |
Logistic regression vs Recommendor system
I am trying to check my understanding with respect to recommendor systems. Here is my reasoning, option (a) is linear regression/neural net set up while option (c) and (d) appears to be standard application of recommendor system.
Regarding option (b), I believe logistic regression would be a better model. However, can we make a claim that in case we have only 1 user then it is "ALWAYS" best to use logistic regression than a recommendor system. If not then please give a counterexample.
(a) is a regression problem, thus methods like linear regression, k nearest neighbors for regression, regression trees, or neural networks (among others) would be suitable. Neither logistic regression nor collaborative filtering is appropriate
(b) Can be solved using logistic regression, by treating the stored characteristics of the websites as the predictors and the outcome (like/dislike) as the outcome. This problem can also be approached by using market basket analysis (aka association rules), if you treat the "like"/"dislike" outcome as one of the features. Since the liking/disliking is collected only on 1 user (i.e. you) rather than a group of users, collaborative filtering does not apply here
(c) this is a situation where collaborative filtering is appropriate as you are trying to recommend a product based on ratings of the user as well as of others' ratings. Assuming that the ratings are non-binary, logistic regression does not apply here
(d) is similar to (c), so you can model the data using collaborative filtering. If the ratings are binary you could also use logistic regression.
I don't get why option (d) is similar to (b). I am of the opinion that we can use a collaborative filter for this problem since we have multiple users whose preferences (like/dislike) can be treated as ratings 1 or 0.
Good catch, I meant to say "(d) is similar to (c)" but mistyped. I edited my response and added a clarification. Sorry for any confusion.
Thanks for the response.
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Category Archives: Family Life
A Penny Saved
My mother is a frugal woman and she is very proud of her ability to always save for things that are important to her. If she wanted a new refrigerator she would take an envelope, write “new fridge” on the front, and every month she would add a little money to it. It is not a fancy system but it worked for my mother and she has saved and purchased everything from trips to Europe to new cars. From the time I was a small child I can remember my mother doing this, and encouraging me to do the same. When I was twelve years old I saved my babysitting money so I could buy my own phone for my bedroom. It was a simple, white, princess phone and it cost $20, but I paid for it and it was in MY room; lesson learned.
I am now a mother who is raising children in the age of entitlement. Everywhere I turn I see kids who feel that they are “owed” certain privileges and possessions. They expect their parents to buy them a car, cell phones, clothes, trips, etc. I want to empower my children with the knowledge of hard work and the wisdom of saving. I want them to feel the pride that can only come from having saved, scraped and sacrificed for something you desire. Let me introduce you to “The Jar”.
Our old cookie jar is storing more than cookies
Our old cookie jar is storing more than cookies
I sat down with the kids several weeks ago and had the following conversation:
Me: Okay, we want to go to Disney World when Max is 5. So, we need to start saving money now so we have enough. Mommy is going to put this jar here. Every time we get some extra money we are ALL going to put it in the jar and before we know it we will have the money to go.
Lucy: Can I put in my piggy bank money?
Me: That is your decision. It is your money
Lucy: I want to put in my money. (she retrieves her bank and empties it into the jar). Max, do you want to put your bank money in here too?
Max: YEAH!! ( they get his bank and empty it into the jar)
Me: okay, that is great! I’m really proud of you. Now, we need to think about things we can sell and other ways we can make extra money.
This has caused Lucy to think of different chores she can do in order to earn “Disney dollars”. Her list includes things like; learn to tie her own shoes, sleep in her own bed all night, clean the playroom, and be nice to Max. David and I spent the weekend selling things on Craig’s List (which I love) and letting the kids take the cash and put it into the jar. By the end of the first weekend the jar had over $200.
Previously if the kids found change loose in the house they would fight over whose bank it was going to go into, but now they both rush to put it into the jar. It is not about what “I” want to buy, but what we can do together as a family.
I realize now, as an adult, that the responsible behavior my parents exhibited has left an indelible mark on me. Many people today struggle with the idea of how to save, but for my mother it was always so simple; just a little bit, every month. And so it will be for my children too.
Coming Home
I attended high school and college in Michigan and even though I didn’t “grow up” in Michigan I still consider it home. We’re visiting my parents this week, staying in the same house where I experienced my worst heart breaks, my first job offers and finally left to become an adult. The bed is different, the room rearranged and yet the view out the window is the same. It’s hard to reconcile the ultra familiar with the strangely unknown. I walk into this house not as an occupant but as a visitor. I walk thru the door not as a young woman seeking her path in life, but as a mother with children.
Because I don’t see my parents on a regular basis it is as if we have to adjust to being two new people every time we see each other. I am no longer a child, and my mother is no longer the happy hummingbird buzzing around our lives. My mother, long wracked with the pain of arthritis, stenosis, and fibromyalgia, is frustrated, uncomfortable, tired and weak. She is occupied with finding new homes for old memories. As I shuffle through pictures of me with a parade of old boyfriends sitting on the same couch, with the same windows in the background, it makes those memories seem pointless. They are pictures of a life that seems to have existed in a parallel universe with a person that was not me, but only looked like me.
However, for my children, this is a magical location. An enchanted forest filled with toys, adventures and new things. Grandma’s house has secret cupboards that contain curious things to explore and mysteries that need to be unfolded. Her pantry swelling with treats to eat and sweets that need to be eaten. Their little hearts bursting with the love and adoration that comes from standing in the light of two people who adore them, and yearn for them to be the center of their universe.
This is what growing up is all about. As I mature and see my parents as the raw humans that they are, my children see them as the perfect, glorious people of my youth. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9721099138259888}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '42445', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:F6EEESYC77TQREI5EJHR5VLVCUV7H2ZJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8412fd6d-5d9c-45e1-94eb-d55e5a2bf813>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 18, 19, 34, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '166.62.108.43', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:55JZFJ3OUKNVKLYZYXVKNV3VJNAMXRBP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:df6835d5-5fd9-444d-8ef7-0dd1d62f62ad>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blogobeth.com/category/family-life/page/8/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9d49118e-6c2d-465e-ab9e-d87fe1c1b7ab>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '969', 'url': 'http://blogobeth.com/category/family-life/page/8/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-152-225-239.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0725443959236145', 'original_id': 'e7cfd7dee844341fcbedd0272ad4b6c9bee6d145c44212d264171ae6d3100580'} |
BATAVIA, N.Y. -- Four preseason games remain too many for Roger Goodell.
The NFL commissioner on Monday reiterated his stance of wanting to reduce the preseason schedule at a time when the league and players' association have begun preliminary talks on a new collective bargaining agreement.
"I feel what we should be doing is always to the highest quality, and I'm not sure preseason games meet that level right now," Goodell said, while participating in Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Jim Kelly's 33rd charity golf tournament outside of Buffalo, New York.
"I'm not sure, talking with coaches, that four preseason games is necessary anymore to get ready for a season to evaluate players, develop players," he added. "There are other ways of doing that, and we've had a lot of discussions about that."
The NFL has long backed reducing the preseason schedule in exchange for expanding the regular season to as many as 18 games. Players have balked at the proposal by citing safety issues and a desire to receive additional compensation for playing a longer regular season.
Without revealing any details, Goodell called it "the best sign" that the league and union have already had discussions some 21 months before the CBA expires following the 2020 season.
In touching on several other topics, Goodell said the NFL has scheduled a series of conference calls with coaches this week to go over a proposal to expand replay reviews and allow the coaches to challenge pass-interference calls in the final two minutes.
Roger Goodell supported the decision to table a proposal backed by the Chiefs to change the overtime rule. AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster
Goodell backed a decision made at the owners meetings last month to table a proposal to change the overtime rule and require each team to have one possession regardless of what happens on the opening OT series.
"I don't know if I'd go for the fair possession," Goodell said, noting he likes "the sudden-death nature of the current rule" in which the game ends if a team scores a touchdown on its opening possession.
The change was pushed by the Chiefs. Kansas City lost last season's AFC Championship Game without getting the ball in overtime because the New England Patriots won the toss, received the kickoff and scored a touchdown.
"If you get the football to start the overtime period and you drive all the way down and score a touchdown, most coaches say, 'Hey, we deserved to lose. We didn't stop them.' That's part of football," he said.
Goodell also reiterated the league's preference in pushing for the Bills to build a new stadium to replace their existing facility, which was built in 1973. He said new stadiums play a key role in ensuring franchise stability by continuing to attract fans, who expect more modern amenities due to technological advancements made over the past two decades.
The Bills are six months into conducting a feasibility study on whether to build a new stadium downtown or remain at their existing site in Orchard Park, New York. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '521f6dd8fc3caed390e31a26289b6f7cc814221d9aff6a293fd3c46e99611340'} |
[Studies on an oral calcium loading test in upper urinary tract stone formers].
An oral calcium loading test was performed on 55 patients with upper urinary tract stones to find absorptive or renal hypercalciuria. The mean urinary calcium excretion level of this patient group was significantly greater than that of a control group of 10 patients without abnormal upper urinary tract. Idiopathic hypercalciuria defined as more than 250 mg per day in males and more than 200 mg per day in females was observed in 13 patients; 4 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria, 6 patients with renal hypercalciuria and 3 patients of origin-unknown hypercalciuria. Five of the 6 patients with renal hypercalciuria had recurrent and/or multiple urolithiasis. From these results, this test was considered to be useful in the discrimination between absorptive and renal hypercalciuria. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '760ea593e3f2da30b0068d733b8e63b7fc4457a19f51847ab0349bd409639aab'} |
March Madness: How Unlikely Is Loyola's Run to the Final Four?
Regardless of how their run ends, Loyola-Chicago will go down as one of the classic Cinderella stories in the history of the big dance. Before the tournament began, what were the odds of the Ramblers doing what they've done?
The Loyola (IL) Ramblers have pulled off a truly incredible feat in getting to the Final Four as an 11 seed, something only three teams have ever done before. Sister Jean will forever be immortalized in March Madness lore, and it will be interesting to see if the slipper will fit Cinderella for two more games as Loyola hopes to cut down the nets in San Antonio.
Almost no one predicted Loyola going on this run. Even Sister Jean famously picked Loyola to lose in the Sweet 16. But just how unlikely was this incredible stretch of games by the Ramblers?
Pre-Tournament Expectations
First of all, it is important to remember that the Ramblers were a high-quality team even before entering the tournament. Before the dance began, they ranked 43rd in the nation by our nERD metric, driven primarily by their top-10 ranking in effective field goal percentage. Our algorithm gave them a 43.7% chance at pulling the first-round upset over the Miami (FL) Hurricanes.
Our algorithm even had them as one of the 5 optimal selections in FanDuel's NCAA Tournament Pick'em contest.
But while they were a trendy pick to win their first-round matchup, the potential path to a deep run looked bleak thanks to roadblocks such as the Tennessee Volunteers and Cincinnati Bearcats. KenPom gave Loyola just a 6.5% chance of reaching the Elite Eight and a 1.9% probability of making the Final Four. Our stage odds were even lower on them, giving them a 2.25% chance of making it to the Elite Eight and a 0.31% chance of reaching the Final Four.
Vegas wasn't expecting too much, either. They gave the Ramblers just 30/1 odds to win the South Region and 300/1 odds to win the whole enchilada.
The Actual Tournament Run
But, as we were reminded of many times this March, games aren't played on paper. During the tournament, Loyola benefited from a far easier path than initially anticipated.
Based off the Vegas moneylines, the only true upset the Ramblers pulled off was when they defeated Tennessee in the Round of 32. Their other three matchups were considered by Vegas to be roughly a 50/50 toss-up.
How did this happen?
The South Region broke down entirely. The Cincinnati Bearcats entered the tournament with a nERD of 16.61, seventh-best in the nation. They blew a 22-point lead in the Round of 32. That allowed the Ramblers to face the weaker Nevada Wolf Pack. And in the top half of the region, the Virginia Cavaliers, Arizona Wildcats, and Kentucky Wildcats all failed to make the Elite Eight. That left Loyola to face a Kansas State Wildcats squad whose best player, Dean Wade, was out with an injury.
This easier-than-expected path certainly buoyed Loyola's chances of reaching the Final Four. Using our game simulator, Loyola had a 43.68% chance of beating Miami, 22.06% chance of beating Tennessee, 31.45% chance of topping Nevada, and a 47.78% chance of claiming victory over Kansas State. The probability of winning all four of those games is just 1.45%, which feels low until you remember that our pre-tournament stage odds had the chances of a Loyola run to the Final Four at just 0.31%.
This is to take nothing away from Loyola's play this March -- they have been absolutely tremendous. It is only to reiterate that the chances of any team winning the four games required to make it to the Final Four is low, and doing so usually requires a bit of good fortune.
Even for a quality double-digit seed, no one could have seen this one coming. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9649702906608582}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '156165', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WEQN5NSWUH47NQDA2X2SRKP4VKRCFHA3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cdb19cd9-a3df-415f-8156-f02c6e73dbe7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 21, 37, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.235.190.19', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YE756BDV7JG75JWTVH3NWL4VDVOL4FG2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:299162b8-b2e1-4bc7-92f1-efa3fd4c997d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://m.numberfire.com/ncaab/news/19354/march-madness-how-unlikely-is-loyola-s-run-to-the-final-four', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d1e64d32-35cc-4334-9536-5c5417eb5361>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '644', 'url': 'http://m.numberfire.com/ncaab/news/19354/march-madness-how-unlikely-is-loyola-s-run-to-the-final-four', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-182-98-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04646122455596924', 'original_id': '836298f07b16bf3e14e98bc5561e8b8667ecf5260fedd5d84264b1c17b5e0286'} |
Men’s Tennis Cracks Top 20 In ITA Rankings
Mar 06, 2013
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - The Harvard men’s
tennis team continues to climb the national rankings, coming in at
No. 17 in the most recent Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA)
poll. Harvard jumped up six spots from its previous season-high of
No. 23 last week.
The Crimson is the highest ranked Ivy League team in the nation,
coming in six spots higher than Ancient Eight foe Cornell (No. 23).
The Ivy League boasts four teams in the top 50, as Columbia (No.
32) and Yale (No. 48) are also in the rankings. The last time
Harvard was placed within the top 20 was March 2012, when it
ascended to No. 16 in the country, coming off wins over San Diego
and San Diego State.
Harvard currently stands at 9-4 on the season and has collected
wins in its last four matches. Harvard placed third at the ECAC
Division I Indoor Team Championships Feb. 15-17, knocking off Yale
and Princeton in the process. The Crimson has also downed two Big
Ten teams so far this spring (Northwestern and Indiana), and kicked
off its dual schedule with a 4-3 win over Notre Dame at the ITA
Kick-Off Weekend. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '7e5a81d9a8105d42fe97a3494e6a40e01317315212cfb695d3f924f76cdd7a25'} |
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Our clients | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9041540622711182}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '29184', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SGIIAV6AWHCUQW6JKCWVMBBPMTGVC6VN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3b415019-13cb-44ff-8879-ca7fc289d69e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 37, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '94.102.156.26', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZTCK4A4WUH46LZYPBROS46QJGEDV2O3K', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:69b02659-117e-4867-aa25-377470f88da9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://getintheloop.co.uk/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f829952c-6279-41dd-87e6-8e3935990a7d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '106', 'url': 'https://getintheloop.co.uk/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-212.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04552799463272095', 'original_id': '8faacc1b95310488cda22509fb63c9cdb37654764f8f0d4e7e578a5069d333fb'} |
Greater London
Greater London
Greater London Conurb
Population: 26 Million (Search +3)
Terrain: Plain
Appearance: Neutral
Hygiene: 0
Culture And Economy
Language: English, Urdu, Arabic
Literacy: Broken
TL: 9
Wealth: Struggling
Status: -2 to 6
Political Environment
Government: Military Government, Municipality
CR: 5 (Corruption -3)
Military Resources: $468 Million (Police and Paramilitary Forces)
Defense Bonus: +5
W.B. Yeats
By the end of last century, London had already earned the nickname “Londonistan” because of the large number of immigrant communities who had made a home there. During and after the Collapse, there was even more of an influx of refugees from the former lands of the British Empire as people fled famines, wars and plagues. The population ballooned, often settling in ghettos and camps carved out of areas destroyed during the brief civil war of 2017-18. London had been hard-hit in comparison to most other British cities during that short but intense conflict and there was plenty of opportunity for these newcomers to carve out little enclaves for themselves.
Rising flood waters changed the face of the city just as thoroughly as immigrant enclaves. By 2040, the Thames Barriers had been outclassed and not enough money could be diverted from keeping the nation’s restive populace in check for new defenses against rising sea levels. A vast swath of the city along the Thames became permanently flooded, with national landmarks like the Tower and the Palace of Westminster given enough protection to make them small urban islands. The latter building hasn’t held Parliament in years, however – nowadays it’s the UK headquarters of Krieg Kapital and several other companies, leased to the megacorps by the government and with AV landing pads on the roof.
Central London
“London is a modern Babylon”
Benjamin Disraeli
Last century, they used to sing about “London Burning” – nowadays London is drowning instead. Areas like Hammersmith, Fullham, Canning Town and Canvey Island have been entirely reclaimed by the sea or left as stinking estuary mudlands dotted with ruins, washed by the tide twice a day. The Junta’s seat of government has been moved into Buckingham Palace, now just above the waters, as a permanent symbol of the defeat of the monarchy. Police stations have become fortified blockhouses. The financial and economic heart of the city has shifted north into Camden Town and Hampstead, where massive modern skyscrapers make London look like any other major metropolis. American and Indian companies predominate in the malls and industrial estates now, taking advantage of easy tax laws to set up on the Northern Union’s doorstep. Businesses from mainland Europe prefer a lower profile and will often use British companies they’ve taken over.
South of the river, the entire Lambeth and Southwark region is a maze of waterways and small shantytowns built on islands which are the remnants of buildings which have collapsed into the waters. Only the old Imperial War Museum stands above the flood in anything like the stately splendor it once had – and that is reputed to be the home of a criminal organisation smuggling goods to the many Londoners who must use the black market to survive. Why the military junta hasn’t dealt with the gang is unknown – maybe they realize that they need the black market if the city’s poorest are not to entirely erupt in riots and civil insurrection, maybe they’re getting bribes from the criminals.
Around the core of greater London, the wider city has grown considerably in the last forty or so years, tripling the population. Civil disorder is common, and too many of the populace still live in abject poverty. The ruling Junta tries to keep it all under an iron fist, but there are just too many unhappy people. The best and worst areas are enclaves, the rich protecting themselves with private security and high walls while the poor simply survive as best they can.
None as yet.
None as yet.
Greater London
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MMA News
Wednesday, 11/27/2013, 08:57 am
Joe Lauzon Has A Simple Answer To MMA’s Judging Problem
“Boxing is very straight forward – you hit the other guy until he can’t stand. How do you score this though… two guys fighting, we will call them Apollo and Rocky.
In one round, Apollo lands a TON of punches and while they are starting to take effect, Rocky stays on his feet. Towards the end of the round, Rocky lands a couple HUGE shots, and wobbles Apollo but he doesn’t go down. Now Rocky was getting beat up for 2:45 of a 3:00 round, but landed those huge shots at the end of the round. Who gets the round? Apollo for controlling and winning most of the round, or Rocky for landing the biggest and best shots of the round. It’s a tough decision, but this is just quality versus volume.
Some will say Apollo won the round and some will say Rocky. Its tough to get the same answer from lots of people though, because its subjective and you are comparing apples to oranges.
Now, same thing, Apollo and Rocky fight in an MMA match. Apollo is using his jab and beating up Rocky for most of the round, but towards the end of the round, Rocky shoots a double and works some ground and pound, passes the guard and sinks a read naked choke, but Apollo is saved by the bell. Now you have to compare standup striking and balance that against ground and pound, but also factor in a takedown and a near submission. How many punches did that takedown cancel out? How many did the submission?
Comparing apples to oranges is tough, comparing a grouping of apples, oranges, bananas, pineapples and grapes is even tougher when nothing matches up. Decisions suck. Always fight for the finish, and don’t let someone else have any influence on your winning or losing.”
UFC lightweight and fight night bonus hoarder, Joe Lauzon took to the world renowned Underground forums to give his take (above) on how fighters can fix the terible state of judging in MMA.
The CSAC Executive director recently gave us his take, but now we have Joe’s and honestly the man they call J-Lau, hit the nail on the head.
Care to disagree?
48 Comments to Joe Lauzon Has A Simple Answer To MMA’s Judging Problem
1. joe says:
Live scoring would help in many ways!
2. Shawn says:
Many mma fighters are fighting to win on points. I think that’s one of the biggest issues. As Lauzon said, fight to FINISH. Even if it goes to decision, it can work more favorably on the fighter that is trying to finish the fight, rather than trying to win the fight on points.
Personally, I don’t think those little rabbit punches shouldn’t count in the compubox (which is what these boxing judges in mma use a lot). Only effective and power strikes should count. Set ups don’t count. But the take down does. Aggressiveness should give extra points when it’s close. And apart from octogan control, points should also be given to the one who dictates the pace more. If MMA is going to use boxing judging, there has to be additional points to put one fighter over the other. Not only will this help in controversial decisions, but will also force fighters to actually fight, and not just go for the “W”.
3. lucas says:
I think that you can break a round into 3 sections: striking, clinch, and grappling. If you beat your opponent in 2 sections the score for the round is 10-9, if you beat your opponent in 3 sections the score for the round is 10-8
Let’s say there is a match up of striker vs wrestler. Let’s say the striker wins the striking part, the wrestler wins the wrestling part, then whoever wins the clinch would win the round. The clinch is really a measure of who can implement their gameplan. If the wrestler makes his takedowns and generally wins the clinch then they would win the round. If the striker stuffs takedowns and generally wins the clinch then they would win the round. Obviously you still need judges to compare but you cannot escape that.
Leave a Reply
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Low-power MRI magnet design in IEEE Trans. Magn.
MRI magnet configuration with error profile
F. Florio, G. Sinha and R. Sundararaman, “Designing High-Accuracy Permanent Magnets for Low-Power Magnetic Resonance Imaging”, IEEE Trans. Magn. 54, 1 (2018)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, commonly referred to as MRI, is a highly versatile imaging technique which utilizes magnetic fields to excite and detect no-zero spin nuclei such as that of hydrogen. Due to its non-invasive nature, MRI enables in-vivo tomography of internal organs and structure and thus has become commonplace in the diagnostic tool-kit of modern medicine. In traditional MRI devices a magnetic field is produced via electromagnet, requiring a large and constant power supply. Beyond the power consumption, reliance on electromagnetism results in devices which are often large (requiring a fully devoted room for operation) and noisy. Here we present an MRI design which instead utilizes permanent magnets to produce its field, avoiding the power consumption and noise issues entirely. Further, the use of permanent magnets allows our design to be scaled down, potentially allowing for portable applications not currently feasible with traditional devices. Overall the use of a permanent magnet scheme, as opposed to electromagnetic, could allow for a more cost effective, energy efficient, and user friendly device, and opens the door for further application of the technology via portability. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.924358606338501}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6696', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2NV2DF7PW4XFE5MOYWZAXWB4ZFA544XL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a7ace38a-fcd0-4694-b909-a5b51e48bc79>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 3, 30, 3, 49, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '185.199.109.153', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4IEPJFTOI36CDTOP7JZPGUMQRBI5JMQH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:da48f5a9-80ca-4af9-b0b9-dedfc9860026>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://abinitiomp.org/2018/02/23/MagnetDesign.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1780225b-6948-4ce9-8199-fbbd183ee7c2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '214', 'url': 'http://abinitiomp.org/2018/02/23/MagnetDesign.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-100.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03164935111999512', 'original_id': 'acc09c0fdf926784dff52e414b610378786e99d02b566eaa9b2b05bd87812d7f'} |
3 cute pairs of boots for boys
Here are some good boots which go well with various outfits. Pick one of these for your kid, brother or son if you want to add more versatility to his wardrobe. Also, you can try some mentioned clothing combinations with these boots.
Square toe western boots
Go for square toe boots that are ideal for tromping around a farm or ranch. The Justin western boots for kids are a rare combination of style and toughness. One can wear them to a farm and to a special occasion. These durable boots come with double stitched welt, a flexible comfort insole system and a distressed synthetic outsole.
Round toe western boots
Some round to western boots are ideal for little boys as well as the grown up ones. Go for Brown western boots made from leather. You can pick the Old West Kids round toe boots if you want a long lasting pair of boots. Made from good quality leather, these boots are ideal for casual outings and regular wear. They have a comfortable heel and an etched pattern.
Rain boots
Every kid and adult must have a pair of good rain boots. No one would like to ruin his or her classy leather boots in rain or drizzling. So, pick good quality rain boots to keep your little boy safe and warm in rains. You can go for the Western Chief rain boots made for toddler and kids. Featuring a rubber construction, these boots are completely waterproof. They keep little feet warm with the help of its tricot mesh lining which slides on easily over pants and socks. These boots come with removable insoles made of cushioning polyester. Their easily grasped handles make them easy to pull on. These boots have nonslip rubber outsoles which provide traction on a variety of surfaces. One must wear an extra pair of socks with these boots in cold days.
Winter boots
There are different boots for summer and winter. One can pick breathable boots for hot days whereas warm boots are needed for cold days. Go for Keen Brady winter boys boots to keep your little boy cozy in cold days. These boots are good for fall as well as winter. They are water-resistant and great for playground, parks etc. featuring durable uppers, they have faux shearling lining which wicks the sweat away.
About Become
Become, Inc. was founded in 2004 with the goal of helping people make better buying decisions through a price comparison service. Fast forward to 2012, and Become is still ranked one of the top 10 comparison shopping search engines online. Finding what you want at the best price point to save you time and money is our goal. Visit Become.com and learn about the innovative new technologies in the works! | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0b0ec015b430299fec240d21b20aa0102738938980bb3ce8b2ab92e9caf92006'} |
Meeko
Meeko is a featured article, which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the DisneyWiki community. If you see a way this page can be updated or improved without compromising previous work, please feel free to contribute.
Appearances
In the first film Meeko is first introduced in the same scene as Pocahontas and her best friend Nakoma were playing. He is then shown to be Pocahontas' confidente when her father wants her to marry a local hero by the name of Kocoum. However, she strongly objects the idea as he's too serious, and she's as steady as a river. Later on, a band of settlers from London arrive to claim the land as their own. Meeko accompanies Pocahontas as she investigates the "pale-face." Meeko nearly blows her cover when he almost leads the settler John Smith, to Pocahontas who is hidden in a bush. Pocahontas was told that the settlers were dangerous, but after witnessing how kind John Smith was to Meeko, her thoughts about them began to change.
Later on, Meeko meets Governor Ratcliffe's dog Percy and begins a rivalry with him. Throughout the film, Meeko and Percy are constantly in pursuit of one another, symbolizing the hatred between the natives and the settlers. When Kocoum is shot dead by Thomas, Meeko comforts Percy, finally putting an end to their quarrels and symbolizing the possible friendship that the natives and settlers can form.
In the end, John Smith is blamed for Kocoum's death and is scheduled to die the next morning. Pocahontas, Meeko, Flit and Percy hurry to stop the event as day breaks. Fortunately, she does so and John Smith is able to return home to London after Governor Ratcliffe accidentally shoots him. As for the rest of the settlers, Chief Powhatan allows them to stay and use the land to build what would become Jamestown, Virginia. Meanwhile, Percy decides to stay with Pocahontas and her friends, much to Meeko's delight.
In the sequel to the original film, Pocahontas is called to London, to represent her people as an ambassador in a peace attempt. Meeko, Percy, and Flit stow away on her ship to join the adventure as well. The heroes hear about John Smith's apparent death. Ratcliffe, the villain from the first film, takes advantage of Pocahontas' arrival in London, by making her seem negative, thus giving King James a reason to want war on Powhatan.
In the end, John Smith reveals himself to be alive, and the heroes reunite and foils Ratcliffe's plans of war. Afterwards, Pocahontas falls in love with John Rolfe, the ambassador for London, and the two return home to Virginia on a ship, with Meeko and the others tagging along.
In Frontierland and Liberty Square, Meeko and Pocahontas assist Merlin and the park guests in defeating Governor Ratcliffe, who has been released from prison by Hades to form a plan to take over Frontierland and acquire the crystal of the Magic Kingdom. Meeko gets kidnapped by Ratcliffe in an attempt to force Pocahontas into helping him. However, the guests manage to defeat the evil governor and rescue the raccoon.
Trivia
Meeko has the ability to braid hair.
Meeko is similar to Abu in the sense that both like to steal food and people's belongings, both have at least one or few other animal friends (Abu/Iago, Meeko/Flit and Percy), and both tend to get their boss (Pocahontas/Aladdin) into trouble.
It's revealed in the book "Hello, Funny Face" that Pocahontas actually first befriended Meeko when she and Nakoma rescued him from drowning in a river. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '9807aeb9da27ca125af1c652a050c2382d8ee91207299b8dc1708df0a7a1b8de'} |
Renwick to rethink as he makes world final in Barcelona
Robbie Renwick admits he will have to rethink his tactics ahead of the World Championship 200m freestyle final after qualifying fourth fastest in Barcelona.
The 25-year-old will line up in the final alongside five-time Olympic champion Ryan Lochte and Russian Danila Izotov, the fastest from the semi-finals in 1:45.84minutes.
Renwick’s own time of 1:46.95 was almost a second slower than his – and Britain’s – record time of 1:45.99, and the Scot claims he will have to break it again to finish on the podium in Barcelona.
“I’m really happy with the result and I’ve got a good lane for the final and I’m really hoping the guys can pull me out in the first 100m as I just seem to be lacking a little bit there,” said Renwick.
“If I can then really work that 200m then who knows what could happen in the final but it is going to be a close race that is for sure.
“I will need to break it [the British record] in the final, I was a bit disappointed I didn’t get it in the semis.
“I felt absolutely fantastic in the warm up so I think I just overcooked it a little bit on the third 50m. I will have to rethink my tactics for the final.”
Meanwhile Chris Walker-Hebborn won’t be competing in the 100m backstroke final but he has vowed not to miss out over double the distance in Barcelona.
The 23-year-old’s semi-final time of 53.96seconds was only good enough for sixth in his heat and 12th overall.
But attentions will now turn to the 200m backstroke which starts on Thursday, while the 4x100m medley relay also offers him a chance of redemption.
“It’s nice to go under 54 seconds again but it’s not enough to bring me back here for the final, so I’m a little bit gutted,” he said.
“I’ve still got my main event to come, so I’ve got to brush myself down and get on with it and get my head into a different gear.”
Britain had two finalists in the women’s 200m medley but Sophie Allen and Siobhan-Marie O’Connor will be disappointed with their seventh and eighth places respectively.
O’Connor – who only made it through following Australian Emily Seebohm’s late withdrawal last night – started well and was second at the halfway stage but finished in 2:12.03 while Allen clocked 2:11.32.
Elsewhere, Lauren Quigley also made a semi-final exit in the women’s 100m backstroke but her time of 1:00.96 has laid the foundations heading into the 50m and 200m later in the week. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '58640fd8217d92ecee45c7fdb9b2af3ec9581235a6eddce6e042167ea6ba991a'} |
import HelixSpec from '..'
import faker from '../../faker'
test('Can extend base specs', () => {
const person = new HelixSpec({
id: faker.datatype.number(),
fname: 'Ava'
})
person.extend({
fname: faker.name.firstName(),
lname: 'Smith'
})
const fixture = person.generate()
expect(typeof fixture.id).toBe('number')
expect(fixture.fname).not.toBe('Ava')
expect(typeof fixture.fname).toBe('string')
expect(fixture.lname).toBe('Smith')
})
test('Can extend base specs, multiple times', () => {
const person = new HelixSpec({
id: faker.datatype.number(),
fname: 'Ava'
})
person.extend(
{
fname: faker.name.firstName(),
lname: 'Smith'
},
{
count: faker.datatype.number()
},
{
active: true
}
)
const fixture = person.generate()
expect(typeof fixture.id).toBe('number')
expect(fixture.fname).not.toBe('Ava')
expect(typeof fixture.fname).toBe('string')
expect(fixture.lname).toBe('Smith')
expect(typeof fixture.count).toBe('number')
expect(fixture.active).toBe(true)
})
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/helpscout/helix/blob/master/src/HelixSpec/tests/extend.test.js', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2022.0', 'title': 'helix', 'creator': 'helpscout', 'language': 'JavaScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '91', 'token_count': '376', '__index_level_0__': '16966', 'original_id': '4a6e46353063d06388b1420bafd2e41c17bac6a4e0e6828bc417968db6a609a7'} |
Credit Card Declined
Click2Mail uses various fraud detection security systems to verify that the card is being used by an authorized user. Some of these methods include Address Verification Systems (AVS), Card Code Value (CCV) and other hidden Fraud Alert Systems.
AVS - Address Verification Service
The Address Verification Service (AVS) is a security system designed to combat one of the most common forms of online credit card fraud. AVS compares the billing address information provided by the customer with the billing address on file at the customers credit card issuer. The credit card processor receives an AVS response code and then either accepts or declines the transaction according to configured security settings.
Card Code Verification (CCV)
A customers card code is a three or four digit security code printed on a credit cards signature panel in reverse italics, or following the full number on the front of the card. Similar to AVS, Card Code Verification (CCV) compares the customers card code with the card code on file at the credit card issuer. The credit card processor receives the card code verification response code from the customers bank and either accepts or declines the transaction according to configured settings. Since the card code should only be known to the person in possession of the physical credit card, these additional numbers provide an extra measure of security against unauthorized credit card transactions.
When a Credit Card is declined for security reasons (AVS or CCV problems) your bank will still place a Pre-Auth hold on the funds submitted. Declined Pre-Auth holds affect the holders account in the same manner as an authorized charge, meaning they WILL reduce the amount of available credit, however they will be released by the issuing bank in 1 to 7 days depending on the individual issuing bank's policys. Click2Mail has no ability to release these Pre-authorizations, however we are happy to provide any documentation that the customer may need to get the authorizations removed prior to them automatically aging off the account.
If your credit card is declined, STOP and contact us! Multiple attempts to authorize a charge WILL cause multiple Pre-Auth HOLDS to be placed on your account funds!
Here are a few reasons that a credit card may be declined.
The Credit Card Payment gateway will reject a card if:
1. Customer typed in the wrong Credit Card # or expiration date.
2. Billing address entered is different from the billing address on the credit card.
3. AVS is not supported by the card issuing bank.
4. Address information for cardholder is unavailable or not on file.
5. Lack of funds available on account.
6. NON-US bank cards will be rejected.
7. Gift Cards will be rejected since they have no AVS security features. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9166653156280518}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '17300', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HSNHB3AKFOXDYK7HRZJUJ2OOFRDPNJ3C', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b4a2b40c-fad0-46bf-aaee-5642e126ec26>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 3, 30, 7, 51, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.21.80', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KVSNBYNSFEHW3BRDHVRTY5SHJI6J7C3E', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cac108dc-9d12-45aa-a28d-addf55f2ae47>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://kb.click2mail.com/faq-click2mail/credit-card-declined/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:544b8dee-d216-4ab5-92fe-3084e95d8862>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '463', 'url': 'http://kb.click2mail.com/faq-click2mail/credit-card-declined/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-170.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07903879880905151', 'original_id': '5f4aed4b36a21c54aac60bc21ae6e0db42361ed2a0c0e07c816b63f30cc14469'} |
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Higher Recordings
Volkiene is a multidisciplinary creative who tastefully merges innovative live drumming with gripping, technical DJ sets. Compelled by boundless determination and a vast array of influence, Volkiene seamlessly executes an energizing take on hybrid progressive and powerful psytrance, hinting techno, forest, and deep trance. Sheer consistency and perpetual touring have solidified Volkiene's nationwide credibility from the masses. Established as one of Australia's most promising draw cards in the psytrance community, he continues to share the most renowned stages alongside the world's most prestigious. Notable supports include the likes of Astrix, Ace Ventura, Perfect Stranger, Protonica, Dickster, Zen Mechanics, Earthling, Morten Granuau, Martin Vice, Talpa, Rinkadink, Ectima, Ryanosaurus, Tetrameth and Pspiralife. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.874521017074585}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '24627', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:G6EU2CROHTRN6KMPGZ4VEZHG57RHDLRP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5c30c5ff-213f-4c2a-880c-2455c5f98e03>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 6, 4, 55, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '111.67.31.148', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ALTRPQKB2N5TF3DAM6S52LRTT2RZQREN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:62d3850c-9fb3-475e-98c9-21b407144a50>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://earthfrequency.com.au/musician/volkiene', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f707ce49-40c3-48ed-a5aa-cfb0d17d30ab>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '116', 'url': 'https://earthfrequency.com.au/musician/volkiene', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-20.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0642547607421875', 'original_id': 'f94472f8eea84848e65b1f881ceeb5f1fbcf63d276b134f0a4c6351e02aaaafb'} |
manage money
Recommend this page to Google
I'm A College Student How Can I Manage My Money?
Many college students face this question on a daily basis. There are many college students that are on a tight budget and are unsure of how they will be able to make their money spread to cover their expenses while their attending school.
So, you're probably wondering how can I manage my money as a college student? Well, you can consider using some of these tips to help you manage your money while you're attending college:
Tip One:
Syndicate content | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9692100882530212}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14793', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BRF2OBJCRVY3WM5WCFYWILH72VZ7NU7E', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1fe10d7e-6432-4345-b17d-6aa04d031f50>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 18, 2, 56, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.198.240.9', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CRSV6VKTEEHNWUMVVWGS64BNY6PLZXRR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:75dbf1e8-6b86-4500-96e1-28f2275ed5aa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.selfimprovement.ch/web/taxonomy/term/933/all', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:908b2976-8f70-4c93-94d1-a6fdfb66117a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '97', 'url': 'http://www.selfimprovement.ch/web/taxonomy/term/933/all', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-69-172-143.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.933296263217926', 'original_id': 'cd3276d3e8606668e62197354023501cdb59fe8fb76246316c9b5039caff3d93'} |
A Thai tapas restaurant is opening in Warwick in December.
Giggling Squid will move to the site of what was the High Pavement Bar on the walkway to Warwick Castle.
The 100-seater restaurant will create 20 jobs and is an expansion with an existing branch already in Stratford.
Husband and wife Andrew and Pranee Laurillard own the business and came up with its name from a nickname for one of their three children.
Below is everything you need to know about the new restaurant, from its beginnings and conception, to what you can expect on the menu...
Ginger Soy Sauce with Scallops
What is Giggling Squid?
Labelled a Thai food "sensation", the new eatery in Warwick thrives on its simple yet fresh and traditional dishes.
The restaurant’s food is said to be “rustic” Thai cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood.
What is the concept of Giggling Squid?
From street food to coastal specialties, you can expect startling flavours, amazing colours, and original textures.
Cooked from scratch by Thai chefs, the menu is devised using ingredients which are sourced locally.
Giggling Squid
Do they have any other locations?
They certainly do.
You can find them all across the south of the country, with eateries in Billericay and Berkhamstead, as well as Brighton, Horsham, Hove and Sevenoaks.
They also have outlets in Bury St. Edmunds, Guildford, Esher, Clifton, Henley, Tunbridge Wells and Salisbury.
Do they do lunch?
The lunch menu consists of big bowls of mains, which are accompanied by rice.
You can get chicken, prawn or vegetarian Giggling Pad Thai, lamb massaman curry, Thai green curry, red curry, and cashew stir fry.
Alternatively, go for the two dish meal combination. These include vegetable tempura, spring rolls, dumplings, prawn toast, or a choice of a chicken, vegetarian or prawn meal with your choice of spicy fried rice, fried rice, noodles, or red or green curry.
What about dinner?
There is plenty to feast upon, from soups and salads - and delectable starters - to shellfish and prawns, locally sourced fish, squid, mixed seafoods, curries, stir fry, and lamb, chicken or duck dishes.
All of these can come with your choice of sides, from rice to egg noodles. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9350154399871826}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '152636', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SEWAQKNOXV7GPSUVAML56PF7QQLTBFKS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dcdad924-8afc-4430-8d10-a810d8eec261>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 21, 11, 38, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.220.131', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PWFQVHHCG56LY62LJBMBIPM63YSPQ3R2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fb09588f-bf4e-4259-b8e9-9880538898bc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/lifestyle/food-drink/warwicks-thai-tapas-restaurant-everything-9913434', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:868c1e62-b1f3-4453-ba44-423e300276b3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '362', 'url': 'http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/lifestyle/food-drink/warwicks-thai-tapas-restaurant-everything-9913434', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-25-153.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0294802188873291', 'original_id': '94c5bd20d9663a7897773233d01aa113f22c6da45d0e8307f2782fa32a0156a4'} |
HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Looking for a great appetizers for baby shower...
I am making those meatballs with the grape jelly and need another. (I know, I know, but they are popular).
I would like something inexpensive and can be served at room temperature. Easy would be helpful. I really would like something different than deviled eggs. It's for 50 people and I am prepping things the day ahead.
Thanks in advance.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. I'll be doing my daughter's shower in October; glad you started this thread so I can bite some ideas...so far, I've come up with oven dried salami crisps to which I'll add some poblano crema and a crumble of queso fresco and miniature cheese crisps (not sure if they'll be parmesan, I'm leaning toward smoked gouda) which will be formed into cups and filled with a tiny micro salad.
Gourmet deviled eggs are popular and not expensive; I made three varieties for a catering and they went over well..smoked salmon & dill; chorizo sausage, and the basic mayo/mustard/pickle relish/onion; I made them a day ahead for 100
7 Replies
1. re: Cherylptw
Deviled egg can take many forms and with a little imagination can be fun.
1. re: todao
i made a batch last night for a st patrick's dinner party. devilled with dijon, mayo and sriracha and dressed with salmon roe. color them gone. i served with a salad vinaigrette and a seared scallop on a tapas size plate.
2. re: Cherylptw
I love the salad cup idea, thanks.
Do you have the recipe for the salami crisps?
And wow, devilled eggs for 100... :) Can you come help me? lol!
1. re: mcel215
There really is no recipe for the crisps themselves; basically you get some thinly sliced salami, place it onto a rack on top of a baking sheet. Into the oven for 20-25 minutes at 350F. degrees. If your oven cooks fast, check it every few minutes after about 15 minutes until they are crisp like a potato chip. Remove from oven and cool.
I've done this with proscuitto also and I really don't like salami but when it's crispy and I can use it as a vessel for other things, it taste better to me. If you don't have a rack, you can use a parchment or baking paper lined sheet pan; lay the meat out flat and into the oven. In this way, you may have to keep a better eye out for it because it's on a hot sheet pan and prone to scorching faster. I love using the proscuitto on salads...
The toppings can be anything you want to put on it. For the poblano chile sauce, it's basically poblano chiles, tomatillos, garlic & onion roasted until the chile skins darken (I do mine in the oven) then when cooled, remove skin and seeds. Add everything to a food processor with some ground cumin, oregano, s & p, a little fresh lime juice and a little mexican crema or sour cream; pulse a few times to blend (leave it a little chunky) and it's good to go. Use it to top the crisps then crumble a little queso fresco over the top. Garnish with a sprig of cilantro or parsley. It does not have to be the same; use your imagination to come up with what you like.
1. re: Cherylptw
fyi-pregnant ladies aren't supposed to eat queso fresco. Not trying to be the pregnancy police, I'm just pregnant right now and unpasteurized cheese is one thing I have to avoid. It would be a shame if the guest of honor couldn't eat the food! :-)
1. re: MrsCheese
I thought if it's cooked/baked it's okay, no?
1. re: mcel215
But it's not - it's crumbled on top after baking. Baked is fine.
3. Tea sandwiches, mini quiches, other savory tartlets...
Loads of great room temp app ideas here: http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/660076 and search results using "baby shower":
Hope that helps,
1 Reply
1. re: maplesugar
Thanks for the links. Don't have mini cupcake pan, but I'll try to borrow a couple!
2. The original comment has been removed
1. Soup shooters in spoons or shot glasses - gazpacho or vichyssoise
Pinwheels - spread tortillas with cream cheese, kalamata olives, sundried tomatoes, feta, basil and some white balsamic vinegar; roll up and slice
Spinach Filled Shells - fill pastry shells with cooked chopped spinach, feta, cottage cheese, eggs, salt and pepper, then bake
3 Replies
1. re: Emme
Are those shells expensive? Thanks for your ideas.
1. re: mcel215
Another edible cup idea is to use baked wonton wrappers. Drape wonton wrappers over a lighted oil muffin tin, 375 for no more than 5 mins. They bake very quickly. Then the cups are suitable for any type of filling. I just made a quick batch and filled them with lemon curd, fresh berries and coconut shreds. So easy, very economical.
1. I really like the idea of tea sandwiches. That is perfect for a shower. Also I recently served this creamy hummus for a wedding shower and it was a huge hit. It is very simple to make, you can prepare it a day in advance and it is cheap to make.
1 Reply
1. re: AmyGB
I like tea sandwiches also, but we are having sandwiches as part of the main meal, so I was looking for something different.
I don't cater, so I don't know how portable 'dips' are for going to a table and taking a dish back to your seat. How did you serve your hummus? Not too messy? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9372854828834534}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '130477', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RL573FYHJMH37OBXRLXPMNHXZ2PZSRWN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9bfd6ced-1e13-4360-a6cf-0bf18c1635ba>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 12, 36, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '64.30.228.105', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ACNRF7IYDJ46OLEJVE2KIAO2O77WJMXL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c2983ed-816f-4aa4-884d-998b8e57231f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/691297', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2b5a292-1ce3-494a-994d-c83c2114f4ae>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '931', 'url': 'http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/691297', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11523836851119995', 'original_id': '74266bf31d33e573fac55c7934431767d777b5b7561d432ebc3f6912e59f5852'} |
Matlab *.mat files associated with MS Office
When MATLAB creates a binary file with extension .mat on my Windows 7 (64 bit) computer, Windows declares it in a directory as a "Microsoft Office Access Table Shortcut". Windows also does not provide the option to "Open With" any other program in the right-click menu. The file works properly if it is dragged and dropped into MATLAB. How can I change the file association to properly open the file with MATLAB?
Start->Default Programs->Associate a file type or protocol with a program.
Right click an example file.
Choose 'Open With' on the menu then 'Choose Program'.
In the new window, choose MatLab & click the "Always use the selected program to open this kind of file" and click 'Open'.
The program should now be associated..
For this particular problem, windows does not provide the "Open With" option. I don't know if that's because it thinks that the .mat file is a shortcut or what, but it doesn't provide that option.
In Windows 7, go to control panel, Default Programs, Associate a file type with a specific program
This should give you a list of file extensions and their associated applications. Select the .mat extension, then click change program (button at upper right) and browse to select the 'matlab' executable.
Here's the MS ref
With Windows 10 it is currently (29.04.2020) not possible to set in system-control so:
If you have access to registry-editor
export key:
Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.m
export key (backup):
Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.mat
delete key:
Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.mat
open the export of "Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.m" with your favorite text-editor and change ".m" to ".mat"
now double-click on the edited export of "Computer\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.m"
==================================================
What a mess Microsoft, shame on you for that.
There's an official utility function from MathWorks that is included in MATLAB itself that will fix this issue. See this MathWorks technical support solution for details.
That's no utility function, it's a checklist for using Windows Explorer to change the file association.
@BenVoigt Looks like they've changed the content of that page since I linked to it. The utility function always used to just do basically the same things that other answers have suggested, in any case.
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It is hard to believe that 10 years ago, a blackout hit not only my home city London, Ontario but also other cities in Canada and some states in USA. The blackout left about 54 million people without power for a few days.
I was returning from the summer camp with my kids; at the intersection of Quebec St. and Mornington Ave. the traffic lights were crazy and try to cross the road was very difficult. Arriving at home we planned to make a BBQ, as our place was always filled with friends...
My husband and kids went to the nearest Mac's store to buy some tuna cans, bread and MILK before there were sold out. It was an smart move from them because later on, all the supermarkets were closed and no one restaurant was able to sell meals as they didn't have gas stoves or electric power plants. That was soooo different from my Colombia were business not only have energy backups but people is so proactive that in order to provide food for customers they are totally creative. In the 90's we experienced a year with scheduled blackouts due a long dry season that left the country without much energy reserves. It was fun! I miss those "apagones"... Those "apagones" gave to my country the opportunity to return to family activities, to slow down our fast-pace lives and to enjoy priceless moments surrounded by our loved ones. It also brought alive new sources of informal economy, radio programs such as La Luciernaga, and proved that Colombian people are resilient. We, who witnessed such time, have the privilege of great memories!!!
Back to London, Ontario... 10 years ago, the neighbours told us that this was no an ordinary blackout and that we could be in the dark for a while. The phone networks were still working, so we called some friends and family, although we didn't know that the blackout affected USA too. Now I try to remember whether my mom was traveling in USA or not.
It’s amazing to know that this blackout happened 10 years ago when the concept of social media was not too much developed as it is today. I think that if the blackout were to happen today, it would be soooooo different given the new technologies.
So that were my stories when the "apagones" happenned in Colombia in 1092-93...
... and when the blackout happened in 2003!!! ... What about you? ...
Where were you when the darkness took over?
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mattes saddle fix tape
This photographs shows the font hook of the mattes saddle fix tape which is a german product designed to pull saddle pads up into the gullet of an english saddle and off the horse's spine. Creating a channel in the gullet of the saddle should be a regular part of tacking up with an english saddle, but on some horses maintaining the position of the saddle padd off the spine through a workout can be difficult due to their conformation. The Mattes saddle Fix Tape was deisgned to remedy this problem but unfortunately only works with the Mattes brand pads, which we find to be lacking the density we prefer in a saddle pad. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '010eff043e33da98db3f04d9c9c6b37d150d667644af9fee3a931b5e269c4a01'} |
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
Real Christmas Trees Best for the Environment
Now for something a little less serious (since you all know how much I just love environmentalism).
I've always believed that in the debate between real and artificial Christmas trees, real ones are the way to go. This seems only logical to me as a Lutheran. The holy day of Christmas is about the Word becoming flesh, truly human, which we celebrate by receiving the real body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion. How could I then have a fake tree in my house for the festival? Lutherans always prefer the real thing, even if it's a little bit earthier, messier, and less convenient. That's the nature of a theology that's grounded in the creation, the incarnation, the cross, and the sacraments.
OK, so perhaps I'm overdoing it a bit trying to apply this to Christmas trees. I know it doesn't really matter one way or the other what kind of tree one has. But after hearing the news on the radio this morning, somehow I now feel even better in my preference for real trees. They're environmentally correct! According to this article, the debate is settled. And here are more arguments for the real thing.
So if the theological argument doesn't persuade you, maybe the environmental one will. Get a real Christmas tree!
Susan said...
I agree with you completely about the real trees. But... when you're here next week, don't be offended by the fake tree. We knew last winter that we wouldn't be able to afford a real tree this winter, so we got one of those plastic things on super-cheap clearance. I'm still wavering as to whether it's better to have no tree or a fake tree. But we're going to give a fake tree a whirl for the first time this year. At least they've gotten a lot less ugly in the last decade.
Pastor Koch said...
Don't worry, Susan. We've got a couple of the table-size fake ones in the house, too. So I'm clearly not a purist when it comes to the doctrine of Christmas trees. I'd say better to have an artificial tree than none at all. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.960815966129303}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '61837', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4RVJS2BYMVSMXHITJXB24OJB6LIO4HFM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bfed7f07-507c-4469-828d-5489eb0f8339>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 7, 20, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.22.132', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OBLH5RUP2V3BTW7XBWH5T2IUDYHOZOBU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bc3f8f8f-bd33-41e1-8254-a72c90b5f202>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://mountzionnews.blogspot.com/2008/12/real-christmas-trees-best-for.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1296595e-d562-4fdd-a5ec-86e85e7ff128>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '368', 'url': 'http://mountzionnews.blogspot.com/2008/12/real-christmas-trees-best-for.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-37-188-157.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02110886573791504', 'original_id': '7a36a061e6196a1813134f30dcc2b29ed65d3608d784010edfc4ccd7c827fe81'} |
Iris: The Movie
Iris: The Movie was a movie of Gyu-won Jo, Hyeon-jun Kim, Jae-eun Kim. This movie was released in 2010. We have actors in detail, for example Faryal, Babita Kapoor, Sanjay Khan, Durga Khote, Om Prakash, Amrish Puri, Hari Shivdasani, Byung-hun Lee, Seung Hyun Choi, Tae-hee Kim, So-yeon Kim, Jun-ho Jeong, Seung-woo Kim and so on. There are many categories, example War, Action. About uploader, DeGea is funny uploader, she is very proactive. Many people rated for Iris: The Movie 6.2 from www.imdb.com. This is really a good movie for streaming. The length of this movie are awesome, about 125 minutes. We should click on Iris: The Movie all the day. Only one word to say for Iris: The Movie, I think it should be 'awesome'. And now, what is your opinion about Iris: The Movie. Do you know what are users thinking? Maria Ozawa is the best. I can't fight my laptop screen. Share this hdmovies for supporting us
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UCSB Soccer Alumna & Nurse Jamie Considine on “Real Gauchos” (Thursday, January 24)
Of his next broadcast, host Paul Rivas of “Real Gauchos” writes, “Join me for a conversation with UCSB Soccer alumna Jamie Considine on growing up in Coronado, traveling the country as a club soccer player, being a four-year starter at goalkeeper for UCSB, playing lots of soccer and doing lots of partying but not really applying herself in school, learning the hard way that she wanted to be a nurse, doing college all over again to pursue that goal, finding out that she could be good at science if she was willing to work at it, being motivated by more than just breakfast burritos, what it’s like to be a nurse on the cancer floor, why she’s quitting cancer nursing for emergency room nursing, her domestic partnership with a woman, having an uncle who’s buddies with Newt Gingrich, no longer arguing with people who don’t support equality but seeing people come around on their own with time, being gay in Santa Barbara, the relationship between college athletics and nursing, and how to stay out of the emergency room.”
“Real Gauchos” airs Thursdays from 8-9am during UCSB’s winter quarter. All episodes are available on realgauchos.com and iTunes. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '17', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9684585332870485}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '36893', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QBMVPY2OBLW3QOGBQXEKDVFLT4PCHD7O', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:93e6dc43-5b88-4bcd-99e9-67fb25613061>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 6, 2, 17, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '128.111.126.181', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RPWFS447YSWU52QL6FCXDWTAIMAW6GZV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:27ad0b6d-c7ce-4d10-93dc-fd7426e5a30f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.kcsb.org/blog/2013/01/23/ucsb-soccer-alumna-nurse-jamie-considine-on-real-gauchos-thursday-january-24/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:115c4ec5-fa1c-4595-b242-2a4802298ac8>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '211', 'url': 'http://www.kcsb.org/blog/2013/01/23/ucsb-soccer-alumna-nurse-jamie-considine-on-real-gauchos-thursday-january-24/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-22\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020033597946166992', 'original_id': 'f01bc2581fc70e811c8490b047e3dbec4719b10161d363f542a7d610f671f336'} |
Ivory Coast poll winner tries to govern from hotel
From a auberge allowance aloof big abundant to authority a bed and a desk, the man advised the accepted admiral of Ivory Coast is aggravating to administer a afflicted nation whose sitting admiral refuses to leave.Alassane Ouattara does not accept admission to the presidential palace, so he holds Cabinet affairs in a covering on the auberge lawn. His administering has taken over the auberge manager's office, area the fax apparatus is acclimated to acquaint with embassies abroad. And the adjoining golf course's angled fairways may anon abode soldiers abrogation from the army still controlled by bounden Admiral Laurent Gbagbo.In the backward apple that has taken basis in this bend of Africa, 68-year-old Ouattara was declared champ of aftermost month's presidential acclamation by his country's acclamation agency in an aftereffect certified by the United Nations. He was accustomed as the accustomed admiral by the United States, the European Union, above colonial adjudicator France and the African Union.Just about the alone apple baton who has not accustomed his achievement is the one application the presidential alcazar beyond town. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9480829834938048}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '103636', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VOWEL75F75CS6ZLLOAL74TBQ5EMMHJS6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:72fcb60f-dbde-4e39-9481-a784abb520d0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 23, 25, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.29.121', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DDM2HM3ZJILSEU5HXOFHVPH3XA2SH4DN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2508d806-f8fd-4981-8c51-ca1c5cdf3804>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.edublawg.com/2010/12/ivory-coast-poll-winner-tries-to-govern.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a995192d-66d6-4c3e-9f63-f2e6a98e6044>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '186', 'url': 'http://www.edublawg.com/2010/12/ivory-coast-poll-winner-tries-to-govern.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03498578071594238', 'original_id': 'b4fc369a0e92b4b8ec17fb4d0f161664956b6935f6c5439fe0f769a3055dfd8c'} |
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How do you determine what level characters monsters are equivalent to in Pathfinder? I'm going to be playing a Pathfinder game in the future and I am playing as a monster PC. The GM gave me a few examples of appropriate choices like mummies and werewolves. (It will be an evil campaign). I need to know what I can pick as a monster race that is appropriate for a level 8 character.
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Possible duplicate, or at least related: rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/14204/… – Thanuir Aug 20 '12 at 4:53
There are "Monsters as PCs" rules in the online Pathfinder SRD: d20pfsrd.com/races/other-races – mxyzplk Aug 22 '12 at 2:38
Wow, those rules are terrible, even down to the specific examples they choose. They suggest that a plain minotaur counts as a 4th level PC, even though they have 6 hit dice, are large, get +8 to strength and +5 natural armor! And the minotaur later gets bonus levels over regular PCs? DM adjudication is really the only thing that ever works. – starwed Aug 22 '12 at 15:36
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2 Answers
Pathfinder provides no specific guidance on this.
In D&D 3.5, there was something called a level adjustment (LA); this was a gauge of how powerful a monster would be as a PC. It never worked very well; the power of the PC depended heavily on the class and build you chose, and LA had to account for the most powerful combination.
Additionally, many monster powers that are only somewhat useful in combat turn out to be quite powerful in the hands of PCs. This meant that the HD+LA of a monster was often higher than it's CR.
Pathfinder removed the whole idea of LA as unworkable; they dropped the pretense that there was an easy mechanical solution to balance a party that mixed players and monsters.
I think your best bet for guidance is just to look for cool things to play, and ask the DM if you can use it. But anything with a CR higher than 8 is probably too powerful.
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Some monsters are actually templates (such as Vampire and Werewolf) that you add to a normal character created with normal rules. Make sure your GM allows actual monsters.
If it's a template, on the template itself you'll follow instructions on how to turn a normal character into, for example, a Vampire. Vampire template is CR+2. The appropriate CR for a party level 8 is CR8. So build a character level 6 and add the Vampire template.
If your GM actually allows monsters look at the monster list and check for a CR8 monster. Make sure your choice fits with that the GM has in mind (because if you play a Dinosaur in a Werewolf+Vampire game that might be weird). Efreeti could be fine but a Dire Tiger...not sure.
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PAN Applauds Passage of Patient-Centric FDA Legislation
The Parkinson’s community has reason to celebrate. Years of advocacy have culminated in the passage of significant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) legislation. The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, which reauthorizes so-called user fees that partially fund the FDA, contains an unprecedented number of patient-centric provisions.
Every five years, Congress must reauthorize legislation – the Medical Device User Fee Act (MDUFA) and the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) – enabling the FDA to collect fees from the pharmaceutical and medical device industries that partially fund the agency’s efforts to approve new drugs and therapies. The legislation incorporates, by reference, agreements negotiated between the FDA and the medical device and pharmaceutical industries. During the reauthorization process, Congress often simultaneously considers and approves related legislation with significance to the Parkinson’s community.
Impact of the Parkinson’s Community’s Voice
Recognizing the urgent need for breakthrough therapies for Parkinson’s disease, PAN staff met regularly with FDA officials to provide high-level input and guidance on the importance of increasing patient engagement and input, enhancing the FDA’s review process, and increasing the agency’s access to scientific and medical experts. PAN delivered remarks on these topics at a public meeting before FDA officials and hundreds of patient and consumer advocates.
PAN staff also worked closely with the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) on legislative recommendations for broad, sweeping systemic changes at the FDA. Congressional allies sought PAN’s input on policy proposals throughout 2011, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of legislation, related to but distinct from the user fee reauthorization, for which Parkinson’s advocates around the country urged support.
Summary of Patient-Centric Provisions
What follows is a summary of provisions that we anticipate will impact and benefit the Parkinson’s community.
Expediting Drug and Device Approval and Availability
Portions of the PAN-endorsed Faster Access to Specialized Treatments (FAST) and Transforming the Regulatory Environment to Accelerate Access to Treatments (TREAT) Acts, which encourage the use of modern scientific tools in drug development and review, are included in the reauthorizing legislation.
Specifically, the legislation amends current law to enhance the FDA’s authority to consider appropriate scientific data, methods, and tools, such as a broadened range of surrogate or clinical endpoints. The hope is that this will result in fewer, smaller, or shorter clinical trials, thus accelerating the approval of drugs for serious or life-threatening diseases.
Additionally, the legislation requires the FDA, within two years from enactment, to issue final guidance regarding implementation of the revised accelerated approval process. The bill also calls for an independent analysis of accelerated approval and its impact on the development of innovative treatments.
These provisions are especially important to our community, as central nervous system drugs, including therapies for Parkinson’s, are slow to move through the drug development pipeline – taking an average of 15-20 years to get to market.
Enhancing the FDA’s Access to External Experts
The legislation includes provisions of the PAN-endorsed Expanding and Promoting Expertise in Review of Rare Treatments (EXPERRT) Act, designed to encourage FDA reviewers to collaborate with external scientific and medical experts in rare diseases and subtypes of diseases. The bill also revises the FDA’s restrictive conflicts-of-interest policy to make it easier for the FDA to access expert advice.
Establishing a Benefit-Risk Framework that Reflects Patient Input
Despite the fact that no drug or therapy has the same effect on everyone and diseases like Parkinson’s affect each individual differently, clinical trial sponsors and FDA staff routinely make generalized decisions around the highly personal and complex issue of risk tolerance. PAN has advocated the FDA address this by adopting a benefit-risk framework that reflects risk-tolerance differences between disease populations and subtypes.
The legislation requires the FDA to use a consistent approach to incorporating benefit-risk into decision making and communicating benefits and risks of new drugs to patients. Moreover, the FDA commits to create a five-year plan to further develop and implement a structured benefit-risk assessment process. The FDA is required to evaluate this framework and its impact.
Increased Solicitation and Consideration of Patient Input
The FDA also commits to initiate a public process to identify a set of disease areas that could benefit from a more systemic and expansive approach to gathering and evaluating patient input on disease severity and unmet medical needs.
Over the next five years, the FDA will convene a total of 20 disease-specific meetings between FDA officials, the relevant patient advocacy community, and other interested stakeholders. While how and which diseases will be selected for focus is not specified, the agency does commit to develop a proposal for how input shared at the meetings will be incorporated into its decision making.
The agency also commits to increase its utilization of patient representatives as consultants early in the drug review process, and to ensure patient views are considered in regulatory discussions.
Enhancing the Clinical Trial Process to Include and Incorporate Patient Input
Clinical trials are an integral part in the process of bringing much-needed new treatments and cures to patients. From ensuring increased trial participation, to requiring better outcome reporting mechanisms, PAN has weighed in on virtually all aspects of the clinical trial process, most recently in recommendations submitted to the FDA with the other national Parkinson’s organizations.
The bill requires the FDA to publish, online, information regarding the extent to which sponsors include in their applications safety and effectiveness data, broken down by subgroups including sex, age, and ethnicity. This will provide an added level of transparency in the clinical trial process.
Additionally, the FDA aspires to improve the use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) by committing to promote best practices for the review and qualification of PRO assessment tools. Effectively measuring PROs is critical to understanding the benefits and risks from an individual patient’s perspective.
Promoting Innovation through Enhanced Communication between FDA and Industry during Drug Development
The agency will hire new staff to liaise with sponsors and establish staff trainings to improve communications with sponsors. By 2015, the agency will issue guidance describing best practices for communication between the FDA and sponsors during drug development. These provisions recognize that timely and interactive communication supports efficient and effective product development.
Promoting the Use of Telemedicine and Electronic Health Resources to Treat and Monitor Diseases
The legislation requires the Department of Health and Human Services to publish a report on an "appropriate, risk-based regulatory framework pertaining to health information technology, including mobile medical applications, that promotes innovation, protects patient safety." Because this provision is written in such a way that its significance is not entirely clear, PAN will be following up with the FDA for clarification.
The bill also directs the FDA to issue guidelines regarding regulation of mobile medical applications. Electronic health resources, such as medical applications for mobile devices, have the potential to deliver crucial health information to patients (particularly those in rural or underserved areas) faster, and may allow for more timely and accurate monitoring of disease symptoms.
PAN applauds passage of this significant legislation and the unprecedented focus on and inclusion of measures to protect, engage, and hasten the delivery of treatments to individuals with Parkinson’s and other diseases. The FDA’s commitment to maintaining transparency and collaboration with the patient community in future reauthorizations is encouraging. PAN is monitoring implementation. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '20', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9119014143943788}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32284', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:32CAIHOYP4OO27LRR2ZB6ALSLMZWFQLA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e6290662-38c0-4705-81e2-6dfe13151db0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 8, 57, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.0.94', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CIWF23RXBZ6OZFUOYPNPX5GHGU7HNLYO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:15c3f8f0-e011-4b0c-acb0-31eb7f44fcbb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.parkinsonsaction.org/news/pan-applauds-passage-patient-centric-fda-legislation', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:009340b4-c8f6-4206-a312-0fe6dc3867d5>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1193', 'url': 'http://www.parkinsonsaction.org/news/pan-applauds-passage-patient-centric-fda-legislation', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07671171426773071', 'original_id': '56c74fc146b857a931745411f6d3731e8462a8e8a8fa9790011adb1339de687e'} |
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PC freezes [Solved]
DonaukinderliebeMarija
Posted 05 December 2015 - 09:09 AM
DonaukinderliebeMarija
New Member
Member
5 posts
Hello. My PC freezes from time to time while i am at desktop, playing a game or just browsing internet. The red led lamp is solid on my tower pc for a minute, and nothing is responding, total freeze. then after 1 or two minutes it continues as normal.
hope u can figure something up, what may be causing it. thanks, Paul
This can occur when more than one service is defined for a device, if there is a failure opening the service subkey, or if the driver name cannot be obtained from the service subkey. Try these options:
On the "General Properties" tab of the device, click "Troubleshoot" to start the troubleshooting wizard.
Click "Uninstall", and then click "Scan for hardware changes" to load a usable driver.
This can occur when more than one service is defined for a device, if there is a failure opening the service subkey, or if the driver name cannot be obtained from the service subkey. Try these options:
On the "General Properties" tab of the device, click "Troubleshoot" to start the troubleshooting wizard.
Click "Uninstall", and then click "Scan for hardware changes" to load a usable driver.
Your computer will be rebooted automatically. A text file will open after the restart.
Please post the content of that logfile with your next answer.
You can find the logfile at C:\AdwCleaner[S0].txt as well.
FINALLY
Download aswMBR.exe ( 4.5mb ) to your desktop.Double click the aswMBR.exe to run it.You may be offered the option of using virtualisation, accept thatWhen it offers to download the virus database allow that as wellClick the "Scan" button to start scan
On completion of the scan click save log, save it to your desktop and post in your next reply
DonaukinderliebeMarija
Posted 05 December 2015 - 12:09 PM
DonaukinderliebeMarija
New Member
Topic Starter
Member
5 posts
Hello Essexboy.
Thanks for your fast and detailed help. It is too soon for me to tell you if this have helped, because my PC sometimes go for 1 or 2 days without problems, then in one day, boom, 10x freezes. I have done everything as you said, and i will post my "results" below. I had 2 scans with ADW, so i will be posting 2 results one after another, not sure if anything changed there. Anyway, i thank you again and i will post in the next few days if my pc shows no sign of the problem. If I do encounter again the same problem, i will post here as it happens.
DonaukinderliebeMarija
Posted 06 December 2015 - 12:06 PM
DonaukinderliebeMarija
New Member
Topic Starter
Member
5 posts
Hello Essexboy.
Im pleased to say that i had no problems whatsoever since yesterday, so i believe that your solution did remedy my problem. I want to thank you again. Will consider donating to your site when i get my paycheck next month.
If you do need to keep Java then download JavaRa Run the programme and select Remove Java Runtime. Uninstall all versions of Java presentOnce done then run it again and select Update Java runtime > Download and install Latest version
Now that you are clean, to help protect your computer in the future I recommend that you get the following free programmes:
CryptoPrevent install this programme to lock down and prevent crypto ransome ware
Click on the link above to be taken to Unchecky.comclick the very large Download button.click SaveClick Open folderRight click on the Unchecky_setup and choose to Run as AdministratorOnce open click the Install button.Then click on FinishUnchecky is now installed and will help you keep unwanted check boxes unchecked, this is a fire and forget programme
It is critical to have both a firewall and anti virus to protect your system and to keep them updated.
To learn more about how to protect yourself while on the internet read this little guide Best security practices Keep safe
DonaukinderliebeMarija
Posted 06 December 2015 - 02:42 PM
DonaukinderliebeMarija
New Member
Topic Starter
Member
5 posts
Wow, this service is even better then the one i get from my close friends. I will keep an eye for any further problems but so far so good. I have done what you said, + i had antimalw. before, im using it regulary so nothing new there for me All the best mate. Cheers. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '74a56b87d4b5ea67c9bf62b4419cd16831378534f5449cfcadc794a6f33f6dd4'} |
At some point in each of our lives, we may question our desires and sexuality. It’s a natural way to process complex emotions and never wrong. One way to explore your sexuality safely is through the free kinky chatline. You can meet other men from around the world and talk things out and even get advice from people who have been in your position in the past. You can get support from friendly strangers or experience new things that will help you understand your own sexuality, boundaries, and desires.
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The phone sex free chatlines are open for you to experience whatever you want. Should you know what that is, try expressing it to a man you meet on the chatlines and see how he responds. You can range anywhere from nice phone sex to wild phone play or you can experience both.
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Q:
Setting up addon domain with co.cc
I have a x10hosting free account and created add-on(co.cc) domain, I have set up co.cc account to work for google apps , Now I want to point domain name to x10hosting account , On x10 hosting control panel shared Ip is 69.162.111.26. So I pointed my co.cc A record of .co.cc to 69.162.111.26, I just want to know is it correct?
A:
Yes that is correct.
I assume if you are using this domain for google apps then you have pointed your MX records to googles servers? If thats the case your good.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '6ef0ae24ef3b146f5e966b98fa1f14e0c063ebadad509f7e2a2f6c8ed3242568'} |
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Field of Science
Get a B.S. in biology without taking evolution
At Southwestern Adventist University in Texas, Biology majors don't have to take a single class of evolutionary biology. In fact, as far as I can see there are no evolution classes offered at all. They do require the students to take religion classes ("religion elective").
[Click for larger image - also to enjoy the Lorem ipsum dolor sit placeholder still going strong.]
This shouldn't come as a surprise, given the recent push from the Seventh-Day Adventists to force the Adventist universities to teach creationism.
1. Did anyone notice the "Lorem ipsum" text? You all know that this is a standard "stand-in-place" text, nowadays for text processing systems (but much more ancient that that). So, whoever bothered to compose the "Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology" text for this "university", didn't even bother to replace the "Lorem ipsum" passage. Possibly thought that this was an important Latin text describing that degree.
It appears I can't ever not be surprised at the depth of inanity these people can deliver.
2. Degree descriptions are supposed to involve Latin? LOLWUT? Srsly, are these guys like in the 12th century or something?
3. Ok, makes a lot more sense after some wikiing. Also, zzril is definitely nowhere near Latin-looking. Although "pain itself" as an awesome way to describe a degree... >_>
4. Also. you did notice there's no evolution in the curriculum, right?
[I took the snapshot to eternalize the Loren ipsum text.]
5. Evolution! Who needs that in biology?
6. To be honest, we don't really have an evolution requirement either >_> but not for political/religious reasons as much as just the bureaucratic history of the program. Apparently, it just never really happened, and they're working on fixing that. We get like barely a month on evol in ecology (for the fucking last time: ecology is but one TINY miniscule component of evolution FFS, what about all the other processes that happen in biology!?!?!? GRRR [/pet peeve]), and another month or so in first year (also with ecology >.< ) You can successfully avoid it aside from a couple bits and pieces in various classes though...
- Make evol a requirement for ALL biol students
Just had to get that out. Carry on. ^_^
7. Psi, do hurry up and make it a requirement.
But, at least you do have courses on evolution, right? As far as I can see (and I could be wrong), SWAU doesn't.
8. Of course we do have courses on evol, and our school is big in some fields of evolutionary biology. But again, such things tend to fall through the cracks between departments, as well as getting avoided to not piss off the pre-meds (who should get the hell out and form their own program anyway >.<).
I shall use mah undergrad POWAZ to make that a requirement, brb. I'll threaten them with less-than-satisfactory instructor/course evaluations! MWAHAHA! I'm so scary and powerful it hurts! ^_~
9. Let's keep in mind, also, (or simply advertise the fact) that until I taught a course on evolution at Caltech in 1995, nobody taught it there. And after I stopped teaching it, almost ten years later, it's not taught anymore. Now, Caltech's no bible college. I suppose it is simply acknowledged as obvious, and it is acknowledged in any biology class. Also, there is a class on primate evolution.
Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9553624391555786}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '161124', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EIMZEBV6JU6K7UNA2KX6D667HUNW4PTU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ef14dab9-3f21-41bd-a46a-3796f1356f47>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 23, 26, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.243', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OIESL5OZ5QMACY76JOCYG2RUIOCJIBUA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ebff0fe1-614f-4e9f-9aa2-63172b8295e6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://pleiotropy.fieldofscience.com/2009/12/get-bs-in-biology-without-taking.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7804cac-bead-4fd1-a3b1-0b825214afcd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '566', 'url': 'http://pleiotropy.fieldofscience.com/2009/12/get-bs-in-biology-without-taking.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-242-24.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5927595496177673', 'original_id': '2c48b02f69e1c5fe1623109234000b4d50c3ec83250c5bdccfe5797e9c214a78'} |
Rapid mixing of two or more solutions is often required to investigate the kinetics of fast chemical and biochemical reactions.^[@ref1]−[@ref3]^ Mixers that are commonly used for this purpose include laminar,^[@ref4],[@ref5]^ turbulent,^[@ref6],[@ref7]^ and chaotic^[@ref8]−[@ref10]^ flow mixers, where the dead time decreases with increasing flow rate.^[@ref4],[@ref11]^ The performance of these types of mixers has been extensively reviewed.^[@ref12],[@ref13]^ A dead time of 8 μs has been achieved with a flow rate of ∼100 nL/s using laminar flow mixers.^[@ref14]^ The use of mass spectrometry (MS) to monitor reactions in mixing experiments has the advantage of high chemical specificity. Several in-line mixers have been coupled to MS, including continuous,^[@ref15],[@ref16]^ stopped,^[@ref17],[@ref18]^ and laminar^[@ref3]^ flow mixers. The shortest dead time reported for mixers coupled to MS is 200 μs.^[@ref3]^
Numerous techniques have also been used to mix solutions during the electrospray process, including fused-droplet electrospray,^[@ref19],[@ref20]^ multiple channel electrospray,^[@ref21],[@ref22]^ extractive electrospray,^[@ref23]−[@ref25]^ and dual-sprayer microchips.^[@ref26]−[@ref28]^ Both desorption electrospray ionization^[@ref2],[@ref29]−[@ref31]^ and ambient ion soft landing^[@ref32]^ techniques have been used to carry out solution-phase reactions in charged microdroplets. Similarly, mixing from theta-glass emitters (double-barrel wire-in-a-capillary emitters made from theta glass) has been used to form noncovalent complexes,^[@ref33]^ conduct hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions,^[@ref33]^ unfold proteins,^[@ref34]^ and introduce supercharging reagents to protein solutions,^[@ref34]^ all during the electrospray process. Mixing in microdroplets has the potential advantage of minimizing sample volume,^[@ref35]−[@ref37]^ but reported mixing times in microdroplets are greater than those in laminar flow mixers. For example, complete mixing of two 80 μm diameter ballistic droplets takes ∼10 ms to occur,^[@ref38]^ and complete mixing within a 25 μm diameter droplet generated by flowing multiple streams of aqueous reagent solutions into an inert stream of water immiscible oil occurs in ∼2 ms.^[@ref37]^
Microdroplets formed in atmosphere can undergo desolvation, and the droplet lifetime depends on the evaporation rate. Evaporation rates of heptane, octane, and xylene electrospray droplets ranging in initial size from 3 to 60 μm have been measured using phase Doppler anemometry,^[@ref39]^ and the evaporation rate depends on both the solvent and the square of the initial droplet diameter. The initial diameter of electrospray droplets generated using capillaries with outer diameters as small as 12.5 μm^[@ref40]^ to as large as a centimeter^[@ref41],[@ref42]^ have been measured using various techniques, including optical microscopy,^[@ref42],[@ref43]^ flash shadowgraph techniques,^[@ref44]−[@ref46]^ phase Doppler techniques,^[@ref39],[@ref44],[@ref47]−[@ref50]^ scanning mobility particle sizers,^[@ref51],[@ref52]^ and white light particle counters.^[@ref41]^ Electrospray droplets have been observed from an electrospray capillary with an outer diameter (o.d.) as small as 12.5 μm using a stereomicroscope,^[@ref40]^ but droplets from a capillary with an o.d. of \<1 μm were too small to be visualized.^[@ref40]^ The initial size of an electrospray droplet can depend on the tip diameter for a given solution, but heptane droplets generated from an electrospray capillary with an outer diameter of 0.45 mm can have initial diameters of ∼200 μm,^[@ref46]^ whereas ethylene glycol droplets generated from a 10 mm o.d. electrospray capillary can have initial diameters as small as ∼1.5 μm.^[@ref40]^ Therefore, the exact relationship between the size of the electrospray capillary and the initial size of the droplet depends on many factors. There are several models^[@ref42],[@ref53]−[@ref55]^ that have been reported for determining the size of droplets generated using electrospray based on the flow rate and various other solution and instrumental conditions. Schmidt et al.^[@ref40]^ compared several of these models and reported that they predicted droplet diameters differing by 4 orders of magnitude (7.7 × 10^--8^ to 1.4 × 10^--4^ m) for the same water/methanol/acetic acid solution under otherwise identical conditions.
As droplets evaporate, the surface area to volume ratio and the concentration of reagents increase and up to a 4 unit change in the pH can occur.^[@ref56],[@ref57]^ These factors can increase the rate of product formation in droplets by 1--3 orders of magnitude over bulk solution rates.^[@ref31],[@ref58]−[@ref60]^ The relative contribution of each of these factors to the increased rate of product formation is unknown.
In this study, theta-glass emitters were used to mix solutions during nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI). The extent of mixing between solutions loaded into opposite barrels was measured by carrying out a fast complexation equilibrium reaction, and an apparent droplet lifetime was obtained by monitoring a fast redox reaction with a known forward rate constant. On the basis of increased rates of product formation in droplets compared to rates in bulk solution measured by others, the droplet lifetime is estimated to be less than ∼27 μs.
Experimental Section {#sec2}
====================
Mass spectra were acquired using a 9.4 T Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer that is described in detail elsewhere.^[@ref61]^ Nanoelectrospray ionization was performed using premium theta glass (Warner Instruments, LLC, Hamden, CT) pulled into tips using a model p-87 Flaming/Brown micropipette puller equipped with an FB330B square box filament (Sutter Instruments Co., Novato, CA). Theta glass is a borosilicate glass capillary divided into two separate barrels by a borosilicate glass wall. Platinum wires connected to the ground of the instrument were brought into contact with the solution in each barrel, and electrospray was initiated by applying a potential of ∼−700 V to the heated capillary of the nanoelectrospray interface. A backing pressure of ∼10 psi (CO~2~) was applied to the solutions during electrospray using a pressure regulator. A schematic of this experimental setup is shown in Scheme S-1 in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type="notes"}. A Hitachi tabletop microscope TM-1000 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used to image the tips. All reported uncertainties are one standard deviation from three replicate measurements. Diffusion coefficients used to model the diffusion of K^+^, Na^+^, and 18C6 in water are 0.00196,^[@ref62]^ 0.00163,^[@ref63]^ and 0.00060 μm^2^/μs,^[@ref64]^ respectively.
Leu-enkephalin acetate salt hydrate, met-enkephalin acetate salt hydrate, [l]{.smallcaps}-ascorbic acid, and 18-crown-6 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), KCl was from Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ), HCl 0.1 N was from EMD Millipore Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany), and 2,6-dichloroindophenol Na salt and NaCl were from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). All chemicals were used without further purification, and all solutions were prepared in 18.2 MΩ water from a Milli-Q integral water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA).
Results and Discussion {#sec3}
======================
Characterization of Theta-Glass ESI Emitters {#sec3.1}
--------------------------------------------
Theta-glass capillaries are divided into two separate barrels by a central divider, which after the pulling process extends to the end of the tip (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}a; tip oriented so that the divider is perpendicular to the sample stand). Thus, solutions loaded into opposite barrels do not mix until flow is initiated by applying a potential to the capillary of the nanoelectrospray interface and a backing pressure is applied to the solutions. The tip o.d. is 1.71 ± 0.04 μm perpendicular to the divider (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}a) and 1.36 ± 0.02 μm along the axis of the divider (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}b). The thickness of the outer wall is uniform in both orientations (0.16 ± 0.02 μm) and is the same as the inner divider thickness (0.16 ± 0.01 μm). The length of the emitters is 5.47 ± 0.05 cm.
{#fig1}
Measuring Relative Flow Rates of Individual Barrels {#sec3.2}
---------------------------------------------------
The overall flow rate from both barrels was obtained by measuring the change in volume and mass of an aqueous solution of 500 μM NaCl and 500 μM 18-crown-6 after spraying for ∼10 min (density of 1.0 mg/mL for water containing less than 1% NaCl).^[@ref65]^ The flow rate is 1.4 ± 0.4 nL/s, which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the flow rates of common mixers in which high mixing efficiency is achieved on the order of tens of microseconds.^[@ref13]^ The flow rate remains relatively constant when the backing pressure is doubled and when the ionic strength of the solution differs by more than an order of magnitude (data not shown).
In order to obtain quantitative information from mixing experiments preformed using theta-glass emitters, the flow rate of each barrel must be measured individually. To determine the relative flow rate of each barrel, 10 μM solutions (pH = 2) of Leu-enkephalin (L-Enk) and Met-enkephalin (M-Enk) (polypeptides YGGFX, X = L and M, respectively) were prepared and loaded into the separate barrels. The protonated forms of the peptides were observed in the mass spectra at a ratio of 1.8 ± 0.1 to 1, L-Enk to M-Enk (Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}a). To determine the relative ionization efficiencies of these peptides, an equimolar mixture of L-Enk and M-Enk was prepared (5 μM, pH = 2) and loaded into both barrels of the theta-glass emitters. On the basis of the relative abundances of the protonated forms of the peptides, the relative ionization efficiency of L-Enk to M-Enk is 1.7 ± 0.1 (Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}b). Although these peptides differ by only a single amino acid, even minor differences in structure can lead to significant differences in ionization efficiencies.^[@ref66]^ The relative flow rates of the individual barrels were established using the relative abundances and ionization efficiencies of the internal standards, and in this experiment, the relative flow rate of the L-Enk solution to the M-Enk solution was 1.1 ± 0.1 to 1, suggesting that relative flow rates are nearly even and are highly reproducible between tips.
{#fig2}
Mixing Efficiency {#sec3.3}
-----------------
In order to determine the extent of mixing that occurs in these experiments, a fast complexation equilibrium reaction was performed using the theta-glass emitters. If incomplete mixing occurs in these experiments, only a portion of the reagents loaded into the opposite barrels will interact during the electrospray process and the ratio of products to reactants in the mass spectra will be lower than that at equilibrium. Complexation of 18-crown-6 (18C6) with K^+^ in water has a forward rate constant of 2.45 × 10^9^ mol s^--1^ and an equilibrium constant of 116.4 (values are averages of values measured by others).^[@ref67]^ Protonated 18C6 is not observed in the mass spectra, so the product to reactant ratio cannot be measured directly. For this reason, 18C6 is mixed with Na^+^ to form the complex \[18C6 + Na\]^+^, which has an equilibrium constant of 7.0 (average of values measured by others).^[@ref67]^
A solution (A) containing 100 μM 18C6 and 500 μM NaCl (pH = 2) was mixed with solutions (B) containing between 50 and 1000 μM KCl (pH = 2). A calibration curve for the ratio \[18C6 + K\]^+^/\[18C6 + Na\]^+^ was generated as a function of the initial concentration of K^+^ over the initial concentration of Na^+^ in solution (\[K\]~o~/\[Na\]~o~) (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}a). A representative mass spectrum of a premixed solution of A and B, where the initial concentrations of Na^+^ and K^+^ are equal, is inset into Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}a. To determine how the relative abundances of the two complex ions reflect the corresponding abundances in solution, an equilibrium ratio is derived from the equilibrium constants of the two complexes. The equilibrium constants of these complexes arewhere M = Na^+^ or K^+^, *K*~M~ is the equilibrium constant of the reaction involving M, \[18C6 + M\]~eq~ and \[18C6\]~eq~ are the equilibrium concentrations of the complexed and uncomplexed forms of 18C6, respectively, and \[M\]~eq~ is the equilibrium concentration of M. In all experiments, \<1% of M is complexed with 18C6, so \[M\]~eq~ is approximated as the initial concentration of M, \[M\]~o~. Solving eq [1](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} for both Na^+^ and K^+^, rearranging, and dividing \[18C6 + K\]~eq~ by \[18C6 + Na\]~eq~ gives eq [2](#eq2){ref-type="disp-formula"}:The ratio \[18C6 + K\]~eq~/\[18C6 + Na\]~eq~ as a function of the ratio \[K\]~o~/\[Na\]~o~ is linear with a slope of 16.8 (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}a), which is nearly the same as the expected value of *K*~K~/*K*~Na~ = 16.6. This result indicates that the ratios of abundances of the two complex ions are approximately equal to their relative abundances in solution.
![(a) The ratio \[18C6 + K\]^+^/\[18C6 + Na\]^+^ in the mass spectra of premixed solutions (circles) and predicted by eq [2](#eq2){ref-type="disp-formula"} (dashed green line), both as functions of the ratio \[K\]~o~/\[Na\]~o~. The inset is a representative mass spectrum of a solution containing Na^+^/K^+^/18C6 at a ratio of 1:1:0.05. (b) The ratio \[18C6 + K\]^+^/\[18C6 + Na\]^+^ in the mass spectra from the theta-glass emitters as a function of the same ratio predicted by a linear fit to the calibration curve data (open circles). The dashed green line is a 1:1 correspondence between the axes. Black lines in both panel a and panel b are linear fits to the data.](ac-2014-02545r_0004){#fig3}
The extent of mixing between two solutions loaded into opposite barrels of the theta-glass emitters was determined by loading solution A into one barrel and solutions of B into the other barrel. L-Enk and M-Enk were used as internal standards in these respective solutions to determine the relative flow rates of the two barrels. The initial concentrations of Na^+^ and K^+^ in the droplets were determined from the initial concentrations of the ions in the respective solutions and from the respective flow rates. The ratio \[18C6 + K\]^+^/\[18C6 + Na\]^+^ in the mass spectra of the solutions mixed from the theta-glass emitters as a function of the same ratio determined from the linear fit to the calibration curve data results in a line with a slope of 0.99 and a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}b). These results indicate that the complexation of 18C6 with K^+^ reaches equilibrium during nano-ESI and that complete mixing occurs between solutions sprayed from opposite barrels of the theta-glass emitters.
Estimates of the Mixing Time {#sec3.4}
----------------------------
An estimate of the maximum time required for mixing to occur in the electrospray droplets was made by assuming that the mixing time is diffusion-limited. Concentration profiles in the droplet are modeled as a function of both the distance from the center of the droplet, *d*, and time, *t*, using the classical solution to Fick's second law of diffusion for finite boundary conditions:where *c*(*d*,*t*) is the concentration as a function of *d* and *t*, *c*~o~ is the concentration at *t* = 0, *c*~o~/2 is the equilibrium concentration (assuming even flow from both barrels), erf is the error function, and *D* is the diffusion coefficient. Only diffusion in the direction perpendicular to the solution interface is considered, and the outer boundaries correspond to the droplet radius. Because there is significant uncertainty in the initial droplet size in these experiments, mixing times are calculated for droplets with initial diameters of one-half and one-tenth the outer diameter of the tip of the electrospray capillary (o.d.). Because mixing should occur across the interface between the solutions in the absence of turbulent flow, the tip diameter of 1.71 μm, measured perpendicular to the inner divider, is used as the o.d.
The concentration of K^+^, Na^+^, and 18C6 as a function of the distance from the center of a 0.86 μm droplet (one-half the o.d.) at 0, 23, and 732 μs are shown in Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}a--c, respectively. The relative concentrations of \[18C6 + K\]^+^ and \[18C6 + Na\]^+^ were calculated as a function of the distance from the center of the droplet using the concentration profiles in Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}a--c and the equilibrium constants (eq [1](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}). Relative concentrations of the complexes as a function of the distance from the center of a 0.86 μm droplet at 0, 29, and 732 μs are shown in Figure [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}d--f, respectively. From these data, the ratio \[18C6 + K\]^+^/\[18C6 + Na\]^+^ as a function of time can be determined. At 23 and 732 μs for all initial concentrations of K^+^ in solution B, this ratio is ∼42% and ∼90% of the equilibrium ratio, respectively. On the basis of the standard deviations of the calibration curve data (∼10% of the average values, Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}a), the ratio of the complexes at 732 μs would be nominally the same within the uncertainty of the measurement as that from a premixed solution and mixing would appear complete. Similar extents of diffusion-limited mixing in a 0.17 μm droplet (one-tenth the o.d.) would take 0.9 and 29 μs to occur, respectively. These mixing times are upper limits because droplet evaporation reduces the droplet radius^[@ref39]^ and, therefore, the distance material must diffuse. Turbulence in the droplet will also significantly increase the rate of mixing over that of a diffusion-limited system.
![Concentrations of K^+^ (blue line), Na^+^ (red dots), and 18C6 (green dashes) as a function of the distance from the center of a 0.86 μm droplet at (a) 0, (b) 23, and (c) 732 μs. Relative abundances of \[18C6 + K\]^+^ (blue dots and dashes) and \[18C6 + Na\]^+^ (red double-dashes) as a function of the distance from the center of the droplet at (d) 0, (e) 23, and (f) 732 μs. Initial concentrations used to calculate relative abundances are 500 μM Na^+^ and 100 μM 18C6 in solution A and 250 μM K^+^ in solution B. Horizontal dashed, gray lines represent equilibrium concentrations (a--c) and abundances (d--f).](ac-2014-02545r_0005){#fig4}
The effect that turbulence might have on the mixing times in these experiments is estimated by comparing the calculated diffusion-limited mixing times to the measured mixing times of coalescing ballistic microdroplets, studied by Graceffa et al.^[@ref38]^ In that study, 80 μm diameter ballistic droplets were generated using two synchronized drop-on-demand inkjet systems, and droplets containing aqueous cytochrome *c* were collided with droplets containing aqueous sodium acetate buffer. Stroboscopic synchrotron radiation microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering was used to image the redistribution of cytochrome *c* within the newly formed 100 μm droplets, and cytochrome *c* was uniformly distributed after ∼10 ms. Diffusion of 18C6, K^+^, and Na^+^ in a 100 μm droplet would take ∼10 s to form the complexes \[18C6 + K\]^+^ and \[18C6 + Na\]^+^ at 90% of the equilibrium ratio, indicating that turbulence increased the mixing rate in the ballistic microdroplets by 3 orders of magnitude over the rate of diffusion-limited mixing. If turbulence contributes equally to mixing from the theta-glass emitters, complete mixing could occur in well under a microsecond.
To estimate the extent of mixing that occurs in the Taylor cone prior to droplet formation, the volume of solution in the Taylor cone is estimated as the volume of a cone with a height 4 times the o.d.^[@ref68]^ and with a radius equal to the o.d. At the measured flow rate of 1.4 ± 0.4 nL/s, a reagent molecule spends less than 11 μs in the Taylor cone prior to droplet formation. This suggests that a significant extent of mixing will occur prior to droplet formation if contributions from turbulent mixing are significant, but mixing will primarily occur in the droplet if mixing is diffusion-limited.
Droplet Lifetimes {#sec3.5}
-----------------
An upper limit to the lifetime of a droplet can be obtained by measuring the extent to which a reaction with a known rate constant occurs during nano-ESI. The reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) by [l]{.smallcaps}-ascorbic acid (L-AA) (Scheme [1](#sch1){ref-type="scheme"}) has a forward rate constant of 5.6 × 10^4^ L mol^--1^ s^--1^ at pH = 3.^[@ref69]^ A solution (C) containing 10 μM DCIP (pH = 3) was loaded into one barrel of the theta-glass emitters, and solutions (D) containing between 10 and 50 mM L-AA (pH = 3) were loaded into the other barrel. Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}a shows a representative mass spectrum resulting from mixing solutions C and D (50 mM L-AA) from the theta-glass emitters. Due to the large excess of L-AA in solution, L-AA carries away a substantial fraction of the available charge in the form of protonated L-AA (*m*/*z* 177.039, data not shown), resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio for DCIP. The protonated oxidized and reduced forms of DCIP have overlapping isotope distributions, but these ions can be readily resolved (inset to Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}a, the third isotope peak of oxidized DCIP and the first isotope peak of reduced DCIP are shown). The fraction of DCIP that is reduced increases as a function of the concentration of L-AA in solution D (Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}b).
![Reduction of 2,6-Dichloroindophenol by [l]{.smallcaps}-Ascorbic Acid](ac-2014-02545r_0007){#sch1}
{ref-type="disp-formula"} as a function of the initial concentration of L-AA in solution.](ac-2014-02545r_0006){#fig5}
Because the initial concentration of L-AA is in large excess of the initial concentration of DCIP, this reaction can be modeled using pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The pseudo-first-order integrated rate law for this reaction iswhere \[L-AA\]~o~ is the initial concentration of L-AA, *k*~f~ is the forward reaction rate constant, *t* is the reaction time, and \[oDCIP\]~o~ and \[oDCIP\]~*t*~ are the concentrations of oxidized DCIP at times 0 and *t*, respectively. The initial concentration of oxidized DCIP in the droplet was determined using the initial concentration of oxidized DCIP in solution C and the relative abundances of the internal standards (L-Enk in solution C and M-Enk in solution D). \[oDCIP\]~*t*~ was calculated from the abundances of the oxidized and reduced forms of DCIP using the equationwhere *A*~oDCIP~ and *A*~rDCIP~ are the abundances of the oxidized and reduced forms of DCIP, respectively, and *i*~DCIP~ is the relative ionization efficiency of the oxidized form of DCIP relative to the reduced form. *i*~DCIP~ was measured separately (Figure S-1, [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type="notes"}) and is 1.0 ± 0.2, which is in good agreement with a previously published value^[@ref2]^ of 1.09 ± 0.08. Combining eq [4](#eq4){ref-type="disp-formula"} with eq [5](#eq5){ref-type="disp-formula"} gives eq [6](#eq6){ref-type="disp-formula"}:which was used to determine the apparent reaction time. On the basis of the rate constant from bulk solution, the average apparent reaction time is 274 ± 60 μs. This value does not appear to change as a function of the concentration of L-AA in solution D (Figure [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}c).
The average apparent reaction time is an upper limit to the droplet lifetime because the rates of chemical reactions in rapidly desolvating droplets are greater than in bulk solution.^[@ref58]^ The rapid desolvation of a droplet leads to increased reagent concentrations, a larger surface area to volume ratio, and a decrease in pH. Cumulatively, these factors can increase the rate of product formation within a rapidly desolvating droplet by between 1 and 3 orders of magnitude,^[@ref58]^ but the relative contributions of each of these factors are poorly characterized. The forward rate constant for the reduction of DCIP by L-AA increases by less than 3% from pH = 3 to pH = 1,^[@ref69]^ so pH changes likely have little impact on the rate of product formation in these experiments. However, increases in reagent concentrations and the surface area to volume ratio within the droplet occur, so the true average lifetime of a nano-ESI droplet may be between 10 and 1000 times less than the average apparent reaction time based on the bulk solution rate. Thus, mixing and reactions in these experiments likely occur between about 27 μs and 270 ns. Some product formation will occur in the Taylor cone, which will contribute to a greater apparent droplet lifetime, so the actual droplet lifetime is likely less than 27 μs. This same reaction was previously used to characterize a continuous flow mixing system combined with desorption electrospray (DESI) mass spectrometry of the subsequent liquid jet stream. A mixing time of 2.5 ms was reported, with an instrumental time resolution of 300 μs at longer times obtained by increasing the distance between the mixer and the DESI source. The mixing time we report for this reaction is at least 2 orders of magnitude lower.
The mixing time in conventional mixers is typically controlled by varying either the solution flow rate or the geometry of the mixing region.^[@ref13]^ In nano-ESI, the droplet lifetime depends on the initial droplet diameter,^[@ref39]^ and thus on the diameter of the tip of the electrospray capillary^[@ref40]^ as well as the solution flow rate.^[@ref42],[@ref53]−[@ref55]^ It should be possible to acquire kinetic data at multiple time points using theta-glass emitters by varying either the diameter of the tip of the emitters or the backing pressure to control the solution flow rate.
Conclusions {#sec4}
===========
Theta-glass emitters were used to mix two different solutions during the electrospray process at a flow rate of 1.4 ± 0.4 nL/s. This flow rate is 2 orders of magnitude less than typical flow rates for common mixers in which mixing is achieved in tens of microseconds.^[@ref13]^ On the basis of probable sizes of electrospray droplets, rates of diffusion, and mixing times of coalescing ballistic microdroplets, complete mixing from theta-glass emitters likely occurs within a few microseconds. Thus, mixing from theta-glass emitters is competitive with the fastest mixers reported in the literature^[@ref14]^ and 2 orders of magnitude faster than any mixer previously coupled to MS.^[@ref3]^
The reduction of DCIP by L-AA performed using the theta-glass emitters was monitored with the mass spectrometer to obtain a lifetime of nano-ESI droplets. The resulting value of 274 ± 60 μs is an upper limit to the droplet lifetime because both the reagent concentrations and the surface area to volume ratio increase as the droplet evaporates and because some product formation likely occurs in the Taylor cone prior to droplet formation. On the basis of previously reported results that show that reaction rates in droplets can be 10--1000-fold higher than rates in bulk solution, we estimate that the true droplet lifetime is between 27 μs and 270 ns. The rapid mixing and short droplet lifetime achieved using these theta-glass emitters should make it possible to monitor fast reactions using MS. Because the initial droplet diameter, and therefore the droplet lifetime, depends on both the size of the tip of the electrospray capillary and the solution flow rate, the acquisition of reaction data at multiple time points should be possible by either using theta-glass emitters with variously sized tips or by changing solution flow rates.
Relative ionization efficiency measurements of oxidized and reduced DCIP. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at <http://pubs.acs.org>.
Supplementary Material
======================
######
ac502545r_si_002.pdf
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
The authors thank the National Institutes of Health (R01GM097357) for funding, Dr. Harry Sterling for helpful discussion, and the Robert D. Ogg Electron Microscope Lab at the University of California, Berkeley for use of the Hitachi TM-1000 scanning electron microscope.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'cd4d81a2f56c616ff3e35631e335b23c1232f185a76f32a03b705e8782f0967f'} |
How to Analyze a Primary Source
Each historian, including you, will approach a source with a different set of experiences and skills, and will therefore interpret the document differently. Remember that there is no one right interpretation. However, if you do not do a careful and thorough job, you might arrive at a wrong interpretation.
In order to analyze a primary source you need information about two things: the document itself, and the era from which it comes. You can base your information about the time period on the readings you do in class and on lectures. On your own you need to think about the document itself. The following questions may be helpful to you as you begin to analyze the sources:
1. Look at the physical nature of your source. This is particularly important and powerful if you are dealing with an original source (i.e., an actual old letter, rather than a transcribed and published version of the same letter). What can you learn from the form of the source? (Was it written on fancy paper in elegant handwriting, or on scrap-paper, scribbled in pencil?) What does this tell you?
2. Think about the purpose of the source. What was the author's message or argument? What was he/she trying to get across? Is the message explicit, or are there implicit messages as well?
3. How does the author try to get the message across? What methods does he/she use?
4. What do you know about the author? Race, sex, class, occupation, religion, age, region, political beliefs? Does any of this matter? How?
5. Who constituted the intended audience? Was this source meant for one person's eyes, or for the public? How does that affect the source?
6. What can a careful reading of the text (even if it is an object) tell you? How does the language work? What are the important metaphors or symbols? What can the author's choice of words tell you? What about the silences--what does the author choose NOT to talk about?
Now you can evaluate the source as historical evidence.
1. Is it prescriptive--telling you what people thought should happen--or descriptive--telling you what people thought did happen?
2. Does it describe ideology and/or behavior?
3. Does it tell you about the beliefs/actions of the elite, or of "ordinary" people? From whose perspective?
4. What historical questions can you answer using this source? What are the benefits of using this kind of source?
5. What questions can this source NOT help you answer? What are the limitations of this type of source?
6. If we have read other historians' interpretations of this source or sources like this one, how does your analysis fit with theirs? In your opinion, does this source support or challenge their argument?
Remember, you cannot address each and every one of these questions in your presentation or in your paper, and I wouldn't want you to. You need to be selective.
--Molly Ladd-Taylor, Annette Igra, Rachel Seidman, and others | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '86', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9385024309158324}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '30680', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JTIUXM3QJMBFJ6EREK2MZXYQBJDFDOAY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:208bcbe4-e044-4b9e-9de4-2fbd7a576b36>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 29, 19, 53, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '137.22.94.159', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4NNIGFDQYPTXOFXWXV2M2W2TPEEU6KD7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0579b1b1-48f7-4364-8aaa-e8dfb35fe041>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/history/resources/study/primary/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f1bc844a-9bf5-4561-8303-bf1c0456c6ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '545', 'url': 'http://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/history/resources/study/primary/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.99349445104599', 'original_id': 'ec2d0cf339dc81eb4f1b4496e7c9ab9b7847454ace255f156e0d3cc405f6af7b'} |
García kan som auktorsförkortning betyda:
José Luis García
Miguel A. García
Robotskapade auktorsförkortningar | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa%20%28auktor%29', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'García (auktor)', 'creator': 'https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=García (auktor)&action=history', 'language': 'Swedish', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '13', 'token_count': '38', '__index_level_0__': '8925', 'original_id': '3b7c38c4539ab571f02b51ae2f3fba123f6d81cf024c6363fc3bc17f6a9ee3ac'} |
, Volume 12, Issue 10, pp 1457-1461
Glycine Crystallization During Freezing: The Effects of Salt Form, pH, and Ionic Strength
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Purpose. The purpose of the study is to characterize glycine crystallization during freezing of aqueous solutions as a function of the glycine salt form (i.e., neutral glycine, glycine hydrochloride, and sodium glycinate), pH, and ionic strength.
Methods. Crystallization was studied by thermal analysis, microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and pulsed Fourier transform nmr spectroscopy.
Results. A solution of neutral glycine with no additives undergoes rapid secondary crystallization during freezing, forming the β polymorph, with a eutectic melting temperature of −3.4°C. Glycine hydrochloride solutions undergo secondary crystallization relatively slowly, and the eutectic melting temperature is −28°C. Sodium glycinate crystallizes from frozen solution at an intermediate rate, forming a eutectic mixture with a melting temperature of −17.8°C. Where secondary crystallization does not occur rapidly, a complex glass transition is observed in the −70° to − 85°C temperature range in the DSC thermograms of all systems studied. Rates of secondary crystallization and the type of crystal formed are influenced by solution pH relative the the pKs of glycine, and also by the change in ionic strength caused by adjustment of pH. Increased ionic strength significantly slows the crystallization of neutral glycine and promotes formation of the γ polymorph. Thermal treatment or extended holding times during the freezing process may be necessary in order to promote secondary crystallization and prevent collapse during freeze drying.
Conclusions. The results underscore the importance of recognizing that seemingly minor changes in formulation conditions can have profound effects on the physical chemistry of freezing and freeze drying. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8958132863044739}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '48953', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6M3ZR4LVE2WXBRTMU3FCT6SWLGKOW43J', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f3dd8167-5737-40f6-84a0-bd365eb76907>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 14, 44, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.3.13.234', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:E3ZPXIQGIGNUCUJSFJAHN63WJPQ7HFWX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a9102394-5381-452e-884e-18f96a8b7f27>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016223101872', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fbb96712-86e8-435e-84d7-1c5a9f4362b4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '288', 'url': 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016223101872', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03327983617782593', 'original_id': '6362be6928641bc7be62da6af04c005cf733b78f17aa84d6d18ddb5887ecf8b7'} |
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Rafael (or Rafa, as his friends call him) is on top of the world, loving up the ladies, and shoe-in for department store manager. The department store and the ladies are Rafa's life. When men's department rival Don Antonio makes steals the management position and fires Rafa, there is a scuffle. In the scuffle Antonio is accidentally killed. Rafa finds help in his murder cover-up from the most unlikely source—Lourdes, a homely coworker who has pined after him for years. Lourdes now owns Rafa, and Rafa needs out. To get rid of her without revealing his involvement in the disappearance of Antonio he must plan the perfect crime.
Perfect Crime, The
I'm not very familiar with Spanish cinema, past or present, beyond the grimier horror stuff. What I do know is that the country, contrary to Pan's Labyrinth, is that Pedro Almodovar rules the international output with an iron fist. That may be a bit dramatic, but it's pretty much all I hear as a sorry excuse for a cineaste that doesn't pay nearly enough attention to European cinema. It's little surprise that the second a film by a different filmmaker finally escapes to the United States every critic is making direct comparisons.
Oh, but here's the good part—I'm such a sorry excuse for a film fan that I've never even seen an Almodovar film in its entirety. I've caught several bits on TV, but not enough to make a valid comparison of my own. So then, when everyone's done judging me, I'll get on with my review.
The Perfect Crime, or El Crimen Ferpecto, as it's more amusingly called in its native tongue, is a damn funny series of unfortunate events. It's a very modern take on two classic film models—a carefree, playboy chauvinist gets his proper comeuppance, and a desperate man tries to plan a untraceable murder. These stories have been told more times than I can count, but here they are revisited with vicious and energetic vigour.
Perfect Crime, The
Everything about the film's plot and style is in constant contrast. The jokes are old school, from the glory days of Spencer Tracy/Katharine Hepburn screwballs, the days when you had to imply vulgarity, yet the film itself is visually quite vulgar. The opening scenes, where Rafa thrusts us into his world of debaucherous capitalism, are reminiscent of something like Fight Club or Trainspotting. Though lead characters have narrated directly to their audiences for years, this looks and feels quite modern. This whole mix of eras cumulates when Rafa rushes to the video store to rent classics that might help him plan the perfect murder.
The humour works because often the best jokes have already been told, but it also works because of director Álex de la Iglesia's (whose Perdita Durango is on my Netflix rental cue, and whose 800 Balas was slightly disappointing) utter control of the situation. The comedy often promenades into the absurd, but is always pulled back before things get too nutty. This pull back is vital as these cartoonish and absurd moments are almost always surprises. It's a delicate balance that's rarely misaligned.
Perfect Crime, The
The Perfect Crime is a perfectly playful film, though its comedy is of the black variety, the mood rarely shifts into a place so dark less tolerant viewers will want to leave. The acting is often broad, but perfectly pitched for the situation, only a handful of background players overshoot their marks. Guillermo Toledo is a revelation, able to play straight man to an entire world of comic relief, and able to act entire scenes with his eyebrows alone. He and Mónica Cervera (both of whom were nominated for Goyas) manage to believably switch roles and character types half way through the film, and both manage screwball humour without a lot of Jerry Lewis styled histrionics.
The Perefect Crime takes place almost exclusively in the fluorescent light Mecca of the Yeyo department store. Colours are rich, bright, and for the most part very warm. The contrast here is that any time Rafa is forced to leave the store his world becomes darker, and cooler. This anamorphically enhanced DVD from Tartan reproduces this dizzying mix of colours rather beautifully, and even bright reds are relatively noise free. This wonderful colour sometimes finds its way into the darker areas, and thusly blacks are usually tinted to a degree. The transfer is not progressive, and there are some instances of interlacing images. Details could be sharper, but are still better than those of a lot of discs on the market (and from Tartan).
Perfect Crime, The
The Perfect Crime isn't an action epic, but because of its quirky and poppy soundtrack this is still a lively track. I can't say this is a particularly special track, but I can't complain either. The surround channels are most lively during musical montages and the final act 'action' scenes. The overall fidelity of the music, a mix of styles, is extremely crisp and impressive. Dialogue is centered and clear, and the subtitles only slightly lag on a few occasions.
Director Álex de la Iglesia is a very amusing guy. He's very dry, and I like it. For the most part this is a very tecnical track though, and doesn't have much time for laughs, but I enjoyed it alright. The director is joined by his co-writter, Jorge Guerricaechevarría, who doesn't get too many words in, but also offers up a few gems.
The commentary is followed by a behind the scenes featurette that though obviously made to sell the film, manages to entertain for its brief runtime. Iglesia is just as dry on set, and all the actors appear to be having an absolute blast. Infectious but rather uninformative. The featurette is followed up with a selection of Tartan trailers.
Perfect Crime, The
I had a great time with The Perfect Crime, but recognize it's a bit of an acquired taste. Comedy is very subjective, and I can't guarantee the laughs. If you enjoy classic screw-ball comedies, modern dry witticism, and the oddness found in Wes Anderson's work ( Rushmore, The Life Aquatic), I'm guessing you'll get a solid chuckle out of this flick too. The DVD isn't much to write home about, but looks and sounds pretty good. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9696558117866516}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '55951', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7TZAQ4362ZFPKTPHQCSWAIOEGVNALE22', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:04c2e1f0-f69d-4b67-83eb-de5e96539685>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 20, 8, 7, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '64.131.88.76', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ISLVFYJHFTIADVMQFIKSVITKFUNDJTG7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1a4a5874-3d60-4178-acea-6713ff04cb25>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.dvdactive.com/reviews/dvd/perfect-crime-the.html?action=reply', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6e11aa8f-26a7-4e60-9684-49d3e503e979>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1051', 'url': 'http://www.dvdactive.com/reviews/dvd/perfect-crime-the.html?action=reply', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05725526809692383', 'original_id': '8fdefe06b1d42b641321819d023e8e2b65fbc40166cafa1bf3b358aa7c4eeec4'} |
Padres' Craig Kimbrel bounces back for 31st save on Saturday
by Jason Lempert | Staff Writer
(8/1/15) A night after blowing the save, Padres closer Craig Kimbrel got right back out there and nailed down his 31st save of the year on Saturday. Kimbrel needed 13 pitches to retire the side in order in the ninth, protecting a 5-3 victory over the Marlins.
Kimbrel allowed a game-tying home run in the ninth inning on Friday, but was able to rebound nicely a day later.
Padres RP Craig Kimbrel serves up game-tying HR on Friday
by Jason Lempert | Staff Writer
(7/31/15) Padres closer Craig Kimbrel blew his second save of the year, as he allowed a game-tying home run to the Marlins' Derek Dietrich in the ninth inning on Friday. The Padres would wind up winning the game 8-3 in 11 innings.
Kimbrel, who was the subject of trade rumors over the last several days, had converted 21 straight save opportunities before Friday's hiccup.
Padres RP Craig Kimbrel closes out Mets for 30th save Thursday
by Jason Lempert | Staff Writer
(7/30/15) Padres closer Craig Kimbrel worked a perfect ninth inning to pick up his 30th save of the season in Thursday's 8-7 win over the Mets. Kimbrel, who took the mound after a near three-hour rain delay, struck out a batter as he preserved the victory.
Kimbrel remains perfect in save chances this season, and his ERA has dwindled to 2.68--it was as high as 4.50 in early June.
Report: Nationals top suitor list for Padres closer Craig Kimbrel
by Marty Gitlin | CBSSports.com
(7/27/15) The Nationals are reportedly the most likely team to land Padres closer Craig Kimbrel despite their continued interest in Reds counterpart Aroldis Chapman.
"I almost bet my house that he will do something big," a source close to Rizzo told Fox Sports MLB insider Ken Rosenthal.
Kimbrel has hit his stride after a rough patch early in the season and is now among the hottest closers in the game.
Padres closer Craig Kimbrel perfect Sunday in earning 29th save
by Marty Gitlin | CBSSports.com
(7/26/15) Some wondered if Padres closer Craig Kimbrel had lost his mojo when he skidded in late April and May.
They are doubting him no longer.
Kimbrel remained on a roll Sunday by retiring the Marlins in order in the ninth to preserve a victory. He struck out none, but still earned his 29th save.
He has not allowed a run in 12 of his last 13 appearances and has shrunk his ERA to 2.73, its lowest point since April 26.
04/11/2015 02:50Eye on MLB, April 10: Red Sox outlast Yankees 6-5 in 19 innings
At 6 hours, 49 minutes, it was the longest game by time in Red Sox history. After Chase Headley tied the score with a home run in the bottom of the ninth, Boston went ahead three times in extra innings, taking a lead for the final time on a sacrifice fly by Mookie Betts.
04/11/2015 00:52Myers, Kimbrel lead Padres to 1-0 win against Giants
SAN DIEGO (AP) Wil Myers hit an RBI double off the right-field wall with one out in the eighth inning and Craig Kimbrel got his first save with the San Diego Padres, who beat the San Francisco Giants 1-0 Friday night.
04/10/2015 10:38Inside Baseball: Why Braves traded Kimbrel and more from around MLB
The Braves traded the best closer in baseball just before Opening Day? Why? We take a look behind the scenes of the move and offer up more insight from around Major League Baseball, including a nice note about why Cody Ross was able to kick-start his career.
2014 summary:Craig Kimbrel continued to dominate in 2014, his fourth straight season with more than 40 saves and more than 90 strikeouts. His 1.61 ERA and 0.91 WHIP were actually his highest in three seasons, but they still ranked third and eighth among full-time closers. Not surprisingly, he himself ranked second among closers, behind only Greg Holland, in both Head-to-Head and Rotisserie leagues.
Playing time status: Kimbrel missed a couple of appearances early in the year with a sore shoulder, which was responsible for his only real rough patch of the season. He had a 1.33 ERA, 0.85 WHIP and 13.1 strikeouts per nine innings over his final 55 Braves appearances -- numbers more in line with his previous two seasons. He hasn't had any other physical issues over the first four-plus years of his career, and as the universally recognized best closer in baseball, his job security is as good as it gets for the role.
2015 outlook: With the emergence of Holland, Aroldis Chapman, Kenley Jansen and, to a lesser extent, David Robertson and Sean Doolittle, Kimbrel no longer stands out among closers like he once did, but he's still the most proven and reliable of that group and the one who'll be drafted first in Fantasy. Still, with the elite tier growing in size, any earlier than Round 6 for the No. 1 option is probably reach.
(Updated 12/19/14) | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd5d4355d928582db811a73c5226958bfa5be161dccbc1a5f4bf1ec40bdb07dc7'} |
Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial.
Ecological and observational studies suggest that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV acquisition in men. Our aim was to investigate the effect of male circumcision on HIV incidence in men. 4996 uncircumcised, HIV-negative men aged 15-49 years who agreed to HIV testing and counselling were enrolled in this randomised trial in rural Rakai district, Uganda. Men were randomly assigned to receive immediate circumcision (n=2474) or circumcision delayed for 24 months (2522). HIV testing, physical examination, and interviews were repeated at 6, 12, and 24 month follow-up visits. The primary outcome was HIV incidence. Analyses were done on a modified intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, with the number NCT00425984. Baseline characteristics of the men in the intervention and control groups were much the same at enrollment. Retention rates were much the same in the two groups, with 90-92% of participants retained at all time points. In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, HIV incidence over 24 months was 0.66 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention group and 1.33 cases per 100 person-years in the control group (estimated efficacy of intervention 51%, 95% CI 16-72; p=0.006). The as-treated efficacy was 55% (95% CI 22-75; p=0.002); efficacy from the Kaplan-Meier time-to-HIV-detection as-treated analysis was 60% (30-77; p=0.003). HIV incidence was lower in the intervention group than it was in the control group in all sociodemographic, behavioural, and sexually transmitted disease symptom subgroups. Moderate or severe adverse events occurred in 84 (3.6%) circumcisions; all resolved with treatment. Behaviours were much the same in both groups during follow-up. Male circumcision reduced HIV incidence in men without behavioural disinhibition. Circumcision can be recommended for HIV prevention in men. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '95d9215a1feb262ebdf13aa855cf72942970b28b6dae5e0bbb70e06e2dea241d'} |
Anion-Specific Sulfur Isotope Analysis by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Multicollector ICPMS.
An accurate method has been developed to measure, in a single analytical run, δ34S in sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate in water samples by liquid chromatography combined with multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). The method is based on the anionic exchange separation of sulfur species prior to their online isotope ratio determination by MC-ICPMS. Mass bias correction was accomplished by a novel approach based on the addition of an internal sulfur-containing standard to the sample. This innovative approach was compared to the sample-standard bracketing procedure. On-column isotopic fractionation was observed and therefore corrected by external calibration. Isotopic ratios were calculated by linear regression slope (LRS), an advantageous method for transient signals, leading to a combined uncertainty of δ34S below 0.25‰ and a reproducibility below 0.5‰ for the injection of 1 μg of S. The method was successfully applied to the measurement of δ34S in synthetic solutions and environmental water samples. Matrix effects leading to δ34S overestimation were observed for sulfate in some samples with high sodium/sulfate mass ratios. The developed analytical procedure simplifies the δ34S analysis of liquid environmental samples since preparation steps are no longer required and allows the analysis of several sulfur-containing species in a single run. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a4ad1b242d75c90add5f65805bcf5be48b141a7d7e0f858fb2a50124eea458cf'} |
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</packages> | mini_pile | {'original_id': '63453e0296ab25e4177c88feb574634f83fb13f7ae3e032b9bfa14efebe10515'} |
Over 100 public buses in Sanya installed 3G surveillance devices
With the goal of ensuring road safety and reduce and effectively manage safety risks, more than 100 public transport vehicles in Sanya have now been equipped with the 3G surveillance devices.
As of October 6th, a total of 90 provincial and city coach buses and a number of public buses were been equipped with a network of sophisticated high-tech 3G video cameras. The entire project is expected to be completed by the end of this December.
The devices that have been installed in buses will help to record all details of the vehicles journey and will transfer the data wirelessly to the monitoring office in real-time. It is believed that the project will be effective in both recording, reducing and preventing traffic violations on the road.
The new system will also allow local law enforcement officers, emergency responders, and other authorized personnel to receive data from both inside and outside the vehicle.
News translation appearing here is the property ofwww.whatsonsanya.com, however, for those who wish to copy the contents in part or in full, please make reference and link the article copied to our site. Whatsonsanya.com does not necessarily endorse their views or the accuracy of their content. For copyright infringement issues please contacteditor@whatsonsanya.com | mini_pile | {'original_id': '96664f453cc6f879aaf806a4e2f074019aaa6f8978183dde5b1dcd2042a808ad'} |
Short and stereoselective total synthesis of furano lignans (+/-)-dihydrosesamin, (+/-)-lariciresinol dimethyl ether, (+/-)-acuminatin methyl ether, (+/-)-sanshodiol methyl ether, (+/-)-lariciresinol, (+/-)-acuminatin, and (+/-)-lariciresinol monomethyl ether and furofuran lignans (+/-)-sesamin, (+/-)-eudesmin, (+/-)-piperitol methyl ether, (+/-)-pinoresinol, (+/-)-piperitol, and (+/-)-pinoresinol monomethyl ether by radical cyclization of epoxides using a transition-metal radical source.
Intramolecular radical cyclization of suitably substituted epoxy ethers 4a-g using bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride as the radical source resulted in trisubstituted tetrahydrofurano lignans and 2,6-diaryl-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane lignans depending on the reaction conditions. The titanium(III) species was prepared in situ from commercially available titanocene dichloride and activated zinc dust in THF. Upon radical cyclization followed by acidic workup, epoxy olefinic ethers 4a-g afforded furano lignans dihydrosesamin 1a, lariciresinol dimethyl ether 1b, acuminatin methyl ether 1e, and sanshodiol methyl ether 1g directly and lariciresinol 1h, acuminatin 1i, and lariciresinol monomethyl ether 1j after removal of the benzyl protecting group by controlled hydrogenolysis of the corresponding cyclized products. The furofuran lignans sesamin 2a, eudesmin 2b, and piperitol methyl ether 2e were also prepared directly by using the same precursors 4a-f on radical cyclization followed by treatment with iodine and pinoresinol 2h, piperitol 2i, and pinoresinol monomethyl ether 2j after controlled hydrogenolysis of the benzyl protecting group of the corresponding cyclized products. Two naturally occurring acyclic lignans, secoisolariciresinol 5h and secoisolariciresinol dimethyl ether 5b, have also been prepared by exhaustive hydrogenolysis of 2h and 2b, respectively. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c1722b94a5486b4723cea40bde27eea3a727b00e63ab1d8eb9bd5128f114f898'} |
Disclaimer: I do not own Megamind or its' characters
Dedicated to aurawind who loves Metroman/Bernard. I made this fluffy oneshot as a thanks for reading my fic Destined for What? even though the pairing isn't her favorite.
First part is Bernard's POV. Second part is Metroman's POV.
Things You Don't Know
There is a couple things that nobody knows about Wayne Scott, also known as Metroman. One of those things is that his body temperature was higher than a normal human. If someone else were to touch his skin it would seem as if he had a fever. He radiated warmth from his body.
So whenever it's time for bed. Wayne will hold the blanket up and allow me to slide into his arms. As he's doing right now. I easily curl up against his chest since he's so much larger than me. He curls his arms around my body which causes me to be surrounded by heat. I affectionately call it my Warm Pocket. Not out loud because that would ruin the imagine I worked so hard on. I call it that in my head.
Another thing people don't know about Wayne is that he doesn't sleep. His body doesn't require it to recharge like a normal person. Instead, he will sometimes go into a semi-meditative state which causes his body to be still and his functions to slow down. Even during that time he isn't really asleep. It made for quick responses in the hero business.
It also meant that all the sleeping that we did was purely for my benefit. Back when he was still a hero he didn't get to stay the whole night. Now he's essentially retired. So how does he not get bored lying around for seven hours every night?
The answer is simple. He won't tell me.
Wayne runs his hand through my hair lightly. "You're thinking too hard. Sleep." He can always tell when I'm over-analyzing.
I snuggle up to him a little more. "You sure?"
He laughs a little, "I'm not telling you."
"You're no fun."
"And you'd know all about being no fun." He pokes my nose. I hate it when he does that but I let it go right now.
"I just have a different definition of fun."
He doesn't answer and laughs again. I let myself get settled to go to sleep since I know I won't be winning this argument. At least not now.
There's a couple things that no one knows about Bernard Jones. One of those things is that he is an affectionate snuggler. He rarely falls asleep without me there to hold him. Of course, I greatly enjoy holding the slight man close as he drifts off. I didn't get the satisfaction of sleep since I didn't need it. So I enjoyed being as close to the experience as possible.
I look down at Bernard and could tell by the furrowed brow that he is thinking about something. I lightly run my hands through his hair to get his attention. "You're thinking too hard. Sleep."
He snuggles in deeper and his face smooths out. "You sure?"
I can't help but laugh. Bernard was under the impression that I would rather do something else than lie in bed with him all night. It was a ridiculous thought. He always asks why but I like to keep it to myself. "I'm not telling you."
"You're no fun." His brow is furrowing again.
"And you'd know all about being no fun." I poke his nose. I know he hates it but it distracts him from thinking too hard again.
"I just have a different definition of fun." That was definitely an understatement. I can only laugh again in reply. I pull him closer as he finally settles down to sleep.
As much as I love Bernard, and cuddling with him, there actually was another reason I didn't mind lying with him all night. The other thing nobody else knew about Bernard was that he was a sleep talker. A very active sleep talker.
It was only an hour after he fell asleep that his vivid dreaming caused him to talk nonsense.
"Cute..." Bernard mumbled.
I held in my urge to giggle uncontrollably. I had a theory. Bernard was so morose during the day that he had to expel all his happy feelings and thoughts at night. Otherwise the poor man would implode.
"Yay. Kittens." He throws his arms around my neck and rubs his face against mine. Undoubtedly confusing my unshaven face with fur.
"I'm keeping you all..." I couldn't hold in the giggle after that one. Of course that caused a pretty rough shaking for Bernard since he was cuddled so close. He roused a little from sleep and looked at me groggily.
"Nothing. Go back to your kittens."
"Ok...Did you know they're really cute?" Obviously he was still pretty out of it.
"Yup. The cutest." I agreed. He smiled and quickly fell back asleep. Being bored around Bernard was impossible. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.993112862110138}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '38234', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KLXYJIJF55ZH6W5Q2VHU3V7RZTXTYYLJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:03b8b68e-53ff-4e47-8d2d-fb2f818389ad>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 30, 7, 12, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.205.184.6', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:65D2H5RMFO3V32223JLZGXZLWNLYWJIT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d53bd579-399d-491f-8aea-6e57656eebd7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.fanfiction.net/s/6869783/1/Things-You-Don-t-Know', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2e744c7d-b2d5-4dd0-b5e7-57f7e926fb3a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '817', 'url': 'https://www.fanfiction.net/s/6869783/1/Things-You-Don-t-Know', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.43458306789398193', 'original_id': 'b007c6c2db0d72bf85b4ea32e7f6696e0b84af74d292cab5101168d17f8ab184'} |
Jenika Snow Author Event Pre-Order Form
Pre-order form for signings Jenika Snow is attending. This is special pricing for events only.
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A Real Man
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The Capture Series: $10.00 ( £11)
You're Mine
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Never submit passwords through Google Forms. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9001793265342712}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '397189', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PH7E6NHVB3DKY7S7DQV3MK3SLXTO4NYZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c50b0cba-49aa-445b-a036-93f10203eb70>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 8, 31, 59), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.13.78', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2AMCPE6XH6Y2W6Y4W4QEA7EV5IL4RWH2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ee4a8365-659e-418d-9689-8275b82fc6b9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScvX3d-cOwNvhQbxuxvUWRmTR0W2P_9Thqg6SPXTMhQb9tRxA/viewform', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:75330c92-26da-4c6a-a664-2279f7480d6f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '291', 'url': 'https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScvX3d-cOwNvhQbxuxvUWRmTR0W2P_9Thqg6SPXTMhQb9tRxA/viewform', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-163.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09257382154464722', 'original_id': 'abd4d94a26f0b37f423c4c5fc398f5b0b82446dd8fb22789151c1f603afbbefc'} |
Indicating he’ll have no problem injecting racial divisions into any potential presidential campaign, Joe Biden blamed a “white man’s culture” for violence against women.
“I realize I get a little too passionate about this sometimes, but we all have an obligation to do nothing less than change the culture in this country,” Biden lamented. “Not just the laws, we changed laws — change the culture. The culture.”
The former vice president, speaking at a New York City event honoring young people who have helped combat sexual assault on college campuses, then discussed the origins of the phrase “rule of thumb.”
Biden explained that the phrase derives from English common law in the 1300s.
“No man has a right to chastise his woman with a rod thicker than the circumference of his thumb,” he relayed. “This is English jurisprudential culture, a white man’s culture. That’s got to change it’s got to change.”
Is he really under the impression that the culture hasn’t improved when it comes to violence against women since the 1300s?
Regrets Role in Anita Hill Hearing
Biden’s attack against white men, of which he is a group member, stemmed mainly from lingering regrets in his role during the Supreme Court confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas.
Anita Hill, he argued, should not have been forced to face a panel of “a bunch of white guys” regarding her sexual harassment allegations against Thomas.
“To this day I regret I couldn’t come up with a way to give her the kind of hearing she deserved,” he said. “I wish I could have done something.”
Biden, a former chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, oversaw the controversial nomination process for Justice Thomas. Some Democrats are still furious about how he treated Hill.
The New York Times reported on the controversy with the Brett Kavanaugh hearings as a backdrop:
His name has been invoked frequently in recent days, mainly by Republicans, for leading the 1991 hearings when an all-male, all-white Judiciary Committee aggressively questioned Anita Hill about claims that Judge Thomas sexually harassed her. The hearings have long been a source of discomfort with Mr. Biden among Democrats who remember the process.
Biden would later apologize to Hill, mainly because he was busy painting Kavanaugh as guilty until proven innocent.
Thomas, meanwhile, had his name was dragged through the mud as political opponents propped up Hill, despite her story having several holes and little basis in fact.
Racial Politics
This isn’t, by any stretch, the first time Biden has used racial divides in America to further his political career.
Last spring, he discussed how Republican efforts to enforce voter identification laws is simply a means to disenfranchise minority voters.
“It’s what these guys are all about, man,” Biden told MSNBC’s Al Sharpton of all people. “Republicans don’t want working class people voting. They don’t want black folks voting.”
This is the most absurd thing I’ve heard all day and it’s still early. Republicans ARE the working class & WE want the black folks voting. The Democrats claim to be for the people, but only if they can buy them & give them free stuff. Gropin’ Joe is an idiot. pic.twitter.com/co6MbO3pVY — 🇺🇸sɪᴇʀʀᴀ ᴡʜɪsᴋᴇᴇ🇺🇸 (@SierraWhiskee) April 15, 2018
Then, of course, there was the time Biden told a predominantly black crowd in Virginia that the Republicans and Mitt Romney “wanted to put them all back in chains.” | mini_pile | {'original_id': '9784ec53f51800f6ca4c0412a5bfbff8cf4b31b298937a6aa525246ffab4cc17'} |
We measure the effect of a 2006 antipredatory pilot program in Chicago on mortgage default rates to test whether predatory lending was a key element in fueling the subprime crisis. Under the program, risky borrowers or risky mortgage contracts or both triggered review sessions by housing counselors who shared their findings with the state regulator. The pilot program cut market activity in half, largely through the exit of lenders specializing in risky loans and through a decline in the share of subprime borrowers. Our results suggest that predatory lending practices contributed to high mortgage default rates among subprime borrowers, raising them by about a third. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '4c66e9d57670ff3be73206f68c8f220d3fde6b1e9962740a77ec1ea4e9760d0b'} |
Salsa Bags and Racks
While some companies and bike advocates want to make cycling mainstream and just another way of getting around, Salsa is dedicated to keeping the spirit of adventure alive in bicycling.
Salsa makes bikes and components that reflect a spirit of discovery and curiosity.
Take a Salsa front rack or rear rack on your adventure by bike. And if it’s just a run to the store, make it an adventure. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9217511415481568}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '135519', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KFSWNRDISMRT3F4QLPSIN6DW57NKSBHJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0b299168-1d3a-4fa9-bc41-0721a46887c3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 22, 8, 24, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.199.144.62', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IOYRDDXFZKGJY5H7ZRBIL4TQ4HZ4L3DR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d5e20ace-dc83-4956-8d14-3078d11b4414>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.bikeshophub.com/product-category/salsa-racks', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3fda980-89d3-4f2d-b5b0-87ec0d73c525>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '73', 'url': 'https://www.bikeshophub.com/product-category/salsa-racks', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-150-136-47.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3493981957435608', 'original_id': 'b61824ab0790b2be20b618ca912732887bb3a328aa5d512396e5e452797a4cdd'} |
[Effect of microinjection of sodium giutamate and glycine into ventrolateral nucleus of tractus solitarius on the evoked potentials of arcuatus nucleus in rabbits].
Experiments were performed on 66 anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits. The effects of microinjection sodium glutamate and glycine into ventrolateral nucleus of tractus solitarius (VLNTS) on hypothalamic arcuatus nucleus evoked potentials were observed. The main results obtained were as follows: (1) Phrenic nerve discharges were increased and the amplitude of P2 and N2 waves of arcuatus nucleus evoked potentials were decreased by microinjection of sodium glutamate into VLNTS. Phrenic nerve discharges were decreased and the amplitude of P2 and N2 waves of arcuatus nucleus evoked potentials were increased by microinjection of glycine into VLNTS. (2) After intravenous injection of naloxone, the phrenic nerve discharges could still be excited by microinjection of sodium glutamate as before, but the effects on the amplitude of P2 and N2 waves of arcuatus nucleus evoked potentials, unlike that of sodium glutamate, were reversed. The results suggest that the excitatory action of respiratory neurons in the VILTS may affect on the sensory function of arcuatus nucleus. The mechanism involved was discussed. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '3fdd0078410810770604fe4189df2b55182c74f430806eb178469fdc3b7d1810'} |
Fast Cool Cars Pontiac Firebird Burnouts
Pontiac Firebird burnout
Welcome to the Burnouts section of Fast Cool Cars. Here you will find many pictures of different cars doing burnouts, like Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge, Buick, Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Mazda, Cobra, Lamborghini, BMW, Pontiac, Mercury, and many more. There are rear wheel drive and front wheel drive cars. We also have trucks and motorcycles. FastCoolCars.com does not promote the practice of doing burnouts, but knows that it will and is being done, and lots of people want to see the pictures of them, so send in your pictures for the rest of the world to see. Good promotional section for tires like Goodyear F1 Eagle ZR rated, Firestone Firehawks, Kumho, Dunlop, BF Goodrich, Pirelli, Bridgestone, Falken, Hankook, Michelin, Toyo, Yokohama, and others. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8702136278152466}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '4300', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WOBMWZ7SANGDXHT6U6DX36FLTC2IVAAU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:80c916f6-6468-4ad0-8886-b65b18d4ab6d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 22, 4, 31, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '107.180.41.237', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KIIZ62DMJD55A2C56YOTJSKPIAXMKZO7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a91a2fe-1fca-4793-8bf3-095f62312c6d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://fastcoolcars.com/burnouts/burn-12.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:316f79df-33c4-41f8-bf3a-f59b0ce567e1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '130', 'url': 'http://fastcoolcars.com/burnouts/burn-12.htm', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-216-233-55.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04991650581359863', 'original_id': 'fd0de04582d23b9c580116fc9a7d5aa22c20d92834c30bf33ab2dd2fcd4635f3'} |
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916
Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf Copyright: Wanniatie, et al. Open Access. This article is distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International
License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit
to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data
made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Abstract Aim: This study aimed to compare chemical composition and contaminants (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and
heavy metal residues) between organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Milk sampling was carried out from March to August 2018 at six goat farms. The chemical
quality of milk was checked using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer device. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas
chromatography (GC). Pesticide residues in goat’s milk were analyzed using a GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Antibiotic residues were analyzed using bioassay screening test method. The lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) residues were
analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The content of fat, protein, and lactose showed that there was no difference in the composition of goat’s milk
between organic and conventional farms. Caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) of organic goat milk are higher than
conventional goat milk. Stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) of conventional goat milk are higher than organic
goat milk. The total fatty acid of organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Organochlorine pesticide residues
were not detected in organic goat milk and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotic residues were found in one
sample (5.56%) of organic goat milk, and macrolides residues were found in two samples (11.11%) of conventional goat
milk. Pb residue in organic goat milk is 50 ppb while conventional goat milk is 80 ppb. Residue As in organic goat milk is
70 ppb while conventional goat milk is 110 ppb. Conclusion: There was no chemical composition (fat, protein, and lactose) difference between organic and conventional
goat milk. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) in organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Pesticide residues are not
found in both organic and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotics were found in organic goat milk and macrolide
antibiotic groups found in conventional goat milk. Pb and As residues were found in both organic goat milk and conventional
goat milk. Keywords: antibiotic, chemical composition, goat milk, heavy metal, pesticide. Veronica Wanniatie1,2, Mirnawati B. Sudarwanto3, Trioso Purnawarman3 and Anuraga Jayanegara4 1. Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Public Health,
IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; 2. Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung,
Indonesia; 3. Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB
University, Bogor, Indonesia; 4 Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University,
Bogor, Indonesia. g
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rresponding author: Mirnawati B. Sudarwanto, e-mail: mwanto47@hotmail.com
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Corresponding author: Mirnawati B. Sudarwanto, e-mail: mwanto47@hotmail.com
Co-authors: VW: veronica wanniatie@fp unila ac id TP: trioso18@yahoo com AJ: anuraga jayanegara Co-authors: VW: veronica.wanniatie@fp.unila.ac.id, TP: trioso18@yahoo.com, AJ: anuraga.jayanegara@gmail.com
Received: 21-02-2019, Accepted: 19-06-2019, Published online: 09-08-2019 VW: veronica.wanniatie@fp.unila.ac.id, TP: trioso18@yahoo.com, AJ: anuraga.jayanegara@gmail.co
Received: 21-02-2019, Accepted: 19-06-2019, Published online: 09-08-2019 @ p
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Received: 21-02-2019, Accepted: 19-06-2019, Published online: 09-08-2019 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1218-1224 How to cite this article: Wanniatie V, Sudarwanto MB, Purnawarman T,
Jayanegara A (2019) Chemical compositions, contaminants, and residues of organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor
District, Indonesia, Veterinary World, 12(8): 1218-1224. Study area p
g g)
Hazardous chemicals that might contaminate
milk can come from the environment, namely, pes
ticides, antibiotics, and heavy metals. The pres
ence of pesticide residues [10], antibiotics [8], and
heavy metals [11] when viewed from a public health
perspective, among them, is the main potential for
consumer health problems. Pesticides are one of the
agrochemical materials used to control pests in plants
and animals. Pesticides are a concern of the commu
nity because they include dangerous chemical com
pounds. Excessive use and not following the rules of
use can lead (Pb) to agent resistance, residues in food
products, and public health disorders such as poison
ing, immunosuppressive, and cancer [10]. The study was conducted in Bogor District,
Indonesia, consist of three location organic farming,
i.e., Ciampea (-6.5866710 S’latitude, 106.6843140
W’longitude),
Caringin
(-6.696547
S’latitude,
10.835356 W’longitude), and Cijeruk (-6.695693
S’latitude, 106.770186 W’longititude) and another
three for conventional farming, namely, Ciampea
(-6.5644079 S’latitude, 106.6951570 W’longititude),
Caringin
(-6.730147
S’latitude,
106.834260
W’longititude), and Cijeruk (-6.6976560 S’latitude,
106.7968700 W’longititude). Ethical approval No live animals were used in the present study. No ethical approval was needed for the current study. Sampling Milk sampling was carried out from March to
August 2018. Samples were taken from six goat farms
(three organic farms and three conventional farms), as
many as 500 mL from each farm in Bogor District,
Indonesia. The samples were put into a sterile bot
tle and carried using ice cubes at a temperature of
4-10°C. Each milk sample was divided into five, one
for chemical analysis using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic
Milk Analyzer (Milkotronic, Bulgaria) device, one for
determination of fatty acid profiles by gas chroma
tography (GC), one for organochlorine pesticide res
idues with GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD),
one for antibiotic residues with bioassay screening
test method, and one for metal residues weight with
an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GTA 120
Graphite Tube Atomizer; 200 series AA, Agilent
Technologies). Antibiotics are used on farms not only for clinical
purposes but also as a growth promotor in increasing
livestock production. Improper usage of antibiotics
can Pb to the resistance of pathogenic bacteria and
contributes to the global health crisis. The presence of
antimicrobial residues in milk can cause drug hyper
sensitivity reactions to consumers, such as dermal
reactions, asthma, or anaphylaxis [12]. Heavy metals are found widely in the environ
ment and have two primary sources, namely, human
activity and geological background. Heavy metals are
metallic, and metalloid chemical elements have high
atomic weights and specific gravity, which can be
toxic to living things. Types of heavy metals in food
are arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), tin
(Sn), and Pb. Heavy metal content in milk can come
from plants or water consumed by livestock [13];
this will cause a buildup of metals in the body and
will migrate to humans who consume their prod
ucts. Indonesian National Standard (SNI) number
3141.1:2011 [14] requires a maximum limit of heavy
metal content in milk, namely, Pb of maximum 20
ppb, maximum Hg of 30 ppb, and maximum As of
100 ppb. Pb and As are the most dangerous heavy
metals that are carcinogenic and hematopoietic dis
orders and can cause kidney and gastrointestinal dis
orders [10,11]. Introduction organic farms will provide different benefits compared
to consuming milk from conventional farms [3]. Milk
prices derived from organic farms are higher than milk
originating from conventional farms because organic
milk is produced environmentally friendly from live
stock that does not use antibiotics, hormones, syn
thetic chemicals, and without genetic modification so
that it has potential benefits for human health [4]. The
nutritional content of organic milk differs from con
ventional milk [5], while other reports claim that there
is no difference [6,7]. Milk contains many essential nutrients, so it is
recommended to be consumed regularly by children. Consumers are looking for food that can improve their
health. One kind of milk that can be used as food with
good nutritional value is organic milk. Organic milk
has a higher selling value than milk derived from the
conventional farming system because it implements
high requirements regarding quality in the production
and management process [1]. Nowadays, the demand for organic milk is
increasing [2,3] assuming that consuming milk from Organic goat milk consumed cannot be guar
anteed to be free from various contaminants. Contaminants can come from feed or the environment
around the cage. Contaminants which can contami
nate milk are pesticide residues, antibiotics, and heavy
metals. The presence of antimicrobial residues from
a public health standpoint raises a variety of prob
lems, including, the main potential for consumers [8]. Food chemical contamination is an extensive topic of Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 1218 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf metal residues) between organic and conventional goat
milk in Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia. many exogenous chemicals that may or may not be
harmful to consumers. In general, contaminants can
be categorized as agrochemicals (especially residues
of veterinary drugs and pesticides), environmental
contaminants (especially heavy metals, persistent
organic pollutants, and natural poisons), and process
ing of contaminants (from cooking, processing, or
packaging) [9]. Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Milk compositions Milk compositions Examination of the chemical quality of organic
milk was done using parameters such as lactose con
tent, protein content, fat content, moisture content, and
nonfat dry matter. A chemical examination was car
ried out using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer
(Milkotronic, Bulgaria) device. Fatty acids were ana
lyzed using GC. Before the hydrolysis and esterifi
cation process was carried out, fat extraction of milk
samples was done using goldfish extraction. After
esterification into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), the
sample was analyzed using GC. A standard solution of
1 mg was added to 100 mL of milk sample. Then, 0.5 N
NaOH-Methanol solution of 1.5 mL was put into the
milk sample and then vortexed. The N2 gas was then
exhaled to remove O2 gas, which can oxidize FAME so
that the measurement results will be negative. The mix
ture solution was put into a water bath with a tempera
ture of 80-100°C for 5 min so that the saponification
reaction occurs. The mixture was added with 2 mL of In Indonesia, most consumers prefer to drink
raw goat milk because of the belief in better taste and
nutritional value and are useful as health-enhancing
drugs or even disease healing agents [15]. Besides
being a source of nutrition, milk can also contain dan
gerous chemical contamination. Research on nutrition
and chemical contamination in organic goat milk has
never been done in Indonesia. This research aimed to
compare nutritional values and chemical contamina
tion (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and heavy 1219 Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf Meanwhile, media culture was prepared by
pouring 8 mL on each Petri dish. Sterile disc paper
was then placed on the surface of the media culture. Each Petri dish contained five pieces of paper discs,
which consist of three pieces of disc each with 75 µL
samples to be analyzed, one paper dripped 75 μL of
standard antibiotic solution 0.01 IU/mL as a positive
control and one more paper buffer solution phosphate
as a negative control. The disc paper was placed on the
surface of the media culture. Petri dishes are closed
and incubated at different temperatures depending on
the antibiotic group. The media culture for the tetra
cycline group was incubated at 30±1°C and penicillin
group at 55±1°C, while the macrolides and aminogly
cosides at 36±1°C, for 16-18 h, respectively. Organochlorine pesticide residue test Analysis of pesticide residues in goat milk
using GC (7890A GC System, Agilent Technologies,
USA) followed the QuECheRS (Quick Easy Cheap
Effective Rugged Safe) method [16]. The 15 g goat
milk sample was put into a 50 mL centrifuge tube
(Agilent Technologies, USA), and 15 mL of ace
tonitrile containing 1% acetic acid was added, and
QuECheRS salt (Magnesium sulfate, Sodium Acetate,
QuECheRS AOAC, Agilent Technologies, USA) and
ceramic (Agilent Technologies, USA) were added and
then shaken for 1 min to homogenize all parts of the
material. The sample was extracted by shaking the
homogenizer tube for 5 min. Extraction was contin
ued by centrifuging for 13 min at 14°C at 4000 rpm. The extract was taken as much as 6 mL and put into a
dispersive SPE tube (Agilent Technologies, USA) of
15 mL with ceramic then shaken for 2 min then left for
1 min. Then, the extract was centrifuged for 10 min at
4000 rpm. As many as 1-mL supernatants were taken
into the evaporation flask to evaporate to dryness. The
residue was added with 1 mL of acetone and put into
a vial of 1.5 mL. As many as 10 µl of the solution was
ready to be injected into the GC-ECD for the detection
of pesticide residues. Heavy metal residue test Determination of Pb and As levels of heavy
metals in milk was analyzed through the extraction
process using microwave high-temperature dewater
ing after the process of ignition, precipitation, and
dissolution using HNO3 and H2O2 as oxidizers fol
lowed by measurements using an Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer/AAS (GTA 120 Graphite Tube
Atomizer; 200 series AA, Agilent Technologies, USA)
with a wavelength of 283.3 nm. The work procedure
carried out to test Pb and As heavy metal residues
were goat milk samples weighed 0.3-0.5 g and put in a
sample tube (vessel), then added 65% HNO3 as much
as 8 mL and 30% H2O2 with use a 10.0 mL pipette. The test was continued by conducting destruction
according to the Microwave Digestion System (Ethos
One, Milestone, Italy) program for ±2 h. The results
of destruction were transferred into a 50 mL measur
ing flask and added distilled water thinner to the limit. The dilution results were inserted into the AAS tool to
measure the absorbance. Testing of Pb and As heavy
metals were done by calibrating the curve by enter
ing the Pb (Lead standard solution, Merck KGaA,
Germany) and As (Arsenic standard solution, Merck
KGaA, Germany) standards into the AAS system. The
Pb and As standards were entered using concentrations
of 0.1 µg/g, 0.2 µg/g, 0.3 µg/g, 0.4 µg/g, 0.5 µg/g, and
0.6 µg/g. After obtaining a standard curve, then the
filtrate sample was entered into the AAS system. The
reading of the test results was done by integrating the
results of sample absorbance with the standard heavy
metal calibration curve [17]. Milk compositions Results
of the test were done by observing and measuring the
diameter of the zone of resistance formed around the
paper disc using the calipers. The sample was posi
tive for antibiotics if the inhibition zone was formed
≥2 mm from the edge of the paper disc. The sam
ple was negative if the inhibitory zone formed was
0-2 mm, because the inhibition zone formed <2 mm
was considered due to the presence of natural inhibi
tors. The diameter of the resistance zone in the posi
tive control was 20±1 mm, while the negative control
did not form an inhibitory zone. BF3-Methanol for the esterification reaction, then blown
again with N2 gas and put back into the 80-100°C water
bath for 5 min. The FAME mixture obtained was sep
arated by solvent extraction (liquid-liquid extraction)
by adding hexane as much as 1.5 mL and vortexed. If
there was no separation, then 3 mL of saturated NaCl
was added and vortexed. Then, the hexane phase was
taken carefully and added anhydrous Na2SO4 to bind
water. The liquid formed was then taken using a pipette
and injected into the GC (7890A GC System, Agilent
Technologies, USA) instrument. Chemical composition The test results on the chemical and physical
composition of organic and conventional goat milk
are presented in Table-1. The results of statistical
tests on the testing of fat, protein, and lactose content
showed no differences in the composition of goat milk
between organic and conventional farms. Organic
and conventional goat milk fatty acids are shown in
Table-2. Caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0)
of organic goat milk are higher than conventional goat
milk. Stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) of
conventional goat milk are higher than organic goat
milk. The total fatty acid of organic goat milk is higher
than conventional goat milk. Statistical results on the testing of fat, protein,
and lactose content showed no differences in the
composition of goat milk between organic and con
ventional farms. The result is in agreement with the
results of Malissiova et al. [3] who found that there
were no differences in the composition of fat, protein,
and lactose in goat milk from organic and conventional
farms in Greece. Feeding management or the type of
feed provided provides an opportunity for differences
in fat, protein, and lactose content. The type of grass/
forage given by organic goat farms is almost the same
with conventional goat farms. The only difference is
that in conventional farms goat given additional con
centrations of tofu pulp, tempeh pulp, and date pulp. Additional concentrates only increase the quantity of
goat milk, while the fat content remains lower than
organic goat milk, in contrast to research by Tsiplakou
et al. [19] and Tudisco et al. [20]. Table-1: Chemical and physical composition of organic
and conventional goat milk. Milk
composition
Organic
(n=18)
Conventional
(n=18)
Fat (%)
6.22±1.38
6.15±1.03
Protein (%)
3.51±0.33
3.53+0.20
Lactose (%)
3.45±0.37
3.37±0.19
Density (%)
1,03±0.002
1.03±0.002
pH
6.64±0.088a
6.59±0.079b
Freezing point
−0.424±0.044
−0.424±0.031
a,bDifferent superscript within the same row indicate a
significant difference (p<0.05). Table-1: Chemical and physical composition of organic
and conventional goat milk. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), namely, caprylic
acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) organic goat milk
statistically show differences with conventional goat
milk. Organic goat milk has higher caprylic acid and
capric acid than conventional goat milk. This result
is different from research by Tsiplakou et al. [19]. Caprylic acid and capric acid in milk are of exogenous a,bDifferent superscript within the same row indicate a
significant difference (p<0.05). Statistical analysis Organochlorine pesticide residues were not
detected in organic goat milk and conventional goat
milk (Table-3). The results of analysis based on filter
test on antibiotic residues showed that there was one
sample (5.56%) of organic goat milk detected contain
ing tetracycline antibiotics and two samples (11.11%)
of conventional goat milk containing macrolide anti
biotics (Table-4). Pb residue in organic goat milk was
50 ppb, while conventional goat milk was 80 ppb
(Table-4). Residue As in organic goat milk is 70 ppb
while conventional goat milk is 110 ppb. Using SPSS Statistics version 21.0 (IBM,
USA) , statistical analysis was performed to explore
any differences between organic and conventional
milk. Mann–Whitney U-test was used for a quan
titative variable, while the exact descriptive test
was used for quantitative. Normality of dependent
variable and residual was assessed using either
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test or Shapiro–Wilk test
without showing deviation from normality. The
result was considered significantly different statis
tically (p<0.05) [18]. Antibiotic residue test Antibiotic residues were analyzed using tri
ple bio screening test method, which refers to SNI
No. 2782.1998 [17]. The stages of the test con
sist of preparation, testing, and reading the results. Preparation included preparation of agar media,
media culture, buffer solution, and standard solution. Bioassay testing was aimed at four classes of antibi
otics, namely, tetracycline, macrolides, aminoglyco
sides, and penicillin. Media culture was used Bacillus
stearothermophilus ATCC 7953, yeast extract, pep
tone, bacto agar, and dextrose for penicillin. Media
culture was used Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, yeast
extract, beef extract, peptone, and bacto agar for tet
racycline. Media culture was used Bacillus subtilis
ATCC 6633, beef extract, peptone, and bacto agar for
aminoglycosides. Media culture was used Kocuria
rhizophila (Micrococcus luteus) ATCC 9341, yeast
extract, beef extract, peptone, bacto agar, and glucose
for macrolide. A total of 10 mL of sample was put in
a test tube. Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 1220 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf Antibiotic residue The presence of antibiotic residues in organic
and conventional goat milk is due to the use of anti
biotics as control, prevention, and treatment of infec
tions [12]. The use of antibiotics in the mother of
goats to treat mastitis and other diseases is a common
practice in dairy goat farms. The presence of antibiotic
residues is usually due to the use of antibiotics from
veterinarian prescriptions and insufficient knowledge
about appropriate doses, route of administration, or
withdrawal time [25]. The presence of antibiotic res
idues can also cause obstacles in the processing of
other dairy products and will eventually cause anti
biotic resistance to pathogenic bacteria so that it will
become a global health crisis [26,27]. origin, for example, feed and endogenous [21], which
are highly dependent on the availability of the acyl
CoA synthetase enzyme in liver tissue and mammary
tissue. Caprylic acid and capric acid are short chains of
SFA, which are relatively higher in organic goat milk
due to differences in feed consumption patterns [19]. Organic goats consume grass and legumes, while con
ventional goats in addition to forages also consume
concentrates. Tetracycline antibiotics detected in organic goat
milk are used as a treatment for mastitis. Tetracycline
is used in veterinary medicine as a broad-spectrum
antibiotic for the treatment of aerobic and Gram-
negative anaerobic bacteria, including Actinomyces,
Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Spirochete. Tetracyclines,
including chlortetracycline, are routinely used to pre
vent and treat mastitis in dairy cows [28]. Macrolides
are usually used in the treatment of mastitis in
goats [8]. The most commonly used macrolides are
erythromycin, spiramycin, and tylosin. Tylosin is used
globally as a broad spectrum of antibiotics in veteri
nary medicine against a variety of Gram-positive and
Gram-negative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria [28]. Stearic acid (C18:0) of organic goat milk is
lower than conventional goat milk. Stearic acid orig
inates from exogenous which can be synthesized in
tissues and organs of livestock including microbes in
the rumen. Stearic acid concentration is higher in con
ventional goat milk because the feed given is in the
form of concentrates, namely, tofu pulp and tempeh
pulp. The feed used as a source of long-chain SFA is
soybean meal, coconut cake, vegetable oil, olive oil,
and coconut oil [21]. In Indonesia, penicillin, tetracycline, macrolides,
and aminoglycosides are the most common antibiot
ics used in the treatment of mastitis among dairy goat
farms. Organochlorine pesticide residues The primary sources of organochlorine contam
ination in milk come from grass and feed, drinking
water, soil (partially digested during grazing), and
air [23]. These compounds in the animal’s body are
easily distributed from the digestive tract and accu
mulate mainly in the liver, adipose tissue, and milk. Organochlorine if consumed in low doses can endan
ger health resulting in hormonal disorders, reduced
intelligence, fertility disorders, and cancer [24]. Indonesia limits organochlorine residue contamina
tion in milk, namely, lindane (10 ppb), heptachlor
(6 ppb), aldrin/dieldrin (6 ppb), endosulfan (4 ppb),
and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (20 ppb). goat milk and conventional goat milk. Organochlorine pesticide
residue (ppb)
Organic
(n=18)
Conventional
(n=18)
Linden
nd
nd
Heptachlor
nd
nd
Aldrin
nd
nd
Dieldrin
nd
nd
Endrin
nd
nd
Endosulfan
nd
nd
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT)
nd
nd
Limit of detection=0.3 ppb, nd=not detected Table-4: Antibiotic and heavy metal residues in organic
and conventional goat milk. Table 4: Antibiotic and heavy metal residues in organic
and conventional goat milk. Residue
Organic
(n=18)
Conventional
(n=18)
Antibiotic (%)
Penicillin
0
0
Tetracycline
5.56
0
Aminoglycosides
0
0
Macrolide
0
11.11
Heavymetals (ppb)
Lead
50±0.13
80±0.13
Arsenic
70±0.13
110±0.19 Chemical composition Table-2: Composition of fatty acid in organic and conventional goat milk (mean±SD). Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916
1221
Type of fatty acid (FA)
Organic (% from total FA) (n=18)
Conventional (% from total FA) (n=18)
Caprylic acid (C8:0)
1.53±1.04a
1.04±0.15b
Capric acid (C10:0)
3.69±1.91a
2.66±1.44b
Lauric Acid (C12:0)
5.51±4.87
4.07±3.54
Myristic acid (C14:0)
7.49±4.46
6.01±1.91
Palmitic acid (C16:0)
24.68±4.72
24.89±4.99
Stearic acid (C18:0)
19.76±6.33a
24.87±7.25b
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)
0.39±0.46
0.49±1.00
Oleic acid (C18:1)
29.90±7.61
31.44±5.08
Linoleic acid (C18:2)
2.62±1.50a
3.70±1.79b
Linolenic acid (C18:3)
0.48±0.58
0.33±0.45
SFA
62.67±10.05a
38.66±9.42b
MUFA
30.29±7.75
31.93±5.19
PUFA
3.09±1.69a
4.03±2.04b
UFA
33.38±8.29
35.96±6.41
PUFA/SFA
0.05±0.03a
0.11±0.07b
UFA/SFA
0.55±1.19a
1.04±0.61b
a,bDifferent superscript within the same row indicate a significant difference (p<0.05). SFA=C8:0+C10:0+C12:0+
C14:0+C16:0+C18:0; MUFA=C16:1+C18:1; PUFA=C18:2+C18:3; UFA=MUFA+PUFA. SFA=Saturated fatty acid,
MUFA=Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA=Polyunsaturated fatty acids, UFA=Unsaturated fatty acid Type of fatty acid (FA)
Organic (% from total FA) (n=18)
Conventional (% Organic (% from total FA) (n=18)
Conventional (% from total FA) (n=18) Conventional (% from total FA) (n=18) 1221 Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf Organochlorine pesticide residues Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Antibiotic residue Antibiotic residue testing was carried out using
screening tests based on the SNI, namely, penicillin,
tetracycline, macrolides, and aminoglycosides as a
standard protocol [29]. The next research opportunity
is to detect the presence of other antibiotic residues
such as lincomycin, clindamycin, and pirlimycin that
are widely used in dairy goat farms in throughout the
world but are still rarely used in Indonesia. Linoleic acid (C18:2) organic goat milk is lower
than conventional goat milk. Trans fatty acids in goat
milk are the result of microbial activity in the rumen. As one of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) metab
olites, linoleic acid (C18:2) transforms into vacce
nic acid (C18:1) and lastly into stearic acid (C18:0)
through bio hydrogenation [22]. The value of mono
unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and PUFA of con
ventional goat milk is higher than that of organic
goat milk. These results differ from the results of
the study [19,20], which showed that the amount of
MUFA and PUFA of organic goat milk was higher
than conventional goat milk. Bioassay is a screening test to identify antibi
otic residues that are widely used all globally and
often used in Indonesia because they are easy to use,
fast, and relatively inexpensive. This test has a high Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 1222 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/August-2019/7.pdf sensitivity indicated by the detection limit of the
minimum concentration of antibiotic residue. The detec
tion limit of beta-lactams, tetracycline, macrolides,
and aminoglycosides was 0.00125 ppm, 0.03 ppm,
0.1 ppm, and 0.1 ppm, respectively. According to the
SNI, a bioassay is a standard procedure to detect anti
biotic residues in the dairy product. The bioassay has
the potential to determine a wide range of antibiotics
within a single test. The presence of antibiotic residues
in the media will inhibit the growth of bacteria. The
method is applied routinely in the screening of antibi
otics within the milk samples [30]. It will be better if
the authors tested the positive screening samples with
further confirmation method, such as liquid chroma
tography-tandem mass spectrometry, but such equip
ment is not available in the authors’ laboratory. respectively, in Spain. These results are also higher than
the As levels in goat milk in Italy (5 ppb) [40] but lower
than in Pakistan (403 ppb) [41]. As is the most toxic metal
found in the food chain and is related to cancer cases in
humans [28]. Conclusion The results indicated that there were no differences
in fat, protein, and lactose levels between organic and
conventional goat milk. The fatty acid profile produced
that caprylic acid, capric acid, and the amount of SFA
organic goat milk were significantly different from con
ventional goat milk. Pesticide residues are not found in
both organic and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline
antibiotics were found in organic goat milk and macro
lide antibiotic groups found in conventional goat milk. Pb residue in organic goat milk and conventional goat’s
milk and As residue in conventional goat’s milk were
higher than SNI No. 3141.1. 2011. Globally, the use of antibiotics in organic farms
is not allowed. If the antibiotics are used to treat the
disease, the organic status of the livestock will be lost
and must wait 90 days during the organic maintenance
period again. Conventional farms can use antibiotics
in the process of healing the disease, but the milk to be
sold or consumed must be based on withdrawal time. Acknowledgment The study was supported by Beasiswa Unggulan
Dosen Indonesia, Dalam Negeri, Indonesia, a scholar
ship from Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education
(known as Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan or
LPDP) for Ph.D. study of Veronica Wanniatie. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing
interests. Heavy metals have been reported to be toxic
(cytogenetic) to living organisms [33], which are not
decomposed [34] and are in the environment for a
long time [30]. Impacts on human health due to expo
sure to heavy metals are kidney failure, osteoporosis,
lung and blood cancer, bone damage, gastrointestinal,
hormonal disorders, and metabolic disorders includ
ing anemia and excretory loss of enzymes and pro
teins [35,36]. Livestock is a food source for humans;
if feed and its maintenance practices cause con
tamination with heavy metals, it will be harmful to
humans [37,38]. Heavy metals in milk usually come
from milk containers, processing, and contaminated
water that is used for agriculture, animal feed, and the
surrounding environment [39]. Heavy metals com
monly found in foods are Hg, As, Cd, and Pb [40]. Publisher’s Note Veterinary World remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published institutional
affiliation. Heavy metal residue Pb residue in organic goat milk was 50 ppb, while
conventional goat milk was 80 ppb (Table-4). These
values are above the maximum limit set in the SNI
No. 3141.1 2011, which is 20 ppb. The residual Pb of
goat’s milk is higher than in Pakistan 30-50 ppb [31]
and goat’s milk in Iran (7.37 ppb) [32]. The high
amount of Pb residue contamination in organic and
conventional goat milk is caused by pollution from the
environment. The increase in the number of Pb can be
due to the use of phosphate fertilizers for plants, the
environment around farms and highways [31]. Antibiotic residue The residual content of As in livestock is
shown to be an indicator of As content in the soil [42]. sensitivity indicated by the detection limit of the
minimum concentration of antibiotic residue. The detec
tion limit of beta-lactams, tetracycline, macrolides,
and aminoglycosides was 0.00125 ppm, 0.03 ppm,
0.1 ppm, and 0.1 ppm, respectively. According to the
SNI, a bioassay is a standard procedure to detect anti
biotic residues in the dairy product. The bioassay has
the potential to determine a wide range of antibiotics
within a single test. The presence of antibiotic residues
in the media will inhibit the growth of bacteria. The
method is applied routinely in the screening of antibi
otics within the milk samples [30]. It will be better if
the authors tested the positive screening samples with
further confirmation method, such as liquid chroma
tography-tandem mass spectrometry, but such equip
ment is not available in the authors’ laboratory. Authors’ Contributions MBS supervised the research. VW carried out
the analyses. VW wrote the manuscript with the help
of MBS, TP, and AJ. All authors read and approved
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Whether you're looking to buy a piece of land or choosing a condo in central Asia, there are certain things you need to be aware of. Liens are one of those things. Liens can severely delay or even prevent the sale of a property, so make sure you know what they are and how to uncover them before you start searching the market. This article will give you an overview of liens.
When borrowers take out a loan that requires collateral or security, what most often happens is that they will use their home. If that loan has not been replayed, the lender can impose a lien on the property which prevents the homeowner from selling the home and collecting the profits from the sale until the loan is paid off. Liens can be imposed by anyone you owe money to. They can also be imposed on anything with worth, not just houses. You can find them on cars, boats, even farm equipment.
What this means for you as a home buyer is that if the house you choose has a lien against it, the deed for the home cannot be transferred into your name until the debt has been paid off. If you are not aware of the lien, you might hand over the agreed upon price to the seller only to find when you go to register the deed that you do not really own the house because the seller has not used the money to pay off his or her creditors.
In order to impose a lien, the creditor must go to the government and pay a fee to have the lien imposed, which means the lien becomes public record. You can find out if the real estate you want to buy has a lien recorded against it by going online or going into the records department and doing a title search, which usually only costs a few dollars. If there is a lien against the property, it will turn up in the search along with the details of the debt that is owed. Never go ahead with a sale without doing a title search.
If there is a lien on the house you want to buy, this doesn't mean you cannot buy them. It just means that in order to make sure you get clear title on the property, you have to pay some or all of the price of the home to the lender. This should be a three way discussion between you, the seller, and the lender (or your lawyers).
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Tu sei qui
Pitfalls and best practices in parametric identification
21 Novembre 2017
Ex Boccherini - Piazza S. Ponziano 6 (Conference Room )
Mathematical models commonly used in science and engineering are usually provided in terms of Ordinary/Partial Differential Equations (ODEs/PDEs) or Difference Equations. The parameters of these equations are not always exactly known, and they have to be retrieved from experiments. This seminar will convey the most used methods for data-driven parameter estimation, highlighting, through the use of real-world examples, advantages and pitfalls, and proving suggestions for practical implementation and debugging. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8227266669273376}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '84820', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ESMH4P4ENEIWBJI62QTBITABHUVAKE2B', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:878fcce3-d08a-4430-bba9-fb598937468e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 21, 19, 11), 'WARC-IP-Address': '90.147.23.78', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZL3HB3SHG4X2W6HA42NCP2AUKWBFLQ42', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:834c16d1-ae48-4755-af4c-96a3df33474a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.imtlucca.it/it/eventonew/pitfalls-and-best-practices-parametric-identification', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e8fd270a-08d9-4e37-ada2-f41c8f1be8ac>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '90', 'url': 'http://www.imtlucca.it/it/eventonew/pitfalls-and-best-practices-parametric-identification', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-47-182-244.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0964348316192627', 'original_id': '0f64a5dd42052231568213a564f74028bb70f29646af72b0ad566ed3bee5dcbd'} |
Kenneth D Forbus Profile Page
Kenneth D Forbus
Ford 3-313
Kenneth D Forbus
About Me
In artificial intelligence, specifically qualitative reasoning, spatial reasoning, analogical reasoning and learning, learning from natural language, sketch understanding, and inference engine design. In cognitive science, understanding how analogy and similarity work, including the roles they play in cognitive and perceptual processes. We are developing the Companion cognitive architecture to explore the hypothesis that analogical processing is at the core of human cognition. In education, using AI techniques to create new types of educational software and activities. In human-computer interaction, the use of sketching as an interface modality to knowledge-rich systems, and the use of natural language processing with simplified English to interact with intelligent systems and reduce tailorability in cognitive simulation. In computer game design, the roles AI, and especially articulate software, can play in creating better game engines and synthetic characters.
Academic Faculty
CS - Computer Science
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Take the tour ×
There is something in the MySQL console that drives me nuts. When I hit ctrl+c to cancel the current command being typed, the terminal exits.
In every terminal I know (*nix terminals, Python, PostgreSQL), ctrl+c cancels the current command and ctrl+d exits the terminal.
This issue has been reported at 2003, and bumped several times since.
Is there a way to:
• Change this behaviour, or
• Convince the MySQL dev team that this is really annoying?
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3 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
To change the behaviour, download the source for the mysql CLI and modify the SIGINT handler to behave as you see fit, then recompile & install.
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While the ctrl+c behavior is annoying, you can still use \c to cancel the current query. You just have to train yourself that when using mysql CLI, you use \c instead of ctrl+c!
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What version of the client are you using? I remember this being the older behavior but recent versions of 5.1 and 5.5 seem to just cancel the running command without exiting the client. Then again it may be that I'm using the Percona builds. You could try just running their client if that's the case.
share|improve this answer
hmm, I'm running 5.5 Percona and ctrl+c still aborts the mysql client (not the current sql command) – Derek Downey Jul 9 '12 at 15:19
I think I misread the OP. My response was addressing a command that was in the middle of being executed, not the desire to blank you a yet to be run command. – atxdba Jul 9 '12 at 15:23
I concur with @atxdba - I'm also running the Percona build of 5.5, and ctrl+c drops out of the currently executing command. If there is no command executing, it drops out of the CLI. It may be that ctrl+d drops out of a shell that is running, but if you have a script running within the shell, that will stop if you hit ctrl+c... different commands for different apps / shells / scripts! Can be confusing... :~s – Dave Rix Jul 9 '12 at 15:38
@DaveRix I agree too, ctrl+c drops out of a query that's currently executing. But that's not what the OP was about unfortunately. – Derek Downey Jul 10 '12 at 13:55
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Your Answer
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Southwestern Palawano People Group News
Earlier this month, Bill and Donna Davis were able to check the translation of part of Romans and some other books, to ensure that they communicate clearly.
For the next week and a half, missionary Bill Davis and his Palawano co-workers will be checking how well the translation of several New Testament books is understood in the Palawano language.
Nili, a Palawano believer and co-worker to missionaries in the Philippines has a serious heart condition. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9593260884284972}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '60316', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YDIJ6XJ7YPZ7SQ4TUOL5DU4DNZO52JA6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9632610f-412c-4054-9c30-4dee7a893a65>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 25, 7, 52, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '108.171.168.203', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PRZ6IV4O34FGR65MZM6BGIFH5ZAVZDHF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:72110e21-bc4b-44dc-be2a-f198174c510f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://uk.ntm.org/southwestern-palawano-people-group/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f016a356-9ab4-4672-9913-6b83c32ef7b4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '80', 'url': 'http://uk.ntm.org/southwestern-palawano-people-group/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-13\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06787228584289551', 'original_id': '5958302637ab8cf269e27f105f7410b0354a5ab7984d44463c174ab99286bd96'} |
The CPN (UML) has called a meeting of its standing committee at 4 pm, today.
As usual, the ruling party's SC meeting will be held at the Prime Minister's official residence in Baluwatar.
The meeting will discuss the mid-term elections, the unfolding political situation and the party's internal everyday issues, party office secretary Sher Bahadur Tamang said.
It is likely that the issue of taking disciplinary action against the lawmakers who decided to endorse opposition alliance's Prime Ministerial candidate will also be tabled at the meeting.
In compliance with the Cabinet's midnight recommendation, President Bidya Devi Bhandari dissolved the House of Representatives late Saturday.
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Tag: Kia Drive Wise
Kia will launch autonomous car by 2030
Kia will launch autonomous car by 2030
Kia has announced its Drive Wise sub-brand, which will have its own fully autonomous vehicle by 2030.
The Seoul-based company expects to incorporate semi-autonomous technology into roadworthy models by the end of the decade, combining features like emergency braking, automated parking, advanced GPS, and automatic cruise control into a car that can mostly pilot itself.
Kia also has a new interface for communicating between drivers and the car called the Human Machine Interface (HMI), which introduces new features like advanced smart phone connectivity, gesture controls, and will allow the vehicle to memorize personalized settings based on the driver’s fingerprint or smartwatch.
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Man who killed three people in Colorado Walmart sentenced to life in prison without parole
Scott Ostrem was sentenced Friday in Brighton, Colo. (AP)
BRIGHTON, Colo. - The man who gunned down three people in a suburban Denver Walmart last year was sentenced Friday to life in prison without parole. But more than 11 months after the crime, his motive remains a mystery.
Scott Ostrem, 48, received three consecutive life terms plus 48 years as part of a deal he made with prosecutors to avoid a potential death sentence for first-degree murder. He did not speak at the hearing and was motionless when he was sentenced.
Ostrem walked into a Walmart in Thornton the evening of Nov. 1, 2017, opened fire and left without saying anything, witnesses said.
Investigators said he fired seven times in about 20 seconds — killing Victor Vasquez, Pamela Marques and Carlos Moreno.
"There seems to be no motive, rationale for Mr. Ostrem's actions," said Judge Mark D. Warner, who heard emotional testimony from relatives of all three victims who died.
The only explanation the judge could offer was that Ostrem has a "black and malignant heart, fatally bent on spreading fear, misery and death in our community."
Vasquez, 26, of Denver, had two young daughters and a third child on the way, according to a GoFundMe page set up to collect donations. Marques, 52, was a grandmother, also from Denver. Moreno, 66, was a grandfather and maintenance worker from Thornton.
"If he (Ostrem) would have walked up to Carlos that day in the store and told Carlos, 'I'm having problems. I need help,' Carlos would have helped him, as Carlos would have helped anybody," Alice Acosta, Moreno's sister-in-law, said after the hearing.
Nothing has emerged publicly to suggest a reason for the attack.
The victims were Hispanic and Ostrem is white, but prosecutors did not charge him with a hate crime. Police said they found nothing to suggest the shootings were related to terrorism. After Ostrem underwent a mental health evaluation, a judge ruled he was competent to stand trial.
"I think we had an individual who is a psychopath," Adams County District Attorney Dave Young said after the hearing. "I think he wanted to kill people. He practiced it. He went to the shooting range that afternoon, and he fulfilled what he wanted to do."
Ostrem's stepsister, Michelle Willoughby of Cocoa Beach, Florida, told The Denver Post that Ostrem was tormented by voices in his head after taking LSD at a party in 1988.
Willoughby said she did not know what might have triggered the shootings. After the drug episode, she said, Ostrem transformed from an outgoing, sociable and athletic person to a recluse haunted by voices saying the devil was after him.
"He is not cold-blooded," she said. "He hears these voices. Honestly, in my heart, I believe there is only so much a person can take."
Ostrem was a sheet-metal worker with an unremarkable past. He had minor run-ins with police, including a 1999 charge of resisting arrest that was dismissed. He filed for bankruptcy in 2015, listing $47,000 in income and more than $85,000 in debts.
He left conflicting impressions at work and at his apartment building.
For three years, Ostrem worked quietly and without trouble fabricating metal flashing for roofs, said David Heidt of B&M Roofing. But at midmorning on the day of the shootings, he left his work station without explanation.
Neighbors described him as a hostile loner who cursed at them and often carried a shotgun in and out of his third-floor apartment.
"He didn't seem to have anybody," said Teresa Muniz, who also lived at the complex. "Being angry all the time. That's what he seemed like, always angry." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.98654705286026}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '85691', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DQ4PLTNWAXBBM6RKEICZ6PYULKQJU4X4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:61439ca9-df28-4752-b6aa-aadc1d46bd8c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 21, 40, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.220.148.186', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QKKC57S3AHKQUGMRSNTSNMPKEXKFG7TW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5a24ea46-7031-451b-b6d8-52b0be4bf07a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/ny-news-walmart-killings-sentencing-20181021-story.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:94ae1112-552a-4368-af89-8c7603777196>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '626', 'url': 'https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/ny-news-walmart-killings-sentencing-20181021-story.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-234-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022593259811401367', 'original_id': '918103cd833f33349c1c6972d071372607661aa23159f9047eaa8a474e02f6d5'} |
This DIY Lawn Twister Mat Will Make Your Next Outdoor Party Legendary
Is it just us, or is playing Twister indoors kinda, oh, hazardous? Someone’s always falling off the mat and knocking over a lamp or crashing into a coffee table. It’s gotta be the most dangerous family game known to man — but it’s also the most fun.
When you take the party outside onto the lawn, however, you remove all the hazards and are free to fall as you please. The best part? Making your own outdoor mat is super-easy. All you need are a few cans of spray paint, and you’re on your way to cooking up the best outdoor shindig you’ve had in years.
More: 7 Halloween Playlists for Every Type of Party
• 4 Cans of spray paint (1 can each in red, yellow, blue and green)
• 5 Sheets poster paper
• A marker & scissors
Make your template
1. Use a round object, such as a plate, to trace a circle in the center of your poster paper.
Outdoor Twistter
2. Place your tracing object where you believe the next circle will go, and trace the arch that overhangs on the paper.
3. Cut your shapes, grab your spray paint and head outside!
Lay out the grid
1. Gather your template and one can of spray paint for each color (red, blue, yellow, and green).
2. Repeat this process, changing colors as you enter each new row.
3. Repeat, repeat, repeat.
4. Duplicate this process until you have a total of four rows, one in each color with six circles each.
More: A Simple Step-by-Step DIY Guide to Spray-Painting Mason Jars
No spinner? No problem!
We all know that Twister is a game of odds, and those odds are handed to us through use of a spinner. But, if you don’t already own the indoor version of the game, what other options do you have? We came up with a simple way to accomplish the same game of odds with paint chips and paint.
1. To begin, collect matching paint chips from your local hardware store. You will need two matching chips per color, in red, blue, green and yellow.
2. Create a template in the shape of a hand and one in the shape of a foot. Use white acrylic paint to stencil the shape onto your paint chip square.
3. Label one hand and one foot from each color with an “R”, and the other set with an “L.” This will become your instructions for “Left foot green,” etc.
4. Place your pieces into a bowl or jar that is large enough to stir them around. Between each play, stir your fingers through the pieces, and draw them blindly to create the random draw that would be found if you had the spinner.
Originally published June 2013. Updated October 2017.
Comments are closed. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9192498922348022}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '135599', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZK2GMGEAKCVZV3KD5VL3YNQ22RXUWIPV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c4081fbd-b198-49af-9c1b-61d9c3b9fa60>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 21, 18, 16, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.250.217', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4KML2GE6WIC4NZIRXOXZ7NJCGWJBK2N4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d1674b92-31f2-4f33-83f5-40109239e77d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.sheknows.com/living/articles/996757/how-to-make-outdoor-twister/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4ffe9969-9b98-454e-a3ef-91989e93cbeb>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '472', 'url': 'https://www.sheknows.com/living/articles/996757/how-to-make-outdoor-twister/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-149-151-244.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021648526191711426', 'original_id': '4aa629ec06d980ebee41f1a2826367a4ece73ea836f98d8870fb348aee2477a2'} |
Alabama
Spring football mania...
After almost every season, reporters (such as myself) write season wrap-up stories. Obits, they are called. As spring football has really become a season unto itself, the Birmingham News did a similar story on that season in today's paper, albeit from a national perspective.
Alabama, of course, is second in 2008 with 78,200, just behind Nebraska's 80,149. You know what's crazy? The Cornhuskers made $820,000 from their game. That's almost a million dollars, if you're scoring at home.
Yet the Crimson Tide doesn't charge.
That's because AD Mal Moore wants it to be an opportunity for fans who can't get off the 7,000 or so season ticket waiting list to come to see a (kinda) game. Who is right? Is it more helpful for the university to have the money or to have the goodwill created by letting fans in for free?
I'm not sure. Auburn made its decision, charging five bucks and getting a crowd of 35,000. Alabama made its choice, too, coming down on the other side. A couple other interesting numbers:
The national average for spring games was 12,703. The SEC, meanwhile, led the way among the conferences with an average of 31,111. That's more than 46 D-I teams averaged last season. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2a21cbf2161d213d6315a9f83c0cad43166801e257dab5716130d7a67b3e923d'} |
Look at this NASA-taken picture. Tell me what you see at the top of the picture. Right… (Purple) lens flare! If it can happen on a picture taken by a camera used by NASA, why could it not happen on an iPhone or any other cameras for that matter?
Because mindlessly jumping on the "Apple sucks" bandwagon in order to score cheap approval points of others is important to some.
Gosh! Have we really gone this far? So far that we all believed that the "it just works" mentality has entitled us to just complain about any thing, and blame this on a design defect?
The simple fact that people are complaining about lens flares and chromatic aberrations just shows how much they absolutely do not know how lens, light, refractions and other high-school physics work. They probably were sleeping in class, or just simply erased those teachings from their memory because they classified this as "Why am I learning this, it will not be useful to me in real life".
What's next? Are they going to complain that we cannot use the phone under water, and that we cannot make phone calls because the battery is dead?
Lens flares, chromatic aberrations, etc., are as old as lenses and cameras. That means centuries. Why do you think photographers use polarised filters, take multiple shots, and use a plethora of accessories when working with intense light source? For the fun of it, perhaps?
Cameras use many lenses. Light trapped between lens components, the coating of the lenses, the materials use to fabricate the lenses, can all create aberrations in the output. And this holds true for cheap cameras to very expensive ones.
Look at this NASA-taken picture. Tell me what you see at the top of the picture. Right… (Purple) lens flare! If it can happen on a picture taken by a camera used by NASA, why could it not happen on an iPhone or any other cameras for that matter?
Are you seriously comparing a NASA camera, which probably has a massive lens aperture and sensor to accomodate a far wider scope, to the iPhone? And justifying the purple effect on the iPhone? This NASA camera can probably still capture the sun in the other hemisphere while it's setting in one. Jesus probably used the iPhone 5 to capture the Big Bang?
Funny, the only likes you've got on your post are from the well known iToots, who'll toot their horn no matter what.
While I've never experienced this problem on any of my iPhones up to & including the 4S or any of my android phones, it seems odd to me that every time apple have a problem with their devices, their response is often, "all phones do it, so shut up"
While I've never experienced this problem on any of my iPhones up to & including the 4S or any of my android phones, it seems odd to me that every time apple have a problem with their devices, their response is often, "all phones do it, so shut up"
And I've never had it happen on my iPhone 5, so I guess it never happens. Glad we got that one sorted out!
Are you seriously comparing a NASA camera, which probably has a massive lens aperture and sensor to accomodate a far wider scope, to the iPhone? And justifying the purple effect on the iPhone? This NASA camera can probably still capture the sun in the other hemisphere while it's setting in one. Jesus probably used the iPhone 5 to capture the Big Bang?
Funny, the only likes you've got on your post are from the well known iToots, who'll toot their horn no matter what.
I bloody damn well am! Flares can happen with any camera. So what's your point? | mini_pile | {'original_id': '61de8a49e59609c6c5514efae9ed45867a80afd638d02a01770878ba92b02b17'} |
Brazil's currency, the real, is up 5% since the end of June in dollar terms. It has increased 100% since 2003, which is a larger move than the Japanese yen made over the period. The real could be the world's most overvalued major currency according to Goldman Sachs via Reuters.
Japan recently capitulated and intervened in the currency market. Brazil is capitulating as well, stepping up its actions to weaken the value of the real and prop up the U.S. dollar.
Last Wednesday the central bank began having two auctions daily, buying more dollars each time, and on Thursday bought more dollars than it bought over the course of February.
Traders now believe the next step would be to call three auctions on one day and then proceed to so-called "reverse swap" auctions, a form of derivative which would have the same effect as buying dollars in the futures market.
If the real weakens much more, the central bank could "shift its policy somewhat, perhaps calling three (auctions) or even more," said Mario Battistel, the head of currency trading at Fair Corretora brokerage in Sao Paulo.
There are other options as well:
"If it doesn't manage to control the real by buying directly on the spot market, the bank will go into the futures market and do reverse swaps," Battistel said.
Brazil's main newspaper, O Estado de S. Paulo, reported early on Friday that a government source said the bank could call a series of surprise daily auctions.
Below is a chart of the real, so far intervention hasn't been working. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9664579629898072}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '83068', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:K2AAKQ6O3OGJFA52MF5WLWUVEWAAQ4QQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:109f2232-3e34-45d8-938c-b62fff7713f0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 21, 13, 39, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.32.64', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PKODJ44IH6I3T35KSG5FNMW5JINEDEDQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0f6a2cfa-1466-48c3-b9dc-332fb7101ea6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.businessinsider.com/brazil-currency-intervention-2010-9', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:10f02566-ee1f-4695-b83e-ad14fa5b414e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '259', 'url': 'http://www.businessinsider.com/brazil-currency-intervention-2010-9', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-185-151.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021506309509277344', 'original_id': 'ad6fc590fe2fd732d1f66b324ae2b240e70f81aca02faaf0362d94f5c2ece81a'} |
Inpatient Vicodin Rehab and Detox Treatment Centers in Woonsocket Rhode Island
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Facts, Fiction and Suicide Prevention Untreated
suicide prevention untreated
The Good, the Bad and Suicide Prevention Untreated
There is not one cause of suicide. Around the world, it is a public health issue and is the leading cause of death for young people. Suicide is.
Once deterred from suicide, people don't try again. Suicide is awful but it's often preventable. In actuality, it is caused by an untreated mental health condition. People die by suicide every year.
Suicide Prevention Untreated and Suicide Prevention Untreated - The Perfect Combination
The most frequent cause for suicide is depression, and cyberbullying was shown to be associated with thoughts. It's on the rise among Americans. It is the sort of departure, she says. It's not inexplicable and is not simply the result of stress or difficult life circumstances. More people die by suicide than car crashes, but due to the stigma connected with these deaths, the general public is unaware of exactly how common suicide is. You may keep in mind that suicide is the third cause of death in adolescence you can't imagine your little one may grow into one of these figures. If somebody you know is suicide, direct questions regarding how, when, and where he or she plans to commit suicide can provide.
The Suicide Prevention Untreated Cover Up
Ignorance isn't bliss it is fatal, when it has to do with suicide. Suicide can be avoided. Those contemplating it often don't think they can be helped, so you might need to be at offering help proactive. It's so complex that in case you don't grab all sections of it, you may be missing something, McGlothlin says.
Top Suicide Prevention Untreated Secrets
Anyone may be change-agent about suicide. Suicide is a complicated behaviour and generally can't be credited to a cause or event. It is one of ways that a service member can perish. It can be avoided by increasing what are known as factors in a personas life. It is a topic that must be brought out of the darkness to be able to save lives. It is not a defect of character.
Top Suicide Prevention Untreated Choices
There is not a single cause to suicide. It is not a topic of conversation around the jobsite. It is a significant problem. Oftentimes, suicides aren't reported and it can be challenging to decide whether or not the death of a specific individual was intentional. Accepting the total effect of my brothers decision to commit suicide has been a valuable part of my own healing strategy.
Individuals wish to help out with preventing suicide, but most don't understand what to do. In actuality feel after openly discussing their ideas and feelings. Most people that are suicidal do provide warnings, even though some suicides occur with no outward warning.
Prevention refers to greater awareness, education, and support about the behaviours and risk factors which may bring about suicide. Prevention refers to decreasing the threat of self-inflicted harm with the aim. To some level, suicide prevention in schools starts with the government, McGlothlin states.
Prescription Painkillers | Cocaine
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Call 855-880-8977 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '115', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9315888285636902}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '11753', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KUCWKH4HGPRVZVIMPICIRNFHYUU2L6QJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8dbebf36-de05-40a0-a419-86548cbc4d39>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 19, 22, 16, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.22.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TSB3YW44GVR4SWSTUHOH6RJE3Q5LO2BZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fb310a49-2c08-428b-af64-bc2105e5baf7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://narcoticsawareness.com/treatment-programs/rhode-island/residential-recovery-facilities-woonsocket/inpatient-vicodin-rehab-detox-centers.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2b412e9-040e-4c06-bdf1-8b600a17c288>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '672', 'url': 'https://narcoticsawareness.com/treatment-programs/rhode-island/residential-recovery-facilities-woonsocket/inpatient-vicodin-rehab-detox-centers.php', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-182-67-179.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.038135528564453125', 'original_id': 'cc5e67bb5aeb74ce27548aa2b43ffd3781896d6c80109b81b9d064ca83f2e96d'} |
Screech In lyrics - Come From Away
Screech In lyrics
Screech In
Now there's a solemn old tradition for admission or
audition to transition from a Come From Away.
To be a Newfoundlander!
The only other way to any rate is pass away and pray to fate
and wait to reincarnate as a Newfoundlander.
Hey, hey come on inside, nothing ventured nothing tried!
Only a couple of people cried.
You'll be a Newfoundlander. Hey, hey sit down right here you'll feel better in a year.
Try to ignore your doubts and fears...
and you'll be a Newfoundlander.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Now we needs a couple of volunteers.
Who wants to become a Newfoundlander?
MAN: Right Here!
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Good man! Who else?
KEVIN: I have no idea why I put up my hand and Kevin's like,
KEVIN: Oh my god. Are you serious? Oh my god you are serious!
KEVIN: Yes I'm serious. Don't do it if you don't want to.
KEVIN: I won't.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Where you from buddy?
KEVIN: Los Angelas.
DIANE: We want to be Newfoundlanders!
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Alright. We're you folks from.
DIANE: Texas.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Texas! What part of Texas are you from buddy?
NICK: No, no I not from--
DIANE: I'm from Texas, he's from England.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Wait, now how does that work?
NICK: How does what work?
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Well, how does your marriage work with you being in England,
her in Texas?
DIANE: We're not married.
NICK: Not married.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Oh, i'm sorry. I assumed you were married. Well would you like to be?
DIANE: Well why not!
NICK: Diane had had 2 beers by then so it was probably the alcohol talking.
DIANE: I've never had more than 1 beer at a time before so it's probably the alcohol talking.
NICK: I went and got her 2 more beers.
Now the first part is the easiest we'll soon get to the queasiest.
I'll need you to repeat this mess.
When you become a Newfoundlander!
Cause we speaks a different language son. We have some messes and some rum.
You'll have to try a good cod tongue
When you become a Newfoundlander!
Hey, hey just do your best, nothings scary, nothing yet.
You'll have to change the way your dressed.
And you'll be a Newfoundlander! Hey, hey just sing along nothing venture just prolong.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: There's 30 verses in this song!
And you'll be a Newfoundlander.
Ladies and Gentlemen this is screech!
All the locals were tossing 'em back without a quiver so he does too
and lets out an ear piercing *howls*. Everybody comes to see what's happening says,
"What was that ungodly screech?"
and now it's your turn. Are you ready? Good.
All together now! One (one), two (two) three (three), down the hatch!
KEVIN: Screech is basically bad Jamaican Rum.
MAN: Screech is horrific!
WOMAN: Screech is delicious!
MAN: And then they brought the cod!
KEVIN: The cod!
NICK: The cod!
DIANE: The cod!
Now with every transformation comes a tiny bit of risk.
You've got to walk the plank and there'll be blood or there'll be bliss.
And it's a shame to be a Newfoundlander, every person's weird so don't be dumb,
just take the plunge, go on kiss the fish.
Ladies and Gentlemen this is a freshly caught Newfoundland cod,
and if you want to become an honorary Newfoundlander,
you'll have to give her a smooch. ONE!
KEVIN: If you kiss that I am never kissing you again!
KEVIN: I'll risk it!
NICK: I'm not kissing a fish.
DIANE: Come on. I will if you will.
NICK: Oh my god. Fine.
DIANE: I can't do it.
NICK: What? I just did.
NEWFOUNDLANDER: Now you've got to kiss the cod! It's a vital part of the ceremony.
DIANE: I can't do it.
I'll make you a deal. Either you kiss this fish,
or else you kiss this English man you're not married to.
Hey, hey, come out tonight take a risk, and take a ride! Jump right in, we can
both be tired, and you'll be a Newfoundlander!
Hey, hey come on lets spore, nothing ventured nothing sore. After it's over,
out the door, and you'll be a Newfoundlander!
After it's over, you'll remember, and you're a Newfoundlander!
Last Update: June, 24th 2017
Screech In
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Musical: Come From Away. Song: Screech In. Broadway musical soundtrack lyrics. Song lyrics from theatre show/film are property & copyright of their owners, provided for educational purposes | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '16', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9237781763076782}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34681', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CD6I6C22FRV3IRCFVGN6NAVAHG642VGM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:25602e94-0e09-4dab-9d30-47ea400c4775>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 18, 17, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.107.192.194', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ISGULYK6RZSKWJLR5FJKPPY6FUGYYMYG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:036b1841-b9f9-4211-bc69-8f5978065221>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/comefromaway/screechin.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e36e0e05-270a-4e5b-8180-f0e7912705c2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '768', 'url': 'https://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/comefromaway/screechin.htm', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-174-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3320595622062683', 'original_id': 'f0bacaf392d523044b0414b6e5b34966652d0662d773b56ef2f751916dc706fe'} |
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Reviewer:
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Rating:
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Date:
8/20/2012
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I gave this a high rating
because I think its a great
idea and it works well on the
right car. If you have an SUV
thisll be great. It fits on my
girlfriends SUV, but not on my
Outback; insufficient wheel
arch clearance. And its my car
we use for the boats.
Also, the finish is shiny
black paint, very slippery,
and easy to miss and bark your
shins. A bright safety yellow,
non-slip finish would be good
so you dont drive away with it
on there too.
Otherwise, what a great idea
and well-made.
Customer Reviews
Reviewer:
andy
Rating:
4
Date:
8/20/2012
Review:
I gave this a high rating
because I think its a great
idea and it works well on the
right car. If you have an SUV
thisll be great. It fits on my
girlfriends SUV, but not on my
Outback; insufficient wheel
arch clearance. And its my car
we use for the boats.
Also, the finish is shiny
black paint, very slippery,
and easy to miss and bark your
shins. A bright safety yellow,
non-slip finish would be good
so you dont drive away with it
on there too.
Otherwise, what a great idea
and well-made. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'dac0be0664d1ce546124d6841d2a3c510a5242f1af4e57e6366775af42daa397'} |
Why do I need a logical file in DB2/400?
db240050 pointsBadges:
• AS/400 query for logical file
I have one join file and one logical file. It is possible to create logical file on join logical file?
anupsshelke420 pointsBadges:
• Key list in AS/400
I have defined 3 keyfields in my logical file and I'm using them in my program as keylist parameters. Is it possible to perform chain operation using first and third keyfield? If not can you please tell me the other alternative?
Ajit256010 pointsBadges:
• SAVLIB parameters
Hello friends, I need to know, How can I use the command SAVLIB and omit Logical Files ? Happy New Year to all.
PutzGrilla800 pointsBadges:
• Real-time applications of Multi format logical files
Could you please where do we use Multi-format logical files in real time applications. I would mean that I would like to know the scenarios where do we exactly use Multi format logical files...
sudheer794315 pointsBadges:
• question based on JOIN logical file.
I have one physical file having 4 members (multi members) inside it with account_no as key field name and one more simple physical file also has same key field name i.e. account_no. SO MY QUESTION IS CAN WE JOIN MULTI MEMBER PF AND SIMPLE PF ? IF YES THEN HOW ? IF NO THEN WHY ? THANKS IN...
anupsshelke420 pointsBadges:
• Logical File
Hi, I have written two online programs. The first one uses PRDATA-FILE. The second one uses a logical file based on PRDATA-FILE. When the screen of the first online program is displayed, the screen of the second online program does not display records. Is this because PRDATA-FILE is locked...
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Home Insurance South Dakota
Home Insurance South Dakota
South Dakota is one of the most sparsely populated places in the whole country. It’s a lot of wilderness and farm land, and it’s full of people who like to be by themselves on their land with their families. There are some small cities but the largest city in SD is the size of some large towns in other more populous states. South Dakota is certainly a special place with beautiful landscapes and lots of wildlife. That’s why it’s so important to have home insurance South Dakota when you are a homeowner. The rates in South Dakota are pretty low in general, about $200 lower than the average price for usual Americans, but there is still a lot of risk for weather events since the state sees some of the most extreme weather patterns around. The winters are cold and full of snow leaving plenty of opportunities for frozen pipes and roof damage from heavy snow. The summers are hot and humid but have plenty of strong storms that can do a lot of damage, including wind and hail. The eastern part of South Dakota is part of what is known as “tornado alley.” This is an area where tornadoes are quite frequent. No resident wants to be without home insurance in South Dakota!
The state is home to some iconic monuments. Mount Rushmore is a man made attraction, but there are also plenty of other things to see that are a bit more natural. Badlands National Park is probably the most well known spot in the state for enjoying nature, but there is also Wind Cave National Park.
The cheapest place for Home Insurance South Dakota is Sioux Falls. Luckily this is the largest city and it’s where nearly ⅕ of the residents of the state even live! It’s the center for everything in the state including education and culture, and so it’s a good thing that the rates are so cheap there, because usually cities see higher home insurance rates! Another great affordable place for home insurance is Huron, SD. This is a place known for a large statue of a ring necked pheasant at a liquor store in town. It has only 12,000 people living in it but that’s quite a large town for a state like this!
The most expensive places for home insurance South Dakota include towns like Belle Fourche. This town whose name means pretty fork in French has extreme weather and it is not too close yet not too far to many things. The other place that has some expensive home insurance is called Sturgis. This place is only a town of 7,000 for most of the year but during a week in August 500,000 people come to town in order to attend a motorcycle convention in the state.
South Dakota is a very special place to live and homeowners there know that is so. There are lots of things to do and ways to get dirty, get snowy in the winter and get wet in the summers. However, you will be able to enjoy all of the things this state has to offer much better if you don’t have to worry about what might happen to your house just because of the weather or a theft that you can’t control. You will be able to sleep easier at night in your South Dakota home knowing that if something does happen, you’ll be covered. Try some of the companies that offer home insurance in the state and get the best quote possible for your home when you need it. There are quite a few high quality options. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9717205166816713}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '66242', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KLAVFPUBODXHNSIQWIWW2MGS7FDLYBGA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:48bf8560-d3aa-45ad-8dad-02359a28a754>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 3, 30, 6, 13, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.241.224.252', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CJ7IJ5LCOOTQY5SLHZB7YNF4Y7SNE2N3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:424238e8-2d24-4298-bf7d-b5984dfda373>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.americaninsurance.com/home-insurance-south-dakota', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:740eb11d-8a56-4939-8799-1eca80f01277>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '624', 'url': 'https://www.americaninsurance.com/home-insurance-south-dakota', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-170.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02345484495162964', 'original_id': 'd075ee603b8ad88d8fbc3f2ab73ff4b76bd3757955e4e4c53453cb964355d028'} |
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Ghana Stock Exchange API
The Ghana Stock Exchange API allows users to query real-time trading statistics, get in-depth market data and analysis, and authentic company information. It also allows users to quickly and easily integrate the stock exchange's market data into third-party applications using REST-style calls. The API returns JSON, JSONP, and XML. The service is free to use. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8372859954833984}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '105369', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XJMRLVP2K4A4VAVBW56W3E7JHNQ7HIBK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a31b9c96-001a-4123-9226-aaaa1f5404da>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 2, 26, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.192.36.198', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QB6OCGIE7SQ4DVHSJUVHPHITH4TUIRUX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:754dddc3-fe36-46ae-acfe-a0ff762b0cf2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.programmableweb.com/api/ghana-stock-exchange/frameworks', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:da8309d7-d7e1-4e72-8d2c-6c39b1e98dd1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '62', 'url': 'https://www.programmableweb.com/api/ghana-stock-exchange/frameworks', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-113-176-82.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9471177458763123', 'original_id': 'e26fbb120c1a22da5785a9c34b6b64b5f50f51841f7c20a19dc592f69d771b0a'} |
Species Lines Blur Between Two Sparrows in New England’s Tidal Marshes
(June 17, 2015, The Auk: Ornithological Advances)—Among birds, the line between species is often blurry. Some closely related species interbreed where their ranges overlap, producing hybrid offspring that can even backcross with either parent species, until a whole population of mixed-species birds forms in the area and creates what’s known as a “hybrid zone.” In the coastal marshes of New England, this has been happening between two sparrows—Saltmarsh Sparrow and Nelson’s Sparrow. A new study published this week in The Auk: Ornithological Advances shows that appearance alone is not enough to identify these hybrid zone birds: there is no single, intermediate “phenotype” or physical appearance common to all of the first-generation hybrids found, and birds from further backcrossed generations were often indistinguishable from the parent species. Fifty percent of birds identified as “pure” Nelson’s or Saltmarsh Sparrows in the field turned out be the descendants of hybrids when their DNA was analyzed.
Jennifer Walsh and Adrienne Kovach of the University of New Hampshire, along with Gregory Shriver of the University of Delaware, Brian Olsen of the University of Maine, and Kathleen O’Brien of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, collaborated on this project to capture and examine the birds in the hybrid zone on the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Each bird was classified based on its appearance as a Saltmarsh Sparrow, Nelson’s Sparrow, or a hybrid, and then a blood sample was taken so that the accuracy of this identification could be double-checked with DNA.
“Hybridization between species is quite common in birds and we often assume that the hybrids are going to be obvious intermediates between parental species. By combining detailed data on each bird’s appearance with genetic data that clearly identifies hybrids, Walsh and her colleagues have nicely demonstrated that the world is much more complex and that, in the case of these sparrows, the number of hybrids is much higher than we previously knew. This result is particularly relevant given the threats that saltmarsh nesting birds currently face,” says Chris Elphick of the University of Connecticut, an expert on tidal marsh birds who was not involved with the study.
Walsh and her colleagues recommend that future studies of hybrid zone birds need to include DNA sampling to confirm field identifications. Both species are considered high priorities for conservation in the region, and the Saltmarsh Sparrow in particular is considered globally vulnerable to extinction. In order to ensure that both species have a secure future, the first step is making sure we know for certain which is which.
“Sampling for this study was a big undertaking,” says Walsh, who carried out the study as part of her Ph.D. work. “We sampled 34 sites, spanning about 750 km. Traveling to and accessing all the sites was logistically challenging and we had a lot of support from USFWS and other conservation partners. Every marsh is hugely different in terms of bird density and accessibility. You never really know what to expect until you get there—some days we would trap 10 birds in 2 hours, some days we would trap 2 birds in 12 hours! In general, salt marshes are challenging too—there are a lot of holes and mud and ditches, and you are always working around the tides. It is amazing how quickly the marsh changes—very accessible at low tide, but at high tide you can find yourself swimming back.”
Saltmarsh Sparrows (shown) produce hard-to-identify hybrids with Nelson's Sparrows. Image credit: K. Papanastassiou
Saltmarsh Sparrows (shown) produce hard-to-identify hybrids with Nelson’s Sparrows. Image credit: K. Papanastassiou
Relationship of phenotypic variation and genetic admixture in the Saltmarsh–Nelson’s sparrow hybrid zone is available at http://www.aoucospubs.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-14-299.1. Contact: Adrienne I. Kovach, adrienne.kovach@unh.edu.
About the journal: The Auk: Ornithological Advances is a peer-reviewed, international journal of ornithology that began in 1884 as the official publication of the American Ornithologists’ Union. In 2009, The Auk was honored as one of the 100 most influential journals of biology and medicine over the past 100 years, and it currently holds the top impact factor among ornithological journals.
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '53', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9397352933883668}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '61582', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:K7BGPUFTIPTVOQA3KIM7M2RRAUCSJEWC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bcdf91ed-4a8d-45df-8b6b-b63ed9edda66>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 7, 32, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.25', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XLHN43AWD6ADE4HJQWDY6DNZ4GYEI5YR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf70837d-ead0-4b75-b4c4-ab98d5d20cd9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://americanornithologypubsblog.org/2015/06/17/species-lines-blur-between-two-sparrows-in-new-englands-tidal-marshes/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5aacbafc-d1ea-4255-baa7-03809aa90231>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '732', 'url': 'https://americanornithologypubsblog.org/2015/06/17/species-lines-blur-between-two-sparrows-in-new-englands-tidal-marshes/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-93-215-215.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020490288734436035', 'original_id': '443534e099e0b4ae8dacad3ae6e1ff6a658deaf95d5d2619049a01d54ed95db5'} |
Digitized by VjOOQIC CHARACTER OF THE PRIMITIVE STYLE. 411 But it is in its towers that the Primitive Romanesque of England has left its most precious relics. Some of the existing examples of the style are undoubtedly of later date than the Norman Conquest ; but that fact, when rightly understood, only proves more distinctly that England had a distinct form of Romanesque before the Norman Conquest. Of others, which have no likeness whatever to Norman work, whose builders cannot be conceived to have seen any Nor- man detail, no one can reasonably doubt that they are older than the Norman Conquest, though it would be vain to attempt to fix exact dates to each in cases where we have no documentary evidence. Such, among others, are the towers of Earl's Barton in Northamptonshire and of Barton-on-the-Humber, of Ovingham and Bywell in North- humberland, of Sompting in Sussex, and of Saint Benet's at Cam- bridge, and the tower into which some hand later than Benedict and earlier than Ealdwine carried up the venerable western porch of Monkwearmouth.* Among these towers there are many points of unlikeness, and a minute examination might easily range them under several classes; but they all have a common character, a character which parts them off from the Norman towers which followed them, and which connects them with a large class of towers in Italy and elsewhere in Western Europe. All alike are tall, hard, unbuttressed ; their orna- ment, when they have any, is sought in the hard, and commonly square, strips. In most of them even this kind of enrichment is but sparingly used, while sometimes, as in the famous tower of Earl's Barton, it is lavished to an extent which produces a striking effect of barbaric grandeur. But the distinctive feature of all is the windows. Two, sometimes more, round-headed lights are grouped together and divided by mid-wall shafts, or sometimes balusters. The thing is as unlike any Norman work as it can be ; not only are the details different, but the feeling is as unlike as possible. These early towers have a strongly marked character of their own, a character strikingly unlike their Norman successors in England, but no less strikingly like a large class of towers in various countries of Europe. be sought in Italy. The Primitive towers of England, Germany, Bur- gundy, and Aquitaine are all reproductions of the campaniles of Italy. Our examples are plain and rude ; but this is simply because all our minsters of this age have given way to later successors. SchafFhausen and Saint Zeno itself diflfer from our " Anglo-Saxon " towers, not as members of a diflferent class, but as superior members of the same class. Between the English towers and the smaller and ruder Italian towers there is hardly any diflference ; there are towers in Lincoln and in Verona which might change places and still seem at home. In all of them, great and small, there is the same general character; the same hard, square outline, the same lack of buttresses, the same mid-wall shafts. But the English towers are invariably square ; the round towers of Ravenna found no imitators, unless any of those of East-Anglia can be shown to be of so early a date. How far the Ravenna Xy^ influenced the architecture of Ireland is another and a more difficult question. If the Irish round towers are copied from those of Italy, they have forsaken their models in almost everything except their mere shape. The Italian towers are tall and slender ; but there is nothing in Italy, in England, or even in Germany, to compare with the height and slenderness of the Irish examples. We are tempted to call this height and slenderness exaggerated; but that word hardly applies to buildings which have so strongly marked a character of their own, and which really can be compared to nothing in the world but themselves. This Primitive style, which England, like the rest of Western Europe, borrowed from Italy, underwent a dififerent fate in Italy and in Germany from that which befell it in Gaul and Britain. In Italy the native Romanesque gave way, in the thirteenth century, to a helpless imitation of the Northern Grothic. Still the type of the Italian campanile never wholly died out ; towers reproducing its general type, but with details of the fourteenth, fifteenth, or even sixteenth century, are found both at Venice and at Verona ; and the noblest example of the square campanile in its later form, the mighty bell-tower of Spfilato, a thousand years later in date, is still thoroughly kindred in spirit with the arcades of Jovius over which it soars. And before the Italian Romanesque gave way to the corrupt Italian Gothic, it produced at Lucca and Pisa a style of singular beauty by falling back on a more classical style of column. In Germany too, though no stricdy new style was brought in in the twelfth century, yet the buildings of that century show a marked improvement on those of the eleventh. The later German style, the Romanesque of the great churches on the Rhine, is essentially the same as the earlier style of Hildesheim, Soest, and WUrzburg, but it is the same style refined and improved. With its mid- wall shafts, its^ double splays, its massive square piers, its rare use of distinctly Norman ornaments, it stands distinct from Digitized by VjOOQIC PRIMITIVE ROMANESQUE ON THE CONTINENT. 413 the Norman and English architecture of the twelfth century. In Germany in short the Primitive style lived on through the twelfth century, and was the immediate predecessor of the Gothic. In Gaul and Britain the case was widely diflferent. We have abundant evidence that the Primitive form of Romanesque prevailed in all parts of the Gaulish lands. One of those lands, the royal Burgundy, among a crowd of smaller examples, can boast of the wonderful church of Romainmoutier, almost the only building on a large scale which has survived with but little change from the eighth century. And no Englishman who sees that venerable pile can fail to see in it, carried out with grander proportions, a style absolutely the same as that which is shown in the small, rude, and mutilated remains of his own isl&nd. Scattered through Aquitaine and France other buildings of the same type will here and there meet the eye of the traveller, such as the Temple of Saint John at Poitiers, the abbey of lieinpied in Berry, the ancient nave at Beauvais, and, above all, a building which has a special charm for the student of English history in the eleventh century, the mickle minster of Rheims. In the mighty pile where the ambassadors of England met Pope and Caesar at its hallowing,* the pile on which Gyrth, and perhaps Harold himself, looked while still in its freshness," the work of the first half of the eleventh century still lives, half covered, but by no means wholly effaced, by the richer forms of the twelfth. The forms of its capitals, strange and uncouth as they seem to eyes ^uniliar with either classical or Norman forms, belong to the last days of the Primitive style, but they still claim kindred alike with Repton and with Hildesheim. But the Primitive style of Gaul, Southern or Northern, did not, like that of Germany, itself grow into a more finished form of art in the next century. In all parts of the land, from the Pyrenees to the C6tentin, it gave way to new forms, fresh and independent developements of the common round-arched idea. In the lands south of the Loire forms of singular novelty were struck out. The last half of the eleventh century saw the beginning of that great series of wide and lofty churches, special triumphs of the art of vaulting, which go on, through the various varieties of Romanesque and Gothic detail, till a foreign style was gradually introduced by the English and French masters of Aquitaine. In Southern Graul this is not, any more than at Pisa, a sign of the ' See vol. ii. p. 72. mistake not, by Pope Urban the Second, it is ' See vol. ii. p. 305. impossible not to be reminded of the chapel ' la thk great minster, consecrated, if I in the White Tower on a vaster scale. Digitized by VjOOQIC 414 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON ART coming Gothic ; it is rather a trophy which pilgrims or crusaders have brought back from the land of the Saracen. The pointed arch is in this region linked in special fellowship with another Eastern feature. The domes which the architects of Perigueux and Angoul6me borrowed from Venice, as Venice had borrowed them from Constantinople, har- monized well with that local love of stone roofing which had already begun to show itself in other ways. And in architecture, as in everything^ else, there is a marchland. That marchland stretches northwards into Maine, southwards into Poitou, but its centre is Anjou. An Angevin church, like an Angevin Count, is neither Norman nor Aquitanian, nor anything else but Angevin. The Primitive style in Anjou, to judge from one example, the thoroughly Roman church of Saint Martin at Angers, had much in common with the Primitive style else- where. But the wide aisle-less Angevin churches which go on from the middle of the eleventh century to the middle of the thirteenth, have a character of their own, a character intermediate between the North and the South; but they certainly come nearer to Aquitanian than to Norman forms. In the lands north and south of Anjou we may perhaps see the beginnings of the new style in the church of Saint Hilary at Poitiers and in the older parts of the great churches of Le Mans. These buildmgs have a place in our history. The tall columns round the apse of Saint Hilary claim to be part of the pile which rose through the bounty of Emma ; * and we may feel more certainty in affirming that those older parts of the nave of Saint Julian which still peep out from beneath the gorgeous work of the next century were there before the Cenomannian county and city first bowed to WiUiam as their master.* In Aquitaine it would seem that the introduction of the later form of Romanesque was mainly due to a distinct impulse from without. In Normandy, though the result of the change is no less marked, yet its origin is less easy to trace. In no part of Western Christendom are remains of the Primitive style more rare. Here and there, as at Ouilly-le-Vicomte and at Vieuxpont, we see masonry which, whatever its date, is in character Roman and not Norman.^ But of distinctive work of the Primitive style there is hardly anything, except one or two small examples, like the church of Querqueville in the C6tentin, and some small parts of the abbey of Jumibges, which last are said to date from Merowingian times. Not a single tower of the type of which we have seen so many in Italy, Germany, Burgundy, Aquitaine, and England is, as far as I know, to be found in the Norman duchy.^ This ^ See vol. i. p. 296. be the stump of a Primitiye -tower; but it ' See vol. iii. p. 137. has been carried up in later times, so that ' See above, p. 410. the ornamental details are Norman. The * At Vieuxpont there seems really to general character of the Norman towers, Digitized by VjOOQIC ORIGIN OF THE NORMAN STYLE. 415 Utter absence of early Romanesque is remarkable. We can well believe that buildings earlier than the settlement of Rolf were more utterly swept away than elsewhere ; but the buildings of the tenth century, the earlier churches of Fecamp and Jumibges, might be expected to belong to the same class as other buildings of that age. But the continuous series of Norman buildings cannot be carried further back than the later years of the first half of the eleventh century. Of that date there are one or two examples in which we do see something like a transition between the Primitive and the distinctly Norman forms. Something of this kind may be seen in Judith's minster at Bemay/ where the untouched parts of the church have a character more like that of some of the German buildings than anything to be found at Caen or even at Cerisy.* The German character of Archbishop Robert's work at Jumibges was noticed long ago by two of our best architectural observers.^ The columnar piers, with their rude capitals, show only the very beginning of Norman forms, and the general effect is quite unlike that of the genuine Norman buildings. But in our next group of buildings, as at Cerisy and at William's own church at Caen, the distinctively Norman style is fully developed. It is as yet without any approach to the elaborate decorations of the next age ; but this is far from proving that those decorations were wholly unknown. Much is due in these matters both to individual taste and to the character of particular classes of buildings. The difference between the two minsters at Caen, between the work of William and the work of Matilda, is clear to every eye.* And throughout the period of Norman work it seems to have been a fixed rule, a rule thoroughly in harmony with the spirit of Romanesque art, that, the larger a building was, the more easily it might dispense with ornaments. The richest examples of Norman work are almost always to be found in buildings on a small scale. But there is in the Norman style a certain severity which distinguishes it from the Primitive style. In Primitive work there is often a kmd of barbaric richness, a certain kind of fandfulness in the forms of capitals and abaci, of which there is no trace in the severely cut capitals of the early Norman. Their two most common varieties, the cushion and the voluted capitals, the Romanesque forms of Doric and Ionic, can easily be traced up to earlier types ; but they put on a character of their own in the hands of even when they are somewhat lets mattive ^ See vol. i. p. 306. than usual, is quite unlike Italian or Old- ' See vol. i. p. 320. £nglish work. At Ver, near Bayeux, is a 'See vol. ii. p. 336; vol. iv. p. 61 ; tower whose general effect is somewhat Whewell, German Churches, 281 ; Petit, Italian, but the details are ordinary Nor- Church Architecture, i. 93, 94. Mr. Petit man. At Quilly, near Caen, is a tower was clearly feeling his way towards the whose belfry-windows really do look like distinction between German and Norman a transition between the Primitive mid- Romanesque. wan shaft and the usual Norman form. * See vol. iii. p. 73. Digitized by VjOOQIC 4l6 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON ART. the Norman architects. In the earliest and plainest Norman work there is something which, as compared with the earlier forms, may be called regular ; and between the plainest- and the richest Norman there is no difference in the essential forms. As long as the style remains purely Norman, untouched by the approach of the coming Gothic, the only difference between the plainest and the richest examples is a difference in the amount of ornament. In the mtemal elevations the column is hardly found in buildings of any great size. The rect- angular pier with shafts in its angles is the prevailing form, but in England it is often exchanged for die vast cylindrical pier, no column, but a mass of wall made round instead of square, which is probably a vestige of earlier insular practice. Windows of any richness have small shafts at their sides ; the double splay of the Primitive and the German windows is unknown ; and when two or more windows are grouped together, the shafts which divide them never follow the mid- wall arrangement These last points of detail are worthy of notice, because there is nothing in which the difference between the Primitive and the Norman forms of Romanesque is more strongly marked than in the windows. In the arrangements of their churches the Norman architects finally established the type which, amid all varieties of style, prevailed through the whole mediaeval period. The wide naves and cupolas of Aquitaine, the double choirs and variously grouped towers of Germany, the basilicas of Italy with theu* single detached campanile, were all rejected by the Norman architects. A Norman minster followed the shape of the Latin cross ; the short eastern limb contained little beside the apse. The choir was placed under the broad central tower which took the place of the Byzantme cupola. Sometimes it overflowed into the boundless length of the western limb, which thus, as at Norwich and Saint Alban's, took in nave and choir without any architectural break. The west end, which in Germany was often the place of a second choir, was, in the Norman, as in the Italian style, the fa9ade of entrance, flanked in most cases by two lowlier towers grouping in due subordi- nation to the great central lantern. Within, the threefold division of pier-arch, triforium, and clerestory is clearly marked in the larger churches, and the triforium, especially in the earlier examples, is a bold and important feature. The vaulting of large spaces was not attempted by the Norman architects till quite the last days of the style. In the earlier examples the aisles might be vaulted, the apse might now and then be covered with its conch, but the nave was covered with a flat ceiling which afforded a grand field for the display of the subsidiary arts.' ^ On the ceiling of Lanfranc*s church at Canterbuzy, see vol. iv. p. 243. Digitized by VjOOQIC NORMAN AND LOMBARD ARCHITECTURE. 41 7 Now whence did the Norman architects of the eleventh century learn this distinct and marked variety of the common Romanesque family ? The question is not very easily answered. The other form of Romanesque which has most in common with the Norman is certainly that peculiar form of the Italian Romanesque in which the least trace of classical influence Is seen. The older portions of such churches as Saint Ambrose at Milan ^ and Saint Michael at Pavia have far more of likeness to our familiar Norman than we see in the columnar varieties of the Italian Romanesque, or even in the later churches of Germany and Aquitaine. But such a low, dark, cavernous, pile as Saint Ambrose is certainly a very rude forerunner of the lofty naves of Saint Stephen's and Ely. Yet the likeness between the two styles is not to be denied ; and in such a building as the cathedral of Modena, which, as a work of the great Countess, is actually con- temporary with our Norman buildings, there is a still closer ap- proximation to Norman forms. When we think of the close con- nexion between Normandy and Italy in peace and war, of the military adventurers whom Normandy sent into Southern Italy, and of the* saints and scholars whom Normandy received from Northern Italy, Normandy had every chance of receiving an importation of Italian art during the early days of William. Some instinctive feeling of kindred may have led those, whether Normans or Italians, who carried the arts of Italy into Normandy, to carry them in their ruder and less classical shape, as a shape which had better prospect of taking firm root in a Northern soil. It may well have been the heavier Lombard style of Milan and Pavia, it certainly was not the columnar style of Pisa and Lucca, out of which the later Romanesque of Normandy and England grew. But, if it be so, the Norman builders received from T-ombardy a mere germ, which in their hands grew up for the first time into real life. From whatever quarter they learned the first mdiments of the style, the style itself, in its full growth, is thoroughly their own. But, simply as a work of architecture, no one would for a moment set it up as a worthy rival to Pisa. It was not till the art had passed from Lombardy to Normandy, and from Normandy to England, that the ' I am aware that this chnrch was but I belie?e that its main walls belong largely repaired ib the twelfth century, to the ninth, VOL. ▼• EC Digitized by VjOOQIC 4i8 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON ART. glory of Tuscan skill, the highest- effort of the Southern Romanesque, found a true and equal compeer in the highest effort of the Northern Romanesque, in the mighty nave and choir of Saint Cuthberht's minster. This style, which grew up in Normandy during the early years of William, was brought into England in the days of Eadward ; it was merely strengthened and brought to perfection after William*s coming. That the beginning of Norman architecture in England was the re- building of the West Minster by Eadward is declared in express words by an all but contemporary writer. The description which we have of the new church of Saint Peter sets it before us as a Norman minster of the very highest rank, and we know that it long remained the great model of the style, the object of imitation for English architects, even in the following century*^ This last fact, so distinctly recorded, is of no small importance in the history of architecture. It shows that no arbitrary line can be drawn between early and late Norman work. The degree of ornament and of finish in workmanship is not always a question of date ; it is often a question of the taste, and the means of the builders. There is some reason to believe that Eadward's minster was a richer and more finished example of the Norman style than some later buildings. The few fragments which remain of the original church seem to point to a work of no small finish and orna- ment. These facts should be borne in mind when we consider another question which has been raised, whether Harold as well as Eadward did not bring in the new style in the minster which he raised at Waltham, and whether any portion of the church which he raised there still remains,* However this may be, there is in one point a marked difference between Westminster and Waltham. Not the least marked among the architectural innovations of which Eadward was the beginner was the vast scale which was now given to the great churches which began everywhere to be built. This is a feature which is specially characteristic of the Norman style as it appears in England. The size of the cathedral and abbatial churches of Nor- mandy is not excessive. Jumifeges is the only church of strictly Romanesque style which has any claim to rank in point of size with ' See vol. ii. p. 338, and the passage Matthew's time the Romanesque of Ead- ^ere quoted from William of Malmesbury. ward was no longer the model fof imita- The modification of that passage by tion which it had been in the dajrs of Matthew Paris (2, Wats) is almost more William. Cf. also Will. Malms, iit. 246; rcooarkable than the original passage ; " Videas ubique in vilUs ecclesias, in vicis "Ipse novo compositionls genere con. et urbibus monasteria, novo sedificandi stnixerat, a qua post multi ecclesias con- genere consurgere.*' struentes exemplum adepti, opus illad ex- ' On the date of Waltham, see Ap- pensit aemulabantur sumptuosis." The peudix YY. past tense replaces the present, because in Digitized by VjOOQIC DESTRUCTION OF OLD-ENGLISH BUILDINGS. 4^9 our greatest English churches. And the fashion of building churches on the scale which Eadward brought in at Westminster remained dis- tinctly English, and never spread into Scotland, Wales, or Ireland. But in England the Norman bishops and abbots began rebuilding their churches, after the model set by the English King, on a scale far sur- passing what they were used to in their own countr}'. The Primate indeed followed a different course in the metropolitan church, and he was thus enabled to finish what he began.^ But almost everywhere else churches of gigantic size began to supplant the elder works of English bishops and abbots. Old Saint Paul's, Saint Alban's, Win- chester, Ely, were begun on a scale such as had never been seen either in England or in Normandy. Here we probably have the key to that almost universal destruction of the older buildings which marked this age. The English churches were despised as being too small for the grand conceptions of the Norman prelates and archi- tects. It is absurd to suppose that buildings less than a century old, buildings of the days of Cnut or of Eadward himself, could have needed rebuilding on the score of decay. It is almost as absurd to suppose that they were so utterly inferior in point of art to the often plain and rude Norman work which supplanted them that they were swept away simply as being too barbarous to be endured. In some cases, as in the two metropolitan churches, the rebuilding was a matter of necessity. But both Lanfranc and Thomas built on a moderate scale, and Thomas even preserved a part of the elder building.* Dur- ham, Winchester, and a crowd of other cases stand on a different ground. It could have been only because they were loo small for the dominant fashion that buildings so recent as the works of Ealdhun, Leofric, and Ealdred, to say nothing of the elder works of Dunstan, Oswald, and iEthelwold, were sentenced to destruction. The Norman style was thus brought in, and most of the great churches of England were rebuilt after the new model. But the form which the style look in England was in some degree affected by the earlier usages of the country. Not only did the Primitive style remain for some time in use alongside of the new style ; the new style itself was modified by the examples of elder buildings. The subordinate buildings of Eadward's monastery at Westminster show an earlier form of capital than is usual in Norman work, and this is still more distinctly the case with the work of Wulfstan at Worcester. There the elder church was altogether destroyed ; yet the sfype^ the narrow passage between the church and the conventual buildings, contains a whole store of capitals which are certainly rather to be called Primi- tive than Norman.' If it be said that Wulfstan, and. even Eadward, ^ See vol. iv. p. 241. not fragments preserved from the church ' See vol. iv. p. 250. of Oswald. If so, as the site was chaoged, * It has been doubted whether these are they must have been used up again. E e 2 Digitized by VjOOQIC 42Q EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON ART. may have cherished some lingering love for the earlier style of his own people, no such reason applies to Walkelin of Winchester ; yet a certain ante-Norman tinge can be plainly seen in the untouched parts of his building.' And the most scornful of all the Norman prelates, Paul of Saint Alban's, while overthrowing the tombs and insulting the memories of his English predecessors,^ did not scruple both to imitate their style of building and to make use of the materials which they had gathered together. The vast pile of his abbey, built out of the bricks of Roman Verulam, is the least Norman of Norman churches, and it is the best example of the rule that, the vaster the scale of the building, the smaller is its allowance of ornament. Where there is any detail, it is detail of an earlier kind. Balusters which would be hardly out of place at Jarrow or Monkwearmouth are found among the work of Paul, to the no small confusion of purely chrono- logical inquirers.' This occasional recurrence of forms which might easily be assigned to an earlier time goes on to the end of the eleventh century. In the west front of Tewkesbury * we again find balusters which seem to hand on the earlier tradition. After that time these traces of earlier days are lost, at least in our greater buildings. This lingering influence of earlier forms seems to be quite peculiar to England. I remember nothing in the work of William at Caen or of Odo at Bayeux at all analogous even to such slight Primitive traces as we see at Winchester and Tewkesbury. And I have little doubt that the earlier style influenced the later in a much more im- portant feature than any of these. The huge cylindrical piers, so characteristic of English Norman, assume several forms. In smaller buildings they shade oflf by infinite degrees into the strictly columnar pier. In larger churches they sometimes appear in a low and massive form, giving room for a large triforium. Such is the case in the eastern limb of Gloucester, the work of Serlo,* now veHed by the net- work of the fourteenth or fifteenth century. In other cases, as in the naves of Gloucester and Tewkesbury, the cylindrical pier is carried up to an extravagant height, s^ as to leave hardly any space for the triforium, but yet without assuming the proper character of the column. At Durham, piers of this kind appear in a form more satis- - See the capital engraved in Willis, * In the Annals of Tewkesbury we read Winchester, 36. under the year lioa (Ann. Mon. i. 44), ' See vol. iv. p. 268. ** Hie primum in novum monasterium in* ^ On the balusters at Saint Aiban's, gressi sumus ;" and in 11 23, *' Oedicatio which are singularly like some at Chan- eccIesiaB Theokesberiae x. kal. cellade in Perigord, see Buckler, 133, 134. Novembris." The actual finishing of the The authors look on them as used up again west front would probably come between from the older church, but I do not know these two dates, that thit theory is absolutely necessary. ' See vol. iv. p. 262. Digitized by VjOOQIC HIGHEST TYPE OF NORMAN AT DURHAM. 42 1 factory than either of the two other classes. Their intermediate pro- portion is far more pleasing to the eye, and the masonry of the pier is relieved by flutings and channellings of various kinds, which may possibly carry us back to the grotesque forms of Repton, and thereby, by a strange pedigree, to the more regular flutings of classical columns. It is, as I hold, in the eastern and western limbs of Saint Cuthberht's abbey that we are to look for the highest degree of perfection that has ever been reached by round-arched architecture in its Northern form. Durham by the Wear and Pisa by the Amo rank side by side as the noblest examples of the Northern and Southern Romanesque. And we feel instinctively that the forms which are at home by the Wear would have been out of place by the Amo, and that the forms which are at home by the Amo would have been out of place by the Wear. Among examples of the specially Noranan style, none, either in our own island or beyond the sea, can compare with the matchless pile which arose at the bidding of William of Saint Carilef.* I speak not of its outward shell, glorious as is its outline, nobly as it stands on its peninsular height, I speak not of the Saracenic grace of Hugh of Puiset's Galilee, of the long range of the nine altars, or of the soaring tower of Walter of Skirlaw. I speak of the church which, above all others, is all glorious within, of the presbytery, lantern, and nave, unequalled in their stately and solemn majesty, of the faultless pro- portions of the mighty channelled piers, avoiding a mere massiveness which seems to grovel on the earth, and avoiding too the vain attempt at a soaring height consistent only with pillars of either an earlier or a later form. I speak of the wonderful skill which enriched the con- stmctive forms with exactly the fitting degree of ornament, a degree of ornament which avoided alike the rude bareness of some contemporary examples and the lavish gorgeousness of some later ones. The designer of such a pile, whether Bishop William himself or some nameless genius in his employ, must rank alongside of Diocletian's architect at Spalato, of Saint Hugh's architect at Lincoln. And the church of Durham not only stands thus preeminent as an example of Norman art ; it holds a place instructive above all others in the history of Norman art No building more thoroughly supplies the hatchet to their argument who cannot rise above a purely chronological arrange- ment of architectural works. The work of William of Saint Carilef was far in advance of all contemporary buildings. He died, and for a while none was found to carry on his work as he had begun it. In three years — so quickly he pushed on his work — he finished the eastern limb, the lantern arches, the eastern arches of the transept, and built just so much of the nave as to form a gigantic buttress. The transepts, during the vacancy of the bishoprick, were carried on by the * Sec vol. iv. p. 459. Digitized by VjOOQIC 42 2 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON AUT. monks.^ But either worldly means or artistic genius was now lacking^. The church of Bishop William was no longer carried on as Bishop William had begun it ; the transepts were finished in a style which elsewhere might not be deemed contemptible, but which seems mean and feeble by the side of the earlier work. And if the dates of the building were not accurately recorded, we should be tempted to assign to it a date at least a generation earlier than the work which we know that it followed. Another stage in the local history came ; the throne of Saint Cuthberht was filled by the famous or infamous Randolf Flambard.* He set himself to work to atone for his former evil deeds, specially perhaps for the wrongf which he had done years before to Saint Cuthberht's heritage.' He carried the work of William of Saint Carilef to perfection in a shape even nobler than that planned by its original designer. The meagre forms of the transepts were now cast aside ; the vast nave rose after the pattern of the earlier choir, keeping strictly to the same proportions and the same general design, but bringing in a slight increase* of ornament, as if purposely to mark that the two parts of the building were not absolutely the work of the same hands. Truly no work of the mason's skill more worthily claims our admiration as a matter of art, none is richer in instruction as a matter of history, than the unrivalled work of the stranger to which we can hardly grieve that the native church of Ealdhun gave way. The Norman form of Romanesque, first introduced by the foreign tastes of a native King, was thus finally established as the national style of England. This was one of the immediate results of the Norman Conquest. In oiu* larger churches the triumph of the foreign style was complete and speedy. Except in the case of the cylindrical pier, the traces of the earlier style which still hung about some of our * The history of the fabric is most suas officinas aedificantibos suis episcopos clearly given by Durham writers. Sim. snmptibus ecclesiae opus faciebat.'* Dun. Hist. Eccl. Dun. iv. &; ** Ecdesiam * The continuation (X Scriptt. 6i) 98. anno ex quo ab Alduno fundata fuerat, goes on to tell us how matters fared after dtstrui proBcepit, et sequenti anno positis the death of William. The writer is r&- fiindamentis nobiliori satis et majori opere cording the acts of Randolf Flambard ; aliam construere ccBpit. Est autem in- "Navem ecclesiae circumductis parietibus, cepta M. xciij. Dominicae incamationis ad soi usque testudinem erexerat. Porro anno, pontificatus autem Willielmi i.). ex praedecessor illius, qui opus inchoant, id quo autem monachi in Dunelmum conve- decemendo statuerat, ut episcopus ex suo iierant xj. tertio Idus Augusti, feria 5. Eo ecclesiam monachi vero suas ex ecclesiae enim die episcopus, et qui post eum se- collectis facerent ofiicinas quod illo cadente cundus erat in ecclesia Prior Tnrgotus cecidit. Monachi enim omissis offia'na« cum caeteris fratribus primos in fundamento lum aedificationibus, open ecclesiae insts* lapides posuerunt. Nam paulo ante, id tunt, quam usque navem Ranulphus jam cst« quarto Kal. Augusti feria sexta idem factam invenit.** The " testudo or vault episcopus et prior facta cum fratribus of the nave is clearly later than Flambard's oratione ac data benedictione fundamen- work, turn coeperant fodere. Igitur monachis ' See vol. iv. p. 354. Digitized by VjOOQIC BEGINNINGS OF NORMAN IN SMALL BUILDINGS. 423 greatest churches were so slight, and affected only matters of such small detail, as in no 'sort to take away from the essentially Norman character of the buildings. But, in buildings of a humbler class, the success of the invading style was for a long time far from being so complete. The new style indeed did make its way even into verj' remote comers while Eadward was yet upon the throne. In a secluded dell of the Yorkshire hills, in a spot famous for researches of other kinds than those of the historian, Orm the son of Gamel — ^names familiar to us in Northumbrian history* — rebuilt Saint Gregory's minster at Kirkdale in the days of Eadward the King and Tostig the Earl.' Here, in a church of very small size and pretensions, a church unfurnished with a tower, the western doorway shows a' distinct, though rude, approach to Norman work. It is such work as a local craftsman might produce, if called on to imitate what the founder had seen on some day of solemn gathering in the church which was rising year by year at the bidding of King Eadward. But, as a rule, in smaller buildings, which would be largely the work of English builders, the national taste long and manfully withstood the foreign fashion. At least down to the end of the eleventh century, men went on building as their fathers had built before them, even in places where the Norman casde or minster was rising above their heads. The fact that we have "Anglo-Saxon" — that is Primitive Roman- esque— buildings of a date undoubtedly later than the Norman Con- quest has sometimes been strangely used to prove that no " Anglo- Saxon " or Primitive Romanesque style ever existed. Because men went on with their national way of building after a foreign fashion had been brought in among them, it has been strangely argued that they never had any national way of building at all. In truth the fact that there are buildings in England which are of a date later than the Norman Conquest, but which are not Norman in style, is the strongest proof of all that England had a distinct Romanesque style before the Norman came. While the great works of the Norman prelates were building, men were found who in their smaller works still clave to the forms of earlier days ; and it is clear that in some cases they clave to them, not through blind tradition or prejudice,'but through a reason- able preference. Of the remains of the Primitive style in England, both earlier and later than the Conquest, by far the greater number of ' On Gamels and Orms, see vol. li. pp. was built " in Eadward dagnm dig in 320, 3a I. I suspect that our Orni was Tosti daeum eorl" (1055-1065). This the father of the Gamel who was killed by is i:ot the language of the Chronicles, Tostig in 1064. any more than the language of a Roman ' The date of the early work at Kirk* stone-cutter was the language of Cicero, dale is fixed by the inscription over the But it should be noted that this little south doorway, which says, in somewhat building is called minster. Cf. vol, i. p. of stone-cutter's Old-English, that it a86. Digitized by VjOOQIC 4JI4 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST ON ART examples consist of towers. And no wonder; for the Old-EngKsh tower, rude imitation as it was of the great Italian works which it strove to reproduce, had a majesty and stateliness of its own which the new style could not rival. The massive Norman tower, admirable as a lantern, fails as a campanile ; and, when it is used as a western tower, it cannot for a moment be compared with the dignity of eflfect which belongs to the older English form. No wonder then that men still went on building the tall slender tower with its mid-wall shafts, and no wonder that the architects of later days so often spared a form which was surpassed only by the soaring spires of the thirteenth century and by the lordly embattled towers of the fifteenth. In one case at least a church-builder of the reign of William employed both the native and foreign style for those parts of his buildings for which each Was severally best suited. Coleswegen's towers at Lincoln,* built in the new town on the plain while the Norman castle and minster were rising on the height (1068-1085), are essentially Primitive in their style. We can see from the details of their windows that their designer had seen Norman work, but the approach to Norman is in the details only ; the essential characters of the towers, their whole proportion and design, are thoroughly Primitive. The neighbouring church of Brace- bridge has a tower which is no less distinctly Primitive in its general conception, but which has details of yet more confirmed Norman style than the towers of Coleswegen. Examples like these show how men clave to the ancient forms, especially in that position where the ancient forms had a distinct advantage over the new. Coleswegen or his architect felt that for a western campanile the older style of England supplied him with better models than the new style which had come in from Normandy. But for the piers and arches of the inside the new style supplied him with better models than the old, and the con- temporary arcades attached to the Old-i^nglish tower of Saint Peter at Gowt's were built in a style distinctly Norman. In the like sort, when Ealdwine and his companions set forth (1074) on the errand of restoring the monastic Hfe in Northern England, one of their tasks was to repair one of the most venerable monuments of a far earlier day, the church of Benedict Biscop at Jarrow.* A central tower was carried up, but even in that favourite Norman position, though some of the details show the influence of Norman models, the feeling of the whole tower is distinctively Primitive and not Norman. The small remains of the domestic buildings have an air which is Roman rather than Norman, but there is no reason to doubt that they also are the work of the Mercian pilgrims. On such a spot, where they found such remains still abiding, it may have been felt as a kind of point of honour to cleave to every ancient English ' S»ce vol. iv. p. 145. • See vol. iv. p. 451, and Appendix YY. Digitized by VjOOQIC PRIMITIVE BUILDINGS AFTER THE CONQUEST. 4.25 tradition. Still it is strange to see work of such early character reared in the days and under the patronage of Walcher.* It almost rises to a trial of faith to believe that work which seems to have more in com- mon with the days of Benedict and Baeda is less than twenty years older than the choir of William of Saint Carilef. But these instances of Primitive work later than the Norman Conquest are not to be found only in buildings which owed their origin to Englishmen. The tower of Saint Michael's church at Oxford is distinctly of the. Primitive type, and even the existing tower of the castle may be fairly referred to the same style. The castle tower, there can be no doubt, is the work of the elder Robert of Oily.'^ and the church tower has commonly been thought to be his also. If this be so, it is the most remarkable case of aU, for the tower is of unmixed and characteristic Primitive work, without any of those signs of approach to Norman detail which are to be seen in the towers at Lincoln, Jarrow, and Bracebridge. It might be refining too much to attribute this peculiar character of Robert's works to the influence of his English wife ; but certain it is that the «tyle, not only of the church, which may be his, but of the castle, which certainly is his, keeps marked traces of the earlier fashion. The use of a native style in a building distinctly military is specially worthy of notice. It shows that there must have been a greater interchange of ideas between men of the two races in the conquered island than we might at first feel inclined to believe. Our view of the influence of the Norman Conquest on architecture would be imperfect if we did not carry it beyond the actual bounds of the kingdom of England. Scotland, under the civilizing and reform- ing influence of Margaret, no doubt received from England ever>' improvement which was there introduced in architectural style. Ac- cording to one account. King Malcolm himself, as became the layman of highest rank in the Bernician diocese, was present, and played a chief part, in the foundation of the minster of William of Saint Carilef.^ And the impress of that great model of Romanesque work is stamped deep on the piers and arches, though certainly not on the upper range, of the royal abbey of Dunfermline.* But there were other spots in Scotland where the traditions of earlier times lingered on to a date when in England they were wholly forgotten. If Turgot carried * See vol. iv. p. 451. damento lapides.*' This is one of the * See vol. iv. pp. 30 499, 528. passages which Mr. Hinde makes use of •Sim. Dun. 1093, p. 103 Hinde. ■ to throw doubt on the trustworthiness of '* Ecclesia nova Dunelmi est incepta tertio the writer whom I quote as Simeon. The idus August! feria quinta, episcopo Wil- entry is followed by the Durham writer in lelmo et Malcholmo rege Scottorum et Mon. Ang. i. 249. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'historynormanco03unkngoog_31', 'collection': 'English-PD', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1873.0', 'title': 'The history of the Norman conquest of England, its causes and its results', 'creator': 'Freeman, Edward A. (Edward Augustus), 1823-1892', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7831', 'token_count': '10224', '__index_level_0__': '41871', 'original_id': 'd459d0d044edfcfc7459d6fda1a81d31a90a9caddccde617087e8259f62c6968'} |
Q:
Can multiple versions of the same package co-exist on the same system?
In order to install tmux 2.1, I needed to install libtinfo5 version 6, I did this by downloading a .deb archive containing libtinfo5 and installing directly with command:
sudo dpkg -i libtinfo5_6.0+20160213-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb
This satisfied tmux 2.1's dependency and tmux installed ok.
Now I tried to install vnstat using
sudo apt-get install vnstat
apt-get error exited with the following
$ sudo apt-get install vnstat
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libncurses5 : Depends: libtinfo5 (= 5.9+20150516-2ubuntu1) but 6.0+20160213-1ubuntu1 is to be installed
libncursesw5 : Depends: libtinfo5 (= 5.9+20150516-2ubuntu1) but 6.0+20160213-1ubuntu1 is to be installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt-get -f install' with no packages (or specify a solution).
My understanding has always been that Ubuntu's package management system was capable of installing and managing multiple versions of the same package, for situations exactly like this. In other words apt/dpkg recognises
tmux needs libtinfo5 - version 6 to work
vnstat needs libtinfo5 - version 5 to work
Then apt/dpkg say's ok, I'll install both versions.
I can see how certain programs like a system binary, e.g. bash or ls can only be installed once as most invocations simply say bash -c "<command>" and not bashv.3.2 -c "<command>".
So my question is can the package manager install and manage multiple dependencies?, or is this just not possible because, like in the bash example above, most programs make a call to the dependency by the dependencies name without specifying version. In which case the issue is beyond the control of the package manager (i.e. its more of a programming compilation/configuration/organisation issue) and the package manager gives up at that point?
A:
No, it is not possible to have two versions of the same package, because there will be conflicting files. If a library is capable of being installed in two different versions at the same time is a different matter. If you're brave, you could get the source code for one version and see if you can install that to a different directory. This could very well mess up your system in nasty ways. It could also just plain not work. Dpkg won't be satisfied, so you'll have to get the source for one of the programs and compile that too. But bear in mind that once you start compiling programs yourself, you can cause yourself all kinds of problems.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '5582e959b88d37f8381691fe9a1036b9dee4ad20f48dfc8c81df95b372377e94'} |
Murali Nagapuzha
The familiar language of painting has landscape as background for some context in the
theme. Traditional Kerala paintings such as floor pictures done in color powder or mural
paintings did not even warrant a situation to have landscape at all in the works.
Landscape is a fragmented nature articulated compositionally to enhance the meaning
of the context, to contextualize an episode or even to give an atmosphere of scenic
beauty. Nature as such has only a secondary existence in all such works from
Renascence period onwards or in the miniature and Ravivarma. In India nature is more
a motif than just a background in the painting and in modern period it is almost like a
referral point.
The greenery of the land, a sign of fertility is generalized concept about nature but each
place has its own green/flora specificity. Even when nature is depicted the flora
represented in the painting is more connected with the ideologically acclaimed
landscape flowers like lotus and Water Lilly, Trees like Mango tree or some other
aristocratic ones.
The locally specific species of flora and fauna almost envelops the whole canvass
sometimes even eclipsing the human presence. Only tribal’s are projected as equal to
nature, but in all other contexts nature is embracing wholeheartedly the children of the
village showing the ethno botany of the locality. Some time works become a leafy plant
painting with all the non aristocratic grass and papaya like plants. The canvasses tries
to give a balance of green with green, the monochrome green shows the ethno
botanical nature of Kerala. The green splendor of nature depicted is not a just a
landscape. It is the essence of the earth, earthly atmosphere, children, butterflies, small
huts with eco friendly existence, or it is the essence of NATURE BEING, AND AN
Murali Nagapuzha Art
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Monday, 30 March 2009
Thoughts On A Train Ride
3 hours 28 minutes.
That would be the time she was going to have totally to herself, the time the train was scheduled to take from T. to N.
Plenty of time to think, with no-one to interrupt but for the brief moment her ticket would be checked and perhaps someone with a trolley would pass, offering snacks and coffee.
And think she had to.
About the situation and about what she intended to do about it.
She knew it was not going to be easy, whichever direction she was going to take in the future.
A realistic assessment showed only two possible options: Stay or leave.
To stay was eventually going to become unbearable. Actually, it already was unbearable now.
To leave would take a lot of strength and courage, both of which she was not sure she possessed in a big enough measure.
Also, leaving would make her feel terribly guilty and ashamed, and most likely so for a long time.
It would mean to publicly admit failure for the second time in her life.
Whether "the public" was interested or not, was not the point.
But guilty and ashamed she already felt very often anyway, so that was not going to be much news in the emotional department, either.
The self-deceipt she had given up months ago.
Now it was time to stop deceiving others.
Today, she was going to start by telling those she was to meet in N. the truth, about herself and about the situation.
Although she had no idea of what was going to be the outcome of her revelations, she was determined now.
Looking at her watch, she found that there was only little more than half an hour left before the train was due to reach N.
She took her handbag and went to the toilet. Her reflection in the mirror showed an unsmiling face with skin that looked almost grey with exhaustion from lack of sleep and too many worrying thoughts. Briefly, she wondered whether E. and D. would notice how bad things really were from just looking at her, when they would meet her at the train station.
She shrugged at herself, then, as an afterthought, stuck out her tongue at the image of the exhausted face that suddenly showed a hint of the girl she once was, cheeky and fun-loving.
"Maybe we can make you come back," she muttered, closing the toilet door again.
Slowly, she went back to her seat. Some passengers were already getting their things together, forcing her to wait until they had lifted their luggage out of the rack above their heads.
For the last remaining twenty minutes, she leant back against the headrest, eyes closed.
The man in the seat opposite had to look twice over the rim of his magazine, but then he was quite sure: it was a tear that was winding its way down from the corner of her left eye to the delicate line of her jaw.
Sunday, 29 March 2009
A Picture Of A Boy
She walked home from work, determined to get the last bits of anger and frustration that had been building up over the weekend out of her system.
Exercise, even if it was just an hour's walk in the surprisingly mild October sun, always proved to be helpful.
It did not do anything about the situation, of course, but it made coping with it easier.
When she reached the place where two paths crossed, one leading up to the small foot bridge across the railway and the other one leading into town, she saw that someone was sat on the chunk of yellow rock that had been put on the patch of grass to stop cars from parking there.
Countless times she had passed this rock, but as far as she could remember, nobody had ever sat on it, although it was actually a pretty place for a rest, with an old apple tree spreading its crooked branches over it and one of the former duke's stables converted into modern living quarters visible behind the tree.
Slightly curious as to who was sitting there, she slowed down without really stopping.
First, she saw the dog.
It was a medium-sized dog with shaggy fur of almost the same colour as the rock, and it sat on top of the flattest bit, facing the direction she was coming from. Its posture was attentive but relaxed at the same time, and it did not turn its head or even twitch an ear when she came closer.
Then she saw the boy.
For someone like her, who did not have children, it was difficult to guess the boy's age, but he couldn't have been much older than maybe ten.
He sat on the sloping bit of the rock, his back turned towards her and towards the dog, who had clearly taken this position to guard over his human and protect him.
The boy was wearing ordinary clothes, a beige pair of corduroy trousers and a red knitted jumper.
He had sandy brown hair and a clear face, pretty in the way many children are, but not remarkable.
What she found remarkable though was that he was sat there like a man much older than him would sit, bent forward, one hand on his knee, the other hand at his ear.
Yes, she could see it now, he was talking into a mobile phone.
Nothing remarkable about a kid using a mobile phone, now, is there?
And yet, something about the manner of the boy struck her as unusual.
He spoke in a serious and quiet tone; not like a kid who plays at being Police Man and assumes what he thinks must be the serious, even pompous, tone of an officer.
But he spoke like an adult. Like someone who has serious things to deal with, and whose daily worries are not "what's for homework" or "shall we watch The Simpsons later".
Long past the pair on the rock now, she could not stop thinking about them.
She didn't know whether she should be sad for the boy who was so un-childlike in his manner or have respect for him.
Her own childhood had, in retrospect, never been weighed down by adult problems like money, work or health issues.
All that came much later, and sometimes - like during the weekend that now lay behind her and was never to be repeated, just like her childhood could never be repeated - with such force she found it hard to struggle against.
The picture of the boy and the dog on their rock stuck with her.
She would conjure them up in her mind, and silently wonder what the conversation on the phone had been about.
Had she been an artist, she would have tried to turn her mind's picture into a tangible one.
But not being an artist, all she could do was think.
Again and again.
Friday, 27 March 2009
Moments of Clarity
We all have them from time to time, I assume. Some people call them Key Moments of Learning or Revelations or whatever else fits those moments of clarity best in their opinion; I call them Moments of Clarity.
Probably there are people on this planet who have them all the time, some may even live their whole lives in a continuous state of clarity, but to be honest, I think that would take a lot of life's charm off it. Just think what it would be like never to wonder about things again! It would be plain boring.
Where was I? Oh yes, my moments of clarity.
I am 41, which is quite a bit longer than the average human being used to live when my ancestors roamed the forests and savannahs in search of food, shelter and mates. So, in those 41 years, three moments of clarity do not seem much to boast. In fact, there were some more, but I am not going to write about these. Instead I want to write about the ones that did the most for me.
That was one big moment of clarity. I can't exactly remember how old I was, but I know I wasn't a child anymore; I think I already lived in my own flat when it struck me: I am not immortal, and my time has a limit.
When I was a kid, I remember my mum urging us to go out on a sunny day instead of playing indoors, because, as she said, you should make the most of the good weather while it lasts. Back then, it didn't make much sense to me. Surely there was an infinite number of sunny days coming my way? If I wasn't playing in the sun today, I was going to do so tomorrow; and if it was going to rain tomorrow, then I'd just wait for the next sunny day, and so on.
But then, one day, I suddenly understood that the number of sunny days (or rainy ones, or any other ones) was, in fact, NOT unlimited for me. That there was eventually and inevitably going to be an end to "my" days, at some stage.
It was the moment that, in hindsight, defined "growing up" for me.
Years before the above described moment of clarity, I rode my bike just for the fun of it, as I did so often (and still do, in summer). I even remember the exact spot of road where I suddenly looked at my hands resting on the handlebar of my bike, stretching my fingers, and thinking "This, right here at my fingertips, is where I as a person end, where my border is to the world around me. Beyond, there is everyone and everything else. Up to that point, there is me, just me and nobody and nothing else."
It was an intense moment of loneliness, like many more would follow, but it was not unpleasant.
Already in my mid-thirties, I was sent into rehab for my long-lasting and severe back problems (caused by scoliosis). For the first time in my adult life, all that was required from me was to look after myself and get better. And get better I did.
Very soon after I was back home, one morning I stood under the shower and had another moment of clarity. That's it, I thought, that's you, your body, the only one you have and the only one you will ever get. Once that one is ruined, there will be no replacement. So you better take good care of it.
Ever since, I have not stopped getting stronger and fitter. In fact, at 41, I feel better than I did at 30, and I am proud enough to say that I also look better.
So, these select few personal moments of clarity may seem silly to some of you. Laugh, then; you are welcome to it.
Lost & Found
She had been living on the street for as long as she could remember, being part of a more or less regular community of others, homeless like her.
Over time, she had become quite good at various methods about how to come by food, and she knew all the places where one could hide when the weather was wet and cold or when someone was after her.
In their loosely knit community, couples were never a permanent thing, and friendships were often ended by one of them moving to a different place or meeting a premature death due to the hardships of street life.
Just like the others, she had switched partners and friends several times, so when she ended up pregnant, she had no idea (nor did she care to find out) who the father of her unborn baby was.
With the added weight of her big belly to her otherwise slim body and the fatigue that came not only from being pregnant, but also from hardly ever having enough to eat, it was no surprise that one day she was picked up by the authorities and put into a home for the likes of her.
Lost one way of life, found another.
Here, for the first time in her life, she had regular meals and slept comfortably. The surroundings were clean, and although most of the others here kept pretty much to themselves (because no-one thought they were going to stay here for long), she got along fairly well with them, and also with the people who gave them their meals and generally made sure they were lacking of nothing.
It was quite obvious from the start that she was pregnant, so she was given all the medical attention her condition commanded.
As far as she was concerned, things could have stayed that way for a little longer, but then her twins were born.
Lost one way of life, found another.
Being a mother was not difficult here, where she did not need to fight or steal for food and shelter. She enjoyed having her twins with her all the time, and was given some extra space so that she could take care of her babies without having to worry about anyone coming too close for comfort.
Looking at her twins made her proud and happy, and she did not once waste a thought for who possibly was their father - they both looked like her, and hers they were.
They became stronger and healthy and looked at the world with (in her opinion) very intelligent and curious eyes, and she shuddered when she thought about the life they would have probably had if she had given birth while still being homeless.
One evening, she was given another medical examination. Someone came up with a syringe. "Vaccination, nothing to worry about," she was told, just before she fell asleep.
When she woke up in a small room where she had never been before, she felt terrible.
Her abdomen hurt, and the twins were not there.
She had a headache and it took a while until she could open her eyes properly.
Now she could feel and see stitches across her belly.
What had they done to her? Where were her babies?
She cried for help, and it seemed ages until someone finally heard her and came in to look after her.
She demanded to know what was going on.
"Your babies have been adopted by a good family, they are far better off now," she was told.
And the stitches, the headache, the pain?
"You won't have any more trouble with babies, we've seen to that," they said.
Lost one life, found another.
At first, she thought she was going to go insane with the combined pain of her twins taken away from her and the aftermaths of the operation that had been forced upon her.
To top it all off, she lost a lot of her hair; no wonder with the hormonal changes her body had undergone so rapidly in the past weeks.
So, when she was transferred from the small single room back to where she had been when she had first arrived at the home, some of the others hardly recognized her.
At first, she was not interested in seeing anyone, although there were people coming to the home almost daily, looking at those of the group who were ready to be adopted.
Maybe her life on the street had made her more pragmatic than others; after a while, she resigned herself to the situation and gave up all hope of ever seeing her twins again. She even came to believe that it probably really was for the best that they had been adopted by a family. People she imagined wealthy, with a big house and nice garden for her children to play in.
One day, a couple came to the home.
She was being as nice and charming as she could, and in the end it was decided that she could go with them.
Lost one life, found another.
The couple were friendly and polite, giving her time and space to herself, something she had not had for a long time.
During the first weeks, she learnt what it is like to live permanently in a normal house, with furniture that belongs to you, a TV, and your own toilet.
Her hair grew back and she soon looked better than she ever had in her life.
If this was what her children had now, she could be happy, too.
So she curled up on her bed, purring loudly.
Thursday, 26 March 2009
My Friend
My friend and I go back a long, long way.
As far as my memory reaches, back into early childhood where things tend to get a bit blurred and only single objects, sounds, sights or scents stand out clearly against the backdrop of the first few years, we've always been friends.
While we grew up, naturally the pattern of our relationship underwent changes; some of them subtle, some less so, but our friendship never suffered.
With my friend, I have been able to open many doors to the inner realm of imagination and delight.
On the very rare occasion where the delight turns into fear, I never blame him, and those events never leave a scar on our friendship.
My friend puts me at ease when I am troubled, restores my energy when I am exhausted and offers a welcome refuge from the outside world when I feel I can not face it.
Some years ago, a change of circumstances, of work place, of where I live.
True friendship does not suffer from such changes; it may shift and be altered, but does not break or peter out.
So, of course, my friend and I remained as close as before.
Or so I thought.
Until I found myself spending less time with him.
The hours we spent together became more irregular, often interrupted.
Various factors that neither of us can control prevent us from being as close as we want to.
I miss him when he is not around.
My longing for him and the comfort he offers is intense, and when we do manage to be together, my appreciation for him is greater than before, when I sometimes took him for granted.
Tonight, I hope to be with him again, with all the self-abandonment of the past.
My friend!
Hopefully, he will never forsake me.
I, for sure, will always love him.
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Bombs Away
'Masked & Anonymous' director Larry Charles lets it fly
Masked & Anonymous is a bomb, but it's a spectacular, beautiful bomb. It's the story of Jack Fate, a Bob Dylan figure played, appropriately enough, by Bob Dylan, who walks through the movie with all the expressiveness of a blinking oak tree. Dylan also wrote the hilarious non sequitur dialogue that swirls around him and the rest of the unlikely red-carpet cast (including Luke Wilson, Angela Bassett, Val Kilmer, Christian Slater, Penelope Cruz, etc.). I'm no Dylan fan, but the movie still got to me--maybe because Dylan fans constitute a generation, or maybe because I care more about Dylan fans than I do about Dylan.
The movie imagines a Third World America guarded with rifles at every fence, mired in civil war but still decadent enough to keep the TV shows running on time. It's the U.S. as Liberia: Big Brother drunk on tequila, with a Tropicalia twist. As in 1960s Brazil, the regime allows national TV to air the counterculture, leading to the movie's best joke: Jack Fate is sprung from political prison by his old manager (a greasy John Goodman) to do a prime-time concert, and the manager rattles off a list of possible songs--"Won't Get Fooled Again," "Eve of Destruction," "Kick Out the Jams"--that are as ridiculous and impotent in this context as they are in real-life classic rock. The regime's publicist (Jessica Lange) wants to know who the fuck would want to watch Jack Fate anyway. The manager heaves against his ruffled tuxedo shirt and sweet-talks, but the publicist isn't buying it. "I can't believe you're going to turn this disaster into a seduction," she says.
"Is this room bugged?" he asks.
The answer, my friend...: Director Larry Charles (left) with Bob Dylan (center) on the set of 'Masked & Anonymous'
Sony Pictures Classics
At a local screening of Masked & Anonymous, I leaned over to my editor and asked, "Is this a Hal Hartley movie?" "No," he replied, "but it might be a Dennis Hopper movie."
It sure smacks of 1971, not a year earlier or later: It has that freshly disillusioned feel. The rebels, we learn from Giovanni Ribisi's soldier, no longer know which side they're fighting for. The regime is a bunch of white hippies in suits, its muscle made up entirely of people of color. Conceived by Dylan and director Larry Charles, Masked & Anonymous might be a self-lacerating parody of the counterculture as establishment. But it's diffuse, too: Try parsing, in two hours, a fearless leader who resembles Joseph Stalin, a successor played by Mickey Rourke, a cameo by Mark E. Smith of the Fall, jokes at the expense of banjo players, and Dylan delivering the line "Sometimes it's not enough to know the meaning of things. You have to know what things don't mean as well."
Masked & Anonymous offers us the potent confusion of a little black girl singing "The Times They Are A-Changin'" (surprisingly missing from the soundtrack recording), with the accompanying revelation that she had been forced by her white mother to learn it. There's also a white ventriloquist whose dummy is black, Ed Harris in blackface, and Jeff Bridges as an interviewer who never asks a question, but harangues Jack Fate with an awed yet condescending take on Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock: "You could hear the tears in every note: 'Love me, love me, I am a native son.'" Dylan's heartfelt live rendition of "Dixie" puts the anthem of the Confederacy in the mouth of a civil rights troubadour.
During a recent interview with the director, I find myself reduced to the old journalistic chestnut: "What the fuck?"
To which Charles replies: "That's a fair question."
Charles is an interesting guy. He got his start writing for the live TV sketch show Fridays, L.A.'s answer to Saturday Night Live, and was present when they decided ahead of time to have Andy Kaufman go off script. He directed episodes of Seinfeld, working with writer Larry David, and continues the collaboration with HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm. You can imagine Charles being Kramer to David's Jerry: The director is a dyed-in-the-hemp freak who believes that GM smothered a CBS pilot he had made with Michael Moore. (For the full interview in Q&A form, see
"Dixie," he explains, was written by freed Northern slaves as a nostalgic song about the South. It has been misunderstood--much like his collaborator in the movie, whom he discouraged from acting in any fashion.
"Basically I just wanted Bob to be," says Charles. "I felt like if I could just get that face on camera, his silence would speak volumes."
In fact, Charles claims that every question you've ever had about Bob Dylan is answered in this movie. Which may be why Masked & Anonymous is a bomb: No one has looked to this particular icon for answers since his last fiction film, 1978's Renaldo and Clara. If there's a vacuum at the center of the picture, it's that we know all too well what it doesn't mean.
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UITextView Auto Complete text not i order
I have a UITextView which is connected to UITableView for Autocompletion.
The problem is the table display is not properly formatted, i have following problems with this:
the details are not in order(ex: if i press a it is not displaying words starts with a first, it display as it likes).
i have three kind of words in my txt file(like Apple, A pple, A.pple);
in my table it display only A pple and A.pple but not Apple if i start search with letter 'Ap' even it displays A pple till i write 'A P' then it stops displaying the words.
Can any one let me know what to do that?
Please find my code for your reference:
Sorry for posting all the code, i am doing because i cannot find were its going wrong!!!
- (void) finishedSearching {
[usernameField resignFirstResponder];
autoCompleteTableView.hidden = YES;
}
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
NSString *filePath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"employee.txt" ofType:nil];
NSData* data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:filePath];
//Convert the bytes from the file into a string
NSString* string = [[NSString alloc] initWithBytes:[data bytes] length:[data length] encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
//Split the string around newline characters to create an array
NSString* delimiter = @"\n";
NSArray *item = [string componentsSeparatedByString:delimiter];
elementArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:item];
usernameField = [[UITextField alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(204, 405, 264, 31)];
usernameField.borderStyle = 3; // rounded, recessed rectangle
usernameField.autocorrectionType = UITextAutocorrectionTypeNo;
usernameField.autocapitalizationType = UITextAutocapitalizationTypeNone;
usernameField.textAlignment = UITextAlignmentLeft;
usernameField.contentVerticalAlignment = UIControlContentVerticalAlignmentCenter;
usernameField.returnKeyType = UIReturnKeyDone;
usernameField.font = [UIFont fontWithName:@"Trebuchet MS" size:20];
usernameField.textColor = [UIColor blackColor];
usernameField.placeholder=@"Login id";
[usernameField setDelegate:self];
[self.view addSubview:usernameField];
autoCompleteArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
autoCompleteTableView = [[UITableView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(204, 450, 264, tableHeight) style:UITableViewStylePlain];
autoCompleteTableView.delegate = self;
autoCompleteTableView.dataSource = self;
autoCompleteTableView.scrollEnabled = YES;
autoCompleteTableView.hidden = YES;
autoCompleteTableView.rowHeight = tableHeight;
[self.view addSubview:autoCompleteTableView];
[super viewDidLoad];
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
}
- (void)searchAutocompleteEntriesWithSubstring:(NSString *)substring {
// Put anything that starts with this substring into the autoCompleteArray
// The items in this array is what will show up in the table view
[autoCompleteArray removeAllObjects];
for(NSString *curString in elementArray) {
NSRange substringRangeLowerCase = [curString rangeOfString:[substring lowercaseString]];
NSRange substringRangeUpperCase = [curString rangeOfString:[substring uppercaseString]];
if (substringRangeLowerCase.length != 0 || substringRangeUpperCase.length != 0) {
[autoCompleteArray addObject:curString];
}
}
autoCompleteTableView.hidden = NO;
[autoCompleteTableView reloadData];
}
- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
[self.view endEditing:YES];
[super touchesBegan:touches withEvent:event];
[self finishedSearching];
}
#pragma mark UITextFieldDelegate methods
// Close keyboard when Enter or Done is pressed
- (BOOL)textFieldShouldReturn:(UITextField *)textField {
BOOL isDone = YES;
if (isDone) {
[self finishedSearching];
return YES;
} else {
return NO;
}
}
// String in Search textfield
- (BOOL)textField:(UITextField *)textField shouldChangeCharactersInRange:(NSRange)range replacementString:(NSString *)string {
NSString *substring = [NSString stringWithString:textField.text];
substring = [substring stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:range withString:string];
[self searchAutocompleteEntriesWithSubstring:substring];
return YES;
}
#pragma mark UITableViewDelegate methods
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {
return 1;
}
- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger) section {
//Resize auto complete table based on how many elements will be displayed in the table
if (autoCompleteArray.count >=3) {
autoCompleteTableView.frame = CGRectMake(204, 450, 264, tableHeight*3);
return autoCompleteArray.count;
}
else if (autoCompleteArray.count == 2) {
autoCompleteTableView.frame = CGRectMake(204, 450, 264, tableHeight*2);
return autoCompleteArray.count;
}
else {
autoCompleteTableView.frame = CGRectMake(204, 450, 264, tableHeight);
return autoCompleteArray.count;
}
}
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
UITableViewCell *cell = nil;
static NSString *AutoCompleteRowIdentifier = @"AutoCompleteRowIdentifier";
cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:AutoCompleteRowIdentifier];
if (cell == nil) {
cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:AutoCompleteRowIdentifier] ;
}
cell.textLabel.text = [autoCompleteArray objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];
return cell;
}
- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
UITableViewCell *selectedCell = [tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:indexPath];
usernameField.text = selectedCell.textLabel.text;
usernameField.text=[usernameField.text stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceCharacterSet]];
NSLog(@"%@",usernameField.text);
[self finishedSearching];
}
- (void)viewDidUnload
{
[super viewDidUnload];
// Release any retained subviews of the main view.
}
Thanks in Advance!!!!
follow this code.. U have done all correctly but searching the element is the problem. U have written the code. if your checking length alone. if its not null it will show data. but u have to compare the first letter with element array. so that it works fine.
- (void)searchAutocompleteEntriesWithSubstring:(NSString *)substring {
[autocompleteArray removeAllObjects];
for(NSString *curString in elementArray) {
NSRange substringRange = [curString rangeOfString:substring];
if (substringRange.location == 0) {
[autocompleteArray addObject:curString];
}
[autocompleteTableView reloadData];
}
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11344461', 'collection': 'StackExchange', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2012.0', 'title': 'Stack Exchange', 'creator': '', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '675', 'token_count': '1953', '__index_level_0__': '13641', 'original_id': '280b0064d554d3b718bd0e97e44fb80831491b3248f748e2bb2bbc82525352a3'} |
How do we respond to emerging pathogens?
The 2019-nCoV coronavirus is only the latest threat in a perpetual assault that has included HIV, Lyme disease, Zika, SARS, MERS, and others
Learn how advances in technology have changed the global response to emerging diseases, as well as the ways in which synthetic oligonucleotide manufacturers can help researchers in their efforts to head off global pandemics.
What do I need to know about this trending virus story?
Can it be fatal?
Is it coming to my country, state, or city?
I’m feeling a little under the weather…can my doctor tell me if I’ve contracted the 2019-novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV?
These and other questions are what drive interest in stories about new diseases.
Unfortunately, such questions, and the flurry of inquiries surrounding them, can also drive panic. It has long been the sphere of pathologists and microbiologists working at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other rapid-response institutions to head off that panic. And since the dawn of epidemiology, researchers have employed one key weapon against panic: information. That information has historically been about the natural history of the disease organism, prevention and progression of the disease, and the visible hallmarks of both the organism and its manifestation in infected patients. Today, that information also includes the genomic sequence of the pathogens. This, of course, puts the manufacturers of custom nucleic acids at a critical node in the process of addressing emerging pathogen crises and, even now, IDT is engaged in providing new reagents to help answer questions and assemble key information.
In the case of the 2019-nCoV (for 2019 novel coronavirus; and more recently designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses), some of the key information has come quickly, with full viral genome sequences from several patients being generated in the initial days of the outbreak [1]. An article from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, released late last week, points to its likely origin in bats and suggests its close relation to the SARS coronavirus. 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 shares nearly 80% sequence identity with SARS and appears to leverage the same cell surface receptor for entry into the host [2]. That receptor, called ACE2, is shared by humans, bats, and several other animal species with which humans cross paths [3].
First response
With any emerging disease, early responders begin to address the information deficit by answering a handful of key questions: Where did the pathogen originate? How does it spread? How can we identify an infection rapidly and with confidence? Only then can researchers determine how best to limit the spread of these diseases, devise treatments, and ultimately, even vaccinate against them.
One of the most important steps in fighting emerging pathogens is identifying infected patients. This can be complicated by pathogens with longer incubation times or symptoms that are not distinct from common, non-threatening infections. This appears to be a significant problem with 2019-nCoV/Covid-19 disease, with some estimates of asymptomatic incubation times extending to 14 days. Obviously, failure to identify and treat infected people increases the risk and rate of the disease spreading. Additionally, patient observation and treatment regimens based on false-positive assessments lead down blind alleys and result in waste of precious time and resources. Therefore, the establishment of diagnostic methods accounts for a large part of early research activity around potential pandemics. Fortunately, researchers have gained a lot of ground on the diagnostic front over the past few decades.
The evolution of diagnostic techniques
Early methods for confirmation of specific infections were culture-based, followed by morphological and/or immunological analysis of lab-grown plaques and colonies. Such assays could be quite accurate, but the incubation times worked in opposition to the urgency of the research. Also, lab culture isn’t possible with all pathogens. With the advent of PCR, it became possible to quickly confirm infections with much smaller samples, by detecting native genetic sequences of the attacking microorganisms. By the turn of this century, culture-independent methods for identifying microbial signatures were developed, with molecular methods such as PCR-based amplification, DNA hybridization, and full genome sequencing being among the most sensitive and precise methods available [4].
Today, improvements in sequencing technologies mean that the genomes of disease agents are available much earlier in epidemiological studies, so native genetic information used in the development of diagnostics can be leveraged almost immediately. Additionally, advances in custom nucleic acid synthesis allow rapid manufacturing and delivery of oligonucleotides both for use in the development of such tests and as standards in diagnostic kits that can be deployed in the field. Synthetic oligos have also lowered the barrier to creating synthetic proteins, which can then be used as safe reagents for vaccine research. Advances in gene synthesis mean that subunit vaccines can be developed quickly from one or a few antigen-presenting viral genes, circumventing the need for scientists to handle live and potentially dangerous pathogens and allowing vaccine development against viruses that cannot be propagated in current model organisms.
With the burgeoning global economy, increased transparency from the governments of countries where outbreaks occur becomes critically important to controlling these outbreaks and preventing new ones. Such cooperation hasn’t always prevailed, but the response to this recent outbreak has been buoyed by the transparency of Chinese researchers and their government, leading to many collaborative efforts, with new information coming at an unprecedented pace [5].
The role of commercial oligonucleotide synthesis
All of this means that manufacturers of synthetic DNA, like IDT, often find themselves involved very early in the process of addressing emerging diseases. Our recent history includes assisting in the development of field diagnostic tests for Ebola virus and providing reagents to advance disease modeling and detection of Zika virus. In the case of the Wuhan outbreak, IDT was quickly engaged by researchers with interests in both diagnostic assays and vaccine development. IDT has already shipped synthetic genes for use in the pursuit of coronavirus vaccines, as well as customized oligonucleotide probes and primers that will facilitate more sensitive and accurate detection of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2.
One potential problem with simultaneously manufacturing both long genomic sequences and probes used in their detection is contamination: if the facility manufacturing diagnostic kits is also creating substantial quantities of native viral sequences, such contamination could easily lead to false positives and other inaccuracies in detection reagents. IDT is uniquely positioned to avoid such concerns, due both to our GMP units and facilities dedicated to production of diagnostic oligos. This allows us to serve the need for vaccine-directed synthetic viral genes in one location, while confining the manufacturing of diagnostic reagents to another city entirely, or even another continent.
IDT takes its position on the front lines of fighting new diseases very seriously, and we've set up a dedicated page for orders of reagents to be used in 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 research. We take pride in being able to offer the highest quality reagents to the dedicated researchers who jump into the fray at the first sign of trouble. These researchers work tirelessly to head off critical threats to the world’s populations, and IDT is committed to providing them with the most accurate and effective reagents to aid their missions.
2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 reagents now available
IDT has assays, using the CDC design, and controls for positive identification of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2.
These assays are priced to make them widely accessible and ship in just 1–2 business days.
Order now
1. Williams S. (2020) Where coronaviruses come from. [Online] The Scientist. [Accessed 27 Jan 2020].
2. Zhou P, Yang X. (2020) Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2020.01.22.914952.
3. Martina BE, Haagmans BL, et al. (2003). Virology: SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets. Nature, 425(6961):915.
4. Váradi L, Luo JL, et al. (2017) Methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev, 46:4818–4832.
5. Johnson CY. (2020) Scientists are unraveling the Chinese coronavirus with unprecedented speed and openness. [Online] The Washington Post. [Accessed 27 Jan 2020].
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Roger Ebert Home
Hell Fest
“Hell Fest” is a pretty bad movie that makes a great case for more slashing at horror theme parks. The lighting is already menacing, no one will believe your prey as you stalk them, the rent-a-cop authority figures are inherently apathetic, and the jump scares are free. It’s the closest you can subject people to a horror potluck without being "The Cabin in the Woods." So why can’t the six writers of this story have more fun with this premise?
It starts with the movie's fresh meat, which is represented by six pretty college-age students who giddily treat this like a night at Evil Disney. But after a slightly strange credit-sequence nightmare, there’s more focus from the script on their relationships than their personalities, give or take some haircuts. The writers bide time with 20 minutes of backstory that won’t mean anything once we get to slashin’, aside from knowing who is coupled with who. The woman who is given the most dialogue, Natalie (Amy Forsyth) is the main target, trying to work through a bashful crush on a walking blood bag named Gavin (Roby Attal) while hanging out with all of their friends at a park called Hell Fest.
And then, a true menace buys a ticket to Hell Fest—our lame-duck slasher who fails to be frightening by constantly walking in slow motion and clenching his fist like the “Arthur” internet meme. Wearing a mask that was probably once labeled “Definitely Not Leatherface,” he is less a disturbing agent of chaos and more a tedious screen presence who toys with a horror park’s already hazy idea of personal space. But he does give the movie its personality, which is that of barely menacing, and always dragging its heels to get on with the simple pleasures.
Known as “The Other,” the masked presence stalks Natalie, freaking her out while her friends don’t believe her. Time and time again, the movie reminds us of how a horror theme park is a great place to make frightened people cry wolf. And yet we’re merely rewarded with sludgy scenes of terror with people learning what's real and what's not before meeting their demise.
As for Hell Fest, the place? It's the kind of fear factory that's so dangerous there aren't even emergency exit signs. There are a lot of labored sets with spiders, corpses, and hundreds of performers that that pop out on our protagonists. Someone in production thought that a train almost running you over was worth being its own room, and it’s those types of left-field ideas that can’t save “Hell Fest” as it’s more sobering than intoxicating. Watching a horror movie inside a horror park should feel like being through the looking glass, but aside from topsy-turvy canted angles and constantly expressive lighting, “Hell Fest” lacks deadly pizazz, even when Tony Todd is revealed to be its ghoulish host.
A major defect: the constant fake jump scares brought on the characters only soften any initial nerves. And then the idea of playing with what horror is real or fake at the park doesn’t lead to much—when people see that someone getting stabbed in front of them is actually dead, it’s more awkward for us than it is mortifying for them. That we so often know what's real or fake sucks out the warped nature of setting a movie inside a medley of horror tropes.
The scares of “Hell Fest” never leave a mark, and it’s gore-lite in a weird way that makes it seem like a self-serious light-R that forgot to have fun (the relatively tame language and selective gore makes one think it used to have PG-13 aspirations). But the concept has so much potential, it's a bummer it plays out so mechanically. So while a sequel is left open, like many mid-size horror films, "Hell Fest" will need to spruce itself up significantly to make it a horror property worth another go-around.
Nick Allen
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Film Credits
Hell Fest movie poster
Hell Fest (2018)
89 minutes
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Former prime minister John Howard will return to Parliament House to advise a select group of Government MPs on how to successfully prosecute economic reform.
Mr Howard has accepted an invitation to address the Modest Members group - a gathering of economically dry-minded Liberals.
The invitation was extended by the Victorian backbencher Kelly O'Dwyer, who before her career in the private sector advised Mr Howard's former colleague and political rival Peter Costello.
Liberal MPs are expected to pepper Mr Howard with questions at dinner tonight about how he saw politically difficult reforms like the GST through the Parliament.
The private dinner will be held at the Parliamentary House dining room.
The society of Modest Members is named in memory of the late Bert Kelly - a former Liberal minister in the Holt and Gorton governments, who sometimes singularly campaigned against industry subsidies and in favour of free trade, when it was unpopular at the time.
Arriving at Canberra airport Mr Howard said he was looking forward to meeting the Liberal MPs.
"It's a beautiful day, I've got no advice to give the Government, they're doing a fantastic job and Tony Abbott's a great Prime Minister," he said.
Ms O'Dwyer says its current members are committed to open markets and opposed to "state patronage and protection" because she says it "grants a select few favours at the expense of the broader community".
Some other Liberal Modest Members include Victorian backbencher Dan Tehan, Queensland backbencher Ewen Jones, and senators Zed Seselja (ACT) and Dean Smith (WA). | mini_pile | {'original_id': '4e2e539de051b5f56e1cf95bc552550e387e430b1bedc820aa17c7b4e7567c48'} |
Amazon CloudFront
Table of Contents
For background information, please refer to the AWS Cloudfront developer guide. You can use your own origin, an EC2 instance or S3 bucket is not needed for HTTP ABR streaming (but can be used also).
The tutorial for 'creating a download distribution' is straightforward and can be done from the AWS console, as described here.
Basically there are three steps:
• Create a (download) distribution
• Enter the origin name
• Set cache behaviour
When this has been done, a similar entry as the following will appear in your Cloudfront Management Console:
All that is needed to use this is to replace the origin referencing URLs with the cloudfront referencing URLs.
The following URL loads the player from the origin and then references the stream also from the origin:
Alternatively, both could be fetched from the AWS Cloudfront:
Other combinations are possible too (player from origin - or elsewhere like a website - and the stream comes from Cloudfront).
For more advanced topics, please reference the AWS Cloudfront documentation for topics not listed here.
It is possible to for instance do the following:
Also, please check the pricing plans carefully - so there are no surprises afterwards.
Smooth Streaming
Cloudfront can be used for 'on-demand streaming of media files in the Microsoft Smooth Streaming format'.
When using Unified Packager to create the Smooth Streaming package, it is important to follow the Packaging for HTTP Smooth Streaming (HSS) guidelines. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '32', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8570471405982971}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45557', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KFGIOJS2PMG63VFHDUYQ6FL22YS3W4XG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4fa75ebb-69ac-4440-8961-3692d55979ab>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 2, 20, 13, 17, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '46.23.86.205', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:THRQGGR7KTU3QC5AG47N6H5S56FFCRD3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:662f5f1b-a81a-4c64-9d21-a77b3df1c47b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://docs.unified-streaming.com/tutorials/caching/amazon-cloudfront.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7bb16747-28bd-4da8-bf1f-6b365f015bbe>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '274', 'url': 'https://docs.unified-streaming.com/tutorials/caching/amazon-cloudfront.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01824057102203369', 'original_id': '0eb6e5c938ca0760e5c5339713cafb705bf7827cb988936c55774206adb239d8'} |
Dow Jones Industrial Average Fluctuates Ahead of Fed Meeting
By Mourad Haroutunian, BA, MA Published : March 14, 2016
The Dow Jones Industrial Average, together with S&P 500 and NASDAQ, fluctuated today as investors took a temporary stop in action ahead of the U.S. Federal Reserve’s meeting on monetary policy this week.
As of 2:32 p.m. in New York, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 0.2% at 17,248.38. The 30-member gauge fell as much as 0.3% to 17,161.16 earlier in the session.
The S&P 500 was down 0.1% at 2,020.95, while the tech heavy NASDAQ Composite was up 0.1% at 4,753.69.
Energy shares in the S&P 500 dropped as U.S. crude oil decreased more than 4%. West Texas Intermediate for April delivery fell 3.4% to settle at $37.18 a barrel.
The Fed is not forecast to hike interest rates at the two-day meeting, which begins tomorrow, but traders will be looking for its view on the economy and clues on the path of future increases.
Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc (NYSE:HOT) gained 8.6% to $76.44 after the U.S. hotel operator received a rival takeover bid from an investor group led by China’s Anbang Insurance Group, potentially derailing a deal with Marriott International Inc (NASDAQ:MAR).
Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. (NYSE:CMG) were up 2% after a securities filing late Friday showed the company’s bosses now will see their pay linked to share-price performance.
The Fresh Market Inc (NASDAQ:TFM) surged 24% to $28.43 after the U.S. specialty grocery retailer agreed to be acquired by an affiliate of Apollo Global Management for $1.36 billion, completing the specialty grocer’s review of strategic alternatives.
Tesla Motors Inc (NASDAQ:TSLA) rose 4% to $216.10 after the electric car maker received an upgrade from Baird analyst Ben Kallo, who upped his rating to “outperform” from “neutral” and hiked his price target to $300 from $230.
Lannett Company, Inc. (NYSE:LCI) fell 4% to $21.54 after the generic drug maker said it would review its sales forecast for the year after experiencing “unanticipated market softness.”
In commodities, gold futures fell 1.1% to finish at $1,245.10 a troy ounce. May silver surrendered 0.5% to end at $15.521 a troy ounce.
Advancing issues outnumbered declining ones on the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 18 to 12.
The Dow Jones index showed 2 new 52-week highs and no new lows.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is nearly 10% higher than its February 11 low and 12% higher than its 52-week low of 15,370.33, recorded on August 24. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '306ee2c10ca0eb1b794ae12764bb9a23cfd7af58894cfedca24abfd77adfe9ae'} |
Consistent Email filing
Email-enabling a SharePoint document library lets you send emails to that library.
MacroView EELH ensures that incoming emails are saved as a MSG file, rather than an EML, so that they can be opened easily in Outlook. Any attachments will then be embedded into the MSG email record for better management.
In addition the MSG file will be named in a meaningful format, i.e. [Sender]_[ReceivedDate]_[First 20 characters of the subject].
For completeness it will extract and populate all key metadata properties into the respective SharePoint columns. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8665616512298584}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97492', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RGCYJESROJXBEPD5TCKRSNSIJCBCK36A', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:966f063f-4ec4-43d0-96fe-949ac9975349>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 5, 49, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.154.236.74', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TYSFGNILLFV2TCP3ZKZAGB5YXUDK4UG5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:713da3b4-19c5-4b4e-a3e6-c26664f3099a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://macroview365.com/email-enabled-library-handler-sharepoint/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:54bd2470-b512-4ecb-ba9c-af978ac7a753>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '88', 'url': 'http://macroview365.com/email-enabled-library-handler-sharepoint/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-93-200-49.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.10750561952590942', 'original_id': '9dcf9021156d1b844f10ae43e199f9c3a51cdfc2955c25aa6c85bdae6af8d5ef'} |
5 Reasons why SEO matters
5 Reasons why SEO matters
SEO has changed so significantly that people really need to think whether they should go for it or not. As search engines are continuously growing so, most of the organizations are renewing their SEO strategies to meet the demand of rising SEO web infrastructure. And, to be in the race, you also have to consider these.
Here are certain reasons why you need to consider investing in SEO
1. It is not faded away
The new and modern methods are introduced just to improve SEO so; it is still working and not fades away. Huge statics show that certain techniques are still in use.
2. Seo will continue to grow
Whether is video or audio searchers, Seo is still based on Keywords. And it is clear that no change in coming time can replace them.
3. Great ROI
Costly marketing such as email marketing and PPC advertising may center on revenue but lucrative SEO optimization helps in making necessary discoverability which will raise your online presence.
4. Local SEO is the modern edge
Almost everyone has the mobile device in their pockets. Today, monthly searches on electronic devices have overtaken the searchers done on desktop PCs. This particular change has given birth to a new type of SEO technique known as Local SEO, to help organizations connect local businesses to local users.
5. Quality content is crucial
Search engine “Google” has continued to modify its algorithms to offer the users with the best quality content. Nowadays, social media pointers have a better influence on the algorithms as compared to that they had in the past. Adapting these changes speedily is all about SEO optimization.
SEO is a growing field and will not end in the near future. So, you need to keep moving ahead along with improving your position otherwise you can lose the race among your competitors. Having a wonderful SEO strategy is a basic requirement for your business to guarantee your success in online marketing.
Hope you will like this blog! Please share your comments and suggestions below…
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| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9560561776161194}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '41889', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YQAYMKWFYH3V6ERTKARAWIMOU7RT67GR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f1e95eb4-f627-4940-b738-db0ad02eebc9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 40, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '212.71.250.201', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:63OESGHKTIU36I57P346UDKB3LZLDUQ5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:acdf3536-335c-471e-8252-9592b9195fcd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.antechnologie.com/archives/641', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7b84f3e8-b27c-4b7f-8c61-115bb10620cc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '363', 'url': 'http://www.antechnologie.com/archives/641', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-74.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01935577392578125', 'original_id': 'a562b243a05a3a28a9d5127314137843053fdd4705bd458e10ed0809d3e25359'} |
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