text stringlengths 3 7.38M | source_data stringclasses 5 values | info stringlengths 83 12.5k |
|---|---|---|
Q:
How does android expose Native UI Components to React Native Screen
I have an android application built already that I would like to use React Native in. It's a large application and I don't want to migrate everything at once.
For example, my bottom bar code is a bit complex and I'd like to leave it native for now. For Example: See Picture below
I want screen partition between android and react native components as
Bottom bar in Android Native and Updated page content in React Native
Note: I have built React Native Bridge and expose android native bottom bar to react environment but they do not show anywhere on screen and it only shows react content.
A:
I have resolved this kind of complexity in this way:
Before:
mReactRootView = new ReactRootView(this);
mReactInstanceManager = ReactInstanceManager.builder()
.setApplication(getApplication())
.setBundleAssetName("index.android.bundle")
.setJSMainModuleName("index.android")
.addPackage(new MainReactPackage())
.addPackage(new OloRNBridgeReactPackage())
.setUseDeveloperSupport(BuildConfig.DEBUG)
.setInitialLifecycleState(LifecycleState.RESUMED)
.setCurrentActivity(MenuActivity.this)
.build();
mReactRootView.startReactApplication(mReactInstanceManager, "JSMain", null);
setContentView(mReactRootView);
Result:
It renders JSMain content from React Native only and does not include Android Native Bottom Bar.
After:
Create android layout xml file activity_react_footer and add Android UI Components that you want to include with React Component.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:punchh="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
<com.facebook.react.ReactRootView
android:id="@+id/react_root"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
<android.support.design.widget.TabLayout
android:layout_weight="9"
android:id="@+id/tabLayout"
app:tabGravity="fill"
app:tabMode="fixed"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
android:minHeight="?attr/actionBarSize"
android:theme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Dark.ActionBar"/>
</LinearLayout>
Inflate layout in your activity then findViewById ReactRootView with load JS Component and TabLayout also.
setContentView(R.layout.activity_react_footer);
mReactInstanceManager = ReactInstanceManager.builder()
.setApplication(getApplication())
.setBundleAssetName("index.android.bundle")
.setJSMainModuleName("index")
.addPackage(new MainReactPackage())
.addPackage(new OloRNBridgeReactPackage())
.setUseDeveloperSupport(BuildConfig.DEBUG)
.setInitialLifecycleState(LifecycleState.RESUMED)
.setCurrentActivity(MenuActivity.this)
.build();
mReactRootView = (ReactRootView) findViewById(R.id.react_root);
mReactRootView.startReactApplication(mReactInstanceManager, "JSMain", null);
tabLayout = (TabLayout) findViewById(R.id.tabLayout);
Result:
This approach will include both contents on screen from Android and React Native. It will solve your problem completely.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '7bfc95944abae733358fbd7f8bde3ef5b33e5c151e3a27313d7778a751593369'} |
Friday, February 6, 2009
Weekend Cocktails - Biloxi Breeze
It's Friday night, the weather's warmed back up again, so what better time for a cocktail? And some music to go along with it. That's on further down, but first a story. Hope you find it interesting!
Now, hubs doesn't drink at all these days and so I don't imbibe much myself, so when I do, well, one generally will do it for me, and this is a good one. It's the kinda drink that invokes all kinds of memories of growing up here along the Gulf Coast. And I'm guessin' that when CrazySista put it on her menu, and Jimmy wrote the song and did the video, well, they both knew it would.
Now from what I hear, Jimmy Buffett had originally written this song as a dedication primarily to one little dive that we all knew and loved here on the Coast called the Flora-Bama Lounge & Package store, or better known around here as "The 'Bama" bar. As you can pretty much guess from the name, the bar was located right on the beach at the border of where Alabama and Florida join. I always heard that half the bar was in Florida and half was in Alabama, though I have no idea if that was actually true.
As you see, it really was quite a hole in the wall, but for some reason it was legendary and all sorts of famous people seemed to make their way there for some reason. You'd hear rumors all the time of famous people and rock stars showing up there all the time, course Jimmy Buffett goes there alot, but I've heard lately Big & Rich, the NFL Peyton brothers, and Kid Rock have been seen, and they say that Taylor Hicks cut his teeth playin' there.
One common practice there was that everybody wrote all over the walls everywhere in that bar, which could be entertaining just reading in and of itself. I left my name (and likely an ex or three's too) written in a couple spots myself over the years. Now understand that this dive sat right in the midst of some pretty posh high rise condominiums, so you might spot a millionaire at the bar rubbin' shoulders with a hobo sittin' next to a model. It was just that kind of place.
The 'Bama was most famous for it's annual mullet toss - yes, as in the fish - which became and still is a huge event. Well you can learn much more about all that here if you're so inclined. (click on that "preview" link at the bottom for videos) Anyway, the original Flora-Bama bar was pretty much destroyed by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and was finally demolished about a year or so later.
Now, I hear it's been rebuilt and is much nicer though I have not personally been there to attest to it with my own eyes.
And I hear some of the old traditions have been carried on.
Anyway, not long after Hurricane Katrina destroyed so much of our shoreline along the Gulf Coast in Mississippi, taking away every single beachfront hotel, casino, restaurant, tourist attraction, gas station, fast food places and yeah, the bars and the beer joints, we heard that Jimmy Buffett was in town recording in the old shell of a washed out building that once housed the Fire Dog Saloon in Bay St. Louis. Bay St. Louis is on the far west side of the Mississippi coast, near the Louisiana border. Nobody quite knew what he was recording at the time or why, until sometime in 2006, when Bama Breeze was released.
What started out as a tribute to the old Flora-Bama bar, became a tribute born out of the destruction of Katrina to all the old juke joints all along the Coast that were lost - the kind of places that we all grew up hanging out in, taking shelter in from the searing sun on the hot beach, cooling off, having a few beers, listening to a jukebox or sometimes a live band, playing pool, dancing and just being with our friends. This video could have been shots taken in any one of them at any time in my past. It brought tears to my eyes, for that reason and for many others. Well, all those joints are destroyed and gone now, but the memories never will be.
So here's my salute to the juke joints of old with what I'm calling a Biloxi Breeze Cocktail, an adaptation of the
Bama Breeze Cocktail named after the song that can be found at Jimmy's sister's place called LuLu's in Gulf Shores, Alabama, another one of our favorite places, located less than an hour's drive from us. Except for those pesky months of hurricane season, it's sure a blessing to live on the Gulf Coast.
(if the video isn't showing up you can catch it here)
First you'll need to make up some simple syrup. Put 2 parts of sugar to 1 part of water, stir together and microwave on high until boiling. Stir well and set aside to cool at room temperature.
Next we need some crushed ice. Just throw some ice cubes in a Ziploc bag...
and smash the heck out of it with a mallet. This is especially good if you have some frustrations leftover from the week.
Fill up your glass with the ice.
And top the ice with the vodka ...
...and the rum. Whoa. Hoochiemama....
Top it off with the cranberry juice, lime juice, orange juice, grenadine (I didn't have any this time) and then sweeten to taste with some of the simple syrup. Garnish with a slice of orange or lime and reminisce about by-gone beach days and string bikinis. Enjoy!
Biloxi Breeze Cocktail
Posted at
Make a simple syrup with equal parts of sugar in equal parts of water, stir together and microwave on high until boiling. Stir well and set aside to cool at room temperature. You'll want about 1/2 a jigger of syrup per drink.
Tall glass
Crushed ice
2 jiggers of citrus vodka
1 jigger of rum
3 jiggers of cranberry juice
1 tablespoon of lime juice
Squeeze of orange juice
Splash of grenadine
1/2 jigger of simple syrup, or to taste
Orange wedge, for garnish
Put crushed ice in a tall glass. Top with the vodka and rum. Add the cranberry juice, lime juice, squeeze of fresh orange juice, light splash of grenadine for color and sweeten to taste with the simple syrup. Garnish with an orange or lime wedge.
Bookmark and Share
1. That looks like a fine drink.
Thanks for the history and the video. It is sad to lose a place where you spent time and had fun but when you think about losin' many places...totally wipin' out things that may never get replaced or re-built. What a loss. I can understand that it makes you sad. It makes me sad that I'll never get to see those places you spoke of.
I think I'll go have a margarita. Jimmy always does that to me!
2. My husband had been to the old bar a few times. He can't remember whether he wrote his name or not...wonder why. Teenage son just spoke up & said he was probably drunk..ha! I'm like you, a cocktail every now & again. My next one to try is Champagne Sangria from Giada.
3. Oh yeah... that sounds fantastic! Did I just see her do that recently? Sounds familiar.
Related Posts with Thumbnails | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '88', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9711046814918518}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '187257', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:D7RKOV2GBTR7YK4VMBKESMZXG2MEY7SX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:495362ce-763d-4ba6-ac62-7bd71c4c8a63>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 29, 16, 3, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.22.121', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GYDVGLWLCI33MCOFQRLJV256A4B2UK4Q', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:24ce5699-fae5-4644-bb80-7117d7ef2c3a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.deepsouthdish.com/2009/02/weekend-cocktails-biloxi-breeze.html?showComment=1234065840000', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2e25a59d-f10f-4658-b9f1-5087e2c46a9c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1340', 'url': 'http://www.deepsouthdish.com/2009/02/weekend-cocktails-biloxi-breeze.html?showComment=1234065840000', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026511728763580322', 'original_id': 'efed3c227b1f2cc619f3bdf687531c520d780a3ddebf741e45d56320874072b3'} |
Apple sells 48 million iPhones, but profit squeezed
@DavidGoldmanCNN January 23, 2013: 6:34 PM ET
apple iphone earnings
Apple reported a record quarter on Wednesday, boosted by strong iPhone and iPad sales, but the popularity of cheaper versions of its mobile devices pinched the company's profits.
The company sold 47.8 million iPhones during the past quarter, shattering the record of 37 million that it set a year ago when the iPhone 4S debuted. It's a stunning number, considering that supply chain woes limited iPhone 5 availability throughout much of the quarter.
That helped Apple record a quarterly profit of $13.1 billion, the second highest profit ever earned by a U.S. corporation -- bested only by Exxon Mobil's (XOM, Fortune 500) record-setting $14.8 billion quarter from the fall of 2008, when oil prices were at an all-time high.
Still, many analysts and Apple (AAPL, Fortune 500) investors are concerned that buyers' interest in the the iPhone might be drying up. Sales estimates for the current quarter and beyond are a pittance compared to the number of iPhones Apple was able to sell over the past three months, and Apple's stock has lost more than a quarter of its value over the past four months.
Customers also appear eager to pay $100 less to get a year-old iPhone 4S or $200 less to get the two-year-old iPhone 4 instead of the iPhone 5, whose features are only slightly more impressive than the older versions'. Verizon (VZ, Fortune 500) reported on Tuesday that it sold a record number of iPhones during the quarter, but the iPhone 5 made up only half of its Apple smartphone sales.
As a result, Apple's profit just barely beat its total from the same quarter a year ago. By the slimmest of margins -- $14 million -- Apple avoided recording its first year-over-year drop in profit in nine years, as analysts had feared it might.
The older iPhones reduced the average selling price of the iPhone and contributed to Apple's pinched profit margin. The company's gross margin fell to 38.6% -- down a whopping six percentage points from the same period a year ago.
Investors didn't like the news. Shares of Apple fell by more than 11% in after-hours trading.
Apple's sales rose 17.7% to $54.5 billion, just missing analysts' forecasts of $54.7 billion.
Still, Apple fattened its cash hoard nicely: It's currently sitting on $137.1 billion.
Inside's new iPhone camera
As for the iPad, Apple's other marquee mobile device, the company said it sold 22.9 million devices -- also a record. The iPad mini debuted last quarter, much to the delight of consumers waiting for a lower-priced Apple tablet.
But investors aren't quite as sold on the iPad mini. Like the older, cheaper versions of the iPhone, the eight-inch tablet cannibalized the full-sized iPad's sales, lowering the iPad's average selling price by $101. That dug into Apple's profit.
On a conference call with analysts, CEO Tim Cook was unapologetic about selling less-expensive items. He said the company's best measure of success is whether customers love Apple products. Noting that Apple sold 10 iOS devices per second last quarter, Cook said Apple hit the mark.
"You're going to hear a lot of impressive numbers on this call, but that's not the only way we measure success," Cook said. "We're unwilling to cut corners to deliver the best experience in the world."
Also on Wednesday, Apple reported 4.1 million Mac sales -- down 21% from a year ago -- and 12.7 million iPod sales. Cook said Mac sales slumped because Apple was unable to make the new iMacs quickly enough to meet demand, and the iPad cannibalized some of its PC sales.
Apple also sold more than 2 million Apple TVs in the quarter, the first time the set-top box eclipsed the 2 million mark. Former CEO Steve Jobs called the product a "hobby," but Cook said Apple TV has grown beyond a niche product. Apple is widely rumored to be working on a new television device, which some believe might debut later this year.
Peter Oppenheimer, Apple's chief financial officer, said he expects the company to produce sales of $41 billion to $43 billion during the current quarter and gross margin between 37.5% and 38.5%. Both of estimates fall far short Wall Street analysts' forecasts.
Apple's outlook has typically been ultra-conservative -- the company liked to set low bars it could easily clear -- but Oppenheimer said Apple has changed the way it provides guidance. It now "reflects what Apple is likely to achieve," he told analysts, as opposed to a "conservative estimate" that Apple expects to beat. To top of page
Join the Conversation | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '212', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.936340034008026}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50836', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ESNNN6EMZ4VE44547NBRDG23ALTSFN3C', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d00f3ac7-1d76-42cd-89c0-9aaa40560532>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 18, 1, 13, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '157.166.226.108', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6N4BG2ILUZ4U3AODYSACPOG2NKKFM2NH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:18408d2f-dcf2-420a-b4ea-ed49bda9ec31>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/23/technology/apple-earnings/index.html?hpt=hp_t2', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2efbc610-8a8a-43b5-a9cd-e8503010b892>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '877', 'url': 'http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/23/technology/apple-earnings/index.html?hpt=hp_t2', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.029504120349884033', 'original_id': 'b7ec03edf6d36ee665716328606c0e7ef261841485905be307c136744424f0ac'} |
our new favorite old show
recently... dan and i started watching Sliders. we LOVE it. it's a science fiction series that began in the 90's when a nerdy college kid figures out how to travel to alternate/parallel worlds.
it is also pretty hilarious. this particular episode (i believe it was in the pilot. the group goes to a parallel world where things are ruled by communism. rembrandt takes a taxi ride and tries to pay with american money and gets busted) ... this made it all worth it:
5xblsd said...
Noel and I discovered this show too and love it. We are sad that it was so short lived. We rented all the episodes and watched them. It was way fun. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9725503921508788}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40016', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MTYYIGZF77G26PJA6VKO7CACVURQ5DGA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f9466407-f895-4022-ad2a-6e9c73bdf873>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 19, 18, 59, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3S77D7C5FBFUOYKTOG3YFZNIB2D76UWV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:318ba1f0-d768-464c-9072-5abad54cf116>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://danieledwinandcourtneylou.blogspot.com/2008/12/our-new-favorite-old-show.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3b80a3fc-f7aa-4087-b272-731c9bfcc3ca>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '122', 'url': 'http://danieledwinandcourtneylou.blogspot.com/2008/12/our-new-favorite-old-show.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-167-8-186.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06039375066757202', 'original_id': 'd82fd866e3f39bbcb6ed6ef293fc1dc7fe8e82c5110bc7ab8f85b04298c25980'} |
reyloarmy: weird-biscuits: xxxkyrareaperxxx: cracked: 11 Self-Defense Techniques (That Even A Child Could Use) These are great! These are all really useful methods of defending yourself and I actually learned most of these in my Krav Maga classes. I would have to go up against people (usually guys) twice my size and could easily overpower me, but these tricks DO work and they don’t require a lot of strength. Reblog to save a life I’m tiny AF and had to go against people that where twice my size and this movements do work!!! This will save your life. Boost. Reblogging because.. I want some lives to be saved | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9520999193191528}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '160690', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BJZX3IKDQ5DJMUTLQKIV74JRDBDMVH2Q', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c3ef74e7-444e-48dd-9756-287cd5af597f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 22, 10, 44, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.18.211.242', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Q2D4N3IY7PK4XUQTN5QRQU22Z4GSDU5W', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3e8dae04-d12d-4812-b656-0e693af882dc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://ballmemes.com/i/if-someone-tries-to-choke-you-from-behind-dont-go-d6ebebd05f9b4537aaff114decb8db0c', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4e55c1f0-0044-4b7a-9970-177cfb9e2a5a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '105', 'url': 'https://ballmemes.com/i/if-someone-tries-to-choke-you-from-behind-dont-go-d6ebebd05f9b4537aaff114decb8db0c', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-136-233-116.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07039731740951538', 'original_id': '952072cab1eedf66455b22076f26aef85e34724c3c80f4a48b74a16b149b5baf'} |
3 Hurricane-Free Caribbean Islands
About Netherlands Antilles, Netherlands Antilles · about Sea & Sand
Recent, extreme hurricanes have devastated favorite Caribbean island communities.
For travel, the impact of more extreme hurricanes is double. It can take years for tourism infrastructure in island destinations to rebuild and welcome visitors again, so your favorite destinations and resorts may be unavailable.
Plus some travelers avoid Caribbean island vacations (and cruises) during the Atlantic summer and fall hurricane season, especially during the peak two months of risk mid-August until mid-October, for fear of being stranded or worse if a hurricane hits during their holiday.
The solution? Head south.
There's no perfectly 'hurricane-proof' island in the Caribbean, but the three Dutch 'ABC' islands at the southern most edge of the Caribbean are just beyond the fringes of the hurricane belt, and havens for hurricane season island vacations.
By: Lynn Elmhirst, Producer/ Host BestTrip TV
The furthest of the ABC islands is only 15 miles off the coast of South America. Still, Aruba is just a couple of hours flight from Miami.
Unlike other Caribbean islands which are tropical, Aruba's climate is a desert. You'll see a landscape of cactus and aloe vera plants; especially in Arikok National Park, which covers nearly 1/5th of the island, and is also home to caves and archeological remains of original inhabitants.
The dry, sunny weather includes constant trade winds that contort the local, iconic divi divi tree into fantastic, bonsai-like shapes.
Palm Beach, Eagle Beach, and nearby capital of Oranjestad are home to the island's international restaurants, shopping, casinos, golf and other international travel amenities.
The smallest of the ABC Islands, Bonaire is essentially a coral reef pushed out of the sea and surrounded by one of the world's most celebrated coral reef systems. The reefs have made Bonaire a bucket list destination for divers who consider it one of the very best shore diving destinations in the world.
Bonaire has led the Caribbean in nature conservation and eco-tourism. The entire coastline was designated a marine sanctuary in 1979. It protects the 350 species of fish, 60 species of coral and 4 species of sea turtle in its reefs.
Bonaire's shoreline is dotted with lagoons and inlets that are home to marine birds including rare nesting grounds of pink Caribbean flamingos. Mangrove forests are popular kayaking and snorkeling destinations for hotel guests and passengers in port from cruise ships.
Larger than Aruba and Bonaire, Curacao is also more commercial, with financial and oil-refining industries. It's a popular cruise port and has direct flights from cities on the East coast, as well as Miami and the Netherlands.
Curacao's capital Willemstad dates from the early 1600's. Its collection of well-preserved Dutch colonial architecture, cotton-candy and lacy versions of typical buildings from the era in the Netherlands, has earned UNESCO World Heritage status (pictured, top).
The island also has a thrilling geological feature for avid scuba divers: the 'Blue Edge', where the sea shelf drops sharply off only 200 feet from shore.
Possibly more famous than the island itself is its world-famous namesake blue liqueur. Curacao is distilled from the island's Laraha fruit, a bitter orange that resulted from Spanish settlers' attempts to raise Valencia oranges in the dry, poor soil. Although its fruit is inedible, the peel is powerfully aromatic. The liqueur's trademark blue? Just added color.
The ABC Islands should be on any traveler's list of top Caribbean destinations, especially during hurricane season.
Start your Trip!
I want to go to: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '27', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9124354124069214}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '24124', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2RJVTPASO5UCXHNVK3AZLUOEVJKE7JHA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d657294d-0c9e-496c-af03-02279a507872>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 3, 30, 4, 47, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '167.99.177.129', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:L2ROK2S4OJBDXOEO5IBCLEQIMIJ6K7YU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2f4166bc-c62e-42c2-bddf-bf75707e4d82>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.northstartravel.ca/blog/3-hurricane-free-caribbean-islands', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:65d214ff-5401-4999-9ae4-08bfe988cf6e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '606', 'url': 'http://www.northstartravel.ca/blog/3-hurricane-free-caribbean-islands', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-235.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08179771900177002', 'original_id': '9a3a19cab847e64c759d73d0fd67122890475b0701b7c2a11c697864808ccdd8'} |
Jump to Navigation
Why isn't EU selling FLEGT as such as it is?
Nowadays most of EU's programs is
• fighting climate change or/and
• combating the world economic crises
But there was politics behind from the very first. Otherwise how could it happen to name this new initiative “FLEGT” by knowing from the beginning, there is no chance to realize what “Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade” suggests to do – that is to say “fighting illegal logging”.
But from the very first, EU came up with this simple formula:
FLEGT = fighting illegal logging = fighting deforestation
When starting to implement FLEGT, involved protagonists began to understand the real problems behind. End of days all of them realized, the only chance to influence “illegal logging” at national level is by controlling the timber trade into the EU.
But this is a far cry from the primary idea of fighting illegal logging! In the meantime all EU officials accepted: FLEGT is enforcing legal timber imports to and trade of legal timber within the EU. No more, no less.
BUT – yes, and this BUT is the crucial one!
BUT the official ‘political’ communication by the EU in the field of FLEGT is still:
FLEGT = fighting illegal logging = fighting deforestation.
BUT, in reality
• FLEGT isn't fighting illegal logging (at least globally) AND
• FLEGT isn't fighting deforestation
This puts EU down as not reliable.
► Do you want to know why the EU is risking its credibility?
Want to read more on this topic? Look here...
FLEGT - what is the EU fighting indeed?
Blog | by Dr. Radut | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '50', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9427603483200072}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '39345', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZVHUNEHIYIR4WWIDBL3MDMZ6MX7OH2P2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:70e71704-4a2b-4456-8e99-650aa36f0c7b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 8, 18, 21, 33, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '176.28.20.251', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UD27DUVQ46QYNU2XFJGUMUUWHWIEMA7C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f2be5d5e-049e-4076-83be-6c837045238f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://somcon.com/content/flegt-what-eu-fighting-indeed', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5962e6be-ce76-47a7-875c-0532d51a8da4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '309', 'url': 'http://somcon.com/content/flegt-what-eu-fighting-indeed', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-0-77.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05052858591079712', 'original_id': '9388415c913d6f2d32e906bbed9e490c9e92e330eb6f97a25e0f4f2af541e5d8'} |
Lovesick (1983 film)
Lovesick is a 1983 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Marshall Brickman. It stars Dudley Moore and Elizabeth McGovern and features Alec Guinness as the ghost of Sigmund Freud.
Plot
Psychoanalyst Saul Benjamin takes on a patient temporarily as a favor to a colleague friend, Otto Jaffe, who is infatuated with her. After her doctor dies, Chloe Allen comes to see Dr. Benjamin and immediately he is smitten with her, too.
The doctor-patient relationship is violated by Dr. Benjamin's romantic impulses toward Chloe and by his intense jealousy of anyone who comes near her, including Ted Caruso, an arrogant Broadway actor with whom she has become involved. The psychiatrist's wife also is carrying on an affair with Jac Applezweig, an artist.
The ghost of Dr. Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, visits Dr. Benjamin from time to time to dispense warnings and wisdom. Benjamin's work begins to suffer as he abandons patients like Mrs. Mondragon, finding her tedious, and treats the paranoia of another, Marvin Zuckerman, by designing a peculiar handmade hat for him to wear.
A board of inquiry calls in Dr. Benjamin to consider revoking his license. In the end, he admits his feelings to Chloe and concludes that he prefers true love to treating the sick.
Cast
Dudley Moore as Saul Benjamin
Elizabeth McGovern as Chloe Allen
Alec Guinness as Sigmund Freud
Wallace Shawn as Otto Jaffe
Ron Silver as Ted Caruso
John Huston as Dr. Larry Geller
Alan King as Dr. Lionel Gross
Selma Diamond as Dr. Harriet Singer
Larry Rivers as Jac Applezweig
David Strathairn as Zuckerman
Christine Baranski as the Nymphomaniac
Renée Taylor as Mrs. Mondragon
Fred Melamed as Psychoanalyst
References
External links
Category:1983 films
Category:Fantasy comedy films
Category:1980s romantic comedy films
Category:Films with screenplays by Marshall Brickman
Category:Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud
Category:Warner Bros. films
Category:Films directed by Marshall Brickman
Category:Films scored by Philippe Sarde
Category:The Ladd Company films | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b976825dd472941429fa5a21212ab098ca5fd219a483031af59d6547e519cf08'} |
Fight for what?
Another ranting post.
I know, no one cares about my opinion, but I write this down just in case someone notices.
When I was a damn teenager, I was with those guys named as HATERS. With this, I mean, I was practically attacking every single person who didn't listen to my same music. Right now, I don't care at all about others' opinion. In fact, I don't judge because arts like literature, music, paintings, photography(...), and whatever else is left is enjoyed by people just when, entering in contact with those, emotions spill out.
It doesn't matter if you get moved by a novel or a manga; if your heart beats listening to Madonna or Katy Perry. The emotion is what counts the more.
I know, I wrote several posts on how much I didn't like some books or some singers. That is just my point of view, because maybe the singer doesn't match my emotions.
I'm not blabbering anymore, I'm just stating that fighting over which book is more full of emotions or which singer is more creative it's just useless.
1 comment:
1. You're absolutely right that the emotions we get from reading certain books or listening to certain music is all that matters. And the greatest thing about the arts is that there are so many different versions of it that everyone can find something they like. And since passion drives the arts, no one should ever judge someone else's personal tastes. We are all different and we should embrace it. :) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9819356799125672}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '106485', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RMSPQGKV4SMQD7AFOKLUTKQHU64KV3R6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:83ae4477-2367-4cc1-a4af-d2eb1ffa48ff>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 13, 32, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HV5FUVPQVH46J2LJONWRSOEXA4GRJO46', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2e83ab76-fa42-418b-9014-22aabfb7f52a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://pissedtheplatypus.blogspot.com/2013/09/fight-for-what.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb6d5280-f43b-4099-9686-bd3a3d9a4f32>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '259', 'url': 'http://pissedtheplatypus.blogspot.com/2013/09/fight-for-what.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-28-51.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4763234257698059', 'original_id': '9802dc816b885ac9eaaee3e0409bf8527aaed4cd382f659f50bb217532cc1a00'} |
The different meanings and scales of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Centre for Environmental Strategy Research Fellow Dr Alma López-Avilés discusses the challenges of scale with respect to research into the Water-Energy-Food Nexus:
In 2009, the UK’s previous Chief Scientific Adviser to the Government, Professor Beddington[i], talked about a ‘perfect storm’ of problems around water, energy and food shortages. He pointed out that based on a number of studies, these shortages will lead to public unrest and international conflict in the near future, unless 50% more food, 50% more energy and 30% more freshwater are available by 2030. In his speech, Prof. Beddington highlighted the need to look jointly at water, energy and food while reducing global warming and adapting to climate change impacts.
Since then, a number of projects outlining the main problems of the Nexus of Water-Energy-Food and how to tackle them are developing in the UK and elsewhere. Some of the Nexus issues have been recognised in the past, but there are underlying difficulties with Nexus studies in that Nexus issues and their interdependencies are complex, vary in scale, and mean different things for different people depending on their circumstances and geographical settings.
Water and food are linked both in subsistence agriculture and agribusinesses: washing coffee beans in Yirgalem, Ethiopia. Coffee is an important crop for the Ethiopian economy. It is vastly consumed within the country, and is also Ethiopia’s main export.
For example, in developing countries water, food and energy resources are often insufficient to meet the needs of all sectors of the population, and it is predicted that the greatest impacts of climate change will be experienced in many of these already stressed regions (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa, flood-prone mega-deltas in Asia etc.).
Thus, work on the Nexus in these geographies has to be closely linked to development and infrastructure projects where the synergies between food, energy, water, health, education, social mobility, gender equality etc. must be brought together, often in the context of rising demands.
Cooking indoors with charcoal in a typical household in Ethiopia. Photos credit: A. Mulugetta-López
Within developing economies two broadly differentiated Nexus scales can be seen. For example in Brazil, the Nexus can be considered at the local scale among local communities reliant on fisheries and floodplain vegetable gardens, the dry and wet season flows of Amazonian rivers, and energy (diesel) for generators and transportation brought by boat from the big cities and ports located downstream. The Nexus can also be considered at the large (broadly national) and global scales in the Amazonian basin in relation to deforestation, growing bio-fuel crops for national-scale energy generation, large-scale food production of cash crops such soya and cattle-raising for export to global markets, and using Amazonian water-courses as waterways for transportation of natural resources and hydro-electricity generation via dams.
On the other hand, in developed economies Nexus studies are more concerned with reducing the vast amounts of energy, water and food waste produced in order to reduce the environmental burdens of delivering current levels of service. Thus, Nexus projects are emerging on improving the efficiency in the use of energy and water resources in large-scale food growing and food manufacturing processes, and also on the possibility of using alternative and synergetic ways of producing energy, water and food at both large and small scales.
The Blue Nile waterfalls near Tana, Ethiopia, in the dry season. The flow of the River Abay (Blue Nile) has been diverted to generate hydro-electricity. Climate resilience and green economy policies in Ethiopia are driving the development of large hydro-dams as well as other renewable energy sources in the country, but the proliferation of hydro-dams and agribusinesses is creating some conflicts among water-users with the vast majority of them living with only limited and unreliable access to water and energy sources (see plates 4 and 5). Photos credit: A. Mulugetta-López
In energy, one focus is on finding alternatives to the conventional centralised (often national) energy generation options that may help make use of local resources and maximise resource efficiency. For example using combined heat and power plants that use wood and other biomass as fuel; producing energy from waste; and generating hydro-electricity from small flowing streams are options that help to reduce waste and green-house gas emissions. Collecting, treating and re-using water locally for example in agro-industries is another way of cutting down on water and energy consumption. Renewable energy and water efficiency schemes associated with food production are progressively being considered and implemented at large factory scale and also at the local level because these technologies can help reduce bills and negative environmental impacts while helping to generate local jobs by decentralising processes.
Tomatoes grown in hydroponics system using a nutrient-rich water solution, rather than soil, under controlled conditions of light, temperature, and humidity in a greenhouse near Gloucester, UK. An example of efficiency in agro-industrial processes, heating systems similar to the ones we have in most homes, are used to keep greenhouses warm, and CO2 generated from the combustion in boilers is fed back into greenhouses via pipes (right photograph) in order to help the crops to ripe. Photos: A. López-Avilés
When talking about the Nexus in food manufacturing, and taking the example of bread, we can consider small scale as local manufacturing (e.g. craft bread making in Oxfordshire), and large scale as national manufacturing (e.g. supermarket sliced bread in the UK). However, for both we also need to consider the global context. This is because even for local-scale low-impact food manufacturing options (e.g. artisanal/ community-based high-quality foods), and even when there is or there could be some degree of decentralisation of energy and water generation processes, these often cannot be fully detangled from global supply chains and the centralised nature of some resources.
Globalisation means that even local manufacturing processes often depend on global markets, prices and supply chains, for example for the provision of diesel as a decentralised energy source for local fishing communities in the Amazon; or for the supply of wheat for locally crafted organic bread in the UK.
Therefore, we can talk about the respective sets of problems and opportunities for the small and large scales of the Nexus in at least two broad geographical settings: developing and developed economies. However, increasingly globalised supply chains bring together the interdependencies between developed and developing economies, and so the local scale is not always (or no longer) truly ‘local’.
The issue of scale and interdependencies can get further complicated by what ‘local’ and ‘small-scale’ mean to different people (e.g. does local refer to small scale? What if it is a small manufacturing business that employs local people and uses local materials sells nationally or internationally –i.e. products are not only consumed locally-? What if a local manufacturing facility that relies on the local workforce and local consumers uses materials brought in from other countries? Is it local then?). And when talking about ‘decentralised’ food manufacturing, things can get even more convoluted because there are degrees of decentralisation.
Given the complexities around the Nexus, it seems important to clearly define the scope and scale of any Nexus study or project for the benefit of participants and communities involved. Also, it seems advisable to outline the type of interdependencies to be studied, in other words, to describe the nexuses to be considered within the Nexus.
A lot can be achieved by finding local-level improvements and solutions to Nexus problems that may be scaled-up. However, it should not be forgotten that most times there are global scale dimensions associated with food, water and energy (e.g. in the supply of raw products with their embodied water and energy). Thus, for the success of local Nexus initiatives Nexus problems have to be addressed at the global scale in all countries.
This blog can also be downloaded as a PDF document: The different scales of the Nexus_Alma Lopez-Aviles
Dr. Alma López-Avilés is a research fellow at the Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey. Alma is working in a project funded by UK Research Councils on the Water- Energy-Food Nexus in relation to localised food manufacturing. This project, known as Local Nexus Network, is exploring among other things, the potential for decentralised energy and water supply in the UK’s food system.
[i] Beddington J. (2009) ‘Food, energy, water and the climate: a perfect storm of global events?’ In Conference presentation given to the Sustainable Development UK Annual Conference, QEII Conference Centre, London, 19 March 2009. See | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9345389008522034}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '44764', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5GSV37WF7OH7GKCNKJOJ74ZCUNQZBJGW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4181bcdb-3d66-48ff-883b-9b0d1dc56773>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 15, 1, 45, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '131.227.132.200', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EB74V4EG3YQFKJS3737ZVG44HDEGD5QD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a4d08b73-9d27-4ab8-b93f-886f16770ec1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/ces/2016/01/19/the-different-meanings-and-scales-of-the-water-energy-food-nexus/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c5b15c92-4da6-4738-8261-44fea32333bd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1382', 'url': 'http://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/ces/2016/01/19/the-different-meanings-and-scales-of-the-water-energy-food-nexus/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-228-195-45.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.025919854640960693', 'original_id': '596f82ec0d741784897057ea5f84b62cfeb71743542352becee60b0afaa7850d'} |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
I came across the phrase “There’s nothing bulldog about Britain hovering somewhere in the mid-Atlantic,” in the following sentence of New York Times (December 12) article, titled “The British Euro Farce” commenting on British PM Cameron’s veto of Europe-bolstering treaty change:
“After uncertain mumblings, the deputy prime minister, Nick Clegg, managed to reach beyond this theater to something approaching strategic reflection. Declaring himself “bitterly disappointed” at Cameron’s decision, he said: “There’s nothing bulldog about Britain hovering somewhere in the mid-Atlantic, not standing tall in Europe, not being taken seriously in Washington.”
From the preceding line of the article:
“Since Cameron’s “No,” there’s been much chatter about the return of Britain’s “bulldog spirit.” Self-delusion is a lingering attribute of former imperial nations adjusting to a lesser reality,”
I can interpret “bulldog” as “British-ness i.e., British persistence” or “going UK’s own way,” but I’m not sure.
What does “There’s nothing bulldog about Britain doing something” mean? Is the expression, 'nothing bulldog about Britain doing' grammatically right? Is this expression (animal name / country name combination) exclusive to Britain related description?
Can I extend this analogy to “There’s nothing shepherd (bear, Uncle Sam) about German (Russia, America) behaving ..,”?
share|improve this question
As to productivity of the pattern, it's only extendable to evocative situations. 'Bulldog' is particularly associated with England and has a notable personality. For Russia, really, what's a bear's personality? So it just doesn't always work, but it could. – Mitch Dec 16 '11 at 4:07
@Mitch. I saw ‘bulldog’ being used as the adjective to modify ‘nothing’ for the first time. Neither of Cambridge Dictionary nor OALD provides usage of ‘bulldog’ as an adjective. Cambridge simply defines it as noun meaning ‘a small dog that can be frightening and has a muscular body, short legs and a large square-shaped face’. OALD defines it as noun to mean ‘a short strong dog with a large head, a short flat nose and short thick neck,’ with no mention on its adjective usage. However, Readers Plus Dictionary provides adjective usage of bulldog as “courageous and tenacious like bulldog.” – Yoichi Oishi Dec 16 '11 at 6:15
In English, very informally it is easy to make adjectives straight out of nouns. Also, dictionaries are good at denotations, but not connotations or cultural associations. – Mitch Dec 16 '11 at 14:28
add comment
3 Answers
The figurative usage was probably around much earlier, but here's a reference just after WW1 to the British bulldog spirit carrying us through to victory, though it really caught on during/after WW2 when we survived The Blitz. And, of course, John Bull has been a personification of England/Britain since C18.
Bulldogs are (feasibly incorrectly) assumed to be named for their role in bull baiting. It doesn't matter what the historical truth might be - Brits like (certainly used to like) the imagery. The key characteristics being alluded to are persistence, fortitude, courage, etc.
Clegg probably used the term loosely to imply Britain wasn't living up to its cultural heritage, with maybe something of a crude appeal to patriotism. Just a politician's sound bite, IMHO.
I can't really cite the fact that Brits sometimes call the French "frogs" as part of the same pattern, but before WW2 Brits often used the Russian bear to refer to the country. I'm sure there are other animal/country conflations, but I can't think of one for Germany - as of WW2 we called them the German steamroller.
There's this use of Enter the dragon 'to save the euro’ referencing China, but it really depends on the pre-existing phrase allowing "dragon" to stand in for "China" in this one-off usage.
share|improve this answer
American and German eagles? Welsh and Chinese dragons? Gallic rooster? Also en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_animals – Hugo Dec 16 '11 at 7:43
@Hugo: There are various animals that are particularly associated with one or more countries (panda/China, for example), but not many where we actually use the animal's name to refer to the country. I'm assuming that's what OP is asking about. – FumbleFingers Dec 16 '11 at 13:35
National personification is a bit more appropriate, but the bulldog is missing. – Hugo Dec 16 '11 at 13:47
add comment
The bulldog has long been associated with Britain. It is a British breed; often seen accompanying the figure of "John Bull". During World War 2 that was cemented, partly because of the stubborn, determined spirit the populace had to adopt, and partly because of Churchill's physical resemblance to the dog.
Bulldog image
Indeed, a bulldog named "Churchill" is the mascot of a British insurance company.
Churchill bulldog
But, less history, more English. The term "Bulldog Spirit" became idiomatic from World War II onwards, and in this phrase, the word "bulldog" takes the role of an adjective.
It follows from that that you can write "there's nothing bulldog about...", continuing to use "bulldog" as an adjective.
share|improve this answer
add comment
I've never heard the term "Bulldog Spirit" before, but apparently it's fashionable:
The term “Bulldog spirit” has been used a lot recently by a number of UK politicians including David Cameron in relation to Britain’s stance against the proposed EU treaty changes. (source: politics.ie)
In that context, saying "there's nothing bulldog about [doing x, y or z]..." is just another way of saying that doing x, y or z is not an indication of this "bulldog spirit" everyone's talking about.
As for why it's a "bulldog" spirit and not some other kind, it's probably in reference to the bulldog's reputation as being stubborn or tenacious:
The phrase "stubborn as a Bulldog" may derive from observing an agitated Bulldog. (source: Wikipedia)
If that's the case, I don't think "bulldog" is specifically referring to Britain, but to the personality trait. So extending the animal analogy to other countries probably doesn't fit.
share|improve this answer
The bulldog has been a symbol of England for a long time. The notion of "bulldog spirit" is associated with the animal, partly because of its temperament and partly because of its appearance. – Joel Brown Dec 16 '11 at 2:46
Ah, ok. I guess I'd just never heard it before. I still don't think that a phrase like: "There's nothing bear-ish about Russia doing..." fits quite the same. But maybe. – Lynn Dec 16 '11 at 2:50
I don't think "fashionable" is the right choice of word. It dates from WWII at least. – slim Dec 16 '11 at 17:03
add comment
Your Answer
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '45', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9405311942100524}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '83934', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JNOFOHME5OQAVTB5HQA7ZVVVXJZH6VQA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6508dc88-5d2d-4967-8f82-23eccaf480df>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 18, 0, 45, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.252.206.140', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OTIYYDSQE5HEOYUV7NWNWSTZ32RIBKZ3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a8a67543-7737-4fb4-a3fd-da0fe7334542>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/51853/what-does-theres-nothing-bulldog-about-britain-mean?answertab=votes', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2efbc610-8a8a-43b5-a9cd-e8503010b892>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1057', 'url': 'http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/51853/what-does-theres-nothing-bulldog-about-britain-mean?answertab=votes', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.575310468673706', 'original_id': '38a8ab629304cb61aba1685c4ff6883258f765459f88843b207b9737920a2e84'} |
Looks like you’re using a browser we don’t support.
Florida Repeal Lawsuit Moves Forward
Last week, I wrote that the future of health care reform became a little more secure, thanks to a federal judge in Michigan. On Thursday, the future of health care reform became a little less secure, thanks to a federal judge in Florida.
The Michigan judge had issued the first ruling in a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act's requirement that all Americans obtain health insurance. He ruled against the plaintiffs, arguing that the individual mandate, as it is known, is necessary in order to regulate health insurance as Congress sees fit. As such, the judge argued, it falls within the federal government's authority to regulate interstate commerce. In addition, the judge ruled, Congress has the power to levy taxes. And the mandate could be considered a tax.
Both arguments were broadly in line with the briefs the Obama Administration had filed.
The Florida judge did not reject that logic. In fact, he hasn't even ruled yet--he's merely allowing the lawsuit filed in his court to go forward. But in rejecting the government's request that the case be dismissed, he indicated he would not accept the tax argument--and he did so with a rhetorical flourish. Noting that Congress had specifically opted not to call the mandate a tax, he likened the Obama Administration's argument to "Alice in Wonderland" logic.
He didn't say anything so definitive about the Commerce Clause argument and it's entirely possible that, once he actually rules on the case, he'll uphold the mandate on that basis. On the other hand, he rejected arguments that the challenge to the law was wrong on its face--an argument that Obama Administration and its supporters have made.
Most law professors that I know think that, under a traditional reading of the Commerce Clause, this shouldn't be a close call: The power to require insurance is clearly ok. They say it would take a pretty radical departure to throw out the Affordable Care Act. But there are a lot of radically conservative judges on the bench right now, including a few who sit on the Supreme Court, where this case will likely end up someday.
I hope to have more to say on this later on, once I've had time to digest more of the legal material--and I'm not traveling. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9733803272247314}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '258058', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NIVHWUNUR32ZRMUB6OHVF26XQSDCMLMV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d64b2b1e-ad9e-4373-9b97-a72d2b1d67b5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 5, 3, 9, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.248.233', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JJ7QGBENSOUO4KKFQBTI2G3DSE6WTT4S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2352450d-6769-4db5-89e5-5af3de6ed211>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://newrepublic.com/article/78416/florida-repeal-lawsuit-moves-forward', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2344e472-5e66-489b-aef0-1027ccde5084>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '408', 'url': 'https://newrepublic.com/article/78416/florida-repeal-lawsuit-moves-forward', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-62.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.025266587734222412', 'original_id': 'e8f3123f10f7d5ed56c47e4c5d9de49064796d509c0e537803c42178825d18e8'} |
Mike Nichols column: Some budget cuts won't kill us
7:22 PM, Mar. 22, 2013 | Comments
Some smaller airports don't need air traffic control towers to be safe.
• Filed Under
Jim Retzlaff has a pretty basic observation about pilots that a lot of people seem to have forgotten:
"We don't want to die."
I know where you think I'm going with this. You think I am going to start carping about the Federal Aviation Administration's intention to cut funding for air traffic control towers at smaller airports all around the country because of so-called federal budget sequestration.
The feds confirmed Friday that towers will close at Wisconsin airports in Mosinee, Eau Claire, Kenosha, Janesville, La Crosse, Milwaukee's Timmerman Field, Oshkosh and Waukesha. The tower at Central Wisconsin Airport in Mosinee is scheduled to close April 7.
Timmerman Field alone reportedly has approximately 31,000 take-offs and landings per year, after all. Waukesha reportedly has 57,000. Those seems like enormous numbers of planes flying haphazardly up and down and in and out and potentially right into one another.
Except that the West Bend Municipal Airport in Washington County - which Retzlaff runs - appears to have at least as much traffic as Timmerman does, and the folks there don't have a control tower. Nor do they need one, said Retzlaff, who is a pilot himself. He and his fellow fliers would very much like to stay alive. But they don't think they need a federally funded control tower to do it.
Neither, he thinks, do at least some other places that already have one.
"There are some control towers at some places that I don't think are probably needed that much," said Retzlaff, who declined to name other specific airports.
It's not like pilots flying in to "uncontrolled" airports are just winging it. They are able to communicate with each other on specific radio frequencies and have standard procedures they use to land and take off safely. In fact, there are all sorts of uncontrolled airports all over the place already, though most are tiny.
Retzlaff left me convinced that if West Bend can operate without a tower, at least some other places its size or smaller can as well - although you hope the FAA is considering local differences among them.
Dan Gerard, the chief flight instructor for Gran-Aire, the private business that operates the publicly owned Timmerman Field, made me wonder whether that's happening; and he also made he laugh.
He had some decent arguments about everything from safety to the impact on other airports to the impact on the nearby, densely populated, urban area. But his most succinct rebuttal of the FAA was in an email in which he pointed out that the FAA published a list of places that might lose funding.
Among the unfortunate airports on the list: Timmerman Field in "Milwaukie."
If they can't even spell it, you have to wonder if they know anything about it.
That said, you have to put a little faith in guys like Retzlaff, who don't want to die and don't necessarily think the FAA wants the rest of us to, either.
There are airports considerably smaller than West Bend that still have towers. James Olson, director of operations and maintenance at Central Wisconsin Airport in Mosinee, said CWA has only about 15,000 take-offs and landings, for instance. A lot of them involve airline flights, and he made an argument that the small airport should retain FAA funding for its tower. Losing it would increase the work of air traffic controllers in the Twin Cities, he said.
At the same time, he conceded that there is "not really" a safety concern about losing the tower.
"I can't say it will be less safe than it is now," he said.
That's an honest and admirable admission, and one that other folks in all sorts of upcoming budget battles beyond the FAA might want to remember: Budget cuts won't kill us.
Join Our Team!
Gannett Careers
Things To Do
See all Events | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9727256894111632}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97322', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FCRUUOCT5GKVSV476XI6SJLJMYTTUDKP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2879b4e9-cce6-4078-8be1-945d1de4c820>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 30, 17, 44, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '63.130.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:G434CZVT6QMSRMJ5OCZJYM2ASSIPWGKX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:09533867-8592-4d26-bed8-496b986a0fac>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/article/20130323/MNH06/303230238/Mike-Nichols-column-Some-budget-cuts-won-t-kill-us', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:aba15045-dfd4-4f11-adec-971499e72cc6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '716', 'url': 'http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/article/20130323/MNH06/303230238/Mike-Nichols-column-Some-budget-cuts-won-t-kill-us', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.054962873458862305', 'original_id': '9286cb490779e9283677ac0ac3ca87630bce52f9512e4ba4b29b0836be7e4522'} |
Skip to Main Content
PRESENTER: This tutorial explores accessible session timeouts. We're going to cover what is a session timeout, accessibility concerns, solutions, and exceptions.
Session one, what is a session timeout? A session timeout occurs when a user doesn't perform any action on a website for a set period of time.
Session timeouts are commonly defined in one of two ways-- one, the time taken for a user to complete a task such as filling in a form, and, two, the time since the last user activity. User activity could include clicking a button, filling in a form field, submitting a form, et cetera. When a session timeout period is complete, the user session status changes to invalid, and data entered by the user may be deleted.
Section two, accessibility concerns-- some people may not be able to respond or interact with a site appropriately before a time limit is reached. Some people need extended periods of time in order to complete tasks on web applications. These include but are not limited to cognitive-impaired users, users with some sort of cognitive impairment who may take longer to comprehend and complete tasks; screen magnifier users, screen magnifiers users where scrolling and positioning can take much longer to complete a task; keyboard only users. Timeouts present barriers for many types of keyboard-only users, especially those with extreme disabilities such as users with head wands, switches, or puffer devices.
Sections three, solutions-- if a session timeout is essential, users should be able to extend, change, or disable the time limit, to ensure they can still complete tasks and make choices at their own speed. Web applications or websites that use session timeouts should include at least one of the following solutions. One, provide a means to adjust or disable a time feature before starting an interaction. The adjustment should allow for up to 10 times the length of the default timeout.
In this example, users are able to extend the time period from the default period of 6 minutes using a button that states extend time to 60 minutes. Two, in this second example, users can disable the time period completely. Three, warn the user at least 30 seconds prior to the timeout.
In this example, a modal dialog appears as an alert, and it informs users of the time remaining. Users can choose OK to continue and extend time or Cancel to log out. If they do nothing, they will be timed out after 30 seconds.
You must provide the ability for users to extend the time period at least 10 times. You also must give the users at least 30 seconds to warn them about timeouts so they can activate the preferred option. Four, provide a simple and accessible means to extend the time period during the session time. In this example, the modal dialog also includes a button that allows users to extend the time period. The modal dialog includes two methods that allow users to extend the time period-- the space bar and the Extend Time button.
Section four, exceptions-- there are times when it's impossible to allow users to extend the time period beyond a specific point. This is generally the case for real-time content and content that would be invalidated by allowing for more time, such as an online auction. It may also be the case for time-based activity such as hand-eye coordination tests. In these cases, users should be provided with other options such as being able to contact someone for additional help.
Conclusion-- so there you have it, a simple explanation of accessible session timeouts.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license, copyright 2018, California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office. These works are licensed under Creative Commons attribution 4.0 international license. They are available to everyone and may be repurposed to meet the unique needs of educational institutions. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9133689999580384}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25207', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GOY5OYOHYT3TMXPILS77DJ2YMQ2NWDIN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:17b8d1cb-fcac-41dc-adac-8571036be078>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 5, 56, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.160.24.78', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CXONSVGBMBASGTI24IC5QD6HMXKUTMEY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:656df914-d45d-448e-82c1-aa8bdb5cc7ef>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://cccaccessibility.org/web/web-developer-tutorials/accessible-timeouts', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:23e08bc2-a111-4ee2-afa1-29e23c6e768b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '652', 'url': 'https://cccaccessibility.org/web/web-developer-tutorials/accessible-timeouts', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-181-38.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.37421542406082153', 'original_id': 'df8a9834833e92b2d8cd04380b0456f7beb1221928a1000ba219d6e36f67c1b4'} |
The "Is Agave Bad For You" Fallacy
or, How to Stop Being Manipulated by Even Famous Health Writers
Who Write in Distorted Ways That Appear Factual
"I just read this article by a well-known health writer, named Joseph Mercola, in which he states that agave is bad for health." Jenny S.
As the creator of Brain Toniq, and the one who chose its formula specifically to be healthy for human beings (we use organic agave as our sweetener), I was initially amused, and then baffled at the growing number of people who were and continue to be swayed by a couple of misinformed—and blatantly deceitful in some cases—articles that have been making the rounds on the Internet on the topic of agave.
Along with Mercola's article, there is also one by homemaker and author Sally Fallon, man known as Uncle Russ Bianchi, and a few others. Their conclusion is the same: that the monosachride known as fructose—found naturally in all fruits, onions, bell peppers, mushrooms, carrots, broccolli, cucumbers, legumes, eggs, even squash and apple cider vinegar—is bad for human health. All of the articles contain fabrications and misinformation, but we'll look at Mercola's because his is the most humorously blatant. (I say it's funny, but it's also disheartening, because Mercola's stature in the health community is so strong, that even after pointing out all of the fallacies in his article, most will still believe him).
Along with being the owner of Brain Toniq, I am also an avid student of Logical Fallacies, the study of the structure and language of deductive reasoning. Basically, logical fallacies help us see where and how language and writing can be spun to confuse and manipulate the reader. I used to be a great fan of osteopath Joseph Mercola's articles, and linked them often on my nutritional health forum. But increasingly over the last couple years, his articles have become clear examples of the use of these manipulative methods. In the past, Mercola's writing used to offer clear, insightful, and logical ideas about nutrition and health. But he has moved from Mr. Health to Mr. Deceptive Pitchman. In this particular article that you've sent, he has fooled many readers into believing that what he's saying about agave makes sense, is backed by logic and sound nutritional science, and that he knows what he's talking about (he must be: he's famous and he's an osteopathic doctor). In fact, what he's saying—especially about agave and how its fructose components work in the liver—are simply not true. But more infuriating, he's using manipulative rhetoric to get his point across. In a relatively short piece, he is able to squeeze in over 7 logical fallacies, including manipulation techniques known as Ad Hominem attacks, Appeal to Authority, Appeal to Belief, Assassination by Association, Straw Man fallacy, Red Herring deliberate diversions, and others. It's like listening to most nightly news, but more concentrated.
Lastly, I'm the author of two books and an audio CD program all on the topic of nutritional cleansing and diet (you can find the books and their reviews at Amazon here), which have sold over 70,000 copies. I've spoken in front of thousands people on how to use clean food to clear up many supposed diseases, and continue to guide people through that process on my How Health Works site. Part of that diet was switching to natural sweeteners, such as agave, brown rice syrup, and maple syrup. You can read the results of this on Amazon's reviews, or the How Health Works testimonial page.
So, despite Mercola's:
1. multiple times that he has gotten into trouble with the FDA over his other lies and false health claims,
2. his increasing conflict of interest (trashing agave and then selling his own brand of honey,
3. his scare-tactic style of writing and use of weasel words that prey on people's emotions similar to religious panderers,
4. his persistent habit of quickly removing any logical counter-responses on his blogs and websites by anyone trying to come back with a rational argument to his points of view, and
5. insistence that agave has more of this killer fructose than honey and fruit (not true: both honey and apples actually have more fructose than an equal 100-calorie serving of agave),
…his articles of late are great ones to use as examples of the manipulative fear-based writing style that has become the norm in the health-food industry and seems to work so effectively on those unaware of how to recognize the rhetorical techniques he is using. Further, he remains, despite his move from helpful to deceitful, one of the most popular authors on natural health. What he says—and at this point, it no longer matters if it's true—holds an enormous weight in the public's eye. We could easily switch the Brain Toniq formula to some other sweetener, like the cosmic honey that Mercola suggests. It'd certainly be cheaper for us, and it would eliminate this negative press. But I so despise this kind of deception in writing. So we're going to respond.
I'd like to accomplish three things with this article:
1. To counter the recent overreactive demonization of the monosaccharide known as fructose
2. To show people how to become more aware of what manipulative writing looks like, smells like, and feels like in order to stop getting fooled by distorted information.
3. Keep a list (at the bottom) of other science-based articles on agave as we find them.
By the end of this article, you may still determine that the 2.17 teaspoons of organic agave I place in each can of Brain Toniq will harm you, shorten your life, and isn't something you want in your diet. You may equally decide that the organic agave used in Luna and Larry's Coconut Bliss, Madhava products, Wholesome Sweeteners, Wholemato Ketchup, Agave Dream sorbets, or Q Tonic tonic water will prevent you from achieving your health goals. Fine. That is a decision not much different from how each of us has to make a choice on whether or not to use sea salt, unsprouted nuts, organic red meat, beer, anything that's cooked, anything that's raw, any and all soy products, dairy foods, tomatos, potatoes and other nightshades, wheat products, and fine Mexican tequila. You may determine to never again eat anything sweet except an occasional wary piece of fruit, and then only nibble on the corners and spit out to avoid insulin shock. But at least you'll know that agave is a sweetener that, when used in moderation just like all of these foods listed above, can be health-producing and fun and it isn't bad for you. You'll also hopefully start to understand how to recognize manipulative writing, and that even famous health writers whom you've trusted in the past can sometimes be really, really wrong.
The Mercola article. His writing is in red italics. The responses are in black.
-- Neither the US FDA, nor the European Union, nor Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, who combined represent countries where the most agave syrup is consumed, have found health issues with agave syrup.
Blue agave is an exotic plant...
Not true. It's found in Arizona, Texas, New Mexico...anywhere dry and with cacti...not exotic at all. In Mexico it is cultivated and there are millions of plants.
Agave" literally means "noble.
That's not true. Agave = "American aloe plant," 1797, from L. Agave, from Gk. Agaue, proper name in mythology (mother of Pentheus), from agauos "noble," perhaps from agasthai "wonder at," from gaiein "to rejoice, exult," with intensive prefix a-. The name seems to have been taken generically by botanists, the plant perhaps so called for its "stately" flower stem. From Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
The claim perhaps has to do with inulin, a prebiotic soluble fiber, the carbohydrate that turns into agave syrup when heated.
Nicely poetic. But start to note that this is the florid writing style that Mercola uses in many of his writings, as a way of setting up his topic for eventual scorn and the start of his useage of "scare quotes."
These are the mental images agave "nectar" sellers want you to hold.
Again, note the use of scorn quotes. Instead of an article based on scientific argument, he starts to inject his personal contempt.
...They use agave’s royal pedigree to cover the truth that what they’re selling you is a bottle of HFCS (high-fructose corn syrup)..."
This is misleading. Agave is not High Fructose Corn Syrup, and quite different from it. Yet note how smoothly he makes the comparison. Here starts the manipulation of truth and the start of logical fallacies.
[which is] "so highly processed and refined...
Very, very misinformed. What is his definition of highly processed? In fact, any of us could make agave by simmering raw agave bulb in a pot on our kitchen stoves, until it is thick and sweet. This is how fruit compote and jams are made. If that is highly processed, then so is making soup and baking bread. bears NO resemblance to the plant of its namesake than a laboratory-generated. super-condensed fructose syrup, devoid of virtually all nutrient value.
I just had a bowl of home-made organic black bean soup this morning, puréed with onions, garlic, olive oil and sea salt. It bears NO resemblance to the plants of its namesake. What has this got to whether or not something is healthy for us?
This phrase, "laboratory-generated." Why is Mercola using it here? It's to create contempt, disdain and distrust in the reader's mind: "If it's made in a laboratory, it must be evil, and not nearly as good for you as my mom's home kitchen."
If you've ever purchased a frozen product, or canned product, a Kombucha drink, or even the fresh burritos found in Whole Foods... these have all been created in a similar evil laboratory.
But for the record, you can make agave in own laboratory, er, kitchen...just take a piece of the agave center, heat it, condense it (in other words, simmer it so that most of the water goes away), and there you have agave syrup. No need to conjure up the image of a white-lab-coated laboratory run by Bela Lugosi.
Who has said this? Who has made this comparison? Does he have a link or source for this? Or is the author exaggerating here?
... that it’s "diabetic friendly," has a "low glycemic index" and doesn’t spike your blood sugar.
All true. It doesn't mean diabetics or any of us should be glugging down pints of agave or other sweeteners each day, but nobody is suggesting that.
While agave syrup does have a low-glycemic index, so does antifreeze -- that doesn’t mean it’s good for you. Agave syrup has the highest fructose content of any commercial sweetener -- ranging from 70 to 97 percent.
There is no agave in the world that has fructose levels as high as 97%. None. Mercola either has his facts wrong, or he's once again exaggerating (97% would mean to extract all glucose from the syrup and it cannot be done)
Good. Now we're getting to the heart of the Mercola's stance.
It seems that Mercola's personal belief and effort is this: "I believe HFCS is evil because it is high in one of the monosaccharides known as fructose. Therefore, anything else that contains this particular monosaccharide is evil as well."
Let's start to examine that logic.
The most common dietary sugars are glucose, fructose, and galactose. These are six carbon mono-saccharides and are the building blocks of most other biologically important sugars, ones that have been used by humans since recorded history. Glucose is also known as dextrose because it is a member of a broader classification of sugars known as dextrins. Dextrins are named because they bend polarized light to the right (dextrorotatory is the term chemists use to describe this physical property). Fructose is also known as laevulose because it bends polarized light to the left (levorotatory is a term chemists use to refer this physical property).
By the way, where is sucrose in this mix? Sucrose is simply the combination of two of the above sugars: glucose and a fructose. The point here is that you're starting to see that this so-called bad fructose is in almost all forms of sweets. Not only in sweets like candy and chocolate bars, but also in virtually every fruit such as apples, pears, berries, melons, bananas, etc. Further, fructose is also found in high amounts in apple cider vinegar, onions, bell peppers, mushrooms, every carrot you've ever eaten, broccolli, cucumbers, even squash.
Every whole grain has fructose. Please note that this fructose isn't placed in these vegetables and fruits by us evil manufacturers that run laboratories; this fructose is just naturally in these foods.
We're getting ahead of ourselves here, but one of the thoughts that readers may have right now is, "Well, it's not that all fructose is bad... it's the amounts in each food that matter." Fair enough. Let's briefly look at the amount of fructose in a 200 calorie serving of a few food items. Listed from most fructose to least:
Food item
mg of fructose
Serving size
standard US soda beverage
29,760 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Applesauce, canned & sugared
28,634 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Honey, US, supposedly awesome
26,930 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Agave syrup, Mexico, supposedly evil
26,896 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Apple, raw
25,125 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Dates, raw, dried
23,074 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
19,152 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Vinegar, balsamic
16,773 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Strawberries, raw
15,247 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Cookies, chocolate chip, commercial
2,512 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Corn, sweet, raw
1, 116 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Egg, yolk, raw, fresh
44 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Pine nuts, raw, dried
21 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
Amaranth, uncooked
5 mg
in a 200 calorie serving
This information above comes from the USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. You can view over 700 other foods and their fructose levels here.
What does this mean. What can we extrapolate from the above list? I think there are 3 important things, at least for now:
1. Unless you're living on 100% meat, fructose is a part of the human food chain. It always has been, and will continue to be a part of your diet. Demonizing it is illogical.
2. Mercola suggests using honey instead of agave. From the USDA chart above, honey actually has more fructose than agave in every 200-calorie serving. It could be because he carries a line of Mercola Honey.
3. This focus on fructose levels of food is a Red Herring—it's the wrong bad guy. And you'll understand why in a bit further down.
Mercola's article still has convinced many people that he's right. Let's keep looking at what he's saying:
Show one scientific report that says that agave "radically increases insulin resistance." How much is he referring to. Is it cups per day? Is it a constant flow of agave into the mouth? Mercola is referring to insulin resistance syndrome that is now called metabolic syndrome. If so, it is the early sign of type 2 diabetics, found in obese children and adolescents. A concern to all. But what has it got to do with agave?
This is classic Logical Fallacy work here. Notice how, without giving any valid reasoning behind tying something bad ("insulin resistance") to agave, he has tied them together. They're now connected. The reader, without knowing that it happened, now equates agave with this evil notion of insulin resistance. This particular logical fallacy is called Assassination by Association. And it's brilliantly executed here.
What Mercola is pointing out is that, because fructose is under glucose in the Krebs cycle, our physiological system cannot control it with insulin. This is sophism: The control of insulin is found in the glucose system that utilizes a huge amount as a source of energy. There are many other sources of energy such as lipids, proteins, fructose, etc. that are not controlled through insulin.
Nobody wants insulin levels to remain elevated. Insulin regulates the intake of glucose, which when eating increases making the range of a healthy individual between 60 to 100 mg/dl all the time.
But the cause of insulin resistance is considered at best complex. The condition has been seen to run in families, and being overweight and lack of exercise are also associated with insulin resistance. Other risk factors for insulin resistance are:
• having a family history of diabetes
• having high blood pressure
• having syndrome X
• being obese
Fructose has received much negative attention due to the fact that fructose can be converted into fat in the liver. The process of converting fructose into fat is related to the way the fructose is absorbed—unlike other dietary sugars, fructose is not actively transported into the bloodstream by transport proteins. Instead, fructose—be it from the banana you ate this morning, the squash soup you had last night, the Coconut Bliss that's in your freezer, or the delicious honey you just dripped into you tea—is passively absorbed into portal circulation from the GI tract. Portal circulation sends dietary fructose to the liver for further processing. It sends *all* fructose this way.
But here's where the anti-agave writers get it wrong. First, there are plenty of things we eat that get processed mainly by the liver; lipids and proteins are just two examples.
Secondly, like those fats and proteins, the outcome of fructose in the liver isn't fixed. It can have a number of different fates:
1) it can be consumed as fuel (during times of great energy demand),
2) it can be converted to glucose and released as blood sugar (during times of energy demand and low blood sugar),
3) it can be converted to glucose and converted into glycogen for storage (under well fed state following energy depleted state),
4) it can be used as a reducing source for production of NADPH for reductive synthesis (biological molecules are built by reductive synthesis). Or, god forbid,
5) it can be converted into fat in the form of triglycerides (overfed state where fructose is not necessary for any other functions and blood triglycerides are low).
Look at those five options again. I hope you're starting to get how ludicrous Mercola's argument is. To simply state that fructose is converted to fat is a gross oversimplification of biochemistry. It's a salesman's pitch. The conversion of fructose to fats as free fatty acids in the liver and ultimately release of fats from the liver as triglycerides requires a specific dietary condition. In biochemistry, it is called "the well-fed state." (that's the actual scientific phrase). In layman terms for you and I, we call this the "you're eating too much, pal, so stop blaming specific food components for your problem" state. This well-fed state of extreme elevation of blood triglycerides is seen in populations that consume very high amounts of saturated fats, and carbohydrates, with simple sugars as the major component of total carbohydrate.
While this may seem like an unlikely diet, it is exactly the trend happening in the US diet: consuming massive quantities of simple sugars, lower fat (while ignoring essential fatty acids), and less fiber. This leads to the perfect physiological state to convert fructose into fat. It is a basic understanding of biochemistry that in an over-fed state sugars will be converted into fat. This physiological state is further exacerbated by a sedentary lifestyle. You may have heard this diet referred to as “SAD”, or Standard American Diet.
Numerous factors can attenuate the elevation of blood triglycerides. Dietary fiber has been shown to reduce blood triglycerides in low fat high carbohydrate diets. Omega three fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have also shown to reduce triglyceride levels in these patient populations. Due to the effect of exercise on triglyceride levels the American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Health recommend exercise as a first line therapy for any patient population with hypertriglycerideemia.
Agave contains a fructooligiosaccharide (FOS) known as inulin. Inulin has been shown to have numerous positive impacts on human health due to the propensity for it to increase the population of beneficial bacteria such as acidophilus and bifidus in the human gastro-intestinal tract. One of the many positive benefits these bacteria provide is the reduction in triglyceride production in the liver.
Fructose has been suggested to be a possible safe alternative for type II diabetics because fructose has a low glycemic index, and has even been shown to reduce hemoglobin A1c (a marker of long term loss of glycemic control). Small quantities of fructose have been shown to even have a blunting effect on the glycemic response of high glycemic starches (Heacock, Hertzer and Wolf J. Nutr. 132: 2601-2604, 2002).
The debate over the relationship between dietary carbohydrate and serum lipid levels is not a new one. Several studies conducted in the 1960’s and 1970’s showed a relation between a high sugar (50%) and increased triglyceride levels. Two bestseller books took this idea and ran with it. The books were “Sugar Blues” and “Sweet and Dangerous”. The studies cited by the authors were short in duration (2-6 weeks), this may have led the authors to assume a false conclusion. This prompted more studies. In later studies that were longer in duration (3-6 months) it was noted that triglyceride levels normalized. This is not to say that a 50% sugar diet is safe or sane. Far from it. However, it does show that making quick conclusions from a small number of studies can lead to false perceptions.
The purpose of pointing all this out is to encourage a rational examination of the safety of common sweeteners. You only need to look at healthy old people (or my own, or your own experience with agave) to see that sweeteners used in moderation are fine for human health. Sweeteners can be included in many diets with no adverse health effects, assuming the diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, quality fats (especially essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) and quality lean protein.
If you are consuming massive amounst of simple sugars, with saturated fats, low fiber, and poor quality proteins, then the least of your problems is the agave syrup in Brain Toniq. Instead, the pharmaceutical industry and your local emergency room are ready and waiting.
Agave is not HFCS. Apples, bananas, and figs, although high in fructose, are also not HFCS. But again, we're starting to talk about HFCS. More Straw Man logic.
How Agave is Grown and Produced Proves it is unnatural.
What does Mercola mean here? In a bolded section title, he says "…proves that agave is unnatural." What does he mean by unnatural? Is slicing onions and making onion soup unnatural? How about freezing dairy and turning it into ice cream. Or removing muscles from dead animals, frying them up, and eating them as steaks? Mercola himself sells multivitamins and whey powder. How is agave syrup less natural than those?
The process by which agave starch and inulin are converted into "nectar" is VERY similar to the process by which cornstarch is converted into HFCS1.
The process of manufacturing HFCS and agave syrup are completely different and it appears that this assertion is to continue to make the point that HFCS is bad thus agave syrup should be worse. It also makes it impossible to argue with, because it's so illogical. But it's indicative of Mercola's entire article, because from this point onward, it's obvious he's literally making things up. Let's continue a bit more and then wrap this up:
The agave starch is converted into fructose-rich syrup using genetically modified enzymes…
Enzymes can be used but there is no need to do it as they are expensive and by just using temperature the carbohydrate inulin turns into 70-90% fructose and 30-10% glucose respectively, according to the variety used.
And a chemically intensive process involving caustic acids…
Wrong. There are no acids—caustic or otherwise—used in the production of agave syrup.
…clarifiers, and filtration chemicals
These are not different than the ones used to clarify the water we all drink, and used forever in the beverage industry.
Here is a partial list of the chemicals involved:
• Activated charcoal
This is simple carbon. It generally comes from wood or nut fibers, is used in any household water system, and it's completely benign. Again: why is Mercola assasinating something as healthful and useful as activated charcoal?
• Cationic and ionic resins.
The same used by any water manufacturer, FDA approved.
• Sulfuric and/or hydrofluoric acid.
Not true. I called the top three major agave manufacturers in the world. Not one of them uses these acids in the production of agave.
• Dicalite
This is a diatomaceous earth. It's simply ground-up sedimentary rock. How much more natural of a filter could you ask for? It's been used for centuries as a way to filter liquids.
I want to pause for a second. I hope you're seeing a pattern here. Classic Assassination by Association. It's prevalent in much of Mercola's method of writing and thinking. He's hoping the unclear reader will read it this way: "Here is a partial list of the shocking chemicals those agave factories use: Diatomaceous earth!
• Clarimex
That sounds really chemical-y, doesn't it? It's not: it's the Spanish name for more activated carbon. Why would Mercola list it as a suspectful ingredient or chemical? Did he not know that clarimex was simply charcoal, or did he list it under dangerous chemicals to decieve? Interesting fact: the Egyptians discovered that wood charcoal (wood fired until it was nothing but black carbon) could be used to purify water, medicines, and other liquids.
• Inulin enzymes
Not true. I've personally spoken with all three of those top agave producers. None of them use this enzyme. However, inulin enzymes are a great and healthy way to help break down foods that contain inulin. If you've ever drunk tequila, then you've used a product that utilized these enzymes. They're not harmful; on the contrary, they're helpful. They're also very expensive, and they're also FDA approved. But they're not used in making agave.
• Fructozyme.
Again: not true. Not used in the production of agave.
How natural does [this list of 'chemicals'] sound?
In their "natural" form, sugar beets are tasteless and a little bitter, potatoes are tasteless and pasty, yams are tasteless and hard, squash is tasteless and hard, and agave is tasteless and fibrous. All these plants turn into sweet natural foods by the application of heat, or when boiled in water or steam, all which is about as natural a process as you can get, and something we humans have done since our discovery of fire. If you go to the growing fields of any of these plants and pick one up and bite into will not like the taste or texture, and it will most likely make you sick. They must be cooked to be useful to us. This is what agave is.
There is no advanced chemistry in the creation of agave. Heat and evaporation of the water of the cooked juice is the entire process and a very old process. Filtering of impurities is a common practice for any manufacturing process of liquids, uncomplicated and not very sophisticated. The process of manufacturing HFCS and agave syrup are nothing alike and to suggest it is the same or it is similar, is grossly incorrect.
What would Dr Kohlstadt like agave to be made up of? What would be better? Would he prefer more glucose? More gulactose? Why? Based on what research?
Other Reasons You Should Steer Clear of Agave
This is sheer ignorance to make a statement like this. Has Mercola actually been to the manufacturing plant that we use? If he has, he would see a company run with stringent quality control.
Nearly all agave sold in the U.S. comes from Mexico.
Industry insiders....
What a classic usage of weasel words (def: "words and phrases that, while communicating a vague or ambiguous claim, create an impression that something specific and meaningful has been said). I and other agave manufacturers would love to meet these “industry insiders” and show them the facilities that we use so they can report back to your audience.
...are concerned that agave producers are using lesser, even toxic, agave plants due to a shortage of blue agave.
If anything has been written about “toxic” agave plants of the varieties that are processed in Mexico, we would like to know more details.
Prove it. Seriously: prove your accusation. Show just one document that verifies that our organic agave has ever had pesticides. If what Mercola claims here is true, he must certainly have documentation. Prove it.
Then, come test our agave, or any of the other US-based agave suppliers. And then try slandering us by saying we use corn syrup. Our agave is certified organic, certified kosher, and comes directly from the manufacturing plant to our brewery.
They've also stopped tomatoes, grapes, pineapples, carrots, and anything that grows under the sun...The FDA works.
Saponins are found in many common foods, including oats, spinach, grapes, wine, nuts, beans, and seeds. Chances are very good that anyone reading this has eaten some of those. Why are we able to eat those foods? Because saponins are quickly destroyed under heat, while cooking.
Saponins are in fact part of many plants and naturally protect them from insects. They are quickly recognized for their bitter taste and foam producing effects. There are hundred of types of saponins and they are destroyed whenever exposed to heat (as done in the agave syrup process).
The amounts of saponins in Agave Tequilana Weber is comparable to that of chick peas and lentils, two other foods that historically we humans have done fine with. No scientific evidence has been made to “the possible link” to miscarriage, etc of lentils. Nor, as it happens to be, agave.
There is no scientific evidence to support this claim. Anyone who has ever done any frying, grilling, or baking has created foods that contain HMF. It's the simple browning effect know as the Maillard reaction.
This reads as if "what is toxic to bees is toxic to humans." Some people can’t eat shell fish...does this shell fish toxicity to some makes it bad to all? My own bookkeeper is deathly allergic to all nuts. Should Mercola write up an article banning nuts?
5. Nutrient Void. Agave syrup is not a whole food -- it is fractionated and processed...
As is flour, skim milk, carrot juice, the vitamins, whey powder, fish oil and other supplements that Mercola currently sells on his site. If the argument here is "Never eat things out of their whole form" then you're right: a bit of boiled and filtered agave plant is not for you.
6. Enzymes. Agave syrup is not a live food.
Neither are the vitamins, whey powder, fish oil and other supplements that Mercola currently sells on his site.
I'm starting to repeat myself.
So we're back to a general statement about all concentrated sweeteners. Good. We'd agree: don't make up most of your calories from simple sugars, even our own Brain Toniq. Same goes for fats, the chocolate bars that Mercola sells on his own site, and over-processed flour products. And get plenty of exercise and water, too. Also, don't eat cups and cups of sea salt. Don't overdo nightshades. Go easy on the wine, regardless of the resveratrol. Don't overdo Vitamin A and D. Look both ways before crossing the street.
Read other writer's responses:
• Better World Blog's article on agave (if you read only one, I'd suggest this one)
• Wholesome Sweetener has one here and here.
• Here's another at Wellsphere.
• And another.
• Pure Wellbeing has one here.
• Another by Hansen's Choice. This one points out the source of most of the misinformation, from a ingredient broker named Russ Bianchi.
• Xagave's article here.
And start studying and learning about manipulative communication styles, so that you become aware of how often they're used in the media. Not only by TV reporters, political speeches, public schools, religious groups, and other silly well-known sources, but also by those in the natural foods movement. It won't make you paranoid. Just aware.
Scott Ohlgren
Owner, Brain Toniq
Contact me here.
Osteopath Joseph Mercola. Selling his chocolate bars on YouTube. "Hey, if you're going to enjoy sweets, you might as well buy my sweets." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '418', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9532687067985536}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '52780', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WTHK3FLIOM2RPNJ4LUGI7BE7CQIR5RIJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d7e1dc65-89f3-456c-b6a6-61b7d4bf6435>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 10, 14, 6, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '141.101.117.185', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5OXD2DWSBTX5FJ6JA5FMAHTC34VX4GUW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:28070f6b-b7bc-43bc-9fc7-3cbef6e89ef4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.braintoniq.com/braintoniq/is-agave-bad-for-you-fallacy.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:56eb058f-b336-4c24-8f68-80057c04942f>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '5797', 'url': 'http://www.braintoniq.com/braintoniq/is-agave-bad-for-you-fallacy.php', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.20586168766021729', 'original_id': 'e1130776e8079d106bd21ab8799d33444920f102f2e3eac800dc07a252e3884e'} |
[Effects of long-term ozone exposure on chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange of winter-wheat leaves].
In order to provide basis for evaluating the effects of air pollutant such as O3 on crops yield and food security, the effects of O3 fumigation (ambient air, CK; 100 nL x L(-1), T1; 150 nL x L(-1), T2) on chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange of a field-grown winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Yang Mai 13) in different growing period were conducted via open-top chamber technique in conjunction with Diving-PAM fluorometer and LC pro + photosynthesis system. Results indicated that Fv/Fm caused by T1 was higher than 0.8, while the Pm, qP, (1-qP)/NPQ and Y(NO) were similar to those of CK, the NPQ and Y(NPQ) were increased by 13.5%-29.0% and 13.3%-22.7% respectively due to O3 stress. Under nature light (rapid light curve, RLC) and after dark adaptation (induction curve in steady-state, IC) the Yield of T1 was decreased by 4.6%-7.6% and 11.3%-19.3% respectively, with 8.0%-9.8% and 11.0%-23.1% reductions in Pn, and Gs compared to CK, respectively. In heading stage and blooming stage, the Ls of T, was greater than CK, but in filling stage and mature stage, it became lower compared to CK. The Fv/Fm was slightly lower than 0.8 under T2 treatment, with the Y(NO), (1-qP)/NPQ and c(i) were increased by 37.9%-75.6%, 157.1%-325.8% and 3.4%-18.1% relative to CK. Under RLC and IC condition, the Yield of T2 was respectively decreased by 10.2%-13.6% and 21.4%-29.1%, and the Pn, Ls, qP, Pm, NPQ and Y(NPQ) were decreased by 28.1%-39.9%, 5.2%-21.3%, 15.8%-30.4%, 27.6%-45.6%, 3.3%-52.9% and 5.7%-17.9% in comparison, respectively. Obviously the enhanced O3 causes a significant decrease in the capacity of photosynthesis of winter wheat, and the influence mechanism presents a series of dynamic changes according to growing seasons. The reduction of Fv/Fm under T1 treatment is a response of PS II reaction center to the increase of NPQ, and the decrease in Pn and Yield is a consequence of protective adjustment, by this approach, the antioxidant system and energy dissipation mechanism can thus prevent light damage to the PS II reaction center of winter wheat. Under T2 treatment, the CO2 assimilation and Q(A) re-oxidizing during actinic illumination are restricted, the energy dissipation mechanism was destroyed, and the reduction of photosynthesis was mainly due to damage in photosystem caused by O3 and excess light. The critical loads for O3 of PS II reaction center is between 100 nL x L(-1) and 150 nL x L(-1) close to 100 nL x L(-1). While the Fv/Fm value is not an effective index for assessing O3 influence on winter-wheat. Although the winter-wheat can have certain adapted ability to O3 stress, the growing enhancement of surface O3 is still a great threat to agricultural production in China. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '4568b5f533252aeaf813be7d334a504b0fe33d1cd6edebc08b9d942059b84d94'} |
Avocado and Corn Salsa
• Yield: 50 servings
To prevent the avocados from browning, do not add them until you are ready to serve.
16ounces frozen corn kernels, thawed
2cans (2 ounce) sliced black olives, drained
1medium red bell pepper, chopped
1small onion, chopped
5cloves garlic, minced
1/3cup olive oil or vegetable oil
1/4cup lemon juice
3tablespoons cider vinegar or white vinegar
1teaspoon oregano
1/2teaspoon salt
1/2teaspoon pepper
4-- avocados
1. Combine the corn, black olives, bell pepper and onion in a bowl and mix well.
2. Combine the garlic, olive oil, lemon juice, vinegar, oregano, salt and pepper in a bowl and mix well.
3. Pour over the corn mixture and toss to coat. Chill, covered, for 8 to 10 hours.
4. Chop the avocados and stir into the salsa just before serving.
Recipe reprinted with permission from The Junior League of Lubbock., A Pefect Setting, (The Junior Leage of Lubbock, 2005) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7512122988700867}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50801', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FA73M4WGEJXE3JIZQSUAIQH5G4VI7ZOP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4131ad37-094f-415d-a48b-79443c97c6be>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 6, 30, 15, 55), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.253.94.98', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ABXRFHCHD76I4BWIAFCV5ARYQ5H7C3Y2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:43920589-f4a8-49ab-8f69-ae3712f03f79>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://relish.com/recipes/avocado-and-corn-salsa/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:21d7b00a-b49e-4ed9-80c1-59d359aa1e46>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '152', 'url': 'http://relish.com/recipes/avocado-and-corn-salsa/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-26\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.18866342306137085', 'original_id': '1a0f81dc8fa23be6974eda758d11004fec452a34480c0e38af20559802397dd2'} |
Allen is 31, around the age that talent evaluators start looking for a decline in play to support a potential reduction in pay. Allen, who was promoting an upcoming event for his Homes for Wounded Warriors charity, still was a difference-making pass rusher last season with 12 sacks. He said he's not focused on his contract, but his performance this season will determine if he gets another huge signing bonus or a lower-cost, short-term contract like the one Dwight Freeney signed with the San Diego Chargers this offseason. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '21e7138ee316bb7e08f6789668d7284a2b82e0940c7eba2cdeb9ec7fbf5d7941'} |
Welcome to the Homework Learning Zone.
Here you can find out your latest Menu homework. Please remember the homework is for the term so pace yourself!
Your weekly homework will always include daily reading, daily spelling practise, work on your number bonds and tables. Please remember to record in your reading diary so you can earn those stickers for a tea party!
There may also be some extra opportunities such as creative competitions so remember to listen in Collective worship notices and reminder details will be in the weekly newsletters.
To help you with your studies you might find the following websites useful!
The BBC has lots of really useful activities to help you learn. You will need to choose the right key stage and then what subject you would like to study. They have lots of subjects including Maths and English and Science. RE and French!
If you are looking for other subjects try here, but remember to choose the right key stage, and there are loads of subjects, even speaking Mandarin!
One of our favourite websites is linked to a school called Woodlands. They are loads of really great on-line games linked to learning. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9575143456459044}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '166515', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HAJUVYPZDWATMFYLO4DWZT25YTEJKFEF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1187a63f-c45a-4041-a42e-2a458ac8672a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 19, 4, 26, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '37.220.93.70', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:24I6J3V4VREWBXLBTRBCAE6RO5ZRSHDF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3194e5ee-ff97-437b-ae83-6b4ca0a3fcb5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://webbers.devon.sch.uk/homework/?orderby=title&order=asc', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:159efae8-70ef-41f2-a8e7-e78a4cd8280f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '199', 'url': 'http://webbers.devon.sch.uk/homework/?orderby=title&order=asc', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-101-220-24.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03304380178451538', 'original_id': '3831aeec3a46ac563058ef574c2519948436a5656f27dce5427948be3639f507'} |
// This file is part of QTTabBar, a shell extension for Microsoft
// Windows Explorer.
// Copyright (C) 2007-2010 Quizo, Paul Accisano
//
// QTTabBar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// QTTabBar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with QTTabBar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
namespace QTPlugin {
public enum Commands {
GoBack,
GoForward,
GoUpOneLevel,
RefreshBrowser,
CloseCurrentTab,
CloseLeft,
CloseRight,
CloseAllButCurrent,
CloseAllButOne,
CloseWindow,
UndoClose,
BrowseFolder,
ToggleTopMost,
FocusFileList,
OpenTabBarOptionDialog,
OpenButtonBarOptionDialog,
IsFolderTreeVisible,
IsButtonBarVisible,
ShowFolderTree,
ShowButtonBar,
MD5,
ShowProperties,
SetModalState,
SetSearchBoxStr,
ReorderTabsByName,
ReorderTabsByPath,
ReorderTabsByActv,
ReorderTabsRevers
}
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '2ecfece9e4f80a99207500d18e825b36ba3adfc46adc786366a93e02f0d54aeb'} |
[Effect of sapropel mud on the parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in acute carbofos poisoning].
Sapropel was tested for its effect on the permeability of erythrocytic membranes and on the erythrocytic and serum levels of ceruloplasmin, malonic dialdehyde, and dienic conjugates in rats after acute poisoning by carbofos, a malathion insecticide. The increased processes of free radical oxidation during carbofos poisoning were suggested by the higher rates of chemiluminescence of erythrocytes and peripheral blood serum. No significant changes in the parameters of blood oxidative stress in the carbofos-poisoned animals during therapeutic-and-prophylactic use of sapropel indicate that the latter has antioxidative properties. Application of sapropel to normal animals exerted no effect of the studied parameters of oxidative stress. In acute carbofos poisoining, oral sapropel produced a pronounced antioxidative effect, which opens up new vistas for its practical application. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '591fd04dcf04361ef07ae73daffc3168ebe2fa5999598d7f419c5d1fd4a9c901'} |
Discovery could help scientists stop the "death cascade" of neurons after a stroke
(PhysOrg.com) -- Distressed swimmers often panic, sapping the strength they need to keep their heads above water until help arrives. When desperate for oxygen, neurons behave in a similar way. They freak out, stupidly discharging energy until they drown in a sea of their own extruded salts. Every year, millions of victims of stroke or brain trauma suffer permanent brain damage because of this mad rush to oblivion that begins once a part of the brain is deprived of blood.
It is well known that a ubiquitous cell receptor drives these oxygen-starved neurons’ lemming-like behavior. But this particular receptor, for the neurotransmitter glutamate, is also responsible for the rapid transmission of information between neurons required for all cognition, among other things. Shutting it off has serious consequences, like coma. Now, a team of scientists at The Rockefeller University has identified a single subunit of this receptor that drives neuronal death. This new discovery suggests that drugs targeting a specific subunit of the complex glutamate receptor might be able to slow brain damage without disrupting other crucial brain functions.
Saving neurons. When normal neurons (top) are subjected to stroke-like damage, they quickly deteriorate and die (center). New research shows that a small portion of the cell’s glutamate receptors, the KA1 subunit, is responsible for this damage. Cells treated with an antibody that blocks this subunit are largely protected (bottom).
“We have found that you can make mice resistant to this kind of cell death by blocking one piece of the receptor without the terrible side effects you get by blocking the whole thing,” says Sidney Strickland, head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, who directed the research. “Now we can start exploring potential drugs to do that in humans.”
The neuronal panic that occurs when a clot or other insult blocks the flow of blood to part of the brain is called excitotoxic neurodegeneration. It results in the brain cells spitting out glutamate, which then accumulates in the synapses between neurons and stimulates the release of more glutamate. It’s a vicious cycle that kills the cells quickly and continues until blood flow is restored. Doctors often treat stroke victims by administering a heavy dose of a clot-buster called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a protein that can stimulate the dissolution of clots. Ironically, however, the same drug that does this crucial clot-busting also accelerates the panicky process that kills neurons, research by Strickland and others has shown. Investigating exactly how tPA does that is what led Strickland’s team to the recent discovery.
Neurons are typically couched in laminin, an extracellular matrix protein known to be involved with tPA in the neuronal “death cascade.” The Strickland lab’s experiments, published in The Journal of Cell Biology, show that tPA produces an enzyme that degrades laminin into toxic products that kill the neurons in their midst, specifically by stimulating the production of one of five subunits for a particular kind of glutamate receptor. The overproduction of this specific subunit, KA1, makes the cells hypersensitive to glutamate, which fans the glutamate frenzy leading to their death.
To better understand the process, Zu-Lin Chen and other colleagues at Rockefeller in the Strickland lab and at the University of Leicester in England designed lines of genetically modified mice that lacked either tPA or laminin specifically in the hippocampus, a region of the brain often damaged by stroke. To their surprise, they found that mice without laminin were protected from the typical neural degeneration that follows a simulated stroke in regular mice. They also found that mice with laminin but not tPA were relatively protected.
But when they injected degraded laminin into mouse brains without laminin or tPA they found a similar overproduction of the subunit of the glutamate receptor that they measured when inducing stroke in normal mice. The problem: Laminin, once degraded by tPA, prompts the proliferation of the receptor subunit that makes the cells suicidally sensitive to glutamate. By preventively injecting a molecule that disables that particular subunit, they were able to dramatically reduce the cell death following a stroke. A big plus: The treated mice did not suffer the severe side effects that come with blocking the entire glutamate receptor.
Whether this will turn into a therapy that can be applied after a stroke is uncertain.
“Can you do it after the fact? That will be a question,” Strickland says. “Cell death happens pretty quickly. But it’s an interesting avenue to pursue.”
Reference: The Journal of Cell Biology 183(7): 1299-1313 (December 29, 2008), jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/183/7/1299
Provided by Rockefeller University
Explore further
New insights of how the HIV-1 assembles and incorporates the envelope protein
Citation: Discovery could help scientists stop the "death cascade" of neurons after a stroke (2009, January 16) retrieved 29 September 2022 from https://phys.org/news/2009-01-discovery-scientists-death-cascade-neurons.html
Feedback to editors | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '42', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.932279646396637}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '107073', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GWZMYQMY4ZPXOAF2QSNZETSMV7RJHRXP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:18c97425-58fd-4ab1-a906-9e108fdd99f8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 9, 30, 1, 28, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.251.236.55', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HI4YT5KI5FNNNDMXSBRLWLUOTO3U2Z6C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e78ef548-6523-4f2c-ad73-6e4a97624e7b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://phys.org/news/2009-01-discovery-scientists-death-cascade-neurons.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7826a27e-926f-4991-be48-a3d93e69cea8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '841', 'url': 'https://phys.org/news/2009-01-discovery-scientists-death-cascade-neurons.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-40\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September/October 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-36\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.38586270809173584', 'original_id': 'f05f42810af0d8db97426529efe6fa7814750a4c2dfdf96bab9de8375acfc315'} |
1King Benhadad of Syria#20.1 King Benhadad of Syria: This is probably not the same Benhadad mentioned in 15.18–21. called his army together. He was joined by thirty-two other kings with their horses and chariots, and together they marched to Samaria and attacked. 2Benhadad sent a messenger to tell King Ahab of Israel, 3“Ahab, give me your silver and gold, your wives,#20.3 wives: Having more than one wife was allowed in those times. and your strongest sons!”
4“Your Majesty,” Ahab replied, “everything I have is yours, including me.”
5Later, Benhadad sent another messenger to say to Ahab, “I have already told you to give me your silver and gold, your wives, and your children. 6But tomorrow at this time, I will send my officials into your city to search your palace and the houses of your officials. They will take everything else that you#20.6 you: Hebrew; three ancient translations “they”. own.”
7Ahab called a meeting with the leaders of Israel and said, “Benhadad is causing real trouble. He told me to give him my wives and children, as well as my silver and gold. And I agreed.”
8“Don't listen to him!” they answered. “You don't have to do what he says.”
9So Ahab sent someone to tell Benhadad, “Your Majesty, I'll give you my silver and gold, and even my wives and children. But I won't let you have anything else.”
When Benhadad got his answer, 10he replied, “I'll completely destroy Samaria! There won't even be enough of it left for my soldiers to carry back in their hands. If I don't do it, I pray that the gods will punish me terribly.”
11Ahab then answered, “Benhadad, don't boast before the fighting even begins. Wait and see if you live through it.”
12Meanwhile, Benhadad and the other kings had been drinking in their tents. But when Ahab's reply came, he ordered his soldiers to prepare to attack Samaria, and they all got ready.
13At that very moment, a prophet ran up to Ahab and said, “You can see that Benhadad's army is very strong. But the Lord has promised to help you defeat them today. Then you will know that the Lord is in control.”
14“Who will fight the battle?” Ahab asked.
The prophet answered, “The young bodyguards who serve the district officials.”
“But who will lead them into battle?” Ahab asked.
“You will!” the prophet replied.
15So Ahab called together the two hundred and thirty-two young soldiers and the seven thousand troops in Israel's army, and he got them ready to fight the Syrians.
Israel defeats the Syrians
16-17At midday, King Ahab and his Israelite army marched out of Samaria, with the young soldiers in front.
King Benhadad of Syria and the thirty-two kings with him were drunk when the scouts he had sent out ran up to his tent, shouting, “We just now saw soldiers marching out of Samaria!”
18“Take them alive!” Benhadad ordered. “I don't care if they have come out to fight or to surrender.”
19The young soldiers led Israel's troops into battle, 20and each of them attacked and killed an enemy soldier. The rest of the Syrian army turned and ran, and the Israelites went after them. Benhadad and some others escaped on horses, 21but Ahab and his soldiers followed them and captured#20.21 captured: One ancient translation; Hebrew “attacked”. their horses and chariots.
Ahab and Israel's army crushed the Syrians.
22Later, the prophet#20.22 the prophet: See verse 13. went back and warned Ahab, “Benhadad will attack you again next spring. Build up your troops and make sure you have some good plans.”
Syria attacks Israel again
23Meanwhile, Benhadad's officials went to him and explained:
Israel's gods are mountain gods. We fought Israel's army in the hills, and that's why they defeated us. But if we fight them on flat land, there's no way we can lose.
24Here's what you should do. First, get rid of those thirty-two kings and put army commanders in their places. 25Then get more soldiers, horses, and chariots, so your army will be as strong as it was before. We'll fight Israel's army on flat land and wipe them out.
Benhadad agreed and did what they suggested.
26In the spring, Benhadad got his army together, and they marched to the town of Aphek to attack Israel. 27The Israelites also prepared to fight. They marched out to meet the Syrians, and the two armies camped facing each other. The Syrians covered the whole area, but the Israelites looked like two little flocks of goats.
28The prophet went to Ahab and said, “The Syrians think the Lord is a god of the hills and not of the valleys. So he has promised to help you defeat their powerful army. Then you will know that the Lord is in control.”
29For seven days the two armies stayed in their camps, facing each other. Then on the seventh day the fighting broke out, and before sunset the Israelites had killed one hundred thousand Syrian troops. 30The rest of the Syrian army ran back to Aphek, but the town wall fell and crushed twenty-seven thousand of them.
Benhadad also escaped to Aphek and hid in the back room of a house. 31His officials said, “Your Majesty, we've heard that Israel's kings keep their agreements. We will wrap sackcloth around our waists, put ropes around our heads, and ask Ahab to let you live.”
32They dressed in sackcloth and put ropes on their heads, then they went to Ahab and said, “Your servant Benhadad asks you to let him live.”
“Is he still alive?” Ahab asked. “Benhadad is like a brother to me.”
33Benhadad's officials were trying to understand what Ahab was thinking, and when he said “brother”, they quickly replied, “You're right! You and Benhadad are like brothers.”
“Go and get him,” Ahab said.
When Benhadad came out, Ahab asked him to climb up into his chariot.
34Benhadad said, “I'll give back the towns my father took from your father. And you can have shops in Damascus, just as my father had in Samaria.”
Ahab replied, “If you do these things, I'll let you go free.” Then they signed a peace treaty, and Ahab let Benhadad go.
A prophet condemns Ahab
35About this time the Lord commanded a prophet to say to a friend, “Hit me!” But the friend refused, 36#1 King 13.24and the prophet told him, “You disobeyed the Lord, and as soon as you walk away, a lion will kill you.” The friend left, and suddenly a lion killed him.
37The prophet found someone else and said, “Hit me!” So this man beat him up.
38The prophet left and put a bandage over his face to disguise himself. Then he went and stood beside the road, waiting for Ahab to pass by.
39When Ahab went by, the prophet shouted, “Your Majesty, right in the heat of battle, someone brought a prisoner to me and told me to guard him. He said if the prisoner got away, I would either be killed or forced to pay three thousand pieces of silver. 40But I got busy doing other things, and the prisoner escaped.”
Ahab answered, “You will be punished just as you have said.”
41The man quickly tore the bandage off his face, and Ahab saw that he was one of the prophets. 42The prophet said, “The Lord told you to kill Benhadad, but you let him go. Now you will die in his place, and your people will die in place of his people.” | mini_pile | {'original_id': '880b019cffba5786ba0b1fc60d7cf4218e6e78f64eb096e2bcf356280a0f87f6'} |
Claudia Tut-Perfil
Claudia Tut
Claudia is 27 years old. She is skilled in sciences and mathematics and she is known for being fun and hardworking. Claudia has participated in camps with young women and men and has experience in the application of surveys for the Statistical Institute of Belize (SIB) working with women, men, adolescents and children in various parts of Toledo district, especially in remote communities. Currently Claudia is collaborating as a project co-leader within Toledo Maya Women’s Council. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9640235304832458}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22884', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BEV566FVTKBC66ONFKPCBP7WW2A5DX63', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e8b2f6da-ae09-474b-9ed5-6d1c191a783a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 19, 3, 59, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '107.180.56.141', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4CCXKFMRNINULVU3KCBHNJRLACCC5OQY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:065ce370-c2f8-4a9a-a427-979791924461>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.camyfund.org/en/current-grantees/belize/claudia-tut-profile/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eed8719f-01b9-46dd-96a7-2d085326fc04>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '78', 'url': 'http://www.camyfund.org/en/current-grantees/belize/claudia-tut-profile/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-35-204-242.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02513641119003296', 'original_id': 'a55e505bd5e259b992d10c90de3fff29be3ef5c308d45ffd4ea33b3f4293acc4'} |
Diverse meta-C-H Functionalization of Arenes across Different Linker Lengths.
Arenes containing conformationally flexible long alkyl chains have been successfully functionalized at the meta-position. Good to excellent meta selectivity is achieved for systems with up to 20 atoms between the target C-H bond and the coordinating heteroatom of the directing group. The palladium-catalyzed functionalization reactions include alkylation, cyanation, olefination, and acetoxylation. The meta selectivity is exclusively governed by the design of flexible pyrimidine-based scaffolds. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a205d615b47db6fff72f0f6ba0ab9f06af18e702060f15706edd4a037dd0d8e4'} |
\section{Congruence (Number Theory) is Congruence Relation}
Tags: Integers
\begin{theorem}
Congruence modulo $m$ is a congruence relation on $\struct {\Z, +}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Suppose $a \equiv b \bmod m$ and $c \equiv d \bmod m$.
Then by the definition of congruence there exists $k, k' \in \Z$ such that:
:$\paren {a - b} = k m$
:$\paren {c - d} = k' m$
Hence:
:$\paren {a - b} + \paren {c - d} = k m + k' m$
Using the properties of the integers:
:$\paren {a + c} - \paren {b + d} = m \paren {k + k'}$
Hence $\paren {a + c} \equiv \paren {b + d} \bmod m$ and congruence modulo $m$ is a congruence relation.
{{qed}}
\end{proof}
| math_pile | {'subset': 'ProofWiki', 'meta': "{'type': 'Theorem_Proof'}", 'original_id': '48d8c1e94025157a3c24c096e274f037ccfbf5bb5632c36b0fabf3f30aaf3fbd'} |
中級 美國腔 174870 分類 收藏
The fact that your personality can be affected by being the oldest sibling, middle child, youngest sibling or an only child has been studied for years.
Thousands of these psychological studies have been done over many years.
And recent Meta-analysis has come up with some recurring themes and ideas.
So we're gonna talk to you about them today.
We're gonna discuss whether birth order can affect your personality.
Well, what are you?
I'm the youngest child.
And I'm the middle child.
First borns are seen to possess more of these types of qualities.
One, higher academic achievements and ambition.
Hi son. 92 percent？
How the H-E-double hockey sticks (hell) am I supposed to become prime minister with this?
Two: A stronger sense of responsibility and maturity.
Where's my wallet?
- You know I never lose my wallet! - I know you're so responsible and mature.
We all get it!
And number three, better leadership skills than other birth orders.
First-born children tend to get a lot more attention and affection from their parents because...I mean it's their first kid.
Why not?
But at the same time there is also way higher expectations for them than their following siblings.
The theory behind this is that it's sort of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
If there is higher expectations placed on you, then you're more likely to work harder, and want to live up to those expectations.
Similarly, if someone thinks you're supposed to be the responsible one, you're more likely to take on that role.
Middle born children were seen to express more of these types of qualities.
One: Cooperative.
Mitchell, put that down.
Two: Flexible and sociable.
No man, no worry about it.
It's not a problem at all.
You know, dirt off my shoulder, no "I" in the team.
I got your back and you're bro for life!
Three: Able to make and maintain friendships easily.
You're my best friend.
You've been with me through thick and thin, and I appreciate everything you've done for me.
Being the proverbial monkey in the middle.
These children don't have the high expectations of the first born child, nor the leniency of the last born child.
As a result, they tend to be less ambitious and competitive than their predecessors.
And have a more relaxed attitude towards life.
The middle child is often a social butterfly.
Because they receive less attention than their other siblings, they seek out more relationships and friendships outside of their family.
The last born child or the youngest of the group tends to have these traits.
One: They're charming and likable.
How many Instagram followers do you have?
I have like 250.
I have 28.3 million and I just passed Kim K.
And I actually broke Snapchat with my widdle baby selfie.
Two: They're possibly more creative than their older siblings.
What are you doing?
I don't know, not very good, just doodling.
You drew that?
Three: They have a strong sense of security and confidence.
c. o. n. f. i. d. e. n. t.
That's me.
I'm confident.
I wanna see you be brave.
I might be too strong out on compliments.
Overdosed on confidence.
And number four: They're generally less responsible and mature than older siblings.
I forgot my phone, wallet, keys and your shoes.
Oh my god, what?
This is often a case of "been there" or "done that".
As the parents have already had a bunch of kids.
So their leniency is a lot higher and their expectations are much lower.
However, being younger on the birth order often leads to a different sense of responsibility.
And often feeling like others will take the lead.
Lone children are seen to have more of these traits.
Academically able, creative, and resourceful.
Well actually, according to my research, the correct anwser is...
Actually, it's a lot deeper than that.
You see, the information...
You can have that opinion, but the honest truth is that you're just not really understanding what's going on.
Mature and responsible.
Good thing, I remember your keys, phone, wallet ,and my shoes.
But they also tend to hate disorder and like to be in control.
- May I see? - Hey, cut it out, it's my phone, not yours.
Hey there bud, do you want a beer?
No, actually I don't drink, thanks .
Wanna try putting on make-up for the first time?
I've never done that before. I don't want to.
Being an only child, the expectations are always high.
But unlike the first born, you never need to fight for your parents' attention.
As a result, there's more potential to thrive in every sense of the word because your parents' attention is undivided.
And growing up in a household of only adults would lead the child to emulate the specific actions of the parents.
Leading to more responsibility and maturity and also a very structured environment.
Seeing as if they have never had to compromise with their siblings and deal with the fact that there's always a lot of chaos in life.
They sometimes have trouble relating to their peers and also feel very out of control when things in their life don't go their way.
Now of course this is all super interesting.
But there're a lot of extraneous variables from gender to socioeconomic status to age gap between siblings and how many siblings there are.
But these are just some of the theories out there and it'll be interesting to see how they pertain to you.
Do they?
The theories do kind of pertain to me.
I'm very irresponsible and way less mature than my older sister.
Um, I guess I am more creative and definitely more like outgoing than her.
So that's sort of ah...youngest child.. sort of does relate to me sometimes.
And a take for me, I said I'm a middle child, but I also was a youngest child for about seven years, so I feel like some of the traits match up for me.
But it might be a little confused cause then maybe when I had my younger brother I felt even like an older sibling or a first sibling.
I don't know what I am.
Yeah! You're kind of a smorgasbord of all of them, so... - yeah!
These supposed effects though widely studied have been mostly inconclusive in psychology.
So though some aspects may be true for you which make a lot of sense, it wouldn't be the same for every single person around the world in a specific birth order.
At the end of the day, it's important to remember that your personality and your destiny in life is not predetermined at birth!
Thanks for watching this weeks' video!
Let us know in the comment if any of these theories actually pertain you and your birth order.
Make sure to subscribe, follow us both on Instagram and Twitter, and we'll see you on Saturday of the vlog.
兄弟姐妹排行真的會影響個性？！快來看你是不是符合這些特質！(Does Birth Order Affect Your Personality?)
174870 分類 收藏
沈家后 發佈於 2019 年 7 月 6 日 沈家后 翻譯 Wendy 審核
1. 1. 單字查詢
2. 2. 單句重複播放
3. 3. 使用快速鍵
4. 4. 關閉語言字幕
5. 5. 內嵌播放器
6. 6. 展開播放器
1. 英文聽力測驗
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '42', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9456000924110411}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '324271', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MOPDVEIOPXWYAFJWCOHXEVO5U6ZSRBPB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:41b59ac0-c3b0-4e71-a898-96224e170530>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 22, 2, 57, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '130.211.11.122', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JF5P3ZQ2TYIA4KO4EZEYRYYF4MUWMVQU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf74095f-fc76-4cd5-8725-958a86090afa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/24109?ref=hot-week', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3ac009df-729a-44e8-9add-a9a4d25d7659>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1212', 'url': 'https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/24109?ref=hot-week', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-55.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7561434507369995', 'original_id': '9d801dbe73d13a33a72b64c1c5206c42035e5c3e204216e53d7785e76b59342a'} |
package main
import (
"context"
"github.com/khorevaa/go-v8platform/agent/client/pool"
"log"
"os"
"path/filepath"
)
func main() {
//ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
//defer cancel()
//
////t := a.T()
//
//defer func() {
// if err := recover(); err != nil {
// fmt.Sprintf(fmt.Sprintf("v8 run agent err:%s", err))
// }
//}()
//ibPath, _ := ioutil.TempDir("", "1c_DB_")
//
//r := runner.NewRunner()
//ib := infobase.NewFileIB(ibPath)
//_ = r.Run(ib, infobase.CreateFileInfoBaseOptions{},
// runner.WithTimeout(30))
//
//_ = r.Run(ib, agent.AgentModeOptions{
// Visible: true,
// SSHHostKeyAuto: true,
// BaseDir: "./"},
// runner.WithContext(ctx))
//srcDir := "./agent"
//destDir := "./src"
//
//type file struct {
// src string
// dest string
//}
//
//fileList := make([]file, 0)
//e := filepath.Walk(srcDir, func(path string, f os.FileInfo, err error) error {
//
// if f.IsDir() {
// return err
// }
//
// p, _ := filepath.Rel(srcDir, path)
// destFile := filepath.Join(destDir, p)
// srcFile, _ := filepath.Abs(path)
// fileList = append(fileList, file{srcFile, destFile})
// //err = uploadFile(fileTransfer, f.Name(), dest)
// return err
//})
//
//println(fileList)
//println(e)
treads()
}
func treads() {
srcDir := "./agent"
dest := "./tmp"
type fileTransfer struct {
src string
dest string
}
pool.NewPool()
fileList := make([]fileTransfer, 0)
_ = filepath.Walk(srcDir, func(path string, f os.FileInfo, e error) error {
if f.IsDir() {
return e
}
p, _ := filepath.Rel(srcDir, path)
destFile := filepath.Join(dest, p)
srcFile, _ := filepath.Abs(path)
ft := fileTransfer{srcFile, destFile}
fileList = append(fileList, ft)
return e
})
}
func uploadFile(ctx context.Context, src, dest string) error {
targetDir := filepath.Dir(dest)
targetDir = filepath.ToSlash(targetDir)
log.Printf("upload file %s -> %s", src, dest)
//size := int64(0)
//err := client.MkdirAll(targetDir)
//
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//// create destination file
//dstFile, err := client.Create(dest)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//defer dstFile.Close()
//
//// create source file
//srcFile, err := os.Open(src)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//defer srcFile.Close()
//
//// copy source file to destination file
//_, err = io.Copy(dstFile, srcFile)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
return nil
}
func downloadFile(ctx context.Context, src, dest string) error {
targetDir := filepath.Dir(dest)
targetDir = filepath.ToSlash(targetDir)
log.Printf("download file %s -> %s", src, dest)
//size := int64(0)
//err := os.MkdirAll(targetDir, os.ModePerm)
//
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//// create destination file
//dstFile, err := os.Create(dest)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//defer dstFile.Close()
//
//// create source file
//srcFile, err := client.Open(src)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
//defer srcFile.Close()
//
//// copy source file to destination file
//_, err = io.Copy(dstFile, srcFile)
//if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
//}
return nil
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/khorevaa/go-v8runner/blob/master/agent/client/mock/test.go', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'go-v8runner', 'creator': 'khorevaa', 'language': 'Go', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '421', 'token_count': '1322', '__index_level_0__': '29209', 'original_id': 'af6416f4b18c160c5ffbf46057b815051d9c24b40523d933f21b16d87ebd28f1'} |
Date: Fri, 20 Feb 2009 16:34:30 -0800 (PST) From: Bart Hanks Subject: Varsity Tough Chapter Twenty Chapter Twenty Retribution The first rays of dawn brought a new day to Hinson. In Jennings' basement he awoke to the sunlight, and then smiled over at his captives. Leroy and Butch had spent the night on the sofa, blocked in by the backs of two chairs. They were expertly tied together in a frozen 69 position, mouth to crotch for each of them. No movement was possible, so they smelled each other's pubes and dicks all night long. Their clothes were piled in the corner. As an added touch, Jennings gave each of them one of his blue pills. Erections have their own smells, as Butch and Leroy discovered. Jennings walked over to them smiling. "Sleep well? You're both still hard. I bet if you start talking, there'd be a dick in your mouth automatically. Or maybe all you have to do is yawn. Yawn for me, Leroy." Leroy started to say no when a slap on his face set him grunting. Actually Butch's bone didn't really go in, but after a few minutes when Jennings made each of them put out their tongues and lick the shafts plastered against their noses and mouths, there was a certain amount of groaning. Finally Jennings knelt down beside them. "I'm going to untie you and let you get dressed. Then you can walk out of here and get home the best way you can. But when I take a notion to, I'm going to come after you with Chet and the linebackers, so you better always be on your guard." They nodded. He untied them, but before they could get up he told them to wait. Walking over to a cabinet, he got out a dark bottle and a large tablespoon. He walked back with a grim look. "I'm giving each of you a dose of a strong laxative. You can't use my bathroom and you both have a good distance to walk to get home. I'll dose you, let you dress, and then you better run like hell and hope you can hold off as long as possible. Otherwise you'll find nobody wants you crapping in their front yard and people aren't exactly going to answer their front door to let in two guys with erections so hard their pants can't hide it. Understand?" Leroy started to grumble but Butch bumped him with his hand as a warning. Butch knew the results of ever crossing Jennings or any of his team again. Jennings wished he had a camera as the two sat on the edge of the sofa, naked, like two obedient boys waiting to take their medicine. He shook the bottle, then paused and shook it again mainly for effect, and then poured a big spoonful. "Open wide, Leroy." Leroy swallowed with a shudder. He made a bad face as he tried to clear the taste from his mouth. "Now you, Butch." He filled the spoon, held it out, and Butch opened his mouth. "Wider, Butch. If I spill even a drop you're getting a second spoonful on top of that." Butch stretched his mouth to the limit. Jennings smiled. "Now what do you say?" The question was lost on Leroy, who just looked baffled, then over at Butch. "Thank you" Butch said. "Leroy?" Leroy reluctantly said thanks. They dressed quickly, still hampered by their erections. Jennings held the back door open for them. "Now...RUN!" He slammed it shut behind them. The last he saw was their backsides galloping away. He wondered how far they would get before the laxative hit them. He thought he might take a detour that way before school. He smiled as he remembered the words on the label "fast, thorough, complete." Over at Zack's house, Ricky ran off to school the minute he finished breakfast, leaving Zack to do the chores. His mother commented, "I thought we agreed you and Ricky would share the chores." Zack was uneasy. Ricky kept getting him into these situations. "Aw mom, he had to get there early for a test and I said I'd do his part this morning." "I've never seen him bringing any books home or studying. Are you sure that's his real reason?" Zack sighed. "He'll do better, mom. I promise." When he got to school, he found Ricky waiting. "Come quick. There's something I want to show you." He rushed him down the hall and toward the end that connected to the Middle School building. At the place where the two buildings joined, he pulled Zack into the bathroom. This one wasn't used often. "Why are we going here?" Zack asked. "Trust me. Step here in the handicapped stall. Now just do this for me and I'll do all the chores tonight. Drop your pants and shorts, pull your shirt up, and hold your hands behind you head. Now spread your legs wide." When a puzzled Zack had done that, Ricky called "OK, guys, you can come in here now." Zack heard the stall door next to them swing open, and three sixth grade boys came eagerly in. They grinned widely and looked Zack up and down. Zack started to drop his hands and turned to Ricky who said in an authoritarian tone, "Not now, Zack." It had the sting of a command. Momentarily thrown off guard, Zack put his hands back behind his head. "See, guys? Didn't I tell you he had a big one, and that you had more hair down there than he did?" They were suitably impressed. One of them tentatively put out a finger to touch the shaved area. "OK one touch" Ricky said. The kid looked grateful. "Smooth" he said with admiration. "Can I touch his dick?" another asked. "That costs extra. Maybe tomorrow I'll have a bargain day. But I'll tell you what, find three other guys who'll pay and bring them back at the end of fourth period, and I'll let you watch him kiss my dick. How about that? You ever seen my dick?" They shook their heads. "But we've heard it's the biggest at school next to Jennings." Ricky twisted with frustration. "He's two years older! What's wrong with all you people around here? Just wait until I'm that age. Anyhow, fourth period. Got it?" They dashed out. Zack turned to Ricky. "That wasn't fair." "Just go along with this. All you'll have to do is just what you did this time, and then I'll pull my dick out and let you kiss it or something like that. It's just enough to make them think they got their money's worth." "And then no more after that? Tomorrow you won't come up with another crazy scheme that makes me look bad and gets you money?" Ricky patted him on the shoulder. "Hey, I never said living with Ricky was going to be easy." With that he turned and left. Zack pulled up his boxers and pants and hurried off to class. Chet and Jennings were headed to class as well. Chet had a haunted look. But Jennings was bustling with business. "The garage said they'd tow your truck in and work on it. They'll give me a call on my cell when it's ready, and if we're still at school I'll give you a ride over. Otherwise I'll call you and give you that lift." Chet moved close to Jennings and cupped his hand to hide his voice. "My butt's still sore. Don't let anybody slap me on the butt for a few days." By the start of 4th period, Zack was a nervous wreck. Sitting down beside Josh in World History, he tried to start a conversation. Josh just looked at him. "Zack, did you set me up for Ricky yesterday?" Zack tried to explain, but the teacher started class. He knew it wouldn't have done any good anyway. The world seemed to be against him. But inwardly he smiled for a moment thinking of how Josh was being called `pee-pee pants' by those who saw him yesterday. The moment the bell rang at the end of class, Zack was out the door, heading as fast as he could to the far bathroom. Once inside the handicap stall at the end, he dropped his pants and shorts and waited for Ricky. He didn't have long to wait. "Good" Ricky said, suddenly stepping inside the stall. Zack realized Ricky must not have gone to class and had been waiting. In a moment there was a tap at the door, and the three boys from this morning and three others stood there. They handed Ricky their money. Ricky dispensed with showing the new ones about Zack's shaved area as quickly as he could. There seemed to be noises from the hallway. "Now you'll get to see my dick and see Zack kiss it" Ricky announced. He unzipped. "You said you'd drop your pants too" Zack said. "Yes!" the kids said. "You said that and we paid for that." Ricky, in a hurry, did what they wanted. Zack leaned down to kiss his dick. That was when voices from outside the stall said "We want to see it too!" There seemed to be a crowd. A moment later the door gave to the pressure, and a swarm of younger boys pushed in. Cries of: "Look at that thing!" "See him kissing that guy's dick!" Even cries of "Gross!" "Disgusting!" "How can he walk around with something that long?" filled the air. Zack could tell that doom was coming. In a moment two male teachers crowded in, shouting and dispersing the crowd. The teachers had seen him and Ricky, catching them in the act. The younger ones were gone. Both boys pulled their pants up and were escorted to the principal's office. They promptly were suspended for three days and their families were called. Zack knew that the end of all things was at hand. It was now the height of the lunch wave. Going through the cafeteria line, Chet passed Josh and quietly said, "I want to get with you some time to ask about stuff. I've had some weird experiences lately." Josh was flattered and wondered what he meant by that. "OK, when?" "Not today, my truck's being repaired. Let's say after school tomorrow. It's important. I want to know about something." Clem Semmes, 25, Ricky's oldest brother, was the one who got the call from the school that Ricky had been suspended. Before going to get him, he went to Ricky's room and removed all his clothes, locking them in a trunk in the storage room. At the school he received a copy of the three-day suspension note, outlining Ricky's offenses. In the car he was silent for a while. "So you're a queer, huh?" "No" Ricky said indignantly. "That's a bunch of bull." "Where have you been since Saturday night?" "I've been at Zack's, the guy Amos had in the pickup truck the day you rented me out to him. I wasn't about to go home after the way you treated me." "I see. It may interest you to know Amos brought the tool box back, wanting a refund on his rental fee for you. I gave it to him, but that means you're going to have to work off that debt as well as the debt for the tattoo kit. On top of that I've got to punish you for the suspension. Ricky, you know you're getting to be a lot of trouble." When they got home, he told Ricky to get a shower and leave the door open. For once Ricky did what he was told. While he was showering, Clem got those clothes and locked them up with the others. When Ricky came out and dried off, he started asking where his clothes were. "They're all locked up where you can't get to them. You're not getting any clothes at all the next few days. You're staying home during this suspension, while I figure out what to do with you. Now lean over this chair while I warm up your butt." He had that big paddle. Ricky had tears in his eyes and his butt was an angry red when Clem got through. "There's a hardwood chair by the kitchen table. Go sit on it. Sit flat footed so your whole butt is on the wood." Ricky sat down and flinched at the pain. The chair was straight and high backed, there was no way to slouch or lounge. The kitchen table was large. It served as the table for all meals for the four brothers who lived here. Clem moved around, taking care of chores. When he saw Ricky shift in the chair, he stopped. "You move one more time for any reason, and it'll be ten more strokes. And any time after that it'll be twenty more. Then thirty more. You are going to have to learn to obey." Ricky started to object, but thought better of it. He didn't like sitting in a hard chair as badly as his butt hurt. More than that, he hated sitting around nude. It made him feel embarrassed. At least he knew there was no danger he'd start throwing wood, because he hurt too bad. That would have been the worst fate of all, to start getting hard and have his brother laugh at of him. "You're not to close the bathroom door while you're home on suspension. I'm going to make sure we know every single thing you do for the next three days. Do you understand?" Ricky nodded, then asked, "Can I get a glass of water?" "I don't see how you can do that when you're supposed to be sitting flat in that chair with both feet on the floor. Do you know a way you could do it?" "You could bring me a glass." "No, not after the way you've acted." "Please. I'm thirsty." "Ricky, be quiet." "Clem, can you at least get me a glass of water? I'm thirsty." "If you were thirsty, you'd have gotten water when you first got home." "I didn't know then that I was going to be thirsty. Come on, Clem, what do I have to do to get a glass of water?" Clem thought about it a minute. "Ten licks?" Ricky jumped up without thinking. "Ten licks? Why paddle me for being thirsty?" "Twenty licks. Ten for the water and ten for getting out of the chair." Ricky sat down quickly, feet flat and back rigid, sitting straight with no slouch. "Um...I don't think I'm really that thirsty. How about just the ten for moving?" Clem smiled a bitter smile. "No, Ricky, you'll drink the water and you'll take the 20 licks. You asked for it and you're going to get it. The only choice you have is this: Do you want 20 fast with the water afterward, or 10 slow, then the water, then 10 more slow. It's up to you." Ricky thought about it. He figured Clem would hit him harder if he was taking it slow and stopping for water after 10. "I'll do the 20 fast" he said. "Then get back over the chair and hold on tight. I want you to count them out loud. You forget to count or you skip a number, and we start all over." Ricky went over to the large overstuffed chair where punishment was always administered. Kneeling in the seat, he leaned over the back, stretching his arms downward toward the floor. "Get your butt higher" Clem said. Ricky arched his back, giving a somewhat obscene picture to anyone watching. He looked like he was waiting to be butt-fucked. "Wiggle your ass" Clem said. Ricky obeyed, and the spanking began. WHAM! "One" WHAM! "Two" and in rapid succession the blows came and Ricky's counting turned to squeals of pain as he struggled to keep up the count. The cheeks were already fiery red from the previous spanking, but now they were a furious somber red and were showing signs of bruising. Some parts looked ominously darker. By 20 he was babbling and sobbing. Clem looked at him in disgust. "You lost count, Ricky." Ricky looked up through tear stained eyes with a frightened look. "But I'll let it go for now. Go back to the chair right now and sit. I'll get you the glass of water." "Sit straight now!" Clem barked from the sink as he filled a glass with tap water. Ricky obeyed instantly and sat directly down, groaning from the pain as he did so. Clem brought him the water. It was in one of the taller glasses they had. Ricky took several deep gulps, smacked his lips, and handed it back to Clem. "Thanks, Clem." Clem didn't take the glass. "Drink it. You wanted a glass of water, I brought you a glass of water, so drink it all." Ricky looked puzzled, still holding the more-than-half-full glass. He started to lean over to put it on the floor beside him, and Clem barked "You try to move again and it'll be 30 licks. You got that?" "I don't want this much water." "You drink it down, all of it. I'm not going to get up in 30 minutes to bring you another glass. Drink it or I'll hold your mouth open and pour it down your throat." Reluctantly Ricky lifted the glass and drank it all down. He even held it upraised at his mouth to get the last drops. Clem took the glass and put it up. Then keeping an eye on Ricky, he began the preparations for the evening meal. It was about 40 minutes later when Ricky said "I have to pee." Zack's mother sat with him in the kitchen. She was sad. Zack hung his head. "Son, I want you to go see Dr. Peters." He looked up, frightened. "Mom, no. Please! Do you know what they call him at school? They call him the dick doctor. I don't need to see him." "Maybe you can talk through things with him. I'd rather keep this from your father if we can. He wouldn't understand about all this." "Mom, please. I don't want to have to go to him. I can't talk to him. Guys at school are scared of him." "Well, I've made an appointment for you for Thursday. That's the last day of your suspension, and Friday when I have to take you back to school and sign you back in, I'll tell them you've been to see him." "Mom, the school office can't keep a secret. The girls that work there in their free period, they tell everything they know. I'll be all over school by lunch that I had to see the dick doctor." "Don't you think it was all over school by lunch today that you and Ricky were putting on a sex show in the bathroom for younger boys?" Zack cradled his head in his arms. He felt like his life was over. He was too depressed to even want to beat off. So far no other depression had ever affected him that way. He used to be able to go to his room and think about Enzo or Josh or Ricky, and just bone up right away. He could drip even in class just making up images of what he and one of them could do with each other. In his room with time for a long slow jerkoff, he would imagine stories where he went to rescue one of them or they rescued him. He loved that. But now nothing got him boned. Nothing made him remotely want to try to bone up. When you don't even want to work your dick... "Clem, I have to pee. Honest. You made me drink all that water and now I have to pee." "If I have to stop what I'm doing and come over there, I'll take the strongest cord we've got and tie off your dick so tight at the base that nothing will be able to flow out." For a moment that completely stopped Ricky. Then a little hesitantly he asked, "Can you tell me how long I'll have to wait?" "You were the one who insisted on water. This is a problem you brought on yourself." Now that he had started talking about peeing, the urge seemed to build stronger. He was having trouble keeping still, but he didn't dare move and get another paddling. His butt was already so sore and hot it was painful to have to keep sitting. Then as he strained to hold back the urge to pee, his dick started to get into the act. He felt a movement down there, a sort of quiet twitching. "Clem..." Clem looked over, then abruptly opened a drawer and brought out a long piece of strong thin cord. Ricky gasped. His eyes opened as wide as his mouth and he panicked. "Please Clem! Please man! Don't tie it off! It'll stop the blood flow. Really bad stuff can happen when you do that. Just let me pee. I'll promise not to drink any more water." Clem started toward him holding the length of cord stretched between his two hands. "No Clem, please! Look, I'm not moving. I've done everything you said. If you'll let me pee I'll come sit back here, and I'll do everything you say, even anything special." After a second's pause, he added eagerly "And I promise I'll never complain or gripe again." Clem looked at the cord, thought about it, and then agreed. "OK, you come with me. Remember, until your suspension is over and you're back in school, you cannot put on any clothes, and you cannot go to the bathroom alone. You will leave that door open at all times." Ricky nodded. Clem then took the cord, wrapped it around Ricky's dick, and told him to get up. Holding the other end, he walked Ricky to the bathroom like a prisoner. He occasionally gave a yank, and Ricky jumped and hurried on. While Ricky peed, Clem stood behind him, noting the color and condition of Ricky's butt after the paddlings. He nodded in approval. As he led Ricky back by the cord, he noticed how the chair and the table related to the tall window beside it. It was an older, one story house with 8 foot windows that were raised by roller weights in the walls. This window had no curtain or shade. The house sat on brick pillars of about three feet, to avoid floods. So from his chair, and more particularly from the table top, Ricky could be seen by people passing through the side yard. Clem knew school kids went this way each morning and afternoon. It was a well-used shortcut to school. Still holding the cord, he said "Ricky, stand up on the table." Ricky looked puzzled, and opened his mouth to say something. "Remember your agreement. No talking back." Once he was standing on the table, Clem asked, "What do you see from there?" "The window and the tree, and - Oh god, if I'm standing here anybody coming home from school can see me." "Right. I thought we'd give them a little show. If they look up, they'll certainly be surprised." "Clem! They know me. They'll laugh. Don't make me --" "Ricky, remember the agreement." "There'll be girls too! Think what if any of them report this. It won't just be me, it'll be everybody in the house who'll be called sex offenders." Clem thought a moment. "Actually most fact I think all of them...take the street route. They're not allowed to cut through yards. If any do, they wouldn't come on this side of the tree anyway. But to be safe, I'll tack a beach towel across the lower portion of the window. We'll test it in a little while, because the weekly Boy Scout meeting takes place in their den behind our property." Clem went to work and tacked the towel across the lower portion. He smiled to himself as he thought about various possibilities. "You keep standing there. I'll go outside and when you see me wave, start doing a series of squats so I can judge how much of you is hidden when you squat and how much the towel hides when you are standing up tall." Outside, he looked up at the window as he stood beneath the tree. He had to grin. Ricky was totally exposed. His butt looked spankable and was still red. His dick hung down exaggerating its length, as if he had a piece or rope hanging there. Clem waved his arm and Ricky started going up and down doing squats. When he was down, only his head and shoulders were visible. Halfway up and down, it still showed his dick and butt. Clem stepped further back and knew they were safe from exposure because the shrubs hid the window and the tree blocked the view. Ricky was still doing squats. That was going to tire him out pretty soon, and would make protracted standing that much harder to do. Clem wondered if lowering the towel by just a little would show more of Ricky and make him feel more exposed. At full height the towel only hid him below the knees. Lowering the towel would make him have to really squat down to keep hidden, and if someone caught a glimpse of him naked, they would have a longer moment to see it if the towel was lower. Coming back in, he tacked the towel a little further down. Ricky looked worried. "It's still fine, Ricky. You'll just have to spot people quicker and squat faster. We can test it when those scouts come by. If you stand perfectly still there's nothing to catch their eye and make them look up here anyway. They won't be expecting you to be there." He looked Ricky up and down. "Since you like to show off to younger kids in the school bathroom, let's give the scouts something to see if they do look up. Get that dick hard." "What?" "You heard me. Get that dick hard now!" Ricky took a deep breath and started in. Clem just stood there watching him with that smile on his face. Ricky squeezed his eyes shut. "If you keep your eyes shut, you won't see the scouts coming and know when to squat." Ricky's eyes flashed open and he looked wildly out to make sure they weren't already there. "That thing better be hard by the time the first ones get here. If not, things will definitely get worse." Out from town at Leroy's goat farm, he and Butch sat talking. "Just leave well enough alone, Leroy. We're lucky we didn't get charged with kidnapping or something." Leroy was still fuming. "Sending us home that way in that condition. Making us make spectacles of ourselves. Crapping in a ditch while cars went by. No toilet paper and having to wipe our hands on the grass. People seeing us with our pants down taking a dump, and honking and waving." "I agree. But you shouldn't carry this further." "And how did he make us both have to dump at the same time? I couldn't believe how it hit us both and we had to run behind bushes." "Yeah, but you had to go more times than I did. It was only the first one where we went together." "I'll get him for that. I'm going to tell people he's gay and made us spend the night with him to do fag stuff to us. Jennings will be a laughing stock. They'll call him gay and nobody will respect him." "You have no proof to back that up." "Yeah, but why did he go to all that trouble to fins Chet? He's not married to Chet." "I'd be careful if I were you. Some varsity guy is likely to knock your teeth down your throat for saying Jennings is gay. They think too highly of him." "Well just wait till I'm though with his reputation. It'll be worth nothing." "Leroy, leave well enough alone." It was nearly an hour later when Buck and Tip came through the front door, looked in the kitchen and saw Ricky on the table doing squats. "Hey! Ricky's home. And it looks like he's in the pink -- so to speak." "Yo, Ricky! That's one red butt you've got there. You putting on a show for people or something?" They were dirty and sweaty from the limber mill. All four brothers looked somewhat alike. Clem was the oldest. Buck at 23 was the tallest. Tip at 20 had the most muscled chiseled body. Ricky at 16 turning 17 had the record on dick length. Ricky continued doing squats, keeping an eye on the window and the yard below. "What's up, Ricky? You boned up about something?" "Clem says I got to stay hard." Clem dried his hands from preparations at the stove. "You can stop the squats now, but stand up straight and keep boned." "You got him putting on a show?" "Maybe. He's suspended for three days from school. He was charging younger kids to show them his dick and his buddy was sucking him off." "He wasn't sucking me off. He was just kissing it. And if a whole class of kids hadn't found out about it and were pushing in, we would never have been caught." Buck smiled. "So Ricky's gay, huh? I always thought there was something about him. That dick is a dead giveaway." Ricky tensed. His dick had started to soften a little, so he began giving it some strokes. He glared at Buck but didn't say anything. "Has anybody seen him up here yet?" Ricky flushed. "Some wino. Gray hair, old clothes, bloodshot face. Clem was saying something to me and I didn't see him walking by. When I saw him he started clapping and laughing." "You made him very happy, Ricky. I'll bet you were the nicest piece of boy flesh he had seen in a long while." Clem turned to them. "Here are the rules for the next three days. I've locked all this clothes away, so Ricky stays home and wears nothing. He doesn't get any privacy. He is not to close the bathroom door or the door to his room. Monitor him any time he tries to go anywhere beyond this room." "Even when he's taking a dump?" Tip asked. "I don't go for stinky stuff." Ricky burst out with "Can't I even crap in peace?" "Ricky, while you're on suspension, you can't do anything in peace." Turning back to Tip, Clem continued, "You can stand out in the hall as long as you're able to see everything that goes on. And here's more. I pulled out some water guns and other fun stuff we had put away years ago. You could do target practice on him sitting on the pot. You can have a lot of fun doing that. Have you ever tried to crap with somebody shooting a water pistol at you every few seconds? Anything that reminds him that he's our prisoner until I take him back to the school you're free to do. "Another thing: don't let him beat off. He's going to put on a show for us tonight with that, but nothing afterward. If he gets hard, take a paddle and bust his butt. That'll get him soft quicker than anything, especially after I've got it all broken in with the paddle this afternoon. "Finally, when he goes to bed, we'll either tie his hands to the bed rails or tie them behind him, whichever works best. And I bought that cock ring off Amos so if for some reason I have to go out, I'll turn it on. If he gets further than the yard outside, it'll give him so much pain he'll wish he was dead." Ricky remembered when Amos had put that on him at the cabin while he was their prisoner. "I'll do whatever you say. I promise." "Well for the time being, you just practice some squats, holding them down for as long as you can, and then jumping back up. But keep that dick hard." It was obvious Clem meant business. Ricky had been so engrossed in Clem, he failed to keep watch out the window. Out of the corner of his eye he suddenly caught movement and to his shock there were 4 teenagers standing down there, looking up and grinning. He went down in an instant squat. "They caught you, Ricky. That means you stand back up again and hold that pose for them. You were anxious to put on a show at school, we'll let you put on one here." "Clem please." "Up! Now!! Full frontal!" Ricky went crimson. Rising he saw they were still looking, pointing, laughing. That was the worst part...they were laughing at him, laughing at his erection and how he was naked. Then the older one started gesturing. Ricky knew what he meant, but he didn't move. He hoped his brothers wouldn't notice. "Your fans are signaling you" Clem said. Tip, the 20 year old, laughed loudly. "Yeah. Look at that guy telling you to start stroking. Give him some strokes, Ricky." "And make it good!" Clem ordered. Ricky didn't know whether he actually knew these guys or not. One looked a little older, the others were probably his age or a year younger. One little guy was with them. The older one kept gesturing. Ricky began a slow stroke, taking his time. The guys cheered and laughed and pointed. The cheering was really more jeering, like laughing at a fool. Then the older one made another gesture. Ricky blushed even deeper and kept up the slow strokes. "Ricky, your fans want something more. You want to give them what they want, or should we start doing it to you ourselves?" Clem was jubilant. "Just suck on a finger and start in. In fact you might suck on your hand, they may want more than one finger up your butt." When the boy saw Ricky suck a finger, he raised his hands in a victory clasp. When Ricky actually inserted it up his rectum, the youngest kid fell out, falling backwards with laughter. The other three boys huddled together for a second, then the older one who was their spokesman (so to speak) made a circular motion. "He wants you to rotate, Ricky." Ricky began a slow turn. He was totally embarrassed and was a picture of color from his red butt to his red face against his white body and his reddish brown pubic hairs and treasure trail. They applauded, then when they realized how red his butt was, they pointed fingers and jeered. They knew he was being punished, and that made this all the more fun. He stopped after one turn. The leader shook his head, gestured to continue the circle, then began excitedly waving his hands. Ricky looked, trying to figure out what the problem was. The kid began gesturing at his own butt making fast frantic motions, then imitating jerking off with the same rapid speed. "Yeah, Ricky they want a little more action. Pick it up, guy." Tip was as much into this as the boys outside. He picked up speed, hating the whole thing but having to go ahead. They visually cheered him on, but in a demeaning way as if he was their slave. Then the leader pointed at his wrist as if he wore a watch. "What's that?" Tip asked. Clem said "They probably have to go soon. Wait a second and I'll give them something to come back for." Grabbing a piece of cardboard along with a small juice glass, he first wrote the word "Later" and put the cardboard in the window, then demonstrated the juice glass by holding it at the tip of Ricky's erection. Then with one finger he went from the bottom to the top of the glass, pointing again at Ricky's dick. The leader caught on right away and exploded with laughter. Clasping his hands together again in a victory grip, he gathered the others and went on, looking back to see Ricky still continuing his strokes and his butt action. "Did you mean that?" Ricky asked hesitantly. "Yep" Clem said. "Keep going with that thing and when you fill the little glass you can quit because you can't jack off again until you get off probation." Realizing the group had gone, Ricky stopped turning and took his finger out of his butt. "I wish you hadn't made me do that" he said. "What, do what they asked? Ricky you got suspended for publicly carrying out some sex stuff. You even made money on it. Why should you object to a free show for the neighborhood?" "I might see those guys again." "That's the point, Ricky. We're trying to teach you a lesson. Things are like buzzards, they eventually come home to roost. Everything has consequences. Now get back to work on that dick. I'll be fixing supper in a little while. If you aren't through you don't get to eat." Tip spoke up. "And keep your eye out for people coming through the yard. You've got your work cut out for you." Tip and Buck went to shower, leaving Clem with Ricky. Ricky hoped he could keep a sharp enough lookout that he could drop down before anyone saw him. Clem watched him, grinning inwardly. Ricky drove them crazy and always seemed to find a way to be two steps ahead of the family. Now the tables were turned. Ricky didn't know what might happen next, what things they might make him do, or what lay in store. Clem couldn't have been happier. End of Chapter 20 --- --- --- --- (Particular thanks for ideas from Alan, Baruch, Bruce, Gary, Scott S and Scott W. I know last time I said this chapter would be about Josh, but we'll spend lots of time with him soon. - Bart) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9914709329605104}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34896', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5QOJMGKW7KVTFBAX7YMXPQEURPUBUU4L', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cf93e2e9-4235-4c51-8529-1d78ddf1b017>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 12, 46, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '108.161.189.196', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IJB7SSR4EMIWFM6IMUCQTTZJK7TOG7EV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fd47c266-471e-406c-9ec7-9e6531b482ca>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/authoritarian/varsity-tough/varsity-tough-20', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cdc81dae-1e2d-4960-bf8b-0bf636f86bfe>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '6192', 'url': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/authoritarian/varsity-tough/varsity-tough-20', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15226835012435913', 'original_id': '42a0ca7c7cb5f6bb4d167bb969ebba85cf5c4b3830a98de1fe292649e124d4b2'} |
‘Selma’: The Battleground
Courtesy of Paramount Pictures
Courtesy of Paramount Pictures
Ava DuVernay’s “Selma” offers a powerful cinematic portrayal of one of the most important protests of the civil rights era. Nominated for four Golden Globes, including best motion picture, best director and best lead actor, the movie lives up to the critical acclaim it has received so far for its outstanding performances and contemporary relevance.
“Selma” takes place at the end 1964, when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination, yet African-Americans were still being denied the right to vote in the South. The promise of equality suspended in a distant dream, Martin Luther King Jr. (David Oyelowo) initiates the first of several meetings with President Lyndon B. Johnson (Tom Wilkinson) to talk about voting rights. When LBJ refuses to sign new legislation, MLK takes up residence in Selma. The movie is not a MLK biopic, but rather a focused account on the Selma to Montgomery Marches, including the infamous “Bloody Sunday” that lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Still, from the moment the civil rights drama begins, viewers are captivated by the uncanny resemblance between Oyelowo and King. Oyelowo stares straight into the camera as he rehearses his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. Based on this speech to Nobel Committee, and the numerous church sermons in later scenes, it becomes clear that Oyelowo perfected the role before filming. He mimics King’s mannerisms perfectly and almost nails the resounding oration.
Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for LBJ. The movie needed a Johnson as convincing as its King. LBJ was a central character, but the dynamic between Oyelowo and Wilkinson seemed off. As respected as he may be, Wilkinson was 10 years too old for the role (LBJ was 56 then) and was not intimidating or compelling. Even the infamous “We shall overcome” speech was anticlimactic.
Still, DuVernay gets the big things right, including the incredible scenes of protest. From the nonviolent demonstration outside of the Selma courthouse when Annie Lee Cooper (Oprah Winfrey) makes history, to the nighttime street march that results in tragedy, the emotional impact is fully felt. DuVernay creates a real sense of danger and violence throughout the movie even when the audience knows what is coming. For instance, the nationally televised deaths of two protesters are expected, but the audience will still feel immense pain. Most importantly, the scene where protesters march onto Edmund Pettus Bridge on “Bloody Sunday” is intensely gripping.
“Selma” reveals more than activism and shows us an imperfect portrait of King through his personal life. DuVernay focuses on the intimate moments between MLK and wife, Coretta Scott King (Carmen Ejogo), with an abundance of two-person scenes. Having also played Coretta Scott King in the HBO movie “Boycott,” Ejogo knows how to convey strength and vulnerability. When the two are silent in their Atlanta home, her haunting gaze moves from fierce resentment to despair, as she remembers the constant fog of death that lingers around her family.
The movie includes other central characters of the time, including Alabama Governor George Wallace (Tim Roth). As the confederate antagonist, Roth really shows his potential for future roles as a villain.
It is rare for a historical drama to have contemporary relevance, but the unjust and barbaric violence in “Selma” somewhat parallels events happening now. As we watch, we are reminded of recent cases of racially motivated police brutality that sparked waves of protest across the nation. Police treatment of African-Americans is at the front of our minds as we watch the scenes in “Selma” where police tear-gas and bludgeon nonviolent activists in 1965. DuVernay masterfully chronicles the violence of the civil rights era and Oyelowo perfectly captures how King responded as one of nation’s greatest leaders of social change.
RECOMMENDED: “Selma” is a focused, intelligent and timely drama that gives everyone in America something to think about. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9510284662246704}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '39530', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4WLHFCDG2T2X5QM5CA2OKLYAFO2ABK3S', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:833de744-6ccf-40f9-80c4-27b710b46d3e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 22, 8, 29, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '128.195.119.6', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J7LKNOVBBJS53Q5AIWI6YEAWPBCTAJZH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:99fb0a9f-a37b-4802-8b12-842aa6127df6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.newuniversity.org/2015/01/13/selma-the-battleground/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7fc549d7-360b-45d4-b3a7-999186714963>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '631', 'url': 'https://www.newuniversity.org/2015/01/13/selma-the-battleground/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-141-34-30.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08498865365982056', 'original_id': '12e089741044cc6772652c8aac271575f8bbfa0ca3e8c28d8e30124d8f1eefd2'} |
A comprehensive plan to meet the unit-based education needs of nurses from several specialty units.
Nursing staff development departments across the country have responded to the anticipated changes in health care in a variety of ways. This need to reexamine the traditional role of the clinical instructor has resulted in the development of creative strategies designed to meet the unit-based education needs of nurses. In this article, the authors describe a comprehensive approach that not only meets the learning needs of staff members from several specialty units but also fosters their professional development. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2ab673c21bf712469db5fcfd8b305888e3f836f4de61ae0195cdc9eac8d1e50c'} |
The Journal gets the headline wrong ("How Oracle Saved the America's Cup," Sports, Sept. 26). Team Oracle has destroyed the America's Cup.
Oracle Corp. founder Larry Ellison throws endless amounts of money at technology, bends the rules and distorts the protocols to virtually assure his victory. The America's Cup has become a game loaded in Team Oracle's favor, potentially winnable only by someone who is willing to outspend and outbend Mr. Ellison.
George Brewster
San Francisco | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.932897686958313}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '103899', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PFMOOKSTAXPLE5FUUVBRFJ4TYXKQ657Q', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dd18c41b-b41d-4f1f-8bfa-c37c79c24b1b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 22, 22, 43, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.0.160.11', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6VPW5O36MEJNUOIWA4PJ4UTO3ZBDZWUO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:44942b2e-5751-4717-8662-9453b0268578>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304176904579111240547094988?mod=WSJ_Opinion_MIDDLEThirdBucket&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304176904579111240547094988.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_Opinion_MIDDLEThirdBucket', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:99e986dc-155f-4cdd-a9af-fbaaada24e08>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '75', 'url': 'http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304176904579111240547094988?mod=WSJ_Opinion_MIDDLEThirdBucket&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304176904579111240547094988.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_Opinion_MIDDLEThirdBucket', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08855044841766357', 'original_id': '52ded640723355bc0ea8d9a613e96d3ba84cd0d7fcecaefb73eabb971bf9c25c'} |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Does the default XFCE's window manager offer any 3D eye candy? If it does, how do I enable it after installing the relevant drivers?
I want to install Nouveau's experimental 3D driver (which worked great for me under Ubuntu), libgl1-mesa-dri-experimental, in Xubuntu. But I don't know if just installing it will enable any 3D effects.
share|improve this question
The reason you don't see 3D effects is because XFCE is designed to be light weight in both footprint and system load. – Marco Ceppi Sep 22 '11 at 14:45
add comment
5 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Xfce by design leaves out much of the eye candy of other systems. There aren't even fancy animations. The most you can get is 2D accelerated compositing if your driver supports it (most do), unless you are willing to install other software.
You have to enable the compositing feature in XFCE's settings manager, and to my memory it will use hardware acceleration automatically. (You may need to do this manually but I am on unity so I cannot test it).
share|improve this answer
add comment
Xubuntu doesn't come with Compiz so no 3D effects out of the box, but turning on the Composite feature gives you many effects like transparency and shadows plus it allows you to use 3D programs like Docky...
To enable go to: Applications -> Settings -> XFCE Settings Manager
...and from there play with the settings and fancify your desktop :)
share|improve this answer
Does installing the necessary drivers enable them? – Oxwivi Sep 22 '11 at 8:14
@Oxwivi no, they are CPU based if you don't have the right drivers. – RolandiXor Sep 22 '11 at 13:57
@RolandTaylor, that's what I'm asking, if I've the right drivers, will it be automagically enabled. – Oxwivi Sep 22 '11 at 16:10
I found that having the necessary driver will enable compositing. Please add that to your answer so I may choose it. – Oxwivi Sep 22 '11 at 16:11
add comment
In xubuntu 12.10 go to:
Settings Manager -> Window Manager Tweaks and navigate to the last pane "Compositor". Check the "Enable display compositing"
I know, its not of direct use for a one year old question - but I got stuck in 12.10 and landed on this site. Consider this an update of TenPlus1's answer.
share|improve this answer
add comment
AFAIK only KWin and compiz offer opengl/3d based compositing. xfwm4 (i.e. the default window manager of xfce) offers fancy stuffs such as transparency/shadows only. And as far as your drivers question goes installing necessary drivers makes your hardware ready, you still need to enable what is in offer i.e. What @TenPlus suggests in context with xfwm4 to enjoy. You can look into cairo-compmgr for some additional compositing as well which can easily run in top of xfwm4.
share|improve this answer
You are forgetting Mutter, but good answer. – Javier Rivera Sep 22 '11 at 10:51
add comment
It's four years old, but there was "Xubuntu + Compiz = Pretty pretty Xubuntu" at http://xubuntublog.wordpress.com/2007/12/09/xubuntu-compiz-pretty-pretty-xubuntu/
share|improve this answer
I would like to avoid Compiz, if possible. I like it's collection of candy, but the less extra software I need to install, the better. – Oxwivi Sep 22 '11 at 8:45
add comment
Your Answer
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '21', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8925788998603821}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '82238', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DPIUXZLR2MGIOQKMZDMOZTZ4NQUER7L3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b66e598e-9a73-434a-a99c-3261d31b5f0b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 10, 16, 43, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.252.206.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LI333FGGNVNFRWZ4FB77UN7YTUFPTXOE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4880f655-29c5-4f2c-addb-d936df4a0e0a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://askubuntu.com/questions/62502/are-there-3d-effects-on-xubuntu-hardware-accelerated-graphics', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:253702fa-e826-49c6-8c86-b7cbad9ad2f4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '575', 'url': 'http://askubuntu.com/questions/62502/are-there-3d-effects-on-xubuntu-hardware-accelerated-graphics', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3372509479522705', 'original_id': 'ab5373b972b24a0bb196d2c0d4e7d25d34108cb21a7bdd9dcb62de8f3ef267c8'} |
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel
College Freshman: Staying On Track
Updated on January 31, 2014
drmiddlebrook profile image
Can Colleen Outlast, Outwit, and Outplay, to Get Her Degree, with Honors?
Welcome to the second installment of "Colleen Goes to College.” In this article, our freshman is in her second semester of school, and she's getting more deeply involved in college life. She still has a lot to figure out, but she has survived her first semester, her first four months away from home.
She hasn’t quite figured out what she wants to do with her life, but our freshman, Colleen, is absolutely sure that having a college degree is going to help her to do better in life, no matter what she finally decides to do. She has figured out, too, that college is very different from “the real world.” In many ways, it is a small world of its own that fits inside a bigger world. She has discovered that people in the world of college interact often with people outside of it, often, but usually only for selfish reasons. That's because they have to make contact with the outside world, the world beyond college, to get things they need for college.
The college Colleen is attending is small, but she has heard other students talking about larger colleges and universities that have figured out how to bring a lot of the things she has to venture away from college to get, onto College Island, thereby further lessening the need for contact with inhabitants of the outside world. For example, one student told her about a much bigger university that has a mall, with a variety of retail stores in it, located right on campus, inside the student union. But there’s not one of those in the student union at Colleen’s school. At her school, the student union is a building where students go to meet if they are a member of a club on campus, or they can go there to the book store to purchase textbooks for class. Sometimes she buys school supplies and electronics there too, and every other day she and her roommate go there to eat at a grill-type restaurant, to avoid eating every meal in the campus cafeteria.
Soon it’s near the end of her freshman year and Colleen feels that she now has College Island figured out fairly well. She has made friends, and she's also made a few mistakes, like partying too much and too late some weekends, but she has learned from her mistakes. She still doesn’t know what she wants to major in, but she knows it is not going to be in partying and drinking.
The Hosts of Survivor—College Island
While the game and its rules aren’t announced by Jeff Probst, Survivor—College Island has a variety of hosts in the form of professors, counselors, dorm residential advisers, and administrators of every sort who reside in a tower that is usually called “the administration building.” I know I’m now sort of mixing metaphors (a TV show with a movie), but the administration building, on most college campuses, is often considered, by many students, that is, to be a kind of place that is not entirely unlike Oz. For example, the campus president of the college or university usually works in the administration building, and he or she seems somewhat like the Wizard of Oz. Why? Because there are usually hundreds of workers around the president whose job it is to make sure that as few students as possible end up in his or her office, for any reason. And, strangely enough, students usually manage to get through four or more years of college “paying no attention to the man behind the curtain,” so to speak, unless they do something so awesomely terrible or so awesomely wonderful that they end up in the presence of the top official, the ultimate and official highest host of the game (unless the school is big enough to also have a chancellor, but that’s another story).
Some students become leaders while they are on College Island. Some do it just by having a personality that makes them well liked and popular, while others join clubs and get other people to vote them into leadership positions. Since she has always loved athletics, in her sophomore year at college, Colleen tried and for and became a member of the cheer-leading squad. She became a leader as captain of the squad in her junior year.
Shelter on Survivor—College Island
TV host Jeff Probst’s Survivors, once they get on the island, have to build their own home or shelter. Students on College Island find themselves faced with a similar challenge. Whether they choose to live on campus, in the dorms or in a campus-located apartment, or off-campus, they still must find and create a place they will think of as “home” for many months, or perhaps for all the years they will be on College Island.
Unlike their television show Survivor counterparts, students on Survivor—College Island get to enjoy more than one luxury item while there. Fortunately, students are allowed to arrive on College Island with as many luxury items as they can carry (beg, or borrow). There are many students whose parents provide them with an unlimited supply of cash (in the form of credit cards) that takes care of paying for all their earthly needs. But for most island residents, such a thing is nothing more than a dream. Most must find jobs either on or off the island to help pay the expenses of staying there.
Colleen decided to live in a college dormitory, and was assigned a roommate. After she joined the cheer-leading squad, she was glad she decided to live on campus. Because she had to do her studying and classwork after cheer-leading practice, being on campus made it easier for her to manage her time well.
Be sure to read:
Colleen Goes to College: Freshman Year
Can Colleen Conquer Her Last Two Years of College?
And if you like this, you might also like:
Beax Rivers’ novel, Silver—Currents of Change, Zarah, who finished high school three years earlier than most, is a very young college student. After struggling and fighting to fit in, in high school, she went to college and discovered she had to find a way to fit in there too. As a senior, after winning her “dream internship” working in publishing at a magazine, her life changes dramatically, and once again, she finds herself having to take on, yet again, an extremely tough set of challenges.
© 2012 Sallie B Middlebrook PhD
0 of 8192 characters used
Post Comment
No comments yet.
This website uses cookies
Show Details
LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service.
AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy)
Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
OpenxThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Rubicon ProjectThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
TripleLiftThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '403', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.952187478542328}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '91297', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DZGDEKXZ2HQYKJWFFBIQEAQNDPWKNZFP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7517c39a-f73a-4bf3-b996-934e63e131af>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 27, 0, 39, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.54.196.14', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NSAF5ZHTCKLAMCHAWM6SFFACSSWWAN35', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a19c482e-a17b-4cac-ad65-3b614ff7f4cb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://hubpages.com/education/Part-2-She-Went-to-CollegeA-Fun-Introduction-to-College-Life', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d5a785df-830a-4de8-9850-9986598e53ce>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1748', 'url': 'https://hubpages.com/education/Part-2-She-Went-to-CollegeA-Fun-Introduction-to-College-Life', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-104-161.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.030094921588897705', 'original_id': 'eb1ebbe63ca308688be06b9ff01468dace780787e21bd206506118ee806fd0a5'} |
Back to advice hub
Meet the WhiteHat apprenticeship coaches
Who are the WhiteHat apprenticeship coaches?
Digital Marketing Apprentice
Your apprenticeship coach is not quite like a basketball or football coach. They’re more like a mentor, ally and advisor. Unlike other apprenticeship providers, WhiteHat assigns each apprentice a coach who is responsible for creating and delivering engaging training to help you achieve your qualification. Each coach has experience in the field they’re delivering, whether that's digital marketing, software engineering or any other profession WhiteHat provides apprenticeships in. The coaches also have experience in coaching or teaching, so they’re in the perfect position to help you learn and apply that learning to the real world.
There are 41 people (and counting) in the WhiteHat delivery team, including coaches, and people working on learning and progress. As a Digital Marketing Apprentice at Google, I realised that I only knew two digital marketing coaches (Laura and Chichi) and I thought how useful it would be to have a guide to all the coaches, which lets me know which apprentices they coach, and what drew them into becoming WhiteHat coaches in the first place. I also think this would benefit any prospective apprentices, and help them get to know the people who would be coaching them.
I chatted to the coaches about what they do, why they work at WhiteHat and where their passion for developing young people comes from.
Chichi Eruchalu - Digital Marketing Coach
Chichi Eruchalu
Chichi describes herself as creative, passionate and there to make a difference.
Why did you decide to become a WhiteHat coach?
I wanted a hybrid of marketing and coaching. I also loved the WhiteHat mission, which made me want to get involved. I saw that they actually do live out their company values by really valuing you as an individual.
What did you do before joining WhiteHat?
I was doing freelance business coaching and strategy, helping people with their mindset. I also worked at HSBC on a digital project, where I worked on Apple Pay. However I realised I loved project management. It's easier to see something tangible, but it's more challenging to change a mindset - you have to coach people with how and why they think things. I’m a personal development junkie - I enjoy everything from podcasts to courses.
Summarise your WhiteHat experience in three words
Innovative, creative and problem-solving.
Neda Sahebelm - Business Associate Coach
Neda Sahebelm
Neda likes to build people up by empowering and encouraging them. She also describes herself as funny and clever.
What does your average week look like?
I normally do coaching sessions at different sites, give my apprentices feedback and mark their coursework. I deliver training to apprentices at places like WeWork, Warner Bros and Delta Capita.
Why did you become a WhiteHat coach?
I was building an apprentice framework at Fox. I graduated with a business psychology degree, and have been at WhiteHat since February 2018.
What are your opinions about apprenticeships and have they changed since joining WhiteHat?
I’ve always believed that people have different ways of learning and people should have alternative options that are just as good as university. Some people should learn by doing, and for some of those people it’s the only option. Apprenticeships are really shaping what the future world of work will look like. The next generation will understand how things work in practice, not just in theory.
Summarise your WhiteHat experience in three words
Game-changing, impactful and meaningful.
Anna Carlisle, Project Management Coach
Anna Carlisle
Anna is a Project Management coach for Career Builder apprentices - professionals further on in their careers who are upskilling/re-skilling in project management. She is positive, empathetic and very friendly (perfect qualities for an apprentice coach!).
Why did you become a WhiteHat coach?
I used to be a high school history teacher where I really loved teaching and facilitating learning. I found teaching in schools quite rigid as students might not use the learning beyond school so I became interested in practical teaching. After years of working in project management I realise it can be pretty boring when not taught well so you've gotta make it exciting.
What did you do before joining WhiteHat?
I worked at Teach First as a graduate. I started project management by trialling new ways of doing things, so took the opportunity to try and manage any new projects. I then worked in the Civil Service in the Department of Health, recruiting support workers. I’ve worked across the public sector in training and development
I joined quite recently, and seeing what WhiteHat is doing by trying to build this community was a huge interest to me as I had never seen it been done before. It’s truly a competitor in terms of social life.
During my parents and grandparents generation, my granddad started working at sixteen in a law firm. By the time he retired, he was a partner in the firm. Over his career people invested in him and trained him. This is now quite rare. So many companies now focus on the graduate workforce. We should work on moving into a society where organisations work on building people up. Apprenticeships are the way forward for doing that, by creating decision makers in the workforce.
Summarise your WhiteHat experience in three words
Energising, people-focused and fresh.
Bernard Mordan, Software Engineering Coach
Bernard Mordan
Bernard is creative, sensitive and fun. He likes to dream up coding challenges and model beautiful things in 3D.
What does your average week look like?
There are two different kinds of weeks: delivery week - spending all day with apprentices (lectures and group work). Then there’s the not delivery week - admin for coaching (video calls, organising things in calendar, meetings with staff to organise delivery).
Why did you become a WhiteHat coach?
I wanted to move jobs to have a little bit more say about the technology that the company uses so I moved into a developer role. I also began to think about what it would be like to have apprentices in your life and the benefits they could bring.
What did you do before joining WhiteHat?
I was a developer at the Home Office, and before that I was at ‘TABLEFLIP (a web company). I then moved to be an IT manager at Evelina Children's Hospital School, where I ran tech workshops with the children.
Yes - apprenticeships are an incredibly valuable tool for industry and it's an effective way of learning. A year and a half is like a ‘ramp’ - a young person develops in an accelerated environment with the input and support around them (learning a skill in the context of an actual profession. It’s more rich than academic study alone.
Summarise your WhiteHat experience in three words
Professional guiding friend.
Eloise Rahman - Functional Skills Executive
Eloise Rahman
Eloise is people-focused, empathetic and idealistic. She has spent time teaching people of all ages, from primary school students to established professionals.
What does your average week look like?
It’s extremely varied as I’m on the learning and progress team, which includes learning, exams and support. I sometimes do a one hour long maths session for our older apprentices, if they don't have the qualifications required to complete the apprenticeship. I also attend supplier meetings with companies like Spill, a therapy app that apprentices have free access to. This is so that WhiteHat can offer better support to our apprentices and have a place to release any worries during the transition into the workplace. Coaches can be a mentor, expert and counsellor all at the same time, so we also look after them too.
What did you do before joining WhiteHat?
I graduated in 2016 with a maths and music degree. I’ve always been very people-focused so joined Teach First Development program where I worked for two years in Eastbourne. Then I taught in London for a while, after which I moved to WhiteHat as I still wanted to work in education.
Absolutely. I had no idea about the range of apprenticeships available and the growing community that rivals uni life. The levy makes it so much easier for businesses to make this choice.
Summarise your WhiteHat experience in three words
Mission-driven, varied and inclusive.
I would like to say a big thank you to all the coaches who took the time to speak with me. This has definitely opened my eyes to the wide variety of people working at WhiteHat.
Related Articles | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9758697748184204}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '39765', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JS6MOZJDGKVVBEEA24XIOPNFXLPXCBNL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9b7ad0d7-25c6-4871-badc-7ce436356f91>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 8, 3, 14, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.73.183.75', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MQFDU7IHDVB5KEQ5BS4CTMLAPYM7HXDQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5c5b6b73-3e71-46f0-b512-a886c0f33727>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://careerhacker.ai/careerhacking-guide/who-are-the-whitehat-apprenticeship-coaches', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4a90219b-9aea-4209-a7eb-acdff82dbd3b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1436', 'url': 'https://careerhacker.ai/careerhacking-guide/who-are-the-whitehat-apprenticeship-coaches', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-31\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July/August 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-157.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020943880081176758', 'original_id': '1e104fc6185df1cec0e10905a148bf47cca7e336e4b40d1954d93db1c165816e'} |
Sunday, June 07, 2015
Some #QotD from "Through the Gates of Thought" by @NDamoah
IMG_20150526_110325My thoughts go out to the people of Ghana who have been affected by the recent floods and terrible petrol station explosion.
Through the Gates of Thought by Nana Awere Damoah
This collection of reportage, poems, stories, and reflections makes for interesting reading for an American visiting Ghana.
* * * * *
In the Twi language, we have a proverb: “Yɛ obi deɛ yie, na wonso wo deɛ ayɛ yie”, meaning “If you treat someone else’s property well, yours will prosper as well.”
2015.05.25-DSC01244 2015.05.25-DSC01256 2015.05.26-DSC01399 2015.05.26-DSC01389
It has been said that the reason why most parents have kid parties is to prove to themselves that there are worse kids than theirs!
“The bird’s chick watches its mother fly before it can fly (we learn by example).” Akan proverb, Ghana
As I read somewhere the other day, “hope is hearing the music of the future and faith is dancing to its tune today”. To all who dare to look Africa’s way, I say, come let’s dance.
In Africa, we have had thinkers like Kwame Nkrumah and Patrice Lumumba, people who are usually described as being ahead of their time.
Kwame Nkrumah declared that “revolutions are brought about by men, by men who think as men of action and act as men of thought”. He should know - he led the independence struggle for Ghana, culminating in our independence from British colonial rule in 1957. We are where are today as a continent because of our thoughts, and the extent to which we will go as a continent will depend on the quality of thoughts that drive leadership.
No comments: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '9', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9604938626289368}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '350903', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RZAO3PECFBPQA6YXL3VG6FC3BAZHQN6P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4e502386-5a0e-4797-a384-0b6531715d55>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 29, 16, 48, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MYRTL5NFJZXQ7ARFDBC5GVW5QIM6JDIN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0606fd78-4d7e-4c7c-911e-5c84bcd51a05>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.udc793.org/2015/06/some-qotd-from-through-gates-of-thought.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4cc5ce7f-e25c-47d1-8a54-72adf23aa046>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '269', 'url': 'https://www.udc793.org/2015/06/some-qotd-from-through-gates-of-thought.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-60.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024852871894836426', 'original_id': '9e10612fb9613c488cfe76496fca2ac7dfe427f97e8f0d0dfabf030634c94ac9'} |
Homophobia hoax? Bullying note to waitress went viral, but it might be fake
Dayna Morales said she was the victim of a homophobic note -- but the customers claim otherwise
How much outrage can one story about a little restaurant receipt inspire? Well, throw in the words “homophobia” and “possible hoax” and let’s find out.
Earlier this month, New Jersey waitress Dayna Morales attained instant Internet fame after she sent Facebook’s “Have a Gay Day” page a photo of a message she claimed she received on a patron’s receipt. It read, “I’m sorry but I cannot tip because I don’t agree with your lifestyle & how you live your life.” Morales further claimed that she’d gotten off to a bumpy start with the couple and their children when they looked her over and allegedly told her, “Oh I thought you were gonna say your name is Dan. You sure surprised us!”
In an email to Have a Gay Day, the former Marine wrote, “NEVER in a million years did I think this would happen. I am THOROUGHLY offended mad pissed off and hurt that THIS is what her kids will grow up learning and that I served in the Marines to keep ignorant people like them free. Sorry lady but I don’t agree with YOUR lifestyle and the way you’re raising your kids but you didn’t see me throwing that in your face and giving you shitty service. Keep your damn mouth shut and pray we never cross paths again.” After the post created a sensation, Morales further commented on Facebook, “Thanks everyone for your support. It took every fiber of my being not to spit in their food and say something. (Not gonna lie if kids weren’t there it would of been a totally different story).”
Morales’ story triggered an outpouring of strong, sympathetic reactions about the “appalling” and “stupid” family — and a deluge of donations. A few days ago, she said she was going to give a portion of her new earnings to the Wounded Warriors Project. “It’s great to see everybody’s support and I’m thankful for it,” she told NBC New York, “but it doesn’t excuse or change the fact that it actually did happen.”
The story had echoes of similar recent alleged incidents of terrible customers. In October, a Christian couple in Kansas City reportedly left a message for their server that read, “Thank you for your service, it was excellent. That being said, we cannot in good conscience tip you, for your homosexual lifestyle is an affront to GOD. Queers do not share in the wealth of GOD, and you will not share in ours. We hope you will see the tip your fag choices made you lose out on, and plan accordingly.” Then a Tennessee Red Lobster waitress posted a photo on Facebook of a receipt with no tip and a racist slur scrawled on it. The waitress, Toni Christina Jenkins, soon amassed over $10,000 in donations from around the world – while the patron Devin Barnes, whose personal information was revealed in the photo, found himself on the receiving end of harassment and death threats, and had to hastily change all of his banking and credit card information. Barnes then hired a handwriting analyst who affirmed the writing matched neither him nor his wife. He is currently planning on suing the restaurant and Jenkins.
And then, earlier this week, Morales’ story took a twist — when the family she said stiffed her contacted NBC News to dispute her claim. The husband and wife produced their copy of the receipt, which showed an $18 tip, and what they say is their Visa statement, which likewise reflects the larger total. They also say the alleged snarking on Morales’ appearance went down differently – they say they’d been told their server would be “Dan,” and when Morales appeared, they said, “Whoa, you’re not Dan.” The husband told NBC he didn’t even vote for Chris Christie because Christie doesn’t support marriage equality. “Never would a message like that come from us,” he says.
The restaurant now says it is “investigating” the situation. Meanwhile, individuals claiming to know Morales say that she has a history of making things up, “telling co-workers she shaved her head because she had brain cancer and later telling them it was her friend who had brain cancer.” And the online community that was eager to hand her money a week ago has now turned on her. The Huffington Post story currently has close to 5,000 comments, many of which will make you immediately want to go out and get day drunk, while the Daily News readers now have her pegged as “a disgrace to the uniform. Nothing but a petty liar.”
For now, all that’s certain is that somebody isn’t telling the truth, and an $18 tip has now become the linchpin of an international story that raked in thousands of dollars in donations. And the most insightful, accurate response to the whole thing so far has got to be from the CNN commenter who simply noted, “Moral of the story? Pay CASH.”
This story is really weird, why would the waitress write on the customer's copy? She doesn't need to write on their copy, they already know what they wanted to tip, they write that tip on the service copy.
Also they didn't prove shit with the bank statement, it was just a print out, that stuff is SO easy to edit. The real proof would be letting someone see their bank statement online cause you can't edit that but I doubt they would do that.
And why did they feel the need to come out and protest about it so much? They weren't named, no-one had any idea it was them.
The whole story is really fishy, both from the waitress and the alleged customers.
This story is really weird, why would the waitress write on the customer's copy? She doesn't need to write on their copy, they already know what they wanted to tip, they write that tip on the service copy.
Also they didn't prove shit with the bank statement, it was just a print out, that stuff is SO easy to edit. The real proof would be letting someone see their bank statement online cause you can't edit that but I doubt they would do that.
And why did they feel the need to come out and protest about it so much? They weren't named, no-one had any idea it was them.
The whole story is really fishy, both from the waitress and the alleged customers.
Where does it say that the waitress wrote on the Customer copy? All it says is the couple produced it in their own defense. Lots of people write the tip amount on their copy so they can keep track of total charges. It's proof of nothing however.
Also, if they did it, then coming out when they didn't need to and outing themselves doesn't make any sense. If they are innocent however, I can see them being outraged at this waitress making money off of a lie.
I had a feeling it was made up. It just sounded so much like other recent incidents...I can imagine an effed up person seeing the outpouring of sympathy and support other people have gotten and wanting to get in on it. Maybe rationalizing that they are doing something good by putting the spotlight on homophobia (even if it's fake). Dumb-ass.
Supposedly, Morales has been getting pursued about this by a lot of reporters and jumped out of a cab to get away and then jumped out again just in time to cross the finish line first in the NY Marathon. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '7bbfaeea891d9219516bec2bf77a5b35e71a1b24c0f1625bed4249e730a0e618'} |
A haunting tale of hunger
Ash in the Belly
India's Unfinished Battle Against Hunger
Harsh Mander
Penguin Books India
Rs. 399 pp 344
It is a profound irony that 200 million Indians should sleep on an empty stomach in the world's largest producer of milk and edible oils, and the second-largest grower of wheat and sugar.
Never since the green revolution of the 1960s has India had a truly food-deficit year. Yet, why India figures among 29 countries with the highest levels of hunger, stunted children and poorly fed women is no longer a puzzle.
It is not a problem of food shortage, but of equitable distribution.
Harsh Mander, the author of Ash in the Belly, has fought a long battle to put an end to it - as a former bureaucrat, a member of the Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council and as a food security campaigner.
For those wanting to know why India can't feed itself, Ash is a good place to start.
Mander alternates between prosaic commentary and a life-cycle tale of hunger told by real-life characters.
The pathways of hunger span from city streets to tribal outbacks. Like Holocaust-denial, Indian officials habitually deny starvation. Poverty benchmarks are set so absurdly low that few would get by. Among the many evils, Mander rightly identifies the gravest of all: a government focused more on saving money, not its hungry people.
also read
blog comments powered by Disqus | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9433794021606444}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '94803', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MTVYGHV5ZGKJLVWHL4IAVS4HPOGTE2YN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1ec6dd16-1e84-4f7c-8018-c579e47c134b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 6, 3, 10, 12, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.3.13.81', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZAIQKMV4CWY37WIDO4WYFQOM3J22ZZGK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6e8b174d-15fa-410a-a9ee-6f1da4a041f9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/a-haunting-tale-of-hunger/article1-1001911.aspx', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:86475a0c-b8ec-4b0c-b823-10e1fa749aca>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '249', 'url': 'http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/a-haunting-tale-of-hunger/article1-1001911.aspx', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-22\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022550761699676514', 'original_id': 'b0623e6a3aac3bd1a8c1faf6fe58664388aab324887eed3ccf137dad77420b36'} |
Storm Damage
Bad weather is a reality, and when bad weather happens Lewis roofing is on call during these events to work 24hrs a day to help secure, and minimize further damage to your property by tarping and even temporary structures.
If you are concerned or have been told you have damage we will provide you with a free inspection with one of our highly trained roof consultants, and provide you actual pictures of any damage we may find. All too many times other companies tell you to call your insurance you have hail damage or hail damage in our area, and have not even thoroughly inspected your roof, and can result in frivolous claims against your property.
Our insurance team will help you through the sometime confusing, and overwhelming claims process, and if a dispute arises, and they do unfortunately our team can assist you with even an independent adjuster or Engineer to insure you the customer is 1st and not the insurance company’s bottom line. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9586653113365172}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '24560', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CFD7DJ5FSPYIQ4GITKIOUMEOOYIOGUJZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9e37f659-2587-4e00-ba67-fefc9223ddc0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 15, 0, 2, 12), 'WARC-IP-Address': '166.62.110.60', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HBDTLDJZL3BGS2D4YIKWMWIJECTIM766', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6b16bdd0-a56a-400a-b56b-c79a4d1fb3bc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lewisroofing.com/storm-damage/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2c0cf88c-a32d-4e07-a464-dc1c7f4565a2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '167', 'url': 'https://lewisroofing.com/storm-damage/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-14.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022075176239013672', 'original_id': '9efcf52fedc30b3d0223617d4e64b40807a448c342e987f6ff5150ea76569e07'} |
How to dispute a credit card charge
If you see an error on your credit card bill, chances are it’s just a mistake. Cases of fraud—when someone steals your card number and makes unauthorized charges—are far less common than simple human error. Still, if you wait too long to file a dispute, you could be on the hook for charges you never made.
Determine whether it’s error or fraud
To catch unusual or improper activity, it’s important to check your statements regularly. You should notify your credit card company when you detect both errors and fraudulent charges; however, the resolution processes are different.
If your card is stolen or used to make purchases, you need to deal with the unauthorized charges. You should contact your credit card company immediately to alert it to the fraudulent transactions and prevent further misuse.
Errors, on the other hand, might include being charged twice, or the wrong amount, for a purchase. You might have been charged for merchandise that was never delivered or for a service you canceled. Or you might not have been credited for an item you returned.
Notify the merchant
The simplest way to resolve a billing error may be to bring it to the attention of the merchant that made the charge. If you notice your card was accidentally swiped twice, for example, show the retailer or service provider the receipt, as well as your credit card statement. For online purchases, call or email the vendor and send copies of the relevant documents. In many cases, the merchant can cancel or reverse the charge. But you aren’t required to notify the merchant if you don’t want to. You could instead go directly to your credit card company to dispute the charge.
Keep your paperwork
To resolve a billing error swiftly, you may need to provide your credit card company with paperwork to support your claim. If so, make photocopies of any receipts and credit card statements related to the dispute and keep the originals.
Contact the credit card company
To preserve your right to dispute a billing error, you need to reach out to your credit card company in writing within 60 days of the closing date of the statement in which the error appeared. Bank of America customers can alternately contact the bank online through the bank website, or by phone to have their dispute investigated; however, only mailed inquiries will preserve their billing rights.
credit card company:
• Your name and credit card number
• The dollar amount and date of the suspected error
• The name of the merchant/vendor as it appears on your receipt or billing statement
• A description of the error and an explanation of why you believe there is an error
• Details of any attempts to resolve the problem with the merchant
• A list of all receipts and statements related to the dispute
To assist in filing a claim, you should explain the billing mistake that’s been made, request that
the error be corrected, and describe the information and materials you have to support your claim.
Make sure you receive a reply
The credit card company must send you a letter within 30 days resolving or acknowledging receipt of your complaint. Once your claim is received, the company has two complete billing cycles, not to exceed 90 days, to determine whether the charges were in error. If your dispute is upheld, you are notified by mail or via your online account that the charge is being refunded. If not, the credit card company explains why it denied the claim.
The company cannot report the contested amount as delinquent while the charge is being investigated. However, the company can count the amount toward your credit limit. If your dispute is upheld, any interest accrued on that amount is refunded. The credit card company also refunds any fees assessed on the transaction.
Remember, the majority of mistakes you may encounter are simple human error. The steps above can help you achieve a smooth resolution.
Close Disclaimer
Up Next
Contact Us
• Mon-Fri 8 a.m. to midnight Eastern
866.736.2205 Mon-Fri 8 a.m. to midnight Eastern
• Schedule an appointment | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '119', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9355218410491944}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '88617', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:W6AHOWPSAWSGKRTGYMCCOUFDCXMLZEZE', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dc3a305e-4143-494a-9455-da863015acba>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 3, 7, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.229.163.67', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FFCY5FZKKCMO5KHTNZXFBBR3KLTSODIF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b2a6ff24-f758-43ea-a2ef-267dac5e046e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://bettermoneyhabits.bankofamerica.com/en/credit/disputing-credit-card-charges', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2a189fc-2765-4087-ba63-88e76c36318f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '808', 'url': 'https://bettermoneyhabits.bankofamerica.com/en/credit/disputing-credit-card-charges', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-45-61-6.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024755656719207764', 'original_id': '0ae891867b31cbf6945eadecdeab6b19ed0a5ae618e72687275630c3e4d561da'} |
What is Big Think?
We are Big Idea Hunters…
Big Think Features:
12,000+ Expert Videos
Watch videos
World Renowned Bloggers
Go to blogs
Big Think Edge
Find out more
The Real Shame Behind the Texas Prostitute Killing
June 6, 2013, 3:46 PM
Everyone is up in arms, quite legitimately, about Wednesday morning’s news:
A jury in Bexar County, Texas just acquitted Ezekiel Gilbert of charges that he murdered a 23-year-old Craigslist escort—agreeing that because he was attempting to retrieve the $150 he'd paid to Frago, who wouldn't have sex with him, his actions were justified.
Gilbert had admitted to shooting Lenora Ivie Frago in the neck on Christmas Eve 2009, when she accepted $150 from Gilbert and left his home without having sex with him. Frago, who was paralyzed by the shooting, died several months later.
My Facebook feed is full of irate comments from people who think the jury gave legal credence to misogyny and male ownership of women. Commenters can’t believe a jury could be so sexist that it would excuse a man for murdering a woman who decided not to have sex with him.
But the legal basis of the killer’s excuse was not this. It was a Texas law that permits exactly what he did: shooting someone who threatens to steal your property.
Remember last year’s tragic shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida? Shooter George Zimmerman’s defense in the trial underway now is that he was defending himself under Florida’s “stand your ground” law permitting a person to shoot a perceived assailant in self-defense. Turns out Texas has a similar “Castle Doctrine” law on its books and it applies to protection of one's property as much as to one's life. Here is the section that got Ezekiel Gilbert off:
You can blame the jury, but this law is the true scandal behind yesterday’s decision. Texas, and quite a few other states, give citizens the right to shoot first and ask questions later. More worrisome than the sexist overtones of the prostitute's killing are patterns of racism and legalized vigilantism:
A review of FBI data by the Houston Chronicle found that the citizen shootings most often happen after dark and involve a male shooting a handgun during a home invasion. The shooter is most often a minority, as is the person killed, according to the analysis.
Twenty-seven of those deaths in 2010 were in Houston, including that of 24-year-old Benito Pantoja, who was shot and killed with a .357 Colt for $20.29 stolen from a tip jar of a Houston taco truck. Texas law always has allowed deadly force against intruders and thieves to protect lives and property, but where it once required a duty to try to retreat if possible when facing imminent danger, it no longer does, the newspaper reports.
In the State of Nature, John Locke writes, it’s fine to “kill a thief” who threatens “to take away [your] money.”
But living within political society is another matter entirely: for Locke, and for Hobbes who wrote a few decades earlier, the very raison d’etre of governments is to impose monopolies on violence and law enforcement. The idea of civilization is to escape the “nasty, poor, brutish and short” existence of lawlessness, not to legally encode it.
The Real Shame Behind the T...
Newsletter: Share: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '342', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.953031063079834}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45321', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NMSSYVKQVBPU6JBSPU6BZ4ZRF3EOFFJ2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4f6ee0fc-e9dc-45ac-9bf0-c31e9139d8bf>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 9, 23, 14, 23, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.73.87.224', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CWT5KAATPP44CVTUBVGODKJ64LYKOSK7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b569e350-badb-4f93-9250-13bdee2bba65>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://bigthink.com/praxis/the-real-shame-behind-the-killing-of-the-texas-prostitute', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d99e3ce5-be5c-4103-ab43-68baa3c3a118>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '855', 'url': 'http://bigthink.com/praxis/the-real-shame-behind-the-killing-of-the-texas-prostitute', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-41\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for September 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05889099836349487', 'original_id': '72f573e9aa541f02b0ccf5a3a787fcbedf5bf958c225953804db5a7f918e8033'} |
Error: Couldn't open file '/var/www/court-listener/alert/assets/media/pdf/2009/06/04/Kawa_v._Us.pdf': No such file or directory.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '167771cc47481d0337b808c446afe8e748a00ee474f99883522520633d2936eb'} |
Shoestring Production Company proudly announces the launch of the Caldwell Salt Cave website. The first step in the marketing process was to redesign their website to be responsive, accurately reflect their brand and to be more friendly to search engines.
View the website at: CALDWELLSALTCAVE.COM
What is a Salt Cave? A salt cave is a holistic treatment room where you breathe in Himalayan Salt that is diffused into the room for 45 minutes. You will be laying down on zero gravity lounge chairs. There are many benefits including; helping to relieve respiratory conditions, such as allergies and asthma. A salt treatment can also help improve skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, helps to strengthen the immune system, and much more. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9514364004135132}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '191585', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:B6ELJX76L6VIHV4WZEZW5NWU6YZQ3FUE', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7737564e-90b3-46c7-9c12-269714f3ad60>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 8, 18, 21, 44, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.196.225.166', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:262CQMDXTJ2OGCZGCCDV4CS3EMATNYCE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c0996ca7-9abd-4913-9181-6d7e2eecf234>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://shoestringnj.com/caldwell-salt-cave-website-launch/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5962e6be-ce76-47a7-875c-0532d51a8da4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '121', 'url': 'http://shoestringnj.com/caldwell-salt-cave-website-launch/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-0-77.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.16558659076690674', 'original_id': 'af1dea3e6af699ea2f3c11e45da32209f700ee84598fe60581b3bf4c8550fc76'} |
GOOOOAAAAAL!!!! Cannavaro heads square to Gladiator inside the Parma 6-yard box after a majestic free kick curled in from the left by Recoba. Gladiator's first attempt is parried by Frey, then he follows up with a shot that hits the back of the net.
29'
Recoba picks out Martins on the edge of the Parma area. Ferrari makes a crucial intervention to neutralise the danger. Corner to Inter.
26'
The game has stopped momentarily as Benarrivo's cut above his left eye has reopened. Ferrari also requires attention to a rather large looking bruise on his head.
22'
Adriano again.... This time, Toldo punches clear a 25-yard free kick from the Brazilian.
20'
Adriano volleys a left-footed shot past Toldo after latching on to a long ball forward from Benarrivo, but it's disallowed for offside.
19'
Unmarked inside the Inter box, Adriano gets in a header from a Benarrivo cross. Toldo makes an easy save, but in any case the offside flag goes up.
11'
Almeyda gets back well to intercept a Barone pass to Mutu inside the Inter box. Corner to Parma.
9'
Emre takes on two men before passing square to Di Biagio in a central position on the edge of the Parma box. Di Biagio makes the return pass, but it's too long.
6'
Conceicao finds space on the right and makes a run on goal, but his final shot is too weak and is easily collected by Frey.
3'
After a two-minute interruption due to an injury to Benarrivo, the game gets underway again. Parma momentarily down to ten men.
2'
Pasquale plays a long ball forward to Martins on the left wing. Martins passes to Recoba, who passes to Emre. The Turks's diagonal shot is saved by Frey.
1'
Inter kick off tonight's Serie A Week 15 clash at Tardini stadium. An Inter victory will put the side back on top of the Serie A. FORZA NERAZZURRI!!!
Minutes
Text commentary
48'
Full time.2-1 to Inter and a Merry Nerazzurri Xmas.
47'
Marchionni wastes a clear-cut chance for Parma, shooting wide of the far post after receiving a through ball into the area by Nakata.
45'
If we hang on for 3 more minutes, then it's 3 points for us and the Serie A top spot over Xmas.
44'
Recoba strikes a free kick 20 yards out to the left of the area straight at Frey.
The only previous meeting in official matches between Prandelli
and Cuper is related to last year's Serie A match between Inter
and Venezia in Venice. With the score locked at 1-1, Adriano
scored a late winner for the Nerazzurri, his first goal in the Italian
top flight.
In detail:
2001/02 Serie A Venezia-Inter
---- 1-2
All the Nerazzurri stats of 2002
Inter's match against Parma is the last of the calendar year. The
Milanese outfit have played 50 matches so far (32 in the Serie A,
2 in the Coppa Italia, 10 in the Champions League and 6 in the
UEFA Cup), registering 27 wins, 14 draws and 9 defeats. A total
of 91 goals have been scored, and 55 let in. The most present
player is Javier Zanetti with 47 appearances, followed by Toldo
with 46. The Inter captain is also top for the number of minutes
played (4184'), followed by Toldo (4138'). Di Biagio is the Inter
player that has been substituted the most times (18), while Emre is
the player who has come on as a substitute the most (13). Di
Biagio and Cordoba have both picked up a record 12 yellow cards
each for the Nerazzurri this season, while Cannavaro,
Conceiçao, Emre, Morfeo and Toldo have each been red-carded
on one occasion. Nerazzurri top scorer in 2002 is Vieri with 23
goals, and with 6 more than Del Piero, Bobo is certain to be Serie
A top scorer of the calendar year. Javier Zanetti has played more
minutes than any other Serie A player, and Inter are on course to
becoming the side that has scored more goals in the Italian top
flight in 2002 with 60 goals so far. Roma have also scored 60
goals, while Lazio and Juventus have notched 59.
More players on target for Inter than any other Serie A side this season
No less than 11 Nerazzurri have scored in the 2002/03 season so
far. Kallon, who scored against Atalanta last Sunday, joins Adani,
Crespo, Di Biagio, Emre, Materazzi, Morfeo, Okan, Recoba, Vieri
and Javier Zanetti on the Inter scorers' chart. Inter are the side
with the highest number of players on the Serie A top scorers'
chart, followed by Juventus, Chievo, Parma, Roma and AC Milan,
who have each scored goals with 10 different players.
Cuper's Nerazzurri close to record 4 away matches without victory
Should Inter not win away to Parma on Sunday, it will be the first
time the Nerazzurri under Cuper have gone 4 matches away from
home without a win. For the second time since the Argentine took
over at the Milanese club, the team has gone 3 matches away
from home without a win - Roma 2-2 Inter, AC Milan 0-1 Inter and
Lazio 3-3 Inter this season, and Udinese 1-1 Inter, Juventus 0-0
Inter and Roma 0-0 Inter last season. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c10aa9e7d2f8c3f75b2821cbb8d6fadf4d1228f73648e9114e0502e62370cae6'} |
Buying quilt covers in autumn
Date Posted:5 April 2016
Daylight savings has just ended, signalling that winter is fast on its way. As we all slowly make the transition between wearing shorts and t-shirts to wearing trousers and long-sleeves, what better time than to refresh the look of your bedroom? Sound like too much hassle? Don't worry, because it's not as difficult as it sounds. Keep reading and by the end of this guide you'll realise how easy it is to completely alter the feel of your bedroom.
Given that the number of cold and rainy days will slowly overtake the hot and sunny days, consider a completely different colour duvet than your current one to refresh your bedroom's colour palette. Traditionally, earthly colours such as grey, brown and black are the top choices for increasing the coziness of your room, but in autumn when there are still bright and sunny days, the sunlight entering your room will make these solid dark colours look dull and boring.
The solution?
Darker colours that aren't black, grey or brown!
Consider the darker shades of colours such as teal or purple, or some of our darker coloured printed cotton quilt covers from Ricoco.
These darker colours blend the warmness of a darker palette, whilst having enough brightness and prescence to still convey a springy and punchy impact. The kind of combination that will serve you well as we make the transition towards winter.
However, if you do wish to get your winter quilt covers ready, start by looking at these charcoal and black quilt covers! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.95203959941864}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51347', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:J5KCLQEGOXBN7V4D5AB22VVIXZMC7IP6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dfd7e813-fee0-472c-ad19-4d166689e252>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 8, 2, 10, 18, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.139.41', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WX42GQKV5CHEIAKWVNKUGFZ2HF5YVCVH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:651a8e08-4dbe-4d02-8818-ab628d8d9ed9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.manchesterdirect.com.au/blog/md-blog/buying-quilt-covers-in-autumn/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b92721ea-7f45-4997-901a-2fe36857dd57>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '257', 'url': 'https://www.manchesterdirect.com.au/blog/md-blog/buying-quilt-covers-in-autumn/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-31\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July/August 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-169.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05722445249557495', 'original_id': 'e1a88a1bc5ba08a0df64c5e90bdb32607624343e5c2ad0273ec806678959baec'} |
DESCRIPTION (APPLICATION ABSTRACT): Graduate surgical education in the United States emphasizes attainment of graded authority and increasing responsibility for surgery residents as experience is gained. Factors such as personal stress, fatigue or sleep deprivation, workload, and adequacy of supervision and support services may adversely affect the residents' judgment and performance and threaten patient safety. Changes in the delivery of surgical care, such as short hospital stays and outpatient surgical care, have increased the acuity of patients in the hospital where surgery residents are primarily based and have increased their workload. Simultaneous cost-cutting measures by hospitals, such as elimination or reduction of support staff, have placed additional work burdens on surgery residents. Changes in nursing staffing patterns have impaired the development of teamwork and adversely affected communication between residents and nurses. The principle of education as the top priority of a surgery residency program is threatened by an increasing need for service. The influence of each of these factors on quality of care and patient safety is unknown. To study these issues and determine the relative importance of stress factors on surgery resident performance and patient safety, we propose to develop surveys for residents, attending staff, and nurses on surgery and anesthesiology services. The surveys will assess teamwork, collaboration, safety culture, organizational culture, and stress. Additional survey items specific for surgery residents will assess working hours, indebtedness, family issues and support services, the balance of service versus education, and attitudes and behavior. Correlation and linkage of survey results with documentation of adverse events in the institution and an analysis of preventable adverse events will provide information concerning the relative effects of various resident stress factors on patient safety. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '39027ca3a06ec20eeb8e6edecae1527f6ae17d7246bf5736d0e85e1257f769ee'} |
Flying Time & Vacation Tidbits
You know what they say: time flies when you aren’t blogging.
Well, obviously, that’s what someone MEANT to say when the phrase “Time flies when you’re having fun” was instead coined. I promise. Cross my heart and hope to die, stick a needle in my eye. Because that makes perfect morbid sense. Seriously, who came up with that? And why does every child on the planet know that expression? And is Dr. Phil aware of this pandemic?
I didn’t even realize how long it had been until I saw the date of my last post: January 31, 2013. Say what? Almost a month? What have I been doing?
A little of this. A little of that. A lot of attending dance classes on some cruise ship and making this confused concentration constipation face in every single photo that some paparazzi named Rick took.
It’s “Single Ladies.” (Clearly.) With the exception of a more ample rear, Beyoncé hasn’t got anything on me. In fact, that aforementioned paparazzi liked it so much, he put a ring on it. (Bahahahaha…ha…eh.)
Here I am with my paparazzi in New Orleans, which is where our ship picked us up.
We were traveling with my family (minus brother--sad face), Rick’s family, and a whole crew of lovely people from our church. The 19 of us walked a mile from our hotel to the ship, all of our luggage in tow. It was like a Mardi Gras parade minus the beads and inebriation.
We ported in Progresso and Cozumel, Mexico. Pictured below is where Rick would work if he was a Mexican pharmacist. My guess is that customers inquiring whether certain, um, body parts are supposed to look like pickles would be even more entertaining when asked with an accent. No quiero un pickle. El pickle? Si. Ah, un pickle muy mal.
And this is where I would buy my ribbon if I were a Mexican pharmacist’s Mexican wife. (Note to self: work on tan and learn how to say five yards on the bias en Español.)
We also couldn’t help but take a photo of the gorgeous beach in Progresso. And the lady casually waving around a human head in front of said beach.
How the heck have YOU been? Want to have a dance-off? You don’t recognize that head, do you?
1. looks like a blast! welcome back! though if your career takes off like beyonce's we may not see you again for a while....
2. 1. I love that you are wearing a cardigan on a cruise ship.
2. I love that you all take photos in front of pharmacies in foreign countries.
3. I'll ask my co-worker on to say "5 yards on the bias" in espanol. Just for you. ;)
1. haha yeah the cardigan...I was cold? :P
3. I so wish the picture of you dancing to "Single ladies" was a video! Glad you had a great trip!!
1. I think my dad might have a video…that will NOT be appearing on the blog, haha ;) My dancing in still images is scary enough.
4. That looks like so much fun! Sun and sand sound soooo nice; glad you got to enjoy some!
5. You are too funny. Looks like a blast - glad you had a good time!
6. Anonymous2/27/2013
1. I'm glad your cruise ship made it back from the Gulf (not like the other one that got stuck out there!);
2. Remember only the US measures by the "yard", in other countries they have the metric system.; and
3. I want to know why the pharmacist wasn't up there dancing, too!
7. Loved the vacation recap! haha. I have missed your hilarity! I agree- cross my heart, etc. is a terribly weird saying. Who comes up with these things?!
8. hahaha! ~ "It was like a Mardi Gras parade minus the beads and inebriation." ~ hahaha!
(& inquiring minds wish to know, did somebody actually ask regarding a pickle-looking appendage? Yikes! Spanish or ¡no! -- that's TMI, thankyouverymuch...)
1. Yes the pickle thing actually happened!! Gross, right?! Rick doesn’t have as many fun stories as I do when we come home from work, but he gets a few weirdos. :)
9. Umm, yea that head was quite creepy. Great to see you back!
10. hahah ooo boy you learned the single ladies dance...with a whole bunch of other people watching? LOL!
I love cruising, I'm glad you had fun!!
1. Yeah I just sort of hide in the back and hope none of my students somehow also ended up on the cruise. :P
11. I love your yellow jacket!!!!!!!!! I want to go on a cruise. I just want to be somewhere warm. For, like, ever (cue Taylor Swift).
12. For a second there, I got kinda mad at you for coming to the south and not at least stopping by Atlanta for a second to visit. Then, I remembered that New Orleans is like 9 hours away, and I forgave you, but just a little.
13. Haha! Sounds like an awesome trip!
Such a cute pic of you guys in NOLA!
14. Do you do a yearly cruise? Glad you're getting the traveling in now. Hint, hint.
I haven't traveled in...forget it...I'm not telling you. It's too pathetic.
And no, I do not recognize that head. Whew!
Want to read more?
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger... | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '16', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9586620926856996}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '119176', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OZ3RDYMGNVXGLVESEBZNHW3CNPFOK3H4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5a2987bd-e8e2-457d-9731-b54e72eeab0a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 27, 2, 51, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '142.251.16.132', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KLTVPESFJQB2JJL4QAXNNXVYYJWDYDJ3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:60a14374-7d57-43b0-bace-c13f315a67a8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://his-and-hers-blog.blogspot.com/2013/02/flying-time-vacation-tidbits.html?showComment=1362180482162', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b644b099-319f-4cd1-be89-020e08490ea9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '928', 'url': 'https://his-and-hers-blog.blogspot.com/2013/02/flying-time-vacation-tidbits.html?showComment=1362180482162', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-103\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03417158126831055', 'original_id': '2ed6299b8e02871f227598b7615c010162eef1f1437343a77793c6af379f7a03'} |
Sorry, but this page requires javascript to function correctly. Please enable javascript in your browser and reload the page.
Are Angels Stepping in Where VCs Fear to Tread?
Anita Campbell
CEO, Small Business Trends LLC
Hi there, you can call me Anita. I'm CEO at Small Business Trends LLC and I'm based in Cleveland/Akron, Ohio Area.
Is your small business seeking capital to expand? If so, there’s good news and bad news in two recent reports about the state of business financing.
First, the bad news: If you’re looking for venture capital, it’s getting harder to obtain, according to the latest MoneyTree survey from PricewaterhouseCoopers and the National Venture Capital Association. During the third quarter of 2012, VC investments declined both in overall dollars and in deal volume. The dollars invested dwindled by 11 percent, and the number of deals declined by 5 percent.
The decline in VC dollars and deals both quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year is happening for several reasons: First, fewer new venture funds are being raised, resulting in less capital available for new investments. Second, venture capitalists are being extremely cautious with their available capital and focusing on companies already in their portfolios, rather than seeking new investments.
Numbers Show Growth
Total dollars, number of investments and number of investors all grew compared to the first half of 2011.Total dollars invested increased by 3.1 percent, total investments by 3.7 percent and the number of active investors by 5 percent. According to the study, these figures solidify the steady recovery that the angel market has been undergoing since 2008.
There’s especially good news for existing business owners: Expansion-stage capital accounted for 22 percent of angel investments in the first half of 2012, an increase of 13 percent from the same period last year.
Some Industries More Blessed Than Others
Of course, your industry is a key factor in your ability to find angel or VC capital. What industries are most likely to succeed? No surprise that software dominates VC investments, accounting for $2.1 billion in Q3 2012. Software was also near the top of the list for angel investors, accounting for 14 percent of all angel deals.
Also popular are healthcare services and medical devices/equipment, which accounted for 24 percent of angel investments and were a growth area for VC investment, and biotech, which was the second-most popular type of VC investment and the third-most popular angel investment.
Rounding out the most popular sectors for angel investors were retail, IT services and media. For venture capitalists, financial services, business products and services and retailing were also growth areas. What’s not hot? Investments in clean tech are on the decline.
Whose Money Is Right For You?
Of course, just because one type of financing is growing and the other dwindling doesn’t mean you should choose one over the other. You need to choose the option that works best for your needs. For example, with the average deal size at $336,390, angel capital is often a better match for the average small-business owner than VC financing, which involves much larger sums. Or perhaps you could use angel capital to get you to the next level, where you’re able to attract a VC’s attention.
Location plays a role, too. If you’re looking for VC, keep this in mind: More than half (58 percent) of VC funding went to businesses in California, Massachusetts and New York. Not in one of those hotbeds? Perhaps local angels will be more your speed. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c37871ac032dd21cbfe0db095e3ede1e20060b87a988c1df757072d1fbac1247'} |
FLUTD in cats; what does it mean to my cat?
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease FLUTD in cats (Feline lower urinary tract disease) also known as feline urinary disease, is a collection of conditions that affect the urinary system of a cat. That’s a really long science-ese definition, but it boils down to this; FLUTD causes your cat to have trouble peeing. It can be […] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9489547610282898}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '33985', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2S54FV5EYBFBZYDED37URDC34DPFLXPU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d04da784-36b2-4699-b7bb-c8319bc6a72e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 4, 4, 2, 3, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.71.233.44', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4UNHGRCYT7L4D3AEBBDV73VAUGUVRMMW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:370bf151-7f57-4190-9c20-d3a407b48f5a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://yourpetmindandbody.com/tag/flutd-in-cats/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:29d021d9-c49c-4bfb-854d-ac59d28061dc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '64', 'url': 'https://yourpetmindandbody.com/tag/flutd-in-cats/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-16\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March/April 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-86.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.18972349166870117', 'original_id': '68f3aace3fc041bd0ca7b73f0d02d5e1d150dc7f21571157cdb1cb2158fa9695'} |
1. Field
The invention is in the field of sweat collection apparatus, whereby human sweat is collected for later medical evaluation and analysis.
2. State of the Art
It is desirable in some circumstances to collect samples of sweat from a human and perform tests on the sweat for medical purposes. For example, it was discovered in the 1950's that children with cystic fibrosis had elevated levels of chloride in their sweat. It has now become a routine way of screening children for cystic fibrosis to collect a sample of sweat for measurement of chloride ion levels. Such measurement may be accomplished by a chloride assay, electrical conductivity measurement, or by vapor-pressure osmolality measurements of the sweat sample.
Samples of sweat may be collected in various ways. The most common method used today is to introduce pilocarpine nitrate into the skin by means of an electrical current flowing through the skin between a pair of electrodes attached to the skin. This process is called Iontophoresis. Generally, current flow is continued for about 15 minutes, after which the electrodes are removed and a collection cup is placed over the area of the skin where the pilocarpine nitrate has been administered. After approximately 15 minutes, the sweat that has formed on the skin under the cup is collected into the cup by scraping the cup across the skin. Normally the collection cup is at room temperature which is a temperature below normal body and skin temperature.
The July, 1963 issue of Pediatrics contained an article by William R. Phillips, M.D. entitled "Electrical Conductivity of Sweat, A Simple, Home-Assembled Apparatus". In the section of the article entitled "Technique", Dr. Phillips says "A 75-watt lamp is placed 6 or 8 inches from the cup to keep it warm during the collection period. This heat prevents condensation of salt free moisture on the walls of the cup. It also increases the yield."
In the June 18, 1977 issue of the Medical Journal of Australia, an article by Lewis Webster, Ph.D. and Helen Lochlin entitled "Cystic Fibrosis Screening by Sweat Analysis, A Critical Review of Techniques", discusses the problem of condensate error which affects the reliability of sweat measurements and says "the condensate error, which has been noted elsewhere, could be minimized by arranging that the inverted cup be heated to a higher temperature than the skin surface throughout the collection period." The article goes on to say that the use of heat lamps is not practical on a large scale or for use with neonates, and then says "Extensive trials were undertaken to design the cup shown in FIG. 1, of convenient size and simple to construct, which could be preheated to a degree which maintained an optimal temperature differential during collection." The cup developed is then described. Basically, the cup has a heat reservoir of brass which is preheated before use and can maintain the cup at a temperature above skin temperature during time of collection, or about 15 minutes.
The cup developed by Webster and Lochlin has the inherent problem that only so much heat can be stored in the heat reservoir and that the cup at the beginning of the collection period has to be at a temperature which is uncomfortably high for many people in order that enough heat is stored so that the sweat collection is completed before the temperature of the cup falls below skin temperature. This gives a maximum collection time of about 15 minutes in most cases. Further, the temperature is not held constant or otherwise controlled during sweat collection. This is also true when heat lamps are used. There is no real temperature control. Thus, there remains much room for improving the collection cup. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c66731888fddf66994283ac4c2f5a9bcc5e9c21e1955cd16e49d66d161c699d7'} |
Security Watch
Keeping Track of patches and hacks in the IT security world.
Netatmo Dumps User WiFi Credentials in the Clear
Download the authoritative guide:
IoT security
Netatmo is the latest vendor to be exposed as having weak security to protect user information. The Internet of things (IoT) vendor has several products, including a set of Internet-enabled weather monitoring devices that connect via a user's WiFi network to communicate with the cloud.
The problem is that the Netatmo was storing user WiFi network passwords, then transmitting them in the clear, without any encryption, as part of a data debug dump. The debug information was sent to the Netatmo cloud service, which enables users to track and monitor weather remotely.
Netatmo devices are widely deployed across the U.S., and the company has an online map that shows where devices are located. The purpose of the map is to help users see weather all around the country. Netatmo data can also be uploaded to the Weather Underground crowdsourced weather platform.
Security researcher Johannes Ullrich of the Internet Storm Center (ISC), itself an organization tasked with reporting on the "weather" conditions of the Internet, was the first person to publicly discover and report the WiFi credential flaw.
Netatmo publicly tweeted on Feb. 13 that it has corrected the flaw and thanked Ullrich for his report.
The issue of dumping a WiFi password in the clear is nontrivial and could have had profound consequences. Potentially anyone in range of a Netatmo device could have sniffed the network traffic and pulled out the unencrypted WiFi password to gain access to a user's network. Going a step further, given that the data was sent unencrypted, there might well have been a risk about how data is stored on the cloud back end at Netatmo as well.
What's most interesting about the Netatmo situation though is how Ullrich found the flaw, which actually serves to illustrate how users can protect themselves. Ullrich didn't debug the device or run some kind of penetration testing exercise. Instead, it was the open-source Snort IPS (intrusion prevention system) on Ullrich's network that protected him from leaking his WiFi password.
"I do have a custom rule in my Snort rule set, alerting me of the passphrase being sent in the clear," Ullrich wrote.
Going a step further, Ullrich has provided the rule, which I have now implemented on my own network as it's delightfully simple and effective. Ullrich's Snort rule for monitoring of WiFi password leakage is:
alert ip any any -> any any ( sid: 1000284; msg: "WPA PSK Passphrase Leak"; content: "[Iamnotgoingtotellyou]"; )
It seems as though at least once a week, I see reports about some news or study on IoT security. The simple truth is that IoT security is no different from any other former of technology security. Basic hygiene and best practices should always be in place, passwords should be protected, and data should be encrypted.
For users, the lesson is simple: Network segmentation and monitoring is critical. In my own use case for all the IoT devices in my environment, they are on separate VLANs that are isolated from my primary network. In that way, if my IoT toaster for example is exploited, an attacker can't use it as a way to get into my bank information that is on my primary VLAN network segment.
It's still early days for many IoT devices, and I suspect this Netatmo incident won't be the last time we hear about a security issue. Continued vigilance from security researchers and users is the only way the problem will ever get better.
Sean Michael Kerner
Sean Michael Kerner
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '27', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9541507363319396}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '168730', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VSHKHTIAGDXTBXHPMXN5XJVSYEGO5R27', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8bb564e1-c141-4c1d-8909-691ad7342fc3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 29, 14, 23, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.108.107.173', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7YRFK3ZA6PMIKUJ5LLSQYV6WDB5LHM6C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:528c8845-e5db-4150-9c97-da1fc58d14c9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.eweek.com/blogs/security-watch/netatmo-dumps-user-wifi-credentials-in-the-clear', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:36f1cc2f-b1b5-42bf-be97-0f8aff2ee925>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '650', 'url': 'https://www.eweek.com/blogs/security-watch/netatmo-dumps-user-wifi-credentials-in-the-clear', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-5.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018738627433776855', 'original_id': '9945a654072e3ba94f7f7a9511f38f70c89a0867c9fa5fa57da79d440f5a379e'} |
Stock Market
RECKITT BENCKISER (OTCBB:RBGPF) reached today (8/28/2017) a price of $94.8 with a total volume of 229. Today's high was $ and Today's low was $. A no change $0 or 0% from the previous day of ($94.8). The company's 200-day MA (Moving Average) was 94.99 and a 50-day MA of 97.53.
Stock Overview
Price: $94.8 Volume: 229
Day High: $ Day Low: $
Prev Close: $94.8 Change %: 0
Change $: $0 52 Week High: $105.39
52 Week Low: $81.4 50-MA: 97.53
200 Day MA: 94.99 Market Cap: 66.69B
Book Value: 15.22 ES: 3.31
EPS Current: 331.86 EPS Next Year: 358.39
PE Ration: 28.62 Dividend Pay Date: 9/28/2017
Dividend $/Share: $2.06 Ex Dividend Date: 8/17/2017
Yield: 2.50 Category: OTCBB
RECKITT BENCKISER (OTCBB:RBGPF) has a Market Cap of 66.69B and a book value of common share of 15.22, and an Earning/Share (EPS) of 3.31. The 52-week high was $105.39, while the 52-week low was $81.4.
To make any decision of buying or selling or holding you need to consider the company's situation today as well as its history and future prospect. Based on the information above and relying on your own research you can determine if it is a good or crazy idea to buy/sell RECKITT BENCKISER (RBGPF) stocks. Overall, today the market has performed as follows:
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '80', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8695984482765198}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '11388', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TSOHGQ5YU22LFRW4LVQIZ3HMS3OYGXU2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c263b640-8a45-46bd-9a44-22b19492e5d6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 36, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.168.224.158', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IVOXOQVINPAZ557MUTBTHXHHK6KTRZEC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:06a6a516-d78f-4024-8e17-8db6f7630580>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://otcbbstocks.net/OTCBB_RBGPF.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:311abed0-e44d-4e58-b819-bab49757536d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '216', 'url': 'http://otcbbstocks.net/OTCBB_RBGPF.php', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-101.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02644103765487671', 'original_id': '6e07a47b28ca7ff7cec3b9f905f6b03f9218bfed61650c8749c07bc3d7b7f821'} |
Daily Multivitamin Use Produces Modest Cancer Reduction
Daniel Weiss, Senior Editor
Published Online: Wednesday, November 7, 2012
A study of male physicians 50 years of age and older found modest but significant reduction in cancer rates associated with daily multivitamin use.
Daily multivitamin use produced significant, although modest, reduction in cancer among men over more than a decade of follow-up, according to the results of a trial published online on October 17, 2012, in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The researchers conducted a large-scale, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 14,641 male US physicians aged 50 years and older who were enrolled beginning in 1997 with treatment and follow-up through June 1, 2011. The participants had a mean age of 64.3 years and included 1312 men with a history of cancer at randomization. Participants were randomized to take either a daily multivitamin (Centrum Silver) or placebo.
The results showed that during a median follow-up of 11.2 years, there were 2669 participants with confirmed cancer, including 1373 cases of prostate cancer and 210 cases of colorectal cancer. In addition, 2757 (18.8%) of participants died during follow-up, including 859 (5.9%) due to cancer.
Compared with those in the placebo group, those in the multivitamin group had a statistically significant reduction in incidence of total cancer (17.0 events per 1000 person-years compared with 18.3 events per 1000 person-years, respectively, for a hazard ratio of 0.92). There was, however, no significant difference between the multivitamin and placebo groups in terms of risk of developing prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, or other site-specific cancers.
The researchers note that the total cancer rates in the trial were most likely elevated by increased surveillance for prostate-specific antigen and subsequent diagnoses of prostate cancer during the trial follow-up. Approximately half of all confirmed cancers in the trial were prostate cancer, and most of these were early state, lower-grade cases with higher survival rates. Among those in the multivitamin group, there was a significant reduction in total cancer excluding prostate cancer (hazard ratio of 0.88), suggesting that multivitamin use might have an increased effect on more clinically relevant cancer diagnoses.
The trial also found no significant difference in the risk of cancer mortality or total mortality between the multivitamin and placebo groups. However, multivitamin use was associated with a significant reduction in total cancer among the 1312 participants with a baseline history of cancer (hazard ratio of 0.73), indicating that daily multivitamins may have a stronger effect on cancer reduction for secondary prevention.
Related Articles
Latest Issues | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9553918242454528}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '26792', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4GJXPDOWNPZG3UEA7VLMX2QMY5VSQODV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6ed6029a-0eee-4866-b45f-ff2f2135427e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 2, 30, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '207.99.33.10', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2KW2N3RUMXQZJCWVLIZJLYOFWJJFK32F', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:943cab0f-c69d-4347-806d-42a4e245cc1c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/Daily-Multivitamin-Use-Produces-Modest-Cancer-Reduction', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f5043d12-5949-4381-bd9d-350721d13697>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '412', 'url': 'http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/Daily-Multivitamin-Use-Produces-Modest-Cancer-Reduction', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0264856219291687', 'original_id': 'a10e0ff2b484dd69051e3f95057cd02d52080906394dbfda0d51846ef1ef69da'} |
Joe Campana Photography | Jacmel, Haiti 2010, Fête du Travail
7 photos
May 1, 2010. All the photographs in Haiti were made during a post earthquake aid trip in April, 2010. While I travelled from Port au Prince to Jacmel, I was stationed in Jacmel and had the opportunity to do some humanitarian work with and for Haitians. The excursions throughout and on the outskirts of the city allowed me to witness firsthand the situations Haitians found themselves in. The desire to photograph everything that had and was happening was overwhelming, but it was difficult, especially the photography of people, children in particular. In the end, it was done in the most tactful manner possible. In a photo journalistic way my excitement pushed me to the limit, the other part of me often held me back, influenced by the strong feeling that these poor people should be left alone! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9285683035850524}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '20518', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5NHBTSNASTEEX2CLFSREGIJ53U3C7ZHQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:53d2fbe1-89a4-45ed-8437-f5ac7a318201>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 21, 12, 3, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.221.113', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RNHJSH6RANWVKXQVY57V6FVIUQ5ECHJ6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6a79983b-ae18-4c50-b688-66fbf3f82012>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.joecampanaphotography.com/p929199160', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7e25eb2c-844d-47bf-a633-5ace7807fbfb>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '149', 'url': 'http://www.joecampanaphotography.com/p929199160', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-236-162-53.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02453327178955078', 'original_id': '42ac0b304b04f53a580c484f8562cfb6463ba52e44503dc180d0d0bbd3ede69e'} |
German submarine U-907
German submarine U-907 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was ordered on 6 August 1942, and was laid down on 1 April 1943 at H. C. Stülcken Sohn, Hamburg, as yard number 804. She was launched on 1 March 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Servais Cabolet on 18 May 1944.
Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-907 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two SSW GU 343/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-907 was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.
Service history
On 9 May 1945, U-907 surrendered at Bergen, Norway. She was later transferred to Loch Ryan, Scotland on 2 June 1945. Of the 156 U-boats that eventually surrendered to the Allied forces at the end of the war, U-907 was one of 116 selected to take part in Operation Deadlight. U-907 was towed out on 7 December 1945, and sunk.
The wreck is located at .
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:German Type VIIC submarines
Category:U-boats commissioned in 1944
Category:World War II submarines of Germany
Category:Ships built in Hamburg
Category:1944 ships
Category:Maritime incidents in December 1945
Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Operation Deadlight | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0126d714ff8e541f112232a7071547ead9a6b4c75bc4eaf43555c0253312c98d'} |
'iu* tepiMter/. ‘iSSi . r »»*• f>’tn ■ m»* 4" Ut 0, > i4o4rrt»M>lM , ,a<*lmit\ uo«» N 0 veri ♦ Jimner" mib Ne f*i iilr ein P>t»r veko»n»»«en. O. Hernuot|eber nn nat A lii r« angest» de» o»»»erze tN»rere MKutH' liter mit a (te oie der ,>iru»«i j ttsietinantt & Bi dlfe :»o U uom riore ' P|,dt4» ichirtdi» sinv. an mitti jeizi diese denn icki kNnike, \ ,vnre m»n tange gennn qe nnit» ». PJn der Hosinnnq. ono .itte viete Per snncn sninrt dei mir uoriprectirn rind Viete Bintirectmnngen Reine brin gen. ;cUi «et ackNungovoU, K Jt nt>rea*tl ifdl P r. Artn». 2. D. Acht««q vnvi ilir einen gnlen boppeflcn j ch.i'»ni»st"'i n6«stiq. «anu foinmi zu ] m»». m r gnrnntiren Ven lerckiiestqe { sirnden tuto znsriedciiftettensten Pstna. j Anckl lmven mir den beriHniiteii „T"e rtem>c Erenni Septirntor. Entnvn- Nliichell Wagen. Bnggie-r and , n»!c Farm Maichmery stnd erste ' Mnsie. Do» derlltimie Bowvte Nteti! I fteio immer nn .Hnnk». Lpreckn qe- , attigit dei nn» vor. ede Sie sonst iuo , fonfiii. Preise und Bedingnngen i richtiq; Jittin iiborzeuqe ficfe selbst. i Acknmtqcwott, Jinof iK? lHrUriidcr Leim IWW^^WI i i ' ' : i i ' i i Z um *Trt63r.*ra e.W» vftit trni im Mgeniatz zu» Fatzrrud WHchanifck» Mtttf «A Pm*l N» SMftr ter ««ichfech» etet th-rrschrn Kmft vrrsteher s chon ten ter Erfindung de» Aulomodili. testan» ten Meter Fkanzofr mmdeckt. tchwg im Jahre 178. der Amerikaner Rvdm fvn. 1772 sera «rschaststterihader Evans und 1784 James Walt vor. d.e Pferdk durch Damps zu erietzen, doch schernt es det den Aorfchiagen geblieden zu fein. Im Javre 1771 erfand e:a C rqnot einen Dampf tvaqen, ii.er dea redoch navere Anga ben frMen, Dagegen liegt ein Dericht iiber eimn Derfuch vor. der 1791 mit einem solchen. von einnn franzonschen Lffizirr erfundenen Wagen m drr MilitLrfckule zu PariS vorgenommen wurde. Drr Derfuch na!,m einen un erroarteten Derlauf: als man den Wa» gen antrieb, setz:e er mit hrftigen Sprungen iiber den Hof, um an einer Mauer zu zerschellen. Im Jabre 1802 mach.e der Eng.ander Treverick e.nen ahnlicben vergeblichen Derfuch. nur mit dem Unterschied. dah srin Wagen statt zu speingm, nicht von der S.rUe rooL»:e. Zehn Jahre fpater war biefei indeh sioweit verbesiert. dast er bei nicdt zu starken Sieigunqen auf der Laud-trahe fabren konnte. Nachher kam man auf den Gästen, diesen Fortbervägen zu geben, die den Gang der Thiere nachahmen sollen. Das Derfahren wurde aber aufgeführt, da man nur langsam weiter kam und dazu die Wegererdarb. Trotz der Mann 1825 die Dersuche mit den Eisenbahnen wieder auf. und es gründig geworden, ein damit ausgerücktes Ungestellung von 17,060 Pfund für zu. Bis 1831 brachte er es durch der Besucher von Gloucesler nach Gloucesler nach Cheltenham zurücklegte. Die Familie hätten nur eine Stunde, obgleich zu Personen nebst Gevack im Wagen platz hatten. Doch brach schlieste die Maschine, indem der durch viele Ausbesserungen zu weich gewordene Weg in der Wagen platz hatten. Neue Dersuche scheiterten vorsaufig an den Umtrieben der südlichen Fuhr unternehmer, die hohe Südamerika auf Dampfivagen erwirkten. Schliesträger aber bauten Dr. Church in Birmingham und Die Jüngenieure Hancock, Ogier und Summers wird nene Dampfwagen, wovon noch Abzügen vorhanden und die sich auf eine Zeitlang bewirkt zu haben sehen. Der Churchwagenschiff fiel durch seine Masse auf drei Radern. Von seinen Kessel hatte eS: Maffen war in den Rohren enthalten, so dass es zugleich an vielen Punkten erhält wurde. Der oiel leichte Wagen von Hancock St Co. trug schon den Namen Autovsie und fuhr regelmäßig zwölfen London und Pentonville. Zum Jahre 1833 besohen Ogle und Summers in Hagen, der 13,000 Pfund wog und unter andere eines Tages mehrere Herren in 31 Minuten. oder mit einer Geschwindigkeit von Isj Meilen in der Sande vom Baiar der Dortman Street in London im Landhause Rothschilds in Skawford Hill hinauf. Kurz nachher machte Sir Francis Maceron in einem Kraft wagen die Hin- und Herreiie zwischen London und Windsor mit einer mittel lern Geschwindigkeit von 18j Meilen in der Stunde. Verständigte Lchmiad-t. Die Dayeristi e Hypothek und Werkselbank in Munchen erhielt neu lich den Aufruf, 80.000 Mark umgekommen an die konigliche Hofkaffe zu senden. Als der Bankdiener mit der Summe in der Residenz eintraf, trat ihm in einkommen Korridor ein gut Herr mit den Morten enlgegen: JKtl Sie bringen das Geld von der Hypothek. Die Kassenboten ein mit amütigem Siegel verschlossenes Kontrakt und wollte nach dem Geld greisen. Der Kassendener aber übergegang das Gebäude. Und iiberbrmqen Sie inzwischen dieses Schreiben in die Geheirntanale. Dannt iibergab er dem Kassenboten ein mit amütigem Siegel verschlossenes Kontrakt und wollte nach dem Geld greisen. Der Kassendener aber übergegang das Gebäude. Geld nickt, nahm das Gebäude das Schreiben und brach es in die Geheimkanzlei. Beim Offen fand sich nur ein teete Blatt Papler darinnen. Als Ver Käußer fand sich nur ein teete Blatt Papler darinnen. Als Ver Käußer fand erklärt man dem Kassenboten. Von einem Austrag an die Hypothek- und Wechselbank zurückkehrte, war dieser verschründern. In der königlichen Hofkasse aber erklärt man dem Kassenboten. Von einem Austrag an die Hypothek- und Wechselbank zurückkehrte, eine nambaste Belohnung. Die französischen Universität waren am Ende des Studienjahres 1903 auf 1904 von insgesamt 30.605 Studierenden besucht. Die meisten Studenten zahlte Paris, namlich 12,986; dann folglen Bor deaux mit 2320, Toulouse mit 2191 und Lyon mit 2069 Studenten. Die geringste Be ucherzahl wiesen Besancon und Clermi nt-fferrand auf, namlid 333 berw 299. .ik mt*. a , . , ,* n I . | v, It * i ' ? eUM»-'v , -'!*> w* wm «Kr A»"ch M*4» »4« Sn« lWGloatzch «M i m mn *<i* }t*lM JfttW tl.tr 4n|f* von t . -M CUKnttv, i\* er Nch .*«»t :vt ’©♦.f «vcht bwii. .Mern Zweck »ar.- *<bwM n, •ieturrubtmt sPnd -Le t der PoNds»»» ten auf ver zu <'etlm. S» landre ,ch ernmal «men KanrnQenlcdadel ad. »»t drr Nnrfrnarkr auf dem Hm.er. tovtr. drr 'Adresie am Na)entne>chen und drm Dnrfr im Zn dre grststre Brrleyenden tfiirf te iit Post deam ren wohl nn Portemonnate verrent tra.en. Jcb schnrd die Adresie auf d e Inum» srite dei Gerdtaschchens uud kledre dcrt auch die Marke auf; dann schlost ,ch das Portemvn!lair und qad eL ver schlosien zur Post. Austen !var n:cht der aerinqstr Hinweis auf daS. !vas sich im WWWV brfand, a drr der Postde7.mte affnete das Por.emonnale. entdecite die Adreile. und einen Taq spaler datte der Geqenstand seinen Re immunq.ort er. reichk. Ein andermal mftijidtt ictj eine russiscke Elgarerte; oden schrieb ich die Adresie hin und das .Muadfllick' berlevte ich mit der Briefmarte. Es mustte sehr schwer sein, die Marke zu stenrpeln: die Posil>eamltn brachren e 3 fertig. zerbrachen aber dabei s:e Ciga rerre, dre mir dann in eiuem Briefum fchlag des PostamteS zugestellt wurde. Einen an den heiligen Ritolaus adressierte Brief bekam der mit der Postkarten an fassen alle Heersuhrer, die im Feld standen, ohne ihren Namen zu schreiben; ich möchte nur ein kleines Bildes des detreffen den Generals hin und schrieb darunter: Englische Truprenmacht, Sudafrika. Fast alle Kartner erhielt ich später mit den Autographen der Heersuhrer zu rück. Einmal schließt ich eine Karle an eine Person, der Namen und Adresse ich nicht kannte. Alles, was ich wustte, war, dass sie in der Nähe einer Löhne einer Bruchkeiten Bücher, fand das gesuchte Haus, setzte ein Kreuzchen dauernd und schreib dann die Adresse, den Herrn, der in diesem Hause wohnt. Der Brief tam richtig an. Englische kann man nahezu allez durch die Post verschicken: so kann man z. B. ein Kind durch die Post zur Schule schicken. Man führt es in ir. gend ein Postamt zahlt eine kleine Summe, und fertig ist die Arbeit; ein Briefrager begleitet dann das Kind bis zur Schulthur. Auf dieselbe Weise kann man auch lebendige Thiere durch die Post verschicken und es kommt haufig vor, dass laqer, die sich nach der Jagd noch ein bischen amusiren wollen. ihre Jagd und die sich nach der Jagd noch ein bischen amusiren wollen. Man kann sich auch selbst als Brief oder Pastel zur Post zu einem Bekannten bekommen. Man will sich zu einem Bekannten bekommen. Det aber den Weg nicht flug man zum nachsten Postamt, gibt stammt dem Nade aus ihn wird nun ordnungsmastig befordert. Nudant eines selten. Zu einer Strahe in Sparta, Brandenburg, war ein Mann infolge Hitz, schlagen bewußtlos zusammengedrochen und lag ohne Hilfe, bis zwei Polizisten nach dem stadtischen Krankenhause zu bringen. Unterweg kam der Kranke wieder zur Besinnung, und verwundert um sich bietend, früher er, was mit ihm geschehen sollte. Als die Deamten teilnahm, dass er sich wieder etwa zu stellen, und ihm mittheilen, in welchem Zu stande sie ihn angetroffen harten, auherte er seinen Unwillen iiber das Eingreifen der Polizei und forderte, dass man ihn sogleich seine Sache gekenlasste. Die Beamten verläuft nun, dass der Patient wenigstens die Drofchle bezahle. Dieser lehnte jedoch entschieden ab, dass er meinte, er habe die Drofchle nicht bestellt, und die Beamten hatten ihn ja. Auf der Straste liegen lasien konnen. Zur Schlichtung des Streites wurde noch ein Polizeitommissar herbei. Es blieb aber nichts weiter iibna, als dass das Fabrgeld von der Polizei bezohlt wurde. Hexenqlanbe in der Maurer Merot in St. Georg im franzosischen Departement eher glautste sich seit einiger Zeit von einem gervissen Anatol Ganet verfielgt, dem er übernaturliche Gewalt Ganet ging auf die Zumuthung ein und suchte Merot nach Kraften zu Unlangst begegneten sich die Beiden auf einem Wege. Ganet rief Merot und lieb, Du bist noch nicht todt?" und Merot, der Derfolgungen überdrusst, stürzte sich auf Ganet und schlug ihn derart, da er starb. Dorber hatte Merot sick schon wiederholt an (Wetftlie) um durch sie von den Ver. wunschungen Ganers befreit zu iverden. Dor dem Schwurgerichte blieb Merot dabei, dah Ganet ihn brhert habe. le des Unheil sei ihm von diesem vorher gesagt und angedroht worden. Die Zeugen ertlcirten fammtlick, zwar nicht allzusehr an Hererei zu zlausten, man sonne aber auch nicht sagen. nichtS daron sei.- Die itzescbworenen scheinen bte r e Ansicht getheilt zu haben, ihr Wohrspruch lautet' auf nicht» scbusd'^. T-k f H■ ■ -«r'E tin (li9i n ist f v Ut M* m*W*l ■'V i.rt u r.».k taJ: n»r «I Win bf« •«: ENmHm Mn H MfM ltr d b^ch bsr l»»qe .t ♦ M>). IM Ut & ' jcs.ift uu* twmt fti ven» mtr jed- ntich ma, l*\ . ?: u sprn rttt tfrat * v»mvn. >n U v?-l dee J limei* «utz ber pyienrt ' t*€ tt HiU'-Stirt M rv ude. UM drtri dre F«rschmtr der enqlischen Armee mtee Jodn Moo»e iu vertotgen Er eqiette.e al.er nicht ergrntiich dre Lrmre. svnvern sammel:e se.ne Brrichte aus Crtuuvtgunqen uud svnsiigen Be obachtUAgm und schrctte sie dann zu Sw-sf nach London. Ter erste Jour, naliit. der die Aem.ee degleitete. war Charles Lewls Gnineisen. der Bertre» ter der Pott- wahrend Kartstienkriegri 'n Spanien i 827. Doch dre Sirle seilens der Zeitungen. eiqene Korretpondenten am KriezS schauplade zu haben. gew.inn erst ?!uS dehnung und Beri.enung seit dem Arimkr ege von dis ISr.d; der erste Anetzsberichterstatter von Ruf war William Hmvard Nusiell. drr d:e ETimes- die Ereignisie rn der Kr:m unterrichrele. Jhm tvar ;rvar grftattet. zu brnchren. was er wotte, aber da man sich iiber hätte nicht um ihn kummerte, wurde es ihm nur unter großen möglich, sich und fünf Pferd durchzu brinqen. Seine ergebenen Lorstellungen im Hauptauanier, ihn doch nicht verhindert, nahm man halb auf der kleinen, halb brüht auf und erklärte, dah man für ihn nicht sorgen konne. So ritt er denn als eine -iemlich traurige Gestalt über die Schlachtfelder hin, auf seinem dürften tüchtigen Klepper hin, auf seinem dürften tüchtigen Klepper hin, auf seinem Kopf die Mutter eines Fourageoffiziers mit breiten goldenen Bann, in einem guten Jageriackchen, beschmutzten Holen und ungeheurer Stücken ein Quell staunenden Gelächter sür die Soldaten, obgleich sie oft den Zeirungmann im dichten Auquerein sah. obgleich News-einherzog. Er war der erste Berichterstatter, der den Teil, graphen für seine ausnahmschen Operationen. Forbes beschrieb nicht nur die militärischen Operationen. Einzelheiten des kriegerischen Dorganges, wundern er gab flammende, farvenprachtige und stimmungsvolle Gemeinde. Führte mit dichtenscher Krast und poitischer Weise in die aufregende Welt der Schlachtten ein. Ein Meisierstuckchen in der Kunst der Berichterstattung fuhrle Holt White, der Zertreter der Nork Tribune, "verkauft-französische Kriege, aus." . die Schlacht dei Sedan von, preuhilchen Hauptquartier aus am Donnerstaq. den 1. September, und wovte nach oem Ende der Kiimpfe d»e Niednlaye ver Franzosen nach London berichten. Doch daS gravhenbureau weiqerte sich. diese Do:, schoft weiier zu befordern. ja wollte ihn arreliren lasien, weil er folrr.e Dinge verbreite. So eilte er denn nach Talai-, fuhr auf einem Dampfer nach Dover und mit einem Extra zuye ne.ch London. wa er am Sonn abend 5 Uhr MorqenS ankam. Sonu tag fruh stand fein Dericdt, sechs Seilen lang, in der Die Londonrr Zeitungen brachten die Nachricht erst am Tienstag. In neueftcx Zrit Hat b;« Cenim fccn tapfkren Arirg-Lerichtersiatlern Hinrer niffe bereitet. Lord Loiselry. der mi! zuerst die Slellung der Korresprnden ten im Srabe eines Heeres gerau fesi legte und Bedenken gegen ihre Lcein-. sluffunq der offentlicden Meinung aus sprock, lieh im egypLlschen Jeldzvze gor keineKriegZberrchte zu.so dah einlkorre spondent sich damit he!fen mtthte. seinen Lesern von dem Funkesn und Glcinzen der Sterne iiber der weitenWiifennacht eine Natur>childerung zu entwersen Doch der Herausgeber der Zeituna be fahl telegrapdifch, er molle felne Stern» guckereien, sondern Neuigkeiren. Wo.se, ley erklarte aker auf die Klogrn der Konespondenien: Herausgeter is! ,'ehr unvernunftig. Gibt eS etwas S ' chereres und ah d e Sterne?- Und auch heute in Ostaften muffen die Korrespondenten i -h oft mir allerlei phantasieoollen Beschreibungen begnugen. denn Thaisachen erfahren sie wenig. und eS geht ihnen oft wie jenem Berichterstatter der der den japanischen General Fntusdima e- wo aus werden Sie Ihre Trup> pen auf Liauntung landen, von Osten West en. Suden oder Nor den her?- und die Antwort erh.elt: JBiw Himmel her. auf den Wolken.* (^rd^nktnsptillrr Bule nxrden sech.i- lahre adrr nichl dreltziq? Wer sich mir nichtt d<saffrn ohne,? ,igk, doh <r tief sirbl. 3* der Schult txß Leden r fetnmt c* 'rf?*n nor, d§'q die sind. Manchcr wttrde seine Frau .in tz»'un» me!" Heben wenn er wUtzre. bofc sie nu!if mehr hernnkerftzme. Ter soiUmmlte >)ersfchler ist, tein j»» hoden. Lieder keenbaft deutlich schimpfen Al» nnr ftklr -»« riimpkeu M Ululer- r*cti ji fkrmthheitni p H ch«A «ch 0.-G» G»»v» N»»Mtze e<MM *imn*»* K«D«MS» >»* H jfl ~««* ' - »«« "» r,. ' -4.« M «I DMA u»*u»tti t fur juiMmU* M E i2llpcnkvautev-« I 33lutbclcbcr| W iwbrt al* m?ttrr*mqinia«n»md tnnm fr ist at r *«v» M WW gavrdinideri tn» tHehrum»; Umhk gr"»» nui ternm ®*rt M ttpromm, A> M ilm#* iu.lji ti» y« Sfctnuut» Unnu nur dur.tz M M ivzvgrii uvtCMr». Um naurw iik-.iw tuau iut> in ; ■■ H O R . PCTCR lllim, 9 I imu s«uik H..vn» ernc^rc^lLthrrrotH^^M Eureka Rollcrmuhl. Hch lad? all? iinune Fninidi'»»d Kunden n», ilir M>hl jky i lui nr.r zu liole». orti tnuidie nodi imraer 'Dfrtil siir Lnzlii «o» strradr wie vorlirr: und habe z»r Zeii nich >,<'iiii>i,ud Trtixirr au Ha-id, bafi uii l'illi>, mvfuuiY, toninu |Vlbft und jrlit >s fudj an. Sit ftiiift’ audi guier 'JBfijen zum hvchftri» M.irliprcis Achniiigsvoll, John Pietz, Eiqciithumer. EMMWWWUWUzxMWWMWU R IN WWBMWWBWW Alles ist moglich ivenu tuan es zur qelegen » .jeir n»ahr iiimiiU. dem das die Waare im Allaemeii.e» hoher iin Eiuk.iiis ist als lrytrs Jat»r, sv ist e? »»s dvch moqlich misere Waaren zum altrn Prris ;» uerkaiifen, weil n-ir sie z»r ' I qeleqeuen Zeir kauften. TiSlmlb. m.iiii S!>r kei» über fliissiizes auSgedr» mullt, se tonunt iniD unift erst unsere Waare und Preise, ede Slir (fuere verdst Ein kaufe macht. Uiiser Waareulatzer 'st Bollstandi; in Schuittioaareiii. Etzwavren, Ei<ei>waarrn, schiihe miS i Znefe!, Horti nui HeizSien -raueu Jacken, Pelze mid Neberriicke. Einen grostei' 'H.;bo;r an qewiiseu Maiiner uud «nabeu Anzinze. Ltolltr L vkppcrlc. Vnre»'«r, 2«S - 2ii(eiii. j aMBMHBnBHaanaHBMBB Adcal ! > - |7\il) sause alierlei sene» Ii r rmh den l dd>ft«n 'JJ«atftprci» siir ener I. | i»d| kaufe ferine Hiintr. I locrbf fteis alle niAtzkicde»» Torte»» v?n ,xle>ict» h\ inrinfin habe,», und bitte sret»nt»lict)sl u»»» euer *t»iitb»otKiTt. Tprechen sie Vei m*r ror. | Peter Lchcntenberger» « lu, L'U Ni» v i . c>er )r».d.4-takke»stras;'. Eureka. T T. L •i M WK (tiirdiii Jlirnl Jliiirlirl Ter Deutsche Kleischerladen verkaust Flersch, Wurst. Speck. Echmkin, Lbst, Irauben, Birnen, Citronen, Lrangen, Candy4, sowie auch alle Sorten Kannenwaarin. Tauft «ut): Sicli, Lchwctnc Zdiafe, Oaute. Pelie ti. «eftilgel. Dierenfeldt. Lelepyon 3«. dureta. S D. '. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'sn99062854_1904-11-30_1_2_1', 'collection': 'US-PD-Newspapers', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'German', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '2725', 'token_count': '5677', '__index_level_0__': '32174', 'original_id': '2a32fed052507ba4519a378f0cf9434a53214a1c0e833a19b35130e9c834fa1a'} |
Founder Profile
Pew is an independent nonprofit organization – the sole beneficiary of seven individual trusts established between 1948 and 1979 by four generous and committed siblings. Learn more about one of our founders: Mary Ethel Pew.
Death Penalty Rift in States Continues
Gov. Bill Richardson's decision Wednesday (March 18) to repeal New Mexico's death penalty and replace it with a maximum sentence of life without parole is being hailed by supporters as a major victory in the decades-old debate over state-sanctioned executions.
But the decision—which follows New Jersey's repeal in 2007 and brings to 15 the number of states that do not execute inmates—also underscores the nuanced modern landscape of capital punishment.
While a growing number of states are seriously considering eliminating the death penalty—whether for moral, fiscal or political reasons—others are trying to reinstate or expand it. At the same time, the United States is on track to put more inmates to death this year than in any year since 1999.
Recent political developments have highlighted the complex and highly regional approaches to the death penalty. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '17acac169a0fced5de6c7a6c74f5f441a5dee0b3f7c48150a66ed53f054ad886'} |
And now for SomethingCompletelyDifferent. Instead of opening with the Dursleys, the scene is set on the presumably OopNorth village of Little Hangleton. This place is home to a spooky old mansion called the Riddle House. [[Recap/HarryPotterAndTheChamberOfSecretsC13TheVerySecretDiary That surname sound familiar?]]
We're filled in on a famous local story. You see, the Riddle House was once inhabited by the snobby Riddle family, which consisted of the elderly Mr. and Mrs. Riddle as well as their grown son Tom. One morning fifty years ago, all three Riddles were found dead. While the villagers regarded the Riddles as {{Asshole Victim}}s, they were nevertheless concerned about there being a murderer on the loose. Pretty soon, the Riddles' young gardener, WorldWarII veteran Frank Bryce, was ConvictedByPublicOpinion and his story about seeing a mysterious dark-haired teenage boy near the Riddle House on the night in question was soundly disbelieved. However, the autopsy failed to discern any way in which the Riddles could have been murdered, so the police were forced to let Frank go due to lack of evidence that the Riddles had, in fact, been murdered.
In ThePresentDay, Frank is an old man and the Riddle House is no longer inhabited, though the current owner still pays Frank to do the gardening. Frank is frequently tormented by the local kids as it is apparently still thought in the village that he is a murderer. The narrative switches to Frank's POV as he wakes up one night and, seeing a light in the Riddle House, assumes some kids have broken in and started a fire. Distrusting the police after what happened to him fifty years ago, Frank goes to investigate, entering the now decaying house for the first time in years.
Frank reaches the source of the light and is surprised to discover that it's coming from a lit fireplace. Lurking outside the room, Frank hears two men speaking to each other. They are Lord Voldemort and Peter Pettigrew, the latter of whom will for some reason be referred to almost exclusively as "Wormtail" for the rest of the series. We're introduced to Voldemort's snake ([[FreudWasRight no, not that one]]) Nagini as Voldie and Wormie discuss their plans. Not understanding their wizarding jargon, Frank concludes that they are talking in SpySpeak. Wormtail suggests their evil plan could be done without Harry Potter, but Voldie wants Harry Potter and he's going to get Harry Potter. It's mentioned that Voldemort has gotten valuable information from someone named Bertha Jorkins and subsequently killed her as she had [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness Outlived Her Usefulness]]. Voldemort also mentions that a faithful servant will be joining them, but says that Wormtail won't be left out. In fact, he'll be given "an essential task for me, one that many of my followers would [[ExactWords give their right hands to perform]]."
Frank is sufficiently creeped out by Voldemort's callousness and accurately concludes that he's a madman and that Harry Potter is in grave danger. Frank decides he will just have to confront his fear of the police and go to the telephone box in the village, but he remains frozen to the spot. It's at this point that Nagini slithers up to Frank and then past him into the room. Voldemort learns of Frank's presence after speaking to Nagini in Parseltongue and Wormtail brings Frank into the room. Frank sees Wormtail and Nagini, but Voldemort is in an armchair facing away from him. Frank asks that Voldemort face him "like a man" and Voldemort, though boasting that he is "much more than a man", agrees. Wormtail turns the chair around and Frank is [[TheUnreveal horrified by whatever he sees]]. Frank is then killed by a flash of green light from Voldemort's wand.
The chapter ends with the line: "Two hundred miles away, the boy called Harry Potter woke with a start." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9719379544258118}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '4251', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:54TZVZR6WGV76KOHV2N4N4SQKN7BMVZH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c53e1dba-6897-4269-8be0-93a3df7cca71>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 6, 30, 22, 5, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '209.15.34.67', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EZRLLD7L2MA67WXN7QLKN4RTSRHUGUX6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:582afb02-d289-472e-bc83-46347a17f5f8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/folderizer.php?target=Recap.HarryPotterAndTheGobletOfFireC1TheRiddleHouse', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7630235-ac84-4f08-a92d-7e65adf1b4a3>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '624', 'url': 'http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/folderizer.php?target=Recap.HarryPotterAndTheGobletOfFireC1TheRiddleHouse', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-26\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0900983214378357', 'original_id': 'ed0cf27599a059fc76c4cd46db7c7df748412f491e415531e327561ca5fcb7ae'} |
Ducks News
Jr. Ducks Win Essay Contest
by
Staff Writer
/ Anaheim Ducks
The Mite 10U Jr. Ducks out of Corona Inline were this year's winners of the Practice with the Ducks Essay Contest. The team will have the opportunity to skate with the Ducks players at an upcoming practice.
All hockey teams that play in a participating Future Ducks Rink Program rink were allowed to submit one essay per team explaining why they feel their team deserves this once in a lifetime opportunity. The essay could be about the team’s involvement in the community, how the team overcame adversity, or any special games they’ve played in or championships they’ve won.
The essay, submitted by captain Shane Vidger, tells of how the team overcame the odds to win the Junior Olympics in Philadelphia. In the finals, they won in overtime over a juggernaut Hawks team that had beaten the Jr. Ducks 8-0 earlier in the tournament. Of the tournament-winning goal in overtime, he writes:
One of the Hawks players tried to advance the puck and Bailey was able to reach in and slap it away. As he drove toward the net on a breakway, everything seemed to freeze as we were all watching him and the Hawks goalie. We did it! We beat those guys.
After our short celebration, I felt like a balloon had burst inside of me. I could breathe again. When our parents came down on the floor, mothers were crying and dad were hugging us, trying not to cry ...
... We did it. And like always, we did it together. I really love this team. I wish I could play with my friends forever.
The essay came with a "Miracle"-themed video narrated by Vidger detailing the team's journey through photographs and clips from the tournament. CHECK OUT THE VIDEO
The Jr. Ducks will not only get to practice on the ice with the Anaheim Ducks players and coaching staff, they will also get to watch the Ducks actual practice that morning and meet the team in the locker room prior to taking the ice with them. In addition, they get tickets to an upcoming Ducks game. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '06f6ecd643d9688b3b4a34b20859f70c6a3b4c3609aff283d13aad55b8d2d5c4'} |
Hypospadias is a common birth defect in boys where the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is estimated that hypospadias affects about 1 in every 200 boys. The condition is most often diagnosed during a physical exam shortly after birth.
The exact cause of hypospadias is unknown. In boys with hypospadias, the penis doesn’t look normal and it doesn’t work well. For example, some boys with hypospadias have a curved penis. The abnormal urethral opening causes the spraying and need to sit. The curvature, if severe, can be an issue for sexual function.
Treatment for hypospadias depends on the type of defect your boy has. In most cases, surgery will be recommended to correct the defect. Most hypospadias is mild and actually is more an aesthetic issue than a functional one unless severe. If surgery is elected, it’s usually done when the baby is between the ages of 6–12 months old.
Some of the repairs performed during the surgery may include placing the opening of the urethra in the right place, correcting the curve in the penis, and repairing the skin around the opening of the urethra. Because your doctor might need to use the foreskin of the penis to make some of the repairs, a boy with significant hypospadias should not be circumcised.
If your son has hypospadias, work with a pediatric urologist to discuss the best plan of action.
For more information on pediatric urology,
visit UrologyHealth.org
UrologyHealth.org | SUMMER 2019 | UROLOGYHEALTH extra | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '25', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9234272241592408}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '148820', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AWWFUFVHAGPXNFNWJ4IKODSATGO5ZKMN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b5f3da69-a4ff-4a25-929c-ad64941140a9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 21, 27, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '142.93.56.251', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KQOZ5IPOLJPO25HDFYCG4BCIMWWA2Z25', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f31fc5d3-981d-4e95-8d09-4a0d7ba0e0bd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://magazine.urologyhealth.org/sesummer19/insights', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:be356d30-e010-4d97-9e99-1c955620cf88>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '267', 'url': 'http://magazine.urologyhealth.org/sesummer19/insights', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-87-179.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.027552783489227295', 'original_id': '69dcc272036c4248454314239e8a216b1c30eb6bc178f7da2a9dcae8edfca658'} |
9.9. Boss Battle - Story Analysis
Pick a game or movie story that seems to follow the Hero’s Journey pattern (other than the Matrix or Star Wars) and deconstruct it. While not every story has every one of these elements, you should be able to identify at least 9-10 of the 12. (If not, pick a different story.)
Act 1
1. The Ordinary World
2. The Call to Adventure
3. Refusal of the Call
4. Meeting with the Mentor
5. Crossing the First Threshold
Act 2
1. Tests, Allies and Enemies
2. Approach to the Innermost Cave
3. The Ordeal
4. Reward
Act 3
1. The Road Back
2. The Resurrection
3. Return with the Elixir
Materials on this page adapted from:
Game Design Concepts by Ian Schreiber (CC BY-NC 3.0) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8278350234031677}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25653', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OXPLDAB6OKU7Q27VE2M2CWC3M4P5L6PL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:88382035-4ad3-42c4-920c-adda23ed471e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 21, 12, 20, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.101.8.64', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:57PUZSDABVOBZ4LMPVZ76N3DDIHZJBCL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ed6e6f9d-18f3-4c2d-8f1b-af212a15733f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://computerscience.chemeketa.edu/cis125gReader/Story/BossBattle.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3ff500c6-cdb3-440b-85df-96a7a85f718c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '127', 'url': 'http://computerscience.chemeketa.edu/cis125gReader/Story/BossBattle.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-227-30-111.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9685819745063782', 'original_id': '3f4e565ec43ecd62c2513247d830bd7758a593bfac5cc1dbb607cec8a83afb33'} |
Tesla Recommended Electrician
With the growing popularity of electric and hybrid cars, the demand for home car charging options is also exploding. Sustainable transportation requires home charging options. And while it is possible to charge electric cars, such as the Tesla Model S, with a standard home outlet, it’s certainly not ideal. With the Model S, using a regular plug will only charge about three miles of range per hour the car is plugged in. In other words, plugging a Model S into a standard outlet requires more than 66 hours of charging to achieve 200 miles of range!
How Do You Charge Your Tesla?
A 240-volt outlet provides a far faster charge. These upgraded outlets can get a Model S charged to 200 miles of range in just under seven hours. Therefore, it’s feasible that your Model S could be fully charged overnight if it’s plugged into a 240-volt outlet.
An even better charging solution is a Telsa Wall Connector. With a charging speed of up to 58 miles of range per hour, the Wall Connector is the Telsa charging solution for people who don’t always want to wait around for their Model S to charge.
You’ll Need an Electrician to Help You Charge Your Tesla
Whether you opt for a 240-volt outlet or a Tesla Wall Connector installed in your garage, both are jobs meant for a certified electrician. But in order to ensure that your Tesla can reliably charge at optimal speeds, you need to find a Tesla Recommended Electrician.
Look for a Tesla Recommended Electrician
Arc Angel Electric is excited to announce that we have been named a Tesla Recommended Electrician. To achieve this title, Arc Angel underwent specialized training with Tesla Motors in regards to installing and troubleshooting Tesla Wall Connectors. We also maintain strict quality assurance, permits, and inspection requirements.
We are extremely proud of our partnership with Tesla Motors. When you make the switch to sustainable transportation, Arc Angel Electric hopes to be there to install your home charging station.
Click here or call (770) 889-9243 to schedule your Tesla Wall Connector installation with a Tesla Recommended Electrician. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8922722339630127}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45646', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MBTQJQNZ4TGVJEBKBF7DBSGWN4VLZCLF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:74945e71-68b7-4517-8ff4-a00a37cfc139>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 2, 50, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.124.249.154', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CNY6WVBBX4NZKYDOTUVCJV4TBY7ORTH5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf5a0414-aecb-451c-b3fc-d5b50e9707fa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.arcangelelectric.com/services/installation/tesla-recommended-electrician/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a4d7a20-fb94-44f3-9b49-473d611801a2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '355', 'url': 'https://www.arcangelelectric.com/services/installation/tesla-recommended-electrician/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-243-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.029073476791381836', 'original_id': '3ad079f940ed76a5f76a26793f926b12eb9e28e3958c4b1f6591dede04f0e405'} |
Q:
Query showing records that do NOT match in between tables
I have two tables. One is a table of the reports that have been submitted to us. Another is a temp table with the records of reports that should eventually be submitted to us. I would like to show only the records in the temp table that do not match the ones in the reports table (so the reports that still must be submitted are displayed).
Example data is:
Reports table:
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Reports]
(
[ReportID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[ReportDate] [date] NULL,
[AssessmentID] [int] NOT NULL,
[ReportType] [varchar](50) NULL
);
AssessmentID ReportType ReportID
1 1st Quarterly 27
2 1st Quarterly 30
2 2nd Quarterly 31
2 3rd Quarterly 32
QuarterlyReportsDue table:
CREATE TABLE #QuarterlyReportsDue
(
AssessmentID INT,
InstallationDate DATE,
QuarterlyReportType VARCHAR(50)
);
AssessmentID InstallationDate QuarterlyReportType
1 2009-08-14 1st Quarterly
1 2009-08-14 2nd Quarterly
1 2009-08-14 3rd Quarterly
1 2009-08-14 4th Quarterly
2 2008-05-16 4th Quarterly
2 2008-05-16 3rd Quarterly
2 2008-05-16 2nd Quarterly
2 2008-05-16 1st Quarterly
I have tried LEFT OUTER JOINS but am running into issues. Please see my below SQL:
SELECT #QuarterlyReportsDue.InstallationDate, #QuarterlyReportsDue.QuarterlyReportType, Reports.ReportType
FROM #QuarterlyReportsDue
LEFT OUTER JOIN Reports ON #QuarterlyReportsDue.AssessmentID = Reports.AssessmentID
WHERE Reports.ReportType IN ('1st Quarterly', '2nd Quarterly', '3rd Quarterly', '4th Quarterly')
AND Reports.ReportType <> #QuarterlyReportsDue.QuarterlyReportType
ORDER BY #QuarterlyReportsDue.AssessmentID
And my results:
AssessmentID QuarterlyReportType ReportType ReportID
1 2nd Quarterly 1st Quarterly 27
1 3rd Quarterly 1st Quarterly 27
1 4th Quarterly 1st Quarterly 27
2 4th Quarterly 1st Quarterly 30
2 4th Quarterly 2nd Quarterly 31
2 4th Quarterly 3rd Quarterly 32
2 1st Quarterly 2nd Quarterly 31
2 1st Quarterly 3rd Quarterly 32
2 3rd Quarterly 1st Quarterly 30
2 3rd Quarterly 2nd Quarterly 31
2 2nd Quarterly 1st Quarterly 30
2 2nd Quarterly 3rd Quarterly 32
For assessment 1 it works great, assessment 2 has many duplicates. How can I get around this to only show the ideal results?
AssessmentID QuarterlyReportType ReportType
1 2nd Quarterly 1st Quarterly
1 3rd Quarterly 1st Quarterly
1 4th Quarterly 1st Quarterly
2 4th Quarterly
A:
When you LEFT JOIN to a table and then reference one of that table's columns in the WHERE clause, you implicitly turn the join into an INNER JOIN. Instead, move those conditions out of the WHERE and make them part of the JOIN conditions.
SELECT q.InstallationDate, q.QuarterlyReportType, Reports.ReportType
FROM #QuarterlyReportsDue q
LEFT OUTER JOIN Reports r
ON q.AssessmentID = r.AssessmentID
AND q.QuarterlyReportType = r.ReportType
AND r.ReportType IN ('1st Quarterly', '2nd Quarterly', '3rd Quarterly', '4th Quarterly')
WHERE r.AssessmentID IS NULL /* matching record not found in Reports table */
ORDER BY #QuarterlyReportsDue.AssessmentID
A:
You should use NOT EXISTS to find entries in the temp table that do not have matching entries in the submitted reports table.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ab8f5f7bf01ed477683b333d68feb30f6faae6587fcea23313594f6f189def0f'} |
Q:
How to use ? and * in Angular routing
I need to define a path in AngularJS routing to:
have an optional parameter
have it accepting values of a relative path
Some examples for the parameter values are:
/ABC
/ABC/123
/ABC/123/XYZ
I have tried
'/Documents/:folderUrl*'
which takes care of the / character in the parameter value but if the parameter is empty, it goes to .otherwise().
'/Documents/:folderUrl?'
makes it optional but cannot let me have /ABC/123 as a value because of the / character.
I prefer not to have two .when() as I have doubts it loads the controller two times, which is an issue I have explained here.
A:
It's quite difficult to pass encoded slashes in urls as the browser will change it to a slash. The only solution I came up with is to double encode the slashes. I used this encoder to do the encoding but it could be done in your angular app if needed using encodeURIComponent. That means the url is instead #/Documents/ABC%252F123.
To setup the parameter you first have to add it to the routing config in app.js. I've added the parameter called url and made it optional with the ? symbol:
app.config(function ($routeProvider, $locationProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/Documents/:url?', {
templateUrl: 'view.html',
controller: 'MainCtrl'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/Documents/'
});
});
Then in your controller you can use $routeParams to get the url. But since the slashes are double encoded you need to use decodeURIComponent to decode the url:
app.controller('MainCtrl', function($scope, $routeParams) {
$scope.url = decodeURIComponent($routeParams.url);
})
Click the a link in the demo to see the url being passed.
Demo
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '3d2da5a842b2d952181b92b6701f4959121175ab37d45bc261c78c1242bf3d9b'} |
In pancreatic beta-cells, the predominant voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (Ca(V)1.2) and K(+) channel (K(V)2.1) are directly coupled to SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor) proteins. These SNARE proteins modulate channel expression and gating and closely associate these channels with the insulin secretory vesicles. We show that K(V)2.1 and Ca(V)1.2, but not K(V)1.4, SUR1, or Kir6.2, target to specialized cholesterol-rich lipid raft domains on beta-cell plasma membranes. Similarly, the SNARE proteins syntaxin 1A, SNAP-25, and VAMP-2, but not Munc-13-1 or n-Sec1, are associated with lipid rafts. Disruption of the lipid rafts by depleting membrane cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin shunts K(V)2.1, Ca(V)1.2, and SNARE proteins out of lipid rafts. Furthermore, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibits K(V)2.1 but not Ca(V)1.2 channel activity and enhances single-cell exocytic events and insulin secretion. Membrane compartmentalization of ion channels and SNARE proteins in lipid rafts may be critical for the temporal and spatial coordination of insulin release, forming what has been described as the excitosome complex.[1]
1. Disruption of pancreatic beta-cell lipid rafts modifies Kv2.1 channel gating and insulin exocytosis. Xia, F., Gao, X., Kwan, E., Lam, P.P., Chan, L., Sy, K., Sheu, L., Wheeler, M.B., Gaisano, H.Y., Tsushima, R.G. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) [Pubmed]
WikiGenes - Universities | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '66', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8059043288230896}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '26905', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AQLWJANPW4P67HSCYDJGKMIXUJDJMKCJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cb67d610-2abe-4090-bc4e-1a925beb5bff>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 12, 8, 8, 28, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.82.54.18', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4DHDTULQTM2KTRUBKNELWNQJEEK7DEAB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:12a64343-ae70-4a84-b84b-93dc4cf31cd2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.wikigenes.org/e/ref/e/15073181.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:99937843-d1a3-4826-bba9-f195369e39b7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '279', 'url': 'https://www.wikigenes.org/e/ref/e/15073181.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-73\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.17470920085906982', 'original_id': '8c679b463118a94211fd65e82968b3ad4dbba1e67be55184b20a43e9bea8f865'} |
• A region and former grand duchy of west-central Germany. In medieval times the territory was expanded west to the Rhine River and south to the Main River, but after 1567 it was divided into four separate regions ruled by various branches of the Hesse family.
• Hesse, Hermann 1877-1962. German-born Swiss writer whose works, including Siddhartha (1922) and Steppenwolf (1927), concern the duality of human existence and the alienation of the artist. He won the 1946 Nobel Prize for literature.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
Sorry, no etymologies found.
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '28', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9379243850708008}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '36678', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:M7CJKFSQA52K3MHX75L2SSY2WWBNQYXH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d49c7a01-51c3-4c2e-9445-6cc50b125138>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 21, 9, 2, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.183.52.240', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NJSNTXLJVX5XINJ43YL43N33SCRBPL5Z', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6ec7545d-6539-4343-b328-aa8a3f025e61>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.wordnik.com/words/Hesse', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:596042b5-1f92-4a5c-a0b2-3586a303958a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '162', 'url': 'https://www.wordnik.com/words/Hesse', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-170-163-85.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.025842726230621338', 'original_id': 'e35903a6bd688ecbd4a6673344eb793a6587517b98a9cdd0b06da87455e43f96'} |
Q:
Сделать поле активным при выборе input
Нужно чтобы поле ввода input стало активно при выборе 4го input-radio, но почему-то не получается.
document.querySelectorAll('.aim')[3].oninput = (ev) => {
if (ev.target.checked) {
document.querySelector('#aim').disabled = false;
}
}
<div class="col-md-6">
<input id="aim" type="radio" class="form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="декларирование" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim" type="radio" class="form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="производственный контроль" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim" type="radio" class="form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="получение информации о фактическом качестве продукции" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim" type="radio" name="aim" class="aim" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim" type="text" class="form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="{{ old('aim') }}" autocomplete="aim" autofocus disabled>
</div>
A:
document.querySelectorAll('.aim')[3].oninput = (ev) => {
if (ev.target.checked) {
document.querySelector('#aim-text').disabled = false;
}
}
<div class="col-md-6">
<input id="aim-1" type="radio" class="aim form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="декларирование" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim-2" type="radio" class="aim form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="производственный контроль" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim-3" type="radio" class="aim form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" value="получение информации о фактическом качестве продукции" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim-4" type="radio" name="aim" class="aim" autocomplete="aim" autofocus>
<input id="aim-text" type="text" class="form-control @error('aim') is-invalid @enderror" name="aim" autocomplete="aim" autofocus disabled>
</div>
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'cd92ca988acbff81af975f742e8c9510332c657a7ff6c0ac3cd672121bb91d75'} |
Basic Facts: St. Clairsville, OH
A Landscape Waterfall Fountain
Many people also have heard water, and are curious what it is. Water Features: What are they and why do you need them. Are water fountains just another name? You could be right, though there are other options, such as a waterfall or wall fountain. They may be as small as a desk or huge enough to cover a area that is 100-foot. Each type shall be discussed and you will choose the right one for you. Wall wells tend to be a water that is beautiful that is very popular. Wall fountains. They have small, but powerful electrical systems. Cascades allow water to flow down rather than being sprayed. You can create almost any attraction outside or within your home. Send an email if you have any questions or wish to install a wall fountain. A waterfall is a great way to beautify your yard. Recirculated water is the water that comes from a stream, river or pond. It does not matter what size or small, it will make the sounds you know and love. You can make your yard a great place by adding this water feature in the most used area. Water gardens are a special type of water feature. They're also known as aquatic gardens. It can be had by you in your home or allow go to your yard. They can be employed to grow pets that are different plants. These ponds are often made to look like small or ponds that are large. Water gardens or springs are also popular. You can spray liquid and any puddles in the pond. There are many water landscapes available. You can be helped by us install these water features in your home. Please contact us to book an appointment. These water features are ornamental, and can create an environment that is unique and beautiful.
The typical family size in St. Clairsville, OH is 2.83 household members, with 73.3% owning their very own houses. The mean home cost is $173388. For those people leasing, they spend on average $745 monthly. 42.9% of families have two incomes, and a median household income of $70688. Median individual income is $30613. 6.3% of citizens are living at or below the poverty line, and 13.3% are disabled. 9.6% of citizens are former members for the US military.
The labor force participation rate in St. Clairsville is 57.8%, with an unemployment rate of 6.6%. For all those when you look at the labor force, the average commute time is 17.5 minutes. 11.1% of St. Clairsville’s community have a grad diploma, and 20.8% have a bachelors degree. For all those without a college degree, 31.4% attended some college, 33.1% have a high school diploma, and just 3.6% have an education significantly less than senior school. 5.7% are not included in medical health insurance. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '20', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9729523062705994}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '7289', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:35AI2RZYXZYAES6TS7OCSTYFEIU3C2FD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bea7281b-5137-4369-8d2e-a107a3ce9044>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 28, 7, 6, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '67.225.163.55', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:77S6AYWLSOFTW533TQOJHEXU7MIBALRC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c400bf73-bb63-4b93-a856-54ec2937a1ed>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.texasindemand.com/52-landscape-fountains-st-clairsville-ohio.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:989c53bf-fd36-4c1d-97ff-0432fb71d274>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '474', 'url': 'https://www.texasindemand.com/52-landscape-fountains-st-clairsville-ohio.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1336580514907837', 'original_id': 'a28071b21715f3d2df8ee58756064c1b481abaa155e74da51aa046ef66ef77a5'} |
Advertising A Bakery
Very few bakers think it worth while to advertise.
In fact, most bakers never give advertising a thought, save to wonder at it with the peculiar outside view of those who know nothing whatever about the subject. Which view is generally expressed in the stupid query: ” How in the world does Smith get back the money he spends in advertising?”
The self-same Smith may annually spend a small fortune in advertising, but he makes this outlay return a handsome dividend. Advertising pays Smith because advertising makes known the merits of his offerings. As an inevitable, logical result more people know about (and naturally patronize) Smith and his bake shop than are acquainted even with the fact that his rival, and non-advertiser, Brown, is in business.
Generally the progressive advertiser is a progressive business man. Because he is the latter, he is the former. His establishment, foods and business methods are superior to his rivals’. With good advertising, good business methods and a good establishment in his favor, the progressive man has every favoring wind of business in his sails.
People must eat!
The baker must be patronized.
The glove man, the shoe man, and even the clothing man may be passed by, but the bakernever! He is a constant necessity. The baker is as important an institution in a community as a supply of drinking water.
In a community are nearly always several bakers. If their products, business methods and establishments are on a par, the only way for one to take the most prominent place is by advertising.
How should he advertise?
Doubtless he can use his local paper to advantage. If so, he can tell his fellow-townsmen (and their wives) in several kinds of ways about the light, flaky, crusty pies he makes; the delicious, wholesome bread he bakes; the crisp, palatable biscuits he turns out, and the hygienic conditions, as well as the up-to-date machinery and methods employed in producing these various foods. He can speak of prices as well as any other advertiser, for does not every household consider the financial end of any sort of an investment?
I know a baker in New York City, who has “a bargain day “which day happens to be Saturday, and I further know that this “bargain day” is a pronounced success. Women come scores of blocks to his Saturday sales and secure their Sunday supplies of bread, pies, cakes, biscuits, rolls, etc.
Some of the conditions under which a bakery is run are abhorent. Right here in highly civilized New York City are bakeriesthe sight of which would effectually kill the appetite of a pile-driver. The up-to-now baker could talkwith interest to his patrons and advantage to his businessof the cleanliness of his workers, machinery, workrooms, store, delivery, and every phase of handling his breads and other foodstuffs.
Circular advertising, novelty advertising and card advertising can be used from time to time to supplement his local newspaper advertising, which is the best, for it gets before most of the people to whom he wishes to sell. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.979138195514679}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10343', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YM3I4WZMQQY5DBFDHXN3WQMWXF2RUUDR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1b1f8b0f-822a-42f2-bbab-4df806716e61>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 18, 4, 39, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.208.28.248', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5JGXJNAP5AJ4DIUYJ4XK6ZZUYTB6JPH7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:040b9e50-9daa-4de5-83a6-857996ed2103>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://advertising.yodelout.com/advertising-a-bakery/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bdd5455b-4486-4fe2-a90c-2636cff6f350>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '506', 'url': 'http://advertising.yodelout.com/advertising-a-bakery/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024241209030151367', 'original_id': '66c230f7fb5c05d5fbfa14ac300dec9be7faed40004b55fe8df4846df6d8f0b1'} |
6 police, 10 suspects killed in shootouts in southern Mexico
A total of sixteen people — six police officers and ten suspects — were killed in two confrontations in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, authorities said Wednesday.
State security spokesman Roberto Alvarez said the first shootout occurred late Tuesday, when a state police convoy came under attack in Coacuyul, a town near the Pacific coast resort of Zihuatanejo.
He said one policeman was wounded and police returned fire, killing 10 suspected gunmen during a 30-minute battle. Assault rifles were found at the scene.
In what Alvarez said may have been retaliation for the first attack, gunmen later ambushed a state police convoy further north, away from the coast, and killed six police officers.
The officers had been visiting families considered at risk because of the drug gang violence that has plagued the area.
The police had been assigned to perform periodic checkups with the families. Alvarez said the gangs had "kidnapped (the families) and had been trying to forcibly recruit them to criminal gangs."
Hundreds of people have fled their towns in the mountains of the state because of gang threats and violence. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.986816942691803}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '67252', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LR2KY2L5JTE6Q3HS5JELWI5C4VISKA7L', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c58ec20c-0959-40d9-8bdb-4efe73812387>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 8, 7, 33, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.5.136.188', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GLA5PDF5HZHKFFYSASLSWPTVSXJRBMZK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:76ac4ed1-1329-41db-945b-c29dcbfe6f54>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/6-police-10-suspects-killed-in-shootouts-in-southern-mexico', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ff35e1a3-2218-4ebb-996d-87b6b88fc1ed>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '190', 'url': 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/6-police-10-suspects-killed-in-shootouts-in-southern-mexico', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February/March 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-165.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02304697036743164', 'original_id': '00dcc13f79b7c46af92076c43b53ef9d8e262c297e747b17c7fafc0421f775fe'} |
Formulation and characterization of albumin microspheres containing norcantharidate for liver tumor targeting.
The objectives of this study were first to encapsulate norcantharidate into albumin microspheres by the emulsion crosslinking method and second to characterize the microspheres in terms of the morphological examination, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro release of norcantharidate from the microspheres was studied by using the dialysis bag method. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were used to evaluate the advantages of microspheres than the conventional formulations. The microspheres prepared by crosslink emulsion were with uniform size, smooth surface, spherical shape, and disperse evenly. The particle size was uniform (13.3 ± 0.4 µm) and the encapsulation efficiency was 54.3 ± 4.18%. In vitro release indicated that the norcantharidate microspheres had a well-sustained release efficacy and fitted Korsmeyer's Peppas release model. In vivo studies showed that pharmacokinetics of norcantharidate microspheres could be described by the model of two-compartment after i.v. administration and had higher AUC inside liver and spleen than the injection group. No histological change occurred to the rat liver after the administration of norcantharidate microspheres. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '79f05569091eb01cc4ae4edb46dbb47436b5c400f0b29eb92774485b1e583209'} |
Saturday, June 15, 2013
The Proposition ( The Proposition #1 ) by Katie Ashley
The Proposition by Katie Ashley
Predictable, yet AMAZING! Awwww.. Aidan.
The premise of this story is quite predictable actually, a 30 and single heroine wants a baby in her life so badly that she take up a proposition from her company well-known womanizer, Aidan to help father her child. They had sex several times and despite saying they will be treating it as a business deal of some sort, you know they are going to get emotionally involved. Since there is a Book 2, we also can predict the hero gonna pull of some asshole stunt to hurt the heroine and then this will ended up in a cliffhanger. That practically summarizes it all. But DAMN! I had no idea such a predictable story can keep me up all night until 3am and then the next day I dive into the next book. No wonder there is such a high rating, this book totally deserves it.
I think the writing style together with the lovable hero, Aidan totally sold me. It started when Aidan bumped into Emma arguing with her gay friend, Connor and Aidan mistaken it as a couple dispute. He came to her defense, but was later being explain of the situation by Connor. Connor told Aidan that Emma wants him to become her sperm donor, but he needs to refuse. So this is what causes all the drama that is happening. Aidan jump at the chance to offer himself (shameless) to Emma at the prospect of being able to sleep with the redhead who used to reject him. The idea of conceiving it naturally with Aidan is just pure bizarre for Emma, but in the end they made the deal. She even drew up a contract for him and I laugh at the reference to FSoG by Aidan. LoL. No shit, Aidan. You are the man.
Despite being mentioned again and again that he is a despicable manwhore, I thought he is such a sweetheart since the beginning. I thought he is kinda perfect besides not able to promise a long time commitment to Emma. He just plainly scared of the prospect of marriage. But I begin to really love him when he is so commit to helping Emma conceive that he went to do some research by himself too, you know the boxer shorts thing and remain celibate while he is away. How can you not fall for that. There seems to be a lot of knowledge involve in trying to conceive, by the way.
I'm not sure I will ever understand Emma desperation, although it had been explained why she wants a baby so much. Okay, I will accept her for what she is. I like that she is overall an easy going and generally acceptable person. She loves having more people and more loves in her life. That's the reason she appreciates the chance to be introduced to Aidan's family, the nephews, the sisters and the father. At the same time, Aidan himself often surprises her at every turn. I will love him just for the fact that he had Beau, a black labrador. Although I'm not sure how with his busy schedule he can manage to keep a dog.
After Emma finally conceive and Aidan kind of admit that he had feelings for her, everything seems nice and dandy. And this is the time when I'm dreading to read towards the end because I know something bad is gonna happen. Please don't make me hate Aidan. And then when the moment finally comes, I can barely breathe. Then I really want to scold him silly for being so stupid, but at least I don't hate him. Phew! We will just have to see how Aidan patch things up later.
P/S: Beau, you had no sense of loyalty to your Daddy. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '197', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9807960391044616}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '94330', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RD4PFVAHKT4ACQYVF6ZXSLKB2JSFGRID', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5f119311-a77f-4db6-b5a5-d4971df34885>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 21, 5, 5, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.243', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VSK2UA7AF7SLD7LZHC3EIBTK3GU4A3UJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:57522d6c-8f21-4055-b140-ec416b1fc441>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.urbansmoothie.com/2013/06/the-proposition-proposition-1-by-katie.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f9160736-dca3-46a4-9f58-bcf7ebdbfa77>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '853', 'url': 'http://www.urbansmoothie.com/2013/06/the-proposition-proposition-1-by-katie.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-226-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.045143961906433105', 'original_id': 'e54241d6b9b99818f14794b7bf0714d26943f8f46d4facebf4acb13203694fbf'} |
Share this article on LinkedIn Email
Spain and Great Britain are set to each hold two-day Formula 1 in-season tests in 2016, Autosport has learned.
Barcelona's Circuit de Catalunya and British Grand Prix venue Silverstone will be the hosts.
The Tuesday and Wednesday tests will take place following the Spanish GP, on May 17-18, and the British GP, on July 12-13.
The 2016 F1 sporting regulations allow for two team tests of no more than two consecutive days duration.
They must take place at circuits where a grand prix has just been held and begin no less than 36 hours later.
The regulations add that each team must allocate at least two of the four days for young driver testing.
Barcelona and the Red Bull Ring hosted in-season tests last year, and Silverstone was last used for F1 testing in 2014.
The running will be in addition to the two pre-season tests, which take place in Barcelona between February 22-25 and March 1-4.
There will also be a number of days dedicated to tyre testing to allow Pirelli to test rubber for the planned 2017 rule revamp, though these dates are to be confirmed. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b52878a055398202f5144b1d68e58e54b0ccdef3b9be1fa13e1ea0cb889813b5'} |
Doctor Answers 2
Sclerotherapy - you can drink alcoholic beverages
There is no relationship between drinking alcoholic beverages after sclerotherapy. Perhaps the confusion is that people get dehydrated if they drink too much alcohol and dehydration can lead to sluggish blood flow and cause clot formation but this is not supported by the literature.
Can drink alcohol after sclerotherapy.
I know of no bad effects related to drinking alcohol after a sclerotherapy treatment regardless of the solution used for the sclerotherapy. Certainly 3 days after the treatment is sufficient time for the solution to be out of your system.
John Landi, MD
Naples General Surgeon
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '91', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9241983890533448}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '72022', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BT7P5H44CTASSBSWCGUPSZJDCP7KSDGI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0f7d016f-1fc3-43b7-8252-378f627b2c72>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 22, 4, 40, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.193.63', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NW7OOUFJUSOVVT375A35XDCOP37A5DCI', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6f0a3da4-a772-4f6e-bb19-271f175574c5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.realself.com/question/days-wait-drink-alcohol-after-sclerotherapy', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:316f79df-33c4-41f8-bf3a-f59b0ce567e1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '206', 'url': 'https://www.realself.com/question/days-wait-drink-alcohol-after-sclerotherapy', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-216-233-55.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4017026424407959', 'original_id': 'dad4cd4315bcd2fd76f23998515be5bf33f45fa43d0684b27f3f11fa29351098'} |
AGS Awards nominations close at 23:59 GMT on Sunday 08 February 2015. You haven't yet nominated, so you've got 9 days and 21 hours left to play the games and decide which to nominate!
Author Topic: On detective games; how to let the players draw conclusions (Read 2407 times) Share
• I can help with backgrounds
• I can help with characters
• I can help with play testing
• I can help with web design
What I do know is that regardless of how interesting something might be, I really hate to read (and especially if I have to stare at it and reread it a lot) on screen, especially in a game. I think it also shows lack of imagination in the design of gameplay.
Are you actually saying that you hate reading? You hate journal entries, descriptions, short in-game books, that sort of thing?
Heh, I accidentally left out "on screen". I don't hate reading in general, just the staring at the screen/monitor/lcd to read.
But again, I disagree with you to some extent, gameplay has changed a lot in recent times, and yes most of it is streamlined very severely (especially AAA FPSs), but AGS games are usually less demanding on graphics for example and offer to make some kind of middle ground, where the game is not hard because interface is fidgety but because the design is put that way. I wouldn't call stuff like backtracking something that was a good idea to make the game harder. When a side scroller starts you of with 2 lives instead of say 3, I wouldn't say that it's more fun, yes it is probably more challenging, but in an adventure game for example, it'd make things annoying really quickly.
I don't mind being stumped by a puzzle, I do however hate some old design rules that just make interacting with the game world harder than it needs to be. Now you might prefer that because you're used to it, but I think it breaks the immersion more than a finely streamlined gameplay would.
@Gilbert: actually I only got that situation once or twice as well while playing Blackwell games (can't remember which episodes), the rest of it seemed to be ok though, but that's just showing that balance is hard to find (maybe even impossible).
I don't want the world, I just want your half
• Global Moderator
• Mittens Baron
• Cultured man of mystery
• I can help with backgrounds
• Andail worked on a game that was nominated for an AGS Award!
Thanks a lot for all your valuable input!
The first two Blackwell games suffered from this problem a lot, and is something you once complained about yourself, Andail. "Painful", I think you called it. :)
Ha ha, yeah I remember that :) It was a clever little mystery, but it was painful because the protagonist could not express what you as a player had already realized, until she had combined the proper clues. It's one thing if you don't play an intellectual character, but when she's a detective you don't want to feel dumbed down.
The ambition expressed in this thread can be summarised to:
1. The player should not be able to advance the game without understanding it.
2. If the player understands the game, he shouldn't have to wait for the protagonist to catch up.
But I guess it's not really possible to provide a perfectly player-driven gameplay without implementing a) special tools, like the deduction board in Sherlock Holmes, b) some sort of text parser, or c) have all locations and objects turn into notes or memories (which can then be combined near-infinitely). Being a fan of simplistic controls, I'm not sure I'm in favour of either of those.
I even have hopes of releasing this on phones or pads in the future, and want a very simple GUI. Otherwise I was actually considering having a supporter character, like a Watson or something, with whom you could discuss the case as you progress. The discussion topics would be typed in via a text parser by the player, and "Watson" would ask you what kind of conclusion you would draw from certain facts and circumstances.
However, I'm scrapping parsers now, and also my game doesn't really have room for a side-kick...
« Last Edit: 23 Mar 2012, 14:10 by Andail »
• Onions? Give me back my onions!
• miguel worked on a game that was nominated for an AGS Award!
Why not replace text input for icons?
This is what I have in mind:
Room: a room that has objects (some are clues) and NPC;
Phase One: exploring: the player will examine objects and/or the NPC looking for clues, every item that he examines will be stored has an icon; this way having the object or not isn't important because the player has the knowledge of it; if the player is actually on a "action" room then he'll need some physical key (example) but will have figure it out;
Phase Two: dialogue: the player can talk with the NPC and use the icons he found on the exploring phase; the conversation output should deliver more icons that represent locations, different characters or objects; the player then gains the knowledge of some new evidence for example;
Phase Three: Conclusion: a sort of inventory where the player can mix icons and draw some more conclusions (icons);
Eliminating items that were sorted out has obsolete would make the icon count manageable;
On Phase Two: the dialogue would allow the player some basic start-ups like an icon representing a generic location, so that he could start with the location icon and then add the key icon: he'll be asking if the NPC knows or knew where the key is/was or any story driven importance of the objects being discussed;
I know it can be done with text input but some people may prefer icons (me).
Any thoughts on this?
Je Suis Charlie
• What will become of the baron?
• Ali worked on a game that was nominated for an AGS Award!Ali worked on a game that won an AGS Award!
For me, icons would only work in a very evidence/forensic based scenario. For a character/dialogue-based mystery it would be very difficult. I can't imagine how ideas like 'Jenny's veganism' could be represented effectively as icons. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9694348573684692}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '55544', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L3GJQNHIRYAKRYZTLEN6LUR2W4TDBARL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2544f1d0-2609-4eb6-a34e-b00101c29955>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 30, 2, 33, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '217.174.240.177', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4RYMMT5Q3FAZZNFLYW5KT3XLAJSMIT6R', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6597bbf7-fa1e-47bf-93c2-aa5085a9ccfa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.adventuregamestudio.co.uk/forums/index.php?topic=45616.40', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:76f58660-bb33-43e2-803a-574cc4e8734f>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1033', 'url': 'http://www.adventuregamestudio.co.uk/forums/index.php?topic=45616.40', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-06\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for January 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13180267810821533', 'original_id': '4f3f8b412443e78c530a56cc9e475a4a5bf880272833475328b52096a564e062'} |
If this is your first visit, be sure to
check out the FAQ by clicking the
link above. You may have to register
before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages,
select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.
This is pretty rich...Bengals fans, BENGALS fans calling us "classless". The biggest group of uneducated, bandwagon whore hillbillies in the NFL calling the Steelers classless...I've seen it all now...
Yeah we shouted a We Dey thing a few times, but they took our team icon, an NFL icon, the Terrible Towel and wiped their shoes with it !! WTF is that !! TJ Houzyurmama is getting some serious *** payback yet again !
If you want to call TJ something, how about my name for him? TJ Douchemanzadeh?
BTW, best part of that We Dey chant in the lockerroom has to be the guy (sounds like Deshea Townsend), who, after Cowher says Who Dey the last time, says, in a voice dripping in sarcasm and ridicule, "Who dey think gonna beat them Bengals?", and then everybody just laughs.
We are classless? All we did was answer their question. It's their own damn fault for askin it in the first place if they didn't want it answered. "Who Dey? Who Dey? Who dey think gonna beat dem bengals?"............................I'll tell you who "We Dey! We Dey! We dey who gonna beat them bengals!!" Simple as that.
I think I remember Joey saying that was Deshea in the background in the lockroom
Yeah Deshea is pretty funny. I remember one time at one of those basketball games where the Steelers go to a school and play the teachers, they were all sitting there for the autograph session, and there was of course a huge line, and Deshea was sitting there picking out people who cut in line. This one kid cut in front of a younger kid, and Deshea was like "look at this kid! He cut in line! He cut in line!", and messing with him and joking that he wouldn't sign the kid's football since he cut in line. Just the way he said it was funny. Whenever I think of Deshea Townsend, I think "He cut in line! He cut in line!" | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c7abb09b43aaf2cde71494f477e3fa6e68ef2cdc795ed8bfb066dab855175eb1'} |
Diving Into Cancer Metabolism: Is It Possible To Starve Cancer?
What Is Cancer Metabolism?
Cancer metabolism is the process of how cancer cells process nutrients and use them for energy. It is well known that cancer metabolism is a deviation from normal cell metabolism. When becoming cancerous, cells switch their metabolism from a normal utilization of glucose and fats (glucose and fatty acid oxidation) to an abnormal, less efficient but more rapid, utilization of glucose.
Glycolysis in itself doesn’t cause cancer per se, but it is a necessary consequence (i.e. necessary for cancer to develop). For example, our immune cells, red blood cells, cells lining the gut, and fast twitch muscle fibers, are all glycolytic, and they aren’t cancerous. They are glycolytic in order to rapidly proliferate (immune cells in response to infection, or gut cells to continuously be an effective barrier in the stomach), or in order to provide rapid energy when oxygen isn’t available in an adequate amount of time (e.g. sprinting or high intensity exercise which requires rapid energy where you aren’t able to get oxygen to the cells to make energy in such a short time frame).
Cancer cells want to reproduce and grow, and to avoid death. Glycolysis is therefore a mechanism to provide energy in a rapid enough manner in order to proliferate quickly, as well as provide building blocks for its new cells (this is called glutaminolysis, which is a pathway that is activated in parallel with glycolysis in cancer).
Otto Warburg, a German scientist, and doctor, first noticed this some 50 years ago: Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar.”
Exploiting Cancer Metabolism By Removing Dietary Glucose
If glucose (i.e. sugar) is cancer’s primary food, then is it possible to starve the cancer of its food in order to program the cancer cell to die? Of course, this is a bit simplistic. But it turns out that this theory might not be all that far off…
Approximately 95% of cancer is caused by epigenetic factors (i.e. your environment). Of this, ~35% is due to diet. To me, this is a huge sign. If diet can induce cancer than diet can potentially cure cancer.
It is well known that you can alter your metabolism based on the foods you eat. For example, a high carbohydrate diet will result in chronic insulin release which promotes fat storage at the expense of fat utilization. This has all sorts of signaling consequences. For example, chronically elevated levels of insulin thus can lead to “insulin resistance” and thus metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and other potential conditions such as heart disease (and as I’ll make the case, potentially cancer). In essence, you switch your body to rely primarily on glucose, as opposed to fat. And this has consequences.
Elevated sugar levels, either from dietary sugar or carbohydrate (because carbohydrate is a polymer of sugar and breaks down into sugar when digested in the body), triggers cells in the body to signal that they are “full” of energy (for those of a technical scientific bent, this is due to suppression of AMPK). Having energy is a good thing, but as recent evidence suggests… perhaps a consistent level of being “full” is not such a good thing. Let me explain…
A Spoon Full of Hormesis Helps the Cancer Metabolism Go Down
Your body needs a certain amount of stress in order to operate efficiently, and to survive and grow. Sometimes this is referred to as hormesis. Think of exercising. Our muscles grow stronger when we “stress” them. We are, what renowned statistician Nassim Taleb refers to as, “antifragile”. We are the opposite of fragile. We grow when we are exposed to stress (in reasonable amounts). This is present in virtually every aspect of our body. A small amount of “stress” is good: and let me clarify, I’m referring to acute stress, not chronic stress. Chronic stress is a recipe for disaster (you wouldn’t lift weights 24/7 would you? Your muscles couldn’t handle it…).
Even our cells need some stress to ensure proper functioning. On a cellular level, there is a communication pathway (a signaling pathway) that actively works to prevent tumor formation. On the one hand, it is activated by mechanisms not yet understood (the regulation of the cell “skeleton” and others), but what we do know is that it is also regulated by the body’s “energy gauge”. When we experience some metabolic stress (from lack of sugar), this pathway is active and works properly. When we are “full”, this pathway is suppressed, which leads to the expression of cancer genes (oncogenes), and the initiation of cancer metabolism.
As with all things, both too much and too little energy might not be a good thing (for example, too much energy is a good thing for fighting infections, since your immune cells need energy to combat the infection). But, as described above, it appears they aren’t equal: too much energy might be more harmful than too little energy, at least in the context of cancer development and cancer metabolism.
Thus, if sugar consumption is not beneficial because it leads to a consistent state of “being full”, with “too much” energy, then perhaps this suggests that we need to take a break every now and then from the consumption of sugar. In essence, we need a little bit of metabolic “stress”. For example, perhaps switching to a low carb diet (such as the Paleo Diet or the Ketogenic diet), fasting, or switching the fuel source of the body to a substance that does not elevate insulin, such as ketones,2 may be beneficial.
Furthermore, evidence exists that lowering blood glucose may be beneficial as a cancer therapy. Type II diabetes patients, taking medications (specifically, metformin) to reduce blood glucose, generally get less cancer. Additionally, animal models on a caloric restricted diet also appears to improve cancer outcomes (since a primary component diets are glucose, caloric restricted diets are lower in glucose).
Of course, this is somewhat simplistic, and there are many factors. For example, there are a small amount of cancers that actually become more aggressive when “starved”. But what is exciting is that all this scientific evidence is pointing in the direction that dietary intervention may be able to cure or at the very least ameliorate symptoms of diseases like cancer.
Hippocrates may not have been all that far off: “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.”
Further Reading:
1. Glycolysis is usually activated when there is low oxygen (since normal glucose oxidation requires oxygen to be present to make energy): either there is low oxygen in the environment (hypoxia), or oxygen isn’t able to diffuse to the tissues in a fast enough manner (the sprinter example as mentioned above). What’s odd is that, in cancer, this switch to glycolysis occurs even when there is adequate oxygen present.
2. There is very promising research by Dr. Dominic D’Agostino utilizing ketones and hyperbaric oxygen as cancer therapy to starve cancer. Ketones are a favorable energy source for cells in the body, because no energy is required to extract energy. In normal glucose utilizing cells, energy has to be used to breakdown the sugar in order to extract more energy. Cells actually preferentially utilize ketones when both glucose and ketones are present in the bloodstream. Ketones are the products of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. They are the primary fuel of the brain during starvation. What’s more interesting? Cancer cells can’t be fueled by ketones.
[This was originally posted on HealthSnap’s sister website, searchingphoracure.com.] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '46', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9369662404060364}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '73407', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4WBLELSAXZLVR7TJMHES2C6W4IE2CL4W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:59f5fb05-9cbf-439f-b581-bb3168cfa835>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 15, 2, 7, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.163.129.35', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PYMMYY53VU5XJWKUCLQB36GJRLALDU24', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1b0428d7-18e4-45dd-8652-0ff41102729c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.healthsnap.tv/category/nutriceuticals/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c5c52245-6866-4da2-9d37-b4a5d93c9366>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1240', 'url': 'https://www.healthsnap.tv/category/nutriceuticals/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-161-213.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6345530152320862', 'original_id': '5c2876ce33cf923c75e9f5093c7dd28e2ff1614c60225b86737ca2542d0f7903'} |
Dragon Ride L'Etape Wales, June 2017
Not many people do the Dragon Ride for fun. And you can take that as a compliment of the highest order. Tell people what you have planned for the weekend and very few respond with an "Oooh, that sounds nice."
At 223km with nearly 3,500m of ascending, it ranks among the elite of domestic sportives, tussling with the Fred Whitton Challenge for the title of the toughest. It rightly features on the British bucket lists of most amateurs, with a selection of climbs that compare more favourably than most with the cols of the Alps.
It's the kind of distance and profile that asks serious questions of any rider. The equivalent of the final interview round in The Apprentice. You've done all the frivolous challenges, concocting perfume for pets and selling jacuzzis to old people's homes. Now Nick Hewer is going to be sneering over his spectacles at your CV as you hope he doesn't spot that "sabbatical" you took during Euro 96.
South Wales could do with a few Alan Sugars. In fact it needs an entrepreneurial boost of Elon Musk proportions. Industry upped and left the towns of Neath, Port Talbot and Bridgend decades ago. Hard hats replaced with call centre headsets. It's not easy to imagine prosperous times ahead.
Contrast the rows of squat terraces with the gothic grandeur of Margam Park, start and finish line for the Dragon Ride. A suitably splendid setting, a Downton Abbey among lush valleys. Having started the day with a thin Nescafé coffee and three cups of Alpen eaten with a teaspoon, I owe a world of thanks to the kindly Samaritan who stood me a double espresso when my card wouldn't pass muster at the cash-only coffee cart.
For every valley there's a peak
Majestic. The Dragon Ride is defined by its sharp teeth. After an easy 30km or so comes Blwych (I still don't know how to pronounce it - maybe like a belch with your mouth closed) and shortly after, Rhigos. Steady five percenters that generously permit you to find your rhythm and tap it out without interruption. And following the metronomic ascent, you're rewarded with a blissfully smooth luge-like slide down the other side.
The Devil's Elbow affords you no such pleasures. It's an agricultural toil, angular and objectionable. Although the sight of the famous devil man hopping up and down above the sharpest of the bends offered some distraction. Once over the summit the only reward was a buffeting wind, like a slap to the face for doing the dishes.
The other brother once quipped that it's wise to avoid any climb that sounds like it belongs on a pirate's treasure map. By the time we reached Black Mountain, the legs were leaden and resentful, but responded admirably as if stung into action by the flick of a riding crop. At the peak there's a car park with a van selling ice cream. It might have been tempting if there had been even a glimmer of sunshine, but Black Mountain has a dark reputation to safeguard. Slate-grey cloud, gale-force wind and stinging hailstones combined to banish any dreams of a Mr Whippy.
After this there's only Cimla, a nasty suburban bite in the butt for anyone who has the temerity to think they're home and dry. Impatient drivers adding to the unpleasantness.
Between these fearsome peaks lie verdant valleys and the bleak expanses of the Brecon Beacons. There's every kind of terrain and a good chance you'll get a taste of all four seasons along the way.
That's two hundred and twenty three kilometres
A daunting distance without the usual companionship of mon Broleur. He acts as a virtual stem sticker, with full audio climb commentary and regular feedstop countdowns. In his absence I resolved to chat away to anyone who'd respond and whiled away some pleasant miles in the easy company of strangers. It always helps to have people's names above/below/aside their bib numbers - a national flag even better.
But for long lonely periods it was just me, Stan the stem and Garry Garmin checking off the milestones... we struck up quite a rapport.
85km - a typical winter ride and a third of the way
100km - the metric century, always satisfying and well under 4 hours
125km - a good summer ride and past halfway
160km - the imperial century and over two-thirds there
200km - double metric, 8 hours in the saddle and time to flog the legs
With every passing marker I drew some cheer by calculating the distance remaining for the plucky but unlucky riders who had opted to do the 300km Dragon Devil. The Germans call it schadenfreude, not sure about the Welsh - but I bet it's harder to pronounce.
We only came for the potatoes
Broleurs like a feed. And a drink. Where others carb-load, we carb-gorge. And what have those other food groups done to warrant such neglect? We're with Gordon Gecko: greed is good.
Bless the cheery souls who take such pride in dishing up the wondrous savoury fare for which the Dragon Ride is justly famous. Standing under rain burdened canopies for hours serving up a four course feast. Patiently pouring energy drinks and thrusting snacks into grabby hands.
Cold roast new potatoes with rosemary and a sprinkling of sea salt.
Two half-bananas.
Hand-carved honey roast ham and mature cheddar cheese wrap.
A whole banana.
Cold roast new potatoes with rosemary and a desperate dunking of sea salt.
Soreen malt loaf (or did I dream that?)
Bidon refill of finest isotonic sports drink.
Duo of half a Mars Bar and half a Snickers.
Jersey pocketful of sugar-dusted jelly babies.
A cold pint of lager at the finish (gratuito).
What's not to like?
The Dragon Ride is fully deserving of its place in cycling folklore. A mythical beast slain by gallant heroes riding steel (OK, carbon) horses, and duly rewarded with a legendary feast. It truly is the stuff of legend.
If you've served your cycling apprenticeship in the gently rolling dales, the hillocks of the home counties or the flatlands of the fens, and you're ready to make the leap from humble squire to knight of the cycling realm, gird your loins and sign up for the quest of a lifetime.
The other brother
Curmudgeon that I am, I don't like surprises. I'm the sort of 'saddo' that looks up a movie ending before I watch it at the cinema; I'll read the last chapter of a book I'm only halfway through. I guess I want to know - and be reassured - that everything will be all right in the end.
My old school rugby coach had a mantra: To fail to prepare is to prepare to fail. So when it comes to long Sunday rides and sportives, I make sure I always do my research and bone up about the various climbs.
When I should be working, I'll seize any spare moment to pore over Veloviewer, Strava and YouTube videos. Where are the steepest parts of the climb? What's the max gradient and how long does it last for? Where are the easier sections? Where are the riders getting out of the saddle? Where are they flagging and weaving across the road? What's a good time to aim for?
I then build up a map in my head of the climb, where I should push and where I should ease off to settle into a steady rhythm. It ties in perfectly with my obsessive nature.
What I've found, though, is that while all this background information is very useful - usually in helping my brother drift off to sleep as I drone on - you can't prepare for conditions (both road and weather) and how you and your legs will feel on the day.
Sometimes it's best not to watch the spoilers before the blockbuster starts. Sometimes it's better to leave something to the imagination.
Check out our Facebook page and follow us on Twitter @broleurcc
Steven Elliott
Read more posts by this author.
Subscribe to Broleur
Get the latest posts delivered right to your inbox.
or subscribe via RSS with Feedly! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9376599192619324}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '21311', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EIV2HLYN6S2OUKSSDQSJLJF4XSZZ2FQI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:aff92748-ad46-4fc9-810a-c11d3df4915b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 22, 22, 33, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.132.189', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FRKJ2NR7ZQZ6CQHXJGGP6LYKU4VGSH4Q', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e243ff46-8249-449c-82ba-634772510ae5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.broleur.com/the-dragon-ride-wales-june-2017/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:60e1533d-bf6e-49c6-937c-66c28677c9be>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1364', 'url': 'https://www.broleur.com/the-dragon-ride-wales-june-2017/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-252-163.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019407927989959717', 'original_id': 'a78df877edd8dcc3bc481b85783e2cce270f322275d40f7bfb6c6e9ee76d4952'} |
🚭 Quit Smoking With Me : A 30-Day Interactive Podcast
Quit Rich LLC
You don't have to quit smoking alone, we have created this podcast to give smokers an opportunity to quit smoking with a buddy, on YOUR time! Start off with our Prep-isodes where we go into deep detail on how to prepare yourself mentally and physically for putting down the habit on YOUR decided quit date. There are 30 daily episodes for you to listen to at the end of each day you go without nicotine. Each episode is an audio log of our own 30-day journey of quitting smoking.
This is a community based podcast where listeners can call in and contribute their input.
| visit www.quitrich.com | Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/qrquitsmoking/support | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd4be147ed4191fb12757817e0d121b82e1201118e36214886536e43ff0597fcc'} |
Wednesday, 25 February 2009
Kaiser Chiefs @ Birmingham NIA, 24/02/09
This was the first time I saw a band here, quite amazingly considering I go to pretty much all my gigs around Birmingham. It is half way between a medium venue like the Academy and a stadium - a little bit more standing room and a lot more seating. The first support band were a band called Esser. The lead singer, a man with a sparkly black coat and a Mohican, had a throat infection and kept telling us about it. I don't think they would have been much better if he hadn't been ill. It was ultra-fashionable electro-indie-pop, like Embrace with more synths or Hadouken! with less talent and anger. It was dull but not terrible.
The second band on were Black Kids. I was expecting the worst because I have never liked them on the radio, always found them a bit forced and soulless, but they weren't too bad live. They were well-drilled, and I'd imagine if you liked that stuff, you'd have been satisfied. But I don't like it, so I was bored. Between them and Kaiser Chiefs, some very unusual characters came on stage, dressed in white labcoats and mechanics clothing, measuring everything and ticking fake admin sheets on clipboards. Cue much cheering and laughter.
Finally, Chiefs took to the stage. They launched into Spanish Metal and everyone started fangirling (or fanboying) about Ricky's weight loss. He was energetic as ever, running all over the place and motioning to the crowd to cheer. They played a great set of old and new material, a nice mixture, that I can barely remember due to moshing and enjoying myself...Na Na Na Na Naa was definitely in there, and Never Miss A Beat, You Want History, Half The Truth, a beautiful electric version of Love's Not A Competition, Saturday Night, Ruby, Modern Way, I Predict A Riot followed by Take My Temperature where he went round the crowd and stood on a podium near the back, and it ended with The Angry Mob. After that they did an encore of Tomato In The Rain, something else and Oh My God, a very fitting end to the night. I am glad it'' back there where it should be in the setlist.
It doesn't matter what you think of their recent releases, it's hard to deny how good they are live. Everyone left sweaty and very happy, and I must say, it was the best gig of the year so far.
Sunday, 22 February 2009
The Last Of The English Roses, Peter Doherty
So, Pete is finally getting round to releasing that anticipated debut solo album, and this is the first single, to be released on March 9th in the UK? Brilliant! I bet it sounds like The Clash gone acoustic-folk with worse vocals.
Well, I was kind of right. The song opens with surprisingly electronic noises and slightly off-beat drum machine, not like Peter's previous efforts with either of his bands. It uses fairly simple chords which make you want to sway slightly and hum along. The voice comes in and it's recognisably Peter, completely void of saleability and yet perfect to give everything a bit of originality and edge. The vaguely poetic dystopian lyrics are what we've grown to expect from Pete Doherty; "She almost spilt her lager toasting girls of great beauty" and "You were slapped by that slapper and how we all laughed, but she laughed the loudest" for instance, have a certain charm in their simplicity, and when sung in that not-very-tuneful but endearing way that Doherty has down to a tee, they paint a vivid picture.
After a minute or so, it becomes a little repetitive, and the chorus is a let down after the build-up: it just continues to plod in major chords and the rather interesting homoerotic vibe is killed with a 'she'. (I'm certain he says 'coming out, coming alive' at one point, see, and there is gay kissing in the video. I'm not making it up, see for yourself.) It fizzles out in the end without really doing much, though it was a nice listen throughout and didn't get too dull after 3:54.
Overall, I like the song, I'd say 7/10, for the unusually relaxed tempo, good lyrics and memorability. However, I hope the upcoming album ('Grace/Wastelands', out in the UK March 16th) has more passion and grit to offer than this track, because to be honest, it's a bit...well...nice. A bit Radio 2.
Tuesday, 17 February 2009
Scarlet Harlots @ The Rainbow, 16/02/09
The evening started badly while queueing, with me knocking over a metal barrier in the street, and the sound of its falling over reverberated across what must have been the whole planet.
I've never been to The Rainbow before. It's in Digbeth, and like the Barfly a little further up, it is scuzzy as you can get before you just don't want to go in. You can't say it isn't atmospheric though, with fairy lights and ceiling beams and tiny corridors really not suited to a heaving music venue. I liked it and I'm looking forward to a better gig there.
It was packed, and with all the worst of people. I don't think there was a single music lover in the place - they were that breed of teen that the NME writes for: squealy things wearing too much make up and short skirts, carrying bags full of whatever drugs and booze they could scrounge off their older siblings, wearing extremely unsuitable footwear, and only there to take a million photos of themselves in their new Gucci sunglasses, which they were, of course, still wearing in the dark of the venue. None of them looked old enough to vote, and I'm sure there were goings-on in the toilets I can barely imagine. People were actually dancing to Jay-Z remixes, as if they were suddenly cool because they were being played at a Scarlet Harlots gig. I have been to a few gigs now, and never have I been to one which looked more like a scene from Skins.
The first band on I didn't catch the name of, but they sounded like a half-baked Editors with more electronics, so I don't think I want to know the name anyway. The second band were Yelps, who I went to see, and they were definitely not what I was expecting. The synth-based angular pop actually encouraged that unnerving glowsticks-and-PVC atmosphere which was already lurking. The vocals were more approximate than they are in the recordings, and the songs were all much of a muchness. Though the crowd were having fun, I guess they were out to have fun whether the band were good or not.
I left pretty sharpish. That is the effect the 'scene' scene has on me.
Monday, 9 February 2009
A video for you.
I should explain why you should love this band. While my taste is usually a lot more garage-rock-punk than Envy & Other Sins, who create what can only be described as excellent pop, Envy have stolen my heart and could easily steal yours. They won an essentially average talent competition called Act Unsigned in December 2007 and have been teetering on the brink of success for the past year; Polydor, who they gained a contract with after winning Act Unsigned, seemed to pay very little attention to them despite their obvious saleability (quirky clothing, intelligence, a great work ethic, catchy songs, a good dynamic as a band, talent), maybe because the talent show hung over Envy's name like a contagious disease and no-one seemed to want to touch them for fear of sacrificing their credibility. Zero advertising will add up to very few sales: the music business is built on advertising, and with a bit of it, Envy would now be 'big'. But no - they had to stick to touring 200 venues with very few album sales and yes they filled many of them, but those numbers dwindled and their fan-built forum struggles to keep afloat with 30 members. They are good enough for so much more. They can write proper pop gems and are masters at weaving traditional rock instruments into the pop framework. They make upbeat, modern, intelligent pop-rock and it's such a shame if you miss it because of their record company's indifference.
I've seen them six times live and once playing Pheasant, an ingenious cross between football and tennis, in a park with no public toilets. Six is a small number really, considering some of the Kaiser Chiefs fans I know who have seen Chiefs over fifty times. However small, it is my claim to them, along with keeping in contact with them over MySpace and having been onstage with them once doing their light show. I like to think, however audaciously, that Jarvey, Ali, Jim and Mark are friends as well as being in one of my favourite bands. They cheer me up musically and simply by perpetually being a part of me, as a live show in the future or memories in the past.
They aren't The Beatles, but they're ten times most of the local scene around where I live now. There are a million copy-bands struggling in the wake of Oasis and The Libertines, and Envy & Other Sins break free of that shit-quality-but-it's-okay-because-that's-the-way-the-Gallagher's-recorded-it mould that so many bands fit into.
Just watch the video and click on their name in this post, please? I don't know who is reading this yet, but hopefully someone will heed this call and we can get Envy to one more listener...they deserve it. Besides, check out that lead singer. ;)
Saturday, 7 February 2009
10 Songs I Love Right Now - 3/02/09
Franz Ferdinand - The Fallen
This is a great one to kick off with. The riffs in this song are turbo-charged, and there are loads of them. Besides this, the great lyrics: "So they say you're a troubled boy, just because you like to destroy all the things that bring the idiots joy, but what's wrong with a little destruction?" And it has a la la section! No pop rock song can be complete without a la la hook. Oh, this song - how can it not give you an angry high?
Sonic Youth - Dirty Boots
This song takes a while to get going, starting with those sultry chords and characteristic raw guitar noise, and then the brittle vocals, atmospheric and unsettling. It's repetitive and absolutely mesmerising. It builds up half way through, until suddenly it rocks out into this maddeningly irresistable chant of "You got your dirty boots!" over the backing and then fades out into soft, gentle strumming. Heaven.
The Clash - The Guns of Brixton
I couldn't decide whether to include this or London Calling, but everyone knows London Calling, so I decided to put this in instead. It's dark and it was so new when they released it - this fusion of reggae and rock, with those almost comic sound effects and samples. It captures a moment in time so perfectly; seventies London, down and outs being hunted down by the racist police, taking sides to survive.
Babyshambles - Fuck Forever
Of course, the Babyshambles versus Dirty Pretty Things debate...I'll just add my two pence. Pete had the talent and the poetry, while Carl had the passion and the technical skill, in my opinion, although of course it's more complex than that. Neither follow-up band is good as The Libertines, but Babyshambles are better than Dirty Pretty Things. It's sad to think that the latter are gone now, as they did have something, but not quite the something that Babyshambles have. Take this track, Fuck Forever. He is just a master of choruses, no? This is not to be mistaken for background music; asymmetrical bar layouts, out-of-tune shouting and most of all, great great lyrics.
Blur - London Loves
Parklife gained Blur their fame, though it is a little clean for me. This song is a standout though. The slightly on-edge synths and Damon's mocking, neutral tone. The chorus I especially love about it. The harmonies just work so well, and the way he puns on misery and mystery, and the last line which always trails so poignantly into the next chord sequence...
Sucioperro - The Drop
The Drop is not the best on the album Random Acts of Intimacy in my opinion, but it seems to be the one I'm listening to most. The beautiful guitar playing throughout, and the lovely lyric "The days fall slow, like summer rain" I just want to listen to over and over again. When it breaks down at 2:50 as well, into a softer quieter bit - that's pretty. Very pretty.
Babyshambles - A'Rebours
A'Rebours is a deliciously upbeat track, especially that bassline which comes in at the very start and dominates the rest. I love bands who make liberal use of tambourine. Also here, I know this is cheating, but I'd like to say 8 Dead Boys is worth a nod. It's Hellishly angry, clearly a jibe at former bandmates of Peter Doherty, but the guitar licks are very well-played and the emotion in it is so wonderfully breakable.
The Stranglers - No More Heroes
Yes I've been raiding my mum's CDs again, and yes I liked it. No More Heroes is a synth-punk masterpiece damning idolisation - or is it the words of a dissolute young man who has found all his heroes to be fools? A young man whose heroes have failed him? Of course it is told from a disdainful third person view, making it even more sneeringly great.
The Libertines - Never Never
Is there anything happier than a ditty driven along by typical chords and a metronome? It's one of the little things I can never pin down, why a happy song like this sounds so happy - is it the major chords, the lyrics about friendship, the unusually great singing for Pete Doherty, or the little drum solo at the end? I don't know, but it really is so uplifting, and if you like the Don't Look Back Into the Sun side of the Libs, really check this out. "I'm still lining them up and knocking them down with you." ♥
Levellers - Three Friends
This is my soothing choice - a soft, eerie folk song with a twist, it starts calmly, slowly, with instruments humming and an inverted dialogue of whispering in the background. It's the bass and the fiddle which do it for me: they are at odds, spooky, and give the relatively regular melody of the song a real edge. Looking for a more upbeat, political Levellers song? No? Well I s'pose you should be. See Social Insecurity.
I had the audacity to put way more than 10 song references in there. Oh well. I love all of them. Take a look, as ever, they are all worth a listen or ten. Hope you're having a good 2009 so far, wherever you are.
10 Songs I Love Right Now - 23/12/08
The Cribs - Fairer Sex
This song is a Cribs B-side, and though I might be hearing the uninitiated screaming, how could the B-sides be any more underproduced than the albums?!, they manage it and it makes them even better. The raw, well-played guitar, especially in the soft chorus section, just knocks me out. On top of this, could Gary sound any more vulnerable with those lyrics and that voice?
Dirty Pretty Things - Deadwood
The little guitar solo that appears a few times in this song is an absolutely perfect thing to wake you up and cheer you up. With Dirty Pretty Things playing their last ever gig a few days ago in London, I felt it necessary to put a DPT track in here, and Hell, this is a VERY good track. It's hyper, well-written and you can't tell me it's not about a certain Mr Doherty in concept at least.
Sonic Youth - Reena
From the most recent of twenty albums (!), Rather Ripped, Reena floats along, carried by a brilliant dizzy riff and ambiguous lyrics about a new 'friend' who showed the breathy singer how to 'live in the end'. It's very beautiful, and it hits a chord with the dreamer in me. It is a very pretty, uplifting track.
Idlewild - No Emotion
No Emotion is a gorgeously melancholy and melodic track which you can play when you're happy or sad, because it spans such a huge range of emotions. The lyrics and some of the melodies are quite sad, but the playing is exuberant and aggressive and the vocals are often quite uplifting. Competing to get in here as well was In Competition for the Worst Time which is a brilliant song containing the lyric "In competition for the worst first line I could use in conversation for the first time". The internal rhymes in there are genius. ;)
Janis Joplin - Down on Me
This has to be one of the most uplifting of Janis Joplin's tracks. The version I've got is a live one, and that she could pull off that skill in her singing live quite bemuses me. It helps that the pretty conventional 60's backing with raucous guitars and jazzy bass is brilliantly played too.
Radiohead - Subterranean Homesick Alien
While the progressive giddiness of Paranoid Android is the most startlingly enthralling on OK Computer, I have recently been very impressed with this track. It's soft guitar entrance is just the most wonderful thing, and is followed by a witty but rather sad description of what humans would be like from the opinion of an alien (Think the Savage from Brave New World seeing humanity after he's let loose).
Robin Williamson - Black is the Colour
Suddenly this harp-endowed love song holds more meaning for me. I think you have to relate to love songs, but even if you don't, this masterpiece of harp playing and beautiful story about a lost love makes lovely listening. He was in The Incredible String Band...remember? Hmmm, maybe not.
Sonic Youth - Rats
I have been obsessed with this song for about 2 weeks. It's dark, sultry intro with cross-rhythms and raw guitar distortion sends a shiver down my spine. Then when the vocals enter, deep, angry and saying the most wonderfully paradoxical lyrics, I am just lost. I showed my friend and she said it was amazing how he managed to sound so hurt. "If you're ever feeling low down in the fractured sunshine, I'll help you feel the noise" is a very very atmospheric lyric indeed. In fact, 'atmospheric' sums up the song.
The Specials - Little Bitch
Ska passed me by a bit, probably because I wasn't born. This track sums up The Specials so simply - you can hear rock in the intro and then it breaks into goodtime reggae. It's also a great angry and mocking track; the chords in the intro are great, and then the nasty lyrics and shouting of 'ONE TWO!' and of course 'I know you know you're just a little bitch!' make the song.
Suede - Can't Get Enough
This sounds like a lost Britney track: you know, the one which all the rockers secretly like but won't admit to it, dance around the bedroom to but turn it off when their parents come up the stairs. The best thing is that you don't have to turn it off because it's under the guise of being a nineties Britpop track. Get that hairbrush and start spinning round that room.
Thanks for reading...and please do have a little look at the songs, they are all very good. Have a great Christmas if you celebrate it, a great New Year too. Consume too much alcohol and listen to too much music - too loud. ;)
10 Songs I Love Right Now - 1/11/08
The Animals - I'm Gonna Change the World
This track was very ahead of its time in the late 60s with the lyrics "No more black or white, no more left or right". It is all most identical in tune to It's My Life, though the sentiment is slightly different. The main idea is 'I have a thinking mind, I know how to make the world better, I'm going to change it.' and it's very uplifting even if it was written in a different society to today's. It's My Life is just as uplifting, if a little more teenage and angry.
Babyshambles - Carry On Up The Morning
Perhaps Pete Doherty has had a hard time of it recently in that he is persistently getting judged for his extra activities outside of his job as Britain's most poetic songwriter of the present day. Listening to this song, you stop caring what he does in his free time, it is such a good song. Containing the immortal line "In the morning where does all the pain go? Same place the fame goes - straight to your head", and other great lines, it is an enthralling song with a truly moving melody.
Biffy Clyro - Muckquaikerjawbreaker
Oh the glory of this track. Half of it is just experimental guitar work, but it has some bits in it which are very powerful. The lyrics are the usual Biffy-type lyrics - abstract and linked to some relationship somewhere, but they are nice and the melodies are lovely. I thank thekillingspree very much for sending me this free. Thank you.
Franz Ferdinand - 40'
This song has a great catchy riff as an intro, which immediately gets your foot tapping, and then it launches into edgy, quirky Franz brilliance. My interpretation of the lyrics is that someone is standing at the top of a cliff deciding whether to jump or not ("looking down, looking down, down down again, oh 40 feet remain"). It's melancholy, the words and the harmonies, but I think it's rather endearing.
Larrikin Love - On Sussex Downs
The lyrics to this song are all about some strange trip to Sussex where the singer took off all his clothes and played in the long grass of the fields joyfully. It's postively pagan, I love it. The idea of being a wild creature one day and then tied to routine the next is both uplifting and miserable. The best thing about the track is its sheer energy and ability to get you smiling; also found in the song about frustrated transexuals - Six Queens.
Kaiser Chiefs - Half The Truth
Half The Truth is so fun. I have gone off Chiefs a little recently, and although there is still a little bit of my heart wedged firmly between the steps of Billy's Bar's front porch (Elland Road) and thinking of February 2007 makes me smile, I'm not a huge fan of the new album. But this track is so so energetic, and it reminds me of Elland Road so much that I had to like it.
The Libertines - Vertigo
Piercing through the over-produced manufactured indie which was topping charts at the time, the first track from the first Libertines album was a great introduction to the amazement to come. Starting with a slightly unsettling guitar riff with absolutely no polish on it, it builds into a really down-to-Earth nearly-love song with out-of-tune vocal harmonies and almost-sexual lyrics. Hell, it deserves all those dashes.
Muse - Sober
There always has to be room for a Muse track in favourite track lists. Muse tracks are life-affirming. This one is a slightly angry and miserable personal attack on the one remaining person the singer loves, and how they 'turn on' him. It's all a bit dramatic, but hey, that's what we love about Muse, isn't it? And it's just brilliant musically, which helps.
The Specials - Enjoy Yourself (It's Later Than You Think)
This is amazing. It's old, yes, it's a bit cheesy, yes, but how uplifting is it? It contains the title line 'Enjoy Yourself, It's Later Than You Think' which has to be one of the most fun and irresponsible statements they could have made, and the ska backing music with all the instruments and voices is so entertaining, so fun. Surrender, you know you want to.
The Libertines - The Good Old Days
I'm a sucker for a good romantic story, and this, along with Can't Stand Me Now and What Became Of The Likely Lads? soundtracks the very romantic tale of the Libs' ups and downs. The chorus has some very poetic lyrics and it all sounds a bit melancholy, an emotion I relate to very much; I like it a lot.
It's funny how many more I could find in just over a month. I listen to too much music.
10 Songs I Love Right Now - 28/09/08
Biffy Clyro - Buddy Holly (Weezer Cover)
I actually heard this cover before I heard the original. I assumed that the original would be pretty out there too; I went looking for it and found a sweet American pop song. Biffy have magically transformed this track into something very impressive. Built around ridiculously complex time signatures and shifting melodies, this is an amazing musical masterpiece. Then the Scottish voices singing the lyrics over the brilliance, following the original tune but fitting it very loosely around the backing just make the song what it is. They made it better. Obviously I'm biased, Biffy being my favourite band, but seriously, this would be a good cover either way.
Envy & Other Sins - Help Yourself
This song is so damn happy. I bought it on the Prodigal Son single at a gig in Stratford, a self-released venture by Envy & Other Sins which didn't really get anywhere, but which is really quite brilliant. Two days afterwards I fell madly in love with them on stage at Birmingham ArtsFest, and for days after that I was playing Help Yourself on repeat in blissful retreat from the world around me, and for that time I was happy. So it's a happy song for me now, very happy.
Caetano Veloso - Irene
I can't explain my love for this song very well, it's all emotional. For a start, it's my dad's music, which brings an element of guilt into it for me, but I can't deny how great it is. It's a love song with quite melancholy lyrics (when translated from Portugese) but the tune and the rhythm is so uplifting and cheerful. It makes me want to skip down the street, it's so beautiful and carefree.
Radiohead - Planet Telex Ah Radiohead. I suppose I'm late to discover Radiohead - it's not my fault I was born at the wrong time! This song is everything at the moment, eerie and sad but also perfect for encapsulating everything I feel. "Everything is broken." It's a dreary lyric, but it fits my mood - the rest of the words are generic enough to capture hundreds of people's feelings, but specific enough to feel like they apply to me only. It's set to very moving music too. My Iron Lung is also capable of this, the funk-rock heaviness towards the end giving me something to mosh to in my front room. Love.
Blur - Wear Me Down
This song is a bit dull to be honest. It's a twisted love song with sweet but predictable melodies and very little lyrical or rhythmic interest. But it's sexy, I suppose, the sleepy, deep vocals compelling and disobedient; the song is gorgeously morose and angsty, and when I don't want to hear something happy and I don't want to hear something sad, it's the perfect compromise. Damon's voice always gets me too. It's special.
Flight of the Conchords - The Most Beautiful Girl (in the Room)
I don't know, this song is just hilarious. The lyrics are hilarious and very cruel ("You're so beautiful like a tree or a high class prostitute, you could be a part-time model but you'd probably sitll have to keep your normal job"), but beneath them there's a very sweet tinge to this song which makes anyone with half a heart go 'awwwww'. He really seems to want to be with this girl, just has no tact whatsoever. It's cute and sweet and outrageously funny.
Biffy Clyro - Stress on the Sky
I love everything about this song. I love its name and its lyrics and the cover of the album it is on (Blackened Sky) and its screamo patches and quiet patches, its intro and its beautiful harmonies, and most of all I love the quiet, considered riff after about a whole minute of heavy guitar and aimless shouting. This song is tied to a very depressed few months in my existence, and whenever I listened to it, it took the world off my shoulders and made me sink into bliss for 4 minutes. The need for that has passed now, but I cannot help but feel a ridiculous attachment to the beauty of it.
Blur - Blue Jeans
This song is a very pretty melodic slow one about the mundanity of modern life (Blur's favourite topic) but I find it more attractive than others they have done of the same type. It brings up images of a failing relationship, going so well, so much love being lost to a tide of boredom and repetition. The chorus has such lovely harmonies and melancholy sweetness. It's an emotional sigh of a song.
The Cribs - Baby Don't Sweat
It's mostly the intro to this song which makes it great. It's sexy and raw and the whole track is upbeat without being too upbeat to listen to when you are miserable. It's simple but attractive, and best of all, I can play it on my guitar!
Marmaduke Duke - The Beaver and the Rabbit
Finally, Marmaduke Duke. Simon Neil's side project, I was bound to like it really. This song is angry and it doesn't fit into any of the usual structures songs have. There's no time signature that you can stick to, it's always morphing, the guitar work is simply amazing, and while the screamo bits are almost TOO experimental, it works. Stunning moments of harmony puncture the very hard and rough tune and it's impossible to listen to it without an open mouth.My 10 tunes of right now, explained.
Go and listen, go and explore, they are all mind-blowing.
Friday, 6 February 2009
I am intending to use this blog as a way of archiving many of my Last FM journals (especially my '10 Songs I Love Right Now' lists, which are my pride and joy and so I do not wish them to get mislaid in the vast universe which is the internet), and blog specifically about music. I'm hoping to do live reviews, album reviews and write down those little emotional explosions I have when I'm listening to music.
I am also a loyal LiverJournal blogger, though that's all "Daily life - ain't it shit, man" stuff, nothing like the emotional mess I am planning to get into here, over music.
The title of this blog comes from a Libertines song of the same name, and I thought it appropriate considering my attachment to music, night-time and The Libs themselves.
If you wish to hunt me down for any reason, search KCKate or ItMustBeKate, or Kayte - so basically you won't be able to find me. :)
Anyway, I'd love some sort of attention, I'm extremely predictable like that: have a nice day and don't forget to come back sometime in the near future for stuff about music, yes? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9739643931388856}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '163878', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:45SIL2SF3L4RGQLEVT73Q565JOH37S4O', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:fb5132cf-3d59-4f06-b972-2179c71b4545>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 6, 6, 58, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.164.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:54XQTCM4WPMQP2BVPYRRKQXSUQ3XE7UZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8c22eaed-3d6e-4554-b958-436c7d363e43>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://itmustbekate.blogspot.com/2009/02/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4ed306ed-af47-4b73-b820-adaf2bc4aca1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '5168', 'url': 'https://itmustbekate.blogspot.com/2009/02/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-61.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01950913667678833', 'original_id': 'e212b0f5513e00fb61b3f9fe471a9deac174d331c091673c51ecd8f26064e399'} |
Robots take it all in their (human) stride
Tread carefully, Robocop. Watch your step, R2D2. Scientists yesterday introduced a new generation of robots with a human stride, using the power of gravity, the wattage of a light bulb and an idea borrowed from Victorian children's toys.
Robots - even movie robots - tend to move jerkily, or clank along on large, flat feet. Asimo, the automated android pioneered by Honda, has a bipedal gait that consumes at least 10 times the energy spent by a human in a brisk walk.
So scientists from Cornell University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Delft in Holland chose a different starting point, they reveal today in the journal Science. And yesterday they let one metal model each fitfully strut its stuff on the catwalk at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington.
All three robots sprang from a simple mechanical ancestor: a toy designed in the early 19th century to walk down a shallow slope under the force of gravity. Because yesterday's robots stepped out on level ground, a small electric motor replaced gravitational power in each case.
All three silicon cyborgs use a technique of "passive-dynamic" walking. That is, they do what humans do and swing along with a minimum of effort, exploiting their own inertial momentum. Gravity-powered walking toys work by swaying from side to side, allowing first one foot and then the other to swing forward. Humans reduce the swaying and bend the knees to lift the moving foot off the ground, and two of the three new robots do the same. All three have arms that swing in synchrony with the opposite leg, to keep balance.
The Cornell robot supplies power to the ankles to push off. When the first foot hits the ground, a simple microchip command tells the second to step out. A spring, made taut and released with each step, keeps the robot stepping out on level ground, using about the wattage of a light bulb in a fridge. The Delft pneumatic robot, fitted only with a plastic bucket for a head, begins with a gas-powered push at the hip rather than the ankle. "Already, our robot seems to be at least 10 times more efficient than anybody else's," said Andy Ruina, professor of theoretical and applied mechanics at Cornell.
MIT scientists took the logic of "one step at a time" even further. They developed a silicon stroller called Toddler: it learned to stand upright and step out the way a baby does, by trial and error. But Toddler had a head start: it was fitted with a "learning programme" that taught it to walk in less than 20 minutes, or 600 steps, without any further help from its anxious academic parents. Yesterday, it shuffled shyly into the limelight and then stopped. "On a good day," said Ross Tedrake of MIT, "it will walk on any surface."
Steven Collins, formerly of Cornell but now at the University of Michigan, has already begun applying the lessons of the robot rambler to a powered prosthetic foot for amputees.
Today's best video
Today in pictures | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.933982253074646}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '115773', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FBG4EKHJQWPQAPIA4N3NWT24AFS5RB57', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2a68472c-ae26-4229-bded-5d9e4be29d15>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 19, 17, 26, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.27.72.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:B3ZQFY5LQGCWBS7SXKZFSFXUZT2V77P3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:35721ba1-6ad5-404d-846e-3b4ec19ea936>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/18/science.research/print', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:283830fa-e7c8-4632-84f2-52cc0164f62c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '514', 'url': 'http://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/18/science.research/print', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03661036491394043', 'original_id': '73b8aa4f8876d5c646b094c727dc6927c5bfc3bf7d26dc07367cd1a8d526214e'} |
Valedictorian removal is foolish
Countless hours valuably spent studying for tests, a few all-nighters down the line, an ambitious spirit flourishes throughout high school, and achieves the highly-competitive award of valedictorian. This award is recognized worldwide by universities and educators, and can lead to unique opportunities.
Imagine their surprise learning that this title was eliminated. Consider this year’s freshmen, sophomores, and juniors eagerly working for this accomplishment, only to realize that it is no longer an attainable possibility.
As graduation season rolls around, it seems as if schools are retiring acknowledging terms that could differentiate students academically.
The Chandler Unified School District agrees with this movement, and chose to eliminate these titles starting next year. This drastic decision was made to set a standard of equality among students.
“I see both sides to it. But it’s a decision that all principals…agreed on,” principal Dan Serrano explains. He then added that this decision was made years prior, but was not announced until recently.
This controversial choice has received a blend of support and backlash from parents and students, specifically, those that have relentlessly studied the entirety of high school to earn this title.
Although this plan holds respectable intentions, it will cause a disservice to students.
Many argue that this competition is unhealthy and damaging to a student’s already-fragile mental health. However, this competition is not detrimental, but rather prepares students for the rest of their life.
High school is not just for learning, but arms students for the second they are thrust into reality and have to hold responsibility upon their shoulders. In actuality, there is competition around each corner concerning building a legacy for yourself, career, and family.
As harsh as it sounds, there will always be someone who is better than you at a specific skill, job, or subject.
With that being said, a student not achieving one of these cutthroat titles does not have the rest of their life dictated by this loss. Success is possible for anyone with an indestructible drive.
However, if a student were to achieve that title and not get recognized for their endeavors, their chances of receiving certain scholarships will simply disappear.
Achieving this goal is rare, but it is not the be-all-end-all. High school should be looked upon as a growth and learning experience throughout life with or without awards. Scholarships can still be earned, students will qualify to attend their dream school, but it is crucial to keep this tradition alive for the students who spend their entire high school career chasing this seemingly unreachable goal.
Being a valedictorian or a salutatorian is not simply a title, it is a legacy fulfilled through four years of all-nighters, constant studying, and an unbreakable determination. By completely disregarding this title, it is insulting to students who actively work to academically prosper. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9763410091400146}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '92113', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KD36P62TFWNYCAGKB4K4EZOBO4ML74XS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1c05a5e5-a7b1-4336-a4a5-2644906b6d2a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 10, 15, 32, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.53.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AAL7OFA3ET6YNQGTQOOMKXO5JFQY574T', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:796012a7-b867-41d6-b329-d4a7312c1f7e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://phsprecedent.com/opinions/2019/05/20/15814/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:25dcdb31-a15a-4e5d-9ada-46f66e1fbc06>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '468', 'url': 'https://phsprecedent.com/opinions/2019/05/20/15814/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-189.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08712774515151978', 'original_id': 'f31a2a080212c3ed921f27147125a0fbd4d4c6205dd86c75e34d65eda975e59e'} |
Why can't I log in?
You might not have an account. Please note that signing up for our email list does not automatically create an account. If you are uncertain whether or not you have an account, please contact us. If you have forgotten your password, you can use the “Forgot your password” link on the login page.
Was this article helpful?
0 out of 0 found this helpful
Have more questions? Submit a request
Article is closed for comments. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9045737385749816}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14822', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:N3K3VSAYVBL37RV4YUM3LW3QXUV7Q22K', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7558351e-a3d9-4fa1-87e3-17e277807344>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 9, 14, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.174.160.246', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:W64XS7NJOFX3IJH37WFTURM6JIT7LZYH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:82e0fa93-23ae-42b1-83ce-ed170485116a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://dailygrommet.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/222889287-Why-can-t-I-log-in-', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3ef4fa97-8aab-403e-9919-48a85d047bcf>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '82', 'url': 'https://dailygrommet.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/222889287-Why-can-t-I-log-in-', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-203-174-190.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.080555260181427', 'original_id': '3bfe1e7e40b7db14ea1b95430e429e9ba6c5947bd54325a2cdf3bd6ab618c625'} |
Lead Stories
Bishop Harry Jackson (AP/Photo by Lauren Victoria Burke)
Against all odds
Marriage | As Washington, D.C., takes its first step toward legalizing gay marriage, opponents see little chance of stopping it
WASHINGTON-The Council of the District of Columbia is moving forward with a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in the district, and while Congress must review the new law, opponents in that body know that they can't do much to stop it. Rep. Jason Chaffetz, the ranking Republican on the House subcommittee that oversees the district, said opponents to the measure are "impotent."
The measure will easily pass the council-10 of its 13 members introduced the bill. Then, as happens with all of the district's laws, Congress has a month to review the bill before it's officially on the books. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi has said in response to the council's actions that Congress will not intervene in the district's affairs, and indeed, it hasn't blocked a council bill since 1991. The council's action is also strategically timed because Congress is consumed with the healthcare debate.
While opponents of same-sex marriage locally and in Congress raised a hue and cry this summer as the council began recognizing same-sex marriage from other states, hardly a press conference was held this time on the matter. During that debate they found their coalition had eroded significantly; many church leaders who support traditional marriage had moved out of the city and young supporters of gay marriage had moved in, while family-values conservatives in Congress are a tiny minority and hold little sway. (See "Gentrification, gay marriage, and the gospel," Aug. 1, 2009.)
Local church leaders, led by Bishop Harry Jackson, are still campaigning to put the issue to a vote on a ballot initiative. Jackson told me back in the initial debate, "If we had had this battle five years ago, we would be in a hands-down winning situation."
"I know the odds are stacked against us," said Rep. Jim Jordan, R-Ohio, adding that lawmakers have all the more reason to take a moral stand. Jordan introduced a bill earlier this year with conservative Democrat Dan Boren that defines marriage in the district as between a man and a woman. Other conservative lawmakers have sponsored a disapproval resolution that would block the council, but that measure is more symbolic than plausibly passable. "We need to look at every possible avenue we can," Jordan said.
While gay marriage may be legalized soon in Washington, there's no guarantee that it will last long. If Republicans gain more power in Congress, they could kneecap the law in a variety of ways, like prohibiting the district from spending any money on same-sex marriages. So for now, they seem to be standing pat, not wanting to burn through political capital in a debate they can't win.
Conservatives' reluctance to leap into this fray in D.C. also highlights a larger debate within the Republican Party: Should conservative values issues like gay marriage and abortion define candidates or should the focus be on issues like fiscal conservatism and limited government? And some traditional marriage advocates are resigned that government can only influence culture so much, so rebuilding support for traditional marriage may have to happen outside the law-making halls of Washington.
This year Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Iowa have legalized gay marriage. The D.C. Council will hold a hearing on the bill Oct. 26, and it could become law by December.
Emily Belz
Emily Belz
You must be a WORLD member to post comments.
Keep Reading
The premise of Calvary , in limited release Aug. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '58', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.963931143283844}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45610', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SRQRZSSNSTNA6MPBTFHOZQ3T5BDIQXS4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f8796d86-868d-48fa-9543-2218cc7eb5f7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 1, 22, 40, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.74.49.79', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4F5BYWZU4CF2P2IUKYWNHTK4W47PE6VY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8bd9254f-74be-402e-a6ca-bbeae8d65dab>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.worldmag.com/2009/10/against_all_odds', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d18a70c2-fe63-4835-9b63-a25e4fa8d2f9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '678', 'url': 'http://www.worldmag.com/2009/10/against_all_odds', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.037346839904785156', 'original_id': 'beb3f8a84cd3037c8f93cdcaf0f98571a47fac9924c13e11980aa827a90ad6ee'} |
start saving money!
5 Tips to Better Sleep
By brian barrick
January 29, 2012
Throughout the day we may be exhausted and ready for bed, but by the time bed time hits we’re wide awake and then we think of how exhausted we’re going to be the next day if we don’t get sleep and then that anxiety keeps us up. Wow, that is tiring! Here are some tips to get a better night’s sleep and feel rested the next day:
1. Make a sleep schedule and stick to it. If you go to bed at 9 o’clock one day and midnight the next, your body is going to be confused so pick a time and stick to it, even on weekends and holidays. If you are still awake for 15 minutes after you go to bed, get up and do something relaxing and go back to bed when you’re tired.
2. Keep an eye on what you eat and drink. Do not go to bed hungry or stuffed, also limit your beverage intake before bed so there are less sleep interruptions to the toilet. Nicotine, caffeine, and alcohol can disturb your sleep as well so use caution when using these.
3. Try to manage your stress. You can do this by getting organized and prioritizing. Right before bed write what is on your mind and set it aside for tomorrow so you have a clear mind.
4. Include physical activity in your daily routine, but don’t exercise right before bed. This will help you fall asleep and get a deeper sleep.
5. Create a bedtime ritual. This will help your body wind down from the stress of the day. Activities you might think about doing are reading a book, taking a warm bath, listening to soothing music, etc.
Life can be very stressful for many folks right now, but it is important to get good night’s sleep for your health as well as your mood. Best of all it will make you look stunning; after all, everyone needs their beauty sleep.
Leave a Reply
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9418500065803528}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '115377', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L2IOXSUWSVQ26VCFS4GF5WVRVU3F4X6S', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:843879f4-489d-4815-9056-708600f6ae89>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 11, 47, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.27.170.220', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XIHIMDMAUI7G43NGNRX3AEB5MMPZYWRA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8f939db2-b735-4984-8e4b-84d0869d6cbc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.pcalic.com/5-tips-to-better-sleep/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e04a3baf-cd0e-4939-a028-2f88848a1163>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '370', 'url': 'https://www.pcalic.com/5-tips-to-better-sleep/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-223.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06246340274810791', 'original_id': '5f0896586e03b77d8d8b5d91ea148a91f3ce067ed82afe1d12586dc4d382afcf'} |
is the first derivative of n(k) wrt k?
-15
Let k(c) be the second derivative of -19*c**6/30 + 5*c**2 - 37*c. Differentiate k(g) wrt g.
-76*g**3
Let o(q) be the third derivative of q**7/15 - 23*q**3/3 + 32*q**2. What is the first derivative of o(g) wrt g?
56*g**3
Let h(r) be the third derivative of -r**7/70 - 2*r**3 + 13*r**2. What is the first derivative of h(j) wrt j?
-12*j**3
What is the second derivative of 3*s**4 + 113*s + 108*s - 20 - s**5 - 223*s wrt s?
-20*s**3 + 36*s**2
Let n(d) be the first derivative of -d**5/5 + d**2 + 1. What is the second derivative of n(c) wrt c?
-12*c**2
Let b(f) = -4*f**3 + 2*f**2 - 1. Let c(y) = -8*y**3 + 5*y**2 - 3. Suppose 6 = -3*t + 21. Let a(x) = t*b(x) - 2*c(x). What is the first derivative of a(q) wrt q?
-12*q**2
What is the third derivative of -6*k**2 - 6*k**2 + 2*k**2 + 11*k**3 wrt k?
66
Let z(g) = 4*g**3 + 6*g. Let y(m) = 0*m + 10 - m - 10. Let q(o) = -4*y(o) - z(o). What is the second derivative of q(u) wrt u?
-24*u
Let f(g) be the third derivative of -g**9/20160 + g**6/240 - g**5/20 - 2*g**2. Let j(b) be the third derivative of f(b). Differentiate j(r) with respect to r.
-9*r**2
Let j(i) be the second derivative of -i**6/15 + 5*i**4/4 - 20*i. Find the third derivative of j(h) wrt h.
-48*h
Suppose 2*u = -u + 12. Let t(a) = 2*a**2 - 1. Let i(q) be the third derivative of q**5/60 - q**2. Let s(v) = u*i(v) - t(v). Differentiate s(b) wrt b.
4*b
Let c(g) be the first derivative of -13*g**2/2 - 19*g + 21. What is the first derivative of c(k) wrt k?
-13
Let m = -15 + 9. Let l = 1 - m. Find the third derivative of l*w**5 - 10*w**5 + w**2 - 2*w**2 wrt w.
-180*w**2
Let y(p) = p**2 + p - 1. Let n(m) = 20*m**2 + 2*m - 12. Let q(w) = -n(w) + 2*y(w). What is the derivative of q(i) wrt i?
-36*i
What is the derivative of 9*z**2 - 9*z**2 - z**3 + 4 wrt z?
-3*z**2
Let r(v) be the first derivative of -3/4*v**4 + 0*v**3 + 0*v**2 - 4*v - 2. Differentiate r(u) wrt u.
-9*u**2
Let c(x) be the first derivative of -19*x**5/5 + 3*x**3 - 18. Find the third derivative of c(z) wrt z.
-456*z
Suppose 0*y + 6 = 2*y. Suppose -20 = 5*w - 10*w. What is the second derivative of -y*s - 2*s + 6*s + s**w wrt s?
12*s**2
Let d(m) be the second derivative of -19*m**7/42 + 7*m**3/6 + 28*m. Find the second derivative of d(k) wrt k.
-380*k**3
Let t(q) be the third derivative of -5*q**4/24 + 17*q**3/6 - 23*q**2. What is the derivative of t(c) wrt c?
-5
Suppose 2*c + 3*k - 56 = 0, -4*k - 10 = -26. What is the third derivative of c - 22 - b**2 - 6*b**3 wrt b?
-36
Let y(b) be the first derivative of 5*b**2/2 - 5*b - 6. Find the first derivative of y(z) wrt z.
5
Let b(u) = -9*u**3 + 3*u**2 + 4*u. Let i(z) = 9*z**3 - 2*z**2 - 2*z. Let j(k) = -4*b(k) - 6*i(k). What is the second derivative of j(t) wrt t?
-108*t
Let y(a) be the first derivative of 4*a**3/3 + 4*a**2 + 8. What is the second derivative of y(s) wrt s?
8
What is the third derivative of 4*k**3 + 3*k**3 + 6*k**2 - 5*k**3 wrt k?
12
Let k(g) be the first derivative of g**8/560 - g**5/60 + g**3 + 1. Let h(x) be the third derivative of k(x). Find the second derivative of h(p) wrt p.
36*p**2
Let h(i) be the second derivative of i**10/30240 - i**7/2520 + i**4/6 - 3*i. Let w(d) be the third derivative of h(d). Find the third derivative of w(m) wrt m.
60*m**2
What is the first derivative of 5 - c**2 + c**2 + 0*c**2 - 33*c**4 wrt c?
-132*c**3
Suppose 0*g = 3*g - 9. Differentiate -4 + 14 - g*b - 4 wrt b.
-3
Let h(v) be the second derivative of 2*v**7/7 + 13*v**3/3 - 28*v. Find the second derivative of h(w) wrt w.
240*w**3
Let i(m) be the first derivative of 0*m**2 + 2 + 0*m**4 + 0*m + 1/3*m**3 + 0*m**5 - 1/6*m**6. Find the third derivative of i(s) wrt s.
-60*s**2
What is the derivative of 3 + 2*w**2 + 17*w**2 + w - w wrt w?
38*w
Suppose -8*o - 25 = -13*o. Let c(s) = -7*s**2 + 4. Let h(w) = -22*w**2 + 12. Let f(q) = o*h(q) - 16*c(q). Find the first derivative of f(b) wrt b.
4*b
Suppose 5 - 20 = -3*s. Find the third derivative of -5*n**4 + s*n**4 - n**2 + n**4 + 2*n**4 wrt n.
72*n
Let y(c) be the second derivative of 0*c**5 + 0*c**3 - 1/30*c**6 - 2*c + 0 + 0*c**4 - c**2. What is the first derivative of y(w) wrt w?
-4*w**3
Let w(p) = -16*p**5 + 5*p**4 + 3*p**2. Let q(a) = -a**4. Let m(n) = 5*q(n) + w(n). Find the third derivative of m(t) wrt t.
-960*t**2
Let p(i) = -i + 1. Let c(d) = 2*d**2 + 6*d + 3. Let a(q) = c(q) - 3*p(q). What is the second derivative of a(m) wrt m?
4
Suppose f - 7 = -3. Suppose f*o - 20 = -4*r, 3*o - 3 = 3. Find the second derivative of 5*z**3 - 2*z**r - z**3 + 2*z wrt z.
12*z
Differentiate 3 - 5 - 3 + 6*w**3 - 4*w**3 wrt w.
6*w**2
Let u(d) be the third derivative of -3*d**6/40 - d**4/12 - 8*d**2. What is the second derivative of u(x) wrt x?
-54*x
Let r(g) be the second derivative of -g**5/4 + 3*g**4/4 - 4*g. What is the third derivative of r(a) wrt a?
-30
Let f(i) = -3 - 2*i + i**2 - 7 - 2*i + 3. Let j be f(6). What is the third derivative of -15*g**2 + 7*g**j - 4*g**5 + 12*g**2 wrt g?
180*g**2
Find the second derivative of 31*o + 9*o**2 + 5*o**2 - 37*o wrt o.
28
Let d(i) be the first derivative of -17*i**3/3 - i**2/2 + 66*i + 14. Differentiate d(p) wrt p.
-34*p - 1
Let n(h) be the first derivative of -h**5/120 + h**4/6 - 2*h**3/3 + 5. Let l(c) be the third derivative of n(c). What is the first derivative of l(j) wrt j?
-1
Let q be -1*3*8/(-3). Suppose -3*z = -5*z + q. What is the second derivative of -z*u + 2*u + u - 2*u**3 wrt u?
-12*u
Let r = 12 + -4. Suppose -r = g - 3*g. Let d(m) = -5*m**2 - 5. Let h(a) = a**2 + 1. Let p(s) = g*h(s) + d(s). Find the first derivative of p(q) wrt q.
-2*q
Let v(n) = 19*n - 29. Let i(m) = -57*m + 88. Let x(u) = 6*i(u) + 17*v(u). What is the derivative of x(t) wrt t?
-19
Suppose -r - 6 = h, 0*r - 2*r = 10. Let i(x) = -2*x**3 + 2*x**2 + x. Let a be i(h). Find the first derivative of -2*g**3 - g**3 + 2*g**4 + 3*g**a + 1 wrt g.
8*g**3
Suppose -r = -4*u + 25, 4*u - 2*r + 5*r - 5 = 0. Let a be ((-4)/u)/(5/(-25)). What is the derivative of -4*f**4 + 0 - 2 + 5*f**a wrt f?
4*f**3
Let f(z) = z**3 - 11*z**2. Let g(q) = 12*q**2. Let s(m) = 2*f(m) + 3*g(m). Find the third derivative of s(i) wrt i.
12
What is the third derivative of 7*l**3 + 2*l**2 + 2948 - 2948 wrt l?
42
Let y(f) = 3*f**3 + 8. Let n(b) = -6*b**3 - 16. Let w(g) = -3*n(g) - 7*y(g). Differentiate w(l) wrt l.
-9*l**2
Let m(y) be the first derivative of y**6/120 + y**5/40 - 4*y**3/3 + 4. Let z(l) be the third derivative of m(l). What is the second derivative of z(q) wrt q?
6
Let u be (-5)/(-5)*(-8)/(-1). Suppose 0*q - 4*s = q - u, -s = q - 5. What is the third derivative of -3*v**2 + 3*v**4 - 2*v**q + 2*v**2 wrt v?
24*v
Let n(s) be the third derivative of s**9/15120 + s**5/40 - s**4/24 - 7*s**2. Let v(i) be the second derivative of n(i). Find the first derivative of v(z) wrt z.
4*z**3
Let m(v) = 3*v**4 - 2*v**2 - 2*v - 4. Let q be (-1)/(-3) - (-18)/27. Let y(j) = -j**4 - j**2 - j - 1. Let x(s) = q*m(s) - 2*y(s). Differentiate x(r) wrt r.
20*r**3
Let y(s) = 10*s**3 - 10*s. Let g be 5/1 + 2 + -1. Let h = g - 4. Let a(n) = -3*n**3 + 3*n. Let c(o) = h*y(o) + 7*a(o). Find the second derivative of c(k) wrt k.
-6*k
Find the third derivative of 12*h**3 - 58*h**3 + 18*h**2 - 20*h**2 wrt h.
-276
Let d = -2 - -7. What is the third derivative of j**5 - 5*j**2 + 3*j**2 - j**d - 3*j**6 wrt j?
-360*j**3
Let x be 3/(-4) - 3/(-4). Let b be 1 + x/(-1) + 2. What is the first derivative of b*y**4 - 24*y**3 - 2 + 24*y**3 wrt y?
12*y**3
Let y be 10/(-5)*2*(-2)/160. Let o(j) be the third derivative of 0 + 1/6*j**3 + j**2 + 0*j**4 - y*j**5 + 0*j. Differentiate o(m) with respect to m.
-6*m
Let q(c) = c**4 + c**2 + c + 1. Let f(x) = 0*x**4 + 6*x - x + 2 + 5*x**2 + x**4 + 5*x**4. Let i(o) = f(o) - 5*q(o). Differentiate i(n) with respect to n.
4*n**3
Let l(k) be the first derivative of -46*k**5/5 + 15*k**2/2 + k - 21. Find the second derivative of l(b) wrt b.
-552*b**2
Let y be 3/(-5)*(-12 - -2). Find the third derivative of -i - 4*i**y + 2*i**2 + i wrt i.
-480*i**3
Let a(g) be the second derivative of 0*g**3 + 0 + 0*g**2 + 1/4*g**4 - 5*g - 1/10*g**5. What is the third derivative of a(r) wrt r?
-12
Let r(v) = 14*v**3 - 5. Let n(d) = -d**3 + d**3 - 4*d**3 - d**3 + 2. Let m(j) = 8*n(j) + 3*r(j). Differentiate m(h) wrt h.
6 | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a658949fe6d86da06ecf81e9784cc1662ac8bcf2c71c877643489b05fbd202b3'} |
Abstract
A signaling system includes a signaling path, a master device coupled to the signaling path, a slave device coupled to the signaling path, and a clock generator. The slave device includes timing circuitry to generate an internal clock signal having a phase offset relative to a clock signal supplied by the clock generator, the phase offset being determined at least in part by a signal propagation time on the signal path.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/166,248, filed Jul. 1, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/320,602, filed Dec. 30, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/053,884, filed Feb. 10, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,990,042, issued Jan. 24, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/387,356, filed Mar. 11, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,922, issued Jan. 3, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/611,936, filed Jul. 6, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,953, issued Nov. 11, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/421,073, filed Oct. 19, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,643,787, issued Nov. 4, 2003, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to communication systems, and more particularly to apparatus and methods for high speed signaling.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
In systems which require high speed transmission of data between two or more integrated circuit devices, it is common for a timing signal to be transmitted in parallel with the data signal. By this arrangement, sometimes referred to as “source synchronous timing,” the timing and data signals experience similar propagation delays, providing the receiving device with a timing reference having a controlled phase relationship with the data signal. Circuitry within the receiving device samples the incoming data signal at a time determined by the timing signal and its phase relationship with the data signal.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate prior-art memory systems that use variants of source-synchronous timing. In the system of FIG. 1A, a folded clockline 12 is used to carry a clock signal toward a controller 10 on a first segment of the clockline and away from the controller on a second segment of the clockline. The clock signal is generated by a clock generator 18. Each of the memory devices 14 includes a pair of clock inputs coupled respectively to the two segments of the folded clockline. The memory devices transmit information to the controller on a data/control path 16 in a fixed phase relationship with the clock signal as it propagates toward the controller on the first clockline segment, and receive information from the controller via the data/control path according to a fixed phase relationship between the information and the clock signal propagating away from the controller on the second clockline segment. Typically, the controller is coupled to the clockline at the fold so that the timing references that it uses for transmit and receive are in phase. By providing source synchronous timing references in this way, timing skew problems that plague other types of high-speed signaling systems are avoided.
In the memory system of FIG. 1B, the memory devices 20 are coupled to a memory controller 21 via respective data paths 23 and also via respective pairs of strobe paths 24. A clock generator 22 is used to provide a frequency reference to the memory controller and each of the memory devices. In operation, the memory controller asserts a strobe signal on one of the pair strobe paths to provide a timing reference for transmission of data to a memory device, and a memory device asserts a strobe signal on the other of the pair of strobe paths to provide a timing reference for transmission of data to the controller. Typically, strobe signal paths are routed and conditioned to equalize the propagation times between strobe signals and corresponding data transmissions. Consequently, the strobe signals constitute source synchronous timing references that facilitate high-speed signaling without timing skew.
One disadvantage of the prior art systems of FIGS. 1A and 1B is that additional pins are required on the memory controller and slave devices, and additional traces are required on the circuit board to support transmission of the source synchronous timing references. The proliferation of traces is particularly problematic in the system of FIG. 1B, because the number of strobe paths is a multiple of the number of memory devices. Consequently, the routing of timing and data paths in such systems is often complex, involving a dozen or more circuit board layers.
Another disadvantage of the prior art systems of FIGS. 1A and 1B is the additional layout complexity that results from the need to equalize the electrical lengths of the timing and data paths to avoid skew between the timing and data signals. Electrical length equalization is particularly challenging in view of the fact that the data path is typically a multi-conductor path having a higher parasitic capacitance than the timing reference paths. Again, the large number of strobe paths required in the system of FIG. 1B further complicates matters. Numerous passive devices are often used for electrical length equalization in such systems, necessitating additional printed circuit board layers.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
A single-clock, strobeless signaling system is disclosed. In one embodiment, the signaling system includes a signaling path, a master device coupled to the signaling path, a slave device coupled to the signaling path, and a clock generator. The slave device includes timing circuitry to generate an internal clock signal having a phase offset relative to a clock signal supplied by the clock generator, the phase offset being determined at least in part by a signal propagation time on the signal path. Various alternative embodiments of the signaling system are disclosed as are embodiments of master and slave devices and methods for operating the same.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate prior art signaling systems;
FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram for the signaling system of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a slave device according to one embodiment;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are a diagram of the operations performed by a master device to calibrate the internal transmit clocks of a plurality of slave devices;
FIG. 6 illustrates an iterative comparison of a test bit sequence and a captured bit sequence;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a master device according to one embodiment;
FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary computer system in which the master-slave system of FIG. 2 may be applied; and
FIG. 14 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a master-slave system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Single Clock, Strobeless Signaling System
FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling system 30 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system includes at least one master device 31 coupled to each of a plurality of slave devices 33 via a high-speed signaling path 37. The high-speed signaling path 37 may be multiplexed for transmission of data and control information between the master and slave devices, or a separate path (not shown) may be provided for control information. A clock generator 35 generates clock signals (CLK) that are delivered to the master device and each of the plurality of slave devices via respective clocklines 39. Though shown as a discrete component, the clock generator 35 may alternatively be incorporated into the master device 31. Preferably, each of the slave devices 33 and the master device 31 are implemented in separate integrated circuit packages that are mounted to a printed circuit board, and the clocklines 39 and high-speed signaling path 37 are implemented by electrical traces disposed on or within the printed circuit board. Alternatively, the entire signaling system 30 may be implemented within a single integrated circuit or within two or more integrated circuits disposed within a single integrated circuit package. Also, though the master device 31 and slave devices 33 are shown connected to the clock generator 35 via respective clocklines 39, a single, shared clockline may alternatively be used to deliver a clock signal to the system components. An master-slave system that includes such a shared clockline is described below in reference to FIG. 14.
Still referring to FIG. 2, the electrical lengths of the clock lines 39 are not constrained to be the same as the electrical length of the high-speed signaling path 37, and the signaling system 30 does not include paths for source synchronous timing references as in the prior art systems described above. Instead, a timing calibration operation is performed at system startup to determine the respective data flight time delays between the master device 31 and each slave device 33. This flight time delay is manifested within each slave device 33 as transmit and receive phase offsets relative to the externally received clock signal, CLK. Clock generation circuitry within the slave device 33 generates internal transmit and receive clock signals that are offset from the external clock signal according to the transmit and receive phase offsets determined at system startup. Using this timing scheme, data transmitted to a given slave device 33 by the master device 31 is received under timing control of the slave device's internal receive clock, and data transmitted from a slave device 33 to the master device 31 is transmitted under timing control of the slave device's internal transmit clock. Both data reception and transmission are timed at the master device 31 by the external clock signal, CLK (or a clock signal generated therefrom). In contrast to the prior art systems described above, no source synchronous timing reference is required for transmissions in either direction. By using a clock generator 35 that exhibits negligible frequency drift over changes in temperature (e.g., a high-precision crystal oscillator), receive and transmit clock phase offsets, once determined, remain valid over extended periods of operation.
System Timing
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram for a double data rate implementation of the signaling system of FIG. 2 (i.e., two bits of information are transmitted sequentially on the high-speed signaling path per cycle of CLK). A slave clock signal 44 (i.e., the external clock signal received by the slave) leads a master clock signal 43 by an arbitrary phase angle, φ. As shown by master data transmit signal 45, a sequence of data values is transmitted by the master device, with the start of each successive data eye (A, B, C, D) coinciding with a respective edge of the master clock signal 43. The data values arrive at the slave device after a flight time on the high-speed signaling path as indicated by slave data receive signal 46. The data flight time may be expressed as a phase offset, θ, where θ=(data flight time/clock period)*360°. Receive clock signal 47 is generated within the slave device and used to time reception of the receive data signal 46. In one embodiment, the phase of the receive clock signal 47 is controlled such that edges of the receive clock signal coincide with the center of the data eyes (A, B, C, D) in the slave data receive signal 46. Thus, the phase relationship between the slave receive clock signal 47 and the slave clock signal 44 may be expressed analytically as slave receive clock signal=slave clock signal+φ+θ+90°. By sampling the incoming data in response to the edges of such a receive clock signal, maximum or near maximum timing margin is achieved.
Still referring to FIG. 3, a data signal 48 to be received by the master device preferably arrives at the master device such that the data eyes (W, X, Y, Z) are centered around the edges of the master clock signal 43, regardless of which slave transmitted the data. Assuming for simplicity that the flight time on the high-speed signaling path is the same in each direction, then the phase of the data signal as it departs from the slave device (i.e., signal 49) leads the data signal at the master 48 by phase angle θ. Assuming further that edges of the slave's internal transmit clock signal are used to time the start of each data eye (W, X, Y, Z), the phase relationship between the slave transmit clock signal 50 and the slave clock signal 44 may be expressed analytically as slave transmit clock signal=slave clock signal+φ−θ−90°.
Preferably, the phase of the internal receive clock of the slave device is advanced somewhat to compensate for the setup delay of the slave receive circuitry, and the phase of the internal transmit clock of the slave device is advanced to compensate for the output delay (clock-to-Q delay) of the slave transmit circuitry. Such delays are accounted for in the timing calibration operations described below.
Note that while zero phase alignment between transmit clock and data and is assumed throughout this description (i.e., clock edge occurs at start of data eye), such phase alignment is not necessary. Any fixed phase relationship between transmit clock and data may be used in alternative embodiments. Moreover, the fixed phase relationship between the slave transmit clock and data may be different from the fixed phase relationship between the master transmit clock and data.
Slave Device
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a slave device 33 according to one embodiment. The slave device 33 includes three major functional blocks: input/output circuitry 61, timing circuitry 63 and application circuitry 65. The input/output circuitry 61 includes transmit circuitry 69 to transmit information supplied by the application circuitry 65 on the high-speed signaling path 37 and receive circuitry 71 to receive information via the high-speed signaling path 37 and forward the information to the application circuitry 65. Transmit and receive clock signals (TCLK, RCLK) generated by the timing circuitry 63 are supplied to the transmit circuitry 69 and the receive circuitry 71, respectively, to time transmit and receive operations.
The application circuitry 65 varies according to the system in which the slave device 33 is to be used. For example, if the slave device 33 is a memory device in a memory system, the application circuitry 65 will include an array of memory cells and circuitry to access contents of the memory cells in response to address and command information (i.e., control information) received via the receive circuitry 71. In such an application, data to be written to the memory cells is received via the receive circuitry 71, and data read from the memory cells is transmitted to a system master (e.g., a memory controller) via the transmit circuitry 69. As discussed above, the high-speed signaling path 37 may include separate sets of conductors for the data and control information, or the data and control information may be time multiplexed. Similarly, the internal data/control path between the receive circuitry 71 and the application circuitry 65 may include a separate sets of conductors for data and control information or a single path may be time multiplexed. A separate external status path may likewise be provided and the internal data/status path between the application circuitry 65 and the transmit circuitry 69 may also include separate sets of conductors for data and status information or a single path may be time multiplexed. If a separate external control path (or status path) is provided, a separate clock signal may be generated to time receipt (or transmission) of information on that path. Such a clock signal may be operated at a different frequency from RCLK and TCLK.
The timing circuitry 63 includes receive timing circuitry 73 and transmit timing circuitry 79 for generating the receive and transmit clock signals, respectively (i.e., RCLK and TCLK). The receive timing circuitry 73 includes a delay lock loop or phase lock loop (DLL/PLL) 74, a phase offset register 77 and a phase offset circuit 75 to offset the phase of the receive clock signal generated by the DLL/PLL 74 according to the content of the phase offset register 77. More specifically, a phase offset value in the phase offset register 77 is applied to offset the phase of RCLK relative to the reference clock signal, CLK, such that RCLK and CLK have the relationship shown in FIG. 3 for signals 44 and 46. As discussed below, the phase offset value in register 77 is set during a receive timing calibration operation to establish the appropriate phase offset between RCLK and CLK. The transmit timing circuitry 79 includes a transmit DLL/PLL 80 to generate TCLK, and a phase offset register 83 and phase offset circuit 81 to offset the phase of TCLK relative to CLK such that TCLK and CLK have the relationship shown in FIG. 3 for signals 44 and 50. The phase offset value in register 83 is set during a transmit timing calibration operation to establish the appropriate phase offset between TCLK and CLK. As discussed below, the application circuitry 65 includes a calibration state machine 85 for responding to calibration commands from the master device. Slave responses to calibration commands are discussed in detail below, but generally involve transmission and reception of test sequences on the high-speed signaling path 37, and modifying the contents of the transmit and receive phase offset registers 83, 77. Out-of-band communication circuitry 87 is used to support out-of-band communication with the master device, and to forward calibration commands received via out-of-band communication to the calibration state machine 85. As discussed below, out-of-band communication may take place via unused codespace on the high-speed signaling path 37 or via a separate slave device interface to initialization control path 67. Initialization control path 67 may be any connection between the slave device 33 and the master device that permits communication outside the high-speed signaling path. For example, in one embodiment, initialization control path is a serial path that originates at the master device 31 and is daisy chained to each of the slave devices in the system (i.e., the slave device interface to the initialization control path 67 includes a serial input which routes the signal carried on one conductor within path 67 to the out-of-band communication circuitry 87, and a serial output which supplies a signal output by the out-of-band communication circuitry 87 to another conductor within path 67, the serial output of one slave device being coupled to the serial input of another slave device).
The dotted arrow leading to the calibration state machine 85 signifies use of the receive circuitry 71 to receive calibration commands after the phase offset of RCLK has been set.
Still referring to FIG. 4, numerous circuits may be used to offset the phases of the RCLK and TCLK signals relative to CLK based on the contents of the receive and transmit phase offset registers. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/421,073, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, illustrates several techniques for providing offset in a slave DLL/PLL, including replication of phase offset blocks from the DLL/PLL reference loop to allow register-weighted phase mixing of vectors from the replicated blocks to produce a desired phase delay (although +/−45 degree phase delay is shown in the incorporated reference, the concept disclosed is extendible to provide a phase offset selectable over a full 360 degree range); register control of binary-weighted variable loads in the respective feedback paths of the transmit and receive DLL/PLLs; register control of binary-weighted current sources to pre-tilt the input respective input comparators of the transmit and receive DLL/PLLs; register control over a sequence of delay stages in the respective feedback paths of the transmit and receive DLL/PLLs, where the sequence of delay stages mirrors another sequence of delay stages that are controlled via a reference loop to equal a single cycle of a reference clock (e.g., CLK in FIG. 4); and register control of respective offset interpolators within the transmit and receive DLL/PLLs.
Pre-Calibration Communication
In one embodiment, timing calibration is performed during system initialization to determine the proper phase offsets of the RCLK/TCLK signals. Timing calibration is itself somewhat complicated by the need for pre-calibration communication between the master and slave devices to coordinate various calibration operations. In the implementation of FIG. 4, pre-calibration communication is established by way of a dedicated control input for receiving a relatively low speed, self-timed communication signal (e.g., a manchester encoded signal or other encoding format that carries clocking information). In alternative embodiments, unused codespace in an encoding scheme can be used for out-of-band signaling over the high-speed signaling path. For example, in one implementation, ten bits (1024 states) are used to encode each eight-bit unit of information transmitted over the high-speed signaling path. By mapping the 256 possible states of the eight bits of information to include codes in the ten-bit codespace in which at least one high-to-low or low-to-high transition takes place during each cycle of CLK, out of band signaling can be implemented even in the absence of reliable receive/transmit timing by providing “quiet detection” circuitry to detect high/low quiet time on the high-speed signaling path #. For example, an out-of-band 0 may be signaled by transmitting a sequence of 0's of predetermined length without an intervening 1 on each conductor of the high-speed signaling path. Similarly, an out-of-band 1 may be signaled by transmitting a sequence of 1's of predetermined length without an intervening 0 on each conductor of the high-speed signaling path. Similar quiet detection circuitry may be provided within the master device to detect out-of-band slave transmissions on the high-speed signaling path.
Although specific techniques for pre-calibration communication have been described, other techniques for pre-calibration communication between the master and slave devices may also be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., temporarily operating the high-speed signaling path at a lower frequency). Also, any number of protocols may be used to frame pre-calibration messages addressed to different slave devices and for detecting errors in pre-calibration transmissions (e.g., sequences of start/stop bits to frame transmissions, checksum, cyclic-redundancy-check (CRC) values to detect errors or to mark end of frame, etc.).
Timing Calibration
According to one embodiment, the master device 31 of FIG. 2 relies upon the external clock signal, CLK, to time both transmission and reception of information on the high-speed signaling path. In such an embodiment, timing calibration involves determining the proper phase for the internally generated receive and transmit clocks of each slave device. Assuming that both the transmit and receive clocks of the slave are initially uncalibrated, out-of-band signaling may be used to coordinate calibration of the slave transmit and receive clocks in either order. For example, the slave transmit clock may be calibrated first, allowing the high-speed signaling path to be used during calibration of the slave receive clock. Alternatively, the slave receive clock may be calibrated first, allowing the high-speed signaling path to be used during calibration of the slave transmit clock. In yet another alternative, both the slave receive clock and the slave transmit clock may be calibrated concurrently in the same calibration operation. This latter calibration procedure is referred to herein as a two-dimensional calibration operation and is described below in further detail.
Calibration of slave device transmit and receive clocks is described below from the perspective of the master device and assuming that out-of-band signaling is used for all pre-calibration communication. However, it will be appreciated that, after either the slave transmit clock or the slave receive clock has been calibrated, unidirectional communication over the high-speed signaling path may be used to complete the remaining timing calibration instead of out-of-band signaling.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are a diagram of the operations performed by the master device (e.g., element 31 of FIG. 2) to calibrate the internal transmit clock of each of the slave devices. Initially, at blocks 101 and 103 indices i, j and k are reset. Briefly, i represents the slave device being calibrated, j represents an offset into a captured bit sequence and k represents the phase offset being tested. At block 105, the master device outputs a calibration transmit command (CAL XMT) to the ith slave device (e.g., via out-of-band signaling if the slave receive timing has not yet been calibrated). As an aside, in one embodiment, each of the slave devices has an identifier determined, for example, by hard-wired strapping, ID register setting (e.g., via out-of-band signaling during pre-calibration initialization), fuse blowing, etc. The identifier allows the master device to address individual slave devices during timing calibration and later during normal system operation.
The master device expects the slave device to respond to the CAL XMT command by transmitting an M-bit test sequence (TS) on at least one conductor of the high-speed signaling path (as discussed below, the calibration state machine within the slave device controls such a response). Consequently, when the master device receives an N-bit capture sequence via the high-speed signaling path at block 107, the slave transmission should be accurately represented in the capture sequence for at least some setting of the slave device's transmit phase offset register. The value of N is selected to be larger than M (N and M are both integers), to account for the uncertainty of the test sequence flight time on the high-speed signaling path. Flight time could be more than a clock cycle or even several clock cycles depending on the length of the signaling path. Accordingly, N is preferably large enough to capture the M-bit test sequence even if the slave device is the farthest device from the master and the slave transmit clock is as far as possible out of alignment with the clock at the master device.
At block 109, the M-bit test sequence is bit-wise compared against the first M bits of the capture sequence. That is, TS(0) is compared against CS(0), TS(1) is compared against CS(1) and so forth to TS(M−1) and CS(M−1). If all M bits match (decision block 111), then a hit is recorded in an array of phase values (i.e., PHASE(k)=HIT) at block 113. Thereafter, at decision block 115, the index k is tested to determine whether all the possible settings of the transmit phase offset register have been tested (e.g., if the phase offset register is an 8-bit register allowing for 256 possible phase offsets, then K is tested against a final value of 255). If not, then the index k is incremented at block 117 and a transmit phase advance command (XMT PHASE ADV) is output to slave(i) at block 119 to cause the slave device to increment the value in its transmit phase offset register. Execution of the calibration operation then loops back to block 105 to command slave(i) to output the test sequence with the incremented phase offset setting.
Returning to decision block 111, if the tested bits of the capture sequence do not match the bits of the test sequence, then index j is tested at decision block 121 to determine whether all the bits of the capture sequence have been tested. If not, j is incremented by a bit-per-cycle (BPC) value at block 123 and the bit-wise comparison of block 109 is repeated. FIG. 6 illustrates the effect of this iterative comparison of the test sequence against successive portions of the capture sequence. Specific values of CS, TS, N and M are shown for exemplary purposes only (i.e., N=11, M=5, TS=10101, CS=00001010100 and BPC=1). Thus, when j=0, TS(0,4) is bit-wise compared against CS(0,4) resulting in a non-match. When, j=1, TS(0,4) is bit-wise compared against CS(1, 5) (i.e., CS(j, j+M−1)) again resulting in a non-match. These comparisons are repeated with incremented values of j, until j=4. Because TS(0,4)=CS(4, 8), a match is indicated. Returning to the diagram of FIGS. 5A and 5B, if j reaches N-M without a match (this condition is detected at decision block 121), then at block 125 a miss is recorded in the phase array (i.e., PHASE(k)=MISS) and k is tested at decision block 115 as described above.
As mentioned above, the purpose for comparing the test sequence against bits at different offset positions within the capture sequence is that the number of clock cycles required for data propagation from slave(i) to the master device on the high-speed signaling path is initially unknown. Accordingly, the amount by which j is incremented in block 123 is selected to correspond to a cycle of the slave device transmit clock. Hence, the bit-per-cycle increment. If the system is operated as a single data rate system (one bit per cycle), then j is incremented by one at block 123 to effect a full clock cycle offset into the capture sequence. If the system is operated as a double data rate system (two bits per cycle), then j is incremented by two at block 123, and so forth for any data rate.
If, at decision block 115, k is determined to be the last phase offset to be tested (i.e., K=FINAL), then all the values of the phase array have been assigned either HIT or MISS values. Accordingly, at block 127, the phase array is evaluated to identify a range of HIT values. The content of the phase array at this point is illustrated graphically in FIG. 7. The phase array indices that mark the start and end of the HIT range 141 (i.e., indices B1 and B2) are used to calculate a transmit phase offset value. More specifically, the transmit phase offset value is calculated to be the midpoint between the B1 and B2 indices (i.e., if B2−B1<FINAL/2, then TX PHASE OFFSET=(B2−B1)/2, else TX PHASE OFFSET=(B1+FINAL−B2)/2). The latter expression accounts for the possibility of B2 wrapping around the end of the phase array to a lesser K value than B1.
Returning to FIGS. 5A and 5B, at block 129, the master device outputs a transmit phase adjust command (XMT PHASE ADJ) to slave(i) to command the slave device to set the transmit phase offset to, the value calculated in block 127 (e.g. via out-of-band signaling if the slave receive timing has not yet been calibrated). At decision block 131, the index i is tested to determine if the transmit timing calibration has been completed for all the slaves. If not, i is incremented at block 133 and the transmit timing calibration is repeated for the next slave device in the system.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are a diagram of the operations performed by the master device to calibrate the internal receive clock in each of the slave devices. Initially, at blocks 201 and 203, indices i, j and k are reset. As with transmit timing calibration, index i represents the slave being calibrated, j represents an offset into a capture sequence and k represents the phase offset being tested. At block 205, the master device outputs a calibration receive command (CAL RCV) to the ith slave device (e.g., via out-of-band signaling). At block 207, the master device outputs an M-bit test sequence (TS) to slave(i). As discussed below, the calibration state machine within the slave device responds to the CAL RCV command by capturing an N-bit capture sequence via the high-speed signaling path, then transmitting the capture sequence to the master device (e.g., via out-of-band signaling if the slave transmit timing calibration has not been completed). Accordingly, at block 209 the master device receives an N-bit capture sequence that should include an accurate representation of the test sequence for at least some setting of the slave device's receive phase offset register. As with the transmit timing calibration discussed above, the value of N is preferably larger than M due to the uncertainty of the data flight time on the high-speed signaling path between the master device and slave(i).
At block 211, the test sequence is bit-wise compared against the capture sequence received and retransmitted by slave(i) to determine whether the test sequence was accurately received by the slave device. The operations performed in blocks 211-235 are analogous to the operations described in blocks 109-133 of FIGS. 5A and 5B, except that commands output to the slave device are directed to advancing and adjusting the receive phase offset instead of the transmit phase offset. Specifically, at block 221, the master device outputs a receive phase advance command (RCV PHASE ADV) to slave(i) (e.g., via out-of-band signaling), at block 229, the receive phase offset (RX PHASE OFFSET) is determined for slave(i) instead of the transmit phase offset, and at block 231 the master device outputs a receive phase adjust command (RCV PHASE ADJ) to set the receive phase offset register of slave(i) to the receive phase offset determined in block 229.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of slave device responses to calibration commands from the master device. Referring briefly to FIG. 2, calibration commands received in the slave device via out-of-band signaling techniques or via the high-speed signaling path (i.e., after receive timing calibration) are supplied to the calibration state machine 85 which controls other circuitry within the slave device to carry out the commanded operation. As shown in FIG. 9, the calibration state machine implements a series of comparison operations to determine whether an incoming command requires a responsive calibration action. In the case of a CAL XMT command detected at decision block 251, the calibration state machine responds at block 253 by causing an M-bit test sequence to be transmitted to the master device via the high-speed signaling path. In the case of a XMT PHASE ADV command detected at decision block 255, the calibration state machine responds at block 257 by incrementing the value in the transmit phase offset register (i.e., element 83 of FIG. 2). In the case of a XMT PHASE ADJ command detected at decision block 259, the calibration state machine responds at block 261 by loading the specified phase offset value into the transmit phase offset register. According to one embodiment, the transmit phase offset register is implemented by a register that can be incremented by asserting a pulse at a first strobe input (e.g., a clock input), and that can be loaded with an arbitrary value by assertion of the value to be loaded at a series of load inputs and concurrent assertion of a pulse at a second strobe input (e.g., a preload input).
Still referring to FIG. 9, when a CAL RCV command is detected at decision block 263, the calibration state machine responds by causing a sequence of N bits to be captured by the slave device's receive circuitry at block 265, followed by retransmission of the N-bit sequence to the master device at block 267. Retransmission of the N-bit sequence may be performed in-band via the high-speed signaling path if transmit timing calibration has been completed (a state preferably recorded by the calibration state machine), or via out-of-band signaling. If a RCV PHASE ADV command is detected at decision block 269, the calibration state machine responds at block 271 by incrementing the value in the receive phase offset register (element 77 of FIG. 2). If a RCV PHASE ADJ command is detected at decision block 273, the calibration state machine responds at block 275 by loading the receive phase offset register with the phase offset value specified in the command. The receive phase offset register may be implemented with the same type of register circuit as the transmit phase offset register to facilitate the increment and load operations of blocks 271 and 275.
It should be noted that the calibration state machine may respond to other commands not shown in FIG. 9. For example, in one embodiment, each of the slave devices automatically resets its transmit and phase offset registers at power-up. Alternatively, the slave devices may respond to an explicit reset command to reset the transmit and receive phase offset registers, or even separate transmit phase reset and receive phase reset commands to reset the respective transmit and receive phase offset registers. Also, in one embodiment, the test sequence transmitted by a slave device in response to a CAL XMT command is preset within the slave device. Alternatively, an explicit test sequence command may be output by the master device to set the test sequence to be transmitted in response to a CAL XMT. The test sequence may be recorded in the slave device and then transmitted thereafter in response to each CAL XMT command, or a new test sequence may accompany each CAL XMT command from the master device. Further, the slave device may transmit a default test sequence unless commanded by the master device to transmit a different test sequence.
Clock Cycle Alignment/Latency Levelization
It has been assumed thus far that the respective flight times on the high-speed signaling path between the slave devices and the master device are such that, in absence of slave transmit timing calibration, all slave transmissions would still arrive at the master device within the same clock cycle. In such a system, the same value of the index variable j (FIGS. 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B) should result in test sequence matches for each slave device in the system (albeit at different phase offsets, k). In a more general system, however, the slave devices may be sufficiently spaced apart (or the clock frequency sufficiently high) that slave-to-master flight times on the high-speed signaling path differ by more than a clock cycle. In that case, different values of the index variable j will result in test sequence matches for different slave devices in the system. Accordingly, in order to levelize round-trip latency in such a system, the value of j (i.e., clock cycle offset) for each slave device is recorded within a latency register in the slave device to cause the slave device to pad transmissions to the master. For example, if the clock cycle offset (j) for the slave device nearest the master is zero and the clock cycle offset for the slave device farthest from the master is two, then the latency register of the nearest slave device would be programmed to four (two cycles of delay in each direction) and the response latency register of the farthest slave device would be programmed to zero. Response latency registers within slave devices between the slaves nearest and farthest from the master would be programmed with values between zero and four according to their respective clock cycle offsets. More generally, the overall transmit delay for each slave, i, may be expressed as:
Transmit Delay=CYCLE DELAY+TX PHASE OFFSET, where
CYCLE DELAY=2*(Clock Cycle Offset (farthest slave)−Clock Cycle Offset (i)).
FIG. 10 illustrates a circuit 279 that may be included within the slave transmit circuitry (element 69 of FIG. 4) to provide configurable clock cycle delay. A programmable latency register 280 is loaded with a cycle delay value, preferably by the slave's calibration state machine (element 85 of FIG. 4) as part of transmit timing calibration. When the application circuitry of the slave device (element 65 of FIG. 4) detects a command from the master device that requires a responsive slave transmission, the application circuitry asserts a reset signal to a counter 282 to clear the count value therein. The count value is incremented thereafter during each cycle of the transmit clock. A comparator 284 detects when the count value reaches the cycle delay value and outputs a transmit enable signal 289 in response. The transmit enable signal 289 is applied to a hold input of the counter 282, effectively latching the transmit enable signal 289 until the counter 282 is reset by the slave device application circuitry. The transmit enable signal 289 is also asserted to logic gate 285 which then passes TCLK to the output driver circuitry. The end result is that assertion of TCLK to the output driver circuitry is delayed by a number of TCLK cycles equal to the cycle delay value in register 280. Numerous changes may be made to the circuit of FIG. 10 and numerous other circuits may be used to achieve configurable clock cycle delay without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Although latency levelization has been described in terms of slave device action (i.e., delaying responsive transmission to the master device), latency levelization may also be performed in the master device. For example, the master device may record a latency value per slave so that the master will know how many integral cycles of delay to expect before receiving a responsive transmission from a given slave device.
Concurrent Calibration of Slave Receive and Transmit Timing
As mentioned briefly above, both slave receive timing and slave transmit timing may be concurrently calibrated instead of one after the other. For example, phase hit/miss information may be recorded in a two dimensional phase array, PHASE(u, v), with the index u representing the range of phase offsets for the slave transmit clock and v representing the range of phase offsets for the slave receive clock. For each possible u, v combination, the master device transmits an out-of-band CAL RCV command to a selected slave device, then transmits an M-bit test sequence to the slave device via the high-speed signaling path. The slave device, responds to the CAL RCV command as shown in blocks 265, 267 of FIG. 9 (i.e., receiving then retransmitting a capture sequence), except that in block 267, the slave device transmits the capture sequence to the master device via the high-speed signaling path rather than using out-of-band signaling. Accordingly, the master device delays for a predetermined time after transmitting the M-bit test sequence to the slave device, then receives an R-bit capture sequence from the slave device via the high-speed signaling path (R>N>M). The master device compares the original M-bit test sequence against the R-bit capture sequence in the manner described in reference to FIG. 6, then assigns a HIT or MISS value to the phase array location u, v accordingly. FIG. 11 graphically illustrates the contents of the two-dimensional phase array after each of the u, v phase combinations have been tested. Circle A illustrates a first possible result of the two-dimensional calibration operation—settings of the transmit phase offset and receive phase offset that correspond to u, v indices which map within circle A result in pattern matching. Accordingly, the transmit phase offset register and the receive phase offset register would be set to the values that correspond to the u, v coordinates of the circle A center. Circle B, made up of regions B1 and B2 illustrate another possible result, and circle C, made up of regions C1, C2, C3 and C4 illustrate yet another possible result. In each case, the regions define a pair of u, v coordinates that correspond to the desired setting of the transmit and receive phase offset registers.
As discussed above, by designing the circuit that generates the frequency reference signal (CLK) to exhibit negligible frequency drift, one-time calibration of slave device receive and transmit timing should be sufficient to allow reliable operation for an extended period thereafter. However, in systems or embodiments where periodic timing calibrations are desirable, such calibrations may be performed during quiet intervals on the high-speed signaling path. Because the calibration operations can be interrupted between any of the blocks of FIGS. 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B, calibration operations may be carried out over an extended period of time (e.g., one slave device may be calibrated over a period of milliseconds, seconds or longer), with negligible consumption of bandwidth of the high-speed signaling path. Such calibrations may be performed periodically (e.g., in round robin fashion, one slave after another), or in response to detected events such as threshold bit error rates or other system error.
The timing calibration techniques described in reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B involve an incremental search for the proper transmit and receive phase offsets. Phase offsets are tested in a linear sequence to identify the center of a passing phase range. In alternative embodiments, other types of searches for the passing phase range may be implemented, including without limitation binary searching for the passing range, and binary searching (coarse search for passing range) followed by linear searching (fine, localized searching for the precise start and end of the passing range).
Master Device
FIG. 12 illustrates the master device 31 of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment. The master device 31 includes clock circuitry 301, input/output circuitry 305 and requester interface circuitry 307. The clock circuitry 301 includes a DLL/PLL 312 to generate a transmit/receive clock signal 314 based on the external clock signal 39. The input/output circuitry 305 includes transmit circuitry 311 and receive circuitry 309 to transmit and receive information on the high-speed signaling path 37 under timing control of the transmit/receive clock signal 314. The requester interface circuitry 307 responds to requests to access the slave devices by transmitting corresponding access commands to the slave devices via the high-speed signaling path 37. For example in a memory system, the master device is a memory controller that responds to requests to access slave memory devices by transmitting write commands and write data on the high-speed signaling path 37 and by transmitting read commands and receiving read data on the high-speed signaling path 37.
According to one embodiment, the requester interface circuitry 307 includes logic to perform the master-side calibration operations described in reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B, including maintaining the index variables and phase array, and performing the described bit-wise comparisons. It will be appreciated, however, that many of the computations and comparisons involved in the master-side calibration operations are better suited to being performed by a programmed processing device, such as a general purpose processor or digital signal processor. Thus, in an alternative embodiment of the master device, the requester interface circuitry 307 includes calibration control circuitry that responds to calibration commands from an access requestor to perform the master-side calibration operations described in reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B. The calibration commands from the access requester parallel normal operation commands in that they generally request the master to transmit information to the slave device and to forward information from the slave device to the access requester. Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, for example, index variables i, j and k are maintained by an access requestor, such as a programmed processor (the values of the variables may be kept, for example, in a temporary storage accessible by the access requestor), and the operations of blocks 105 and 107 are performed by the master device when requested by the access requestor. In the case of blocks 105 and 107, the calibration control circuitry within the master device responds to a request to transmit a CAL XMT command to a specific slave device by transmitting the CAL XMT command, receiving the capture sequence, and forwarding the capture sequence to the access requester (the requester may provide a test sequence to be sent with the CAL XMT command, a separate request to the master device may be used to express the test sequence, or a preset test sequence within the master device may be used). Overall, the operation is similar to a memory read operation. The access requestor performs the bit-wise comparison of the test sequence and the capture sequence, assignment of HIT/MISS to each entry in the phase array, determination of the TX PHASE OFFSET value (i.e., block 127 of FIG. 5B), and all evaluations of the indices i, j and k. Similarly, the master device transmits the XMT PHASE ADV and XMT PHASE ADJ commands to the slave device when requested to do so by the access requestor. Receive timing calibration and, if implemented, the two-dimensional calibration operation described in reference to FIG. 11 may also be performed at the direction of an access requestor. By this arrangement, calibration control logic within the master device may be made as simple as possible. Computational circuitry elsewhere in the system can be used to direct the master-side calibration operations under program control, including making all necessary comparisons, and maintaining the HIT/MISS array and index variables.
Application of Single-Clock, Strobeless Signaling System
FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary computer system 340 in which the master-slave system of FIG. 2 may be applied. The computer system 340 includes a processor 341, an interconnect device 343, a graphics subsystem 345, a peripheral bus 349, a non-volatile storage 347 containing BIOS instructions (BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output Service and comprises instructions to be carried out by the processor to initialize the computer system and carry out other low level control operations), and a memory subsystem 351. The interconnect device 343 includes control interfaces 357, 353, 355 and 359, respectively, for the graphics subsystem, BIOS, peripheral bus (interface is a bus bridge), and memory subsystem (interface includes a memory controller). In one embodiment, the memory controller 359 and memory subsystem 351 form the master-slave system of FIG. 2. More specifically, the memory subsystem includes a plurality of memory devices coupled to the memory controller via a high-speed signaling path 37. The memory subsystem 351 may include a clock generator for generating the reference clock supplied to the other devices within the master-slave system, or the clock generator may be incorporated into the memory controller 359 or elsewhere in the interconnect device 343.
At system startup, the processor 341 executes initialization routines within the BIOS 347, including routines to direct the memory system timing calibration operations as described above. After the timing calibrations have been performed, the high-speed signaling path 37 may be used for high speed access to the memory devices without requiring timing references to be transmitted in synchronism with the data and control information.
The master-slave system of FIG. 2 may be used in other subsystems of the computer system 340. For example, the peripheral bus 349 may host a master device and one or more slave devices that implement the master-slave system of FIG. 2. Also, the master-slave system of FIG. 2 may be used in other types of processing systems including, without limitation, network processing devices such as routers and switches; workstations; mainframe computing systems; and embedded computer systems such as those found in mobile telephones and other consumer appliances.
Hybrid Single-Clock System
FIG. 14 illustrates a master-slave system 400 that is an alternative to the master-slave system of FIG. 2. The master-slave system 400 includes a master device 401, slave devices 403 and clock generator 405 generally as described in reference to FIG. 2, but instead of discrete clocklines, a single shared clockline 409 is used to deliver a clock signal from the clock generator 405 to each of the slave devices 403 and the master device 401. One advantage of this configuration is that, because the clock signal propagates toward the master device 401 in parallel with information transmitted on the high-speed signaling path, the clock signal constitutes a source synchronous timing reference for at least one transmission direction on the high-speed signaling path. Thus, by making the electrical length of the segment of the clockline between the master device and a given slave device substantially equal to the electrical length of the segment of the high-speed signaling path between those devices, the need to calibrate slave transmit timing is avoided. That is, instead of performing transmit timing calibration for the slave devices, each of the slave devices may simply generate a transmit clock that is advanced by 90° relative to the externally supplied clock signal (the predetermined phase offset of 90° assumes that two data eyes are transmitted for each cycle of the transmit clock signal—other predetermined phase offsets may be used for other data/clock cycle ratios). In this way, data output by the slave device starting at an edge of the slave's transmit clock signal arrives at the master device in quadrature with the external clock signal (i.e., an edge of CLK travels with the center of the data eye). Slave device receive timing calibration can be performed during system initialization as described above.
In yet another embodiment of the master-slave system of FIG. 14, the clock generator 405 is incorporated into the master device 401 and outputs a clock signal, CLK, that propagates away from the master device on the clockline 409. In such a system, the clock signal, CLK, constitutes a source synchronous timing reference for master-to-slave device transmissions on the high-speed signaling path, avoiding the need for slave receiver calibration. Timing circuitry is preferably provided within each slave device to generate an internal receive clock that lags the clock signal detected on the shared clockline by 90° (the predetermined phase offset of 90° assumes that two data eyes are transmitted for each cycle of the receive clock signal—other predetermined phase offsets may be used for other data/clock cycle ratios). In this way, data output by the master device starting at an edge of CLK is sampled at the center of the data eye upon arrival at the slave device. Slave device transmit timing calibration can be performed during system initialization as described above.
Returning briefly to the master-slave system of FIG. 2, it should be noted that the external clock signal, CLK, serves merely as a frequency reference for generation of clock signals within the master device and slave devices. Accordingly, by using PLLs within the slave devices and master devices to generate internal clock signals that are frequency multiples of CLK, the frequency of CLK may be reduced. More specifically, the frequency of the internal clock signals may be related to the frequency of CLK by the ratio M/N, M and N each being integers. By this arrangement, the frequency of the external clock signal, CLK, may be substantially lower than the frequency at which the master and slave devices communicate over the high-speed signaling path.
Although the disclosure has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
Claims (15)
1. A memory device comprising:
transmit timing circuitry to generate a first clock signal, the first clock signal having a phase offset relative to a second clock signal that is determined at least in part by a signal propagation time on a signaling path between the memory device and a memory controller;
transmit circuitry to transmit information from the memory device to the memory controller under timing control of the first clock signal;
receive timing circuitry to generate a third clock signal, the third clock signal having a phase offset relative to the second clock signal that is determined at least in part by the signal propagation time; and
receive circuitry to receive information at the memory device from the memory controller under timing control of the third clock signal.
2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the third clock signal leads the first clock signal by a phase offset that is determined at least in part by the signal propagation time.
3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the first and third clock signals have a higher frequency than the second clock signal.
4. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a phase offset register to store a value, wherein the phase offset of the first clock signal relative to the second clock signal is further determined at least in part by the value stored in the phase offset register.
5. The memory device of claim 4, wherein the phase offset register receives the value from the memory controller.
6. The memory device of claim 4, wherein the value stored in the phase offset register is adjusted based at least in part upon a command from the memory controller.
7. The memory device of claim 4, wherein the value stored in the phase offset register is determined based at least in part upon a predetermined sequence of bits that are transmitted from the memory device to the memory controller via the signaling path in a calibration operation.
8. The memory device of claim 7, wherein the predetermined sequence of bits are received at the memory device from the memory controller via the signaling path for later transmission from the memory device to the memory controller via the signaling path in the calibration operation.
9. The memory device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined sequence of bits is received at the memory device from the memory controller with a calibration command.
10. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a phase offset register to store a value, wherein the phase offset of the third clock signal relative to the second clock signal is further determined at least in part by the value stored in the phase offset register.
11. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the phase offset register receives the value from the memory controller.
12. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the value stored in the phase offset register is adjusted based at least in part upon a command from the memory controller.
13. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the value stored in the phase offset register is determined based at least in part upon a predetermined sequence of bits that are transmitted from the memory controller to the memory device via the signaling path in a calibration operation.
14. The memory device of claim 13, wherein the predetermined sequence of bits is received at the memory device from the memory controller with a calibration command.
15. A memory controller comprising:
input/output circuitry to communicate with a memory device; and
calibration control circuitry to communicate with the memory device via the input/output circuitry in a calibration operation to determine transmit and receive phase offset values that are applied to timing circuitry within the memory device to generate respective transmit and receive clock signals, the transmit phase offset value representing a phase offset between the transmit clock signal and a second clock signal supplied to a clock input of the memory device, and the receive phase offset value representing a phase offset between the receive clock signal and the second clock signal.
Protrusions having a forming method with a small opening of the minute aperture, and a probe or a multi-probe according to them and surface observation apparatus using the probe, an exposure apparatus, an information processing apparatus | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd2c03342abb52c544ffd313744d2dfade762eecb0d6d6fa4b51758e438150662'} |
Los fines extrafiscales son exclusivamente elementos que debe analizar el órgano
de control para determinar la constitucionalidad o no de un determinado precepto21.
Tal como lo señalamos al inicio de este apartado, la SCJN no siempre
ha sido consistente con sus criterios, lo cual se deja ver en diversos asuntos. En este sentido conviene analizar el caso del Impuesto al Activo,
respecto del cual, la SCJN originalmente ratificó su constitucionalidad en
lo atinente a la exención establecida a favor de las empresas que componen el sistema financiero22, para cambiarlo después en forma radical y
declarar su inconstitucionalidad por violación al principio de equidad
tributaría23.
20
Tesis P./J. 24/2000, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta, Novena Época, tomo XI, Pleno, p. 35 (Registro número 192,290).
21
Tesis P. CIV/99, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación, Novena Época,
tomo X, Pleno, p. 15 (Registro número 192,744).
22
Tesis P./J. 1/91, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación, Octava Época,
tomo VII, Pleno, p. 114 (Registro número 205,837).
23
Tesis P./J. 10/96, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta, Novena
Época, tomo III, Pleno, p. 38 (Registro número 200,115).
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
189
Haciendo referencia concretamente al principio de equidad, existen
otros pronunciamientos de la SCJN en torno a lo que considera equitativo o no. Por ejemplo, en lo que se refiere al Impuesto Sobre la Renta,
en el caso de la llamada “deducción ciega”, que operaba en un 50% para
el arrendamiento de casa-habitación y 35% para el de locales comerciales,
en la Octava Época el Pleno de la SCJN declaró que tal distinción era
violatoria del principio de equidad, argumentando que:
El principio de equidad tributaria radica esencialmente en la igualdad ante
la ley de todos los sujetos pasivos de un mismo tributo, los cuales deben recibir
un trato igual en cuanto a hipótesis de causación, acumulación de ingresos
gravables, deducciones permitidas, plazos de pago, etcétera. Ahora bien, la disposición mencionada contraviene dicho principio al establecer [...] la posibilidad de
deducir el 50% de dichos ingresos, y de un 35% a los mismos causantes que
otorguen el uso o goce temporal de inmuebles para fines distintos, puesto que,
no obstante que todos ellos obtienen ingresos de una misma actividad y, por lo
mismo, forman parte de un mismo grupo de contribuyentes, se les da un trato
desigual atendiendo al destino del inmueble objeto de contrato [...]24.
Posteriormente, en la Novena Época, el propio Pleno de la SCJN declaró que la citada deducción no violaba el principio de equidad tributaria, toda vez que:
El legislador se encuentra constitucionalmente facultado para establecer distinciones en el tratamiento de los contribuyentes, con tal que dicha regulación no
resulte caprichosa o injustificada [...] el deducir el 50% de los ingresos recibidos
por arrendamiento si el inmueble se destina a casa-habitación y el 35% a otro
uso, no viola el principio constitucional de equidad tributaria, dado que la distinción no resulta injustificada o caprichosa, al desprenderse que se trata de
incentivar el que se otorgue el uso o goce temporal de inmuebles para vivienda [...]25.
Es decir, aunque no se dijera explícitamente, se está justificando la
distinción entre los sujetos pasivos del Impuesto Sobre la Renta, con base
en un fin extrafiscal: incentivar el arrendamiento de inmuebles para casahabitación.
En el caso del Impuesto al Valor Agregado, en sendas jurisprudencias
de la Novena Época, se declara la mecánica del acreditamiento del im24
Tesis P. XCIV/92, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta, Octava Época, tomo 59, Pleno, p. 35 (Registro número 205,610).
25
Tesis P./J. 151/2001, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
Novena Época, tomo XV, Pleno, p. 6 (Registro número 187,926).
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
190
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
puesto como violatoria del principio de equidad y del de proporcionalidad. Por lo que hace a la inequidad de dicho sistema, la SCJN establece:
[...] viola el principio tributario de equidad, pues los causantes que sólo realizan
actos o actividades por los que deba pagarse el impuesto o a los que sea aplicable
la tasa del 0% se encuentran en igualdad de condiciones respecto de los causantes para los que esos actos o actividades constituyen sólo una parte del total de los
que realizan, sin embargo, a los primeros se les permite acreditar totalmente el
impuesto que les hubiera sido trasladado y a los segundos se les obliga a aplicar
el procedimiento previsto en el artículo reclamado (consistente en aplicar el total
del impuesto acreditable [...])26.
Para el caso de los derechos por uso o aprovechamiento de aguas nacionales, el Pleno de la SCJN consideraba hasta el año 2000, que con
base en el principio de equidad y dado que el agua no se encuentra en
cantidades iguales en todo el país, había sustento para aumentar el pago
de derechos en aquellas zonas donde la cantidad hubiere disminuido. Se
argumentó al respecto:
El principio de equidad tributaria consiste, básicamente en que se dé un
trato igual a los que se encuentran en igualdad de circunstancias, de modo que,
tratándose de la disponibilidad de aguas del subsuelo para su uso o aprovechamiento, como es un hecho notorio que el agua no se encuentra en igual cantidad
en todo el país [...] es por ello que el legislador [...] estableció cuotas diferenciales
en relación con el agua disponible [...]. En consecuencia [...] se justifica objetivamente que se le reclasifique en una zona de disponibilidad superior (lo que no
quiere decir que haya más agua utilizable, sino precisamente lo contrario, esto es
que ha disminuido la cantidad de agua, y por ende, que deba aumentarse el
pago de derechos) pues se les da un trato igual a los que se encuentran en igualdad de condiciones [...]27.
Dos últimos casos recientes dan cuenta de la tensión que enfrenta la
SCJN. Ante un amparo por las tarifas de impuesto predial del Estado de
Nuevo León, la SCJN lo concedió con el siguiente argumento:
[...] el artículo 21 bis-8 de la Ley de Hacienda Municipal del Estado de Nuevo
León, al establecer que en el caso de predios baldíos el impuesto predial se determinará, liquidará y pagará, aplicando a su base una tasa del 6 al millar anual, si
se encuentran ubicados en los Municipios de Apodaca, Escobedo, Guadalupe,
26
Tesis P./J.81/2000, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
tomo XII, Novena Época, Pleno, p. 90 (Registro número 191,432).
27
Tesis P. CXXI/2000, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
tomo XII, Novena Época, Pleno, p. 98.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
191
Monterrey, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Pedro García y Santa Catarina, y de 3
al millar anual, si se encuentran ubicados en los demás Municipios del Estado,
viola los referidos principios constitucionales, pues no obstante que los contribuyentes tienen las mismas características objetivas (ser propietarios o poseedores de
esa clase de bienes) y realicen un mismo hecho generador del gravamen, lo que
hace que constituyan una misma categoría, el legislador local injustificadamente
les otorga en dicho precepto un tratamiento desigual, por el solo hecho de la
ubicación de esos inmuebles; aunado a que la desproporcionalidad de este gravamen también es producto de desatender a la real capacidad contributiva del
obligado28.
Gravar de forma desigual predios en zonas altamente pobladas, tiene
una racionalidad clara, estimular la construcción en las zonas donde hay
poco espacio, otro fin extrafiscal, pero al parecer la SCJN no lo considera
así. Pero hay asuntos donde la violación constitucional parece más evidente. Pongamos el caso del impuesto especial a la fructuosa, el cual saca
completamente del mercado a este edulcorante. Sin embargo, la SCJN, en
este caso, negó el amparo bajo el siguiente argumento:
[...] esta distinción obedece a que el legislador protege a la industria azucarera
nacional, pues de ella depende la subsistencia de un gran número de mexicanos.
Por tanto, al existir una justificación objetiva para hacer esa distinción, dicho
numeral no transgrede el principio constitucional de referencia, toda vez que da
el mismo trato a todos aquellos que utilicen edulcorantes distintos al azúcar de
caña, pero diferente respecto de aquellos que utilicen ésta29.
Lo anterior nos lleva a afirmar que la SCJN aún no ha establecido
claramente cuándo puede decirse que una contribución es contraria a los
principios de proporcionalidad y equidad. Ambos son conceptos muy
vagos que han sido definidos de forma contradictoria y un poco caprichosa por la SCJN. Los fines extrafiscales son aceptados o no en función de
la apreciación que la SCJN tiene de los temas disputados, siendo que en
otras latitudes, como veremos en un momento, ésta es fundamentalmente
una atribución del Poder Legislativo, no del Judicial. En general, las
implicaciones de las decisiones de la SCJN no parecen ser centrales en las
justificaciones utilizadas. Más que el efecto, en la realidad domina una
discusión de tipo más escolástico, y la conclusión del debate puede terminar en un sentido o en otro en función de las condiciones específicas de
cada litigio.
28
Tesis: 1a. XLI/2003, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
Novena Época, tomo XVIII, Primera Sala, p. 294 (Registro número 183,231).
29
Tesis: 2a./J 57/2004, publicada en el Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
Novena Época, tomo XVII, Segunda Sala, p. 570.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
192
III.
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
DERECHO COMPARADO
1. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMÉRICA
El papel de la SCJN de México en materia tributaria contrasta con la
actuación de la Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos de América. El
régimen político mexicano y la propia Constitución están fuertemente
inspirados en la de dicho país, aunque la tradición jurídica es muy distinta. La nuestra basada en un formalismo jurídico; la de nuestros vecinos es
mucho más pragmática, aunque en general más cuidadosa, por ponerlo en
nuestros términos, del interés del Estado.
En el sistema jurídico de los Estados Unidos, la Suprema Corte parece
tener un papel activo en dotar de sentido a las leyes. Sus decisiones van
sentando precedente y limitando la actuación del Congreso, muchas veces
ante la molestia de los legisladores.
En la tradición de derecho romano como la nuestra, por lo menos en
la interpretación post-revolución francesa, se espera una división de poderes clara, donde los jueces sólo deben utilizar la ley para sus sentencias y
no los razonamientos de otros jueces. De esta forma lo ha argumentado
Merryman al comparar ambas tradiciones legales: “Una expresión extrema
del dogma de la estricta separación del poder legislativo y judicial era la
noción de que los jueces no debían interpretar legislación incompleta,
contradictoria o poco clara. Tenían siempre que referir estas preguntas a
la legislatura para una interpretación autorizada”30.
Paradójicamente, en el caso que nos ocupa, la función interpretativa de
la SCJN de México es más amplia que en los Estados Unidos, pues en
este país la Suprema Corte se ha orientado a restringir y confinar su propia jurisdicción (el llamado self-restraint) en lo que atañe a las cuestiones
constitucionales. Sabemos que la reflexión de la Suprema Corte respecto
de la materia tributaria, tiene su punto de partida en las facultades que la
propia Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América le concede al
Congreso en materia tributaria, las cuales difieren del caso mexicano.
Así, el Artículo Primero, Octava Sección, Cláusula Primera de la
Constitución de aquel país dispone:
El Congreso tendrá facultad: Para establecer y recaudar contribuciones, impuestos, derechos y consumos; para pagar las deudas y proveer a la defensa co30
MERRYMAN, JOHN HENRY, The Civil Law Tradition, Stanford University Press, 1985, p. 36.
La traducción de ésta y de todas las citas subsecuentes es nuestra.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
193
mún y bienestar general de los Estados Unidos; pero todos los derechos, impuestos y consumos serán uniformes en todos los Estados Unidos.
Posteriormente, con motivo del debate generado en torno a la inconstitucionalidad del Impuesto Sobre la Renta, declarada en decisión
dividida por parte de la Suprema Corte en 189531, fue necesaria una
enmienda para dejar en claro que este impuesto no violentaba la Constitución. En dicho caso, la Suprema Corte sostuvo que dicho gravamen se
establecía sobre un ingreso uniforme en todo el país, por lo que, al tratarse de un impuesto directo, sólo podía ser establecido por el Congreso
tomando como referencia el número de la población. Para salvar esa interpretación, la enmienda 16 de la Constitución dispone:
El Congreso tendrá facultades para establecer y recaudar impuestos sobre los
ingresos, sea cual fuere la fuente de que provengan, sin prorratearlos entre los
diferentes Estados y sin atender a ningún censo o recuento.
Como se aprecia, a diferencia de lo que sucede en México, en el texto
de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos no se hace referencia alguna al
trato equitativo o proporcional en el pago de los impuestos. La protección
equitativa, definida en la enmienda 14, sección primera, no tuvo por objetivo limitar las capacidades tributarias del Estado, sino otorgarle a todos
los ciudadanos mismos derechos frente a los poderes federales o locales32.
Esta enmienda ha sido interpretada, en materia tributaria, con precisión
por la Suprema Corte, en los términos que se transcriben a continuación:
En las decisiones sobre protección equitativa, esta Corte ha enfatizado que las
opciones de política económica y social incorporadas en la legislación tributaria no
deben ser alteradas con ligereza. Las clasificaciones legislativas que no atentan
contra derechos fundamentales o discriminan por razones de clase deben mantenerse si están relacionadas racionalmente a un propósito gubernamental legítimo.
En materia de imposición, aun más que en otros ámbitos, la Corte ha sostenido
que las legislaturas necesariamente poseen la más amplia libertad de clasificación.
Si una legislatura concluye que “el interés público se ve beneficiado” al cobrar un
impuesto diferencial, “a un negocio puede no cobrarse un impuesto y al otro sí,
con el fin de promover al primero o para restringir o suprimir al segundo”.
Carmichael v. Southern Coal & Coke Co., 301 U.S. 495, 512 (1937). Una
legislatura no viola los requisitos de protección equitativa al adoptar un régimen
que obligue a un segmento industrial al pago de impuestos aun cuando exenta
31
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co, http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/constitution/
amendment16/01.html#1.
32
http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/constitution/amendment14/08.html#1.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
194
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
a otros “negocios semejantes”. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 584
(1937)33.
De este modo, la conclusión que encontramos es que la Suprema
Corte no exige al Congreso que sustente, en el caso citado, la decisión de
gravar de distinta forma a la industria del juego cuando se trata de casinos
flotantes frente al gravamen que impone para el caso de carreras. En palabras de la Suprema Corte en la misma sentencia: “[l]a legislatura pudo
haber concluido que los botes ofrecen una mayor atracción para el turismo que el estado desea promover, o que tienen mayor movilidad, o que
tienen mayores costos de producción y que requieren de impuestos bajos
para ser competitivos dentro del mercado”34.
En suma, la Suprema Corte concluyó que la decisión del Tribunal de
Iowa de declarar inconstitucional estos impuestos diferenciados “usurpó
la función legislativa”. Dice la Suprema Corte en dicha sentencia lo siguiente:
Esta Corte ha sostenido constantemente que la Cláusula de Protección Equitativa no impone una norma rígida de equidad impositiva y que seleccionar una
categoría en particular para fines impositivos no infringe la Constitución [...]. Las
provisiones sobre los ingresos de una industria específica reflejan las opciones
políticas tomadas por el Congreso en sus atribuciones constitucionales que le
permiten “imponer y recaudar impuestos para el pago de la deuda y la promoción
de la defensa del bienestar general en los Estados Unidos”. (Artículo 1º de la
Constitución de los Estados Unidos Americanos).
Reconociendo la atribución constitucional originaria del Congreso para
determinar y poner en práctica las políticas tributarias y sociales, la Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos ha sostenido consistentemente que el
modelo de protección equitativa “es especialmente respetuosa del contexto
de clasificación derivado de leyes tributarias complejas” y que se le debe
dotar a las legislaturas de “amplio margen para establecer las clasificaciones
y dibujar los lineamientos que en su juicio produzcan sistemas tributarios
razonables”35.
Incluso cuando se discute si un impuesto es o no exorbitante, éste
queda a la discreción del Legislador y “la Corte no condenará un impues33
Supreme Court of the United States No. 02-695, Michael Fitzgerald, Treasurer, State of
Iowa, Petitioner vs. Racing Association of Central Iowa, et. al.
34
Nótese el tiempo verbal: «pudo haber», no necesariamente «lo hizo»; pero no importa,
esa es la facultad del Poder Legislativo.
35
Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 11 [1992]. Ver http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/
constitution/amendment14/f192.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
195
to únicamente bajo el argumento de que es excesivo”36. Tampoco un impuesto es “constitucionalmente sospechoso porque sea retroactivo. La
práctica rutinaria de hacer los impuestos retroactivos para el año entero de
la sesión legislativa en que es puesto en vigor ha sido sostenida por la
Corte, hay incluso casos donde se ha permitido la retroactividad para uno
o dos años anteriores”37.
En este sentido, la solución adoptada por la Suprema Corte se da,
salvo casos excepcionales, en favor de la acción legislativa, y en consecuencia, el acto legislativo debe ser convalidado. Ello implica la aplicación del
principio antes aludido de autorestricción (self-restraint), el cual, conforme
a Thayer, hace que una ley pueda declararse inconstitucional sólo “[...]
cuando aquellos que tienen el derecho de hacer las leyes no hayan cometido un simple error, sino que hayan cometido un error tan claro que se
encuentre fuera de toda pregunta racional”38.
En relación con lo anterior, Bushrod Washington señala que: “Cualquier ley es aprobada por el respeto a la sabiduría, a la integridad y al
patriotismo del cuerpo legislativo [...] se presume la validez de la ley hasta
que la violación a la Constitución es probada más allá de toda duda razonable”. De esto se deriva que si la cuestión constitucional gira en torno
a aspectos que no sean estructurales, sino circunstanciales, la Suprema
Corte debe confirmar la validez de las leyes, incluyendo las de naturaleza
tributaria.
En cuanto a la injerencia de la Suprema Corte en los temas políticos,
el Juez John Marshall sostuvo que el deber de aquélla consiste en decidir
sobre los derechos de los individuos de acuerdo con los principios establecidos por los órganos políticos de la nación. En relación con los derechos de los individuos, su opinión fue que el Poder Judicial se encuentra
deslindado del gobierno y las políticas gubernamentales referidas a la
sociedad civil se encuentran establecidas en leyes, las cuales deben ser incluso obedecidas por los tribunales. Marshall siempre negó la posibilidad
de que la Suprema Corte pudiera inmiscuirse en las decisiones políticas
determinadas por las entidades de gobierno competentes para ello39.
36
http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/constitution/amendment14/08.html#1.
http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/constitution/amendment14/f22.
38
Citado por LA ROCHE, HUMBERTO J., El control jurisdiccional de la Constitucionalidad en
Venezuela y los Estados Unidos, Universidad de Zulia, Facultad de Derecho, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 1972, p. 46.
39
Esta síntesis ha sido elaborada de acuerdo con las ideas que sobre el particular son
desarrolladas por KENNETH FAULKNER, ROBERT, The jurisprudence of John Marshall, Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, 1968, pp. 66 y 67.
37
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
196
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
La Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos, consciente de los peligros
aparejados con la judicialización de la política, trata de evitar las llamadas
cuestiones políticas, que siempre tienen el riesgo de provocar un conflicto
entre poderes, sobre todo cuando las decisiones políticas son tomadas por
el Legislativo, que es una institución política con legitimidad democrática
directa.
En la medida que la separación de poderes ha sido más efectiva en
los Estados Unidos que en México, la interpretación que la Suprema
Corte de aquel país le ha dado a la legislación que define los derechos de
los contribuyentes es, paradójicamente, más limitada. Allá, encontramos
que el Legislativo y el propio Ejecutivo litigaron para defender sus facultades y la Suprema Corte fue internalizando un papel acotado
—autorrestringido— en materia tributaria; fue entendiendo que no sólo
se trata de tener autonomía, sino de definir con mucha claridad hasta
dónde llega su ámbito de competencia y la posibilidad de invadir las decisiones de política legislativa y tributaria impuesta por el órgano al que
en exclusiva compete el fijar impuestos: el Congreso.
2. ESPAÑA
A lo largo de las últimas décadas, el tema de los límites, así como la
función que debe ejercer el Tribunal Constitucional español, parece haber
ocupado un lugar importante dentro de los temas de estudio de la doctrina española. Por otra parte, el papel que juega el Tribunal Constitucional de ese país difiere del caso de la SCJN, tanto por la organización de
aquel, como por los recursos a través de los cuales realiza el control de
constitucionalidad de normas fiscales.
Hemos encontrado diferentes autores españoles que se han pronunciado
a favor de un autocontrol por parte de dicho Tribunal en el ejercicio de
sus funciones, el cual se traduciría en el establecimiento de límites a la
materia objeto de revisión y a los alcances o repercusiones de índole
político, derivadas de la práctica del control de constitucionalidad.
Al respecto, entendemos que Martín Cubas ratifica la idea de la
autolimitación (self-restraint) de la jurisdicción constitucional en su relación con las decisiones políticas contenidas en las leyes emitidas por el
Legislativo40. Sin embargo, según Schneider, aunque se ha intentado definir ese autocontrol, es claro que habrá que ver la actuación concreta de
40
MARTÍN CUBAS, JOAQUÍN, La democracia y el tribunal constitucional, Ediciones Alfons el
Magnanim, Valencia, España, 1996, pp. 140 y 141.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
197
los Tribunales Constitucionales para juzgar los casos específicos, pues la
autolimitación judicial no es “[...] una suerte de componente subjetivo y
extraño añadido a la esencia de la Constitución, sino algo querido por
razón de la específica estructura normativa de la Constitución. Si concebimos en este sentido la prudencia como un principio de la interpretación
asegurador de la operatividad funcional de la Constitución, como tarea
inmediata se nos planteó a renglón seguido ‘operacionalizar’ el mandato
de autolimitación, traducirlo en figuras argumentativas practicables y plausibles, y elaborarlo en forma de una concepción metódica concluyente”41.
Respecto al tema del control de constitucionalidad de leyes ejercido
por el Tribunal Constitucional español, Pérez Royo señala que los motivos por los que ese control es objetivamente un problema para el Estado
constitucional democrático, tienen su origen en tres cuestiones básicas: (i)
las relaciones entre política y derecho en el marco del Estado constitucional, esto es, hasta dónde se puede llevar la juridificación de la política
cuando el Estado es la forma de manifestación del poder político; (ii) la
legitimidad del control de un órgano democráticamente constituido por
otro que no lo está o, al menos, no lo está de manera tan inmediata y
directa, además de no ser responsable política y jurídicamente ante nadie;
y (iii) la posibilidad misma de que la decisión del órgano que ejerce el
control de constitucionalidad pueda ser tomada en muchas ocasiones jurídica y no políticamente42.
En relación con este tema, las consideraciones formuladas por Pérez
Royo ameritan transcribirse en su integridad:
[...] ni es posible juridificar la política estatal al cien por cien, ni se puede argumentar lógicamente a favor del control de un órgano democrático por otro que
no lo es o lo es mucho menos, ni se puede dudar de que la “jurisdicción” constitucional es de por sí justicia política. En consecuencia, en la medida en que la
Justicia Constitucional supondría extender los límites de la juridificación de la
actividad política más allá de donde puede llevarse, lo haría con un déficit de
legitimación democrática importante y tendría necesariamente que adoptar decisiones políticas, el final del razonamiento sólo podría consistir en que el Estado
constitucional y la Justicia constitucional están en contradicción entre sí y en
que, por lo tanto, la Justicia constitucional no debería existir [...]. Este es motivo
por el que la literatura especializada sobre la Justicia constitucional [...] sea una
literatura sobre los límites de la misma.
41
Véase SCHNEIDER, H. P., «Continencia judicial y estructura normativa abierta al Derecho
Constitucional», en LÓPEZ PINA (coord.), División de poderes e interpretación, Editorial Tecnos,
Madrid, España, 1987, pp. 73 y 77.
42
PÉREZ ROYO, JAVIER, Tribunal Constitucional y División de Poderes, Editorial Tecnos, S.A.,
Madrid, España, 1988, pp. 17 a 19.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
198
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
[...] puesto que una vez que existe un Estado constitucional digno de tal nombre, el problema de los límites del poder político acaba siendo siempre un problema de interpretación de la Constitución, se comprende perfectamente el porqué de la insistencia en los límites de la Justicia constitucional. Puesto que en
todo Estado se tiene que poner fin en algún momento a un control de tipo
externo, si no hay un sistema de control de constitucionalidad de la ley, es el
órgano legislativo el que tiene que autolimitarse al interpretar la Constitución
bajo el control difuso de la opinión pública. Si existe un tal sistema, el legislador
puede acabar estando sometido a un control externo, pero es entonces el Tribunal
Constitucional el que tiene que autolimitarse al interpretar el texto constitucional,
para no transformar la prerrogativa de la interpretación de la Constitución en un
monopolio de hecho e interferir indebidamente en la competencia de los otros
órganos del Estado43.
En nuestro país, el control de constitucionalidad es realizado por la
SCJN, un órgano que forma parte del Poder Judicial, mientras que en el
caso español, el Tribunal Constitucional, intérprete supremo de la Constitución, tal como lo establece el Título IX de la Constitución Española
de 1978, es independiente de los Poderes Judicial, Legislativo y Ejecutivo.
En lo que hace a su composición, es importante destacar que de sus doce
miembros, ocho son propuestos por el Congreso y el Senado, y el resto
por el Poder Ejecutivo y el Poder Judicial, en la misma proporción. De
este modo, el papel prioritario que juega el Poder Legislativo en la conformación de dicho Tribunal, podría llevar a pensar en un autocontrol de
dicho órgano para ciertos casos. Sin embargo, no es posible afirmar que
este autocontrol sea una regla general, pues el Tribunal Constitucional
español ha resuelto importantes casos en los que ha declarado la inconstitucionalidad de diversas normas tributarias.
Ahora bien, en lo que hace a la materia tributaria, debe señalarse que
la procedencia del recurso de amparo para la impugnación de dichas
normas es diferente en el caso español y en el mexicano. De acuerdo con
los artículos 161 y 53.2 de la Constitución Española, el Tribunal Constitucional es competente para conocer del recurso de amparo, el cual
únicamente es procedente por violaciones a los derechos fundamentales y
a las libertades públicas. De esta forma, observamos que se encuentra
excluida la posibilidad de impugnar por este medio violaciones al artículo 31 de la Constitución española, que establece tanto el deber de contribuir, como el principio de igualdad para la materia tributaria, que va íntimamente enlazada al concepto de capacidad económica y al principio de
progresividad, en los siguientes términos:
43
Idem, pp. 22 y 23.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
199
1. Todos contribuirán al sostenimiento de los gastos públicos de acuerdo
con su capacidad económica mediante un sistema tributario justo inspirado en
los principios de igualdad y progresividad que, en ningún caso, tendrá alcance
confiscatorio.
2. El gasto público realizará una asignación equitativa de los recursos públicos y su programación y ejecución responderán a los criterios de eficiencia y
economía.
3. Sólo podrán establecerse prestaciones personales o patrimoniales de carácter público con arreglo a la ley.
A diferencia de lo que ha sucedido en México, donde al pasar del
tiempo la SCJN ha ido ampliando el alcance del juicio de amparo como
medio de impugnación de leyes fiscales, parece que el Tribunal Constitucional español ha buscado mantener dicha limitación, con la finalidad de
impedir el abuso en la utilización del recurso de amparo para la impugnación de normas tributarias.
No obstante el papel restrictivo del Tribunal Constitucional, hemos
encontrado casos en los que los particulares han intentado promover recurso de amparo en contra de normas fiscales, aludiendo al artículo 14
constitucional que establece el principio de igualdad y no discriminación
de manera general, y no al artículo 31 del mismo ordenamiento que prevé
el principio de igualdad específicamente para la materia tributaria. Ante
estos planteamientos, entendemos que dicho Tribunal ha intentado mantener una separación entre las dos expresiones del principio de igualdad
constitucional, tarea no fácil de alcanzar. En estos términos puede observarse la Sentencia 159/1997 de 2 de octubre, que se transcribe a continuación:
Ha de recordarse, en primer lugar, que no toda proclamación constitucional
del principio de igualdad es reconducible, sin más, a la efectuada por el art. 14
C.E. Pues específicamente no lo es, en cuanto aquí interesa, la del principio de
igualdad en materia tributaria contenida en el art. 31 C.E., como así lo ha declarado con rotundidad este Tribunal en diversas ocasiones [...]. Y si bien ello no
significa que este Tribunal no pueda llegar a apreciar —como, por ejemplo, hizo
en las SSTC 209/1988 y 45/1989— una infracción del art. 14 por la Ley Tributaria, sí excluye claramente que, so capa de una invocación meramente «formal» del art. 14 C.E., en realidad el recurrente de amparo venga a apoyarse en
el art. 31.1 C.E., precepto éste que, como se ha dicho, no puede servir de fundamento a una pretensión en este proceso constitucional, por imperativo del
art. 53.2 C.E. y del art. 41.1 LOTC.
En segundo término, respecto al diferente contenido de la igualdad en los
arts. 14 y 31.1 C.E. este Tribunal ha declarado que «la igualdad que se reclama
en el art. 31 C.E. va íntimamente enlazada al concepto de capacidad económica
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
200
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
y al principio de progresividad, por lo que no puede ser, a estos efectos, reconducida sin más, a los términos del art. 14 C.E»44.
A pesar de la restricción del recurso de amparo, la impugnación de
inconstitucionalidad de normas fiscales puede ser realizada a través de
medios distintos, esto es, el recurso de inconstitucionalidad y la cuestión
de inconstitucionalidad, los cuales son también resueltos por el Tribunal
Constitucional español. Estos recursos podrían ser equiparables a las acciones de inconstitucionalidad y a las controversias constitucionales que existen en nuestro país, los cuales son así mismo medios de control de
constitucionalidad, aunque sus características particulares son disímiles.
Resulta relevante señalar que, según observamos, de acuerdo con el
derecho español los particulares no se encuentran facultados para interponer dichos medios de impugnación, lo cual limita su capacidad para
acudir de manera directa al Tribunal Constitucional para reclamar la constitucionalidad de las normas tributarias. Así las cosas, el recurso de inconstitucionalidad, por medio del cual es posible impugnar normas generales, sólo podrá ser promovido por “el Presidente del Gobierno, el
Defensor del Pueblo, cincuenta Diputados, cincuenta Senadores, los órganos colegiados ejecutivos de las Comunidades Autónomas y, en su caso,
las Asambleas de las mismas”, tal como lo establece el artículo 162.1.a de
la Constitución Española. Por su parte, y de acuerdo con dicho ordenamiento, las cuestiones de inconstitucionalidad serán promovidas por jueces
o tribunales, cuando éstos consideren, dentro de algún proceso, “que un
norma con rango de ley, aplicable al caso, [y] de cuya validez dependa el
fallo, pueda ser contraria a la Constitución”, en términos de su artículo
163. Es importante señalar que para el caso de este último recurso, los
particulares podrían solicitar al órgano judicial que plantee la cuestión de
inconstitucionalidad ante el Tribunal Constitucional, dejando así abierta
una posibilidad de participación indirecta de los individuos.
Los recursos de inconstitucionalidad y las cuestiones de inconstitucionalidad tendrán efectos generales, tal como lo establece el artículo 164.1
de la Constitución Española45. Así las cosas, cuando el Tribunal conozca
44
Sentencia número 159/1997, de 2 de octubre, Recurso de Amparo, Boletín Oficial del
Estado número 260. Ver también la Sentencia 54/1993, de 15 de febrero, Recurso de Amparo,
Boletín Oficial del Estado número 69.
45
El artículo 164.1 de la Constitución española establece: «Las sentencias del Tribunal
Constitucional se publicarán en el boletín oficial del Estado con los votos particulares, si los
hubiere. Tienen el valor de cosa juzgada a partir del día siguiente de su publicación y no cabe
recurso alguno contra ellas. Las que declaren la inconstitucionalidad de una ley o de una norma
con fuerza de ley y todas las que no se limiten a la estimación subjetiva de un derecho, tienen
plenos efectos frente a todos».
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
201
de algún medio de impugnación de este tipo en materia tributaria, sus
resoluciones tendrán efectos generales, lo cual, según se presume, no necesariamente ha limitado a dicho órgano a declarar la inconstitucionalidad
incluso de aspectos medulares de ciertos impuestos, pero sí lo ha llevado
a acotar el alcance de sus sentencias.
Después de que en varias ocasiones el Gobierno español se vio en la
necesidad de devolver importantes cantidades de dinero, como resultado
de la declaración de inconstitucionalidad de normas fiscales, el Tribunal
Constitucional precisó que las declaraciones de inconstitucionalidad de
leyes en materia tributaria no tenían que llevar a una revisión generalizada
de las situaciones no prescritas de manera específica en el caso concreto,
por lo que sería el propio Tribunal el que determinaría en cada caso las
consecuencias particulares de sus sentencias, lo que se ha denominado
como “eficacia prospectiva” de las declaraciones de inconstitucionalidad.
El poder establecer efectos relativos de sus declaratorias de inconstitucionalidad, parece haberle permitido al Tribunal español ser más audaz al
momento de resolver, pues se encuentra menos condicionado por las
consecuencias de sus sentencias. Al respecto resulta interesante transcribir
parte de lo resuelto por el mencionado Tribunal en la Sentencia 45/1989,
de 20 de febrero:
En lo que toca a los efectos, hemos de comenzar por recordar que, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica de este Tribunal (art. 39. 1), las disposiciones consideradas inconstitucionales han de ser declaradas nulas, declaración
que tiene efectos generales a partir de su publicación en el «Boletín Oficial del
Estado» (art. 38.1 LOTC) y que en cuanto comporta la inmediata y definitiva
expulsión del ordenamiento de los preceptos afectados (STC 19/1987, fundamento jurídico 6.º) impide la aplicación de los mismos desde el momento antes
indicado, pues la Ley Orgánica no faculta a este Tribunal, a diferencia de lo que
en algún otro sistema ocurre, para aplazar o diferir el momento de efectividad de
la nulidad.
Ni esa vinculación entre inconstitucionalidad y nulidad es, sin embargo,
siempre necesaria, ni los efectos de la nulidad en lo que toca al pasado vienen
definidos por la Ley, que deja a este Tribunal la tarea de precisar su alcance en
cada caso, dado que la categoría de la nulidad no tiene el mismo contenido en los
distintos sectores del ordenamiento46.
Por lo que respecta a los pronunciamientos del Tribunal Constitucional
español en cuanto a la constitucionalidad o inconstitucionalidad de las
46
Sentencia número 45/1989, de 20 de febrero, Cuestión de Inconstitucionalidad, Boletín
Oficial del Estado número 52. Ver también la Sentencia número 137/2003, de 3 de julio,
Recurso de Inconstitucionalidad.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
202
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
leyes tributarias, encontramos la opinión de que, si bien es cierto que
dicho Tribunal no aplica los principios tributarios “con la contundencia
que sería deseable en estos casos” —debido a limitaciones impuestas por
su propia ley reguladora—, su faceta como “legislador negativo” que emite
resoluciones que dan como resultado la expulsión de una norma por resultar inconciliable con los mandatos constitucionales, ha sido rara vez
ejercitada en el ámbito tributario. Así, los principios constitucionales tributarios han sido aplicados de iure por parte del Tribunal Constitucional,
por lo que se refiere a sus declaraciones de inconstitucionalidad legislativa,
“[...] pero los ha olvidado de facto, en cuanto a la solución final y teóricamente reclamada por algunos sectores [...] sin alcanzar los resultados
que, en términos de justicia tributaria se sigue de su aplicación [...]”47.
Así las cosas, el papel que ha jugado el Tribunal Constitucional en los
temas antes señalados, constituye un precedente de relevancia para nuestro
país, sobre todo en lo que hace al establecimiento de limitaciones en el
control de constitucionalidad en materia tributaria, tema que la SCJN no
ha conseguido definir con claridad y que ha llevado al abuso, por parte de
los particulares, del juicio de amparo.
IV.
CONCLUSIONES
De una fase en la que no se reconocía la facultad de la SCJN para
pronunciarse en cuestiones tributarias y se consideraba que los derechos de
los contribuyentes no se encontraban dentro de las garantías individuales
tuteladas por la Constitución, se pasó a una etapa en la que el juicio de
amparo es un poderoso instrumento jurídico en manos de los causantes.
Protección que parte de la reinterpretación de dos conceptos establecidos
en nuestra Constitución: “equitativo y proporcional”.
La SCJN ha jugado un papel relevante en la definición de estos conceptos, sin embargo, no ha elaborado lo que razonablemente puede constituir una teoría constitucional sobre los contenidos y alcances de las
garantías individuales en materia tributaria48. A pesar de la trascendencia
de esta labor y de las implicaciones que tiene sobre el Estado, lo que
encontramos es, más que un concepto orientador de tales postulados,
47
GALLEGO PERAGÓN, J. M., Los principios materiales de justicia tributaria, Editorial Comares,
Granada, España, pp. 213 a 214.
48
La ausencia de una teoría constitucional construida por parte de la SCJN, no sólo para
efectos fiscales sino integrales en México, es sostenida por COSSÍO DÍAZ, JOSÉ RAMÓN, Teoría
Constitucional de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, Distribuciones Fontamara, S.A., primera edición,
México, 2004.
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
Separación de poderes y garantías individuales...
203
criterios carentes de sistematización que sean útiles para guiar las decisiones del propio Poder Judicial de la Federación, así como para la emisión
de las leyes fiscales por parte del Poder Legislativo y su cumplimiento por
los contribuyentes.
Otro tema pendiente y en el que la SCJN tampoco ha fijado criterios
claros, es el relativo a la definición de cómo dicho órgano debe ejercer el
control constitucional de las leyes tributarias y, en su caso, cuáles serían
los límites que tendría que autoimponerse en esa función, precisamente
en aras de salvaguardar tanto el Estado de Derecho y la separación de
poderes, como, en última instancia, los ingresos del Estado. A pesar de
que la legislación en la materia establece cuáles son los mecanismos de
control constitucional y cuál la competencia del Poder Judicial de la Federación; de manera específica queda mucho por definir en lo que hace a
la participación de la SCJN en la revisión de las leyes fiscales, y así mismo, de los impactos positivos o negativos que todas sus decisiones tienen
no sólo en las finanzas públicas, sino también en el patrimonio de los
gobernados. Esta falta de definición en los límites y alcances de la actuación de la SCJN se hace latente también en la jurisprudencia y en la
doctrina mexicana, y ha trascendido de tal forma, que ha llevado a que en
gran número de ocasiones el juicio de amparo permita cometer abusos y
situaciones absurdas que finalmente resultan perjudiciales para el Estado en
general.
En lo que hace a la construcción de argumentos lógicos que, de manera sistemática, tiendan a elaborar y definir los principios constitucionales
de proporcionalidad y equidad de las contribuciones, y que busquen delimitar el papel de la SCJN en lo que hace al control de constitucionalidad de normas fiscales, han intervenido también dos actores: los contribuyentes y el Poder Ejecutivo.
En lo que hace a los contribuyentes, debe considerarse que en el sistema jurídico mexicano, la declaración de inconstitucionalidad de las leyes
a través del juicio de amparo sólo beneficia a aquellos que buscan la protección de la justicia, dada la llamada fórmula Otero. Por otra parte, el
amparo es un proceso oneroso, que si bien en teoría es asequible a todos
los contribuyentes, a él sólo tienen acceso real aquellos contribuyentes con
amplios recursos y cuyos asuntos involucran grandes montos fiscales potenciales en disputa. Para ellos, el costo de invertir en un amparo se justifica por la ganancia que pueden obtener49.
49
Dice Miguel Carbonell, citando a Eduardo Buscaglia: «Los altos costos de una buena
asistencia jurídica y los derivados del propio desarrollo de un proceso impiden en la realidad
que la mayoría de la población solucione sus problemas acudiendo a los tribunales. Incluso, una
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
DA-2005, núm. 273. CARLOS ELIZONDO MAYER-SERRA Y LUIS MANUEL PÉREZ DE ACHA. 6. Sep
204
Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra y Luis Manuel Pérez de Acha
La interpretación constitucional de los derechos de los contribuyentes
analizados en este texto ha vuelto oneroso e impredecible el proceso de
recaudación tributaria. Tenemos un sistema donde casi toda nueva ley
fiscal o reformas a las ya existentes son motivo de litigio. Para un contribuyente importante, ampararse es una inversión razonable, y así, en la
medida en que la SCJN optó por no sólo frenar la acción del Ejecutivo,
sino exigir la devolución de los impuestos declarados inconstitucionales50,
se estimuló el uso de la ruta jurídica, dado que el premio esperado podía
ser muy alto.
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://openalex.org/W2111947600_2', 'collection': 'Spanish-Science-Pile', 'open_type': 'Open Science', 'license': 'Various open science', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Spanish', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7327', 'token_count': '12725', '__index_level_0__': '39703', 'original_id': '33a5204419baec1f7a4bf469db14faa3060d336238494850e3fa7927f3afcb02'} |
Accounting seems very complicated, which is why most people ignore this field completely. However, this is not the smartest decision, as some basic accounting knowledge will help us save, earn, and spend money in a more reasonable way. In addition, basic accounting principles will help us understand our spending habits.
Basic Accounting Principles:
Income statement. Your income is the amount you earn (or the income your business or business receives over a period of time). Keep in mind that depending on the country you live in, taxes will be either immediately deducted from your salary or you may have to fill out forms and pay taxes at the end of a certain period. Knowing how to handle your taxes yourself is one of the most important skills today.
Cash flow statement. As can be deduced from the term, this is the cash flow over a period of time. The cash flow statement consists of two elements: the cash flow and the outgoing cash flow. In addition, there are methods with the help of which you can calculate the cash flow: direct and indirect.
The sales cycle. This term refers to the field. To specify, the sales cycle is the period of time that includes selling an item to a customer and receiving money from them.
The buying cycle. This term also pertains to business and is used to describe the process of paying for an item and using that amount of money out of the bank account.
Speaking of the reasons why it is so important to acquire basic accounting knowledge, these are the following:
• They won’t rip you off. We live in a world where you can buy practically anything you want. Of course, we don’t want to buy an overpriced product, especially if you have been saving money for a long time. For example, you want to buy a car. That is a great investment. There is absolutely no doubt about it. Having a basic understanding of accounting can help you understand how a product (in this case, a car) is priced and where you can get a better deal.
• You will no longer be intimidated by your personal finances. It’s no secret that many people don’t have savings these days. In most cases, the problem lies in the inability to plan and save even a small amount. In addition, the lack of accounting knowledge contributes to much more being spent than is being earned. Gaining knowledge in this area will help you manage your finances better.
• You can analyze the news. Have you seen the news often and heard about a financial crisis or the economy of Venezuela and have you not been able to understand anything? If that’s the case for you, you will certainly benefit from gaining some basic accounting knowledge. There is certainly no need to study the whole economic structure of Venezuela to find out what is happening in your country. Covering the basics of accounting is enough to understand the main idea. In addition, you are not affected as soon as someone tries to manipulate you due to a lack of financial knowledge. The more you know, the harder it will be to fool you.
• You will be able to impress your boss. Just because you work in a field that is quite different from accounting doesn’t mean you shouldn’t gain knowledge in this field too. Plus, extra skills are the best way to impress your boss, who will appreciate you more and will likely assign you some more interesting tasks or even give you a raise. Also, accounting is the kind of field that everyone deals with, so knowing more will definitely come in handy more than once in your life.
Have you decided to specialize in accounting, but are you not always able to perform your tasks yourself? Looking for help with accounting tasks? Would you like someone to do my accounting homework for me? What you need is to find a reliable service to help you with your accounting task. There are many freelance accounting professionals who can help you learn the basics of accounting with Quickbooks cloud-based business hosting with remote work features. Apart from that, you will also be able to learn proper tools that integrate with accounting software such as TSheets, Office 365 Business Essentials, etc.
Finding an expert who can help you can help me get my homework faster and more efficiently. Fortunately, there is help with quality accounting tasks. All you have to do is choose the service you trust, and you no longer need to google to do my homework or anything. Once you find a company that provides assistance with quality accounting tasks, you will realize that specialization in this topic is not as bad as it may seem at first. If you want to be successful in academia, it is a big plus to have a trustworthy agency that provides assistance with accounting tasks. The good news is that today there are more and more resources that provide financial task solutions.
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9692036509513856}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '119804', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3APKH5FFZKHAPWJI2CCBHQTSMFKFBLEQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d56ded60-701a-4607-81d7-7853784439f3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 17, 19, 40, 57), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.188.201.34', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BTBLBTMU7YPDAJLNPSSUMGGP3R36M7QP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:653cb3ac-afe2-4785-9497-1e67d17ae159>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://clicks4info.com/accounting-basics-everyone-should-know/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d95a2240-7fd8-4ed6-a6d4-669e3c224553>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '855', 'url': 'https://clicks4info.com/accounting-basics-everyone-should-know/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-52.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02285820245742798', 'original_id': 'df69ab6b2508f4de371481111599f4a9c4e73d4fe5765f88a7b8cd60d5aa0123'} |
Getty Images
Former Saints linebacker Jonathan Vilma knows a little something about winning a fight against Roger Goodell. And Vilma has some advice for Tom Brady.
Asked by Ed Werder of ESPN what he’d tell Brady to do, Vilma said he should take the league to court.
“I talked to Jonathan Vilma, who ferociously fought what had until this point been the harshest sanctions ever imposed by the NFL on a team, the Saints, for the bounty accusations,” Werder said on SportsCenter. “And Jonathan Vilma told me, when I asked him what advice he’d give to Tom Brady, he said, ‘I would tell him to fight the emotion of trying to publicly defend yourself, I would lawyer up and I would devise a game plan to beat the NFL in court.'”
Vilma was initially suspended for the entire 2012 season for the Saints bounty case. But after a protracted legal battle, Vilma and his Saints teammates were able to pressure Goodell to hand control over Bountygate discipline to his predecessor, Paul Tagliabue. Tagliabue rescinded all the players’ suspensions.
Werder said Vilma believes that a legal battle will be necessary for Brady as well. In Vilma’s view, an appeal under the league’s Collective Bargaining Agreement won’t work, because the CBA gives Goodell the power to either handle the appeal himself or appoint someone of his choosing to hear the appeal. Instead, Vilma thinks Brady will need a federal judge to take his side against Goodell.
“[Vilma] does not believe that the NFL Players Association can successfully defend Tom Brady within the confines of the CBA,” Werder said. “He thinks he’s going to have to go to federal court, as the Saints players did, and in Vilma’s case he not only had union representation, he also had his own private lawyer, Peter Ginsberg, who could at some point be involved in Brady’s defense at some point.”
A court battle can drag out for a long time, and there’s no guarantee that Brady would win. But if he wants to be on the field for Week One, going to court may be Brady’s best bet. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '8aedec2ced91b5b2b671ad48e6af55957fcb44fce2c814ee543322e17358e8ca'} |
Sautéed Broccolini With Spiced Almonds
Sauteed Broccolini Spiced Almonds
If you’ve been a regular reader of my posts in the last month or so, you know I’ve been going on (and on) about my love of sheet pans.
Yes, they are one of my top cooking tools, but to be honest, I am so sick of washing them.
Sheet pans are big and tough to maneuver around my kitchen sink.
Water always ends up everywhere it’s not supposed to be. How can cleaning create such a mess?
I must be doing something wrong.
Sauteed Broccolini Spiced Almonds
One of the problems is that we have a double-bowl sink, which makes washing anything bigger than one side a real challenge.
On my list for my kitchen renovation, that will eventually happen (I hope), is to have a single bowl sink perfect for washing the big stuff.
Why Stovetop Sides Are So Great
Fall is prime roasting season, but I don’t want to neglect my trusty skillet.
Cooking on the stovetop is often faster than the oven, and a pan, even a large one, is easier for cleanup.
Using the stove also reduces competition for the oven, which is fierce this time of the year leading up to Thanksgiving and continuing though winter.
Sauteed Broccolini Spiced Almonds
Sautéed broccolini with spiced almonds is a side that can be made at the last minute after everything else is ready to be served.
Broccolini isn’t actually baby broccoli. It’s a cross between broccoli and Chinese broccoli.
What I love about it most are the stems. And if you get them just right, they are so fresh and crisp.
Sauteed Broccolini Spiced Almonds
How To Make Sautéed Broccolini with Spiced Almonds
Since this recipe is very quick, I make sure everything is ready to go before I heat up the skillet.
I start by combining the spices, a mix of cumin, paprika, cayenne pepper, garlic powder, salt and pepper.
Yes, it seems like a lot of spices, but they all go so well with the broccolini, and they transform the nuts.
With a large skillet on the stove, I give the almonds a brief head start.
Then I add the spices and olive oil followed by the broccolini.
I always err on the side of less sautéing to make sure that the broccolini turns out crisp and bright green.
Sautéed Broccolini With Spiced Almonds
Sauteed Broccolini Spiced Almonds
• Prep Time: 5 minutes
• Cook Time: 6 minutes
• Total Time: 11 minutes
• Yield: Serves 4 1x
1/2 teaspoon cumin
1/4 teaspoon paprika
Pinch of cayenne pepper
Pinch of garlic powder
1/2 teaspoon kosher salt
1/4 teaspoon black pepper
1/4 cup roughly chopped almonds
1 tablespoon olive oil
2 bunches broccolini (about 1 pound), ends trimmed
Flaky sea salt for serving
In a small bowl, combine the cumin, paprika, cayenne pepper, garlic powder, salt and pepper.
In a large skillet over medium high heat, toast the almonds for 1 minute. Add the olive oil and spice mix.
Sauté the broccolini until bright green and tender but still crisp—about 5 minutes.
Sprinkle with flaky sea salt before serving.
I would love to hear from you! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8896325826644897}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '109361', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:45YEQYDAFRFOMTFLFA63JBDZZKBVYJUZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:52385619-8914-4b90-afef-a4bd6d90a8a9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 22, 20, 17, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.124.249.110', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BJKCIGHJUNJWAE6K45KH6LVGGCEQVVNU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:80d96a5a-a18e-43cb-8141-24cfaf4b15b9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.lastingredient.com/sauteed-broccolini-with-spiced-almonds/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:105ba6ce-0210-420c-aaae-524381d484bc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '530', 'url': 'https://www.lastingredient.com/sauteed-broccolini-with-spiced-almonds/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-133.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024187862873077393', 'original_id': '94078c468e4f1db42f0002a1a8b7e631c44ed015c762e3b8efbec13372148e64'} |
1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to manufacturing methods for roller cone drill bits.
2. Background Art
Historically, there have been two main types of drill bits used drilling earth formations, drag bits and roller cone bits. The term “drag bits” refers to those rotary drill bits with no moving elements. Drag bits include those having cutters attached to the bit body, which predominantly cut the formation by a shearing action. Roller cone bits include one or more roller cones rotatably mounted to the bit body. These roller cones have a plurality of cutting elements attached thereto that crush, gouge, and scrape rock at the bottom of a hole being drilled.
Roller cone drill bits typically include a main body with a threaded pin formed on the upper end of the main body for connecting to a drill string, and one or more legs extending from the lower end of the main body. Referring now FIGS. 1 and 2, a conventional roller cone drill bit, generally designated as 10, consists of bit body 12 forming an upper pin end 14 and a cutter end of roller cones 16 that are supported by legs 13 extending from body 12. Each leg 13 includes a journal (not shown) extending downwardly and radially inward towards a center line of the bit body 12, with cones 16 mounted thereon. Each of the legs 13 terminate in a shirttail portion 22. The threaded pin end 14 is adapted for assembly onto a drill string (not shown) for drilling oil wells or the like.
Conventional roller cone bits are typically constructed from at least three segments. The segments are often forged pieces having an upper body portion and a lower leg portion. The lower leg portion is machined to form the shirttail section and the journal section. Additionally, lubricant reservoir holes, jet nozzle holes, ball races are machined into the forgings. Cones are mounted onto the formed journals, and the leg segments are be positioned together longitudinally with journals and cones directed radially inward to each other. The segments may then be welded together using conventional techniques to form the bit body. Upon being welded together, the internal geometry of each leg section forms a center fluid plenum. The center fluid plenum directs drilling fluid from the drill string, out nozzles to cool and clean the bit and borehole, etc.
While roller cone bits have had a long presence in the market due to their overall durability and cutting ability (particularly when compared to previous bit designs, including disc bits), fixed cutter bits gained significant growths, particularly in view of the rates of penetration achievable. Accordingly, there exists a continuing need for developments in roller cone bits, as well as manufacturing techniques, that may at least provide for increased rates of penetration. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '1afc2e7fc575d508b659430ea4e86546e91f92700797f964615999de8f50a0fb'} |
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
THE INFLUENCE OF ACTUAL AND UNREQUITED INTERVENTIONS
Kathryn M.E. Dominguez
Freyan Panthaki
Working Paper 12953
http://www.nber.org/papers/w12953
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
March 2007
We are grateful to two anonymous referees, Francis Breedon, Takatoshi Ito, Christopher Neely, Andrew
Patton, Mark Taylor, Ian Tonks, Paolo Vitale, as well as seminar participants at Oxford University
and the "Exchange Rate Intervention: Theory and Experience" conference in Cambridge, England,
for useful comments and suggestions. We thank FMG at LSE for providing the Reuters D2000-2 data,
and Ryan Love and Jinhui Luo for sharing their mastery of the data with us. The views expressed herein
are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic
Research.
© 2007 by Kathryn M.E. Dominguez and Freyan Panthaki. All rights reserved. Short sections of text,
not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit,
including © notice, is given to the source.
The Influence of Actual and Unrequited Interventions
Kathryn M.E. Dominguez and Freyan Panthaki
NBER Working Paper No. 12953
March 2007
JEL No. F3,F31,G14,G15
ABSTRACT
Intervention operations are used by governments to manage their exchange rates but officials rarely
confirm their presence in the market, leading inevitably to erroneous reports in the financial press.
There are also reports of what we term, unrequited interventions, interventions that the market expects
but do not materialize. In this paper we examine the effects of various types of intervention news on
intra-day exchange rate behavior. We find that unrequited interventions have a statistically significant
influence on returns, volatility and order flow, suggesting that the expectation of intervention, even
when governments do not intervene, can affect currency values.
Kathryn M.E. Dominguez
University of Michigan
Weill Hall
735 S. State Street
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1224
and NBER
kathrynd@umich.edu
Freyan Panthaki
Financial Markets Group
London School of Economics
Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE
United Kingdom
freyanp@hotmail.com
1. Introduction
This paper examines intra-day foreign exchange market reactions to news of
actual and unrequited interventions reported in the financial press. Intervention
operations are used by many governments to manage their exchange rates. Research has
found that these operations can, under certain circumstances, effectively influence the
level and volatility of exchange rates. 1 One of the more puzzling aspects of intervention
policy is the fact that some governments keep their intervention operations secret, even
ex post. 2 The financial press often reports when a central bank is intervening over the
wire services, though governments rarely officially confirm their presence in the market.
Because there is often uncertainty in the market about whether a given government is
intervening, there are inevitably circumstances when the financial press reports
interventions that have not occurred. There are also frequently reports of what we term,
unrequited interventions, interventions that the market expects but do not materialize. In
this paper we examine the effects of various types of intervention news (reported actual
interventions, falsely reported interventions, oral interventions and unrequited
interventions) on exchange rate behavior.
1
A number of recent papers have examined the influence of intervention operations on daily exchange rate
returns and volatility and generally find evidence that interventions influence returns and increase
volatility. Dominguez and Frankel (1993a,b), Dominguez (2003b), Humpage (1999), Fatum and Hutchison
(2003, 2006), De Grauwe and Grimaldi (2003), and Ito (2003) find that interventions influence daily
returns. Bonser-Neal and Tanner (1996), Dominguez (1998), Galati et al. (2005), and Frenkel et al. (2005)
find that interventions lead to increases in implied volatilities measured using options data. Chaboud and
LeBaron (2001) find a positive correlation between daily (futures) trading volume and Fed interventions.
Dominguez (1998) using a GARCH model, Beine et al. (2002) using a FIGARCH model, and Beine and
Laurent (2003) using a model that allows for a time-varying jump probability associated with interventions,
all find evidence that interventions tend to increase exchange rate volatility. Dominguez (2006) and Beine
et al. (2003b) examine the effects of G3 interventions on daily realized volatility using an ARFIMA model.
A few papers find evidence that situation-specific interventions lead to decreases in volatility. For
example, Beine et al. (2003a) allow for a regime-dependent specification using a Markov switching model
and find that when the market is highly volatile concerted interventions decrease volatility. Dominguez
(1998) and Taylor (2004) find that interventions in the mid-1980s reduced exchange rate volatility.
2
Dominguez and Frankel (1993b) discuss the possible reasons that central banks might want to keep their
intervention operations secret (the so-called stealth operations). Neely (2000) notes that central banks are
moving increasingly toward electronic trading methods, which suggests that they are less interested in keeping
operations secret. On this topic also see: Vitale (1999), Bhattacharya and Weller (1997), Chiu (2003), Beine
et al. (2004) and Beine and Bernal (forthcoming). Although the Japanese government generally does not
provide contemporaneous information about their intervention operations, the Ministry of Finance
publishes lagged daily intervention data (lagged one month) on their website:
http://www.mof.go.jp/english/e1c021.htm.
1
A number of previous studies have shown that in order to find significant
reactions in the foreign exchange market to the news, one needs to measure the precise
impact of the news at the intra-day level. 3 Using Reuters’ time-stamped newswire
reports we are able to match the timing of intervention news to movements in intra-day
exchange rates. We also include scheduled macro announcement news reports which
have been used in previous studies to allow us to compare the effects of intervention
news against these more “traditional” variables.
The intra-day foreign exchange data used in this study are transactions prices and
quote spreads in three dollar currency markets: usd-gbp, usd-eur and yen-usd available
from the Reuters D2000-2 electronic trading system over the period from December 1999
through July 2000. The data do not include information on traded quantities, but they do
indicate whether trades were initiated by a buyer or seller, allowing us to measure order
flow as well as returns and volatility. We use a 20 minute sampling frequency and
measure order flow as the cumulative number of buyer initiated trades minus the
cumulative number of seller initiated trades over the same 20 minutes.
The intra-day intervention news and exchange rate data allow us to test whether
interventions have similar impact effects on returns and volatility as compared to (the
already heavily studied) scheduled macro announcements. The fact that information
regarding interventions most often comes from unofficial sources suggests that there are
likely to be differences of opinion among market participants about the implications of
the information. In our application, we can distinguish between scheduled (and
presumably better-understood) macro announcements and more ambiguous intervention
news. We also measure what proportion of the price discovery process in reaction to
intervention news occurs via order flow. Previous studies have found evidence that a
substantial proportion of the market reaction to macro-announcements occurs via order
flow. By examining how intervention news events influence order flow – we can begin
to better understand how this measure relates to price and volatility movements in the
foreign exchange markets.
3
See Dominguez and Panthaki (2006) for a more detailed discussion of the intra-day influence of news on
exchange rates.
2
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the links between
intervention operations and exchange rates in standard models. Section 3 describes the
exchange rate and order flow data from Reuters D2000-2 used in our empirical analysis.
Section 4 provides results of our event study analysis of the influence of intervention
news and macro surprises on exchange rate returns and volatility. Section 5 introduces
our order flow information and examines its role in explaining exchange rate movements.
Section 6 concludes.
2. Intervention News and Exchange Rates
Theory suggests that foreign exchange market interventions that are sterilized 4
may influence exchange rates through two potential channels: portfolio balance and
“information/signaling”. In portfolio-balance models of exchange rate determination
investors diversify their holdings among domestic and foreign assets as a function of
expected returns and the variance of returns. Foreign and domestic assets are assumed to
be outside assets (so that Ricardian equivalence does not hold) and imperfect substitutes
(so that uncovered interest parity does not hold). Portfolio balance theory predicts that the
change in the relative supply of foreign and domestic assets that occurs with a sterilized
intervention will require a change in expected relative returns. For example, after a
sterilized home-currency supporting intervention, investors will require a higher expected
return on foreign assets to hold willingly the larger outstanding stock, leading to a
depreciation of the foreign currency relative to the home currency. In the portfolio
balance model, traders do not need to observe the intervention operation in order for it to
be effective. However, only actual intervention operations, which change the
composition of domestic relative to foreign assets in trader’s portfolios, can influence
exchange rates via this channel. Consequently, unrequited interventions (as well as false
4
Sterilized interventions are a combination of two transactions. The central bank conducts a non-sterilized
intervention, for example, by purchasing (or selling) foreign-currency denominated bonds and increasing
(decreasing) the home monetary base. The central bank then sterilizes the operation by selling (or
purchasing) a corresponding quantity of home-currency denominated bonds in order to reverse the effects
on the monetary base. Countries that adhere to monetary or inflation targets are generally assumed to
engage chiefly in sterilized intervention operations. In practice the U.S. and the ECB claim to routinely
sterilize their operations.
3
reports of interventions and oral interventions) should have no influence on exchange
rates via the portfolio balance channel.
The second channel whereby intervention operations may influence exchange
rates is the information or signaling channel. Intervention operations may provide
investors with “information” about the Central Bank’s (or Government’s) view of the
appropriate exchange rate. 5 Intervention operations may also provide a “signal” of future
policy intentions (for example, future monetary policy). Moreover, the intervention
operation may itself “buy credibility” for future policy intentions. As long as the
information signaled through intervention policy is relevant and credible, it can
potentially influence the exchange rate. 6 Only those intervention operations that are
observed by the market can serve to influence exchange rates via the signaling channel so
that non-reported or secret interventions (if they are truly secret) are unlikely to serve as
signals.
When traders first learn of an intervention operation over the newswires, they
may not know whether the information is substantiated or not. It is therefore possible for
all intervention news (whether actual, false or unrequited) to have a short-term impact on
exchange rates via the signaling channel. 7 As soon as traders learn that intervention news
is false or unrequited then we might expect returns and volatility to revert to their original
levels. Alternatively, it may be that in periods when interventions are expected (even if
they do not occur) that unrequited interventions reported over the newswires serve to
coordinate the markets’ view of exchange rate movements. 8
5
It is also possible for governments to communicate this information directly to the market. See, for
example, Fratzcher (2004), Jansen and DeHaan (2005) and Sager and Taylor (2004).
6
See Mussa (1981), Dominguez (1992), Vitale (2003), Sarno and Taylor (2001), D’Souza (2002) and
Taylor (2005) for further discussion of the intervention-signaling hypothesis.
7
Naranjo and Nimalendran (2000) hypothesize that interventions create significant adverse selection
problems for dealers. They find evidence in daily data that dealers increase exchange rate spreads around
interventions and suggest that in doing so they protect themselves against the greater informational asymmetry
around interventions.
8
Montgomery and Popper (2001) suggest that actual central bank intervention may also serve to aggregate
and disseminate traders’ information and thereby serve an informational sharing role for a heterogeneously
informed market
4
We use time-stamped Reuters’s newswire reports 9 to measure intervention news.
Our search criteria retrieved newswire articles under the joint subject area of “foreign
exchange” and “intervention”. We then coded and grouped 10 news articles according to
geographic region (Euro-zone, U.K., U.S. or Japan) and type of intervention news. Table
1 provides a breakdown of the intervention news categories that appeared in newswire
reports over the period under study. In the table we distinguish between cases where there
was a ‘threat’ or ‘no threat’ of intervention from the policymaker. Further distinctions
were made between interventions that were ‘reported’ or ‘not reported’ in the news
(panel a), and interventions that were ‘expected’ or ‘not expected’ by the market (panel
b).
There were 172 newswire reports that we classified as ‘threats’; these included
reports of interventions, threats of intervention, and statements that were intended to
influence the home currency (sub-classified as oral interventions). Examples of this
category of intervention news include:
“The beleaguered euro got a boost overnight when French Finance Minister
Laurent Fabius reminded markets that currency market intervention was a weapon
in Europe's arsenal and the currency should rise in the coming weeks” (May 9,
2000).
“Japanese Finance Minister Kiichi Miyazawa said Japan would act in response to
rapid moves in the foreign exchange market” (March 14, 2000).
There were 48 newswire reports that we classified as ‘No Threat’ interventions, defined
as news that a central bank did not intend to intervene; examples include:
”ECB President Wim Duisenberg says the ECB could not and should not do
anything directly to influence the euro's exchange rate but said he would not
fundamentally rule out intervention. Asked whether there was a floor set at which
the ECB would defend the euro at all costs, Duisenberg said, ‘If there were such a
limit, I wouldn't tell you. But there isn't one. But we know how limited the effect
9
These data are from the Factiva database and, unfortunately, do not include the headline news that run
over the Reuters ticker second by second, but they include the major economic news events that occur over
a given day. Chang (2006) finds evidence that newswires and print media are often inaccurate in terms of
substance (missing interventions as well as falsely reporting interventions), and Fischer (2006) finds
evidence that the timing of newswire reports of SNB interventions often differ substantially from the
official timing of interventions. Newswire reports, however flawed, are one of the main sources of
information for traders and dealers in the forex market, and are the only source of timed intra-day news
available to researchers.
10
In theory each “news” report may have a different one-time influence on exchange rates. We group
similar news items together in order to examine whether certain “types” of intervention news have a
systematic influence on exchange rate behavior.
5
of such intervention is. If we take such a step in coordination with the United
States and Japan, then that would be a possibility. But we see no reason for it at
present’” (February 17, 2000).
“Bundesbank's Welteke says he doesn't believe short-term measures can stabilise
euro's exchange rate” (March 6, 2000).
‘Detected interventions’ refer to cases where newswires correctly reported that a central
bank intervened. The one ‘false intervention’ refers to a newswire that incorrectly stated
that the ECB was intervening. The largest category of intervention news, termed
‘unrequited interventions’, includes 292 newswire reports that indicated that the market
expected an intervention that did not occur; examples include:
“The authorities have to show their hand. They have to stand up and be seen. I
think the market will take their lead,” Soros said in London (May 5, 2000).
“Actions speak louder than words, and it is all very well saying that you want the
currency to be higher but people are actually waiting to see intervention, said Paul
Coughlin, chief trader at American Express Bank in London” (May 11, 2000).
The euro officially came into existence in January 1999, and a year later there was
broad concern in Europe that the euro had dipped below parity against the dollar. The
majority of the unrequited intervention news reports in our data over this period were
associated with the absence of ECB operations to support the euro against the dollar. It
was not until September 2000 (beyond our sample period) that the ECB actually
intervened (in coordination with a number of other central banks including the Fed, the
BOJ and the BOE).
The Japanese government, in contrast to the Europeans, sought a depreciation of
the yen relative to the dollar in this time period. Figure 1, which shows the yen-usd
exchange rate and BOJ interventions from 1990 though 2002, puts Japanese exchange
rate objectives into context. After a number of years of yen depreciation relative to the
dollar, the yen began to strengthen in August 1998 (on the heels of a number of
interventions in support of the yen by the BOJ and the Fed) 11 with a precipitous rise in
11
Ito (2003) provides a chronological description of Japanese foreign exchange intervention over the period
1991 through 2004. He notes that Japanese intervention strategy changed dramatically in 1995 under
6
the value of the yen relative to the dollar starting in July 1999 through early 2000. The
BOJ intervened to weaken the yen by selling yen and purchasing dollars on 17 days over
the period January 1999 (with the yen-usd rate at 108) through April 2000 (with the yen-
usd rate at 104). Our eight-month sample period (circled on Figure 1) includes the last 5
of these 17 intervention days. 12 Newswire reports over this period suggest that both the
market and the Japanese government considered the yen-usd “100” mark as a critical
value not to be crossed (which indeed did not happen). The first BOJ intervention in our
sample occurred on December 24, 1999, a day when our Reuters electronic brokerage
data (and the Reuters newswire data) suggests there was extremely little trading in
advance of the Christmas holiday. The second intervention, on January 4, 2000, also
occurred during a period of extremely light trading volume. The yen-usd rate rebounded
from the critical “100” level after these interventions for a few weeks and then as the yen
began to depreciate in early March, the BOJ again intervened on March 8th, 15th and
April 3rd. The yen-usd rate rebounded over the next few months and it was not until
after a year’s hiatus that the BOJ again began to purchase dollars in September 2001
through June 2002. Along with the actual BOJ interventions that took place during this
time, there were numerous unrequited intervention news reports of additional Japanese
operations (which did not occur) to weaken the yen.
During our sample period the Bank of England (BOE) did not engage in any
actual intervention operations, though newswire reports indicate BOE concern over the
strength of the pound (and its impact on the competitiveness of UK exports), as well as
statements regarding the costs and benefits of joining the euro-zone. We include the usd-
gbp in our analysis in large part because the source of our exchange rate data, the Reuters
D2000-2 electronic brokerage trading system, is most dominate in this market.
Eisuke Sakakibara, the Director General of the International Bureau, toward larger sized interventions on
fewer occasions. Sakakibara retired in July 1999 but his successor, Mr. Kuroda, who was in charge of
Japanese intervention policy during our sample period, followed a similar intervention philosophy of
infrequent, large and unpredictable operations. Also see Chaboud and Humpage (2005), Kim
(forthcoming), Fatum and Hutchison (2006) and Frenkel, Pierdzioch, and Stadtmann (2005) for further
analysis of Japanese interventions over this time period.
12
Newswire reports suggest that the BOJ intervened on multiple occasions on each “intervention day”.
The Fed, Bundesbank, and ECB also generally follow a strategy of intervening on multiple occasions over
the course of a given intervention day. See Dominguez (2003a) for more discussion of intra-day
intervention operation strategies.
7
The empirical approach we take in this paper is based on the assumption that
exchange rates are forward looking asset prices that react to changes in the market’s
expectation of future fundamentals. We further assume that “future fundamentals” may
include both standard variables from international macro models (for example, money
and income differentials) as well as variables such as actual and unrequited interventions
that may provide information about future fundamentals. We use intra-daily exchange
rate data to allow a narrow enough window around the times of news announcements to
be able to precisely estimate the exchange rate reactions in the spirit of Anderson,
Bollerslev, Diebold and Vega (2003) 13 .
We examine the intra-daily influence of intervention news on exchange rate
movements. 14 We also consider whether intervention news not only impacts exchange
rates directly, but also influences exchange rates via order flow (signed trade volume).
Like unrequited interventions, order flow plays no role in standard models of exchange
rate determination, so a finding that order flow matters will provide evidence in favor of a
different modeling strategy for exchange rate determination (at least for very short term
movements). 15
The information that market participants in foreign exchange markets receive can
be broadly categorized into two types: “scheduled” and “non-scheduled”. Official macro
data are typically announced by the relevant government agency on a pre-arranged
schedule, so that market participants can plan in advance their reactions to this
information. Table 2 describes the scheduled macro news announcements from the UK,
the US, the Euro-area and Japan that are included in our “macro surprise” variables. Non-
scheduled news is by its nature less likely to be anticipated by the market. It is also likely
13
The enormous literature measuring the effects of macro news on intra-daily exchange rates includes
Hakkio and Pearce (1985), Ito and Roley (1987), Ederington and Lee (1995), DeGennaro and Shrieves
(1997), Almeida, Goodhart and Payne (1998), Andersen and Bollerslev (1998), Bauwens et al. (2005),
Chaboud, Chernenko, Howorka, Iyer, Liu and Wright (2004), Faust, Rogers, Wang and Wright (2003),
Love (2004), Love and Payne (2003), Melvin and Yin (2000), and Ehrmann and Fratzscher (2005).
14
Bauwens et al. (2005) examine the influence of news, including rumors of intervention, on euro-usd
volatility over a six month period in 2001. They find that the most significant pre-announcement increase
in volatility is related to rumors of central bank interventions. They also find that once a rumor is refuted,
volatility stabilizes or drops. Other intra-day studies of the effects of (actual) intervention operations
include: Goodhart and Hesse (1993), Peiers (1997), Chang and Taylor (1998), Beattie and Fillion (1999),
Fischer and Zurlinden (1999), Neely (2002), Payne and Vitale (2003), Breedon and Vitale (2004), Panthaki
(2005), Pasquariello (2004, forthcoming), and Dominguez (2003a, 2006).
15
Evans and Lyons (2002) is one of the first studies that found a link between order flow and exchange rate
movements. We will be examining these same links though with a very different data set and time period.
8
that market participants are less able to quickly interpret the implications of non-
scheduled news. All our categories of intervention news are non-scheduled, potentially
leading to more heterogeneity in trader responses to this sort of news. 16 Further,
regardless of whether news is scheduled or not, its influence on exchange rates may be
related to the state of the market at the time of the news arrival. 17 News that arrives
during periods of high uncertainty may have different effects on the exchange rate, than
news that arrives in calmer periods. 18
3. Exchange Market Data
Our intra-day exchange rate and order flow data cover an eight-month period,
from December 1999 through July 2000 for the usd-gbp, the usd-euro, and the yen-usd.
The data are from the brokered segment of the inter-dealer exchange rate market as
captured by the Reuters D2000-2 electronic trading system. Electronic brokers were first
introduced in 1992 and since that time their market share has increased rapidly. In the
early 1990s the inter-dealer market was split evenly between direct and voice-broker
trading but by the late 1990s (the sample period used in this study) the two top electronic
brokerage systems, Reuters and EBS, made up over 50 percent of the market. Reuters has
the largest share of the usd-gbp market, while EBS has a much larger share of total
trading in the usd-eur and yen-usd markets, potentially leading the Reuters data in these
markets to be less representative. Reuters usd-eur and yen-usd order flow data, in
particular, may not well capture average trading behavior in these markets. Likewise,
16
Of course, an increase in market heterogeneity may also occur in reaction to scheduled announcements.
Kondor (2005) shows that if traders display confirmatory bias, the release of public information may
increase divergence in opinion. The main insight is that sometimes (public) information implies something
different when it is coupled with different (private) pieces of existing information. Bacchetta and van
Wincoop (2006) also model the influence of higher-order expectations in reaction to news.
17
For example, Dominguez (2003a) shows that the influence of central bank interventions on exchange rate
returns depends on the intra-day timing of intervention operations (whether they occur during heavy trading
volume, or are closely timed to scheduled macro announcements) as well as whether the operations are
coordinated with another central bank. Dominguez and Panthaki (2006) find that “news” has its greatest
influence on intra-day exchange rate returns during periods of high market uncertainty (proxied by high
volatility as measured by the absolute value of returns).
18
Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold and Vega (2003) find evidence that “bad” news in good times (economic
expansions) have greater impacts than good news in good times, suggesting that good news in good times
confirms beliefs but bad news in good times comes as more of a surprise. Our short sample period will not
allow us to test this hypothesis directly, though in future work we intend to test whether “confirming”
versus “surprising” news about interventions has different effects.
9
spreads in the usd-eur and yen-usd quotes are sometimes quite wide due to the relative
lack of liquidity in these markets on the Reuters system.
Inter-dealer brokering systems provide prices that are advertised to all subscribers
(though the identity of the quoting dealer is only available once the quote is hit). Dealers
can submit a buy or sell quote or “hit” a quote of another dealer. Only the highest bid and
lowest ask (the touch) are shown on the Reuters screen. The quantity available at each
(best) bid and ask is also shown (which may involve more than one bank), and when a
bid or ask is hit the quantities available at that price are adjusted if they dip below $10
million. When multiple banks have entered the same bid or ask price, and the price is hit,
offers are met on a first come basis (meaning that the dealer who first input the price gets
the deal first and if more quantity is needed, the dealer that next submitted the same price
fills the order, and so on). All transactions are made at either the posted bid or ask. While
dealers in individual banks will know their own customer order flow – they do not have
access to information on customer orders of other banks. One of the reasons that inter-
dealer brokerage systems have become so popular is that they provide an important
source of real time information on both market quotes and overall market order flow. 19
The Reuters D2000-2 system classifies transactions as buyer-initiated or seller-initiated,
providing dealers with a real time proxy of signed trading volume. 20 We measure order
flow in this study as the difference between the number of buyer-initiated trades and
seller-initiated trades in each 20-minute interval.
The intra-day price series used in this study incorporates information from both
transactions prices (actual trades) and (tradeable) bid and ask quotes submitted by dealers
(but not hit). 21 We use tradeable quotes in addition to actual transactions prices to create
a 20-minute price series for the usd-eur, usd-gbp and yen-usd rates that spans the period
over which we have intervention news data. 22 We measure exchange rate returns as the
19
See Rime (2003) and Lyons (2001, chapter 3) for detailed descriptions of electronic trading systems.
20
The dealer posting the quote is considered the non-initiating side. Reuters does not provide information
on the size of each trade.
21
Tradeable quotes differ from indicative quotes, which have been used in a number of previous studies, in
that they provide “firm” prices. Indicative quotes provide market information for non-dealers.
22
There are a periods of low liquidity on Reuters D2000-2 due to technical problems (the feed failing),
holidays, and during Asian trading hours. Some studies simply drop these time periods from the sample.
Our approach is to interpolate a 20 minute time series (using a linear interpolation method) from all
available quotes in order to fully span our “news” data set. Reuters does not include weekend data so any
news that arrives over a weekend is moved to the first 20-minute interval on the nearest Monday. The
10
log difference in 20-minute (midpoint) prices. Figure 2 shows average daily usd-eur,
usd-gbp and yen-usd returns, order flow and news arrival (measured as the number of
newswire articles in a given 20-min interval) over the 24-hour GMT time scale. News
arrival and order flow are fairly evenly spread over the day, and there is little evidence of
trend in average returns.
We measure exchange rate volatility as the absolute value of the 20-minute
returns. Figure 3 shows the average absolute return in each 20-minute interval over the
24-hour GMT time scale for each of the exchange rates (the x-axis for the three
currencies starts at midnight, which is approximately 12am GMT for usd-eur and usd-gbp
and 3pm GMT for yen-usd). The data confirm the seasonal pattern that is typically found
in intra-day exchange rate volatility data which, in turn, largely reflects the opening and
closing of the three main trading markets in Tokyo, Europe and New York. In order to
take the opening and closings of markets into account we de-seasonalize the volatility
series using the Andersen and Bollerslev (1997ab, 1998) flexible fourier form (FFF)
regression method which involves decomposing the demeaned i-minute exchange rate
returns, into a daily volatility factor, a periodic component for the ith intraday interval and
an i.i.d. mean zero unit variance innovation term all divided by the square root of the
number of uncorrelated intraday return components. 23 This estimated FFF seasonal is
shown (together with the average daily volatility) in Figure 3.
Table 3 provides descriptive statistics for our 20-minute exchange rates, returns 24
and volatility as well as order flow, order flow volatility and transaction frequency
(measured as the number of transactions in a given 20-min interval). The three exchange
rate returns series display little autocorrelation, suggesting that future exchange rate
changes cannot be predicted from past changes. Intra-day return volatility, order flow
volatility, and transaction frequency for all three currencies shows evidence of strong and
persistent autocorrelation. While buy and sell orders are highly autocorrelated, net order-
flow (buy orders minus sell orders) does not display significant autocorrelation. Usd-gbp
returns are significantly less variable than are usd-eur or yen-usd returns over this time
average number of newswire reports on Mondays (including weekend news) is 93 compared to 100 for
Tuesdays, 123 for Wednesdays, 132 for Thursdays and 81 for Fridays.
23
See Dominguez (2006) for a detailed description of how this was implemented.
24
We compute returns (approximately) as the percentage change in the exchange rate multiplied by 100, so
the units can be thought of as basis points.
11
period and yen-usd transaction frequency is significantly lower (at 3 transactions every
20 minutes) than is transaction frequency for usd-eur or usd-gbp (which have closer to 30
transactions every 20 minutes).
Table 4 presents contemporaneous correlations among our key variables:
exchange rate returns, exchange rate volatility, order flow, order flow volatility, trading
frequency and news arrival. 25 The correlations for all three currencies indicate that there
exists a strong contemporaneous association between exchange rate returns and order
flow, as well as between exchange rate volatility, order flow volatility and transaction
frequency. The correlation between returns and order flow is highest for usd-eur (at .51)
and lowest for yen-usd (at .224). Beyond these contemporaneous correlations, we might
expect longer-lived correlation between intervention news and the other variables if
traders have different views of the implications (and information content) of the news.
4. Effects of Intervention News on Returns and Volatility
The standard approach in the empirical exchange rate literature is to run the
following sort of “event study” style regression 26 of the conditional mean of i-minute
exchange rate returns on j leads 27 and lags of the actual intervention indicator, each of the
k “news” announcements, and on g lags of past returns (to account for any autocorrelation);
that is:
Δsti = α 0 + ∑ j α1, j I ti − j + ∑ k ∑ j α 2,k j Ntik− j + ∑ gα 3, g Δsti − g + ε ti (1)
where Δsti denotes the change in the natural log of the i-minute (spot market) exchange rate
on day t, I denotes the intervention indicator, and N denotes intervention news and macro
surprises 28 . All news variables are time-stamped to the nearest i-minute. We use the
25
Evans and Lyons (2003) document strong contemporaneous correlation between news arrival, transaction
frequency and order flow volatility. Melvin and Yin (2000) find a positive correlation between trading
frequency (using indicative quotes) and the rate of flow of public information.
26
An alternative approach based on state dependent heteroscedasticity is used by Rigobon and Sack (2004)
and Evans and Lyons (2003).
27
We include leads and lags in order to take into account the possibility that the time-stamp on our news
does not match the actual timing of when market participants first learn about the news. We find evidence
of both lead and lag effects for our intervention news variables for up to 2 hours before and after the
Reuters’ time stamp.
28
The intervention indicator and the intervention news variables are (0,1) dummy variables. Macro
surprises are measured as the difference between the specific announcement and the ex-ante expectation of
12
Schwarz (1978) criteria to fix the lead/lag lengths, and we correct for heteroskedasticity
and serial correlation in the error term using the Newey and West (1987) approach. Using
this general regression specification it is possible to test for the impact and intra-day effects
of different kinds of intervention news and macro surprises on exchange rate returns by
examining whether the α1, j s and α 2,k j s are individually and jointly statistically significant.
The coefficients in this context measure the typical effect of the kth news announcement at
time i (on day t) on exchange rate returns in the same (narrow) i-minute window. It is
worth noting that in order to be able to interpret the coefficients in this way we need to
assume that the variables in the regression can be viewed as predetermined regressors over
the i-minute period (which is less likely to be realistic for low-frequency data windows). It
is also the case that the coefficients will measure the linear combination of exchange rate
return effects associated with the market’s assessment of both the news and how the news
will influence the economy. 29
Our “news” variable (N) includes five distinct categories of news: (1) macro
surprises, (2) news about intervention policy from policy-makers, (3) news about
intervention policy from the market, (4) news about policy-maker-market interactions, and
(5) news about unrequited interventions (interventions that the market expected but did not
occur). 30 All our categories of intervention news are further broken down by geographic
region (Euro-zone, Japan, UK or Joint). Macro surprises are also disaggregated by
country so that UK, US, Euro-area and Japanese surprises are included separately. 31
Table 5 presents results of our regression of intra-day (20-minute) usd-eur, usd-
gbp, and yen-usd returns on news. The first, third and fifth columns in table 5 present the
results of our benchmark regression, which include the actual Japanese interventions and
the announcement (based on the median response to a survey conducted by Money Market Services
International) divided by the sample standard deviation of each announcement (this serves to normalize the
surprises so that comparisons of the relative size of coefficients is feasible).
29
For a nice discussion of the underlying assumptions in this sort of event study analysis see Faust, Rogers,
Wang and Wright (2003) pages 6-9.
30
We attempted to group news into variables in such a way as to insure that we would not be combining
news that would be expected to lead to opposite effects on exchange rates. (This task was made easier for
the fact that there were no major shifts in exchange rate objectives by the relevant governments over the 8-
month period under study.) The coefficients on these disaggregated news variables are then aggregated into
broader groupings of variables in order to keep our tables readable. Regression results with the
disaggregated news categories are available upon request.
31
As robustness checks we also included disaggregated macro surprises (by type and region). Results were
qualitatively similar whether surprises are included in aggregated or disaggregated form.
13
the macro surprises as “news”, for each exchange rate. Both leads and lags of the
Japanese intervention indicator variable significantly influence yen-usd returns and
lagged interventions influence usd-gbp returns. Macro surprises are generally not found
to be statistically significant, only Japanese macro surprises significantly influence usd-
eur returns. Further, the relatively low regression goodness-of-fit for these benchmark
regressions suggests that actual interventions and macro surprises account for a small
fraction of the overall variability of returns for all three exchange rates.
The second, fourth and sixth columns in table 5 include our intervention news
variables in the lower panel. For each intervention news category the reported coefficient
is the sum of six leads and lags, corresponding to two hours before and after the
newswire time-stamp. Statistical significance is based on two criteria. The first is an
exclusion restriction, where the null hypothesis is that all the leads and lags are zero
(under the column labeled F-test). The second is a Wald test of the null hypothesis that
the sum of the leads and lags equals zero. This second test provides evidence on mean
reversion. For example, if there is an immediate influence of news on returns which is
subsequently reversed (within the 4 hour window), the sum of the coefficients would be
zero (or close to zero). In many cases individual coefficient leads or lags were found to
be statistically significant (leading to a significant F-stat), while the sum of the
coefficients over the 4 hour lead/lag window was not always statistically different from
zero (leading to an insignificant Wald test).
The coefficient values and statistical (in)significance of the macro surprises in
table 5 remain qualitatively unchanged with the inclusion of intervention news. The
coefficient on the Japanese intervention indicator variable remains significant especially
in the yen-usd regression, suggesting that these interventions led to a depreciation of the
dollar relative to the yen (recall that the objective of the Japanese government in this
period was to depreciate the yen). Interestingly, the results suggest that all our categories
of intervention news seem to have a qualitatively similar influence on returns. For
example, news that the ECB would not intervene led to a six-basis-point depreciation of
the euro. Recall that, had the ECB intervened (which they did not) in this sample period,
their objective would have been to appreciate, not depreciate, the euro. Likewise, market
14
expectations of Japanese interventions led to a five-basis-point depreciation of the dollar
in both the yen-usd and usd-gbp markets
The regression results presented in table 5 indicate that actual interventions,
threats of interventions, denials of interventions, and unrequited interventions all had an
influence on intra-daily exchange rate returns in the usd-eur and yen-usd markets.
However, the relatively low regression goodness-of-fit (for all specifications across all
three exchange rates) suggests that intervention news does not go very far in explaining
overall exchange rate movements. It is possible that our binary coding of intervention
news is partly to blame for our inability to explain a larger fraction of exchange rate
variation. It may be that our news variables will be more successful at explaining
exchange rates during periods when the market is more uncertain, or that intervention
news influences volatility more than returns. It may also be that intervention news do not
impact price directly, but that their influence is mediated through order flow. We
investigate these possibilities in the next three sets of regressions.
In order to examine how intervention news influences traders under different
market conditions, we test for two types of interaction effects. First, we ask whether
intervention news is more (or less) likely to influence returns during periods of high
market uncertainty (proxied by high volatility). We create an indicator variable that takes
on the value 1 during 20-minute intervals when volatility (measured as the absolute value
of returns) exceeds the sample average by two standard deviations. The first three
columns in table 6 present regression results that show that during periods when the
market is most uncertain, intervention news (of all types) had a significantly larger
influence on returns than was the case when news arrived during normal periods (while
we include each intervention news variable separately as well as interacted with our
“high volatility” indicator in the regression, we report only the sums of the leads and lags
of the coefficients on the interacted terms in the table). Second, we examine if
intervention is more (or less) effective when lots of other news is hitting the market. We
create an indicator variable that takes on the value 1 during 20-minute intervals when the
number of news reports exceeds the sample average by two standard deviations. 32 The
32
The “news report” variable is based on a broad interpretation of foreign exchange market news. For
more information about this variable see Dominguez and Panthaki (2006).
15
coefficients in the last three columns of table 6 (again we report only the sums of the
leads and lags of the coefficients on the intervention news variables interacted with the
“high news arrival” indicator variable) indicate that intervention news often had a larger
impact on returns when it arrived during heavy news periods. In the usd-eur market, in
particular, the Wald tests indicate that intervention news continued to influence returns
beyond a four-hour window. These results suggest that intervention news is more likely
to influence trader behavior during specific market conditions, especially during times of
high uncertainty. However, the regression goodness-of-fit measures remain relatively
low indicating that intervention news explains a small fraction of overall variability of
returns.
In order to examine whether intervention news helps to explain the absolute value
of exchange rate returns, we regress de-seasonalized 33 intra-day volatility, Vtis , on the
same set of explanatory variables:
Vtis = λ 0 + ∑ j λ1, j I ti − j + ∑ k ∑ j λ2,k j Ntik− j + ∑ gλ3, gVtis− g + ηti (2)
Andersen and Bollerslev (1998) find that three factors influence intra-daily exchange rate
volatility: calendar effects and volatility dependencies (both of which are captured in the
FFF seasonal) and macro surprises, with macro surprises providing the least explanatory
power. We augment their specification with our intervention news variables and allow
for a longer lag structure to test whether the effects of these (non-scheduled) news reports
are longer-lived. We use the Schwarz (1978) criteria to fix the leads and lags in the
regression specification and correct for potential heteroskedasticity and serial correlation in
the error term using the Newey and West (1987) approach.
Table 7 presents our volatility regression results using the same column format as
we did in table 5. We again find that only Japanese macro surprises enter significantly in
the usd-eur regression, providing suggestive evidence that scheduled news, perhaps
because it is less ambiguous, has extremely short-lived (less than 20 minutes) influence
on volatility. The Japanese intervention indicator variable now significantly influences
volatility for all three currencies. We also find that all the different types of intervention
33
It could be that the intra-day seasonal is explained by news arrival. We test for this possibility by
including our intervention news variables and macro surprises directly in the FFF regression and find no
evidence of correlation between the daily seasonal and our news variables.
16
news significantly influence volatility across all three currencies (the F-stats are
consistently significant for all our news variables). 34 Interestingly intervention news
often led to own-market increases in volatility but decreases in volatility in the other
currency markets. Very few of the Wald tests are significant in table 7 suggesting little
evidence of a long-lived influence of news on volatility.
5. Does Intervention News Influence Order Flow?
In standard models of exchange rate behavior when “positive” news arrives for a
currency, demand for that currency rises, causing the relative value (the price) of the
currency to rise. In these models there is no reason for order flow to rise in reaction to
news because price is assumed to instantaneously reflect the news. Trading volume may
rise in reaction to news, but as long as the new price is efficient, there is no reason for
these trades to be biased in favor of purchases or sales. So that in standard models the
arrival of “news” should be orthogonal to changes in order flow. 35
We use transaction frequency, TF, as a proxy for volume, and first test whether
the arrival of intervention news in our sample is positively related to transaction
frequency.
TFti = γ 0 + ∑ j γ 1, j I ti − j + ∑ k ∑ j γ 2,k j Ntik− j + ∑ gγ 3, gTFti − g + υti (3)
Table 8 presents the results of this regression. We find strong evidence of a relationship
between transaction frequency and both the Japanese intervention indicator variable and
intervention news (but not macro surprises). This suggests that when traders learn of
interventions news (regardless of whether the news indicates that an intervention is likely
or not) this influences their decision about whether to trade or not. In some cases the
coefficient sign on intervention news is negative suggesting transaction frequency fell in
reaction to the news, though the signs on intervention news do not indicate any
discernable patterns among the different sorts of news. While our measures of regression
34
It is also worth noting that the regression goodness-of-fit is dramatically higher, due in part to the strong
AR component of volatility.
35
One view of the relationship between order flow and prices is that it is only a temporary phenomenon.
Order flow in this context reflects trader “digestion effects” in reaction to news, so that once the news is
fully “digested”, any order flow induced price effects will revert back. Work by Evans and Lyons (2002)
and Danielsson, Payne and Luo (2002), however, shows that order flow continues to explain changes in
foreign exchange returns well after 24 hours, suggesting either that digestion is very slow, or more likely,
that the influence of order flow on prices is not temporary.
17
goodness-of-fit in table 8 are quite high, this is largely due to the strong autoregressive
nature of transaction frequency.
Under what circumstance might intervention news cause a change not just in
volume, but in order flow? One reason that price might not immediately (or fully) react is
if the intervention news either is not common knowledge, or if different market
participants interpret the news differently. Unrequited intervention operations are likely
to be good examples of news that evoke heterogeneous reactions. In this case, order flow
might convey this information to the market (rather than price). Further, if underlying
demand for currencies is driven not by news per se, but by changes in risk aversion or
hedging technologies, again it might be order flow that will convey this information to
the market. 36
A simple linear regression specification that relates foreign exchange returns to
order flow is:
Δsti = β 0 + ∑ j β1, j OFti − j + ∑ gβ 2, g Δsti − g + μti (4)
Table 9 presents results for a regression of returns on contemporaneous and lagged order
flow (OF). The first thing to note in the table is that our measure of regression goodness-
of-fit differs significantly across the three currencies. Our estimates suggest that order
flow explains over 14% of the variation in 20-minute usd-gbp returns, 6% of yen-usd
returns, and only 2.8% of usd-eur returns. These differences are likely due in large part to
the fact that the Reuters D2000 system dominates in the sterling market but only captures
a small fraction of trades in either the euro or yen markets. 37 The coefficient on
contemporaneous order flow is statistically significant and positively associated with
returns for all three currencies, suggesting that the influence of news is not fully captured
in price changes and that order flow may play a role in the price discovery process.
36
Four recent papers that have studied the link between “news” and order flow include: Love (2004), Love
and Payne (2003), Melvin and Yin (2000), Evans and Lyons (2003), and Dominguez and Panthaki (2006).
Breedon and Vitale (2004) find that the strong contemporaneous correlation between order flow and
exchange rates is mostly due to liquidity (and not information) effects.
37
The fact that Reuters has incomplete market share in these currencies suggests that Reuters’ order flow
measures total order flow with error. This in turn suggests that the relationship between order flow and
returns is measured with error in the usd-eur and yen-usd regressions, leading coefficients to be biased
toward zero. This sort of measurement error is less of a concern in the usd-gbp regression because Reuters
is dominant in that market.
18
Our results so far suggest that intervention news influences exchange rate returns,
volatility, and transaction frequency and that order flow influences returns. The next
question to ask is what drives order flow? Previous studies have found a link between
macro surprises and order flow, which runs counter to standard models that would
suggest that common knowledge news, such as macro surprises, should be instantly
incorporated in price. We test whether this result also holds for our data sample, and
whether intervention news is also linked to order flow, OF.
OFti = ϕ 0 + ∑ j ϕ1, j I ti − j + ∑ k ∑ j ϕ2,k j Ntik− j + ∑ gϕ3, g OFti − g + ξti (5)
Table 10 presents results for the regression of order flow on the Japanese
intervention indicator, macro surprises, intervention news, and past order flow. The first,
third and fifth columns provide results for our benchmark specification which only
includes the Japanese intervention indicator and macro surprises. Again, only the
Japanese macro surprises are statistically significant in the usd-eur regression, while
actual Japanese interventions enter statistically significantly in all three currency markets.
The results in the second, fourth, and sixth columns of table 10 indicate that the
intervention indicator variable is no longer significant when we include the other
intervention news variables in the regression specification. Interestingly it is in the yen-
usd market, where Reuters’ has limited market share, that we find the intervention news
variables have the most influence. However, the regression goodness of fit never rises
above .026 suggesting that order flow is largely not being driven by these variables. 38
The coefficient signs on intervention news in these regressions are generally consistent
with what we found earlier in the returns regressions. Coefficient signs on Japanese
intervention news are generally negative suggesting that this news led buy orders for
dollars to fall relative to sell orders. Likewise, the coefficient signs on ECB intervention
news are generally positive suggesting that this news led buy orders for dollars to rise
relative to sell orders.
38
This result is at odds with results in Evans and Lyons (2004) which find a strong connection between
disaggregated order flow and news. It is possible that the difference in results is due to the fact that our
order flow information is only reflecting inter-dealer trades.
19
6. Conclusions
In this paper we examine whether actual and unrequited intervention news
influences exchange rates. Previous studies have found that scheduled macro
announcements, when measured in surprise form, help to explain intra-daily exchange
rate behavior. Likewise, official interventions by governments in the foreign exchange
market have been found to influence intra-day (and daily) returns and volatility. Results
in this paper indicate that unrequited intervention news (and even news of “no
intervention”) has a statistically significant influence on both intra-day exchange rate
returns and volatility, suggesting that the expectation of intervention, even when
governments do not intervene, can affect currency values. These results provide strong
evidence in favor of the hypothesis that interventions influence exchange rates via the
information/signaling channel.
We also examine the role of order flow in exchange rate determination. In
standard models there is no reason for order flow to rise in reaction to news because price
is assumed to instantaneously adjust. Trading volume may rise in reaction to news, but
as long as the new price is efficient, there is no reason for trades to be biased in favor of
purchases or sales. We find evidence that order flow has some explanatory power
suggesting that prices are, at the very least, slow to adjust. At the same time, we find that
actual interventions and our various categories of intervention news explain a very small
fraction of the variation in order flow. Overall, our results indicate that along with actual
interventions, other kinds of intervention news (including denials of intervention and
unrequited interventions) and order flow matter. We do not find evidence that macro
surprises have much influence on intra-day returns, volatility or order flow over our
sample period. These results suggest that future models of exchange rate determination
ought include a broader conception of price relevant “news”.
20
References
Almeida, A., Goodhart, C., Payne, R., 1998. The effects of macroeconomic news on high
frequency exchange rate behavior. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 33 (3),
383-408.
Andersen, T., Bollerslev, T., 1997a. Intraday periodicity and volatility persistence in
financial markets. Journal of Empirical Finance 4, 115-158.
Andersen, T., Bollerslev, T., 1997b. Heterogeneous information arrivals and return
volatility dynamics: uncovering the long-run in high frequency returns. Journal of
Finance 52 (3), 975-1005.
Andersen, T., and T. Bollerslev, 1998. Deutsche mark-dollar volatility: Intraday activity
patterns, macroeconomic announcements, and longer run dependencies,
Journal of Finance, 53: 219-265.
Andersen, T., T. Bollerslev, F. Diebold, C. Vega, 2003. Micro effects of macro
announcements: Real-time price discovery in foreign exchange, American
Economic Review, 93: 38-62.
Bacchetta, P., van Wincoop, E., 2006. Can information heterogeneity explain the
exchange rate determination puzzle? American Economic Review, 96, 3: 552-576.
Bauwens, L., Ben Omrane, W., Giot, P., 2005. News announcements, market activity and
volatility in the euro/dollar foreign exchange market. Journal of International Money and
Finance, 24, 7, 1108-1125.
Beattie, N., Fillion, J., 1999. An intraday analysis of the effectiveness of foreign exchange
intervention. Bank of Canada Working Paper 99-4.
Beine, M., Bernal, O., forthcoming. Why do central banks intervene secretly? Journal of
International Financial Markets, Institutions, and Money.
Beine, M., Benassy-Quere, A., Lecourt, C., 2002. The impact of foreign exchange
interventions: new evidence from figarch estimations. Journal of International Money and
Finance 21, 115-144.
Beine, M., Janssen, G., Lecourt, C., 2004. Should Central Bankers Talk to the Foreign
Exchange Markets? Mimeo, CORE.
Beine, M., Laurent, S., 2003. Central bank interventions and jumps in double long
memory models of daily exchange rates. Journal of Empirical Finance 10, 641-660.
21
Beine, M., Laurent, S., Lecourt, C., 2003a. Official central bank interventions and
exchange rate volatility: evidence from a regime-switching analysis. European Economic
Review 47, 891-911.
Beine, M., Laurent, S., Palm, F., 2003b. Central bank forex intervention assessed using
realized moments. Mimeo, CORE.
Bhattacharya, U., Weller, P., 1997. The advantage of hiding one’s hand: speculation and
central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market, Journal of Monetary
Economics, 39, 251-277.
Bonser-Neal, C., Tanner, G., 1996. Central bank intervention and the volatility of foreign
exchange rates: evidence from the options market. Journal of International Money and
Finance 15 (6), 853-878.
Breedon, F. and P. Vitale, 2004. An empirical study of liquidity and information effects
of order flow on exchange rates. Tanaka Business School Discussion Paper
TBS/DP04/23.
Chaboud, A., LeBaron, B., 2001. Foreign exchange market trading volume and Federal
Reserve intervention. Journal of Futures Markets 21, 851-860.
Chaboud, A., Chernenko, S., Howorka, E., Iyer, R., Liu, D., Wright, J., 2004. The high-
frequency effects of U.S. macroeconomic data releases on prices and trading activity in the
global interdealer foreign exchange market. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System, IFDP No. 823.
Chaboud, A., Humpage, O., 2005. An Assessment of the Impact of Japanese Foreign
Exchange Intervention: 1991-2004. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,
IFDP No. 824.
Chang, Y., 2006. The accuracy of reports of foreign exchange intervention by the Bank of
Japan: does Tokyo know more? Journal of International Money and Financy 25, 1241-
1256.
Chang, Y., Taylor, S., 1998. Intraday effects of foreign exchange intervention by the Bank
of Japan. Journal of International Money and Finance 18, 191-210.
Chiu, P., 2003. Transparency versus constructive ambiguity in foreign exchange
intervention. BIS Working Paper No.144.
Danielsson, J., Payne, R., and J. Luo, 2002. Exchange rate determination and inter-market
order flow effects, FMG mimeo, London School of Economics.
22
DeGennaro, R., and R. Shrieves, 1997. Public information releases, private information
arrival, and volatility in the foreign exchange market, Journal of
Empirical Finance, 4: 295-315.
De Grauwe, P., Grimaldi, M., 2003. Intervention in the foreign exchange market in a model
with noise traders. Mimeo, University of Leuven.
Dominguez, K., 1992. The Informational Role of Official Foreign Exchange Intervention
Operations: The Signalling Hypothesis, in: Dominguez, K., Exchange Rate Efficiency and
the Behavior of International Asset Markets, chapter 2, Garland Publishing Company,
N.Y., pp. 41-80.
Dominguez, K., 1998. Central bank intervention and exchange rate volatility. Journal of
International Money and Finance 17, 161-190.
Dominguez, K., 2003a. The market microstructure of central bank intervention. Journal of
International Economics 59, 25-45.
Dominguez, K., 2003b. Foreign exchange intervention: did it work in the 1990s? In:
Bergsten, C.F., Williamson, J. (Eds.), Dollar Overvaluation and the World Economy.
Institute for International Economics, Special Report 16, Washington, D.C., pp.217-245.
Dominguez, K., 2006, “When Do Central Bank Interventions Influence Intra-Daily and
Longer-Term Exchange Rate Movements? Journal of International Money and Finance
25, 1051-1071.
Dominguez, K., Frankel, F., 1993a. Does foreign exchange intervention matter? The
portfolio effect. American Economic Review 83, 1356-69.
Dominguez, K., Frankel, F., 1993b. Does Foreign Exchange Intervention Work? Institute
for International Economics, Washington, D.C.
Dominguez, K., Panthaki, F., 2006. What Defines ‘News’ in Foreign Exchange Markets?,
Journal of International Money and Finance, 25, 168-198.
D’Souza, Chris, 2002. A Market Microstructure Analysis of Foreign Exchange
Intervention in Canada. Bank of Canada working paper 2002-16.
Ederington, L., and J. Lee, 1995. The short-run dynamics of price adjustment to new
information, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 30: 117-134.
Ehrmann, M., and M. Fratzscher, 2005. Exchange rates and fundamentals: new evidence
from real-time data, Journal of International Money and Finance, 24, 317-341.
Evans, M., and R. Lyons, 2002. Order flow and exchange rate dynamics, Journal of
Political Economy, 110: 170-180.
23
Evans, M., and R. Lyons, 2003. How is macro news transmitted to exchange rates?,
NBER Working paper 9433.
Evans, M., and R. Lyons, 2004. Exchange rate fundamentals and order flow, mimeo,
Georgetown University.
Fatum, R. and M. Hutchison, 2003. Is sterilized foreign exchange intervention effective
after all? An event study approach, Economic Journal, 113, 487, 390-411.
Fatum, R. and M. Hutchison, 2006. Effectiveness of Official Daily Foreign Exchange
Market Intervention Operations in Japan, Journal of International Money and Finance,
25, 199-219.
Faust, J., Rogers, J., Wang, S., Wright, J., 2003. The high-frequency response of
exchange rates and interest rates to macroeconomics announcements, Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System, IFDP No. 784, October.
Fischer, A.M., 2006. On the inadequacy of newswire reports for empirical research on
foreign exchange interventions. Journal of International Money and Finance, 25, 1226-
1240.
Fischer, A.M., Zurlinden, M., 1999. Exchange rate effects of central bank interventions: an
analysis of transaction prices. Economic Journal 109, 662-676.
Fratzscher, M., 2004. Communication and exchange rate policy. ECB working paper 363,
May.
Frenkel, M., Pierdzioch, C., Stadtmann, G., 2005. The effects of Japanese foreign exchange
market interventions on the yen/us dollar exchange rate volatility. International Review of
Economics and Finance, 14, 27-39.
Galati, G., Melick, W., Micu, M., 2005. Foreign exchange market intervention and
expectations: an empirical study of the dollar/yen exchange rate. Journal of International
Money and Finance, v.24, 6, 982-1011.
Goodhart, C., Hesse, T., 1993. Central bank forex intervention assessed in continuous time.
Journal of International Money and Finance 12, 368-389.
Hakkio, C., and D.K. Pearce, 1985. The reaction of exchange rates to economic news.
Economic Inquiry, 23, 4, 621-636.
Humpage, O., 1999. U.S. intervention: assessing the probability of success. Journal of
Money, Credit and Banking 31 (4), 731-747.
24
Ito, T., 2003. Is foreign exchange intervention effective? The Japanese experiences in the
1990s. In: Mizen, P. (Ed.), Monetary History, Exchange Rates and Financial Markets,
Essays in Honor of C. Goodhart. Cheltenham U.K.; Edward Elgar, pp.126-153.
Ito, T., and V. Roley, 1987. News from the US and Japan: which moves the yen/dollar
exchange rate?, Journal of Monetary Economics, 19, 2, 255-277.
Jansen, D-J., and J. De Haan, 2005. Talking heads: the effects of ECB statements on the
euro-dollar exchange rate, Journal of international Money and Finance, 24, 343-361.
Kim, Suk-Joong, forthcoming. Intraday evidence of efficacy of 1991-2004 Yen
Intervention by the Bank of Japan. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions
and Money.
Kondor, P., 2004. The More We Know, the Less We Agree: Public Announcements and
Higher-order Expectations, FMG Discussion paper No. 532, London School of
Economics.
Love, R., 2004. First and second moment effects of macro news in high frequency
foreign exchange data, mimeo FMG, London School of Economics.
Love, R., and R. Payne, 2003. Macroeconomic news, order flows, and exchange rates,
Discussion Paper 475, FMG, London School of Economics.
Lyons, R., 2001. The Microstructure Approach to Exchange Rates, MIT Press.
Melvin, M., and X. Yin, 2000. Public information arrival, exchange rate volatility, and
quote frequency, Economic Journal, 110: 644-661.
Montgomery, J., Popper, H., 2001. Information Sharing and Central Bank Intervention in
the Foreign Exchange Market. Journal of International Economics (55) 2, 295-316.
Mussa, M., 1981. The Role of Official Intervention. Group of Thirty, New York, N.Y.
Naranjo, A., Nimalendran, M., 2000, Government Intervention and Adverse Selection
Costs in Foreign Exchange Markets. Review of Financial Studies 13, 453-477.
Neely, C., 2000. The practice of central bank intervention: looking under the hood. Central
Banking 11 (2), 24-37.
Neely, C., 2002. The temporal pattern of trading rule returns and central bank intervention:
intervention does not generate technical trading rule profits. Journal of International
Economics 58, 211-232.
Newey, W., and K. West, 1987. A simple, positive semidefinite, heteroskedasticity and
autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix, Econometrica, 55, 703-708.
25
Panthaki, F., 2005. Exchange rate volatility and central bank interventions, FMG
Discussion Paper No. 550, London School of Economics.
Pasquariello, P., 2004. Central bank intervention and the intraday process of price
formation in the currency markets. Mimeo, University of Michigan Business School.
Pasquariello, P., forthcoming. Informative trading or just noise? An analysis of currency
returns, market liquidity, and transaction costs in proximity of central bank interventions.
Journal of Financial Markets.
Payne, R., Vitale, P., 2003. A transaction level study of the effects of central bank
intervention on exchange rates. Journal of International Economics 61 (2), 331-352.
Peiers, B., 1997. Informed traders, intervention and price leadership: a deeper view of the
microstructure of the foreign exchange market. Journal of Finance 52 (4), 1589-1614.
Rigobon, R. and B. Sack, 2004. The impact of monetary policy on asset prices, Journal of
Monetary Economics, 51, 8, 1553-71.
Rime, D., 2003. New electronic trading systems in foreign exchange markets, in D.C.
Jones (ed.), New Economy Handbook, Academic Press: Elsevier Science, USA, 469-504.
Sager, M., and M.P. Taylor, 2004. The impact of European central bank governing
council announcements on the foreign exchange market: a microstructural analysis,
Journal of International Money and Finance, 23, 1043-1051.
Sarno, L., and M.P. Taylor, 2001. Official intervention in the foreign exchange market: is it
effective and, if so, how does it work? Journal of Economic Literature 39, 839-868.
Schwarz, G., 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics 6, 461-464.
Taylor, M.P., 2004. Is official exchange rate intervention effective? Economica, 71, 1-12.
Taylor, M.P., 2005. Official foreign exchange intervention as a coordinating signal in the
dollar-yen market. Pacific Economic Review, 10, 1 73-82.
Vitale, P., 2003. Foreign exchange intervention: how to signal policy objectives and
stabilize the economy. Journal of Monetary Economics 50, 841-87.
Vitale, P., 1999. Sterilized central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market,
Journal of International Economics, 49, 245-267.
26
Figure 1 Japanese Interventions and the yen-usd rate, 1990-2002
180 20000
15000
160
10000
140 5000
Intervention ($ Million)
0
Yen-USD
120
-5000
100 -10000
Sample Period: -15000
Dec 99 - July 00
80
-20000
60 -25000
Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02
Notes: Left-hand scale shows the daily yen-usd exchange rate and right-hand scale
shows daily Japanese interventions (in millions of dollars) from 1990-2002. Daily
Japanese intervention data is available at: http://www.mof.go.jp/english/e1c021.htm. Our
eight month sample period (circled in the figure) includes five Japanese intervention
days.
27
Figure 2: Average Daily Returns, Order Flow and News Arrival
USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Average Return
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
-0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
6 6 6 6 6 6
Average Order Flow
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
Average News Arrival
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
0:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
21:00
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000 and are sampled at 20-minute frequency.
Currencies are defined as the number of dollars per foreign currency for the euro and sterling, and number of foreign currency
per dollar for the yen. The figures plot the average intra-daily pattern of returns, order flow and news arrival over a 24-hour
period. Returns are calculated as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote where the mid quote is calculated as the
average of the bid and ask quotes. Order flow is the net of the total buys and total sells, where a buy (sell) refers to a trade in
which the initiator is a purchaser (seller) of the denominator currency (euro for USD-EUR, sterling for USD-GBP and US dollar
for YEN-USD). News Arrival is an indicator variable for the number of Reuters news articles in each 20 minute period.
28
Figure 3: Average Daily Volatility and FFF Seasonal
(in basis points)
3a. USD-EUR
0.10 0.10
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0.00 0.00
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
AM
PM
3b. USD-GBP
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
AM
PM
3c. YEN-USD
0.10 0.10
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0.00 0.00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
PM
PM
PM
AM
AM
AM
AM
PM
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000 and
are sampled at 20-minute frequency. Currencies are defined as the number of dollars
per foreign currency for the euro and sterling, and number of foreign currency per
dollar for the yen. The figures plot the average intra-daily pattern of volatility (jagged
line) and the Flexible Fourier Form seasonal (smooth line) over a 24-hour period. Each
24-hour day starts at midnight, which is 12am GMT for USD-EUR and USD-GBP and
3pm GMT for YEN-USD. Volatility is defined as the absolute return, where returns
are calculated as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote. The mid quote is
calculated as the average of the bid and ask quotes.
29
Table 1. Broad Categories of Intervention News
(a) Intervention and News
News
Reported Not Reported
Threat of Actual or
Policymaker
2
1 Intervention detected Intervention missed
Oral Intervention
No Threat of Actual or 4
3 False intervention
Oral Intervention
(b) Interventions and Market Expectations
Market
Expecting Not Expecting
Threat of Actual or
Policymaker
1 Surprise Intervention
Oral Intervention
No Threat of Actual or Unrequited
3 5
Oral Intervention intervention
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000.
(1) 38 for the Euro-zone, 134 for Japan, 6 joint; (2) the Japanese conducted
interventions on 5 days in support of the dollar, all were reported by Reuters; (3)
26 for the Euro-zone, 1 for Japan, I for UK, and 20 joint; (4) there was one false
(ECB) intervention; (5) 215 unrequited actual interventions ((Euro-zone: 76,
Japan: 91, joint: 48) and 77 unrequited oral interventions (Euro-zone: 8, joint:
69).
30
Table 2: Summary Statistics of Macro News Announcements
Announcement Reported as Local time
UK Announcements (total = 80)
RPIX Y/Y % change 08:30 GMT
Retail Sales M/M % change 08:30 GMT
Global trade GBP (billion) 08:30 GMT
Provisional M4 M/M % change 08:30 GMT
PPI M/M % change NSA 08:30 GMT
Industrial Production M/M % change 08:30 GMT
Unemployment thousands 08:30 GMT
Current Account GBP (billion) 08:30 GMT
US Announcements (total = 80)
PPI M/M % change 08:30 ET
CPI M/M % change 08:30 ET
Industrial Production M/M % change 09:15 ET
Monthly M3 change $ Bln 16:30 ET
Goods & Services Trade Balance USD (billion) 08:30 ET
Civilian Unemployment Rate percent 08:30 ET
Nonfarm Payrolls thousands 08:30 ET
Retail Sales M/M % change 08:30 ET
Euro Area Announcements (total = 58)
PPI M/M % change 11:00 GMT
Harmonised CPI M/M % change 11:00 GMT
Ind Production 3M/3M % change 11:00 GMT
M3 Y/Y % change 09:00 GMT
Trade ex-EMU prel. EUR EUR (billion) 11:00 GMT
Unemployment rate percent 11:00 GMT
Japanese Announcements (total = 122)
Current Account billions of Yen 23:50 GMT
Adjusted Merchandise Trade Balance billions of Yen 23:50 GMT
CPI M/M % change 23:00 GMT
CPI Tokyo M/M % change 23:00 GMT
Crude Oil Imports Y/Y % change 23:30 GMT
Domestic Wholesale Price Index 23:50 GMT
GDP Q/Q % change 23:50 GMT
Housing Starts Y/Y % change 05:00 GMT
Job-to-Applicant Ratio 23:00 GMT
Large Scale Retail Sales Y/Y % change 23:50 GMT
Machine Orders M/M % change 05:00 GMT
Merchandise Trade Balance Total billions of Yen 23:50 GMT
Money Supply Y/Y % change 23:50 GMT
Preliminary Industrial Production M/M % change 23:50 GMT
Tankan Survey Manufacturing 23:50 GMT
Tertiary Industry Index M/M % change 23:50 GMT
Unemployment Rate 23:00 GMT
Vehicle Sales Y/Y % change 00:00 GMT
Workers' Household Spending Y/Y % change 04:30 GMT
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000. M/M% change refers to
month-on-month percentage change. 3M/3M% change is three month-on-three month percentage change.
Q/Q% change refers to quarter-on-quarter percentage change. Y/Y% change is year-on-year percentage
change. NSA refers to non-seasonally adjusted. 22 GMT is 7am in Japan.
31
Table 3: Summary Statistics for Returns, Volatility, Order Flow and
Transaction Frequency
a. USD-EUR
Mid Net Order Order Flow Transaction
Quote Return Volatility Flow Volatility Frequency
Mean 0.97 0.00 5.55 0.27 1.14 30.36
Variance 0.04 9.99 8.30 13.04 1.73 52.13
Skewness 0.10 -0.13 2.93 0.53 2.04 2.30
Kurtosis 2.87 12.07 14.56 17.62 11.62 11.27
Autocorrelation lags
1 0.99 0.13 0.47 0.04 0.86 0.85
5 0.98 0.05 0.30 0.02 0.61 0.56
10 0.98 0.01 0.19 -0.01 0.38 0.32
20 0.97 -0.02 0.06 0.00 -0.03 -0.04
b. USD-GBP
Mid Net Order Order Flow Transaction
Quote Return Volatility Flow Volatility Frequency
Mean 1.57 -0.03 2.06 0.42 1.07 28.02
Variance 0.05 2.88 2.01 7.88 1.17 41.51
Skewness -0.32 0.00 1.40 0.38 1.39 2.24
Kurtosis 1.83 5.01 7.92 11.40 5.09 9.37
Autocorrelation lags
1 1.00 0.01 0.36 0.04 0.80 0.79
5 1.00 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.56 0.49
10 1.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.35 0.27
20 1.00 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.00 -0.11
c. YEN-USD
Mid Net Order Order Flow Transaction
Quote Return Volatility Flow Volatility Frequency
Mean 106.29 0.01 7.01 0.06 0.26 2.83
Variance 2.28 14.06 12.19 2.98 0.36 4.96
Skewness -0.19 0.17 4.23 0.18 1.91 3.30
Kurtosis 3.15 21.82 26.83 20.46 8.45 20.50
Autocorrelation lags
1 0.98 0.07 0.49 0.15 0.66 0.66
5 0.95 0.04 0.17 0.04 0.47 0.43
10 0.93 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.32 0.27
20 0.91 0.01 0.04 -0.01 0.11 0.11
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000 and are
sampled at 20-minute frequency. Currencies are defined as the number of dollars per
foreign currency for the euro and sterling, and number of foreign currency per dollar for
the yen. The mid quote is calculated as the average of the bid and ask quotes. Returns
are defined as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote. Volatility is defined as the
absolute return. Order flow is the net of the total buys and total sells, where a buy (sell)
refers to a trade in which the initiator is a purchaser (seller) of the denominator currency
(euro for USD-EUR, sterling for USD-GBP and the US dollar for the YEN-USD). Order
flow volatility is the standard deviation of order flow and transaction frequency is the
number of actual trades in each 20-minute period.
32
Table 4: Contemporaneous Correlations
a. USD-EUR
Order
Total Buy Total Sell Order Flow Transaction Reuters
Return Volatility Orders Orders Flow Volatility Frequency News
Return 1 … … … … … … …
Volatility -0.011 1 … … … … … …
Total Buy Orders 0.108 0.321 1 … … … … …
Total Sell Orders -0.141 0.324 0.882 1 … … … …
Order Flow 0.511 0.011 0.292 -0.193 1 … … …
Order Flow Volatility -0.023 0.317 0.921 0.934 0.022 1 … …
Transaction Frequency -0.015 0.333 0.971 0.969 0.054 0.956 1 …
Reuters News 0.005 0.018 -0.007 -0.007 -0.001 -0.008 -0.007 1
b. USD-GBP
Order
Total Buy Total Sell Order Flow Transaction Reuters
Return Volatility Orders Orders Flow Volatility Frequency News
Return 1 … … … … … … …
Volatility -0.033 1 … … … … … …
Total Buy Orders 0.050 0.397 1 … … … … …
Total Sell Orders -0.091 0.397 0.930 1 … … … …
Order Flow 0.376 0.013 0.222 -0.151 1 … … …
Order Flow Volatility -0.025 0.452 0.909 0.908 0.037 1 … …
Transaction Frequency -0.020 0.404 0.983 0.982 0.038 0.925 1 …
Reuters News -0.001 -0.008 -0.023 -0.017 -0.016 -0.023 -0.022 1
c. YEN-USD
Order
Total Buy Total Sell Order Flow Transaction Reuters
Return Volatility Orders Orders Flow Volatility Frequency News
Return 1 … … … … … … …
Volatility 0.014 1 … … … … … …
Total Buy Orders 0.120 0.180 1 … … … … …
Total Sell Orders -0.111 0.168 0.469 1 … … … …
Order Flow 0.224 0.016 0.533 -0.497 1 … … …
Order Flow Volatility 0.010 0.226 0.799 0.782 0.036 1 … …
Transaction Frequency 0.007 0.203 0.861 0.853 0.028 0.922 1 …
Reuters News -0.003 -0.008 -0.011 0.010 -0.020 0.003 -0.001 1
Notes: The data cover the eight month period from 01 Dec 1999 to 24 July 2000 and are sampled at 20-
minute frequency. Currencies are defined as the number of dollars per foreign currency for the euro and
sterling, and number of foreign currency per dollar for the yen. Returns are defined as 100 times the log
difference of the mid quote where the mid quote is calculated as the average of the bid and ask quotes.
Volatility is defined as the absolute return. Order flow is the net of the total buys and total sells, where a
buy (sell) refers to a trade in which the initiator is a purchaser (seller) of the denominator currency (euro for
USD-EUR, sterling for USD-GBP and the US dollar for the YEN-USD). Order flow volatility is the standard
deviation of order flow and transaction frequency is the number of actual trades in each 20-minute period.
Reuters News is the number of intervention news reports in each 20 minute period.
33
Table 5: The Influence of Intervention News on Returns
USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
Benchmark + Benchmark + Benchmark +
Independent Variables Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News
Constant 0.0000 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0003 0.0003 0.0007
Japanese Intervention Indicator
leads 2-6 0.0026 0.0021 -0.0031 -0.0038 -0.0001 -0.0213
lead 1 -0.0030 0.0010 -0.0041 -0.0068 -0.0615 ** -0.0938 **
lag 0 -0.0014 -0.0245 0.0226 0.0191 -0.0394 * -0.0600 **
lag 1 0.0005 0.0034 -0.0075 * -0.0097 ** -0.0344 -0.0450 *
lags 2-6 0.0002 0.0008 0.0017 0.0011 -0.0368 * -0.0459 **
Lagged Dependent variable
lag 1 0.1205 *** 0.1116 *** 0.0147 0.0125 0.0626 0.0577
lag 2 0.1014 *** 0.0946 *** 0.0084 0.0074 0.1217 *** 0.1172 ***
Macro Surprises
UK 0.0083 0.0072 0.0053 0.0049 0.0005 0.0000
US -0.0117 -0.0115 0.0024 0.0024 -0.0067 -0.0065
Euro-zone 0.0181 0.0160 0.0027 0.0026 -0.0162 -0.0177
Japan 0.0241 ** 0.0236 ** 0.0038 0.0034 -0.0057 -0.0056
Wald Wald Wald
F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test
News from Policymakers
Euro-zone
Oral Policy 0.0285 *** 0.0056 0.0992 ***
Intervention 0.0625 *** ** 0.0053 0.0041 ***
No intervenion -0.0676 *** * -0.0172 0.0076 ***
Japan
Oral Policy -0.2142 *** *** -0.0207 0.0846 ***
Intervention 0.0064 *** 0.0077 0.0355 ***
No intervenion -0.5935 *** *** -0.0514 0.0795 ***
UK
Oral Policy -0.1032 *** 0.0269 -0.0804 ***
Intervention 0.0403 *** -0.0599 -0.0273 ***
No intervenion -0.2720 *** … -0.3854 ***
Joint
Intervention 0.0513 *** *** -0.0039 0.1313 *** *
No intervenion -0.0391 *** -0.0001 -0.0360 ***
News about Market's Expectations
Euro-zone
Intervention 0.0239 *** -0.0574 0.0495 ***
No intervenion -0.0649 *** 0.0079 -0.0955 ***
Japan
Intervention 0.1148 *** 0.0569 * -0.5120 *** **
Joint
Intervention 0.0800 *** 0.0145 0.0885 ***
No intervenion -0.0832 *** *** 0.0016 0.0260 ***
News about Policymaker-Market Interactions
Euro-zone intervention denied 0.0021 *** … -0.5978 *** **
Market detects Japan intervention 0.0054 *** -0.0010 0.0054 ***
News about Unrequited Interventions
Euro-zone
Unrequited actual intervention -0.0008 *** 0.0069 ** -0.0035 ***
Unrequited oral intervention -0.0611 *** -0.0317 0.0651 ***
Japan
Unrequited actual intervention 0.0335 *** -0.0031 -0.0099 ***
Joint
Unrequited actual intervention -0.0266 *** -0.0027 -0.0336 ***
Unrequited oral intervention 0.0067 *** 0.0020 -0.0781 *** **
Rbar-squared 0.0275 0.0317 -0.0001 0.0002 0.0194 0.0178
F-test (all regressors) 35.91 *** 4.23 *** 0.97 1.03 25.06 *** 2.76 ***
Notes: Returns are calculated at 20 minute frequency and are defined as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote where the mid quote is calculated as the average of the
bid and ask quotes. *, ** and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1 percent respectively. Significance for the upper panel of the table is based on the t-statistic. Coefficients
for each "news" regressor (in the lower panel of the table) represent the sum of all coefficients from lead 6 to lag 6. The individual F-tests are exclusion restrictions for the six
leads and lags of each regressor. The Wald tests are for the null hypothesis that the sum of the six leads and lags is equal to zero.
34
Table 6: The Influence of Intervention News on Returns in "High Volatility" and "High News Arrival" Periods
"High volatility" "High news arrival"
Independent Varia$Bles USD-EUR USD-G$BP YEN-USD USD-EUR USD-G$BP YEN-USD
Constant -0.0008 -0.0003 0.0010 -0.0004 -0.0003 0.0007
Japanese Intervention
leads 2-6 -0.0054 -0.0028 -0.0049 -0.0014 -0.0018 -0.0234
lead 1 -0.0030 -0.0045 -0.0701 ** -0.0028 -0.0068 -0.0942 **
lag 0 -0.0084 -0.0004 -0.0357 -0.0206 0.0192 -0.0595 **
lag 1 0.0021 -0.0083 * -0.0441 * 0.0049 -0.0094 ** -0.0475 **
lags 2-6 0.0029 0.0027 -0.0441 ** -0.0009 0.0012 -0.0455 **
Lagged Dependent variable
lag 1 0.0730 *** 0.0163 0.0491 0.1052 *** 0.0154 0.0555
lag 2 0.0723 *** 0.0054 0.1082 *** 0.0879 *** 0.0057 0.1167 ***
Macro Surprises
UK 0.0068 0.0059 0.0024 0.0068 0.0052 0.0002
US -0.0103 0.0022 0.0090 -0.0108 0.0025 -0.0063
Euro-zone -0.0006 0.0017 -0.0162 0.0148 0.0027 -0.0166
Japan 0.0228 ** 0.0035 -0.0056 0.0232 ** 0.0033 -0.0050
Wald Wald Wald Wald Wald Wald
Interaction Terms F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test
News from Policymakers
Euro-zone
Oral Policy -0.2796 *** ** -0.0171 *** 1.5151 *** 0.0131 *** *** 0.0017 -0.0358 ***
Intervention 1.0991 *** -0.2042 *** 0.2584 *** -0.0763 *** *** -0.0360 0.0106 ***
No intervenion -0.8976 *** *** 0.0222 *** 0.2747 *** 0.0765 *** *** 0.0035 0.1191 ***
Japan
Oral Policy -2.5053 *** *** 0.0049 *** -0.6283 *** 0.0350 *** *** -0.0028 -0.1048 ***
Intervention 0.1362 *** 0.0588 *** 0.4517 *** -0.0363 *** *** -0.0117 -0.0558 ***
No intervenion … … … -0.0314 *** *** -0.0371 -0.0373 ***
UK
Intervention 0.1290 *** 0.0566 *** -0.7862 *** -0.2598 *** *** -0.0609 0.2572 ***
Joint
Intervention 0.1564 *** -0.0214 *** 0.5202 *** 0.3233 *** *** -0.0413 -0.0507 ***
No intervenion -0.3180 *** *** -0.0036 *** -0.9098 *** -0.2488 *** *** -0.0441 0.0804 ***
News about Market's Expectations
Euro-zone
Intervention -0.3286 *** 0.0250 *** 1.8344 *** -4.0615 *** *** -8.5049 -19.7749 ***
No intervenion -0.7514 *** 0.0811 *** 0.3384 *** *** 33.8263 *** *** 8.9223 -6.1190 ***
Japan
Intervention 0.0242 *** 0.0477 *** 0.6929 *** -0.0202 *** *** 0.0035 -0.0209 ***
Joint
Intervention 2.6037 *** -0.1261 *** 1.6604 *** 0.2984 *** *** 0.0025 -0.2385 ***
No intervenion -0.7002 *** 0.0035 *** -0.3037 *** *** -0.1168 *** *** -0.0125 0.0000 ***
News about Policymaker-Market Interactions
Euro-zone intervention denied … … -1.0636 *** -0.0997 *** *** … 0.0525 ***
Market detects Japan intervention 0.5193 *** *** 0.0233 *** 1.4374 *** -0.0407 *** *** -0.0151 0.1471 ***
News about Unrequited Interventions
Euro-zone
Unrequited actual intervention -0.0046 *** ** 0.0106 *** *** 0.0394 *** 0.0063 *** *** 0.0090 -0.0136 ***
Unrequited oral intervention … … -0.1560 *** -0.0384 *** *** -0.0116 -0.0563 ***
Japan
Unrequited actual intervention 0.1892 *** -0.0914 *** -0.8888 *** 0.0887 *** *** 0.0318 -0.0321 ***
Joint
Unrequited actual intervention -0.1281 *** 0.1267 *** 0.9163 *** -0.2688 *** *** 0.0766 0.1690 ***
Unrequited oral intervention -0.2781 *** -0.1580 *** -0.7987 *** 0.2649 *** *** 0.0016 -0.1750 ***
Rbar-squared 0.1083 0.0235 0.0611 0.0363 -0.0004 0.0168
F-test (all regressors) 8.82 *** 2.50 *** 5.29 *** 3.45 *** 0.98 2.11 ***
Notes: Returns are calculated at 20 minute frequency and are defined as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote where the mid quote is calculated as the average of the bid and ask quotes. *, **
and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1 percent respectively. Significance for the upper panel of the table is based on the t-statistic. Coefficients for each "news" regressor (in the lower panel of
the table) represent the sum of all coefficients from lead 6 to lag 6. The individual F-tests are exclusion restrictions for the six leads and lags of each regressor. The Wald tests are for the null
hypothesis that the sum of the six leads and lags is equal to zero.
35
Table 7: The Influence of Intervention News on Volatility
USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
Benchmark + Benchmark + Benchmark +
Independent Variables Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News
Constant -0.0001 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001
Japanese Intervention
leads 2-6 -0.0015 -0.0044 0.0072 0.0065 -0.0256 -0.0281
lead 1 -0.0411 *** -0.0426 *** -0.0133 *** -0.0159 *** -0.0068 -0.0109
lag 0 -0.0299 *** -0.0228 0.0093 0.0110 -0.0223 * -0.0352
lag 1 -0.0255 *** -0.0266 ** -0.0164 ** -0.0147 ** -0.0130 -0.0125
lags 2-6 -0.0171 *** -0.0163 ** -0.0049 * -0.0045 * -0.0094 -0.0076
Lagged Dependent variable
lag 1 0.3191 *** 0.3126 *** 0.2232 *** 0.2214 *** 0.4385 *** 0.4339 ***
lag 2 0.1236 *** 0.1191 *** 0.1267 *** 0.1253 *** 0.0323 0.0299
lag 3 0.1037 *** 0.1015 *** 0.0948 *** 0.0933 *** 0.0595 *** 0.0575 ***
lag 4 0.0794 *** 0.0791 *** 0.0858 *** 0.0880 *** 0.0275 * 0.0298 *
lag 5 0.0466 *** 0.0478 *** 0.0859 *** 0.0877 *** 0.0207 0.0216 *
lag 6 0.0467 *** 0.0496 *** 0.0685 *** 0.0698 *** 0.0456 *** 0.0468 ***
Macro Surprises
UK -0.0077 -0.0071 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0036 -0.0042
US 0.0079 0.0080 -0.0026 -0.0024 0.0168 0.0177
Euro-zone 0.0042 0.0029 -0.0045 -0.0037 -0.0047 -0.0059
Japan 0.0167 * 0.0169 ** 0.0019 0.0019 0.0030 0.0029
Wald Wald Wald
F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test
News from Policymakers
Euro-zone
Oral Policy -0.0223 *** 0.0036 *** -0.0274 ***
Intervention 0.0002 *** -0.0044 *** -0.0210 ***
No intervenion -0.0234 *** -0.0001 *** -0.0186 ***
Japan
Oral Policy -0.0216 *** -0.0071 *** * -0.0377 ***
Intervention -0.0130 *** -0.0002 *** 0.0038 ***
No intervenion 0.2939 *** 0.0057 *** * -0.1088 ***
UK
Oral Policy 0.0412 *** -0.0137 *** -0.0602 ***
Intervention 0.0321 *** 0.0082 *** ** 0.0082 ***
No intervenion 0.0500 *** 0.0000 *** *** 0.0290 ***
Joint
Intervention 0.0708 *** -0.0022 *** 0.0166 *** *
No intervenion 0.0209 *** 0.0027 *** -0.0215 ***
News about Market's Expectations
Euro-zone
Intervention 0.0834 *** 0.0181 *** 0.0753 ***
No intervenion -0.0176 *** -0.0101 *** 0.0032 ***
Japan
Intervention -0.0220 *** 0.0349 *** 0.2280 ***
Joint
Intervention -0.0184 *** ** -0.0004 *** 0.0110 ***
No intervenion -0.0320 *** 0.0025 *** 0.0035 ***
News about Policymaker-Market Interactions
Euro-zone intervention denied 0.0174 *** 0.0000 *** *** 0.3014 *** ***
Market detects Japan intervention -0.0134 *** -0.0015 *** 0.0002 ***
News about Unrequited Interventions
Euro-zone
Unrequited actual intervention 0.0007 *** 0.0033 *** -0.0116 ***
Unrequited oral intervention -0.0606 *** -0.0172 *** -0.0536 ***
Japan
Unrequited actual intervention 0.0228 *** -0.0004 *** 0.0029 ***
Joint
Unrequited actual intervention 0.0002 *** * -0.0049 *** -0.0208 ***
Unrequited oral
q intervention
_ g 0.0013 *** *** -0.0008 *** 0.0078 ***
Rbar-squared 0.2901 0.2910 0.2135 0.2131 0.2541 0.2548
F-test (all regressors) 360 *** 40 *** 209 *** 25 *** 296 *** 33 ***
Notes: Returns are calculated at 20 minute frequency and are defined as 100 times the log difference of the mid quote where the mid quote is calculated as the average of
the bid and ask quotes. *, ** and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1 percent respectively. Significance for the upper panel of the table is based on the t-statistic.
Coefficients for each "news" regressor (in the lower panel of the table) represent the sum of all coefficients from lead 6 to lag 6. The individual F-tests are exclusion
restrictions for the six leads and lags of each regressor. The Wald tests are for the null hypothesis that the sum of the six leads and lags is equal to zero.
36
Table 8: The Influence of Intervention News on Transaction Frequency
USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
Benchmark + Benchmark + Benchmark +
Independent Variables Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News
Constant -0.0901 -0.1202 -0.1033 -0.0058 0.0238 0.0228
Japanese Intervention
leads 2-6 -4.1961 *** -1.0888 -1.2462 -0.0416 -0.7591 *** -0.8314 ***
lead 1 -4.6617 ** -2.2000 -4.6529 -2.6797 -0.6516 *** -0.5112
lag 0 -4.9106 ** 0.4313 -5.0647 ** -2.9112 * -0.7455 *** -0.5577
lag 1 -4.8273 ** -2.6017 -6.4330 ** -4.9652 * -0.5991 *** -0.5347 **
lags 2-6 -5.4774 *** -5.3553 *** -4.4389 *** -3.4090 ** -0.5534 *** -0.6662 ***
Lagged Dependent variable
lag 1 0.7755 *** 0.7699 *** 0.6057 *** 0.6012 *** 0.4559 *** 0.4528 ***
lag 2 0.0427 0.0435 0.1520 *** 0.1499 *** 0.1610 *** 0.1637 ***
lag 3 0.0516 ** 0.0535 ** 0.1126 *** 0.1135 *** 0.0806 *** 0.0777 ***
lag 4 0.0286 0.0302 0.0003 0.0018 0.0471 *** 0.0464 ***
lag 5 0.0006 0.0022 -0.0130 -0.0119 0.0411 ** 0.0432 **
lag 6 -0.0202 -0.0228 -0.0082 -0.0075 0.0189 0.0183
Macro Surprises
UK -0.7112 -0.4355 -3.4219 -3.3835 0.6023 0.6344
US -3.2518 -3.1317 -8.1411 -7.4204 -0.1137 -0.0810
Euro-zone 5.0465 4.3927 2.8137 4.0070 0.1512 0.1080
Japan 1.2362 1.2640 3.2781 3.3334 0.0457 0.0578
Wald Wald Wald
F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test
News from Policymakers
Euro-zone
Oral Policy -0.8451 *** 5.4976 *** -1.1338 *** *
Intervention -7.8173 *** 2.5021 *** 0.0237 ***
No intervenion -2.4841 *** -4.6132 *** -0.1862 ***
Japan
Oral Policy -9.5428 *** -13.8889 *** -3.2321 ***
Intervention -5.5828 *** -3.2929 *** 0.4353 ***
No intervenion -8.8341 *** -16.4646 *** -0.6557 ***
UK
Oral Policy -4.6169 *** -35.9528 *** -3.6353 ***
Intervention 21.2232 *** ** 24.4042 *** *** -0.7175 ***
No intervenion 62.0837 *** 0.0000 *** *** -2.5963 *** ***
Joint
Intervention -15.1287 *** -6.5957 *** 1.4204 ***
No intervenion -3.5515 *** 13.2230 *** -2.2718 *** *
News about Market's Expectations
Euro-zone
Intervention 0.2503 *** ** 15.9818 *** 0.1355 ***
No intervenion -17.6266 *** -14.3607 *** -1.3407 ***
Japan
Intervention -61.4805 *** *** -27.1369 *** -3.2594 ***
Joint
Intervention 2.2816 *** 0.9085 *** -0.4039 ***
No intervenion 10.1862 *** 30.3033 *** 7.9178 *** ***
News about Policymaker-Market Interactions
Euro-zone intervention denied -19.4562 *** 0.0000 *** *** 5.4402 *** ***
Market detects Japan intervention -1.1506 *** -8.5638 *** -0.9340 ***
News about Unrequited Interventions
Euro-zone
Unrequited actual intervention 14.9062 *** 2.2208 *** 0.7883 ***
Unrequited oral intervention -9.2145 *** -11.2818 *** -1.0867 ***
Japan
Unrequited actual intervention 7.5046 *** 4.4229 *** -0.2101 ***
Joint
Unrequited actual intervention -2.4655 *** -3.3131 *** 0.0766 ***
Unrequited oral intervention -3.8946 *** -5.5740 *** -0.6304 *** *
Rbar-squared 0.7444 0.7446 0.6529 0.6522 0.4814 0.4834
F-test (all regressors) 2557 *** 279 *** 1440 *** 170 *** 805 *** 89 ***
Notes: Transaction frequency is calculated as the number of transactions in any given 20 minute period. *, ** and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1 percent respectively. Significance
for the upper panel of the table is based on the t-statistic. Coefficients for each "news" regressor (in the lower panel of the table) represent the sum of all coefficients from lead 6 to lag 6.
The individual F-tests are exclusion restrictions for the six leads and lags of each regressor. The Wald tests are for the null hypothesis that the sum of the six leads and lags is equal to
zero.
37
Table 9: The Influence of Order Flow on Returns
Return on order flow
Independent Variables USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
Constant -0.0007 -0.0008 *** -0.0004
Lagged Dependent Variable
lag 1 0.1675 *** 0.0219 0.0569
lag 2 0.1092 *** 0.0279 ** 0.1166 ***
Order Flow
Contemporaneous 0.0039 *** 0.0014 *** 0.0104 ***
lag1 -0.0010 *** -0.0002 *** -0.0008
lags 2-6 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003 **
Rbar-squared 0.0279 0.1429 0.0677
F-test (all regressors) 1310 *** 448 *** 221 ***
Notes: Returns and order flow are calculated at 20 minute frequency. Returns are defined as 100
times the log difference of the mid quote .The mid quote is calculated as the average of the bid and
ask quotes. Order flow is the net of the total buys and total sells, where a buy (sell) refers to a trade
in which the initiator is a purchaser (seller) of the denominator currency (euro for USD-EUR, sterling
for USD-GBP and US dollar for YEN-USD). *, ** and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1
percent, respectively. Significance is based on the t-statistic.
38
Table 10. The Influence of Intervention News on Order Flow
USD-EUR USD-GBP YEN-USD
Benchmark + Benchmark + Benchmark +
Independent Variables Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News Benchmark Reuters News
Constant 0.2666 0.2759 ** 0.3996 *** 0.4634 *** 0.0506 * 0.0851 ***
Japanese Intervention
leads 2-6 -0.0745 -0.5618 0.8630 0.6523 0.2239 * 0.0924
lead 1 -0.0506 ** 1.2326 -1.0250 -0.6853 0.0915 -0.1048
lag 0 -0.2786 ** -0.5813 1.4212 1.9847 -0.0975 ** -0.1959
lag 1 -0.2626 ** 0.0313 -0.6675 -0.6011 -0.0596 ** -0.1645
lags 2-6 -0.2666 ** 0.0604 -0.5724 * -0.7803 -0.0506 * -0.0836
Lagged Dependent variable
lag 1 0.0399 0.0379 ** 0.0407 ** 0.0370 ** 0.1448 *** 0.1405 ***
lag 2 -0.0202 *** -0.0237 0.0091 0.0068 0.0449 ** 0.0440 **
Macro Surprises
UK 3.0779 2.9382 2.7724 2.6714 -0.6831 -0.7494
US -0.3832 -0.3064 1.7723 1.7367 -0.3029 -0.2943
Euro-zone 2.1095 1.8050 -0.8338 -1.1205 -0.5074 -0.5557
Japan -0.5666 *** -0.7007 1.1653 1.0225 -0.0051 -0.0362
Wald Wald Wald
F-test Test F-test Test F-test Test
News from Policymakers
Euro-zone
Oral Policy 5.6522 -0.9875 -0.1881 ***
Intervention 5.6845 * -5.2476 0.5707 ***
No intervenion -4.9886 0.9475 -0.6269 ***
Japan
Oral Policy -5.1987 1.6619 -0.8987 ***
Intervention 0.4738 -1.5611 0.3872 ***
No intervenion -6.2427 -13.4875 0.4510 ***
UK
Oral Policy -1.5977 6.1912 -8.3645 ***
Intervention 7.3140 -15.6653 ** 2.7784 ***
No intervenion -73.2060 *** 0.0000 -14.0207 *** **
Joint
Intervention -1.2165 6.2558 0.9641 ***
No intervenion 0.3160 2.0383 ** -1.8633 ***
News about Market's Expectations
Euro-zone
Intervention -3.6648 ** 2.1373 5.1265 ***
No intervenion -3.6073 -6.1506 -2.6148 ***
Japan
Intervention -0.9566 24.0111 ** -0.5457 ***
Joint
Intervention -3.3238 4.4762 -2.0084 ***
No intervenion -15.1552 ** -0.1322 1.0609 *** **
News about Policymaker-Market Interactions
Euro-zone intervention denied 3.2289 0.0000 -12.9331 *** ***
Market detects Japan intervention -1.0236 1.1837 -0.3967 ***
News about Unrequited Interventions
Euro-zone
Unrequited actual intervention 1.3072 -1.0556 -0.4556 *** *
Unrequited oral intervention -10.0007 5.7612 3.3315 ***
Japan
Unrequited actual intervention 2.5613 -0.6994 -0.3581 ***
Joint
Unrequited actual intervention 0.1258 -1.0981 1.0570 ***
Unrequited oral intervention 1.7268 -1.1626 -0.5606 ***
Rbar-squared 0.0014 0.0010 0.0016 0.0013 0.0244 0.0263
F-test (all regressors) 2.89 ** 1.11 2.86 ** 1.13 31.43 *** 3.63 ***
Notes: Order flow are calculated at 20 minute frequency. It is the net of the total buys and total sells, where a buy (sell) refers to a trade in which the initiator is a purchaser
(seller) of the denominator currency (euro for USD-EUR, sterling for USD-GBP and US dollar for YEN-USD). *, ** and *** represent significance at 10, 5 and 1 percent
respectively. Significance for the upper panel of the table is based on the t-statistic. Coefficients for each "news" regressor (in the lower panel of the table) represent the sum of
all coefficients from lead 6 to lag 6. The individual F-tests are exclusion restrictions for the six leads and lags of each regressor. The Wald tests are for the null hypothesis that
the sum of the six leads and lags is equal to zero.
39
| the_stack | {'hexsha': '38914155f5e963f38cc47810d2fe87a97a813891', 'size': '160115', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'paper/12953.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'rolocampusano/nber', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'f26dc2e04116e4b500bc46983c8eb292649cfbf7', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['WTFPL']", 'max_stars_count': '4', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2020-02-09T18:50:24.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2021-09-08T21:39:08.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'paper/12953.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'rolocampusano/nber', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'f26dc2e04116e4b500bc46983c8eb292649cfbf7', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['WTFPL']", 'max_issues_count': '3', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '2020-08-04T11:36:17.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '2020-10-21T02:49:01.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'paper/12953.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'rolocampusano/nber', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'f26dc2e04116e4b500bc46983c8eb292649cfbf7', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['WTFPL']", 'max_forks_count': '7', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '2020-02-22T07:34:35.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '2021-10-31T07:45:25.000Z', 'avg_line_length': '69.1940363008', 'max_line_length': '331', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.4860693876', 'original_id': 'e90920d761719f1797bb64a08b4378554ab1abef2dc45339db42e6aaf48c8c46'} |
Local Empowerment
“Local empowerment” refers to the process of enabling people and communities to take control of the things that influence their lives.
At Our Kids Foundation we see our role as a catalyst. We don’t just donate money, equipment and time. We hand control of our projects to local employees and volunteers. Donations are resources which speed up the process but they are not an end in themselves. The goal is to enable local communities to build the infrastructure and capacity they need. And to ensure that they are able to make decisions about how best to use resources to achieve their own goals.
Local empowerment is more than participation. It implies local ownership, and this is the key to long term improvement. Getting projects up and running can be extremely difficult when a country lacks existing infrastructure and opportunity. So external help in the form of money, expertise and “hands-on-deck” is very useful. But to ensure that in the long term a project meets the needs of the local community, the community itself needs to own it.
Finance is often a key issue. Another element in local empowerment is enabling the community to incorporate financially self-sustaining activities into their projects. This is not always possible. But when it can be achieved, it can dramatically improve a project’s independence.
This is why we aim, wherever possible to set up projects that have their own local governing Board and that are run by local employees and volunteers. The Foundation maintains an advisory role, and continues to work with partners to provide expertise, time and funds while the projects fully establish themselves. But we try not to retain decision making powers longer than is necessary.
It is this strategic approach that achieves long term sustainable improvements for the children and young people, as well as contributing to the wider post-war recovery process of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9512799382209778}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '36925', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RC5AK5AA24HLOIJGB4S4SQBSRSZC4HFK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8894d768-138a-4969-aaa4-9ad5c7ef8b06>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 17, 1, 57, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.49.23.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4TRI4G77AEY5LID7ONZRMQJYUM7WTJW6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:46ed47b5-0f21-4d8c-b095-5a3acc431e37>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://ourkidsfoundation.org/local-empowerment/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f63219d4-7ba8-4979-8ff1-3efd76e808ee>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '313', 'url': 'https://ourkidsfoundation.org/local-empowerment/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-65-99-88.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018376827239990234', 'original_id': '072936a4c1b5c0e2249921e6e0c2f8aad11fa432d6d54246b44b427f8dedbf3b'} |
What would you do?
In the story on the link… a driver saw a truck matching the description of one believed used in an abduction. He saw a little girl in the truck and he took action… What would you do? Are you ready to get involved in something like this?
One thought on “What would you do?
1. Dave Morelli
I think it is commendable to take appropriate action in situations like these. The question is what is appropriate action. One must decide the level of immediate danger and will the action increase or decrease that danger. One must also consider his or her level of skill and equipment that is on hand. What are some of the unknown factors that might cause more danger to the victim or the rescuer? These are simple questions that are impossible to know the answers to until action is taken, and then you are in it and it is hard to turn back. This situation turned out well and media coverage should give credit to the action of an observant and courageous citizen. More coverage than they give the cowards that shoot up a school yard. Wouldn’t it be nice if folks sought out recognition for good deeds rather than for bad.nOne must also recognize that if the decision is made to get involved, things don’t always turn out peachy keennand you could be held liable for making a wrong move that seemed right at the time. This happens to our policemen all the time. No one can be right everytime when the poop hits the propeller but when someone is in the position of losing life we have a duty as citizens to do the best we can without over taxing our abilities whether it is calling for help, being a good witness, or actually getting into the nuts and bolts of the assistance.nCriminals depend on people not getting involved, not seeing things going on around them, and not taking appropriate action. That’s why they avoid alert aware looking individuals and police. How many less opportunities would they have if they all the citizens eyes were on them and they never know which one of us is going to pop out of the wood work and foil thier plans.nKeep up the good work America! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9656454920768738}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '129488', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GA2UIBDV2VCIQWMXMHAFCIPRKOCW4OUK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ba4b0064-2acc-4725-bc44-85f5f864bf7c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 30, 17, 34, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '204.12.71.49', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LJOWLYYYMAWBY7MU2G4ELL756VEI4ICZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:54dd490f-7523-4434-87d5-4308ce51d39f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.gundigest.com/tactical-gear/what-would-you-do', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:aba15045-dfd4-4f11-adec-971499e72cc6>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '384', 'url': 'http://www.gundigest.com/tactical-gear/what-would-you-do', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.10934370756149292', 'original_id': 'a74a0332c1fc86512e3e920fef0abf327330695693534bca121bfc5217ba2a4e'} |
driver=nl80211
hw_mode=g
channel=1
ieee80211n=1
interface=wlan3
bssid=02:00:00:00:03:00
ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd
ssid=bss-1
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '19db3c3f5857f1798227c71f8cee7fce40aeb6cbff962b31935f45c31ae9a8c7'} |
Dead Island
Dead Island co-op screenshots show electric machetes
Rich McCormick at
Personally, I wouldn't have booked a flight to a place called 'Dead Island' in the first place. At the very least, I wouldn't be surprised when a swarm of zombies turned up when I tried to check in at the hotel.
I jest, of course. The dead island of Dead Island's open-world world is the fictional Banoi, and I totally would've booked a holiday to a place called Dead Island. Imagine how cool it'd sound at work? "How was your time on DEAD ISLAND, Rich?" "Pretty good: I had to work together with three friends to hold off a horde of shambling corpses, and we jury-rigged weapons out of machinery and tools left around the Palms Resort." "Oh, cool! Can I see your photos?" "Sure, they're IN THIS VERY POST." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9610700607299804}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50915', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LTUP62BK6BJSZSBBPXOATKUBSPHV3HVJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ebf432b9-49b3-4a77-ac5f-3f87148cc3b8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 20, 16, 42, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '89.167.143.67', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JKMODFH2UGG72Z46KSPNZJFIVFMPKJJB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:39119907-837d-4c4f-8777-4e719dfcab94>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.pcgamer.com/2011/06/09/e3-2011-dead-island-co-op-screenshots-show-electric-machetes/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bac28a95-a3f8-419a-9f66-2d46f0f7af65>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '138', 'url': 'http://www.pcgamer.com/2011/06/09/e3-2011-dead-island-co-op-screenshots-show-electric-machetes/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024326741695404053', 'original_id': 'ed519b26f08dfa8470a19c452d6608da1a9087e23d0abf188a31d0f7e57623ca'} |
Q:
Json Deserialize Exception
I'm trying to run the following code, but get an exception:
An exception of type 'Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializationException'
occurred in Newtonsoft.Json.DLL but was not handled in user code
Additional information: Error converting value "country" to type
'LocalGasPrices.Station'. Path '', line 1, position 9.
var jsonObj = JObject.Parse(URL);
var results = jsonObj["stations"].Children().Values();
var details = new List<Station>();
foreach (JToken result in results)
{
var st = result.ToString();
var searchResult = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Station>(st);
details.Add(searchResult);
}
foreach (Station s in details)
{
this.txtDebug.Text += s.address;
}
And here are the classes for the JsonDeserialization:
public class Status
{
public string error { get; set; }
public int code { get; set; }
public string description { get; set; }
public string message { get; set; }
}
public class GeoLocation
{
public string city_id { get; set; }
public string city_long { get; set; }
public string region_short { get; set; }
public string region_long { get; set; }
public string country_long { get; set; }
public string country_id { get; set; }
public string region_id { get; set; }
}
public class Station
{
public string country { get; set; }
public string price { get; set; }
public string address { get; set; }
public string diesel { get; set; }
public string id { get; set; }
public string lat { get; set; }
public string lng { get; set; }
public string station { get; set; }
public string region { get; set; }
public string city { get; set; }
public string date { get; set; }
public string distance { get; set; }
}
public class RootObject
{
public Status status { get; set; }
public GeoLocation geoLocation { get; set; }
public List<Station> stations { get; set; }
}
And here is an example of the JSON response:
{
"status": {
"error": "NO",
"code": 200,
"description": "none",
"message": "Request ok"
},
"geoLocation": {
"city_id": "147",
"city_long": "Saint-Laurent",
"region_short": "QC",
"region_long": "Quebec",
"country_long": "Canada",
"country_id": "43",
"region_id": "35"
},
"stations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"price": "3.65",
"address": "3885, Boulevard Saint-Rose",
"diesel": "0",
"id": "33862",
"lat": "45.492367",
"lng": "-73.710915",
"station": "Shell",
"region": "Quebec",
"city": "Saint-Laurent",
"date": "3 hours agp",
"distance": "1.9km"
}
]
}
A:
I believe you don't need .Values() in results, .Values() selected the properties of the station.
var results = jsonObj["stations"].Children();
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '5832f09b8676bafee82a7de6d2b3e5172657f5d44f1e28b4d9a1875775d7a956'} |
It’s no secret that ocean waste–specifically plastic waste–is a problem that is sorely lacking in immediate solutions. How to collect the waste and especially how to dispose of it properly is a global topic of conversation. As a leading manufacturer of plastics, it’s obviously an issue that we have a vested interest in. Knowing that we needed to take action as soon as possible, Rehrig Pacific Company took a step back, formulated ideas, found partners and developed a solution that would allow for the removal and reuse of tons of ocean waste from a pretty surprising source. Watch the video below to see how we did it.
There’s a common misperception when it comes to the ocean waste problem. Rehrig Pacific recognized that not all ocean waste is made up of plastic bottles or discarded shopping bags. Instead, much of the waste in and around our oceans is industrial waste from large fishing operations and other marine industries. One of the biggest byproducts of industrial fishing operations is nylon netting and ropes. This was especially evident around the Chilean Patagonia.
Rehrig Pacific Company partnered with the Atando Cabos Project, which is dedicated to restoring the pristine beauty of Patagonia while also offering a real, valuable product at the end of the process. The Atando Cabos Project was founded in 2018 with the belief that this discarded waste could be recycled and repurposed to serve a new role as other long-life plastic products.
Another Rehrig Pacific partner receives the waste material, reclaims and pelletizes it, and then ships it to Rehrig Pacific, where we integrate it into our manufacturing process, producing items such as pallets that are then distributed to places like South America. We are excited and honored to be a part of an initiative such as Atando Cabos, with immediate real-world benefits to both the ecosystem and the end consumer.
Eliminating Ocean Plastics with the Atando Cabos Project
The Atando Cabos project focuses on the recovery and transportation of ropes and nets into raw material that can be repurposed into other long-life plastic products. Rehrig Pacific is changing the paradigm ensuring that discarded plastics are no longer seen as waste but a resource. Together, The Atando Cabos Project and Rehrig Pacific are on the mission to eliminate ocean plastics.
View transcription | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9559910893440248}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '87339', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DNBFPUZRFUSV4V7AUV3PML5IQGUZ7GR5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:05aa7526-555e-44b4-a7ef-f6227a61ca0b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 12, 8, 9, 12, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '162.159.135.42', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:M46MPZRQX2PLSBNV623J4XZ7WAHSZRVK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:54bfce9f-499f-4eb7-8027-9b150303f048>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.rehrigpacific.com/sustainability/ocean-waste/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c08e389-ffe0-4987-af3f-e6b42922bdf0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '382', 'url': 'https://www.rehrigpacific.com/sustainability/ocean-waste/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-146\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022854983806610107', 'original_id': 'e026c630ca69fe551481acc94ee79b7daac145a525ed7d715aaf2f590857c6bf'} |
1 My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous:
2 And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for our's only, but also for the sins of the whole world.
3 And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments.
4 He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
5 But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God perfected: hereby know we that we are in him.
6 He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked.
7 Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning.
8 Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth.
9 He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now.
10 He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion of stumbling in him.
11 But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.
12 I write unto you, little children, because your sins are forgiven you for his name's sake.
13 I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have known the Father.
14 I have written unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I have written unto you, young men, because ye are strong, and the word of God abideth in you, and ye have overcome the wicked one.
15 Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.
16 For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world.
17 And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever.
18 Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last time.
19 They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us: but they went out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us.
20 But ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things.
21 I have not written unto you because ye know not the truth, but because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth.
22 Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son.
23 Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Father: he that acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also.
24 Let that therefore abide in you, which ye have heard from the beginning. If that which ye have heard from the beginning shall remain in you, ye also shall continue in the Son, and in the Father.
25 And this is the promise that he hath promised us, even eternal life.
26 These things have I written unto you concerning them that seduce you.
27 But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him.
28 And now, little children, abide in him; that, when he shall appear, we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming.
29 If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him.
| the_stack | {'hexsha': '3b7deaf22e36d1737fb108da80201653209bca1c', 'size': '3871', 'ext': 'txt', 'lang': 'Text', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'benchmarks/luindex/scratch/luindex/kjv/1 John/2.txt', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'PhongNgo/OptimalVerifiedFT', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'ad8d63833d16be9c2f312848a995c52a072ee1ad', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['BSD-3-Clause']", 'max_stars_count': '1', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2021-03-06T13:59:43.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2021-03-06T13:59:43.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'benchmarks/luindex/scratch/luindex/kjv/1 John/2.txt', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'PhongNgo/OptimalVerifiedFT', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'ad8d63833d16be9c2f312848a995c52a072ee1ad', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['BSD-3-Clause']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'benchmarks/luindex/scratch/luindex/kjv/1 John/2.txt', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'PhongNgo/OptimalVerifiedFT', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'ad8d63833d16be9c2f312848a995c52a072ee1ad', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['BSD-3-Clause']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '129.0333333333', 'max_line_length': '245', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.7641436321', 'original_id': '94cc9d974487317150ada3e2cf56d746ec389b08e36e3b9164a0803b825e4de9'} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.