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I am a Linux user, and taking an investment and portfolio management course that uses excel. I was wondering if there are open source alternatives to excel for optimal portfolio calculations? If yes, are they used basically the same way as excel?
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You know something, it looks absolutely dreadful when you ask almost a thousand questions and basically provide no answers. Did the immediate closure of your last question teach you nothing? I'm going to leave this one open just out of morbid curiosity for how the community responds. – chrisaycock Sep 16 '11 at 4:59
@chris: I don't think your comment is appropriate. Your opinion on my answers/questions has nothing to do with this question. Your pointing to my previous question has nothing to do with this question either. – Tim Sep 16 '11 at 5:23
While I don't agree with @chrisaycock's tone (please be nicer to the newbies) your question is, unfortunately, off topic here. No self respecting quant uses excel to get work done, maybe they use it as a front emd for traders/PMs, but if you haven't used anything other than excel, you're probably not (yet) a quant. But please come back and ask questions once you have gained sufficient knowledge for your questions to be on-topic. – Tal Fishman Sep 16 '11 at 9:39
@chrisaycock those are all valid additional reasons to close this question (and maybe you should vote to close, as you'd be the fifth so it wouldn't be like your moderator privileges added anything), but there's just a nicer way to say these things sometimes. – Tal Fishman Sep 16 '11 at 14:24
@chris: You are pretty much a person based your own reasoning on imagination. Look out your phrasing: "refused", "the sheer arrogance", "skirt his education" ... Where did you get all these? The strong hatred in your heart? – Tim Sep 16 '11 at 15:05
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closed as off topic by vonjd, Dmitri Nesteruk, Tal Fishman, Andrey Taptunov, chrisaycock Sep 16 '11 at 14:27
2 Answers
You can try CrossOver Office or LibreOffice/OpenOffice Calc. And let me qualify that with: Don't go down the LibreOffice road, you run in al sorts of issues such as rounding errors and that one missing function and you will not get any support from your professor.
On a personal note: During college I preferred to dual boot or use a VM.
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One answer is to use R (see the Finance taskview http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Finance.html ). In this case it does not work like Excel (and that's a good thing).
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I've never seen this movie for the first time. Really. This was always one of my dad's favorites, and I watched it again and again, on network television and then on videotape, since before I can remember. Someone who's actually seeing this for the first time as an adult will have to tell me what they thought.
What I think: it's a great guy movie. There's very little action, except for a few foot chases, and nothing blows up in it at all. But Robert Redford and Paul Newman are a man's men from the beginning to the end, and while they may not be the most admirable characters (they're con men, for Pete's sake), they're the sort every guy wishes they could be: smart, sneaky, and with lots of friends to help them pull the con off.
The year is 1938, and a grifter named Hooker (Redford's character) together with his two best friends has just pulled off the take of his lifetime: eleven thousand dollars, tax free of course. He's only got two problems: the victim was a courier for a big time mobster named Lonnegan, and a crooked cop named Snyder wants two-thirds of the take and is willing to chase him across Illinois to get it.
Hooker follows the advice of one of his friends, Luther, to check out a man named Gondorff in Chicago and get in on the big con, but not before Luther is killed by Lonnagan and another hit is put out on Hooker. With a faceless assassin after him from one direction and Snyder after him on the other, Hooker has his hands full trying to keep his cover long enough to pull a half-a-million-dollar con on Lonnegan himself.
Like I said, not a lot of action or explosions there. But the movie isn't about gunfights, or even really about revenge. It's about trust -- who you can, and who you can't. A con artist has to be able to honestly trust those he's working with and at the same time deceptively earn the trust of the one being conned. But what happens when you can't even trust the police or your landlady? Or when a hired killer could be following you any day? Worst of all, what happens when you're asked to betray the person who trusts you the most?
When it's all over with, this is a movie about knowing who your friends are, and why. They're the ones that will help you laugh about it all when all is said and done.
The cast:
Paul Newman .... Henry Gondorff
Robert Redford .... Johnny Hooker
Robert Shaw .... Doyle Lonnegan
Charles Durning .... Lt. Wm. Snyder
Ray Walston .... J.J. Singleton
Eileen Brennan .... Billie
Harold Gould .... Kid Twist
John Heffernan .... Eddie Niles
Dana Elcar .... F.B.I. Agent Polk
It also has to be mentioned that one of the most important elements to the movie is the soundtrack. It's full of upbeat, ineffably classy ragtime piano music that better than anything defines the je ne sais quoi charm of the movie. The music is mostly composed by Scott Joplin and performed on the Official Soundtrack by Marvin Hamlisch. The centerpiece, masterpiece, and theme song of the movie is an arrangement based around The Entertainer.
It should also be noted that this film won seven Academy Awards, including best picture of 1973.
Thanks to halspal for pointing out an obvious error in the original writeup.
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The Pre-McNair Academy provides eligible freshman, sophomore, and junior students a one-year introduction to the process of the McNair Scholars Program. Pre-McNair Academy students who participate in the required activities may be eligible for priority consideration to the McNair Scholars progarm once eligible, provided they meet the standards for admission.
The purpose of the Pre-McNair Academy is to:
1. Assist students in understanding the nature and purpose of graduate school, graduate school pathways, and how to prepare for graduate school, with a focus on exposing students to doctoral programs and empowering students to apply to graduate programs.
2. Expose students to various types of research and encourage students to engage in research with Baylor faculty.
3. Provide students with information about various research programs, including the McNair Scholars Program, so they are better prepared to apply to these programs. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9187870621681212}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23580', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3OGIF7VFXDSLZPORD3CJUKH4IXIK7LTQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:21ba39da-6670-4df7-9d8f-f6966add261c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 17, 19, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.16.61.32', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6DWVFA7F3DPWYO53N4QW7A2IEH6XNJ7E', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:aef8d361-8347-494d-b335-8912aeb03652>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.baylor.edu/mcnairscholars/index.php?id=952472', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a0f47832-1ca2-4acc-ac29-761d872a2957>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '139', 'url': 'https://www.baylor.edu/mcnairscholars/index.php?id=952472', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-144-201-71.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3086321949958801', 'original_id': '1e50fc4f3f7d6b1fbb47e7c2afcfd71d37f7de8c84221ebe7391ff8c2af838fd'} |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# vim:ts=4:sts=4:sw=4:et
#
# Author: Hari Sekhon
# Date: 2016-09-25 12:21:49 +0100 (Sun, 25 Sep 2016)
#
# https://github.com/harisekhon/nagios-plugins
#
# License: see accompanying Hari Sekhon LICENSE file
#
# If you're using my code you're welcome to connect with me on LinkedIn
# and optionally send me feedback to help steer this or other code I publish
#
# https://www.linkedin.com/in/harisekhon
#
"""
Nagios Plugin to check RabbitMQ stats db event queue size via the Management REST API
Requires the management plugin to be loaded.
Optional thresholds may be applied, perfdata is output regardless.
Tested on RabbitMQ 3.5.7, 3.6.6 (does not work on RabbitMQ <= 3.4)
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import os
import sys
import traceback
srcdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
libdir = os.path.join(srcdir, 'pylib')
sys.path.append(libdir)
try:
# pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
from harisekhon.utils import isInt, UnknownError, support_msg_api
from harisekhon import RestNagiosPlugin
except ImportError as _:
print(traceback.format_exc(), end='')
sys.exit(4)
__author__ = 'Hari Sekhon'
__version__ = '0.1'
class CheckRabbitMQVersion(RestNagiosPlugin):
def __init__(self):
# Python 2.x
super(CheckRabbitMQVersion, self).__init__()
# Python 3.x
# super().__init__()
self.name = 'RabbitMQ'
self.default_port = 15672
self.default_user = 'guest'
self.default_password = 'guest'
self.path = 'api/overview'
self.json = True
self.msg = 'msg not defined yet'
def add_options(self):
super(CheckRabbitMQVersion, self).add_options()
self.add_thresholds()
def process_options(self):
super(CheckRabbitMQVersion, self).process_options()
self.validate_thresholds(optional=True)
def parse_json(self, json_data):
stats_db_event_queue = json_data['statistics_db_event_queue']
if not isInt(stats_db_event_queue):
raise UnknownError("non-integer stats db event queue returned ('{0}'). {1}"\
.format(stats_db_event_queue, support_msg_api()))
stats_db_event_queue = int(stats_db_event_queue)
self.msg = "{0} stats dbs event queue = {1}".format(self.name, stats_db_event_queue)
self.check_thresholds(stats_db_event_queue)
self.msg += " | stats_db_event_queue={0}".format(stats_db_event_queue)
self.msg += self.get_perf_thresholds()
if __name__ == '__main__':
CheckRabbitMQVersion().main()
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '4f869a29c4cfee596cc0e112b6faa0f218b2544c3e943cde250578ae93fcbaa8'} |
Madras Day
Madras Day is a festival organized to commemorate the founding of the city of Madras (now Chennai) in Tamil Nadu, India. It is celebrated on 22 August every year, 22 August 1639 being the widely agreed date for the purchase of the village of Madraspatnam or Chennapatnam by East India Company factors Andrew Cogan and Francis Day from Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, the viceroy of the Vijayanagar Empire.
The idea of a Madras Day was first suggested by Chennai-based journalist Vincent D'Souza to historian S. Muthiah during a meeting of the trustees of the Chennai Heritage foundation in 2004. Since then, Madras Day celebrations have been held every year without fail, its highlights being exhibitions, lectures, film screenings and quizzes. The Madras Day festival has registered a steady increase in popularity year after year. The 2014 and 2015 editions lasted through August and extended into September as well, prompting demands to rename Madras Day as Madras Week, or even Madras Month.
There has been a contention that the deed of purchase was actually dated 22 July 1639 and not 22 August.
History of Madras Day
The first recorded celebration of the founding of Madras was its tercentenary commemoration in 1939. Unlike later anniversaries, the celebrations were officially sponsored by the British government and a special tercentenary commemoration volume was issued with essays on the different aspects of Madras city authored by leading experts of the time. An exhibition of pictures, portraits, maps, records and coins was inaugurated by Diwan Bahadur S. E. Runganadhan, the Vice-Chancellor of the Madras University and a short play writing competition was organized.
The 350th anniversary in 1989 was celebrated with the opening of a commemorative monument titled "Madras 350" built in the Classical Style by builder Frankpet Fernandez at the junction of the Poonamallee High Road and the New Avadi Road. Other major events included the commissioning of a book by S. Muthiah titled Madras — The Gracious City by the Murugappa Group which also organized the first Madras Quiz which has continued to the present day.
The idea to celebrate the birth of the city every year was born when journalists Shashi Nair and Vincent D'Souza met S. Muthiah at his residence for coffee. It was based on the success of another event called Mylapore Festival which D'Souza had been organising every year in January. It was decided by the trio to start celebrating Madras Day from 2004. According to them, the "primary motive of celebrating 'Madras Day' was to focus on the city, its past and its present." The idea initially started off with about five events in 2004 but grew gradually. The second edition in 2005 had events throughout the week. In 2008, there were a total of 60 events conducted. In 2007, a commemorative postal cover was released by Chief Postmaster-General of Tamil Nadu Circle at a function at Fort St George as a part of the Madras Day celebrations, thereby inaugurating a tradition that continued through the later editions. The 2010 celebrations lasted beyond a week and extended well into the following week as well.
The 375th Madras Day was celebrated with more than a hundred events that lasted from 10 August to 14 September 2014. However, despite expectations to the contrary, Tamil Nadu government departments did not participated in the celebrations which they felt "colonial heritage". The celebrations were deemed a roaring success and the events got nationwide coverage for the first time. "The Madras Song" was composed to commemorate the occasion and a website was launched by The Hindu titled friendsofchennai.com for residents of the city to create online petitions voicing their civic grievances. Historian and entrepreneur V. Sriram also designed a mobile app named Chennai Past Forward for users to keep in track with the heritage of the city.
The 376th Madras Day celebrations were bigger with events being held even in suburbs like Tambaram. Apart from heritage walks, the 2015 edition also included a walk of the L. V. Prasad film studios. The focus was, however, on restoration of the Coovum River and a presentation on the history and heritage of the Coovum River was held at the Madras Literary Society by author Anusha Venkatesh on 15 August. The Cycling Yogis, a Chennai cyclists' group, conducted a 72 km bicycle ride along with the Coovum River on 16 August 2015.
The 377th Madras Day celebrations were kick-started in a grand manner by The Hindu Group through their Madras Beats 2016 song. Composed and performed by Opus g7, a band which was selected as winner through a competition floated by The Hindu, the song "Endrum Padhinaaru" was launched on 21 August 2016 and went viral on social media.
The celebration
Madras Day focuses on the city, its history, its past and its present and the core team motivates communities, groups, companies and campuses in the city to host events that celebrate the city. The celebration consists of events such as heritage walks, public talks, exhibitions, poetry reading sessions, public performances, food festivals and special programs on local radio. It also includes contests such as T-shirt designing, documentary film contest, multimedia presentation for schools and quizzes in both Tamil and English. T-shirts to mark the event are also released. The talks delivered to mark the week-long celebrations usually involve lectures explaining the heritage and history of the city. There are also events for the retired citizens where they can post about their life years ago on the "Stories about Madras section" on Madras Day's website and share their views on how Madras grew into the Chennai of today.
The programmes for Madras Day 2015 included:
Heritage walks organized by the Chennai Heritage foundation
Quizzes and competitions for children organized by the British Council
Daily lectures organized by the Roja Muthiah Research Library
Daily lectures organized by the Press Institute of India
Tree walks by the Nizhal Foundation
Field trips by the Madras Naturalists' Society
Lectures and exhibitions organized by The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation
Competitions organized by the Photographic Society of Madras
A unique design T-shirt, selected through open competition, is sold by Mylapore Times every year during Madras Week.
Murugappa Madras Quiz and Madras Quotient Quiz
The Madras Day celebrations culminate each year with the Madras Quiz, held separately in Tamil and English. This is facilitated by the Mylapore Times.
Many quiz enthusiasts come for this quiz, which is quite competitive in terms of content.
The 2009 edition of the Madras Quiz in English was conducted by the Indian Quizzing League.
Criticism and controversies
Controversies regarding the date
There has been a controversy regarding the exact day when Madras was handed over to the British East India Company's Francis Day and Andrew Cogan between the dates 22 July and 22 August. The controversy arose since the agreement documents dates the records to 22 July 1639 rather than 22 August of that year. It is often stated that Francis Day and Andrew Cogan did not arrive at the Madras coast until 27 July 1639. The evidence comes from writings of Henry Davison Love, whose monumental three-volume history of Madras from 1640–1800 is a prime reference source for Madras' early history, which states that "The Naik's grant, erroneously styled a farman, which was probably drafted by Day, was delivered to Andrew Cogan at Masulipatam on September 3, 1639... Three copies are extant ... all of which are endorsed by Cogan. Only the last bears a date, 22 July 1639, where July is probably a slip for August, since Day did not reach Madras until 27 July".
References
External links
Madras Day: August 22
Madras Day site
Madras Day 2015
Article published in The Hindu
Category:August observances
Category:Culture of Chennai
Category:Recurring events established in 2004
Category:2004 establishments in India | mini_pile | {'original_id': '7450e99be73adadc1fc5bf65a63a3fd1661aeb1b4ad7160d9eb9268e0b62439c'} |
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Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing flurbiprofen for transdermal delivery.
Topical application of the drugs at the pathological sites offer potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and thus producing high tissue concentrations of the drug. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) bearing flurbiprofen were prepared by microemulsion method by dispersing o/w microemulsion in a cold aqueous surfactant medium under mechanical stirring. The SLN gel was prepared by adding SLN dispersion to polyacrylamide gel prepared by using polyacrylamide (0.5%), glycerol (10%), and water (69.5%). Shape and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy that revealed fairly spherical shape of the formulation. Percent drug entrapment was higher in SLN dispersion in comparison to SLN gel formulations. In vitro drug release, determined using cellophane membrane, showed that SLN dispersion exhibited higher drug release compared with SLN gel formulations. Both the SLN dispersion and SLN-gel formulation possessed a sustained drug release over a 24-hr period, but this sustained effect was more pronounced with SLN-gel formulations. The percent inhibition of edema after 8 hr was 55.51 +/- 0.26% in case of SLN-T4-gel, whereas flurbiprofen and SLN-T4 dispersion exhibited 28.81 +/- 0.46 and 31.89 +/- 0.82 inhibition of edema. The SLN-T4-gel not only decreased the inflammation to larger magnitude, but also sustained its effect. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ccb2d748b621c303a6038e2acd8f526f06925e2e6ce7c7624ff14e60817a4bc2'} |
FROM alpine:3.9
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json .
COPY package-lock.json .
RUN apk update; apk add npm; npm install | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f674694845e4f1c68423e64017888bf61489bd39ca434b5e307e8b303be98c9f'} |
#1 The Red and Ochre Corner House
At a verdant corner of intersecting labyrinthine lanes in D’Mello Vaddo sits a Red and Ochre house. The home of Alice and Shrinivas hosts an exhibition that is an ode to the vanishing era of the family album. In an age when the family album has been replaced by the digital, three artists provide a thought-provoking meditation on the nature of obsolescence and memory: weaving visual narratives that attest to the once-universal appeal of documenting and displaying the mundane; works that repurpose and reinterpret their own repositories of family history and memory.
Sukanya Ghosh works within the sanctuary of family history that family albums most often present, in which the photographs are “reshaped” through the use of memorabilia, popular imagery and moving images. The resultant works employ memory and history to create imagined narratives in mythopoetic spaces.
Cecilia Verilli and Federico Carpani’s work “1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002” is not really an exhibit. Rather, it is a card game masquerading as one. The authors have used their personal family photographs, and cropped them in alluring, enigmatic and unusual ways to create a match pair memory game. The idea is straightforward with 140 cards in total, comprising 70 pairs, which could be played face down turning one card up at a time and collecting pairs.
Kannagi Khanna’s photographs never tire of stories as told to her by her grandfather. Intertwining contemporary images with family pictures, she plots memories and dreams in small town India.
Text by Akshay Mahajan | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9221987128257751}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34220', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LPJBQ4V46HDY6GCTCTVRQ6E7LX2EUHUR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8b9d59b6-1c92-4e14-8826-f7f04a97dbcf>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 24, 9, 24, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '67.23.166.150', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QYZTME6JHWKCHS7G3JOLDGOXEQUC4NG3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3e0b3a7d-20a9-4cca-833d-443df3a90769>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://goaphoto.in/2019/1-the-red-and-ochre-corner-house/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b9964001-48a8-4676-8952-23b8b76f9447>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '253', 'url': 'http://goaphoto.in/2019/1-the-red-and-ochre-corner-house/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13341087102890015', 'original_id': '5e3e9de3f7bd390a8559a337e59c50f07f26a78d2366d789d6fb06bf1504c92c'} |
Słubica Dobra – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie mazowieckim, w powiecie grodziskim, w gminie Żabia Wola.
Wieś Słubica Dobra wchodzi w skład sołectwa Słubica B.
W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa skierniewickiego.
Zobacz też
Słubica A, Słubica B, Słubica-Wieś
Przypisy
Żabia Wola (gmina) | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ubica%20Dobra', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Słubica Dobra', 'creator': 'https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Słubica Dobra&action=history', 'language': 'Polish', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '46', 'token_count': '128', '__index_level_0__': '3458', 'original_id': 'e5fbd5a167cd52d695326dfb8485ec49a79995e558fc7151551c113adc6e7b23'} |
The double benefit of learning to receive praise, thank you
3 minute read
For many years I tried to turn every praise I received in something back to the person that was giving it to me, either by humbling myself so the other could feel better about themselves, or by praising back if the other was involved or had done something that I thought was worthy. I thought it was a good way to deal with it. Make the other feel better about themselves can’t be bad, right?
Until I tried to just receive it, and I noticed I wasn’t able to.
Our instructor made me stand still and say “thank you” while he presented me with a compliment. I was extremely uncomfortable, and struggled to look him in the eye. I counted seconds until I could return to my seat, unnoticed.
There were a million thoughts racing through my head: Why would someone who barely knew me give me a compliment? Why would I trust them? Why bother saying “thank you” when I knew in my heart of hearts that I was not worthy? Was it lunchtime yet?
— K. Muller (2016) How I learned to receive praise
However accepting praise is beneficial in at least two different ways.
The personal benefit of accepting praise is a form of validating and affirming our own worth. For people that have different forms of impostor syndrome, this can be very challenging, but is also incredibly powerful. Learning to do this, over months and years, can help building self-esteem and the ability to assess more objectively ourselves.
The professional benefit of accepting praise is a form of affirming an existing relationship, confirming belonging to a group, and also keeping the positivity flowing. This might be hard to acknowledge until we evaluate what happens when the praise is deflected: we are denying the other opinion, creating a negative tone, and implying that praise isn’t valued, thus acting as a form of operating conditioning against future praise and positive reinforcement within everyone in the team.
If you’re a person that has an hard time in accepting praise, this is something that can be learned:
1. Begin with the most basic approach: “Thank you” (or “You’re welcome” depending on the context) and nothing else. Resist the temptation to follow up with something. Just try to say thanks, and stop there.
2. Try to pay attention to the thoughts in your mind when you get praise. What are you thinking? What is the internal narrative? Are you rationalizing reasons why that praise isn’t valid?
3. Try to pay attention to your posture, at first just looking at it, no need to change it or to fix it. Are you staying away from looking at the other in the eyes or nothing at all?
4. Over time try to expand the ways to say thank you, with acceptance and positivity.
5. In professional contexts, learn to avoid the trap of “it’s their job, I shouldn’t praise them”. Even when the job is done well, the confirmation of that gives the ability of clearing doubts and knowing that’s the right direction to go. Positive reinforcement trumps negative reinforcement.
If you do public speaking, there are some extra bits that can help:
1. Always end clearly, don’t tail the talk with series of open sentences. When you’re done mark it clearly: just pause, “Thank you”, and pause again. This gives the signal to the audience that you’re done, and they can applaud. I’ve seen many insecure speakers to not end like this and use the lack of applause or an insecure one as a sign they weren’t good enough, when most of the times it was really just a lack of a proper marker that the talk was done, and nothing more.
2. When the audience applauds, stay there.
3. When the audience applauds, stay there and look back at them. This is separate because I know it’s harder, and if you’re having an hard time, it’s better to split this in two different steps.
Of course, all of this applies to the scenario where the praise is sincere and you’re a person that have an hard time accepting it. When these two conditions aren’t met, none of the above really apply.
However, even these two points are interesting because the very same people that can’t accept a compliment might rationalize using exactly these two points: “I shouldn’t boast too much”, thus over compensating in humility, and “how do I know if the praise is really sincere”, thus denying even the most basic and sincere compliment.
In this case, while following the practical points above can still be useful, the most important thing could be to talk with someone about this, to get a proper and insightful objective opinion from the outside.
Via Jenn Wood. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9527963995933532}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '20297', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YTNC7IE42Z2ONA5USGTEE65ETXZHCHHL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7a6d8612-cc45-4916-bdbc-274dc75a92c5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 14, 14, 51, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.189.66.14', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4PFSKIBKU3JSXQ5GPN7N4EXA2EKGB34C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:14d3e1f6-82b4-438c-8cb4-43824d57e6c7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://intenseminimalism.com/2016/the-double-benefit-of-learning-to-receive-praise-thank-you/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ddc53186-9112-415f-a82f-3a5a5525aaa7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '768', 'url': 'https://intenseminimalism.com/2016/the-double-benefit-of-learning-to-receive-praise-thank-you/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-150-135-54.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.36391347646713257', 'original_id': '8b1b6ed6243a3729ff1c4770401a20147d20d71e71fce395db013bea67b144bf'} |
Vive em colônias nas copas das árvores. Se você enfurecer um deles, vai ter que lidar com um bando furioso de Mankey. Não é seguro se aproximar dele quando está violento e furioso por nenhum motivo, pois quando isso acontece, ele não consegue distinguir amigos de inimigos.
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Penn State Legends: Dick Harlow
Throughout Penn State's storied history there are certain men who we hold in higher regard than others. If you ask someone to tell you who they would consider to be the Godfather of Penn State football, most people would tell you Joe Paterno without hesitation. Though the legendary coach can lay claim to nearly half of Penn State's wins all time, there were many great men who came before him. Most people know of Rip Engle, Joe Paterno's mentor who hired him to the Penn State staff in 1950 after coaching the young Italian at Brown. Some people have probably heard of Bob Higgins, the head coach that preceded Engle. But few people could probably tell you much about Dick Harlow.
This is a shameful injustice for a man who had a major impact in shaping the program and the men who would go on to lead it for a century. Today, we are going to correct that. Go get a cup of coffee and pull up a chair. You are about to learn of the amazing life of a great Penn Stater: Dick Harlow.
Richard C. "Dick" Harlow was born on October 19, 1889 in Philadelphia, PA. He was recruited to come play at Penn State by Pop Golden. Golden also recruited future College Football Hall of Fame players Dex Very, Shorty Miller, and Pete Mauthe to play alongside him. Harlow played tackle, and was pretty good at it. He had decent athletic ability, but his greatest asset was his gift for understanding the game of football. He was a student of the game that understood that inferior athletic ability could be compensated for with proper preparation and technique.
After playing as a reserve in 1908 and 1909, he lettered in 1910 and 1911. Being a lineman, there isn't much record of his playing days at Penn State, but he did somehow catch a touchdown pass from Shorty Miller in a 34-0 laugher against St. Bonaventure. The game was apparently so ridiculous that Dex Very and Al Wilson both scored touchdowns...on onside kicks. In Harlow's senior year Penn State went 8-0-1 and scored 199 points while only giving up 15 for the entire season.
In 1912, head coach Bill Hollenback hired Harlow, who had just graduated with a degree in forestry, as an assistant coach of the line. The pair made a good combination with Hollenback developing the gameplans and Harlow coaching technique along the line. Penn State went 8-0 in 1912 to extend their unbeaten streak to 17 games, but the media recognized unbeaten Harvard as the national champion that year. Even back then the media apparently had little respect for Penn State.
The highlight, or lowlight, of the 1912 season was the 37-0 beatdown that the Nittany Lions put on the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus. The game erupted into a brawl when Ohio State walked off the field with nine minutes to go in the game. Buckeye fans came down out of the stands to confront the Penn State players for what they felt was "unnecessary roughness", but Dick Harlow showed them what unnecessary roughness was all about when he knocked out a fan with a single right fist.
Things didn't go so rosey in 1913 and Penn State went 2-6 in a rebuilding year. Things got better in 1914 and Penn State went 5-3-1, but alumni were starting to grumble about Hollenback's coaching decisions. After the season the Penn State Athletic Committee announced some new rules. Freshmen would no longer be eligible to play, and players who transfer into the program would have to sit out a year. Hollenback didn't think Penn State could compete under these new rules, and the alumni were getting on his nerves with their grumbling, so he quit after the 1914 season to take a job with a Philadelphia coal company.
The Athletic Committee wasted no time in hiring Harlow as the next head football coach after an informal interview. On January 2, 1915 Dick Harlow became the first former Penn State player to be named head coach. He was just 26-years old.
His youth helped him relate to his players as well as high school kids he recruited to come play in State College. His players adored him and were extremely loyal to him. He was truly a "players' coach." His coaching style was simple, but effective. He believed it was more important for a team to practice a few plays over and over and execute them perfectly rather than overload the playbook with plays that the players could not run consistently. (Sound like anyone we know?)
People didn't expect much out of Harlow's boys in 1915, but Penn State had a good season going 7-2 with losses to powerhouses Harvard and Pitt. The Panthers claimed the national championship that year, but there was a dispute as many writers felt Cornell was more deserving for going 10-0 and breaking up Harvard's four-year unbeaten streak.
But by all accounts the 1915 season was a tremendous success. In Harlow's first year he exceeded expectations and delivered Penn State their second All American in school history, Bob Higgins. The Penn State Athletic Committee rewarded Harlow with a two-year contract extension and a raise of $300 a year. But they gave him a warning that beating Pitt was a high priority. Harlow agreed.
On the surface the 1916 season looked like a success as well with Penn State going 8-2. But in the last game of the season the Nittany Lions fell to Pitt by an embarrassing score of 31-0. Even though it capped off another undefeated season and a National Championship for Pop Warner and the Panthers, the loss infuriated the PSU alumni in the Pittsburgh area. Many of them demanded Harlow be fired, and Harlow was so distraught he almost tendered his resignation. But Harlow didn't want to do anything to upset his alma mater, and the alumni worked out a plan to keep him on board but strip him of authority.
In the spring of 1917 the Athletic Committee appointed Zen Scott as Field Coach with full responsibility for coaching the team. Harlow was given the title of "resident coach", and given very little authority. It was a severe demotion for Harlow, and the Committee fully expected him to resign, but Harlow was loyal to his alma mater and did not want to quit.
The players adored Harlow, and they nearly all quit in protest of the Athletic Committee. But Harlow convinced them to make the best of it and just play football. As you can probably imagine, the 1917 was full of turmoil as Scott and Harlow butted heads over everything. Penn State stumbled out to a 5-3 start, and nobody was happy. The night before the Pitt game Harlow confronted the Committee and gave them an ultimatum: either Scott goes, or he goes. The Committee agreed with Harlow. Scott was fired, and Harlow was reinstated as Head Coach with full authority over the team.
After the 1917 season they offered Harlow a 12-month contract. Harlow said, "Thanks, but that's not enough." He demanded a three year contract and a raise. The Committee relented and gave in to his demands, and they shook on it. Harlow had earned the vindication he felt he deserved. And then he quit.
In 1917 the First World War was raging in Europe, and Harlow felt his country calling him to serve. In July of 1918 he asked for a release from his contract to join the military and fight in the war. The Athletic Committee was shocked, but granted him his release. They told him they could not promise to hold his job for him, and he said that's fine.
"Doesn't matter," Harlow said. "I love this place. I'll be back."
Harlow joined the military and went off to fight the war much like many of the men in America. The 1918 season was a total mess as young men all over the country dropped out of school to support the war effort. Many teams cancelled their seasons all-together. Penn State played a short four game season going 1-2-1.
Harlow's time in the military was short as the war came to an end in November of 1918. So Harlow returned to Penn State, but the committee had already replaced him with Hugo Bezdek. Bezdek was also very busy serving as Penn State's first Athletic Director. So the Committee was proud to hire a war hero and former Penn State player like Harlow as an assistant coach to manage the day-to-day operations of the team so Bezdek could focus on other duties as well.
Bezdek and Harlow were completely different in personality. Harlow was a players' coach. He was loose on discipline and preferred to motivate his players by befriending them and offering praise. Bezdek was more like a dictator. He motivated through intimidation and fear and did not tolerate challenges to his authority. His practices were notoriously brutal as he forced the players to beat up on each other, and he hated the way the players related to Harlow while they openly revolted against him.
The two men struggled for control of the team and butted heads for three seasons, but by the time the season of 1922 had come, Dick Harlow had had enough. He accepted an offer to become the head coach at Colgate, and when he left he took over a half-dozen Penn State players with him, most of them being starters. It was a bitter end to his relationship with the school he loved, but Dick Harlow's influence on Penn State was far from over.
Harlow coached at Colgate for four seasons amassing a record of 26-9-3, and went unbeaten in his final year. Then he took a position as head coach at Western Maryland in 1926. There he coached for nine seasons with a record of 60-13-7, and had three unbeaten seasons in 1929, 1930, and 1934. During his time at Colgate and Western Maryland, Harlow revolutionized the way offensive and defensive lines operated. He developed elaborate schemes for offensive line blocking and defensive line stunts that are still used to this day. While at Western Maryland, Harlow also coached a player named Rip Engle.
His head coaching success drew the attention of one of the premier programs in the nation, and in 1935 Dick Harlow became the head coach at Harvard. But by that time, the Ivy league had seen it's glory days come and go. The Crimson had decided to focus their attention on being the premier academic institution in the Western Hemisphere. Fielding a competitive football team was very low on the priority ladder.
Coaching at Harvard may not have been the dream job it once was for every football coach in America, but being part of such a prestigious institution gave Harlow the opportunity to pursue his second love. Interestingly, Harlow was a professor of Ornithology (the study of birds) an expert in oology: the study of bird eggs. In 1939 he was named the curator of oology at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, and remained in the position until 1954.
In 1943 the country was once again pitted in a great war, and once again Dick Harlow felt the duty to serve his country. At the age of 54, Dick Harlow joined the Navy and went off to defend his country. Unlike Penn State, Harvard held his job for him, and he returned to Harvard as head coach in 1946.
But things were not the same as they were. Harlow contracted a strange digestive disease while over seas. He was placed on a strict diet and could only eat rice and fruit juice for the rest of his life. Still, he coached Harvard to a 7-2 record in his first year back, but his days of coaching football were numbered.
His health was clearly deteriorating. He couldn't jog more than a few yards without becoming weak and winded. He toughed it out through the 1947 season, but then he hung up his clip board on the advice of his physician. At the age of 58, he ended his career with an overall record of 149-69-17 at four schools.
Though Harlow could no longer handle the rigors of a head coach, he couldn't stand to be away from the game he loved. So he called up a former player of his who was the head coach at Brown University, and he offered to help out any way he could. Rip Engle gave Harlow a job as a scout and adviser on the team. So Harlow spent the 1948 season hanging around the Brown team, helping put together game plans, offering advice, and coaching up a scrawny Italian kid that played quarterback and cornerback. You might have heard of him. His name was Joe Paterno.
In 1950, the Penn State head coaching job came open and they extended an offer to Rip Engle, who wasn't sure he really wanted it. Penn State had suffered a few years of turmoil with their head coaches, and they were insisting that the current staff stay in place. Engle didn't know any of them and wasn't sure how it would work out. Engle had also turned down other jobs at Wisconsin and Pitt. What made Penn State so special?
For advice, Engle turned to his old football coach and mentor, Dick Harlow. He knew Harlow had left Penn State on rocky terms, but he always spoke fondly of the institution. Harlow convinced Engle to take the job even though he could not hire his own staff. Engle went back to the people at Penn State and accepted the offer on one condition: he wanted to bring one member of his staff from Brown University along with him. The two parties agreed, and the deal was done.
But then Engle ran into another problem. None of the members of his staff wanted to move to the hills of Pennsylvania. So Engle convinced a young graduate assistant on his staff to put off going to law school for a year and come along. As you probably know by now, that graduate assistant was Joe Paterno.
Dick Harlow eventually retired to Bethesda, Maryland where he died in February of 1962 after being admitted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954. Though he was mostly recognized for his accomplishments in football after he left Penn State, the effect he had on shaping the Nittany Lion football program is undeniable. He molded players like Bob Higgins and Rip Engle who went on to later become Penn State head coaches. He played a crucial role in convincing Engle to take the Penn State job, and this opened the door for Engle to bring Joe Paterno along with him. Without Dick Harlow, it's difficult to imagine what Penn State might look like today.
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app = require 'application'
# The function called from index.html
$ ->
require 'lib/app_helpers'
# init
###
global variables
###
# app, for nasty tricks
window.app = app
app.initialize()
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '894a23b0976e41637888adf3b5e298bc668fe6e5241930a4936eaa53ea240879'} |
From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia
Revision as of 04:36, 10 May 2016 by Shankara Bharadwaj Khandavalli (Talk | contribs) (Created page with "bhArata is the original name of Indian subcontinent. bhArata literally means of/descended from bharata. The name India originates from an external reference Hind/Hindustan. In...")
bhArata is the original name of Indian subcontinent. bhArata literally means of/descended from bharata. The name India originates from an external reference Hind/Hindustan. Indians have referred to themselves as bhAratIya-s, belonging to the nation bhArata, the central part of which was also often referred to as AryAvarta or or as madhyadeSa. The Indian constitution uses the name India as referring to bhArata (“India, that is Bharat”, Art 1.1).
Historic continuity
1. The consciousness of this self-designation is attested in the world's oldest text, Rig Veda which refers to the inhabitants of bhArata as bhAratam janaM (RV 3.53.12). Texts from almost all eras after that use bhArata /AryAvarta.
2. Manu the originator of the concept of constitution, in the world's earliest constitution Manu dharma SAstra (2.17-22) clearly expounds what comprises the AryAvarta, the land in which the rule of law is applicable regardless of who is ruling which part of the land. Indians are the people who, from the beginning of history, have the sense of a nation, distinct from the geographic boundaries of temporal political states.
3. Mahabharata, the world's longest epic and the oldest Encyclopedia, is the story of bhArata-s. In its 6th book, the bhIshma parva (chapters 4-9) contains the geographic description of entire subcontinent and the various kingdoms. Verses 7.2-7.4 of Bhishma parva are very clear about the geography of bhArata. bhArata is the dynasty to which the Kauravas and the Pāndava-s belonged; the epithet used for the illustrious members of the Bharata dynasty like Bhīşma, Dhŗtarāşţra, Duryodhana, Yudhişţhīra, Bhīma, Arjuna etc.
4. Most of the major purANa texts refer to bhArata, for instance the Vishnu Purana (2.3.1) clearly states the geographic boundaries of the great Indian nation as stretching from Himalayas to the Indian ocean, and calls the inhabitants of the land as the bhAratIya (the progeny of bhArata).
5. The invocation of major and minor rituals in India begins with identifying time and place, where the place is referred as a part of bhArata (jambUdvIpe, bharata varshe bharata khanḍe...) and this is an uninterrupted practice that happens throughout the nation to this date.
The word bhArata is used in multiple contexts, such as bhArata jAti (as a nation, in currency), bharata varsha (in the geo-ecological-cultural sense), bharata khanDa (as a subcontinent) etc. deSa originally means the equivalent of “country” in a cultural sense, thus a deSa is a geo-cultural unit. bhArata is traditionally seen as a collection of deSa-s, thus separating the notions of nation and geo-cultural sub units. In turn, these were distinct from the geo-political states which were called rAjya-s. The separation of geo-political and geo-cultural is the primary reason why notions like world-family (vasudhaiva kuTumbakam) were possible in bhArata right from ancient times. While the political unification always has its place, the inherent universal nature of Hindu culture is emphasized through these which transcends the geo-political boundaries and recognize mankind as mankind. The geo geo-political units were often unaligned to geo-cultural, as they had more to do with how the political-military power equations transformed. However the cultural landscapes were described, right from the village level to the earth-family.
The inherent openness of bhAratIya traditions and people, be it in readily accepting other peoples or their ways of lives or the diversity of thought and life systems and worldviews, reflects in the separation of geo-cultural and geo-political. The principle is universal and applicable for all times: to be accommodating at people level, and to be shrewd and discriminative at polity level mindful of nation’s interests.
The rAjya
Traditional Idea of bhArata has two aspects, the rAjya and rAshTra. While rAjya deals with the state (polity, administration etc) aspect, rAshTra is the cultural-social-national aspect.
rAjya is the traditional concept of state. The geo-political units of traditional bhArata were kingdoms or rAjya-s, which are now rendered obsolete and replaced with the current democratic state-union arrangement. However there is still a need to understand the original geo-political arrangement, which is more glued to the Indian culture and psyche. For ages, Bharata always had several janapada-s and rAjya-s, and a political ‘union’ was almost never consisting of the entire Bharatavarsha. At the same time different levels of consolidation always existed – gaNa rAjya, rAyja, samrAjya, cakravarti etc were words used for kingdoms/empires of different spans. They were essentially hierarchical wherever applicable – for instance a cakravarti had rAjAs accepting his suzerainty, rAjA-s had smaller rAjA-s called sAmanta-s. Historically there were always attempts to bring as many kingdoms as possible under an umbrella. The aSvamedha and rAjasUya which are attested in ancient history, are examples. However it remains a fact that such attempts could succeed only partially, because the capability required for such an emperor who could bring the entire bharatavarsha under a single umbrella is only rarely to be found. Those who successfully did so, are celebrated in Indian history – Sri Rama, Yudhisthira, Vikramaditya, Chandragupta Maurya etc.
Figure 1Ancient Kingdoms of Bharata – from Wikipedia
The important thing to note is that these emperors emerged from different parts of the country, and made different places the capitals for their consolidation – Indraprastha, Pataliputra, Ujjain etc. While this seems to be stating the obvious, but there is more to the significance of a capital than being a place from where an emperor hails. To understand this, we need to see the backdrop of the Hindu notion of divine geography.
Divine Geography, the Backdrop
India is a primarily spiritual civilization. Spirituality in India does not simply mean religious or meditation practices, though they are among the tools for spiritual practice. Seeing the world from a spiritual outlook is what spirituality is. In spiritual philosophy, causal, subtle and gross emanate in order from the supra-causal principle of existence. Applying this awareness in the various facets of individual and social life is spirituality. At an individual level, mind-speech-action affect each other and with a rigorous practice of controlling one of these, the other two can also be controlled to achieve a complete alignment between these three (samyama). This is yoga. In modern science energy is limited to physical/vital. However in Sanatana Dharma primal energy descends in different levels of subtlety into different levels of consciousness – the causal, subtle and gross. The subtlest form is unmanifest, then the intelligence principle, then the thought-current, then vibration/wave, then the physical. Thus thought (bhAvanAtmaka) is known to be a subtler form of energy than the vibration (spandanAtmaka), and in continuity with it. A spiritual view of energy is the reason why schools and practices like yoga was possible in India.
An important area of study that that modern knowledge does not yet explore but had been part of Indian knowledge because of its spiritual outlook, is the study of divine geography or the study of energy-centers in a landscape. It is now well accepted not just in Hindu spiritual traditions but increasingly in the west, that there are energy centers in the human (subtle) body and that concentration of thought-currents and life-force in these centers and their control helps in achieving a healthier body and thought. Similarly the seers visualize energy centers in the landscape of Bharata. They decree that making these places capitals/centers for various pursuits is going to result in a long lasting and successful pursuit of the respective collective interests. The spiritual regions are classified into punya, tapo, jnAna and karma bhUmi-s. Based on the same principle, several places are recognized as suitable centers for political, commercial, educational pursuits. With those centers as capitals Bharata achieved the heights of civilization and remained at a high point for several centuries. Takshasila, Kashmira, Kasi for instance have served consistently as educational centers, regardless of political ups and downs the country went through. Delhi served as a ‘cakrasthAna’ or the place of emperor and remained so in the Hindu psyche since Yudhisthira’s times, regardless of how many consolidations subsequently happened with different capitals. Even in their highpoints, the capitals of Vijayanagara and Maratha empires could not dislodge Hastina-Indraprastha as the cakrasthAna from the collective psyche.
The rAshTra
This idea of bharatavarsha is essentially a concept of nation-culture, which comprises of 56 geo-cultural units traditionally called the chappan(na)deSa-s (though some of these fall outside Indian borders). Understanding these deSa-s is essential to understand the diversity and stratification in Indian culture. While the layout of rAjya-s kept changing with political vicissitudes, while the rAjya-s kept merging and breaking up into different empires, the deSa-s remained to be regarded as the units that comprise the nation/subcontinent (varsha/khanda). The practice of describing the span of empires in terms of deSa-s,goes to show the significance of deSa-s in the basic understanding of the subcontinent. Able emperors could control more than a deSa, and a deSa could also have multiple small kingdoms at times. But the deSa as a basic understanding unittranscended the more transient and constantly realigning rAjya-s.This is the reason why the stream of civilizational and cultural enrichment continued uninterrupted in the subcontinent irrespective of political realignments. This does not mean these aspects were completely unaffected by the patronage of rulers.Presence of a strong empire, resulted in patronage and high points of civilizational pursuits. However there was rarely any destructive effect on cultural diversity or identities of these deSa-s.
Importantly, the deSa remained a well-defined concept which is almost agnostic of the rAjya. For all non-political purposes, Bharata geography has often been described in terms of deSa-s. For instance Varahamihira in his bRhatsamhita categorizes the deSa-s of Bharata into different seismic zones. More on this can be seen in the paper “Earthquake prediction in Ancient India” by Prof. RN Iyengar( Lawgivers dealt with validity of local customs and practices based on deSa-s. Panini alludes to rules of grammar with respect to local language practices based on deSa-s.
The cohesion of peoples in the subcontinent and their cultural affinitiesin the diverse landscape, need to be understood on the basis of thesedeSa-s. It also needs to be understood that these deSa-s were regarded as part of Bharata. This tells us the nature of onenessof Bharataingrained in the Indian mind for ages.The cultural affinities between peoples of the same deSa are pronounced, and it is easy to find more similarity between cultural units/jAti-s (belonging to the same strata) of the same deSa than people of same jAti of different deSa-s. This is the reason we prefer the word geo-cultural unit for a deSa. Besides, an integral view of the entire bharatavarsha as a rAshTra is visible from several integration themes – for instance the Saktipeetha-s and Jyotirlinga-s, the spiritual unification centers that people cover. The geo-religious oneness reaffirms itself through several motives, such as the sthala-purANa of Kanyakumari saying the Devi waits to get married to Siva coming from Kailasa of Himalayas. The landscape covered by Pandavas during their exile or Sri Rama during his exile are other classical integration themes. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '25', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9469326734542848}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27321', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WQHLZNLPSKQS7MFP5FA222EDIOKQI3K3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:118a2de9-21a2-4486-9890-de97bff1bd50>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 2, 22, 9, 37, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.237.170.40', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:V2LBS4YK4J6CN4XWHYDXT237C2H3PBQK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1d3f2d68-ce07-4f51-9c65-b92fedf62295>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.hindupedia.com/eng/index.php?title=BhArata&oldid=105055', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:480ef2a4-3fcc-4ceb-bfee-82d2d7a47465>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1820', 'url': 'http://www.hindupedia.com/eng/index.php?title=BhArata&oldid=105055', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-10.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15213584899902344', 'original_id': '2098a509e6b9a6cb9078049669f7c50b98ca133a24e7d2fcd7ad6a153d7a5783'} |
Cookie Convergence
This is probably the dumbest epiphany I’ve ever had, but hey, it’s Christmas. Enough with the serious stuff (for now)….
When I was a kid, I loved these things:
egg roll cookies
If you’re Asian, there’s a good chance you’re familiar with these snacks. If you’ve never had them, they’re called “egg rolls,” but they’re nothing like the deep fried pork-and-vegetable rolls you get at Chinese restaurants. No, these are cookies, plain and simple. Rolls and rolls of sweet flaky, buttery goodness. I used to eat them straight over the tin, because they’re so crumbly and messy.
Well, just now, I was rummaging through our leftovers, and I started picking through this tin of shortbread left over from our Christmas party:
walkers shortbread tin
Since I was too lazy to grab a plate or napkin, I ate a few cookies straight over the tin, and that’s when a wave of nostalgia hit me. All of a sudden, I was an eight-year-old kid again, scarfing down half a tin of egg rolls. And then I realized the nostalgia didn’t just come from the act of eating the cookies. It hit me because the two snacks are the exact same thing.
Egg rolls are… shortbread cookies.
Shortbread cookies are… eggrolls.
Two completely separate snacks, from two countries on opposite sides of the world, and they’re exactly the same.
So there you have it. Baked flour and butter are universal for delicious.
See? I told you it was a dumb epiphany. Now, back to my shortbread.
One thought on “Cookie Convergence
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/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
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#ifndef QHELPCOLLECTIONHANDLER_H
#define QHELPCOLLECTIONHANDLER_H
//
// W A R N I N G
// -------------
//
// This file is not part of the Qt API. It exists for the convenience
// of the help generator tools. This header file may change from version
// to version without notice, or even be removed.
//
// We mean it.
//
#include <QtCore/QList>
#include <QtCore/QString>
#include <QtCore/QObject>
#include <QtCore/QVariant>
#include <QtCore/QStringList>
#include <QtSql/QSqlQuery>
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
class QHelpCollectionHandler : public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
struct DocInfo
{
QString fileName;
QString folderName;
QString namespaceName;
};
typedef QList<DocInfo> DocInfoList;
QHelpCollectionHandler(const QString &collectionFile, QObject *parent = 0);
~QHelpCollectionHandler();
QString collectionFile() const;
bool openCollectionFile();
bool copyCollectionFile(const QString &fileName);
QStringList customFilters() const;
bool removeCustomFilter(const QString &filterName);
bool addCustomFilter(const QString &filterName,
const QStringList &attributes);
DocInfoList registeredDocumentations() const;
bool registerDocumentation(const QString &fileName);
bool unregisterDocumentation(const QString &namespaceName);
bool removeCustomValue(const QString &key);
QVariant customValue(const QString &key, const QVariant &defaultValue) const;
bool setCustomValue(const QString &key, const QVariant &value);
bool addFilterAttributes(const QStringList &attributes);
QStringList filterAttributes() const;
QStringList filterAttributes(const QString &filterName) const;
int registerNamespace(const QString &nspace, const QString &fileName);
bool registerVirtualFolder(const QString &folderName, int namespaceId);
void optimizeDatabase(const QString &fileName);
signals:
void error(const QString &msg);
private:
bool isDBOpened();
bool createTables(QSqlQuery *query);
bool m_dbOpened;
QString m_collectionFile;
QString m_connectionName;
mutable QSqlQuery m_query;
};
QT_END_NAMESPACE
#endif //QHELPCOLLECTIONHANDLER_H
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd61cd18e1ec3ee0448b7432bd08f158300cbb8f143a85cfd5a23e4dac38ff42c'} |
What Is Consumer Buying Power?
Consumer buying power is a vital element for small businesses to understand so that they can effectively price, sell and market their products. It is essentially a consumer’s ability to make a purchase with the amount of money they have available to them. Typically, the higher the income a consumer has, the higher the buying power they have.
Why Is Consumer Power Important for Small Businesses?
Businesses need to be aware of consumer buying power because it affects what products and services people spend their money on. According to Saylor Academy, consumer power is affected by the economy and inflation. For example, when prices rise as a result of economic trends, consumers have less buying power because the same product may cost more. As a result, a consumer may become more frugal with their spending habits and think twice about buying a new product or service.
For a small business, understanding consumer buying power can help determine how to price individual products and services. If your demographic has lower consumer buying power, for example, it’s likely they will be looking for low-priced products and services. If they have higher consumer buying power, they can likely spend more money on the same products and services.
How Can You Calculate Consumer Buying Power?
Consumer buying power is calculated collectively for the United States by organizations such as Nielsen, who use available data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, according to Geo Marketing Solutions Group. Nielsen provides the consumer buying power for over 350 product categories, including apparel, food at home, personal care, eating places, lawn care services and more. Reviewing this data from Nielsen can give small businesses insight into what consumers are able to spend for any given product or service.
However, it’s important to not base your pricing, sales and marketing strategies entirely on Nielsen’s consumer buying power figures. Keep in mind that Nielsen’s study looks at consumers as a whole. A particular small business’s audience may focus on a specific segment of the market that is not adequately represented by Nielsen’s data. For example, if a small business caters to consumers who have exceptionally high or low incomes, then their consumer buying power will differ from Nielsen’s report. As a result, it’s important to also consider the demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral traits of your target audience alongside Nielsen’s consumer buying power report.
Consumer Buying Power vs. Consumer Purchasing Power
Consumer buying power is often confused or conflated with consumer purchasing power. While these elements are related, they are not the same. Consumer buying power refers to how much money a consumer has to spend, while consumer purchasing power refers to how far that money will go. Saylor Academy notes the consumer purchasing power is the number of products or services that can be bought with a unit of currency.
Consumer purchasing power is closely related to the rate of inflation and price fluctuations. However, purchasing power is also dependent on a consumer’s net income. If net income also rises alongside prices, then purchasing power may also rise or remain the same. If net income remains steady, but prices increase, then purchasing power will fall. As a result, it’s important for businesses to have a thorough understanding of who their target audience is, what occupations they have and what their net income is. This will help them effectively price products and services that consumers can buy. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9517483115196228}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '122230', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z3MC6G3AYNSJVE4R6SQ3FCKO45W2FCOD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:eebe698a-5371-4fee-b430-6170d1991f4b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 26, 17, 13, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '18.165.98.59', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LARXZKCHAVW7U6QL2VA3FM2IQ6WAUVM3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:55bb11cc-50b9-4ac2-9b39-3ac89b00c02e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://smallbusiness.chron.com/consumer-buying-power-68682.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:88c14e4a-55d0-4c37-abee-669825f43272>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '573', 'url': 'https://smallbusiness.chron.com/consumer-buying-power-68682.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-189\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.42389416694641113', 'original_id': '5ae85f0589bf79a8537c305c9cea9437f7fb74d92f436b02c7cf3cab89d31177'} |
Put on the ritz at this iconic bar, decorated with murals by Ludwig Bemelman, the illustrator behind the famous “Madeline” children’s books. How plush is it? The ceiling is covered by 24-karat gold leaf, and the bar is made of a rare black granite. Live jazz plays as you tipple, to account for a $15 cover charge on top of the already pricey drinks here. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9685046672821044}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '68087', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WBM54JOQAJ5E5Q2I6IWJI2SHXFV7LRKO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2bdbaec5-f178-4588-be2c-c299832d7c32>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 21, 14, 13, 50), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.236.174.142', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XJVTBFG6RQ7Q77NXN4TMQFHVUO76ORTL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:33220fb6-4f8a-4266-819f-f8da01eb78e0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/nightlife/bemelmans-bar', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a6bb7dd-a563-4383-9086-48b052a6906f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '63', 'url': 'https://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/nightlife/bemelmans-bar', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-40\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.16440349817276', 'original_id': '106bde56cb318347d0dea36d7f97750d32ee2b56d31aa0f982200ad7f09237f2'} |
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Britain still thinks it’s a great power – but it isn’t
So, here’s how we can still rule the waves. Reuters
In the days of empire, Britain was a force to be reckoned with. Coalitions of the willing were an unnecessary nicety. Britain’s opinion mattered, both in Europe and further afield. The current situation in Syria shows how far Britain has moved from that position.
David Cameron, prime minister of a majority government, had to carefully time his parliamentary vote on airstrikes over Syria in order to win. And to do so, he had to rely on the support of dissenters from the main opposition party. These are hardly the actions of the leader of a great world power.
That’s really because Britain is no longer a great power; it is a medium size power. That’s not something for it to be ashamed of, but something it, as a nation, struggles to accept.
The mirage of great power status is a comfort blanket to cling to in an uncertain world, but the truth is Britain’s voice has stopped being a roar. Intervening in Syria under a delusion of grandeur has long-term implications both nationally and internationally.
Big ambition, small budget
Superpowers are usually easy to identify because of their sheer dominance on the world stage. A great power, on the other hand, can be more difficult to define. They lack the dominance of the superpower but they exert power in other ways to differentiate themselves from less powerful nations.
That dominance can be shown in a variety of ways, but the outcome is usually the same. The purpose of power, after all, is to ensure its holder gets its own way. The powerful nation either needs to be able to offer a large benefit (such as money) to its supporters or wield a large punishment to mete out to its detractors. The larger the carrot or the stick (or both), the more powerful the nation will be.
Britain’s economic position has been overtaken so it pursues military prowess to exert power. Irrespective of how the UK is perceived overseas, governments of all parties have long believed that Britain needs to have a military befitting a great power – even if the dwindling military budget is closer to what might be expected for a medium size power.
Britain, like many nations, historically used its military power not only to defend itself from aggressors, but to pursue benefits overseas. It has taken control of nations, forced rulers and governments to adopt a pro-British line and generally ensured that Britain benefited wherever possible.
The enduring willingness to intervene militarily (and the prominent role British prime ministers tend to take on the international stage) demonstrates that the political elite wishes to maintain the appearance of great power status. But this requires a large, strong, well-trained, well-resourced, mobile force.
While the abilities and commitment of the British forces have never been in question, there have been numerous issues raised over the commitment of successive governments to adequately fund the armed forces. This came into sharp focus during the Iraq war, when the government was repeatedly accused of not properly supplying the British troops with the equipment they needed.
Cuts have been slowed in the short term but it is clear that in military terms, Britain is not a great power. It is simply not able to push its own agenda militarily overseas without the aid of other nations. In this latest case, it is making significant noise about joining the coalition fighting Islamic State in Syria, but it is questionable whether it will really make a real difference.
A partner nation
While the government and the public would baulk at the categorisation of Britain as a medium size power, there is clearly already some recognition of the limitations of Britain’s influence overseas. The plan for intervention in Syria is evidence of that.
Coming home. Reuters/Darren Staples
We are seeing Britain becoming more collaborative in its activities. Long gone are the days of unilateral action. Instead, as with many medium size powers, Britain is being forced to negotiate with both international allies and enemies in order to achieve its goals.
This co-operation is necessary for Britain but it also enables the collaborating nations to create a sense of international legitimacy.
The unpopularity of the Iraq war, and the fallout from the Blair era have made the British public more reluctant to put boots on the ground in pursuit of enemies, Islamic State included. This has meant that the expense of war has, for a short while, been avoided (something that we would expect to see in medium sized powers).
Even now as it looks set to stray into Syria, it does so as part of an alliance. Britain is already acting in a way that we might expect of medium-sized nations – avoiding war and building alliances to push its international agenda.
Why it matters
Britain continues to cling to the label of great power. Some would argue that there is no harm in allowing this to continue. British pride remains intact, while the limitations of Britain’s position are quietly managed under the guise of international co-operation and collegiality.
However, there is a danger here. By failing to recognise a drop in status, the British public and the political elite allow themselves to believe that they have the ability to independently go to war, either economically or militarily, if necessary to protect their interests.
While it is true that Britain can contribute to action, Britain cannot lead that action and certainly cannot unilaterally act to push its own agenda. By failing to admit this, Britain remains vulnerable to another Blair-style era of action, where practicality is overshadowed by morality and the desire “to do the right thing”. While action may be needed to protect the innocent, Britain cannot allow past ambitions to outstrip its means.
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Register now | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9571107029914856}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '90304', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ENKJDDIIQDHDJDYTY67I3SDZMHVFX6UZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:84079192-5fd1-48e6-8227-dc2fe10d153f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 21, 5, 26, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.66.133', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VJYB3EFW4U5FGBGNBGZRASPGEIY76IWX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3f19b156-abb6-4ce6-8d0e-66f9351b9aff>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://theconversation.com/britain-still-thinks-its-a-great-power-but-it-isnt-50641', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:36ab7550-d186-4ad6-a249-e39a18c63d5d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '995', 'url': 'https://theconversation.com/britain-still-thinks-its-a-great-power-but-it-isnt-50641', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-45\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-208.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07163101434707642', 'original_id': '781a3481791da981cb1b196327b2ba295d527094e316283a33668af263238852'} |
Concentration-dependent energy-transfer processes in Er(3+)-and Tm(3+)-doped heavy-metal fluoride glass.
The energy-transfer rate from the Er(3+)(4)I(13/2) level to the Tm(3+)(3)H(4) level (C(11')N(T)) in BaF(2)/ThF(4) fluoride glass is measured and calculated. The results can be used to determine whether rate equations can be used to predict energy-transfer rates. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0b30b8c218c5fa6fd9637952f5871027f4875d84b7104d12a1d9767a3b2f6b92'} |
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MPL on LinkedIn MPL on twitter | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8899418115615845}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '18852', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:52DFUHH2LKMDFO2UDQ4NCIY576GYNNOY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d5eca75d-cf15-48dd-b885-3198d3aca740>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 4, 39, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '212.243.197.114', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZHF4WRGROXM5UYS66R4OYA6KWEL3ZBMS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f3aa4e8-0976-48d9-9b98-fb6c47e63563>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mpl.ch/tmip.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f829952c-6279-41dd-87e6-8e3935990a7d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '193', 'url': 'https://www.mpl.ch/tmip.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-212.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03857612609863281', 'original_id': '5764cf7b58bea8446092070f01daa327229a93da1108080912e63badb750ecab'} |
Faccani, European champion, withdraws so he wouldn't pay to compete
Créditos: Althea Racing
Faccani, European champion, withdraws so he wouldn't pay to compete
4 years ago
This is how the world motorcycling scene is. Marco Faccani, European champion of Superstock 600 in 2014, announced the retirement of professional riding, opting to devote himself to another art that will earn him a salary at the end of the month.
This has been a reality for years, but has recently become more pronounced. Juanfran Guevara was another rider who recently left the competition allegedly due to this condition, at a time when it is increasingly difficult to gather support and money to compete.
Getting to where Faccani arrived isn't easy, but it isn't enough to get to get to a spot where you get paid. Worse than to get there is to continue, a sad reality that Faccani is the latest to admit... only at 23 years of age. After the European title, Faccani managed several top ten in the Supersport World Championship in 2015, with the colors of Puccetti Racing, spending the last two years in the Superstock1000... having debuted in June in Misano.
The rider commented on this decision to retire to the italians of Corsedimoto.com:
- I was sorry to continue being a burden to my parents after all and decided to stop. In World Superbikes only the best riders in the main class make money and getting there is very complicated. It's hard to stop after 15 years of competing, but I wanted to invest time and money in something that can guarantee stability and financial returns, and being a rider didn't granted me either.
Breaking News | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.97488933801651}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '91272', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ADRQX42MVI7KTIDUXWDCTMPF67SO6BOJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0e03a9b8-7904-4101-8c50-fe9f3baea099>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 12, 7, 8, 0, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.66.40.206', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J65WXDQ6AMRVEJQLLKXVBI3YJ3HCJSLG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:612bc848-a7b9-401b-a795-d3d5cb32944b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.motorcyclesports.net/articles/faccani-european-champion-withdraws-wouldnt-pay-compete', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f329bb70-5a8b-48eb-accb-914be79d7e33>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '278', 'url': 'https://www.motorcyclesports.net/articles/faccani-european-champion-withdraws-wouldnt-pay-compete', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-125\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.16172152757644653', 'original_id': '88377a1c718abd6e1bc66dd1b260701a7555aa643afa2acafa6f9321dec3fbff'} |
Forty-two members voted for removal and fourteen against; but Bologna was to be only a temporary choice until another healthier place could be found. To the Emperor, however, now on the eve of his victory at Mtihlberg (April, 1547), and profiting by the divisions of the Protestants, this translation to Bologna, lessening his influence and making the con- ciliation of even moderate Protestants hopeless, was a severe blow. He urged the Pope, even with threats of a national schism, to reunite the Council at Trent, Digitized by LjOOQIC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 149 where the Spanish bishops, carefully inactive from fear of any doubtful action, still remained. At Bo- logna only Italian bishops were present, and these, by the Pope's desire, postponed all business until Sep- tember. For a time the death of Francis I. of France (March 31st, 1547) made that kingdom less inclined to help the Pope against the Emperor, but the new king, Henry II., soon became more papal, and a few French bishops appeared at Bologna. The Protestants of Germany consented at Augsburg (September, 1547) to appear at a Council if it were free and not presided over by legates, if they themselves were admitted under safe conduct and with a right to speak, and if the decrees already made were open for reconsidera- tion. Charles was ready to guarantee their safety and freedom of speech, but the Pope proved difficult, and the murder of his son, as it was thought through the Governor of Milan (September), made him more hostile to Charles. In January, 1548, the Emperor's represen- tatives, Vargas, Fiscal General of Castile (whose letters throw much light upon the Council), and Martin Velasquez, with the support of the Diet at Augsburg behind them, protested against the Council at Bologna as void. Now that the Council had disappointed his hopes, Charles thought himself free to settle religious dififerences without the Pope, and the Interim (see p. 116) was his substitute for a Conciliar settlement when the Pope was loath to sanction the seeming minimum of concession, communion in both kinds and the marriage of priests. But the lack of Suspen- adequate French support and the growing sionofthe j power of th)3 Emperor combined to force sept^Tth the Pope's hand ; he consented to recognise 1549. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 150 THE REFORMATION through his legates in Germany the provisions of the Interim, and after trying various expedients to bridge over the divisions of the Council, he formally suspended the sessions at Bologna. Once more the Pope had sacrificed the interests of the Church to his political needs. There was talk of a Commission of Eeform at Eome, of decrees to be published there ; but nothing came of it all. The death of Paul III., worn out by trouble and distress (November 10th, 1549), was followed by the election Julius III., of Cardinal del Monte, who took the name JFeb. 7th, of Julius III. The late Pope by his nepot- ^550. ism and inactivity had disappointed the wish for a true reformation. The cardinals who had that wish would have liked to see as pontiff the liber- ally disposed Cardinal Pole. He was also acceptable to the Emperor, and even with the influence of France against him only fell short of election by two votes. The Curialists would have chosen Cardinal Cervini, but to him the Emperor objected. To Del Monte he had less objection, and thus the election was assured. The Conclave had agreed before the election that the new Pope was to reassemble the Council. / I Pope Julius was more selfish and far less able than Cervini ; his reputation for a love of pleasure and a strain of weakness made him little likely to endanger his power and comfort by opposition to Charles. He knew, moreover, from his experience at Trent that reform was not only desirable, but inevitable. Accord- The ingly a bull soon summoned the Coimcil to Council meet once more at Trent. The Emperor Nov 14th promised that the papal power should not be 1550. interfered with. The Pope, in return, con- Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 151 sented to let the Lutherans attend, and was even willing not to insist upon the previous decrees. There was some ground for the criticism that Julius was sacrificing everything to the preservation of his own power. Sessions IX. (April 21st, 1547) and X. (June 2nd, 1547) had been merely for prorogations; the first session now was therefore XL (May 1st, sessions 1551). The presiding legate was Cardinal IX., X., & Crescenzio (of S. Marcello). Pighino, Arch- XI. bishop of Siponto or Manfredonia, who had been one of the papal theologians at the first assembling of the Council, and Lippomani, Bishop of Verona, acted under him as nuncios. This expedient was meant to avoid disputes among the legates themselves, while the choice of prelates who were not cardinals was likely to lessen friction between the presidents and the episcopal order. Cardinal Crescenzio had previously, in a congregation of cardinals, advocated the reassem- bling of the Council, with the provision of such sub- jects and discussions as would leave no time for any attack on the papal power or the Curia. It would be easy to secure the attendance of Italians, and to play ofif the Great Powers against each other. This was the policy of the presiding cardinal, and it was, on the whole, carried out. The Bull of Eesumption (this was ' the term used) claimed for the Pope the right of sum- moning and directing Councils, and after those present (only thirteen in number, excluding the presidents) had approved the resumption, the next session (XII.) was fixed for September 1st, 1551. Although the growing friendship between Pope and Emperor had alone made possible this second meeting Digitized by VjOOQ IC 152 THE HEFOilMATlON of the Council, this was but a shifty foundation. Charles still wished for some changes in worship which might attract the Lutherans at least, and there seemed some chance of such a result. Melanchthon in par- ticular showed a wish for a reunion and a readiness to explain points of difference which brought him much disrepute among his comrades. Bu.t the Curia still wished the Council to mark definitely the errors of Protestantism. The outlooks of Germany and Eome were thus very different ; and the latter was the more reasonable, for divisions of doctrine emphasised by differing political interests had really gone too far for reunion. The Emperor had prepared along with the Interim a scheme of reform in discipline which was of great interest, and served beyond Germany as a model in the Netherlands. Among other things, its pro- vision for synods being held frequently would have quickened local life. But this scheme was wrecked by papal opposition based not only upon difference of opinions, but upon the general principle that the State should not take the leadership in Church questions. The Pope, on the other hand, although he appointed (1550) two commissions, one to consider appointments to benefices, and another the reform of the conclaves for electing Popes, was bent more upon doctrinal than practical matters. It was inevitable that, as the course of the Council showed the impossibility of con- ciliating the Protestants and the real cleavage of beliefs between them and the Catholics, Charles and the Pope should draw apart. But as usual, political interests forced the decision. France, under Henry II., had refused to recognise the Council, and was even threat- ening to withdraw the annates from the Pope. At Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 153 Session XII. the I^rench ambassador Amyot, Abbot of Bellosane, read a protest from Henry, ad-. dressing the Council as "an assembly" ^ii. {conventus)y asserting it to be no true Council, Sept ist, but one called for merely private reasons, ^SS^' withholding for the present his obedience p/^J^^^L from it in the interests of Galilean liberties, and hinting at strong measures of defence. And at the outset the choice of legates — all either supposed Imperialists or known to the Emperor — showed a desire to conciliate the Empire rather than France. But in the war, Charles was not so successful against the French as against the Protestants, and his power in Italy, while more threatening to the Pope than that of Henry, proved not so efficient for protection. The • » little war (ostensibly for the control of Parma), in which Pope and Emperor were allies (1551), went against them. The Farnesi, striving to become a dynasty there, maintained themselves against them by the help of France. The Pope was therefore led to incline away from the Emperor to the most Christian king, and at length (April, 1552) made a truce with Henry. After this his need of Charles's help was less. When, in 1562, the Council met for the third time after ten years' suspension, French influence was stronger in it than ever before. In preparation for the decree upon the Eucharist, some heretical propositions which it was easy to con- demn, and which had been examined at ^. Bologna, were considered. The theologians xili. were charged to go by the testimony of Octzith, Scripture, tradition, the canons, and pa- ^SS^' J^® tristic authority. But some Italians, less ^ ** * Digitized by VjOOQ IC 154 THE REFORMATION affected by the humanist movement than the Germans (for in Italy humanism and religion had drifted apart) objected to this. Theology — which to them meant scholasticism — was, they said, a matter of thought and discussion more than one of weighing authority, and they saw in the limitations as proposed restraints upon ingenuity and development of system. It seems strange that objections against authority in the professed in- terest of the intellect should come from advocates of a system often held destructive of originality. But we are apt to forget how much dialectic preserved valuable thoughts and helped reason as opposed to caprice. There was one pressing matter, however, which threatened to become a cause of division — the admin- istration of the chalice to the laity. The withholding of this was a medieval custom, arising from the fear of irreverence, and supported by the doctrine that Christ was fully present in either species (as declared by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215). But the Emperor, who was asking a safe-conduct for the Protestants and trying to secure their attendance, wished this special question to be deferred until they were present. The difficulties in the general subject of the Eucharist caused differences between the Dominican and Franciscan doctors ; the Jesuits, along with the Spanish bishops, strongly opposed anything like concession to heretics; and this special question itself was a difficult one. It was possible to assert that the Church should not de- part from the assumed actual methods of our Saviour's institution (although this was not urged at the Council). It was equally possible to assert that this was a matter within the direction of the Church. The Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 155 weight of primitive example was on one side : the ' * possible results of a change in present practice on the other; for it seemed to many a dangerous thing to allow that the Church should admit change on any such important matter, even if the Council of Basel had allowed it for a reasonable cause. It was no longer a question of a dispensation for one solitary prince or one body like the Hussites. The demand for change was widely spread, and to yield to it seemed to weaken ecclesiastical authority. The proposal of the Emperor to adjourn the question was therefore readily adopted. The errors condemned in the eleven canons were: the Zwinglian view, that Christ is only present in the Eucharist as in a sign or figure; the denial of canons the true, real, and substantial presence of upon the thejKuiy and blood, Jhe soul and^ divinity Holy of_Christ; the remaining of the substance ^"chanst. of bread and wine after consecration, or the denial of Transubstantiation ; the denial of the presence of the whole Christ under each species; the limitation of the presence to the actual use of the Eucharist, exclu- sive of its continuance afterwards as in reservation; the limitation of the fruit of the Eucharist to the remission of sins ; the denial of worship (latria) to the sacrament, or of processions with the Host j^ or of its ex- hibition for adoration; the negation of reservation; the. assertion of a merely spiritual eating; the neglect of yearly communion, at least at Easter ; that the priest celebrating should not communicate himself; that faith is a sufficient preparation for reception; that sacramental confession where possible is not necessary in case of mortal sin. The doctrine positively laid down (although more Digitized by VjOOQ IC 156 THE REFORMATION as an afterthought to the condemnation of errors, Decrees since the central doctrines were for the upon Eu- present left aside) in the eight decrees charistic was: the true, real, and substantial pre- doctrine. ^Q^^Q Qf ^j^^ Saviour in the Holy Eucharist, His sacramental presence not being inconsistent with His heavenly session ; the institution of the Eucharist for a veneration of His memory and to show forth His death; for the spiritual food of souls; for an antidpte to free us from daily faults and preserve us from mortal sins ; that, like other sacraments, the Eucharist was a symbol of a sacred thing and a visible form of an invisible grace, but unlike them it had a sanctity inde- pendent of use as resulting from Christ's Presence; that the Body was present under the species of bread and the Blood under the species of wine, by the force of Christ's words, but that by concomitancy of the parts of Christ the Blood was also under the species of bread and the Body under the species of wine, and the Soul under both, and the Divinity was also there by its hypostatical union with the Body and Soul : hence the whole Christ is present under either species and in any part of it. Along with Transubstantiation, it was affirmed that the worship of latria due to God may be rendered to the Sacrament, and that the bearing of the Sacrament in procession is a pious and religious custom ; that it may be reserved in the sacrarium, as by ancient usage, and also carried to the sick ; that no one conscious of mortal sin should receive without previous sacramental confession ; that there are three ways of reception — sacramentally only in the case of sinners, spiritually only in the case of those who eat by faith, both sacramentally and spiritually in the Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 157 case of those who approach with proper preparation. The preamble to these eight chapters of the Decree assigned the plucking up of the tares of heresy con- cerning the Eucharist as one chief reason for holding the Council. By a strange coincidence, the ambas- sador from Protestant Brandenburg arrived about the time this Decree was issued. At the end of the Decree it was stated that not only the consideration of com- munion in one or in both kinds and the communion of infants, but also that of the sacrifice of the Mass was postponed in order to hear the Protestant view. There was some difference of opinion on minor points. Some thought that to deny the need of Easter communion, an ecclesiastical but not a divine obligation, was schis- matical rather than heretical ; but it was agreed that as the Church had authority to impose the obligation, its denial was heresy. Some did not think the denial of confession as necessary before communion was absolutely heretical, although very erroneous. And there was some discussion as to what exactly consti- tuted consecration — whether our Saviour had used some form of consecration other than the words of institution — a point which touched upon minor differ- ences between East and West. But detailed as the discussions were, the central conceptions of the Mass ' still remained for statement. It had been decided to begin by removing causes that hindered the residence of bishops and weakened their power ; frequent evocations of causes Reform, to superior courts, and specially to Eome, Episcopal unduly limited the power of bishops, while junsdic- the large number of exemptions narrowed *^°' their field of activity. It was laid down as a general Digitized by LjOOQIC 158 THE REFORMATION principle that on the part of superiors charity was often forgotten in the wish for dominancy, while on the part of inferiors voluntary obedience was overlaid by mur- muring. But to apply these excellent statements • • was hard. Appeals against interlocutory sentences L E CM - or in earlier stages of trial, whether criminal or T^EFt>i^^ visitorial, were no longer to impede episcopal courts. Appeals in criminal cases were to be made from the bishops to the Metropolitan, or in his absence to the nearest bishop or their vicars, never to inferior judges named by the Pope. The course of appeals was regulated; the process of degradation was simplified as a bishop need not have other bishops present as required by the canons, the substitution of mitred abbots or suitable persons skilled in law being allowed. Bishops were allowed to take cognisance, as delegates of the Apostolic See, of the obtaining by false pre- tences graces to delay legal proceedings. Bishops were not allowed to be cited in person unless for a cause involving their deposition: a bishop punishable by deposition was to be tried in person before the Pope. Although these reforms were mainly made to safe- guard the due power of bishops, and so indirectly to limit that of the Pope, their effect was likely to be considerable. For the pleadings of exemptions and . delays interposed in ecclesiastical suits were great evils, and the papal interference with lower and local courts was so excessive as to paralyse ecclesiastical justice. For this the Pope himself was not, of course, to be blamed; it was rather his officials largely dependent upon fees who kept up the system. And the difficulty of enforcing degradation was so great as to encourage the worst class of ofifenders, an abuse against which Digitized by LjOOQIC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 159 the Grerman bishops pleaded specially. Each of these chapters, therefore, was aimed at the removal of real evils. Gropper, a leading canonist and theologian, who had been employed at the Colloquy of Eegensburg (1541) and been a leader against Protestantism at Koln, put in an earnest plea not only for the re- moval of abuses, but also for the revival of synodal jurisdiction as opposed to jurisdiction exercised by officials. Such a revival would have not only decen- tralised Church administration, but made it democratic. He was replied to by Castel from Bologna, who con- tended that the Church as it grew from infancy onwards had outgrown its system of government, and that therefore too much stress was not to be laid upon an appeal to primitive times when synodal government and other things now in comparative disuse had been common. But the bishops would not hear of any revival of synods in this enlarged sense. As it was, however, the new decrees were all serviceable if effi- ciently enforced. The difficulty with them lay, as with previous regulations, precisely in the enforcement, hindered as that often was by ofiBcials, sharp men of business, whose sphere was ecclesiastical, but who entirely lacked spirituality. Without any delay the heretical opinions upon Penance and Extreme Unction were delivered to the Fathers, in twelve heads upon the former session and four upon the latter. Many minor XIV., differences were found here, as upon the Nov. 25th, Eucharist, but they resulted more from ^^^^' varieties of expression than mental distinctions. The order of speaking by classes and in groups, emphas- ised these differences by placing together those who Digitized by Google i6o THE REFORMATION usually thought alike. But in drafting the positive doctrines care had to be taken to avoid expressions likely to irritate or even condemn any of these various schools. Thus in discussing Penance it was necessary to avoid condemning the opinion of Duns Scotus, that the essence of the sacrament lay in the absolution alone, contrition and confession being merely conditions needed for its efl&cacy. But the lengthy debates upon doctrine due to these differences made any full scheme of reform impossible, especially since Cardinal Cres- cenzio had named July, 1552, as the date by which the Council must end, and a full scheme of doctrine be prepared. While these matters were under discussion, the ambassadors from Wtirttemberg had arrived; their _ . conduct was cautious, and, against the advice Sftfc- conduct for ^^ ^^^ Imperial ambassador, they refrained I the Protest- from the usual call of courtesy upon the ants. presidents. A safe-conduct had already been Po itics and (j^creed for them at the thirteenth session in Protestants. terms which seemed ample. But they asked for terms identical with those granted at Basel, as those in their view gave them a share in deliberations, and limited discussion by placing the Scriptures as decisive authorities. At the close of Session XV. an enlargement of the former safe-conduct was therefore decreed, which gave more satisfaction. By that time Saxony and some imperial cities were represented; in particular, Strassburg was represented by the historian Sleidan, who from the outset had no hopes of any good re- sult from the negotiations. The day (January 24th, 1552) before Session XV. these ambassadors were received at a general Congregation ; but although they Digitized by LjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT i6i were listened to with courtesy, their position was untenable and their demands extreme. They came « almost to treat with the Council on equal terms, while ' in reality they differed among themselves (Wiirttem- berg and Saxony presented slightly different pro- fessions of faith, both of which Strassbui^g, a mediator as usual, signed), and had no historic position to warrant their claims. When, for instance, they de- • • manded that the Pope should exercise no authority over the Council, and that the bishops for their better freedom should be released from their oath to him — they asked what was obviously impossible to grant. The same held good of their proposed reconsideration of former decrees. Moreover, the Emperor, although he had come to Innsbruck (November, 1551), could . , exert little influence upon the Pope. Hence his "^ request that all doctrinal discussions should be post- poned until the arrival of the Protestant theologians, although favoured by the Council, was rejected by the Pope. But there was more delay; Crescenzio (Nov.) tried to hurry, and yet hinder, discussions by suggesting that the bishops should simply accept or reject what the theologians had formulated. But the Fathers rejected this suggestion, which would have given the papal theologians, the Jesuits Lainez and Salmeron, the real control of the assembly. All these causes of difiference, quickened by the pressure of politics, made the autumn and winter (1551-2) more barren of results than they otherwise would have been. In November, too, the Pope named six cardinals, none of whom were favoured by the Emperor. This disappointed the ecclesiastical electors, who, because of the outbreak of the war with France (March, 1552), left the Council, fearing an M Digitized by VjOOQ IC J 62 THE REFORMATION attack on their territory. The Protestant princes had now leagued themselves with France, and the loss of the three bishoprics (Metz, Toul, and Verdun) by Ger- many was due to this treacherous act. When Maurice of Saxony marched against the Emperor and caused his flight from Innsbruck, the continuance of the Council was plainly impossible, and it adjourned for two years. Politics and the play of interests had once more stopped reform. Meanwhile important doctrines had been discussed. The sacrament of Penance, it was decreed, was insti- Session tuted to apply, by the ministry of the XIV. Apostles and their successors, the benefits Penance Qf Christ's death to those who have fallen Extreme ^^^^^ baptism. It differs from baptism in Unction. that the minister is a judge and in involv- Nov. 2Sth, ing labour on our part to attain a newness '551- of life. For those who have sinned after baptism it is necessary to salvation. Its form con- sists in the words "/ absolve thee,'* to which the Church adds certain prayers. The acts of the peni- tent, contrition, confession, and satisfaction, are its matter. The thing signified and the effect is reconcilia- tion with God. Contrition involves a sorrow for and a hatred of the sin, with amendment; and although sometimes it is so perfected by charity as to obtain reconciliation, this reconciliation is due not to contri- tion, but to the desire for the sacrament included in it. Attrition (imperfect contrition) is a gift of God which disposes the sinner to seek reconciliation through penance. Hence penance does not confer grace with- out any good motion on the penitent's part. Detailed confession of mortal sins is necessary by divine law, so Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 163 that the priests may discriminate and observe equity in punishment ; but confession of venial sins may be omitted. While secret or auricular confession has always been in use, public confession is not divinely com- manded. Confession should be observed at least once a year, according to salutary custom at Lent. The absolution can only be given by priests, and even mortal sin does not deprive them of this power. But this absolution is of no weight if pronounced over one upon whom the priest has no jurisdiction, natural or dele- gated. Bishops and the Sovereign Pontifif can reserve certain cases for themselves. The guilt is never for- given without the whole satisfaction being performed, and priests should enjoin suitable penance. We can make satisfaction to God not only by penance voluntary or enjoined, but also by patiently bearing affliction. Extreme Unction belongs to the close of life ; insti- tuted by Christ (insinuated in S. Mark, but promul- ' gated by S. James). In it the Holy Ghost forgives sins, and the sick sometimes obtains bodily health if it be desirable for his soul. It is to be ministered by priests. These nine chapters on Penance and three on Extreme Unction were guarded respectively by fifteen and four canons with anathemas, defining deviations from the positive doctrines. On Extreme Unction the identification of the sacrament with the expired gift of miracles of healing was condemned, and the identity of the Eoman rite with that of S. James asserted. Other- wise there was nothing adding much to the decrees. The fourteen chapters on reformation guarded holy orders against abuse by the ordination of any one interdicted by his own bishop from such peforma- ordination, or against hasty ordinations by tion. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 1 64 THE REFORMATION titular bishops. By delegation from the Apostolic See episcopal authority over secular clerks was greatly strengthened, even against exemptions. The abuse of obtaining from Eome special judges, called con- servators, who were often used to impede justice, was restrained. Clerks in holy orders or beneficed, not wearing becoming dress, were made liable to suspension, or on repeated ofifences, deprivation. Wil- ful murderers were never to be ordained, and acci- dental murderers only after episcopal investigation. No ordinary was to exercise jurisdiction over clerks subject to another, and benefices in two dioceses were henceforth not to be united. For the future no right of patronage could be gained save by foundation or endowment. Presentation was to be made to, and institution by, the bishop of the place. Most of these regulations were in explanation or reinforcement of preceding decrees. They dealt with evils arising either from the excessive centralisation of or the disorders of jurisdiction: appeals on one hand and exemptions on the other had put the ordinary ecclesiastical legal system out of gear. In the sphere of Church law and judicature the same causes worked as in secular spheres — hasty applications of general principles, sometimes new and sometimes old; the diflSculty of combining into a coherent body a number of decrees and decisions. Moreover; the Church was not now feeling its own unity so deeply as were the nations separately, and hence ecclesiastical afifairs were in greater confusion than were secular. Mercenary men and bad men used various artifices for their own evil ends, and so intensi- fied the evils. For the next, the fifteenth, session the Sacrifice of Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 165 the Mass and Holy Orders were to be deliberated upon along with Eef ormation. But from what has sesg^Qn been said already it will be seen that the end xv., was drawing near, and discussion difl&cult. Jan. 25th, The Pope and legate differed absolutely '^^* from the Spanish bishops on the subjects of papal and episcopal power. Germans and Italians were leaving the Council. The imperial ambassadors criticised the slowness and pettiness of the reformation undertaken. The presence of Protestant envoys and theologians could do little towards the almost impossible task of reimion. Session XV. only met for a prorogation until S. Joseph's Day (March 19) and for enlargement of the safe-conduct for Protestants. The reason as- signed for prorogation was the tardy coming of the Protestants, but there were real reasons in favour of the closing of a Council for which no one but Charles really cared, which no nation would altogether obey, and from which even Charles could no longer hope for satisfaction of his desires — restored unity in Germany and a thoroughgoing reform. The Saxons withdrew (March 13th), then the ambas- sadors from Wiirttemberg and Strassburg, after many complaints (April): and the southward march of Maurice of Saxony hardly made up for their depar- ture. Pope Julius bade the legates to suspend the Council and send some bishops to Home to help him there in the work of reform. But the presidents, Cres- cenzio being now fatally sick, preferred to leave the Fathers free, and the Council accordingly resolved " to be silent until better times," since "all places, and Germany above all, were ablaze with arms," and to suspend sessions for two years, after which, if the Digitized by VjOOQ IC 1 66 THE REFORMATION causes for suspension were removed, the Council should meet again without fresh Convocation. This ^cMion seemed to them better than " wasting their Aprii28th, t™® ^ idleness." And, indeed, with the 1552. Elector Maurice at Innsbruck and the Suspen- Emperor in flight, a continuance in Trent two years. ^^^ unsafe; even the citizens themselves were fleeing. The Council had been mainly German in composition. It was for the needs of Ger- many even more than for general reformation that it had met. With the downfall of the Emperor's power and the success of the German Protestants, it became impossible to reach its ends. The political aims of the Pope had changed, and thus once again politics, and above all the politics of the Curia and of Germany, had spoilt the promise of a year before. Something the Council had done; but like its predecessor of the Lateran, it had done only enough to show how much remained undone. Digitized by VjOOQ IC CHAPTER VIII THE THIRD ASSEMBLY AT TRENT WHEN the assigned interval of two years was over, everything was against a reassembling of the Council. In 1552, the war into which Spain Yresitj of and France had drifted in the backwaters of Cateau Europe reached to the main stream, and it Cambr^is, was not until April, 1559, that the Treaty '^P^^'^SSP. of Cateau Cambr^sis brought back peace. The posi- tion of Charles V. had been gradually changing; as he saw more and more the difl&culty of reuniting Germany, and realised more and more the strength of the Spanish monarchy, his policy became increasingly Spanish, and he put the interests of his non-Spanish territories second to those of Spain. Meanwhile in the Empire Ferdinand, both by his own merits and the withdrawal of Charles, became a more important figure. He had been elected King of the Eomans (January, 1531), but at a later date Charles wished his son Philip chosen King of the Eomans when Ferdinand became Emperor, or even to have become Emperor. In the end it was agreed (1551) by the family that Philip should succeed Ferdinand and the latter's son Maximilian should come next. But the electors would not agree to this, for they had more to fear from the Spanish prince than from his uncle. 167 Digitized by VjOOQ IC i68 THE REFORMATION Ferdinand's policy in the Empire was very different from his strongly Catholic policy in his own dominions ; in the Empire he was tolerant, and accepted the inevit- able with a better grace than Charles had ever been able to put on ; he was, moreover, strongly influenced by his son Maximilian, whose sympathies were distinctly Lutheran. Charles resigned the Netherlands to Philip Abdication (October, 1555); he also gave him Spain of Charles, (February, 1556), and (August 27th, 1556) '555-6. Yie formally renounced the Empire to Fer- dinand. The new Emperor's claims were at once admitted by the electors, and in spite of his non- recognition by the Pope he became at length fully Emperor (February 24th, 1558). Pope Julius III. died March 24th, 1555, after a six- year pontificate of disappointed politics (for Ottavio Marcellus ^^^^^^^ ^^^P^ Parma) and of family enrich- II. ment (his nephew Ascanio della Cornia (Cervini), founded a rich papal family in Umbria). His April 9th, successor was Cardinal Cervini (Marcellus ^ II.), the former President at Trent, whose ability and moderation, together with his genuine goodness, led to great expectations, disappointed by his early death (April 30th). A month later (May Paul IV 23rd, 1555) Cardinal Caraffa, at the age of (CaraflFa), seventy-nine, and with a past of stormy May 23rd, energy, was elected as his successor. Of '555- his piety and strictness (towards himself and others) there could be no doubt, but years had hardened his character, deepened his impulses, and strengthened his self-will. His early wishes for reformation had now become a hatred of anything suspicious in doctrine or novel in practice; his Digitized by Google THE THIRD ASSEMBLY AT TRENT 169 activity had thrown itself into the organisation of the Holy Ofl&ce (or Inquisition) for Italy. In Italy the bishops resided at their sees less than was the case ' elsewhere, and the ordinary episcopal jurisdiction for correction of heresy or depravity was weak and fitful in itself, apart from the number of exemptions con- fronting it; the Dominicans also had lost much of their former zeal in this direction. Carafia had ac- quired during his nunciature in Spain a double portion of the Spanish spirit, and he had both seen the Inquisi- tion at work there and acted himself as Inquisitor in Venice. When Paul III. recalled him to Eome (1536), he urged the formation of an Inquisition under papal control for all Italy, and (1542) his wish was gratified : six cardinals under his own presidency were appointed for the task. Episcopal jurisdiction in Italy was soon overshadowed, and they acted as a Court of Appeal not only for Italy, but for other countries also. They succeeded in suppressing the movement of thought, partly evangelical and partly revolutionary, which had appeared in Italy — the left wing as it were of that other liberal movement in which Cardinal Pole and others had shared — standing in marked contrast to the paganism of the Italian Eenaissance but having affini- ties with Socinianism. A Council for Eeform would certainly have his sym- pathy, but never one intended to conciliate Protestants or negotiate with error. The Pope's political tendencies pushed him in the same direction. He was a Neapolitan, of a family hostile to the Habsburgs. He had suffered P^ii IV^ official injuries from Charles V., and chafed at his indulgence of Protestants. It was he who refused later to recognise Ferdinand as Em- peror; and now when the papal power was given him, he felt bound to use all his influence against its enemies, who in injuring it would injure the Church itself. Hence it came about that a Pope intensely earnest in religion plunged himself into schemes which, except to his own judgment, had nothing to do with religion at all, and were founded on personal caprice. Under him Protestantism gained ground even in coun- tries still in touch with the Papacy. In Germany Ferdinand drew closer to the Protestants, and division of religion became an accepted political fact. In the Netherlands the plans of Philip II. for strengthening the Inquisition and increasing the number of bishop- rics (1557), following a policy begun by Charles, were approved by the Pope and led to revolt. In Poland the Pope's unsympathetic treatment of the Crown's request for some religious concessions and a needed revivification of the National Church missed a great opportunity. In England, under Mary, he insisted upon the full restoration of all ecclesiastical Digitized by LjOOQIC THE THIRD ASSEMBLY AT TRENT 171 lands (a condition the landed gentry refused to grant), and tried to re-establish Peter's Pence, while his hostility to Spain or his dislike of Pole coloured all his relations with the Queen. When Elizabeth came to the throne, a gentler touch might have kept hold of the somewhat slender cords of connection. Precisely when the nations were realising their indi- • viduality and intensifying their differences, the most religious Pope since Adrian VI. pressed his power beyond everything else, and in his intentness upon his own spiritual and personal ends would neither see nor hear the wishes of others. It was not likely that his plan of a Council to meet at Rome would win the approval of princes he disregarded or opposed. Only when Rome was threatened by a Spanish army under Alva, and his wars had turned out disastrously, would he make peace with Spain (September, 1557). Then, too, when he no longer needed the help of his nephews in war or diplomacy, he forswore the nepotism that had blemished his reputation, and he threw himself into the work of reformation with the impatient zeal of one soon to die. The year before his death left its mark on Rome in the removal of abuses and the change of tone, and it was as important for the paths of reform he indicated as for the things he actually wrought. Towards the end of his papacy (he died August 18th, 1559) Spain, France, Venice, and German Catholics expressed their conviction that a Council was needed, not to reconcile the Protestants (for that seemed hope- less), but to save the Church itself. The religious politics of France even alone made one desirable. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'reformationbein00whitgoog_7', 'collection': 'US-PD-Books', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '6521', 'token_count': '8560', '__index_level_0__': '2145', 'original_id': '7236b35453b0ed55d63a7e0075129d51d5796fd33af8830dfd0e1fe3e5b28c11'} |
New research: Neonicotinoid-contaminated pollinator strips adjacent to cropland reduce honey bee nutritional status
Worldwide pollinator declines are attributed to a number of factors, including pesticide exposures.
Neonicotinoid insecticides specifically have been detected in surface waters, non-target vegetation,
and bee products, but the risks posed by environmental exposures are still not well understood.
Pollinator strips were tested for clothianidin contamination in plant tissues, and the risks to honey
bees assessed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantified clothianidin in leaf, nectar,
honey, and bee bread at organic and seed-treated farms. Total glycogen, lipids, and protein from
honey bee workers were quantified. The proportion of plants testing positive for clothianidin were the
same between treatments. Leaf tissue and honey had similar concentrations of clothianidin between
organic and seed-treated farms. Honey (mean±SE: 6.61 ± 0.88 ppb clothianidin per hive) had seven
times greater concentrations than nectar collected by bees (0.94 ± 0.09 ppb). Bee bread collected
from organic sites (25.8 ± 3.0 ppb) had significantly less clothianidin than those at seed treated
locations (41.6 ± 2.9 ppb). Increasing concentrations of clothianidin in bee bread were correlated with
decreased glycogen, lipid, and protein in workers. This study shows that small, isolated areas set aside
for conservation do not provide spatial or temporal relief from neonicotinoid exposures in agricultural
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1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-25-03730}
===============
Colorectal cancer (CRC) prevalence in different populations is increasing and it now shows the second highest rate of cancer mortality worldwide \[[@B1-molecules-25-03730]\]. New prevention strategies are thus urgently needed to reduce the burden of CRC. CRC is influenced by genetics, lifestyle, diet, intestinal microbiota, etc. The awareness of maintaining colon health through diet and health supplements consumption draws great attention. Diet and lifestyle modifications for patients are highly recommended in order to alleviate the impact from colon disorders on the quality of life. A healthy pattern diet, generally characterized by high intake of fruits and vegetables, nuts and legumes, fish and other dairy products, was associated with lower CRC risk \[[@B2-molecules-25-03730]\]. Besides, a meta-analysis revealed that one of the food items that has convincing epidemiological association with colorectal cancer risk reduction is whole grains \[[@B3-molecules-25-03730]\].
Grains (rice, corn, barley, wheat, oat, millet, etc.) are staple foods worldwide. Grains belong to the monocot Poaceae family and are widely cultivated to obtain the edible components of their fruits. Whole grains have an outer bran coat, a starchy endosperm, and a germ. Concerning the medicinal values of grains, previous studies have demonstrated that active ingredients such as polyphenols in sorghum bran \[[@B4-molecules-25-03730]\], protein and peroxidase in millet bran \[[@B5-molecules-25-03730]\], soluble phenolic content \[[@B6-molecules-25-03730]\] and oil \[[@B7-molecules-25-03730]\] of rice bran, and fermented rice bran-containing diet \[[@B8-molecules-25-03730]\], could have suppressive effects on colitis and colon cancer cell growth. The bioactive phytochemicals present in rice bran such as ferulic acid, tricin, β-sitosterol, g-oryzanol, tocotrienols/tocopherols, phytic acid are regarded to possess chemo-preventive potential \[[@B9-molecules-25-03730]\]. In fact, one of the flavones found in brown rice and rice bran, tricin ([Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}A,B), was reported to inhibit growth of breast and colon cancer cells in our early study \[[@B10-molecules-25-03730]\]. The subsequent animal studies demonstrated the interference of tricin on carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer in *Apc^Min^* mouse model \[[@B11-molecules-25-03730],[@B12-molecules-25-03730]\] and the inhibitory effects of tricin on inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis mouse model \[[@B13-molecules-25-03730]\].
Tricin was found to be the most abundant among the commonly reported flavonoids in bran \[[@B14-molecules-25-03730]\]. Although wheat hull \[[@B15-molecules-25-03730]\] and rice bran \[[@B16-molecules-25-03730]\] are the rich sources of tricin, they are seldom consumed in regular diet. Nonetheless, rice bran such as Oryzae Fructus Germinatus can be used as Chinese medicines. In fact, there are several kinds of grains used as Chinese medicines which are often prescribed by Chinese medicine practitioners, namely Hordei Fructus Germinatus (germinated barley or malt), Oryzae Fructus Germinatus (germinated rice) and Setariae Fructus Germinatus (germinated millet) ([Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}C). According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, these three types of medicinal grains are for digestive problems, such as food retention, spleen deficiency with reduced food intake, and promote digestion \[[@B17-molecules-25-03730]\]. A clustering and correlation analysis showed that Setariae Fructus Germinatus (SFG) was frequently used for advanced colorectal cancer patients, whereas Hordei Fructus Germinatus (HFG) and Oryzae Fructus Germinatus (OFG) were commonly used for improving cancer patients' appetite \[[@B18-molecules-25-03730]\]. Therefore, based on the traditional usage of these medicinal grains in gastrointestinal disorders and the presence of the chemopreventive flavone tricin in HFG (in the amount of 5.7 × 10^−4^% dry weight) \[[@B19-molecules-25-03730]\], we hypothesized that tricin would also be present in OFG and SFG and it could exert beneficial effects on colorectal cancer treatment. Previous studies demonstrated the inhibitory activities of tricin on self-renewal capacity of colon cancer cells \[[@B20-molecules-25-03730]\] and invasion of C6 glioma cells \[[@B21-molecules-25-03730]\] in vitro, as well as the anti-inflammatory activity in human immune cells \[[@B22-molecules-25-03730]\]. Nevertheless, the potential inhibitory activities of tricin in a metastatic colon tumor animal model have not yet been reported. In the present study, attempts have been made to investigate the inhibitory activities of tricin in human and mouse colon cancer cells as well as in syngeneic orthotopic colon tumor-bearing mouse model. The systemic efficacy of orally administered tricin on tumor metastasis and microenvironment have also been elaborated.
2. Results {#sec2-molecules-25-03730}
==========
2.1. Quantification of Tricin in Medicinal Grains {#sec2dot1-molecules-25-03730}
-------------------------------------------------
The tricin content in three medicinal grains was quantified using UPLC. Results showed that the content of tricin in HFG, OFG and SFG were 17.9 ± 1.3, 23.6 ± 2.2, and 21.5 ± 3.8 µg/g, respectively.
2.2. Tricin Reduced Cell Viability and Migration of Human and Mouse Colon Cancer Cells {#sec2dot2-molecules-25-03730}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cell viability of colon cancer cells after 24 or 48 h tricin treatment was assessed by an MTT assay. Tricin reduced the cell viability of both human and mouse colon cancer cells after 48 h incubation, with IC~50~ values at 107.9 µM and 34 µM in HT-29 and Colon26-Luc cells, respectively ([Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}D), while tricin (up to 400 µM) did not affect the viability of HT-29 cells and the IC~50~ value for Colon26-Luc cells was greater than 500 μM after 24 h incubation. Tricin was shown to inhibit colon cancer cell motility in scratch wound healing assay. As shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}E, the closed wound areas in tricin-treated groups (25 or 50 μM) were fewer than that in untreated group after 24 h in HT-29 cells or 18 h in Colon26-Luc cells. The migration phenotype of Colon26-Luc cells was more obvious than that of HT-29 cells. Nevertheless, the closed wound area (as a percentage of control) was shown to be significantly lower in cells treated with 25 or 50 μM tricin when compared to control (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}F). These data suggested that tricin could significantly decrease the cell motility in Colon26-Luc cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
2.3. Tricin Affected Akt, Erk1/2 and NF-κB signaling Pathways in HT-29 Cells {#sec2dot3-molecules-25-03730}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
As tricin was shown to alter the cell motility of HT-29 cells, its effects on proliferation- and metastasis-related protein expressions were further explored. HT-29 cells were treated with tricin at 100, 200 and 400 μM for 24 h, at which time the viability of HT-29 cells was not affected as mentioned above. As shown in [Figure 2](#molecules-25-03730-f002){ref-type="fig"}, tricin significantly reduced the expressions of phosphorylated protein kinase B (or Akt), phosphorylated extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and phosphorylated NF-κB in dose-dependent manner ([Figure 2](#molecules-25-03730-f002){ref-type="fig"}A,D--G), while the Akt and Erk1/2 expressions were less sensitive to the tricin treatment ([Figure 2](#molecules-25-03730-f002){ref-type="fig"}B,C).
2.4. Tricin Suppressed Mouse Orthotopic Colon Tumor Growth {#sec2dot4-molecules-25-03730}
----------------------------------------------------------
On the other hand, since Colon26-Luc cells were shown to be more sensitive to tricin treatment when compared to HT-29 cells in the migration assay, and previous studies also reported the immunomodulatory activities of tricin in vitro \[[@B22-molecules-25-03730]\] and in *Apc^Min^* mice \[[@B11-molecules-25-03730]\], syngeneic Colon26-Luc tumor-bearing Balb/c mice model was therefore adopted to reveal the systemic effects as well as the tumor-related immunomodulatory activity of tricin. In particular, the potential inhibitory effect of tricin on metastasis was evaluated in mice, which were orthotopically injected with Colon26-Luc cells and were under real-time monitoring of tumor growth by IVIS during treatment. Tricin was orally gavaged daily at 19 or 37.5 mg/kg, the latter dosage was previously reported to be effective in controlling carcinogenesis in *Apc^Min^* mice \[[@B11-molecules-25-03730]\].
Results showed that tricin treatments at these two tested dosages did not affect the final body weights of mice ([Figure 3](#molecules-25-03730-f003){ref-type="fig"}A), while the chemotherapeutic treatment FOLFOX slightly decreased the body weight. Tumor growth in the rectum was monitored using IVIS imaging as the colon tumor cells were tagged with luciferase. The tumor burden in terms of bioluminescent signal emission (expressed as average radiance) increased from day 9 onwards in all groups ([Figure 3](#molecules-25-03730-f003){ref-type="fig"}B,C). Treatment with Tricin-H or FOLFOX resulted in obvious inhibitory effects on tumor growth in rectum as lower average radiance was observed in these groups. On day 18, significant smaller tumor size in Tricin-H group was shown when compared with untreated control group (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 3](#molecules-25-03730-f003){ref-type="fig"}C). Besides, the positive control FOLFOX treatment also suppressed the tumor growth, although the differences of the final average radiance between FOLFOX and control groups were not statistically significant (*p* = 0.056, [Figure 3](#molecules-25-03730-f003){ref-type="fig"}C).
2.5. Tricin Reduced Orthotopic Colon Tumor Metastasis {#sec2dot5-molecules-25-03730}
-----------------------------------------------------
The metastasis of Colon26-Luc cells in lungs was also examined by bioluminescence imaging. In control group, signal emission from lungs was detected in nine out of thirteen mice ([Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}A), i.e., 69.2% incidence of metastasis was observed ([Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}A). Mice received Tricin-H and FOLFOX treatments resulted in lower metastasis incidence, which were 46.2% (6 out of 13 mice) and 41.7% (5 out of 12 mice), respectively ([Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}A). The average radiance of lungs in Tricin-H and FOLFOX groups was significantly reduced when compared to the untreated control group (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}B). Although the metastasis incidence in lungs from Tricin-L-treated group was high, the overall signal emission was still lower than that of untreated control group ([Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}B).
In addition, the inhibitory effects of tricin on lung metastasis were further confirmed by histological assessments. Tumor burden in lungs were determined in the paraffin-embedded sections after H&E staining. [Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}C shows the tumor nodules in lungs of orthotopic colon tumor-bearing mice. The metastasis area was measured and significant decreases of metastatic area in lungs were observed in Tricin-H-treated group (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}D). Overall, FOLFOX treatment was shown to be the most potent in term of inhibition of tumor growth and lung metastasis, while efficacy of Tricin-H treatment could be comparable to that of FOLFOX. Nonetheless, the Tricin-H treatment did not cause body weight loss as FOLFOX treatment did, although the difference between the FOLFOX and control groups was not statistically significant (*p* \> 0.05, [Figure 3](#molecules-25-03730-f003){ref-type="fig"}A).
2.6. Immune Cell Populations of Syngeneic Colon Tumor-Bearing Mice Altered by Tricin Treatment {#sec2dot6-molecules-25-03730}
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Immunocompetent mice bearing syngeneic colon tumors could display the efficacies of tricin or FOLFOX treatments on immunomodulation in mice. Lymphocytes isolated from spleens and lymph nodes from different treatment groups were subjected to flow cytometry to quantify the relative numbers. As shown in [Figure 5](#molecules-25-03730-f005){ref-type="fig"}A, population of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in spleens was higher in tumor bearing control group than that in naïve group (without tumors) (*p* = 0.084). Tricin treatments could reduce the number of MDSC in tumor-bearing mice, with Tricin-H showing significant decrease when compared with control group (*p* \< 0.01). Similarly, population of regulatory T (Treg) cells was shown to be significantly higher in tumor bearing mice lymph nodes than that in naïve mice (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 5](#molecules-25-03730-f005){ref-type="fig"}B). Tricin-H treatment also reduced the elevated Treg cell number in tumor-bearing mice, however, the difference between Tricin-H and control groups was not significant (*p* = 0.22). Nevertheless, the ex vivo cytokines productions from mouse spleen lymphocytes were modulated after the mice received different treatments ([Figure 5](#molecules-25-03730-f005){ref-type="fig"}C--F). IL-2 production was higher in Tricin-H group than that in control group (*p* \< 0.05). While the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α productions were decreased in tricin-treated or FOLFOX-treated groups, though not statistically significant.
On the other hand, the abundancy of macrophages and tumor infiltrated lymphocytes in colon tumors were determined by flow cytometry (with anti-CD11b & anti-F4/80 antibodies) and immunohistochemical staining (with anti-CD8 antibody), respectively. Tricin-H treatment significantly reduced the number of macrophages in tumor (*p* \< 0.05, [Figure 6](#molecules-25-03730-f006){ref-type="fig"}A), whereas it significantly increased tumor infiltrated lymphocytes ([Figure 6](#molecules-25-03730-f006){ref-type="fig"}B,C), suggesting the involvement of tricin-modulated immune response against tumor growth and/or metastasis.
3. Discussion {#sec3-molecules-25-03730}
=============
Tricin is a flavonoid typically distributed in grasses, grains (rice, wheat, barley, sorghum), bamboo and palms \[[@B6-molecules-25-03730],[@B23-molecules-25-03730]\], with high content in the vegetative tissues (leaves and stem) and bran or husk of cereal/grains \[[@B24-molecules-25-03730]\]. Our chemical analysis showed that tricin was present in 3 tested medicinal grains, HFG, OFG, SFG, which are usually used as Chinese herbal medicines for digestive system disorders. This is the first report of the relatively high amount of tricin found in OFG (23.6 µg/g). This amount was higher than those present in rice bran (10 µg/g) \[[@B16-molecules-25-03730]\] and was comparable to that present in dried leaves of *Festuca* species \[[@B10-molecules-25-03730]\]. In addition, our previous study also showed that OFG water extract (1500 mg/kg) treatments reduced tumor growth and tumor cells metastasis to lungs in orthotopic mouse colon-26 tumor-bearing mice \[[@B25-molecules-25-03730]\]. These data offer some insights into the development of medicinal grains (containing tricin) as health food supplement for colon health.
Various in vitro regulatory activities of tricin on colon cancer stem cells \[[@B20-molecules-25-03730]\], endothelial cells \[[@B26-molecules-25-03730]\], C2C12 myotubes \[[@B27-molecules-25-03730]\], mesenchymal stem cells \[[@B28-molecules-25-03730]\] and dermal fibroblasts \[[@B29-molecules-25-03730]\] have also been reported. In the present study, tricin was shown to inhibit migration of colon cancer cells HT-29 and Colon26-Luc cells at the non-cytotoxic concentrations. In fact, another human colon cancer cell line HCT-116 has also been tested for tricin's inhibitory effect on viability and migration (data shown in [Supplementary Information](#app1-molecules-25-03730){ref-type="app"}). Results showed that the IC~50~ value of tricin in HCT-116 cells was over 600 μM and the significant inhibition on transwell migration could only be achieved by 50 μM or higher of tricin. Thus, HT-29 cells were used for the further experiments. The phosphorylation of key molecules involved in colorectal cancer progression and metastasis, such as Akt \[[@B30-molecules-25-03730]\], Erk1/2 \[[@B31-molecules-25-03730]\] and NF-κB \[[@B32-molecules-25-03730]\], were down-regulated by tricin in HT-29 colon cancer cells, which the results were in line with previous studies. Shalili et al. showed the anti-inflammatory activity of tricin in hPBMCs which was via modulating the p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways \[[@B22-molecules-25-03730]\]. Another study demonstrated that tricin could inhibit proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells by downregulating focal-adhesion-kinase (FAK) and thus affecting the downstream Akt pathway \[[@B21-molecules-25-03730]\]. Besides, expression of migration-related proteins, such as integrins, can be evaluated in the future study to illustrate the underlying mechanism of anti-migratory action of tricin.
Recent animal studies demonstrated the broad-spectrum bioactivities of tricin, ranging from anti-obesity effect in high-fatdiet-induced obese mice \[[@B33-molecules-25-03730]\] to protection against UVB-induced wrinkle formation \[[@B34-molecules-25-03730]\]. Nevertheless, the anti-metastatic and/or immunomodulatory effects of tricin in colon cancer model have not yet been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the systemic efficacy of tricin in treating colorectal cancer using mouse model, of which the promising results might in turn translate to clinical uses. Here, a syngeneic orthotopic colon tumor-bearing mouse model using immune-competent mice was adopted to mimic the clinical pathological condition of metastatic CRC patients. Our results demonstrated apparent anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of tricin treatment at 37.5 mg/kg, which was comparable to the effects of chemotherapeutics FOLFOX treatment ([Figure 4](#molecules-25-03730-f004){ref-type="fig"}). The real-time monitoring of the tricin inhibitory effect on orthotopic colon tumor growth was reported here for the first time. This also provided evidence for demonstrating how oral dosage of tricin could gradually control colon tumor progression. Furthermore, in the immune-competent tumor-bearing mice, the ability of modulating tumor immunogenicity of tricin appeared to be stronger than that of FOLFOX since the populations of MDSC in spleens, regulatory T cells in lymph nodes, macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in tumors were altered after Tricin-H but not FOLFOX treatments. It is possible that the immunomodulatory efficacy of tricin was similar to that of its derivative, antartina (tricin 7-*O*-β-D glucopyranoside, isolated from grass *Deschampsia antarctica*) \[[@B35-molecules-25-03730]\]. Intraperitoneal treatment with antartina for three weeks could inhibit colorectal carcinoma growth and liver metastasis in mice. The potent specific cytotoxic T-cell response against colorectal carcinoma and activation of dendritic cells induced by antartina were suggested to be responsible for the anti-tumor effect \[[@B35-molecules-25-03730]\]. Nonetheless, antartina was administered by intraperitoneal injection while tricin was administered by oral gavage in the study. The oral bioavailability of tricin was reported \[[@B12-molecules-25-03730]\] and we showed the efficacy of ingested tricin in colon tumor-bearing mice. Hence, the feasibility to develop tricin as one of the health food ingredients for improving colon health is demonstrated here. Furthermore, based on the immunomodulatory properties of tricin, the potential benefit of combined use of tricin-containing food or medicinal herbs with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy in colorectal cancer management is worth further investigation.
On the other hand, population changes of MDSC and Treg cells induced by tricin treatment were also revealed in the present study. The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, immune cells including T cells, B cells, macrophages, MDSC, dendritic cells, NK cells as well as specific cytokine, chemokines, extracellular matrix milieu, etc. \[[@B36-molecules-25-03730]\]. MDSC have been regarded as promotor of tumor progression through multiple mechanisms in colorectal cancer \[[@B37-molecules-25-03730]\], while Treg was shown to play key role in immunosuppression and cancer progression \[[@B38-molecules-25-03730],[@B39-molecules-25-03730]\]. The multifunctional activities of tricin were now illustrated clearly as the reduction of MDSC and Treg populations and the augmented CD8^+^ T tumor infiltrating lymphocytes population, which is responsible for the anti-tumor effects \[[@B40-molecules-25-03730]\], have been observed in tricin-treated mice. Furthermore, tricin also reduced the number of macrophages in tumors and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production by spleen lymphocytes, such changes were consistent with the previous reports on the anti-inflammatory activity of tricin \[[@B22-molecules-25-03730],[@B41-molecules-25-03730]\]. Together with the anti-angiogenic activity reported from other group \[[@B26-molecules-25-03730]\], the important role of tricin on modulating tumor microenvironment was further validated in the immune-competent tumor-bearing mouse model.
In conclusion, basing on our data, tricin appears to be an attractive candidate for future clinical study. Tricin has been shown to be safe for clinical development as a cancer chemopreventive agent \[[@B42-molecules-25-03730]\] and be bioavailable when consumed with the diet in mice \[[@B43-molecules-25-03730]\]. Upon the newly confirmed edible source (i.e., medicinal grains) of tricin, the tricin-containing food can be further developed so that the multifunctional nutraceutical values of tricin can be translated into clinical uses and improve CRC patients' colon health.
4. Materials and Methods {#sec4-molecules-25-03730}
========================
4.1. Chemicals and Materials {#sec4dot1-molecules-25-03730}
----------------------------
Flavone tricin (CAS No. 520-32-1, [Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}A,B, 98% purity based on the 600 MHz ^1^H-NMR spectrum) was purchased from SynInnova Laboratories Inc. (Edmonton, AB, Canada) for the in vitro and in vivo experiments in this study. The chemotherapeutic drugs 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin for animal study were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tricin was dissolved in DMSO and added in culture medium for in vitro or in water (\<0.5% *v/v* DMSO) for in vivo experiments.
Human colon cancer cell line HT-29 was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Mouse luciferase-tagged Colon26-Luc cells (JCRB1496) were purchased from Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (Osaka, Japan). Cell culture media and reagents were all purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Male BALB/c mice (6--8 weeks of age) used in this study were provided by Laboratory Animal Services Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and were kept under pathogen-free conditions. Raw herbal materials (HFG, OFG, SFG, [Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}C) were purchased from a renowned supplier in Hong Kong and stored in our temperature- and humidity-controlled storeroom. Raw herbal materials have been morphologically authenticated in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. Authenticated voucher specimens (No. 3609, 3610, 3611) were deposited in the museum of the Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
4.2. UPLC Analysis of Tricin in Medicinal Grains {#sec4dot2-molecules-25-03730}
------------------------------------------------
Stock solution of tricin was prepared in methanol at 1 mg/mL and was stored at −20 °C until use. For preparation of standard curve solution, the stock standard solution was serially diluted into 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.563, 0.7813, 0.391, 0.195, 0.098 µL/mL. For sample preparation, 10 mL methanol was added to 1 g of dry sample powder and was ultrasonicated under 40 °C for 1 h. The supernatant (5 mL) was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, followed by 0.5 mL of methanol added to the residue. The mixture was then filtered using a 0.2 µm PTFE filter as the sample solution. The analysis was conducted using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) The column used was a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.7 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm, with a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 VanGuard 1.7 µm, 2.1 × 5 mm as guard column. The chromatographic separation was conducted at 40 °C under isocratic elution of 0.1% acetic acid in deionized water: acetonitrile (75:25) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The column was flushed with 100% acetonitrile for 2 min and re-equilibrium for another 2 min after each injection. UV 350 nm was used for the detection of tricin ([Figure 1](#molecules-25-03730-f001){ref-type="fig"}B).
4.3. Cell Culture and Viability Assay {#sec4dot3-molecules-25-03730}
-------------------------------------
Human colon cancer cells HT-29 were grown in McCoy 5A medium supplemented with 10% (*v*/*v*) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (*v*/*v*) penicillin-streptomycin, while mouse Colon26-Luc cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% (*v*/*v*) FBS and 1% (*v*/*v*) penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were kept in culture flasks in a humidified incubator with 5% CO~2~ at 37 °C. Cells were detached by trypsinization with trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) when they reached 80 % confluence and subcultured every 3--5 days. Cells (5 × 10^3^/well) were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated overnight, then treated with different concentrations of tricin (50--400 μM) for 24 or 48 h. Cell viability was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay \[[@B44-molecules-25-03730]\].
4.4. Scratch Wound Healing and Cell Migration Assays {#sec4dot4-molecules-25-03730}
----------------------------------------------------
Cell motility of HT-29 and Colon26-Luc cells were assessed using scratch wound healing assay as previously described \[[@B45-molecules-25-03730]\]. Briefly, 5 × 10^4^ cells were seeded in 24-well plate with full medium and incubated overnight, then starved with medium with 1% (*v*/*v*) FBS for additional 24 h. The cells were scraped using a pipet tip and the scratch wounds in each well were photographed at 0 h. Cell culture medium was changed to fresh full medium with 12.5, 25 or 50 μM of tricin. After 18 h (for Colon26-Luc cells) or 24 h (for HT-29 cells) incubation, medium was discarded and the wounds were photographed again under an IX-71 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The open wound area was measured and analyzed by Tscratch software \[[@B46-molecules-25-03730]\] and the motility of cells was reflected by closed wound area (percentage of control well) after tricin treatment.
4.5. Western Blotting of HT-29 Cells {#sec4dot5-molecules-25-03730}
------------------------------------
HT-29 cells treated with tricin (100--400 µM) for 24 h were collected for protein. Cells were scraped on ice and then lysed with lysis buffer purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Protein concentration was assessed using a BCA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Equivalent amount of protein samples, which have been heated at 95 °C, were loaded at 10% SDS-PAGE gels for 2 h at 100 V. Proteins on gel were then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) electrophoretically at 90 V for 1--1.5 h. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk (*w*/*v*) in Tris-buffered saline Tween 20 (TBST), then primary antibodies were added and the membranes were incubated at 4 °C overnight with gentle shaking. Antibodies against Akt, p-Akt, Erk1/2, p-Erk1/2, NF-κB, pNF-κB (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used. After incubation, membranes were washed with TBST and incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies. Enhanced chemiluminescence solution (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to detect the protein bands, which were captured by a molecular imager, ChemiDoc XRS+ (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Signals were quantified by Image J software (NIH, MD, USA) and normalized by β-actin. Quantitative data were represented as relative expression level (fold changes of untreated control). All western blotting assays were independently performed for at least three times.
4.6. Syngeneic Orthotopic Colon Tumor-Bearing Mouse Model {#sec4dot6-molecules-25-03730}
---------------------------------------------------------
The effects of tricin were evaluated in syngeneic orthotopic colon tumor-bearing mouse model, in which the growth of tumor and metastasis of colon cancer cells were monitored using an In Vitro Imaging System (IVIS). The luciferase-tagged mouse cancer cells Colon26-Luc (1 × 10^6^ cells per 40 μL PBS) were injected into the posterior wall of the rectum of BALB/c mouse under anesthesia. Three days after cell inoculation, live animal whole-body imaging to monitor luciferase-expressing cells in mice was performed to ensure the successful inoculation using IVIS 200 (Xenogen, Alameda, CA, USA). Images were acquired for 1 to 180 s and the photon emission transmitted from each mouse were quantified using Xenogen Living Image (Igor Pro version 3.2 software), and the data were processed to produce graphs according to the average radiance (photons/s/cm^2^/sr) \[[@B47-molecules-25-03730]\]. The tumor-bearing mice were randomized into different groups and received tricin at 19 or 37.5 mg/kg (Tricin-L and Tricin-H, respectively) by oral gavage daily for 18 days (n = 6--13). A group of mice received FOLFOX (7.5 mg/kg fluorouracil and 2.5 mg/kg folinic acid daily for 18 days plus 2.5 mg/kg oxaliplatin once a week) injection intraperitoneally was served as positive control group. The IVIS imaging was performed on Days 1, 9, 15, 18 during treatments so as to monitor the growth of orthotopic tumors. At the end of experiment, mice were undergone IVIS imaging and then sacrificed under anesthesia. Then the lungs were excised for IVIS imaging because the bioluminescence signal of the metastasized Colon26-Luc cells in lungs could not be detected in situ. Meanwhile the spleens, lymph nodes and half of the tumors were collected for isolation of immune cells for further analyses. The lungs were also subjected to histological examination for metastasis level assessment after haematoxylin & eosin (H & E) staining \[[@B48-molecules-25-03730]\]. Another half of the tumors were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining against CD8 for tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as previously described \[[@B49-molecules-25-03730]\]. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Ref. No. 18/231/MIS). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
4.7. Flow Cytometry for Immune Cells Characterization and ELISA for Cytokines Determination {#sec4dot7-molecules-25-03730}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To isolate cells from spleens, lymph nodes and tumors, organs were homogenized by a plunger of a syringe and then passing through a 200-mesh sieve. Isolated cells were blocked twice in PBS with 5% FBS and stained with PE-anti-mouse CD 11b and FITC-anti-mouse Ly-6G (Gr-1) obtained from BD Pharmingen (San Jose, CA, USA) for myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC); or with FITC-anti-mouse CD11b, APC anti-mouse F4/80 obtained from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA) for macrophages; or with FITC-anti-mouse CD11b, APC-anti-mouse-CD25 and PE-anti-mouse Foxp3 obtained from eBioscience (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for regulatory T (Treg) cells or IgG isotype for 30 min at 4 °C in the dark. Then cells were washed twice with blocking buffer, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and analyzed by flow cytometer (FACSCanto II, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Data from 10,000 cells were collected and analyzed. Lymphocytes isolated from spleens were counted, seeded in 96-well plate at a density of 3 × 10^6^/well, activated with PHA (10 μg/mL) and cell supernatant was collected after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA) kits of mouse IL-2, 6, TNF-α and IFN-γ (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
4.8. Statistical Analysis {#sec4dot8-molecules-25-03730}
-------------------------
Data of in vitro experiments were presented as means ± standard deviation (S.D.) for at least three independent times. In vivo experiment results were expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). Quantitative results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett test or Tukey's *post-hoc* tests. In all comparison, statistical significance was considered when *p* \< 0.05. All statistical analysis was assessed by GraphPad Prism 8.0 software package (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
The authors would like to thank Tim Ho, Frankie Kwok, Ching-Po Lau, Ling Cheng of Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong for their technical support.
**Sample Availability:** Samples of the compound tricin, and the grains Hordei Fructus Germinatu, Oryzae Fructus Germinatus and Setariae Fructus Germinatus are available from the authors for reference.
The following are available online. Supplementary information --HCT116 cells MTT and transwell migration assay results; Supplementary information WB blots.
######
Click here for additional data file.
G.G.-L.Y. and C.B.-S.L. conceived and designed the experiments. S.G., J.K.-M.L., G.G.-L.Y., Y.-Y.C. and X.-X.L. conducted experiments. G.G.-L.Y., S.G. and J.K.-M.L. performed data analysis. E.C.-W.W. and T.Z. contributed in chemical analysis. C.B.-S.L. provided resources. G.G.-L.Y. wrote the manuscript that was revised by M.S.J.S., P.-C.S. and finalized by C.B.-S.L. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was financially supported by Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Xiao-Xiao Li is supported by the Impact Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.
{#molecules-25-03730-f001}
{ref-type="app"}. Histograms show the quantitative target proteins expression results normalized with the corresponding β-actin expressions and expressed as relative expression levels. Data were expressed as the mean + S.D. (n = 4). Differences among treatment groups were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test, \* *p* \< 0.05, \*\**p* \< 0.01 as compared with control group.](molecules-25-03730-g002){#molecules-25-03730-f002}
{#molecules-25-03730-f003}
{#molecules-25-03730-f004}
{#molecules-25-03730-f005}
{#molecules-25-03730-f006}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '35b6f218ed6e15345621813005f0296543c5689c7428c69ce0c531aefd9e06f8'} |
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/a/07-27-2020--08:29:12
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/emmm/07-27-2020--08:45:53
3670
00:00:48.901, 00:00:55.071
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00:01:12.522, 00:01:18.577
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00:01:36.573, 00:01:41.541
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00:01:59.107, 00:02:05.442
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00:02:23.065, 00:02:29.257
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00:02:46.916, 00:02:53.503
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/u/07-27-2020--08:59:22
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00:02:05.863, 00:02:12.075
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00:02:56.919, 00:03:03.092
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00:03:22.561, 00:03:29.668
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00:04:13.363, 00:04:19.905
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/um/07-27-2020--09:04:03
2369
00:00:48.997, 00:00:53.866
3786
00:01:11.398, 00:01:17.684
3801
00:01:35.199, 00:01:41.500
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00:01:59.175, 00:02:06.245
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00:02:25.188, 00:02:30.384
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3525
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00:03:35.902, 00:03:42.459
2677
00:04:00.139, 00:04:05.316
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/ummm/07-27-2020--09:11:21
2569
00:00:49.534, 00:00:54.603
4155
00:01:12.071, 00:01:18.726
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/sm/07-27-2020--09:29:24
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/smmm/07-27-2020--09:36:58
2528
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2726
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/e/07-27-2020--09:54:59
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4501
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2565
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/um/07-27-2020--10:26:11
3500
00:00:49.235, 00:00:55.235
4202
00:01:12.764, 00:01:19.466
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4384
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2482
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4029
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2741
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71148
profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/ummm/07-27-2020--10:33:49
3562
00:00:48.364, 00:00:54.426
4118
00:01:12.056, 00:01:18.674
4143
00:01:36.019, 00:01:42.662
4274
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/s/07-27-2020--10:47:10
2715
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5021
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4421
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3533
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/sm/07-27-2020--10:51:49
4441
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3995
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2544
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3447
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profile_test_data/14_Googleplex_appStart_directionResults/a/07-27-2020--11:14:09
2560
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Azerbaijani and Greek Alphabets
Add ⊕
1 Alphabets
1.1 Alphabets in
1.2 Alphabets
Tamil Alphabets
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Irish Alphabets
1.3 Phonology
1.3.1 How Many Vowels
Thai Alphabets
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Hebrew Alphabets
1.3.2 How Many Consonants
Hmong Alphabets
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Rank: 7 (Overall)
German Alphabets
1.4 Scripts
Arabic, Latin
1.5 Writing Direction
Right-To-Left, Horizontal
Left-To-Right, Horizontal
1.6 Hard to Learn
1.6.1 Language Levels
Armenian Alphab..
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Bengali Alphabets
1.6.2 Time Taken to Learn
Chinese Alphabe..
44 weeks
Rank: 11 (Overall)
44 weeks
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Cebuano Alphabets
Azerbaijani vs Greek Alphabets
Wondering about the number of letters in Azerbaijani and Greek alphabets? When you compare Azerbaijani vs Greek alphabets you will understand the number of alphabets in both the languages. Because lesser the number of alphabets, faster the language to learn, find all the Easiest Languages to Learn. Azerbaijani and Greek Alphabets are collection of symbols or letters used for writing. Azerbaijani alphabets contain 32 letters and Greek Alphabets contain 24 letters. The writing direction of Azerbaijani is Right-To-Left, Horizontal whereas the writing direction of Greek is Left-To-Right, Horizontal. Azerbaijani and Greek Alphabets are the basics of Azerbaijani and Greek languages. Check the detailed comparison of Azerbaijani and Greek.
Azerbaijani and Greek Scripts
Compare Azerbaijani and Greek alphabets and find out scripts used by Azerbaijani and Greek language. Azerbaijani and Greek scripts are the methodology and rules for writing. Scripts used by Azerbaijani and Greek languages are Latin and Arabic, Latin respectively. After learning alphabets in Azerbaijani and Greek you can also learn useful Azerbaijani greetings vs Greek greetings.
Azerbaijani Vowels vs Greek Vowels
If you are comparing Azerbaijani and Greek alphabets then you need to find out Azerbaijani vowels vs Greek vowels too. The number of vowels and consonants in Azerbaijani are 9 and 23 and number of vowels and consonants in Greek are 7 and 17. Language codes are unique and are two or three letter codes assigned to each language. Check out all the language codes of Azerbaijani and Greek language codes.
Is Azerbaijani Harder than Greek?
Is Azerbaijani harder than Greek? No language is hard or easy to learn as it depends on individual interest and efforts for learning that language. When you decide to learn any language, you need to find out time required to learn that language and levels in that language. As mentioned above, while comparing Azerbaijani and Greek Alphabets the number of alphabets in any language decides hardness in learning that language.
It's important to know Azerbaijani and Greek alphabets because for learning these languages, alphabets are the starting point. There are no levels in Azerbaijani language. And time taken to learn Azerbaijani language is 44 weeks. While the levels in Greek language are 6. And time taken to learn Greek language is 44 weeks.
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If you need just a little boost to your creative thinking, academic research on how to generate more ideas might do the trick. But when you're looking for truly radical innovations, your best bet is to look to a truly radical innovator.
Like who? How about Pablo Picasso? The Spanish painter is famous for his ground-breaking weirdness, deconstructing animals and people into recognizable but totally altered forms, with noses evocatively relocated and entire bodies boiled down to a few lines.
That sort of fine art experimentation may sound far removed from the concerns of a business owner trying to come up with a new product idea or better packaging, but as writer Shane Snow pointed out on the Contently blog recently, one of the world's most innovative companies, Apple, firmly believes that the outrageous artist has something to teach the average entrepreneur.
"It's the Spanish painter and inventor of Cubism to which new Apple employees today pay design homage," Snow notes, referencing the computer giant's internal training program. So what can the master painter teach you about creativity? Snow lays out several lessons, including:
1. Think inside the box
We've all been taught at some point that to boost creativity you need to think outside the box, but Picasso's work actually offers a different lesson. Giving yourself tight constraints--in essence a small box to work within--actually often pays huge dividends.
"Picasso pioneered new art forms by denying himself of luxuries, thus forcing more creative rethinking of fundamentals," Snow points out, quoting the artist on one such self-imposed experiment that limited him to working with a single color as an example. Could an analogous artificial but thought-spurring restriction get your creative juices flowing?
2. Edit brutally
It's natural to think of innovation as bringing more new stuff or ideas into the world, but as Snow points out, "innovation is often an exercise in reducing complexity." That's true whether you're a genius painter or the CEO of Apple computers--Steve Jobs, like Picasso, was a devotee of what Snow terms "ruthless reduction."
"There are numerous inside tales of things like product designers showing Jobs something that they'd reduced from 10 to four buttons, and Jobs telling them to get rid of more buttons," Snow relates. No buttons on your products? No problem. You can do this with whatever you're trying to improve. "Want to be a better writer? Cut your sentences in half. Want to be a more interesting conversationalist? Ask concise questions. Want to build a better business? Simplify something," he suggests.
3. Iterate, don't ruminate
Snow unearths this classic Picasso quote: "Action is the foundational key to all success." Have truer words ever been spoken? If you want to be more creative, don't sit around thinking about how to be more creative. Try stuff. And then try more stuff. Continuous iteration, experimentation, and hard work are the basic building blocks of breakthrough ideas. Armchair pondering? Not so much.
"Great creators like Picasso," Snow declares, "produce millions of variations of their ideas until they get it right."
Published on: Dec 8, 2014 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9570612907409668}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '66300', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PPINIDBWY6ZBH5DTEI7DGC6ABK7A7VAY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b319e556-5136-48d3-856b-fe0c5319fa70>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 22, 22, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.249.54', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AGJT3GXW2NLBQ5M3YGXCLUTDGDRBHAW3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1d7d94c0-a4ec-4462-9d86-b0da257f7b99>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/3-secrets-of-radical-creativity-from-pablo-picasso.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6c3ec936-0fea-4c1f-b928-696cee46bc8f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '512', 'url': 'https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/3-secrets-of-radical-creativity-from-pablo-picasso.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-35\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-207.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.18334025144577026', 'original_id': '52cf1c4a3146cd94236eeab9fbf1d2f4048d575856d41c68541d2b47759e4110'} |
Jealous” is an unreleased song by Kanye West featuring Justin Bieber and Post Malone. In May 2019, a snippet appeared on the forum LEAKTHIS.[1] The song was sold and later new snippets appeared.[2][3] A groupbuy for the song was started but was later cancelled, so it’s possible the song will not leak.
Audio Edit
Lyrics Edit
[Kanye West]
Let me fuck you from the back though
Let me fuck while I'm mad though
Agh, keep a stripper bitch like (?)
Bitches never stick it in the back though (perfect)
Call a nigga jealous but I always trust my gut
Call a (?)
(?) need this bitch
(?) need this bitch
This bitch laugh while the next nigga jump
[Justin Bieber]
Oh yeah oh yeah
What you talking about
In the front verse all—
(?) my phone ring
I just want that bag if you had it
[Post Malone]
(?) ain't no matter though
Plus I'm open, it's in the fucking payroll
I'm the one but I choose to pay the chess player
(?) on my neck
My fucking bank froze
Ain't no one that funny, ain't no (?) bankroll
Got the roof full
References Edit
1. "SNIPPET Kanye West - Jealous (Ft Post Malone, Justin Bieber)". LEAKTHIS. May 8, 2019.
2. "SNIPPET Kanye West ft Post Malone, Justin Bieber - Jealous (DrankGOD Exclusive Snippet)". LEAKTHIS. May 12, 2019.
3. "SNIPPET Post Malone-Jealous Ft Kanye West, Justin Beiber (Snippet)". LEAKTHIS. May 14, 2019. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8776336312294006}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '121873', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VG3EXYMTZ7AUZABKNVDO4SCRZLNIYBDF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:fd2d7d24-97ab-4569-94bc-9c8d0bff3114>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 18, 5, 7, 56), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.64.194', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZI4BD4XJCULXLMMDZRAFN4TKTV72KHZL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fd494b7f-c8ce-456f-8dfc-ee5cbbe7d023>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://justinbieber.fandom.com/wiki/Jealous', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:66951de8-78ee-49e0-890c-46ee88acb5d8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '232', 'url': 'https://justinbieber.fandom.com/wiki/Jealous', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-13-190-31.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02624303102493286', 'original_id': 'b39a1c1a013ea3eb58948eda9ae1a05eaaaca8d5c38e5fc8b5783727cbdb4526'} |
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Fish People
aka: Fishmen
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Fish People are a specific category of (usually) intelligent, underwater fantasy species. While they're humanoids (one head, two arms, two legs), they don't look human at all; their bodies, especially the faces, have a fish-like/reptilian appearance. This means that mermaids are not true Fish People, at least not the kind described here. Neither are more human-like sea dwellers such as Aquaman or Namor the Sub-Mariner. A Fish Person's Character Alignment and ability to survive on land vary depending on the character and the work.
While Fish People are most often a pre-existing race, sometimes they are former humans (or fish) who are the result of mutation. This origin seems especially prevalent in Western Animation.
Merfolk can have a similar style, but they usually fail the critical "has legs" check — although the key word here is usually, since Our Mermaids Are Different. Since many Fish People appear somewhat reptilian, Lizard Folk and Reptiles Are Abhorrent are also related tropes. Expect them to create breathtaking Underwater Cities. The more civilized variants may have Clothing Appendages formed from fins if they don't have actual clothes.
Fish People are a subspecies of Beast Man, Super-Trope to Shark Man, and cousins to Frog Men.
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Anime & Manga
• The mysterious, barely-glimpsed Water Folk from Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit.
• The Fishmen from One Piece. Their sister species are the Merfolk, traditional mermaids. The two species get along pretty well and can even interbreed, but the Fishmen tend to be more aggressive and angry towards humans while the Merfolk are light-hearted and naive. Also Fishmen are 10x stronger than humans from birth and both types can use water as a weapon.
• One of the many denizens found in the Magic World of Mahou Sensei Negima! is a dolphin man. A trucker dolphin man. With flippers for hands. How he is able to hold things like the postcard from Makie and Yuuna without fingers, we may never know.
• Mazinger Z: The Chip Kamoy ("divine fishes" in Ainu idiom). They showed up in the Gosaku Ota manga, and they were a race of gigantic, bipedal, humanoid maneating fishes from another dimension who raised herds of humans as if they were cattle. Their bodies were scaly and covered with fins. However, they had depleted their homeworld's natural resources and were running out of food, so they crossed over to our dimension to find more prey.
• Slayers pokes fun at this trope — the standard fishman in Lina's world is basically a giant fish with stick-thin limbs.
• Naruto:
• During the Land of the Sea filler arcs, Amachi's ambition is to create the perfect aquatic soldier, transforming humans into Fish People. Isarabi was a partially successful trial run, but could not fully switch back to human form. Amachi made himself into a perfect hybrid, but ultimately discovered that without any skills other than becoming scaly, he wasn't the ultimate warrior he'd hoped.
• Kisame and Fuguki (Samehada's previous owner) both look very much like a shark and a puffer fish, but they're apparently just weird looking humans except when fused with Samehada.
• Digimon has a few of these. The most notable one is Hangyomon/Divermon, who despite being one of these, needs a diving mask and scuba tank while underwater. Other examples include the amphibion-like Ranamon from Digimon Frontier, the squid-esque MarineDevimon, the aptly named Orcamon and Coelamon, and whatever the hell Surfimon is.
• Sky-Byte from Transformers: Robots in Disguise is this combined with a Transforming Mecha.
• The Big Bad of Blue Submarine No. 6, Dr. Zorndyke, floods the earth in an attempt to wipe out humanity and replace it with his own races of genetically engineered animals, the most numerous of which are the aquatic varieties. Not surprisingly, all of the females are Cute Monster Girls, especially the mermaids.
• People with fish for heads (yes, that's right, fish for heads) from another planet are shown in act 47, in the fifth arc of the Sailor Moon manga. They can be seen here at about 3:36.
• Zed O'Brien of Blood Blockade Battlefront is a fishman very much in the Abe Sapien mold, with legs and human limbs but a fishlike face. Having gills, he breathes through the use of a water-containing apparatus that he wears around his neck.
Comic Books
• Triton from the Marvel Universe.
• Some of Namor's enemies are Fish People, like Tiger Shark (or whale people in Orca's case) and most of the people from Atlantis almost count as Fish People. However, Namor is a mutant, and his appearance is too human to qualify for this trope.
• His second wife Marrina was even closer.
• Atlanteans in Invincible are a parody of this. Marvel and DC both have Apparently Human Merfolk, or very close to it. Invincible's Atlanteans live like the Atlanteans of Namor and Aquaman - the Theme Park Version of a feudal society, Schizo Tech, frequent problems with Kaiju, and a king who unaccountably spends a lot of time on land as a superhero - but they are definitely Fish People, not apparently human.
• Lagoon Boy from the DC Universe...
• Green Lantern NautKeLoi is from an aquatic extraterrestrial species that breaths through gills and have fins on their heads.
• In Swamp Thing, a new generation of vampires are hatched in a town submerged in stagnant water that have the form of fish people (though closer to fish). Charmingly, they eat each other until only one huge newborn remains.
• Superboy and the Ravers: Hero's extraterrestrial aquatic boyfriend Leander is green with gills and webbed fingers.
• The Waterlogged Warlock from Abadazad.
• Nessie from Boneyard.
• The Tangent Comics version of the Sea Devils. There's at least six or seven different species, from shark people to shrimp people, and some racial strife between them.
• Man Ray, a.k.a. Ray Fillet in the Archie Comics Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures.
• King Shark, former Superboy and then Aquaman villain, one-time member of the Secret Six, and in the New 52, a member of the Suicide Squad. But don't call him a fish person! He is a shark! A SHARK!
• Fishy Pete from The Goon.
• A more literal example is Fish Police. The characters have fish-like faces, and mermaid-like bodies (humanlike upper half, fish tail for lower half) despite being fish through-and-through.
• Kiro, from Marvel's Star Wars comics.
• In DC Comics' Looney Tunes title, Lola Bunny has a Burger Fool job with Machu Pizza, where she specializes in delivering food to Aliens and Monsters. One story has her delivering pizza to an Underwater City populated by Fish People.
• A Deep One appears in Alan Moore's Neonomicon mini-series, based on Lovecraft's lore (and, as is common with this trope, a woman is raped by it).
• Emperor Joker: The Joker uses his godlike Reality Warper powers to turn Aquaman into an actual fish man supervillain who ironically enough hates the ocean and tries to keep everyone out of it.
• Billy the Kid's Old Timey Oddities puts a twist on vampires by having them change into these. The Loch Ness Monster is actually alternate form of the most powerful vampire, Dracula.
Film — Animation
Film — Live-Action
• The Ur-Example for visual media is probably the 1929 film version of Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island, with some really Ugly Cute undersea beings.
• The Creature from the Black Lagoon (a.k.a. the Gill-Man), pictured above, is probably the most famous (and imitated) Fish Person, and certainly the Trope Codifier for movies. He starred in three films — the self-titled first movie and its sequels Revenge of the Creature and The Creature Walks Among Us. He's become one of the Universal Horror monsters, allowing him to co-star in Spin-Offs and merchandise with Dracula, Frankenstein's Monster and The Mummy, among others.
• Star Wars:
• Kit Fisto from the prequels, though he's a bit of a squidman. Also in his earlier appearance in Men in Black.
• Gungans, including the notorious Jar Jar Binks. Though they're more amphibian people.
• In the original trilogy, Mon Calamari like Admiral Ackbar ("It's a TRAP!") and this dancer. It seems odd, but they can squeeze those hands and feet into human-shaped boots and gloves as needed. From the same planet we get the Quarren, who are even more squidlike than Kit.
• The Star Wars Expanded Universe has a number of aquatic sentients, most of whom are fishy in nature. One of them, the Rakatan species (who even bear a passing resemblance to Mon Calamari), were the very first galactic superpower in the Star Wars universe, reigning even over the primitive humans of Coruscant 30,000 years before the events of the original 1977 film as part of their "Infinite Empire."
• Godzilla vs. Hedorah has a VERY odd and out of place scene where a man pictures humans with fish heads. It makes no sense at all, and is never mentioned again.
• The character was in a bar and appeared to have been drinking to excess. He was hallucinating, but then again, this was The '70s.
• In Pirates of the Caribbean, Davy Jones and his damned crew steadily mutate into fishy (or at least, sea-based) creatures over the decades of service on the Flying Dutchman. E.g. Davy Jones' beard has turned into tentacles like those of an octopus.
• Although we never see the title monster in Cthulhu, the protagonist does encounter these creatures in a pitch-dark tunnel beneath Rivermouth.
"There were things, and they were everywhere! They were on the ground, they were on the ceiling, they were everywhere!"
• Dagon (2001), an adaptation of H. P. Lovecraft's The Shadow Over Innsmouth.
• As mentioned above, Abe Sapien from Hellboy.
• The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu has Starspawn and his pets as fish people; they're weakened from being away from the ocean. Also there was a curious "Half-Breed" show, probably offspring of one of the many rapings we hear about in the movie.
• Roger Corman gave us Monster, aka Humanoids from The Deep, about a bunch of fish people who want to come ashore and, well, knock up the local gals. Oddly enough, this is something of a running theme in fish people-related horror stories.
• The Mad Scientist in The Blood Waters of Dr. Z turn himself into this, he then kills his enemies and tries to find a woman to reproduce with.
• The monsters from They Bite are also Fish People who interrupt the shooting of a feminist porno movie while raping the actresses.
• One of the demons in horror B-Movie Demons At The Door is very similar to a Fishman, he also tries to rape a girl in the shower, as most Fishmen do in movies.
• The Shape of Water: The Asset, an amphibious creature discovered in the rivers of South America, which can become luminescent when touched and can heal itself and others, up to and including changing the scars on a woman's neck into gills. The film itself was adapted from a rejected pitch for a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon in which the Creature and the girl lived happily ever after together in the end.
• Sandy Collara's short film Shallow Water features a turtle-man called the tiburonera ("he who hunts sharks"). While the tiburonera combines humanoid with reptilian (rather than fishlike) properties, it clearly pays homage to the Creature from the Black Lagoon. In a Twist Ending they are revealed not to be Always Chaotic Evil; the one pursuing the protagonist was, but the rest of the tribe seem to be okay.
• Aquaman features the denizens of the Fisherman Kingdom, who are close in appearance to mermaids, but their faces are still distinctly inhuman and their bodies are scaled. The same movie features the Kingdom of the Brine, composed of crustacean people, and the Trench, which contains swarms of monstrosities that vaguely resemble a fusion of a human with a deep-sea anglerfish, but whose demeanor is not even remotely human.
• Island Of The Fishmen, a 1979 Italian movie, is naturally full of these things. As in Aquaman above, they're supposed to be descendents of the Atlanteans who adapted to life in the water.
• The monsters in The Horror of Party Beach resemble this trope, though we're told they're actually giant protozoa wrapped around the bones of drowned sailors. It doesn't make a lot of sense.
• Cold Skin is about a colony of these who get into a feud with a lighthouse keeper.
• The Fighting Fantasy gamebook world of Titan features the Fish Men, a race created by an Evilutionary Biologist sorcerer who blended a number of unwilling humans with fish. They tend to be solitary, cruel, and hostile to humans, attacking them with tridents when the humans intrude on their territory or simply to steal the humans' riches.
• Ur-Example: The titular character/monster in Robert W. Chambers' 1899 story "The Harbor-Master" is one of these; it's thought to have been the basis for...
• H. P. Lovecraft's Deep Ones from The Shadow Over Innsmouth, who are the Trope Codifier for literature.
• An earlier Lovecraft story, Dagon, featured a similiar creature of truly monstrous size.
• Another story by Lovecraft, The Doom That Came to Sarnath, also features the city of Ib, whose inhabitants straddle the line between this trope as Frog Men. Their human neighbours conquer their city and bring the idol of the Ib god, Bokrug, into their own city, Sarnath, as a trophy. This proves to be a terrible mistake, as the title suggests.
• Unsurprisingly, as the series is inspired by Lovecraftian lore, Whyborne And Griffin has the ketoi, a warrior species of fish people. Like Innsmouth, many of them are hybrids who appear human, but can return to the see and live as a fish person if they so choose.
• Unlike Innsmouth, they are more similar to humans on a cosmic scale and in terms of character. They have different personalities and morality from fish person-to-fish person, and ketoi have their own set of culture, religion, and even a government lead by matriarchal elders and a chieftess. They are shown as a different group of people who happen to be part fish, rather than monsters who simply want to take over the world (any more than a given human character, anyway).
• Animorphs has a rather odd book (#35, The Mutation) where the protagonists discover an underwater race of these called the Nartec. They're not aliens, but humans who have been severely mutated over generations. They're amphibians, but they've degenerated so much that few can actually live on land for long. And they kill normal humans to get new DNA and keep their species going.
• Barlowe's Guide To Extraterrestrials depicts a Guild Steersman from Dune as resembling this trope.
• The Boojumverse has a human subspecies called "gillies", disliked by ordinary humans but valued because they are capable of surviving extreme conditions. They're the Boojumverse equivalent of the Deep Ones from the Cthulhu Mythos, complete with occasional reference to their "cold fishy gods".
• From C. S. Lewis:
• In The Silver Chair (the fourth installment published in The Chronicles of Narnia, and the sixth in terms of In-Universe chronology), Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle straddles the line between this trope and Frog Men.
• In Perelandra (the second installment in The Space Trilogy), the open oceans of Venus are inhabited with a species of bioluminescent Humanoid Aliens with gills and fins. They're not sapient, but Ransom theorises that these literal sea monkeys are the evolutionary ancestors of the King and Queen of Perelandra.
• A race of marsh dwellers referred to as "Grik-toads" combining lizard and froglike features are encountered on an isolated island in the Destroyermen series.
• The Diogenes Club story "The Case of the French Spy" revolves around a seaside town with a local legend about a strange gilled man who came ashore during the Napoleonic Wars and was taken prisoner on the assumption that he was a French spy. It's never established where the fish man came from, although there are a couple of hints that he might be related to Lovecraft's Deep Ones.
• Michael Reaves and Steve Perry's novel Dome is set at a futuristic undersea research lab. One of its residents volunteers to be genetically modified into a fish person in order to better survive the underwater environment.
• Peggy Sturgeon in Nyctophobia. She has greenish-blue scaly skin, fins, gills, webbed hands and feet, huge green eyes, and Scary Teeth like a shark, but is articulate and a Nice Girl if not somewhat spacey. Appearing in the first book The Makings of a Monster, the Beta team found her being poked and prodded as a lab specimen called Subject Amphitrite, but she named herself Peggy after Selwyn freed her, while Tommy came up with Sturgeon, "seein' as [she's] a big fish." Peggy goes to live in the Winchester office, to be groomed as an agent it seems, and starts courting Seth the teenaged Frankenstein's Monster.
• The Fomor in The Dresden Files. A coalition of supernatural races that was driven into the sea by their rivals several thousand years ago, and so were forced to biologically engineer themselves to survive in their new environment.
• David J. Schow's short story "Gills" features Manphibian, a Captain Ersatz of the Creature from the Black Lagoon who has entered Show Business.
• The Laundry Files combines The Cthulhu Mythos with The Cold War, and in keeping with the Mythos, has its own version of the Deep Ones (codename ʙʟᴜᴇ ʜᴀᴅᴇs). Just like the original, they can interbreed with humans. Also, their civilization predates humanity by several million years and has technology to match. We take great care not to piss them off.
• In the German booklet series Maddrax there are the hydrites. They look like upright fishes, but seem to be amphibians, as they can survive on land. The hydrites live in large cities on the seabed, and are a peaceful and highly developed civilization. Pacifism is so important to them that most of their weapons are designed to stun their opponents instead of killing them. Most of them despise the humans and call them barbarians, but some of them are also friends with humans. Hydrites also have sharp teeth, which is why, despite their generally good-natured nature, they have a terrifying effect. In their past, however, they were a very brutal and belligerent species. But the reason was that they had eaten meat. When hydrites eat meat, they become vicious and aggressive, and chase their prey because it puts them in a pleasant intoxication.
• Some hydrites fall in love with humans, and have common descendants with them. These are called mendrites. They look almost like humans, but they have clear fish characteristics.
• The Evilutionary Biologists in Jack Chalker's The Moreau Factor developed at least three species of aquatic Half Human Hybrids: a race of fish people was one of them.
• Revelation Space Series have engineered sentient species created on Europa by mixing human and fish genes called Denizens.
• Emily Rodda's Rowan of Rin books have a race of fish-people called the Maris.
• The Scar by China Miéville has several aquatic races, most notably the Grindylow. Also the simply-named Menfish.
• The Slayers novels feature this too (obviously, since the anime was based of them). There are apparently several varieties of fish people of varying degrees of icthyism, but Nunsa, the one who appears in the first novel, takes the cake; talking and walking around on land are his only concessions to the "people" part of the trope. When Zolf tells him to kiss Lina to gross her out, he comments that he's considered the most desirable mate in his school (the best catch, you might say), then sits down and waits patiently. When quizzed, he claims he's waiting for the eggs, since he's not sure what kissing is, but is vaguely aware it's related to mating.
• A microscopic version of this trope appears in "Surface Tension", a short story by James Blish. A colony ship crashes on a planet virtually devoid of land, so they create (via genetic engineering) tiny aquatic humans to carry on their legacy after they've died.
Live-Action TV
• Beetleborgs: A Monster of the Week in the episode Something Fishy is one of these. Initially believed to be the local legend "Charterville Charlie", a creature described as half-man, half-tuna, it turns out to be Swamp Scumoid, the latest monster from the Beetleborgs comics. (Unlike most monsters in the series, Swamp Scumoid didn't come from the source footage of Juukou B-Fighter; its suit was later used for the gigantic title character of the movie Kraa The Sea Monster.)
• In Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Go Fish" the Sunnydale High swim team mutates into fish dudes due to their coach giving them illegal, Soviet fish-based steroids. Unusually for monsters in a Buffy episode, they all lived Happily Ever After in the ocean — although they did lose their human personalities, so the swim team essentially died.
• Doctor Who:
• The Fish People in "The Underwater Menace" are mutated humans: after the city of Atlantis sank below the sea, some of the citizens were modified to be able to survive underwater without protective clothing, so they could go out and gather food for the city.
• "The Sea Devils" and "Warriors of the Deep" feature a race of sea-dwelling reptile people who evolved millions of years ago and then went into hibernation before being woken by the encroachment of the upstart mammal humans.
• "The Doctor's Daughter": The Hath are aliens with fish-like heads and a generally humanoid body plan (just how humanoid isn't visible, since they're wearing protective suits so they can survive out of water).
• "The Vampires of Venice": The "vampires" are actually Saturnynians, fish-like aliens with insectoid exoskeletons.
• "The Caretaker": One of the unseen adventures the Doctor and Clara go on in the opening montage involves fish people.
• The Expanded Universe has the Krill and the Selachians, as well as one-time Doctor Who Magazine companion Destrii.
• The wormhole-researching Pathfinders in the Farscape two-part episode "Self-Inflicted Wounds", and Oo-Nii in another two-parter, "What Was Lost".
• Old Gregg from The Mighty Boosh. Legendary fish. Some say he's half man, half fish. Others say it's more of a 70/30 split. Whatever the percentage, he's one fishy bastard. In keeping with the fishy theme, Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy features a character named Daddy Push who has a winkle-shell for a head.
• Uncle Gillman in The Munsters is a Creature from the Black Lagoon Expy up to even having a chest as luggage.
• TV series No Heroics had a character who was half fish. Specifically, he had the smell, the taste and was white meat...
• The One Step Beyond episode "Ordeal on Locust Street" is about Jason Parish, a young man in turn of the 20th century Boston whose family hides him from the world because he has a deformity that gives him the appearance of a fish person. Or so we're told, because all we see of Jason is one scaly hand before a hypnotist somehow psychically heals him, giving him a normal appearance.
• The Outer Limits (1995):
• In "Trial by Fire", the aliens are an aquatic species whose ships have a liquid environment.
• In "Rule of Law", the Medusans are crustacean-like humanoids who lay eggs.
• The kleptomaniac (or at least both the individuals we've seen) Blowfish race in Torchwood.
• Ragon, one of the most famous monsters in Ultra Q, is a fishy humanoid that looks sorta like a Japanese take on the Creature from the Black Lagoon.
• In the Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episode "The Mermaid", Captain Crane captures a mermaid. Unfortunately, her companion turns out to be a Creature from the Black Lagoon-type monster who wreaks havoc aboard the Seaview.
• The "Forevers" from Planet Y in the Ayreon saga.
• Kate Bush's label is called Fish People. Its mascot is a person whose head is a fish.
• UK Hard trance label Tinrib stands out as having a nautical theme, complete with one of these as their mascot.
• "It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Fishmen", a musical abridgement of The Shadow Over Innsmouth
• Barnes & Barnes' "The Fish People Of Berodenon"
• The lyrics of Dethklok's "Go Into The Water" say that humans will someday make a mass exodus to the ocean and live underwater, where we will devolve into fish people and then build an army with which to conquer the surface and flood it.
Myths & Religion
• One legend pertaining to the legendary Merovingian Dynasty claims that they were descendants of Fish People. The writers of the The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, and The Da Vinci Code decided to interpret this as that they were in fact the descendants of Jesus Christ, since early Christians used a stylized fish as their symbol, not to mention that the Greek word for fish, icthys, formed a nice acronym of Jesus's name and titles. There isn't an ounce more evidence to prove this theory than there is to prove actual Fish People's involvement, though. It is based on a rather desperate interpretation. "Merovingian" means people of the sea, and so originally most likely referred to a people who lived on the coast, or settlers who came from overseas. The Merovingians were perfectly historical, and they're called that after an ancestor named Merovech. If Wikipedia may be believed, his name has, despite the similarity to "mere", German Meer, etc, nothing to do with the sea, but means "famed fight".
• Similarly, some accusations against the Plantagenet dynasty include having a melusine (something like a freshwater mermaid) as an ancestor.
• There is a report of the 16th century King of Poland being shown a fish-like creature resembling a Bishop, that gestured to be asked for release to a group of Catholic bishops. Upon its release, it made the sign of the cross and disappeared back 8 into the sea.
• In True History, Lucian describes his crew being swallowed by a several mile long whale or fish. Inside he finds a father and son living on an island beset by multiple tribes of fish people. There were the tuna-heads, the flounder-foots, the crawfish tribe, the crab hands, half-catfish merfolk, among others, and said to carry fish bones as swords and spears. They were demanding a tribute of 500 oysters a year from the father and son, so Lucian and his crew liberated the them by going to war with the fish people and defeating them.
• Philippine mythology has the syokoy, generally depicted with the typical scales and fins. Sometimes they are said to be able to transform into human shape, but more often they're considered to be a separate race of humanoid merfolk. An example appears in the graphic novel The Mythology Class, by artist Arnold Arre.
• The umibozu, a giant marine youkai resembling a hairless black-skinned humanoid with no mouth or nose that rises from the sea to wreck ships and terrify sailors.
• The umibozu probably served as a folkloric antecedent for the ningen, a sort of gigantic (and absolutely terrifying) sea creature with vaguely human characteristics reported by Japanese whalers. It's probably an urban myth. Hopefully.
• Ginny (or Jenny or Jeannie) Greenteeth, who according to British cautionary tales drowns kids who play too close to the water's edge, is usually described as a green-skinned monster.
• According to Japanese Mythology, earthquakes are caused by a giant catfish called the namazu. Following the Great Ansei Earthquake that struck Edo (Tokyo) in 1855, a new type of watercolor blockprint, called namazu-e (catfish pictures) became popular. Examples featuring anthropomorphized catfish can be seen here.
• Similar to mermaids, myths about bishopfish and monkfish have appeared, including reports by royalty, and it was claimed these fishes spoke. Whether or not they were exaggerated accounts of manatees, deformed fish, or an unknown species of fish is unknown, though it's likely they were pure fiction as well.
• The mermaids of Barracora are an unorthodox scaleless hybrid of humans and barracudas.
• In The Fallen Gods, the party finds a merman at the bottom of the ocean. It's covered in scales and fins, has large sharp teeth, and a natural 20 dick.
Pro Wrestling
Tabletop Games
• Dungeons & Dragons:
• The locathah, consciously designed after the Creature from the Black Lagoon.
• The sahuagin are another example that in many settings were brought into being by Sekolah, the god of sharks.
• In 3E, every 1 in 100 sahuagin would be born looking like their hated enemies, the sea elves, raising some deeply troubling questions about the origins of the two races. Most of these mutants, called malenti, were eaten by their own parents. Some of them are raised to be deep cover infiltrators for sahuagin, though.
• The Savage Species supplement introduced the anthropomorphic animal template, which can be applied to any creature with the Animal type, including mundane fish.
• And then there are the kuo-toa, which are subterranean fishmen. Mostly inspired by the Deep Ones from Cthulhu Mythos.
• In Pathfinder, there are several varieties of fish people, such as D&D's sahuagin, and locathah and others such as the anglerfish-inspired ceratioidi, who can mesmerize other creatures with their glowing lures, and the shark-like adaros. Many of these races are products of the Aboleth's influence on ancient human history. Most obvious are the degenerate survivors of an ancient and abandoned slave race, who are technically named Ulat Kini but known by everyone, including themselves, as Scum.
• Bestiary 5 brought in Lovecraft's Deep Ones, along with the enormous and godlike Elder Deep Ones and, as a playable race, Deep One Hybrids.
• There's also a type of agathion (a category of Neutral Good celestials associated with animals and nature) called a Bishop, clearly modelled on the bishopfish listed above under the Myths & Religion heading.
• Games Workshop games:
• The very first edition of Warhammer Fantasy Battle has a race actually called the Fishmen. The 8th Edition book reintroduced some references to them, causing no small amount of Epileptic Trees.
• The Lighter and Softer Warhammer fantasy football Gaiden Game Blood Bowl has multiple references to Fishmen in its background material even during the periods when its parent game considered them a running gag. The 5th Edition Sourcebook Death Zone: Season Two!, for instance, mentions the Southstorm Squids, a former Sea Elf team who suffered a hostile takeover at the fins of a group of Fishmen.
• The Homebrew New World of Darkness game Leviathan: The Tempest allows the player to play demigod fishmen descendants of beings such as Dagon. It originally began as a joke that White Wolf should complete the Universal Monsters stable by making a "Creature of the Black Lagoon" Splat, but then it took a turn towards Ancient Mediterranean mythology and The Shadow Over Innsmouth...
• The Triton parahumans in GURPS: Bio-Tech have their gills on their chests in order to function properly. The extensive modifications needed to let them survive underwater required making them inhuman inside and out.
• The Merfolk of Magic: The Gathering are more fishlike than most, featuring scales all over their bodies, and some have legs instead of fish tails. There are also Homarids, who are lobster-people, and Cephalids, octopus-people.
• 50 Fathoms has fish people, crab people, squid people, dolphin people, seal people and (villainous) octopus people.
• The Sea Folk, a playable race in Blue Rose, are technically more like Dolphin People — they can't actually breathe underwater (but can hold their breath for an hour or more), aren't scaly, and are portrayed as graceful and elegant rather than repulsive. They can also live on land and interbreed with normal humans, although they need to immerse themselves in water daily and usually stick near the coasts.
• Rocket Age's Titan is inhabited by two intelligent species, a race of literal Starfish Aliens and the H'ykar. Described as a cross between a man, a frog and a fish, the H'ykar live in semi-submerged communities and have only just began to practice agriculture.
• Numenera:
• The Joirans are a species of tall humanoids with grey skin, large red crests on their heads, a pair of fins down their sides and the ability to breathe both air and water, although they're best suited for living very deep in the ocean, where the island-sized crustacean their city-state is build on spends most of its time.
• The inhabitants of the Underwater City of Ahmas are descended from humans melded with various sea creatures by ancient captors, and are very prone to mutation besides. As a result, they resemble a very varied and monstrous take on this trope, with each having a humanoid frame with scales, fins, gills, tails, heads, tentacles, legs or pincers from sharks, bony fish, arthropods, cephalopods and other sea life, no two looking truly alike.
• The heeldra are a race of man-eating, aquatic abhumans — the descendants of humans who were heavily modified by forces unknown — with scaly skin, fishlike heads, finlike feet and tubes along their spines that secrete copious amounts of mucus, which they use to communicate with each other.
• Crimestrikers is set on Creaturia, a World of Funny Animals where one of the species is the Hydrerans, a race of (usually) ocean-dwelling amphibious humanoids. Fantastic Racism exists between Hydrera and the land-dwellers—not among most people, but enough to cause trouble for the titular team. One of the heroes, Donacina, is a Hydreran who acts as a role model for Interspecies Friendship; the villains include Emperor Rasavanto (a Hydreran tyrant who wants to conquer the surface world) and PARCH (a violent, racist gang of anti-Hydreran terrorists).
• The Barraki and Karzahni in BIONICLE are of the mutated former land dwellers kind, save for Ehlek the Eel Barraki, who was aquatic to begin with.
• Lagoona Blue from Monster High, who has a pretty strong case of the Innsmouth Look going on- blue skin, protruding eyes, full lips, a nose so flat as to be virtually nonexistent, fins on her arms and legs and serving as her ears, and webbed fingers. There's also her boyfriend, Gillington "Gil" Webber.
Video Games
• Terraria:
• The player turns into one if you equip the Neptune's Shell and enter water, allowing you to move through it as if it were air.
• Creatures from the Deep, which spawn during Solar Eclipses. They can move around fine on land, but they're faster in water.
• Icy Mermen are found in the ice biome underground in hardmode.
• The Zora from The Legend of Zelda games. Though they're much better looking and friendlier than most fish people in the post-Ocarina of Time console games, being elegant, finned blue or red humanoids with head-crests resembling trailing fish tails, the 2D games generally portray them as ugly, Black Lagoon-type monster enemies, while the Ku, their Dark World counterparts in A Link to the Past, are a cyclopean variant. Oracle of Ages explains this by stating that the two species are different kinds of Zora: the sleek and friendly ones are Sea Zoras, while the ugly enemies are River Zoras. Queen Oren of A Link Between Worlds is a sort of hybrid between the two designs, sporting the color scheme and secondary features of the River Zoras but being friendlier and more humanoid like the Sea Zoras. She herself is likely a well-disposed River Zora, as that is the kind she rules over and resembles most. The Zora design in Breath of the Wild is also somewhat of a hybrid, having more Shark Man attributes added to the humanoid variant yet portraying them as friendlier with Hylians (despite some Fantastic Racism on the part of their elders).
• Darkstalkers: Rikuo Aulbath and the other mermen (the few that are left) resemble this more than traditional merfolk. Rikou is named after Ricou Browning, the stuntman who played the Creature from the Black Lagoon in underwater sequences, as a Shout-Out.
• Schwarzerblitz introduces the Fishface Crime Syndicate: a mob exclusively composed by various mutant fish people (including lobsters and shark men) which is lead by the squid man Go Ottari and manages the smuggling of goods and drugs between Ireland and the U.K. All the fish mutants have been produced by a Mega-Corp for a TV show, and suddenly released when said show flopped.
• Warcraft:
• The murlocs, primitives who resemble piranhas with arms and legs in place of fins and tail, are a staple low-level enemy. They're found almost everywhere that has coastline and are generally considered pests by the smarter races due to their typically aggressive nature and high rate of reproduction.
• The continent of Pandaria has the jinyu, whose murloc ancestors became magically uplifted Transhumans. The jinyu are larger, more humanoid, and much more intelligent than the murloc, being able to speak the common tongue and integrate themselves into society.
• The Elder Scrolls:
• In addition to their many Lizard Folk traits, Argonians also possess some fish-like traits including gills which allow them to breath underwater and various forms of fin as part of their Alien Hair.
• The Dreugh are an aquatic race of humanoid octopi with leathery hides and pincers on their primary "arms". For one year of their lives, Dreugh undergo a process known as "karvinasim," in which they emerge onto land to breed. During this period they are known as "Land Dreughs". Unlike their aquatic counterparts, the Land Dreughs show no signs of their usual intelligence and kill indiscriminately. In an early era of creation before linear time existed, the Dreugh were said to have ruled the world while serving Molag Bal, the Daedric Prince of Domination and Rape. However, that world (known as "Lyg") was destroyed and the remnants were one of the 12 worlds assembled to create Nirn during the Dawn Era as described in many Tamriellic creation myths. Conflicts with hunters (particularly the Dunmer) over thousands of years are believed to have contributed to the destruction of Dreugh civilization as well as their devolved intelligence.
• Lurkers are a fish-like form of lesser Daedra in service to Hermaeus Mora, the Daedric Prince of Knowledge. Lurkers stand much taller than even the tallest of the playable races, possess several forms of Combat Tentacles, powerful physical attacks including a Shockwave Stomp, and Acid Spit. Additionally, their faces appear to be modeled after angler fish.
• City of Heroes The Arachnos Archvillain Captain Mako is "a mutant who evolved into something that can only be described as a shark-human hybrid."
• The Gillmen from X-COM: Terror from the Deep, which were inspired by the Creature from the Black Lagoon. These guys make Goombas look like Brock Lesnar in comparison. More dangerous are Lobstermen: Their thick armor makes them impervious to gunfire, forcing you to get in melee range so they can claw you to death.
• Referred to in MySims Kingdom, when you go to Cowboy Junction. Lyndsay replies that it's probably inhabited by a race of fish-men. He doesn't grasp the subtle art of sarcasm...
• Suikoden:
• Fireball-spewing Fishmen are one of the staple enemies of the Castlevania series.
• Trident of Eternal Champions is a Fishman — from Atlantis, of course.
• Trilarian, the aquatic race from Master of Orion 2. It isn't clear when they debut, but they're confirmed to be fish in Master Of Orion 3.
• Fallout:
• In Fallout 3 the mirelurks are crabs that have become huge and bipedal due to radiation, but the mirelurk kings are former snapping turtles that look exactly like the Creature from the Black Lagoon. In Fallout 4, their model is tweaked to be more reminiscent of mutated fish, including fins along their backs and arms and gills on their necks.
• Lakelurks from Fallout: New Vegas are reskins of the aforementioned mirelurk kings, and possess the same stereotypically finned, ichthyoid appearance. They also retain the mirelurk kings' powerful attacks and tendency to cluster in areas near water.
• The Fallout 4 DLC Far Harbor has the Anglers, mutated angler fish that hide in bodies of water to bait prey with their glowing lures, which resemble the glowing stems of local mutated plants. Their most notable mutation, besides their size, is their gain of humanoid arms and legs, although they walk with a more apelike than strictly humanoid stance. Being mutant animals, they're not too bright when compared to others on this page.
• Blue Minions in the Overlord series get very close to this at least.
• In Sonic Adventure 2, a tiny version of these appears as one of the animals you can give to your Chao.
• Perfect World has the Tideborn and (more correctly) the Lochmur.
• The heroine of Aquaria is a fish person.
• The males of one underwater world in Endless Frontier are fishmen. The females are mermaids. Incredibly stacked mermaids. Turns out, much to Haken's humiliation, the females like scales on their men.
• The Vendeeni from Star Ocean: Till the End of Time.
• Dominions 3:
• There are several species that fit into this, including the Icthyids, Merfolk, Tritons, Amber Clan Tritons, Kappa, and others. The Icthyids and Amber Clan Tritons are the most notable, the first because they live on shorelines and under the sea, making useful troops for water entry; and the second because they are terrifying beings armored in Amber that can and will massacre armies bigger than them.
• Dominions 3 also has the nations Atlantis, Oceania, and R'leyh, all of which have fish people, though Atlantis and especially R'leyh have plenty of full blown sea monsters as well.
• The Silth Mouse from Mousehunt, except the man part is replaced with a mouse. It's also very hard to catch.
• Dungeons & Dragons Online's Noob Cave is crawling (or would that be swimming?) with sahuagin.
• Rift features Deep Ones as common Water Plane-aligned foes. They look part gill-man, part crustacean.
• EarthBound's Deep Darkness has Manly Fish. And occasionally, his big brother.
• Starbound has the Hylotl, a species of East Asian-like pacifists. They, however, have an enormous ego and aren't quite fond of other species, especialy with the Glitch and the Floran.
• The Merian race from Lusternia. They are decidedly non-human in appearance, being scaled, hairless, blue and finned, but are a highly attractive, intelligent and noble race with a proud history of scientific accomplishment. Interbreeding with humans has resulted in a few crossbreeds, some even having hair - but however diluted the Merian genealogy, all "real" Merians can breathe underwater.
• The X-Universe's Boron are squid people.
• The Dagonian race of Skullgirls qualifies, though the females of the race (or the one we've seen so far, at least) fall under Cute Monster Girl. They even have their own city in The Canopy Kingdom known as "Little Innsmouth".
• Athena has these as enemies in the Under the Sea level.
• Soul Reaver has the rahabim, a specialized breed of vampire that not only overcame the usual vampiric weakness to water, but adapted fully to it. While their progenitor, Rahab, is more of a merman with a humanoid vampire upper torso and a shark-like tail instead of legs, his progeny are classic gill men with flipper-like feet, froggy faces and a pair of dorsal fins.
• The Hierophant in House of the Dead 2.
• Resident Evil: Revelations takes place on an abandoned cruise ship and has you fight half-fish zombies.
• The Last Remnant has the Yama race, which is the largest of the four races in the game.
• The Gill Beasts from Blood, bipedal pisceoid creatures with a resemblance to the Deep Ones.
• The Inklings from Splatoon are anthropomorphic squids who can switch between human and squid forms at will. Various other aquatic species are represented by NPCs, such as Spyke the sea urchin and Sheldon the horseshoe crab. Splatoon 2 adds literal fish people in the form of the Salmonids, aggressive mutant salmon who are the main antagonists of the "Salmon Run" mode.
• In Amea, Mish is implied to be one of these. He has blue skin, Valde calls him "fish-lips", and a fish tank can be found in a room in the house right above the Infested Dungeon.
• Carrie's Order Up! is a strange case; it's a World of Funny Animals where all the characters are various forms of marine life, despite taking place on dry land.
• Undyne from Undertale.
• Fish from Nuclear Throne, as a result of mutation.
• Alani from Battleborn who's a Green-Skinned Space Babe Warrior Monk that uses Water manipulating Nanotechnology to attack enemies and heal allies.
• Dwarf Fortress: Cave fish men, small, amphibious tribal humanoids with the heads of blind cave fish found in watery areas Beneath the Earth. They’re not very dangerous by themselves, but the poisons they smear on their blow darts and spearheads can be quite nasty, and their ability to swim up your water reservoirs gives them an edge the other underground animal races lack.
• The Draug in The Secret World are former Vikings who, while fighting in their North American Vinland outposts, got mutated by the Filth, which turned them into creatures based on the draugr of Norse Mythology. They have been prowling the seas ever since, responsible for many stories of abandoned ghost ships whose crews disappeared without a trace. The story involves them attacking an island off the coast of Maine, zombifying most of the locals in order to turn them into more Draug.
• Dota 2 has four heroes that are examples of this trope.
• Silithice the Naga Siren is a Slithereen (sort of an eel-mermaid with an anglerfish-like lure) with a Siren Song and illusion-making abilities, who was exiled by her honourbound people for losing a single piece of treasure in their undersea vaults.
• Slardar is of the same species as Naga Siren, but much uglier. He is also a guardian of undersea treasure, using his lure light to search for intruders, sees faults in their armor, and draw them to their doom.
• Slark is a small, vaguely shark-like fellow who spent most of his life in cutthroat Dark Reef Prison and is now its only escapee. His gameplay reflects his escape artist nature, being able to slip out of many a sticky situation if not dealt with appropriately.
• Tidehunter is a hulking anthropomorphic Sea Monster who worships an Eldritch Abomination called Maelrawn the Tentacular. His most notable traits are his burning hatred for Admiral Kunkka as well as his ability to summon Maelrawn when needed.
• One enemy in Round 2 of Monster Party is a fish with human legs.
• The inhabitants of the Fishing Village in the Downloadable Content of Bloodborne. Persecuted and experimented on by Byrgenwerth College, they made a deal with mother Kos, a godlike seafaring creature, to save themselves. The men of the village have become transformed into hulking, barnacle-encrusted fish monsters, while the women have become human-sized snail creatures who endlessly breed and cultivate the parasites which spread Kos's "blessing." Kos's "orphan," the creature birthed from her washed-up corpse, mostly resembles an emaciated full-grown human man with bits of embryo and placenta still stuck to it, but it does have fishlike qualities such as long fins which resemble a cape or wings.
• In The Witcher, there is a boss battle against Dagon, a Physical God straight out of the Cthulhu Mythos.
• The Cove area in Darkest Dungeon is littered with various eldritch sea beasts and Giant Enemy Crabs.
• The Mega Man X series has a number of humanoid animal Mavericks who are based on fish, such as Toxic Seahorse, Volt Catfish, Jet Stingray, Metal Shark Player (also a Shark Man), and Splash Warfly. One mook type in X4's jungle stage also resembles a more traditional fish person and it uses a trident to attack.
• Super Mario Odyssey has the Lochladies, a One-Gender Race variant who are obsessed with chic fashion.
Web Original
Western Animation
• The sea monster from the Jonny Quest episode "The Sea Haunt". It is humanoid in shape and walks like a man, makes noises like a mammal (not a fish), and is clearly at least somewhat intelligent.
• Mer-Man and his fellow Aquaticans from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1983).
• Mako, one of Doc Terror's Evil Minions in Centurions.
• Two DuckTales (1987) episodes feature Fish People.
• Mona Lisa, from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987) episode "Raphael Meets His Match", was originally a human—specifically, a physics major in college. In short order, she was kidnapped by modern day pirate-cum-genetic engineer Captain Filch, forced to help with his evil experiments, and mutated while escaping from his ship. The result was a fish/reptile Mix-and-Match Critter who was smart and strong enough to help the Turtles stop Filch—and cute enough to become Raphael's Girl of the Week. Her action figure adds to the fishiness by giving her gills.
• Ray from the episode "Rebel Without a Fin" is a male example that is more fish-like, being a mutant manta ray, with abilities from other marine animals; in the same episode, April O'Neil is also turned into a mutant fish.
• Neptunia from Darkwing Duck is another mutant Fish Person. She starts out as a Well-Intentioned Extremist who wants revenge against the surface world for polluting her ocean home (yes, just like one of the Duck Tales examples above), which caused her to mutate from an ordinary fish. However, she does a Heel–Face Turn and eventually joins Darkwing's Super Hero team the Justice Ducks — even though, as she protests any time anybody mentions the name, she's not a duck.
• The Star Trek: The Animated Series episode The Ambergris Element has Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock transformed into water breathers by the planet Argo's undersea inhabitants, the Aquans.
• The cast of Monster Force included animated versions of several old school Universal Horror monsters, including the Creature from the Black Lagoon.
• In Kim Possible, Gill (another one!) is a once-human mutant transformed into a Fish Person by toxic waste.
• The Triceraquins from the Samurai Jack episode "Jack Under the Sea".
• Sammy Fishboy from What It's Like Being Alone.
• In Ben 10, one of Ben Tennyson's alien forms, Ripjaws, is a combination of this trope and Our Mermen Are Different.
• The people of Kumari Kandam in The Secret Saturdays are humanoid fish who live underwater.
• Otto Aquarius from The Venture Bros. is a fish-man, to go with his being a parody of Aquaman and/or Namor the Sub-Mariner.
• The Plutarkians in Biker Mice from Mars are a race of fish-like aliens.
• The absolutely pathetic Fish Guy from The Mask, who is an Expy of Garth from Wayne's World.
• Rankin Bass' Tiger Sharks are human heroes who can transform into fish-like Half-Human Hybrids.
• Sealab 2021 gives us half-shark, half-Eric Estrada Sharko. Then there's Dolphin Boy, who looks perfectly human but speaks dolphin.
• On Futurama we have the lobster-esque Decapodians (Zoidberg's race), as well as the residents of a submerged 31st Century Atlanta, who evolved into Mermaids as a result of the Coca-Cola factory causing massive amounts of caffeine to end up in the water.
• In The Prince of Atlantis we have the Atlanteans.
• In the Adventure Time episode "Susan Strong", after finding what he believed to be the last tribe of true human beings in the Land of Ooo, Finn discovered that they were merely fish people with hats, save for Susan herself.
• Darwin, Gumball's brother from The Amazing World of Gumball, is a fish that grew arms and legs but still has a head connected to his body. At one point he was cursed to turn into a "reverse mermaid", but nothing happens because that's basically what he already was.
• Most humanoid water-breathing heroes and villains in Young Justice don't really look like fish, but Kaldur'ahm has prominent gills as well as webbed hands and feet.
• Episode The Satanic Saturnians of The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure have the eponymous Saturnians as fish people.
• The eponymous creature from the ISART Digital short cartoon Creature from the Lake turns out to be a humanoid, spindly-limbed fish/frog monster. Fortunately, he turns out to be oddly vulnerable to Groin Attacks and whatever's in Shelby the camera-woman's inhaler.
Real Life
• The "aquatic ape" hypothesis posits that humans evolved from these, with at least one of our primate ancestors having been an amphibious creature that later re-adapted to land. The evidence for it is scant, coming down mostly to evolutionary traits that it argues are better explained by the sea than the savanna, with little in the way of fossil evidence for it. Still, it has inspired a number of writers, including the creators of Animal Planet's mermaid mockumentaries.
Video Example(s):
Alternative Title(s): Fish Person, Fishmen
The Toxic Avenger Part II
Apocalypse Inc. used fish oils to create anti-tromatons. The fish-man was just a by-product... somehow.
How well does it match the trope?
Example of:
Main / FishPeople
Media sources:
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Wiswell, C. J.
This case presents the somewhat novel situation of both parties desiring that the verdict should be set aside, the one upon exceptions, and the other upon a motion based upon the ground that the verdict was against the evidence, while each resists the contention of the other.
Defendant’s exceptions. At the time of the execution of the indenture hereinafter referred to, the plaintiff was the owner of land upon both sides of the Androscoggin river at Rumford falls and had erected dams and had built canals for the accumulation of the water of the river for the production of power, and for the purpose of conveying the water to the various manufacturing plants that had been or that might be erected. It also owned a tract of land available for the erection of such manufacturing establishments.
By an indenture dated August 1, 1892, between the plaintiff and the defendant, the former conveyed to the latter the land upon *188which its mill has been erected, and also the perpetual right to take from one of the plaintiff’s canals and use, subject to the conditions named in the indenture, a definite quantity of water per second at an agreed head and fall, during certain days and hours, for the use of which the grantee covenanted to pay a fixed rental, payable quarterly. The indenture contained a covenant upon the part of the grantee, “that the grantee shall not use at any time more water than is herein granted, or than it is entitled to use according to the terms hereof.” And also another covenant as follows : “The grantee agrees with the grantor that the grantee, its successors and assigns, will promptly do, perform and abide by all tbe things stipulated for, or contemplated to be done, or omitted by the grantee, its successors or assigns, subject nevertheless to tbe provision that neither the grantee its successors or assigns, shall be subject to any damages by reason of any default herein, except, from and after written notice of such default from the grantor, its successors or assigns, or from other persons or corporations injured.”
This action is assumpsit upon an account annexed to the writ, wherein the plaintiff seeks to recover compensation for an amount of water taken, and used by the defendant, in excess of the water specified in the indenture. The defendant contends that the plaintiff has misconceived its remedy, that if the defendant had taken and used water in excess of the amount specified in the indenture, it would be liable in damages for a breach of its covenant, but only “from and after written notice of such default from the grantor,” in accordance with the terms of the covenants above quoted. If water was taken and used by the defendant in excess of the quantity that it had a right to use, with the consent of the plaintiff, and under such circumstances as to raise an implied promise upon the part of the defendant to pay what the use of the water was fairly worth, then the action of assumpsit is proper and the only form of action, except that of debt, maintainable. This is precisely what was claimed by the plaintiff at the trial, as shown by the instruction of the presiding justice to the jury above quoted. And this question of whether or not there was an implied promise upon the part of the defendant to pay for this water in excess was one of the questions submitted to the jury, and decided in favor of the plaintiff.
It is urged that the familiar principle that the law does not imply a contract where an express one has been made, is applicable to this case because of the provisions of the indenture. We do not think so. The indenture conveyed the right to use a definite amount of water; it contained no provision as to the use of the remaining water, except the covenant of the grantee that it would not take more water than the amount specified. But this covenant did not prevent the making of a subsequent contract in relation to the water the use of which had not been disposed of. The plaintiff, having conveyed the right to use a portion of the water running in its canal, and having retained the use of the remaining water, might sell, or make a contract in relation to the use of the remaining water with the defendant or with any one desiring to use *190it for the production of power. And in the absence of an express contract in relation thereto, an implied contract might be found to exist from the circumstances attending its use. Nor was it necessary, before such new and independent contract could be made, in relation to the use of the water remaining undisposed of, that the prior indenture should be in any way modified or rescinded by the parties.
We are not asked by the defendant to set aside the verdict upon the ground that the evidence did not show an implied promise of the defendant to pay for the water taken and used by it. In fact, the evidence is not made a part of the exceptions, and the defendant resists the plaintiff’s motion to set aside the verdict because of the inadequacy of the amount found by the jury to be due the plaintiff. The refusal, therefore, of the presiding justice to rule that the action was not maintainable, and his instructions to the jury relative to an implied contract, were proper.
Exception was also taken to the introduction in evidence, subject to the defendant’s objection, of “certain bills from time to time rendered by plaintiff to defendant, containing among other items, items of excess water alleged to have been used by the defendant before the presentation of said account.” It is urged that these were not such notices as are required by the covenant above quoted, and that they were not evidence of any implied contract. These bills were not offered as notices under tbe covenant contained in the indenture. We have already seen that the action was not based upon the covenant, but upon the implied promise claimed to have been made subsequent to the indenture. For the purpose of proving such an implied contract they were certainly admissible as having some tendency, in connection with the evidence of other facts and circumstances, to prove such a contract. The exceptions must consequently be overruled. •
Plaintiff’s motion. The items sued in the plaintiff’s writ, consisting almost entirely of charges for the use of water in excess of that specified in the indenture, amounted in the aggregate to the sum of $42,437.12, exclusive of interest. After a long hearing *191before an auditor, continuing for twenty-two days he allowed the plaintiff the sum of $18,302.84, exclusive of interest. The verdict was for $14,111.20. The plaintiff’s counsel now argue that this amount was manifestly inadequate, relying mainly upon the claim that the plaintiff’s testimony proved conclusively that the defendant had used the amount of water sued for, in excess of the amount that it had the right to. use by virtue of the grant to it, subject at most to the possibility of very slight variation in the accuracy of the measurements.
But, even if this were conceded, the quantity of the water used was not the only question involved. Quite as important a question was .as to what would be a fair and reasonable compensation for the amount of water used. The rental, fixed by the indenture for the use of the water sold, does not necessarily determine what would be a fair compensation for the use of more water from the same canal. The plaintiff having granted to the defendant the use of a definite quantity of water for a rental of $20,000 peían num, it is quite conceivable that a fair price for the use of water in addition to the amount specified, taken from the same canal, would be a much lower proportional rate. This would depend upon the demand for the additional water during the period that it was taken and used, as well as upon other circumstances and conditions.
Besides, the jury could only give compensation in this form of action for the use of so much water as was found to have been taken under circumstances from which a promise to pay therefor might be implied. These questions were pure questions of fact and peculiarly within the province of the jury to decide. The evidence does not satisfy us that the verdict should be disturbed.
Defendant’s exceptions and plaintiff’s motion overruled. Judgment on the verdict.
| common_corpus | {'identifier': '4936415_1', 'collection': 'Court Listener', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '2021.0', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '1446', 'token_count': '1711', '__index_level_0__': '14124', 'original_id': '80803e7aa95aa9a1b41ec8833ddc093eb198e0b21114b8d373f41706e2a106dc'} |
#!/bin/bash
# Configurable variables
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin
DOC_ROOT=~/Downloads/bash-httpd/www/
DEF_HTML=index.html
DEF_DIR=www
LOG_FACILITY=local1
# End of configurables
HTTP_VERSION="HTTP/1.0"
SERVER="bash-httpd/0.02"
CR=`printf "\015"`
program="${0##/*/}"
response_code(){
num="$1"
case "$num" in
200) err="OK";;
403) err="Forbidden";;
404) err="Not Found";;
500) err="Internal Server Error";;
501) err="Not Implemented";;
*) err="Internal Server Error"
log err "Unknown response: $num"
num=500
;;
esac
log notice "response: $num"
echo "$HTTP_VERSION $num $err"
}
error(){
response_code $1
if [ "$2" ]; then problem="$2"; else problem="$err"; fi
cat <<EOF
Content-Type: text/html
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title> $problem </title></head><body><h1> $num $problem </h1> $problem </body></html>
EOF
log err "$problem"
exit 1
}
log(){
level="$1"; message="$2"
logger -p $LOG_FACILITY."$level" "$program[$$]: $method $url $version: $message"
}
read method url version
method="${method%$CR}";
url="${url%$CR}";
version="${version%$CR}";
case "$version" in
""|http/0.9|HTTP/0.9)
readmore=0;;
http/1.0|HTTP/1.0|http/1.1|HTTP/1.1)
readmore=1;;
*)
log notice "$method $url $version"
error 501 "Unknown version";;
esac
if [ "$readmore" != 0 ]; then
read foo; while [ "$foo" != "$CR" -a "$foo" != "" ]; do read foo; done
fi
case "$method" in
GET|get)
what=get;;
HEAD|head)
what=head;;
*)
error 501 "Unimplemented method";;
esac
case "$url" in
*/../*|*[^/A-Za-z0-9~.-]*)
error 403 "Illegal attempt to access resource"
;;
/~*)
user="${url#/~}";
user="${user%%/*}";
user=`eval echo ~$user`; # we had *better* have cleaned up $url
rest="${url#/~*/}"; rest="${rest##/~*}";
type=file; file="$user/$DEF_DIR/$rest"
;;
""|/*)
type=file; file="$DOC_ROOT/$url"
;;
*)
error 501 "Unknown request type"
;;
esac
case $type in
file)
if [ -d "$file" ]; then file="$file/$DEF_HTML"; fi
if [ ! -e "$file" ]; then error 404; fi
if [ ! -r "$file" ]; then error 403; fi
response_code 200
if [ "$what" = "head" ]; then echo; exit 0; fi
case "$file" in
*.html | *.htm) mime=text/html;;
*.jpg|*.jpeg) mime=image/jpeg;;
*.gif) mime=image/gif;;
*.gz|*.tgz) mime=application/binary;;
*.txt|*.text) mime=text/plain;;
*) mime=application/binary;;
esac
echo Content-Type: $mime; echo; cat $file
;;
*)
error 501 "Messed up internal type"
;;
esac | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/lewismc/bash-httpd/blob/master/bash-httpd-0.03.sh', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'Apache-2.0', 'date': '2021.0', 'title': 'bash-httpd', 'creator': 'lewismc', 'language': 'Shell', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '290', 'token_count': '1089', '__index_level_0__': '22344', 'original_id': '2dbd389c0b49762e5b14cc32dbea7e305a3170c4d0ef851e2fd2292639be1c75'} |
Background/Introduction
=======================
Double-Chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is rare in patients with congenital heart disease, and even rare in the adults.
Aims/Objectives
===============
We report a case of subarterial ventricular septal defect (VSD) with DCRV in a 53-year-old lady presented with cyanosis and exercise intolerance without clubbing fingers. We also review the available reports in the literature for a concise summary of the rare condition.
Method
======
A case report and literature review.
Results
=======
This patient had serial preoperative examinations including transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographies, and cardiac catheterization before undergoing cardiac surgery for reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract and repair of aortic and tricuspid valves. She had an uneventful postoperative course and remained asymptomatic afterward. Patients of similar conditions had been rarely reported with various presentations while the surgical results are excellent in most.
Discussion/Conclusion
=====================
Double-Chambered right ventricle in the adult is a rare condition and can mislead the diagnosis into Eisenmenger Syndrome, while the two have extremely different prognosis. Our report demonstrates a successful surgical treatment of a patient with VSD and DCRV. Review of literature would raise the caution of clinicians about the diagnosis and pathophysiology of this condition.
Consent
=======
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '214ac90d9f72001b59745869f3c1ff29386e0c3fb98e0cf0a7b7c83b3d038cb1'} |
A password will be e-mailed to you.
Australian disability advocate Stella Jane Young says, “We are a society that treats people with disabilities with condescension and pity, not dignity and respect. About 10 percent of the world’s population, i.e. about 650 million people live with disabilities. They are the ones who frequently encounter countless physical and social obstacles. Sadly, if they are women they are doubly discriminated: for being a women, and for their disability. Nepalese society, too isn’t far from this stigma. On the contrary, there are a group of handicapped women who are bold and have struggled enough to change their identity from ‘disabled’ to ‘differently abled’ women empowering themselves with education.
Meena Paudel, 37, from a remote village of Nepal, Ramechhap has set an example of continuous effort and struggle. Now, a general secretary of National Disabled Women Association, Meena’s struggle started when she was born, obviously for being born a daughter and that too a disabled one. Being born with scoliosis (a disorder in which there is a sideways curve of the spine, or backbone), pain has been a challenge to her.
Nepali society where disability is still viewed as a punishment to the sins committed in previous birth, Meena was treated worst as an object of pity. No one really cared for her; even she was abandoned by her guardians. As she grew up, she desperately wanted to learn to read and write, but school wasn’t an easy destination for her. Fortunately, she had a younger brother and her parents wanted her to go to school with him as his caretaker. Surprisingly, her brother failed the board exams while she passed. That really encouraged her to continue her study.
Her self motivation was so strong that she didn’t deter her urge of learning even after being called as langadi (a derogatory term for disabled) by her class mates and seniors. Physical discomfort always made her long playing with her friends. Not only that, amazingly, the approximate two hours difficult walk up and down the hill to reach her secondary school, too couldn’t stop her from going to school. She passed through dense forests and crossed the rivulet every day and went to school.
When Meena left home for Kathmadu, Nepal’s capital to continue her high school study, she wasn’t supported by her family. However, she remained enthusiastic. Thinking of her own hardships, she thought of helping other disabled women like her and started an organization for disabled women through that she used to provide training to other women. Lack of funds arouse another problem for her which she used to overcome doing different temporary jobs like typing. Later, she started working as a program co-ordinator of National Disabled Women Association. Through which she was able to continue her study, her work of motivating other disabled women and started shaping her vision. She used to go door to door and aware people about the rights of disabled women and importance of education.
Meena shares, “Until and unless disabled women are economically empowered, we cannot imagine prosperous society and education is the means that paves the way of economic empowerment. I, too am able to do these works because of education.”
meena paudel
For her vivacity and struggle, she was awarded as Aosta’s (Italy) ‘Women of the Year, 2011’. The prize money of 17,500 euro that she was awarded helped her to contribute more in her work. She utilized that money in organizing skill development training for the handicapped women of Banke and Kanchanpur districts and also helped them to start their own business by providing them some seed money.
Today Meena is a happy mother (which people thought she could never be), has a masters degree in Sociology (the outcome of her continuous struggle) and puts all her energy (passionately) as one of the board members of NDWA, involving women with physical disabilities and raises awareness for their social inclusion and equality. She expresses, “When I present myself as an example among other disabled women, they really get surprised and inspired to get education and be empowered. I am elated to be the one to rewrite the code of the disabled women.”
“Lot of changes have been made till date. Yes, the condition of disabled women have definitely risen in some level but there’s more to do”, Meena says firmly.
The government of Nepal has not been able to do significant work for disabled people on various basic activities like establishment of special need education school, launch skill development training, rehabilitation of disabled people. In this context, the achievement that Meena has been able to secure for herself and for other disabled women is praiseworthy. She breaks the taboo and rewrites the code of how society sees the disabled women. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.982843279838562}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '87068', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5YXEJGGYORNZUBY7ZNDED5JOAPFCAU6D', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:75baa1c9-b1f3-4c3a-9d35-d6efca79c527>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 14, 29, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '31.220.20.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:36MMOR76KRM4NHCAUQF7XJFHJADL6D7I', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d60ce1b7-fab4-4a1d-979f-332332ffdc74>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://risingjunkiri.com/meena-paudel/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c49c003-6578-49b3-8bdc-b2a2b6b7f47b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '781', 'url': 'https://risingjunkiri.com/meena-paudel/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-165-178-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02975296974182129', 'original_id': '4fe670702c9383772bbce1d046454f418df7b1e76d3ded3f824f8dae5602933e'} |
— John P. Kotter
The most astonishing John P. Kotter quotes that are simple and will have a huge impact on you
Producing major change in an organization is not just about signing up one charismatic leader. You need a group - a team - to be able to drive the change. One person, even a terrific charismatic leader, is never strong enough to make all this happen.
Good communication is not just data transfer.
Without credible communication, and a lot of it, the hearts and minds of others are never captured.
Overcoming complacency is crucial at the start of any change process, and it often requires a little bit of surprise, something that grabs attention at more than an intellectual level. You need to surprise people with something that disturbs their view that everything is perfect.
About John P. Kotter
Quotes 61 sayings
Nationality American
Profession Educator
Birthday October 16
Great communicators have an appreciation for positioning.
We know that leadership is very much related to change.
One of the most powerful forms of information is feedback on our own actions.
Great leaders motivate large groups of individuals to improve the human condition.
We keep a change in place by helping to create a new, supportive, and sufficiently strong organizational culture.
Managers are trained to make incremental, programmatic improvements.
They aren't trained to lead large-scale change.
Analytical tools have their limitations in a turbulent world.
Many years ago, I think I got my first insight on how an incredibly diverse team can work together and do astonishing things, and not just misunderstand each other and fight.
Great leadership does not mean running away from reality.
Over the years I have become convinced that we learn best - and change - from hearing stories that strike a chord within us ... Those in leadership positions who fail to grasp or use the power of stories risk failure for their companies and for themselves.
Never underestimate the power of the mind to disempower.
Great vision communication usually means heartfelt messages are coming from real human beings.
No vision issue today is bigger than the question of efficiency versus some combination of innovation and customer service.
Never underestimate the power of a good story.
Leadership produces change. That is its primary function
What's really driving the boom in coaching, is this: as we move from 30 miles an hour to 70 to 120 to 180......as we go from driving straight down the road to making right turns and left turns to abandoning cars and getting motorcycles...the whole game changes, and a lot of people are trying to keep up, learn how not to fall.
Motivation and inspiration energize people, not by pushing them in the right direction as control mechanisms do but by satisfying basic human needs for achievement, a sense of belonging, recognition, self-esteem, a feeling of control over one's life, and the ability to live up to one's ideals. Such feelings touch us deeply and elicit a powerful response.
Tradition is a very powerful force.
I'm impatient. Typically people think they know all about change and don't need help. Their approach tends to be more management-oriented than leadership-oriented. It's very frustrating.
The heart of change is in the emotions.
Leadership is about coping with change
Complacency is almost always the product of success or perceived success
Most US corporations today are over-managed and under-led.
They need to develop their capacity to exercise leadership.
A leader needs enough understanding to fashion an intelligent strategy.
People change what they do less because they are given an analysis that shifts their thinking than because they are shown a truth that influences their feelings.
Great leaders understand that historical success tends to produce stable and inwardly focused organizations, and these outfits, in turn, reinforce a feeling of contentment with the status quo.
Never underestimate the magnitude of the power of the forces that reinforce the status quo.
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Wednesday, September 30, 2009
100 Greatest YouTube Moments In 4 Minutes
If you're not familiar with most Internet memes then you probably won't recognize many of these (similar to my "99 Things You Should Have Already Experienced" post) but it's a nice little piece of pop culture nostalgia if you are:
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
President Obama's Amazingly Consistent Smile
This is actually a little creepy but I guess it's a skill you cultivate when you spend this much time in front of cameras:
Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater
I've always wanted to visit this place:
Hailed by Time magazine shortly after its completion as Wright's "most beautiful job,"[3] it is also listed among Smithsonian magazine's Life List of 28 places "to visit before ...it's too late."[4] Fallingwater was featured in Bob Vila's A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America.[5] It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.[1] In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the house the "best all-time work of American architecture" and in 2007, it was ranked twenty-ninth on the list of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA.
Below is a computer-generated fly around of the structure:
And here's a computer-generated walk through created on Half Life:
Until I next find myself in the Pittsburgh area these CG videos will just have to do.
Cleaning Day
Not much time for blogging today. I have to watch the maid cleaning my empty and about to be former apartment to make sure she doesn't do anything...naughty. I'll try to get some stuff up sometime today but no promises. I have a rather large security deposit to liberate here.
Monday, September 28, 2009
Cowboys Win On Monday Night
It wasn't a scorefest and a lot of the tackling was butt ugly but the Boys did control most of the game, pulling off their first win in their new billion plus dollar house. They're heading to Mile High to face undefeated Denver next week, who's quarterback Kyle Orten is in my fantasy league (in addition to Dallas wide receiver Roy Williams, pictured above) so I'm hoping for a high scoring game that eventually leaves the Cowboys victorious. Gotta get them fantasy points, people!
Superbad As A Cartoon
Because you know you've always wondered what it would be like:
If you've never seen this flick you'll of course be lost here but let's face it: If you've never seen Superbad, you're lost already. Sorry.
Sunday, September 27, 2009
Burning Man Time Lapses
My occasional affinity for mind-altering drugs and my relative proximity to the event have both made me seriously consider attending Burning Man at times but my anathema for dirty hippies and my Irish weakness under the desert sun have always been stumbling blocks for me. Plus I'd have to get into much better shape if I'm going to walk around naked in front of a bunch of other people:
Welcome To Concord
Some free advice from me to you: If you move to Concord, don't park your car out on the street. This is what I woke up to this morning. Bunch of savages in this town...
Beck On Defining "White Culture"
For those not in the know:
Yet now he can't even explain his own words:
You see, Beck won't define what white culture is because that would make too good a sound bite for Katie Couric but of course he knew that Obama hates it because that made a great sound bite for himself. This guy is pasty hypocritical performance art, at best.
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Urine Tests To Receive Welfare Checks
Last month I got an email that's been widely circulated around the web from a friend that I had to disagree with. In lieu of original thoughts during my current domestic transition I reproduce that email for you here:
Now here's an idea that just seems too simple........
So here is my question. Shouldn't one have to pass a urine test to get a
sitting on their rump doing drugs, while I work.Can you imagine how much
public assistance check?
will pass it along, though. Some thing has to change in this country --
and soon!!!!!!!
And now my response (and no, I didn't simply delete when I disagreed):
I realize that you didn't write this yourself Tami but the reason this seems too simple is because it is. All requiring urine tests for receiving a welfare check would do is punish poor people for personal behavior that shouldn't be any of the government's business in the first place, not to mention punishing any children whose parents didn't pass the tests. Also, the vast majority of welfare recipients must meet certain work requirements in order to be eligible for aid. While the popular perception of the average welfare recipient is that of a terminally lazy drug addict the reality is that most recipients (not including the elderly, children and the handicapped) are employed at least part time and leave the welfare rolls within twelve months of joining. If the use of illegal substances and being gainfully employed were each mutually exclusive situations as this person seems to be saying then over 40% of Americans would now be jobless.
Welfare recipients and other poor people are obvious targets when people start talking about social engineering through the distribution of government funds (this post about illegal immigration similarly addresses this type of populist demonology) but the truth is that most middle and upper-class Americans also receive "welfare" in the form of tax deductions for home mortgages, corporate and farm subsidies, capital gains tax limits, Social Security, Medicare, and a multitude of other tax benefits. Should we require everyone who receives any of these government benefits to be similarly tested as well? We're trying to save money by denying it to those who use illegal drugs and those tax dollars are worth the same no matter who receives them. And do we really want to give the government that kind of power over our bodies and personal/private recreations?
If this person really wanted to save tax dollars we should have urine tested the CEOs and boards of directors of every investment company and automobile manufacturer that has received any amount of bailout funding and subsequently withheld said funding from any company that didn't pass (do you doubt that these millionaires might have a few illicit substances in their own systems?). While we were at it we could have done the same for every private contractor doing business in Iraq. The government spends $324 billion a year on all welfare and unemployment. The banking industry alone received over twice that much in bailout money while the total cost of the Iraq war is estimated to be seven times that.
I suspect that the person who wrote this is not so much concerned with saving the government money as they are with trying to control the behaviors of others that they disagree with by picking on a group of people who are easy targets and can not easily defend themselves. And incidentally, this person doesn't have to pass a urine test in order to earn a paycheck that will be taxed by the same government that distributes welfare benefits. They've chosen to work for a private company that has this policy, which of course is that company's right. But as I said, giving that power to a government that is the only source of welfare (at whatever level it's being distributed) would be oppressive and dangerous as to our individual liberties and privacy rights. This person may not have any qualms about government intrusion into their own life but I for one do not want to have to piss in a cup to receive my tax return or get a student loan, which is the path down which this course of logic would invariably lead.
Whether you agree or disagree with my take on this, I of course welcome all comments.
Friday, September 25, 2009
80's Zoo Crew Beck: Who Needs Gimmicks?
I assume that this is the media equivalent of a high school year book photo:
Gimmicks like, Obama is a radically dangerous socialist? That's so totally bogus, dude. Donkey Kong, Nihilism, Wooo!
Something Someone Else Said
"He tore up a copy of the UN charter in front of startled delegates, accused the security council of being an al-Qaida like terrorist body, called for George Bush and Tony Blair to be put on trial for the Iraq war, demanded $7.7tn in compensation for the ravages of colonialism on Africa and wondered whether swine flu was a biological weapon created in a military laboratory. At one point, he even demanded to know who was behind the killing of JFK. All in all, a pretty ordinary 100 minutes in the life of the colonel." -The Guardian U.K., recapping Wednesday's speech by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
I haven't heard or read this speech but the Guardian is one of the more reputable papers of record out there, so now having said that: What a crazy Libyan motherfucker, and I'm sure the right-wingosphere will try to tie this insane bastard to Obama in some way. It's kind of sad when acting like an asshole is predictable for you. And before any of you ask: Yes, I also want to know who killed JFK, but I keep that shit on the downlow when someone puts a microphone in front of me.
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Jay-Z's The Blueprint 3 Commercial
If you're not a big Jay-Z fan you might not dig this as much as I did but for those not in the know, this commercial seamlessly recreates every one of his previous album covers in less than a minute. Holla:
Wednesday, September 23, 2009
Keeping On Moving On
So I've pretty much transferred most of my worldly possessions from one town to the other so now comes the real challenge: Cleaning up my former palatial estate well enough to get my deposit back in full. *shudder* Much love to Intrepid Californio and Jeremy for their help, without whom I would have had to drink all of those beers by myself. Posting may be a bit light for the next week as I try to tie up the rest of these loose ends but I promise that I'll do my best to keep up.
80's Video Dating Winners
Videos like this one make me extremely glad that I was too young to have had a "cool" haircut, clothes and mustache during the eighties. Enjoy, ladies:
Wow. And who would have guessed that having fun was so popular? Of course just once I'd like to see the truly daring yet dour individual who laid it on the line and admitted that they actually don't like to have fun. Chicks dig honesty, right?
Ferrell's Protect Insurance Companies PSA
Typical liberal Hollywood: Always on the side of Big Insurance:
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
Moving Day
When I was a kid I was a total pack rat. I couldn't bear to throw something away out of some irrational fear that I'd inevitably need it as soon as it was gone. I've gotten a lot better about it since supposedly becoming an adult but I still seem to amass a great deal of shit on a regular basis which suddenly becomes much less valuable to me when I have to actually move it. So now my rule is that if I haven't taken something out of its box and used it since the last time I moved it then it gets trashed without a second thought. I've grown tired of trying to hold on to useless things. Regular posting will resume again tomorrow.
Monday, September 21, 2009
Picture Of The Day II
Damn you, Kanye! You can Kanye up your own website at Kanyelicio.us.
Graph Of The Day
Compiled from the weekly Research 2000 poll. The Republican party has truly become solely a bastion of the white South, which goes quite a ways towards explaining their innate hatred for and opposition to President Obama. And no wingnuts, I'm not saying that everyone who opposes Obama's policies is a racist, just that racism obviously plays some part in that opposition and that anyone with even a cursory knowledge of the history of race relations in the South who says otherwise in light of this data is either a partisan liar or a damn fool. And now for some extremely high-minded and not-at-all juvenile analysis: Is it just me or does it look like the rest of the country in this graph is flipping the Repubs the bird? Snap.
Picture Of The Day
A product of Holy Taco's "If Gary Busey Were In Every Picture Ever" Photoshop contest. There are many more at the link but be forewarned: Some of these are pretty terrifying. But what what else would you expect from Busey?
Technology's Effect On The Written Word
Clive Thompson of Wired magazine examines the new literacy created by the ubiquity of modern technology:
Since finishing my first and only year of law school I wrote very little in the vein of essay length prose during my everyday life. When I started this blog a year and a half ago my writing felt extraordinarily stiff and stilted as I remembered how easily my words used to flow when I was writing on a constant basis back in college. I still wince a bit when I go back and read some of the awkwardly arranged paragraphs from my earliest posts here but I have to admit that this largely useless enterprise has definitely helped to resharpen my rhetorical skills, although I'm sure that my humility and long-windedness could both still use some work.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Cowboys Lose To The Giants, Go 1-1
Damn it, damn it, damn it. Dallas clearly outplayed New York tonight but they ended up beating themselves with penalties and turn overs, although I'll give props to the lesser Manning for staying cool under pressure whilst orchestrating a fourth quarter comeback drive to set up the winning field goal. On the other hand, how about that stadium? I've talked a little shit in the past about some of the embarrassing glitches that have come up but that thing is truly a modern marvel. Now if we can just win there...
Saturday, September 19, 2009
In Defense Of Modern Art
I was recently checking out a post at TYWKIWDBI, one of my daily must read blogs (mentioned here when Brain Rage was added to the blogroll there) written by an elderly yet prolifically posting fellow who goes by the name of Minnesotastan, wherein he repeated a common lament that he just did not "get" modern art. One of his commenters echoed his dirge and linked to the following commentary by the similarly elderly and also perpetually whining 60 Minutes icon Andy Rooney:
Now I can somewhat understand Stan's and Rooney's worldviews as they pertain to this subject. Both of these men most likely came of age in a culture that celebrated the traditional "masters" of the art world, growing up in a time when most credible "art" meant a skillfully constructed painting or sculpture that actually looked like what it was supposed to be portraying. True, the modern art genre has existed for over a century now but outside of the artistic community the views of those like Stan and Rooney have largely persisted as the mainstream of American society.
I've often heard the similar opinion from many other people that modern art is just not as meaningful or well done as that of the traditional masters but I must respectfully disagree. Now this is not to say that I don't appreciate great traditional works. In fact, as I type these words in my humble abode I'm looking at framed prints of "Ancient Rome" by Giovanni Paolo Panini (which I viewed at the Louvre in Paris) and "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" by Katsushika Hokusai (which I viewed at the Met in New York City) but at the same time they hang across the room from "Lucifer" by Jackson Pollock (which I viewed at the MOMA in San Francisco), one of my absolute favorite works of all time.
So, which of these is the best painting of the bunch? Which is obviously the most artistic? They are each as radically different from each other in form and style as art can be yet I have an easy answer to this largely academic question: They all are. I say this despite the fact that one of the originals is obviously the most expensive while another has almost certainly been deemed the most important and meaningful by the artistic community but I say it mainly because I love each of them for very different reasons.
Now of course I would never assign myself the title of "Arbiter of All that is Worthy and Artistic in the World" (although that would certainly be a kick-ass addition to any resume) but I do know what I do and do not like as far as the art world is concerned, and I'll be damned if I'm going to let some curmudgeonly old commentator like Andy Rooney dictate to me what is and is not "art" as if I were some wholly uneducated bumpkin uncomprehendingly staring at an amorphous splash of paint on a largely unmarked canvas. Rooney's certainly entitled to his opinion on this score (as is Minnesotastan) but I'll be the final arbiter of what I find worthy of artistic praise and merit.
It is often said that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and this is often said because it's true. I myself refer to various pieces and installations as either "good" art or "bad" art on a routine basis but I realize that my personal opinions and designations hardly make these judgements true for others and the same applies to those critics within the art world with educations and personal collections far in excess of my own, and it especially applies to serial scolders like Rooney. If you personally like a piece of art, it's good; if you do not, it's bad. Don't ever let someone else tell you what to think about any particular piece of art just because they claim to have some mysterious insight into said piece, but at the same time don't presume to judge anything as "non-artistic" for everyone else just because you don't appreciate it personally. I enjoy living in a world teeming with art even if I'm not always particularly fond of every piece I come across and unlike Rooney, I'd rather have "bad" art than none at all.
World Trade Center Towers Collision Simulation
The attacks on 9/11 were obviously a tragedy but that doesn't make the science involved any less interesting:
It's part of a program investigating "science and conspiracy".
I'd seen the raw video simulations from the Purdue data a few years ago but this is the first time I've seen it compiled with narration and a technical explanation:
Something Someone Else Said
It's about time." -Ta-Nehisi Coates, The Atlantic, on the constant race-baiting from Rush Limbaugh et. al.
Friday, September 18, 2009
Pack It Up, Pack It In, Let Me Begin...
No time for blogging today. I'm packing up all of my shit to move from the affluent white Northern California suburb that is Danville to the slightly less affluent white Northern California suburb that is Concord. If any readers have any useful moving tips (and I assume that they don't, based on the appalling lack of comments as of date) I'd be quite happy to hear them.
Thursday, September 17, 2009
In Praise Of The Sci-Fi Corridor
Den of Geek features what they describe as the very nerdiest piece they've ever put up:
"You like what...?"
Corridors in science-fiction movies. I love them.
I'd never really considered it before but I have to agree: The corridor is an integral piece of any decent science-fiction set and this article offers a comprehensive analysis of some of sci-fi's greatest classics. You'll know if you're a true geek/nerd based on whether you actually click through to read it.
Picture Of The Day
Incredible technicolor rock formations:
This unique geological phenomenon, known as a Danxia Landform, can be seen in several places in China. This example is located in Zhangye, Gansu Province. The color is a result of millions of years of accumulated red sandstone and other sediments which have dried and oxidized.
This reminds me of the Monet rowboat from a few months ago. China has some of the coolest shit.
More DC Tea Bagger Protest Hilarity
I say "hilarity" but some of these people are much more scary than entertaining. The anger is very real (although as I've said before, quite obviously unprincipled) but what's truly disturbing are the levels of ignorance concerning basic knowledge of the policies and programs these people claim to despise. I assume that this is the logical outcome of getting all of your information about politics and the rest of the world strictly from Glenn Beck and FOX News:
[Update: A Daily Dish reader echoes some of the points I've been trying to make in differentiating between the left's eventual hatred of Bush for one failure after another over several years versus the right's relatively immediate hatred of Obama over every policy and program he's instigated thus far:
After September 11th, Bush's approval ratings were near or above 90%. Practically the entire country was behind him - saluting and ready for duty. Yes, the Left did try to derail his plans for Iraq - but they failed. And when millions (actual millions) of Americans came out to protest that war - - it was largely ignored by the media. But when 70,000 lunatics came to DC last week to protest "Government Spending" (which, let's be honest, is a euphemism for "Barack Hussein Obama") - they got massive amounts of media coverage and hours of pundit commentary.
Every tea-party rally has been aggressively championed, and all-but-sponsored, by cable-news giant FOX. CODE PINK was almost completely ignored (which, as a liberal, I'm kinda glad about -- but I still stand behind my larger point). A couple went to a Bush rally wearing anti-Bush T-Shirts and got arrested. Guys standing outside Obama rallies openly carry guns and get interviewed by the media.
The heaviest hitters in the Republican party, and in the conservative media have loudly and proudly called for Obama's failure. Liberals who even softly criticized Bush were roundly shamed and called terrorist-loving-America-haters. George W. Bush, despite the controversial beginning of his presidency, was given the chance - - no, in fact, after 9/11, he was given all the unopposed freedom in the world to succeed or fail based upon his own decisions and his own performance. Bush EARNED his hatred.
Obama has not had that luxury.
Sullivan adds:
He also does not have the luxury of the Clinton inheritance. He was left with a steaming pile of doo-doo and a debt already in the stratosphere. And yet they also blame him for that.
Ditto on the CODE PINK opinion, although Cindy Sheehan was extremely nice when I met her. This is why I have a hard time taking a lot of the criticism being leveled at Obama from the right seriously, and their recent attempts to inflate the number of tea baggers in DC last Saturday from the official count of 70,000 into a ludicrous count of 2,000,000 only reinforces this opinion (by comparison the count at Obama's inauguration, the largest crowd ever for any event in DC, was 1.8 million). My conservative counterpart Donald Douglas was calling him the "worst president ever" within a month of his inauguration, for Christ's sake! And yet even after all of this, they still scream and whine about their persecution at the hands of "the liberal media" and Obama's "ACORN thugs".
Again, I'd just sit back and laugh at such selective memory and obvious lunacy if the stakes weren't so high for the country but they are. The Republicans decided from the outset of this presidency to play petty politics rather than do what's right and try to help the American people during this crisis, and I'm getting pretty damn tired of it. I can only hope that Obama is too.]
The £10 English Breakfast Challenge
I love English breakfasts but I'll be honest and admit that this thing looks intimidating as hell:
Check out this ten pound big breakfast challenge being run at a cafe in Westhoughton.
If you can eat it in 20 minutes you get it for free. The only catch is you cannot have a drink with it. I thought it didn’t look too bad until I saw the 10 slices of toast. No chance!
The Big Breakfast Challenge includes 10 fried eggs, 10 slices of bacon, 10 sausages, 10 slices of toast, 5 black puddings, tomatoes, beans and mushrooms.
If you think you can take on the Big Breakfast Challenge you can find it at: Mario’s Cafe, 67 Market St, Westhoughton, Bolton, BL5 3AG. I hope they have enough sausages in for all the people who have seen this offer plastered over the internet.
I'm a notoriously slow eater anyway so I'd obviously never win this thing but I can't think of anything worse than trying to eat ten pieces of toast without drinking something. I'm sure the grease, beans and egg yolks would help force it down but I prefer to actually enjoy my breakfasts and that means copious amounts of OJ must flow. Speaking of, McDonald's opens in three hours and I'm thinking McGriddles. Mmmm, McGriddles...
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
Tibetan Sky Burials
A Tibetan funeral ritual that despite my extensive education in anthropology I've only just now learned about:
After death ceremonies vary from each faith from Judaism, Islam, Christianity, etc. In Tibetan Buddhism, there's a method of burial known as sky burial. Being Buddhist myself, I didn't know what a sky burial was. My humanities professor in college explained the sky burial before we watched a movie called "Kundun." The story behind Kundun is a biographical drama detailing the life of the current Dalai Lama who is the religious leader of the Buddhist faith.
The sky burial is pretty gruesome sight especially watching it for the first time. First time I saw the sky burial that was portrayed in Kundun, I wanted to cringe. It gave me the creeps. But you can't overlook the symbolism behind a sky burial. Each burial ceremony is sacred and carries a lot of symbolism. Sky burial is no different from such burial ceremony.
During the ceremony, the deceased is carried out to the open mountainous areas where vultures are present. What the monks due is sever each body part of the dead body and toss them out to the vultures. It seems disrespectful and sacrilegious to most faiths because it looks as if the body is desecrated. But that's not the intention of the sky burial.
Sky burial's intention is that when the vultures tear apart the flesh from the bones, your essence is part of the birds' essence. To them, you're still living but part of your body lives on in the birds. Also, the sky burial represents that you're giving back to life and to nature. Vultures are considered birds of prey and the sky burial is to honor those birds of prey...
...A lot of people would consider a sky burial to be disrespectful. But a sky burial possesses strong symbolism and a few benefits. A sky burial represents generosity which is one of the virtues taught in Buddhism. You're giving your body up to the birds in a generous acts in hopes to reincarnate in better circumstances. However the reason it's called a sky barrier because it was dubbed that name by the Westerners. While in Tibet it's called a jhator which is defined as giving to the birds. A sky burial is also friendly on the environment because no nutrients and resources are wasted. Meaning no trees are chopped up, no rocks containing minerals are crushed, and no fuel is burned meaning no pollution.
In a nutshell, a sky burial was the cycle of life and death at its simplest as nature intended.
For a much more comprehensive photologue of a Tibetan Sky Burial click here (rare warning: explicit content). Of course, I don't consider a sky burial disrespectful because I have no problem with the fact that our bodies simply decay upon our deaths; Is there any real difference between being eaten by worms or being eaten by vultures? Still the same naturalistic circle of life, as far as I'm concerned.
Now I'm sure that I've mentioned this on this blog before but just in case I haven't: I expect a massive party to be held upon my death, replete with the consumption of copious amounts of alcohol (amongst other chemicals) to be performed by everyone I care about upon my passing with absolutely no funeral proceedings of any kind. Now, I'd prefer that my body be donated to science after my death (yes, I realize that my Hunter S. Thompson-esque dream of being bodily fired from a cannon is a long shot, no pun intended) but regardless of the final destination for my obviously good-looking corpse I fully expect a grand soiree to be in full swing at the time. And I can honestly say that after many years of preparation I have full confidence that many of my true friends will make this happen according to my premortem wishes. Many thanks in advance, amigos.
If You Printed The Entire Internet...
I love to read but this is a bit daunting...
Afghan Insurgents Die In Explosion From IED
Now this is some terrorist activity I can get behind, and it didn't cost us a dime:
I'm glad the kid made it out OK but I fear that we'll just be fighting him in a few years anyway. The war in Afghanistan is something I've been thinking about a lot lately. I just don't see a winning strategy for either staying or leaving, thus I've pretty much come to the conclusion that we should just cut our losses and get out. Unfortunately President Obama has decided to double-down our forces there; it's one of many policy decisions he's made since taking office that I find myself at odds with.
Now don't get me wrong, I'd still love to either capture or kill Osama bin Laden but let's be honest: Those are some pretty long odds right now and even if we did achieve that goal I suspect that Al Qaeda would keep right on keeping on, although they've definitely hit a low point in their popularity and effectiveness within the Arab world. And then there's this to consider: What if our taking out bin Laden is just what Al Qaeda needs to revive and rally more believers to their cause? That's not to say that we still shouldn't try to erase his bearded ass but in my experience religious nuts love a good martyr and we should be prepared to accept the regional repercussions of said actions.
But then what happens there when we leave? The recent election between current president Hamid Karzai and challenger Abdullah Abdullah (the man so nice, they Abdullahed him twice) has been marred with U.N. allegations of voter fraud that could lead to a run-off election that must be completed as soon as possible so as not to leave this incendiary country essentially rudderless until next summer. The Taliban and other insurgents have started to step up their terror campaigns in the face of increased U.S. military activity and to be completely honest: We're flat broke right now. Plus, every historical precedent I look at says that we could be there for decades and still not pacify the country, much less install a legitimate and functional government. And on top of everything else, there's next door neighbor Pakistan and their precarious nuclear arsenal to consider.
While I obviously don't agree with Obama's decisions on this issue to date, I do hope that he's successful in this endeavour and that right soon. Otherwise, Afghanistan could become the modern day Vietnam in a relatively clumsy modern day Iraq/Korea analogy. I don't know about you (and I'm definitely not an advocate for total U.S. isolationism by any means) but I'm getting pretty fucking tired of being the world's police force. And we're still paying people good money not to grow poppies there. What the hell?
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
TDS: Mad Men
Per my post yesterday, Jon Stewart explores the impotent rage of conservatives who were against protesting the government before they were for it. Or as I like to call it: rank hypocrisy:
[Update: I just had to add this sign from one of the pissed off geniuses in Washington Saturday:
I can't decide if I like this one or "Keep government away from my Medicare!" more.
[Update II: Max Blumenthal takes aim at some easy targets. The "Politicians are like diapers" sign is the best:
Picture Of The Day
I have a bad feeling about this...
Patrick Swayze, RIP
Actor Patrick Swayze died yesterday of pancreatic cancer, which from what I hear is one of the worst, most painful cancers one can get. He was 57 years old. Swayze became a star after appearing in the eighties chick flicks Ghost and Dirty Dancing but I'll always remember him for his work in the eighties kick-ass flicks Road House and Point Break, both of which I've seen probably a hundred times each.
To lighten the mood, here's part of a classic SNL sketch that he and Chris Farley did together years ago:
Who would have guessed when this was made that they'd both be gone this soon? Sad.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Something Someone Else Said II
"Look, I think we all know why the prescription drug bill wasn’t fought against where health care reform is: the elderly are a protected political class, and those without health care are not. But few people are willing to admit to such naked horse race concerns behind their policy preferences. So what can people who are explicitly opposed to health care because of concerns of fiscal responsibility say in defense of the prescription drug benefit?
If you are blogging or writing politically now, and you weren’t then, you get a pass. If you have some separate reason for resistance to reform other than the expenditure, that’s ok too. But if you are specifically arguing that you don’t like health reform because it’s too expensive or fiscally irresponsible, and there’s no record of you arguing similarly against the wildly expensive prescription drug bill, it’s hard not to see that as hypocritical and partisan. Fair?" -Freddie, The League of Ordinary Gentlemen, commenting on the lack of conservative outrage when George W. Bush passed the prescription drug benefit.
This seems entirely fair to me. I consistently make this argument to conservatives who are opposed to health care reform and the almost universal rebuttal is, "Hey, I was mad about Bush's overspending too!" Really? Because I don't recall seeing you standing on street corners at the time holding up signs calling him a socialist. In fact, I don't recall any public conservative protests against anything Bush did over his eight years in the White House. It is of course your right to protest or not protest anything you see fit but don't be surprised when your current shouting is dismissed as partisan ire rather than legitimate fiscal concerns because your own hypocrisy has clearly made it so.
Americans Observe 9/11 By Not Masturbating
I missed this last week. I guess all of those conservatives were right, I am a bad American:
Something Someone Else Said
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Any Given Sunday
Sorry about the lack of posts today but it's the first Sunday of the regular season. Back tomorrow and go Cowboys.
Saturday, September 12, 2009
Cowboys Display Fail
This is just getting embarrassing. First it was the too-low jumbo television installation and now some brain donor with his laptop hooked up to this display scroll can't even shut it down properly. Of course if Dallas wins the Super Bowl this year all is forgiven but still: I'm surrounded by 49ers fans out here, guys. Stop giving them ammunition.
Picture Of The Day
The painting "Marvel Mobsters" by artist Edwin David (click image to enlarge). Some of Marvel comic's more morally ambiguous heroes reimagined as 1930's-era gangsters. Just cool.
Friday, September 11, 2009
Glenn Beck: Crazed 9/11 Trajedy Whore
I was watching Glenn Beck on the FOX News channel yesterday. Yes, I know... After showing the obligatory montage of the 9/11 attacks set to ominous music that he plays every year to remind us why we should be scared of terrorism he actually started saying something I agree with. Ever on the verge of tears of course, Beck was lamenting the fact that eight years after the World Trade Center had been destroyed there was still just a huge hole in the ground where it used to stand.
He basically said that this is fucked up, and I agreed with him. Then he said that since the Empire State Building was completed in 400 days we should definitely have been able to build the new Freedom Tower with its memorial to fallen Americans in eight years, and I agreed with him. Then he began to decry the name change from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center", and I agreed with him. Then he said that the change was made to keep from offending people who don't like freedom, and I said "Wait, what the hell...?":
You know why we're not even calling it the Freedom Tower anymore? It's gonna be One World Trade Center. One World, isn't that great? Oh, might be too offensive to call it the Freedom Tower, we sure wouldn't want to have anybody offended by that! We want to make sure we have the occupancy there. Really?! They used to call it the Empty State Building. Do you want somebody who's offended by freedom in that tower? Who could they be? Oh well, China, China. I don't want anybody in the Freedom Tower who's offended by freedom, do you?
Now obviously communist China is hardly a bastion of freedom but I found it a little hard to swallow that we'd changed the name strictly because it offended them or anyone else. It turns out that it was hard to swallow because it wasn't true:
So Beck was telling the truth when he said that the name change was made to better facilitate its occupancy but he flat out lied about the name offending China or any of the major corporations which might become future occupants. It was changed by a group of bureaucratic businessmen for marketing purposes in order to ensure a larger profit. It was Glenn Beck's good friend capitalism. The Invisible Hand had scratched out the old name and written in a more profitable one but for right-wing screechers like Beck it's better for ratings to rail against non-existent political correctness than corporate profit motives.
And as to those legitimate, yet in my opinion exaggerated fears, that the old name might have made the building more of a target? Beck had this plan for how he and his followers would have redesigned and built the new building:
The Freedom Tower would have been done years ago and it wouldn't have been the Freedom Tower, it would have been the Freedom Towers because we would have built both of these towers back the way they were before except we would have built them stronger. We would have built them in a way that they would have resisted attack. And do you know what my guess would...? They would have been 25 stories taller and have a big fat "Come try that again!" sign on top of it.
Brilliant. We're having trouble filling the tower with paying occupants because of fears of another terrorist attack and Beck's (who will not ever personally be working there, mind you) response is to dare our enemies to do it again. Does this style of arrogant schoolyard taunting remind you of someone else?
Just like every other chicken hawk screaming about how tough we should be in the face of terrorist danger neither of these men has ever been a rescue worker nor have they served in a combat zone. This is the type of tough guy bravado that passes for patriotism amongst the political right in this country now that their savior Ronald Reagan has passed away into that great Drug War in the sky. Hallelujah!
How To Beat Up Anything
A humor website that is "A guide to fighting anything. Bullies, politicians, robots, even future-versions of yourself, back to harass you about your life choices". Being a huge Batman fan I've always wondered how best to take him out. It was a bit more psychological than I would have imagined:
Cause that’s what it’s going to take to beat the Batman. The bad news is this process will take ten years. The good news is, at the end of those ten years, you’ll have taken out the goddamn Batman. That’s a nice little detail to have on your resume.
Step 1: Forget about fighting him. Seek him out and befriend him. Become his pal. Be “there” for him. Get to the point where he’s relied on you and trusts you with his life. Occasionally, do things to reassure him. Point a projectile weapon at him and say, “I’m going to murder you.” Then pretend to shoot him, and say, “Nah, I’m just joking” then hand him back the weapon. Maybe even say, “But I could have…” Now, it’s going be hard, but do your best to say this last part without menace. DON’T let your gaze harden and then drop your head, while eyeballing him in a malevolent manner. If a camera zooms in for a close-up and possible freeze frame on your scowling countenance, push it away. Just try to keep it light. “But I could have… LOL! Who wants lunch?” Like that. Also, avoid repeating lines with an inappropriate intensity. For example, he picks up the tab for the aforementioned lunch and says, “You can get me next time.” Do not mutter, “Oh I’ll get you alright. I’ll definitely... get you… next time.”
On the last day of your tenth year as friends ask him to come over to your desk to help you with a computer game. He may balk at [t]his, as he’s not known as a computer game expert, but be firm, insist he take a look at the screen. “Why not ask him to help you with something he is knowledgeable about?” you ask? I’m sorry, WHO’S GIVING THE TUTORIAL HERE, YOU OR ME? That’s right.
Step 2: When he leans on your desk to get a look at the screen, quickly snatch his wrist, then stand and pivot. Using your superhuman strength hurl him through the roof of the building. Then quickly fly through the hole his body created, shoot him [with] your heat-vision, then grab him and huck him into the fiery Sun.*
*You must be Superman for this tactic to succeed. I hope that part was clear.
There's always a catch. I also especially liked "How To Beat Up a Tyrannosaurus Rex and Actor Mark Wahlberg". He talks to animals, you know.
Scientific Shocker: Men Like Breasts! A Lot!
OK, so it's not just me then:
WOMEN have long complained that their faces are often the last thing men look at - and now a scientific study has proved them right.
Researchers found that virtually half - 47 per cent - of men first glance at a woman’s breasts.
A third of the "first fixations" are on the waist and hips, while fewer than 20 per cent look at the woman's face.
Not only are breasts often the first thing men look at, they also glance at them for longer than any other body part, the experts discovered, the Daily Mail newspaper in the UK reported.
I know, I know, "Any excuse to post a picture of a three-breasted woman on your blog, JBW". Hell, there are a few girls I know whom I'm still not even sure have faces or not. And admit it, guys: This is exactly what happened when you saw the picture above. They're almost hypnotic...
Of course men can hardly be blamed for our mammarian predilections. Male hominids have been conditioned over millions of years of evolution to prefer females with large breasts and round hips so that they will be better able to birth and nourish our offspring. On the flip side, females prefer males with strong arms and broad shoulders and chests so that they will be better able to provide food and protection for those same offspring. As modern humans our current level of technological sophistication negates most of these primal needs but that hardly makes us any less susceptible to them. Now try that explanation out on your wife and/or girlfriend the next time she catches you staring at another woman's chest and tell me how it works out for you.
September 11
I slept through the attacks on 9/11. My cell phone rang around 6:00 a.m. here on the West coast when an ex-girlfriend in Texas called me to see if I'd seen what was happening but I didn't answer, although I did have the thought "Why the hell is she calling me so early?" just before I rolled over and went back to sleep. Being a bartender and hard-drinking partier (yes, even harder than I am now) at the time I leisurely arose around noon and came downstairs where one of my roommates told me that "We've been attacked".
I flipped on the television and numbly watched news coverage for the rest of the day until I had to be at work that night. I didn't know anyone living in New York City at the time but I did call my family and my ex back in Texas; I guess I just wanted to hear their voices. When I got to work I watched news coverage there until closing. Not one person sat at my bar that night. After work I went home and drank even harder than I had the night before, but for very different reasons. That's how I spent 9/11. I'm kind of glad I slept through it.
Thursday, September 10, 2009
What Birthers Believe
I'd say this just about covers it:
Picture Of The Day
Audio nostalgia. Someday when everyone has a music player implanted in their cerebral cortex I'm going to be the guy still lecturing all the punk kids about how cool my iPod Nano was when I first got it. And get off my damn lawn!
Douchebag Of The Day
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Train vs Tornado
Tornado wins:
Stanley Kubrick Bloopers
I've always thought that his flicks could use a little more levity:
The Many Deaths Of Kenny McCormick
I've seen every one of these at least a dozen times and they still crack me up:
You bastards.
Safe For Work Porn
This is hilarious. It's totally not safe for work but it's hilarious:
Apparently it's an advertisement for an Italian clothing line, and a damn innovative one at that. Also, strap yourselves in because it's going to be a video kind of day. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1836', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9731147885322572}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '306859', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TNFU2FB6HQQI5MQN27IXKBAWJYSFOTG7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6dbc9973-e350-4210-98ce-90e9d8783432>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 9, 49, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.194.206.132', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BBU4HVFHPCJHXL2SZF2AW3IN7OW3YLXV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d3246a16-3f80-4052-bb8e-021ff434f5de>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://brainrageblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7a2569d-4346-441e-820f-3ec8c931bebe>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '9655', 'url': 'http://brainrageblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-138-94-242.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01821058988571167', 'original_id': '228213001c5a6a28dbfb356d81f7541e14bed5c9f53fe164ad59d53af98d9155'} |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Transactions;
using NHibernate.Dialect;
using NHibernate.Impl;
using NUnit.Framework;
using NHibernate.Criterion;
namespace NHibernate.Test.NHSpecificTest.NH2113
{
[TestFixture]
public class Fixture : BugTestCase
{
[Test]
public void ShouldNotEagerLoadKeyManyToOneWhenOverridingGetHashCode()
{
using (var s = OpenSession())
using(var tx = s.BeginTransaction())
{
var grp = new Group();
s.Save(grp);
var broker = new Broker{Key = new Key{BankId = 1, Id = -1}};
s.Save(broker);
var load = new Loan {Broker = broker, Group = grp, Name = "money!!!"};
s.Save(load);
tx.Commit();
}
bool isInitialized;
using (var s = OpenSession())
using (var tx = s.BeginTransaction())
{
var loan = s.CreateCriteria<Loan>()
.UniqueResult<Loan>();
isInitialized = NHibernateUtil.IsInitialized(loan.Broker);
tx.Commit();
}
using (var s = OpenSession())
using (var tx = s.BeginTransaction())
{
s.Delete("from System.Object");
tx.Commit();
}
Assert.False(isInitialized);
}
}
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '6301838c4586341473d43af140fc30b4e00474173a507785647592d5bf1f96ea'} |
In the field of digital marketing, social media marketing is one of the most exhausting yet thrilling jobs. Just like every other branch of digital marketing, managing social media platforms require a keen eye for trends and an excellent understanding of the arena. However, since social media can be used by pretty much everyone regardless of experience, the playing ground can be quite competitive. There’s nothing easier than starting your business page on Facebook or creating an account on Twitter, after all. The only thing that makes or builds your online business is how you carry out your marketing strategies. This makes it crucial for marketers to find the best and most efficient ways to operate their accounts, and using some effective apps can certainly make their job more rewarding.
If you’re a social media marketer looking to up your game, here are 7 must-have apps for you to start using.
1. Social Media Apps
Merely having a presence on social media is not always enough. Sometimes, you need to expand your reach beyond the platforms you’re using to attract a different or a wider segment than the one you’re currently targeting. This is important for your digital marketing strategies, which is likely why paying attention to the number of followers you have is key to evaluating your reach. If your organic growth is slow, you can opt for a service that provides you with followers for a fee, which will, in turn, help your company grow organically later on. That said, studying the statistics of multiple platforms and building your strategies upon your findings is always the best place to start.
After setting up your social media profiles, make sure that you’re getting the most out of their features by installing their apps. Most platforms now have mobile applications for marketers to manage their accounts almost as efficiently as using the desktop version. For instance, having the Facebook Page Manager and Ads Manager apps is a must for every marketer.
Social Media Apps
2. Content Management Apps
The key to every successful marketing strategy lies in the content created. However, creating content is more than just putting some words together; it’s about the experience your end-user gets after accessing your content. And with all the different forms of content available, managing your posts across multiple platforms can be quite daunting. This makes using a content management app the best aid you can have to minimize effort and maximize efficiency. Using content management apps, you can create, schedule, publish, and edit content across multiple platforms all at once.
3. A Video Editor
Speaking of content, there’s no way you can implement effective marketing strategies without incorporating videos in your posts. However, creating videos has always been thought of as a complex and daunting task that’s best left to the professionals. While it’s true that most video editing programs require high levels of skills and expertise, you’ll be able to find movie-makers that give you simple yet effective results.
4. A Graphic Design Tool
The same can be said for graphic design tools. Not every tool will be as comprehensive as Photoshop, but, if you know what you’re looking for, you’ll find a simple tool to fulfill that function. These tools can be used to make simple edits to your pictures, add branding to your photos, and even create designs from previously-made templates.
5. Content Feed Apps
Despite how good your content creation skills may be, a time will come when it feels like you’re out of ideas to write about. In those times, and in the times when you need to stay on top of the news, subscribing to content feed apps can save your life. These apps will give you both the latest news and the inspiration you’re looking for.
6. Sharing Tools
Let’s say your marketing strategy utilizes Instagram. As effective as Instagram marketing is, you won’t be able to repost various posts of your followers to promote your campaigns, which is why you’ll need an independent reposting app to do that. Other sharing tools improve the sharing experience in the course of your work. Such services allow you to drag, drop, and stream media files instead of having to upload and download your files multiple times.
7. Analytics Tools
Every marketer knows that analyzing performance is even more important than creating content. If you don’t know how your campaigns are performing or how your audience is engaging, you’ll keep wasting a lot of effort and resources in the wrong direction. This is exactly why having strong analytics tools is crucial for your success as a marketer.
As a marketer, you will constantly be faced with challenges when curating your social media strategies. The only way you can stay on top of your competition is to maximize the efficiency of your operations. To do so, having effective and practical apps to manage your accounts and operate your daily tasks will prove to be quite beneficial. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9370341897010804}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '158307', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3TD6GBDAUUW6V3564XBVGW4FTDUZFVQX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cc0ed1c9-5b63-46f7-ba50-ffee7735ab35>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 16, 0, 0, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '159.203.139.4', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VNJNG2533O7DUMX6ZQCN3HQ6XR7AQSIG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4e053552-69b5-4e6b-b9fd-9922ede4516a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mobupdates.com/7-must-have-social-media-apps-for-marketers/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cdd3d071-6ed4-4b62-8eba-3dec5cff529b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '830', 'url': 'https://www.mobupdates.com/7-must-have-social-media-apps-for-marketers/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.029490649700164795', 'original_id': 'fa848d5f1f332fd6645fa1c4177010e2a9c31d2f0dbdd9eaa8ca025c3a55e9dd'} |
Efficiency saves time. And time is money.
According to e-learningindustry.com, 77% of US companies now offer online learning solutions to improve employee performance and 47% enable mobile learning which allows employees to access internet-based training whenever they want from their mobile device. Businesses around the globe are embracing ongoing learning development and investing in learning management systems to acquire, apply, and share knowledge.
A Learning Management System (LMS) is a software or web-based application that is used to plan, implement, and assess a specific learning process. An LMS centralizes, standardizes, and streamlines courses and/or training programs and is able to serve documentation, information, and testing materials directly to the user. The features and capabilities of an LMS can vary widely depending on an enterprise’s unique needs.
A learning program’s needs vary widely by enterprise. Many businesses are finding that the development of a high-impact LMS solution is a critical part of a successful business strategy; one that enables them to efficiently emphasize their training and communication priorities and evolve with the needs of the organization.
Case Study: Carrier
Carrier came to Fastback with a challenge: they needed to create a new, upgraded, modern e-learning platform to educate their global sales and workforce. They have several certification steps and business requirements in order for their resellers to be “Factory Authorized Dealers,” they offer certifications for maintenance and repair companies, and they maintain robust ongoing education efforts for their internal staff. We worked with them to understand their business needs and goals as well as the needs and goals of their LMS users in order to create a powerful learning platform that would be tailor-made for them. The resulting LMS allowed dealers and distributors to register for, pay for, and take both online and in-person training, tracked their progress towards certification, and reported individual and aggregate data back to corporate.
Active Users
Online Courses Completed
Carrier’s LMS was designed to be flexible and to grow with the needs of the organization. We used a ticketing system to constantly catalog, prioritize, research, and track updates to the system. To date, we’ve completed over 200 enhancements and updates to the Carrier LMS, making the entire system more streamlined and powerful. Access to customized reporting and the sheer volume of available data allows Carrier to see and assess exactly how their trainees are doing, how effective their training is, and where they need to focus their attention. The system is customized and optimized for the Carrier business model, it’s SCORM compliant, continually updated, and it’s profitable.
The Value of an LMS
Many companies already understand the magnitude of work that goes into maintaining a continuing education program. The hours spent on paperwork, administering tests, evaluating progress, and making sure that nothing gets missed can be directly translated into money spent. An effective LMS can save you time which, in turn, saves you money.
But the value of an LMS goes beyond just saving money. Learning management systems can also be leveraged to make an organization money. An LMS turns into a revenue stream when you charge a fee for user or organizations to be licensed through your LMS, to register for a class or seminar, or to be able to access educational and reference material. The cumulative effect of money saved by increasing efficiency and money made by offering valuable content to your users can have a dramatic impact on your bottom line.
An LMS also provides a valuable opportunity to engage with employees. Access to learning and training opportunities is often listed as one of the most sought after job benefits and can be one of the most validating avenues of recognition among employees. An LMS presents a compelling learning experience, establishes the company’s goals, and gives employees the tools to effectively contribute to their organization. Studies show that engaged employees drive greater productivity, quality, and profitability.
With the ability to focus on deep expertise development, collaboration, knowledge sharing, and the continuous reinforcement of expertise, an LMS is a critical component to long-term success. As many businesses are discovering, learning culture is perhaps the most important asset a company can nurture. The proof is in the bottom line. Developing a high-impact learning management system is more than just a valuable tool in your corporate learning strategy – it’s a competitive advantage that has a real, measurable impact on profitability.
Let’s discuss how a LMS could work for your team.
Give us a call at 817-479-8510. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '77', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9500176906585692}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '130302', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2EUEPRQYLHF3RMQOJXGUYZMYGZC7RSBQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d2b10d52-5285-452d-a421-d1a02a92f989>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 22, 14, 8, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.186.93', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:B6RV2KPNLG74FAWCEYS3LDUAXO6AWZ7P', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fd8ca59d-19a2-4f28-b4a7-c6c35cc94b0c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://fastback.digital/learning-management-systems/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d753ba5d-776b-489d-b3be-1fe3043de457>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '809', 'url': 'https://fastback.digital/learning-management-systems/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-25\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-171.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020454108715057373', 'original_id': '30027a47c781305bbef885ba431c25673c624dc6b333a41a67197a8b3a3ae146'} |
The concept of immunosuppressive T cells was proposed for the first time by Gershon R.K at the beginning of the 1970s.[@R1] Gershon described a CD8^+^ T cell population that inhibits T cell activation and B cell-induced antibody production.[@R1] At the same time, Nishikuya and colleagues described a new suppressive CD4^+^T cell population.[@R2] They showed that generalized autoimmunity appeared when three day-old (but not seven day-old) mice were thymectomized.[@R2] However, the lack of specific markers prohibited an in-depth study of this T cell population and led to the disinterest of the scientific community, which largely ignored the concept of a "suppressive T cell population."
Phenotype of Regulatory T Cells
===============================
In 1982, Sakaguchi and colleagues and, in the 1990s, Powrie and Mason identified two surface markers, CD5 (Lyt-1) and CD45RB, which are both expressed at low levels on suppressive T cells.[@R3] In 1995, the α chain of IL-2R (CD25) was reported to be constitutively and highly expressed by suppressive CD4^+^ T cells.[@R4] Suppressive CD4 T cells were renamed "regulatory T cells" (Treg) because of the skepticism in relation to the first "suppressive" T cell population described by Gershon.
The real revolution in the phenotype determination of Treg came in 2003 with the identification of a new gene called *foxp3*.[@R5] This gene codes for a transcription factor expressed in the nucleus of Tregs, Foxp3 (forkhead box P3). In humans, absence of this gene is associated with a generalized autoimmune disorder called IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked), which comprises diabetes, eczema and food allergies. In a "scurfy" mouse model, a spontaneous mutation in *foxp3* gene is linked to a very similar disorder.
Foxp3 is a specific marker of Treg in mice but, in humans, it can be transiently expressed by activated T cells[@R6]. In humans, Foxp3^+^ regulatory and activated T cells can be distinguished by the differential expression of CD127 (which is present at high levels in activated T cells and at low levels in Treg)[@R7] and by the methylation status of the transcription factor Foxp3 detected by a Foxp3 methylation-specific PCR assay (with demethylation in the DNA encoding Foxp3 in Treg but not in activated T cells).[@R8]
Tregs also express effector surface molecules such as CTLA4, LAG3, CD39 or CD73 and co-stimulation molecules, CD28, CD80/86, CD40, OX40 or 4--1BB, which appear to be important for their peripheral maintenance and functions.[@R9] Integrins and chemokine receptors such as CD62L, CCR4, CCR7 and CCR8 are responsible for Treg homing and migration to lymph nodes, skin and inflammatory sites and tumor tissues in response to various molecules or chemokines[@R10].
Other regulatory CD4^+^T cell (Tr1, TH3) and regulatory CD8^+^T cell populations have also been described, but this review will only focus on the Foxp3^+^CD4^+^ Treg.
Origin of Foxp 3^+^Treg
=======================
Two main populations of Foxp3^+^Treg have been described: a "natural" (n) population, which differentiates within the thymus during T cell ontogenesis, and another "induced" (i) population, which arises in the periphery from conventional CD4^+^T cells. Conversion of CD4^+^T cells into iTreg occurs in response to various mechanisms, for example, suboptimal antigenic stimulation in the presence of TGFβ[@R11]. Dendritic cells (DC) blocked at an immature stage in the cancer microenvironment, secondary to the presence of inhibitors (IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, PGE2...) express membrane TGFβ and promote Treg differentiation.[@R3]^,^[@R11]
iTreg differentiation from peripheral naïve CD4^+^T cells in periphery was initially described to be strictly opposed to Th1, Th2 or Th17 differentiation. Nevertheless, recent studies report that differentiation to a particular phenotype is not definitive and that iTreg present a real plasticity. For example, it has been shown that, regulatory T cells can be converted to Th17 cells in presence of IL-6 or IL-21 and TGFβ[@R12].
Mechanisms of Action of Treg
============================
iTreg and nTreg share various ways to inhibit immune response ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Both populations use cytokine- dependent mechanisms and are able to secrete immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ) or IL-35 (at least in mice), but also immunosuppressive metabolites such as adenosine.[@R9]^,^[@R13]
{#F1}
Treg may also lyse effector cells by means of granzyme A and B[@R14] or disrupt the metabolism of effector cells by causing their IL-2 deprivation.[@R15]
nTreg also use contact-dependent mechanisms. They are able to inhibit DC maturation by means of the interaction of CTLA-4 with CD80/CD86 on DC, which delivers a negative signal to DC preventing priming of anti-tumor responses. Induction of an immunosuppressive enzyme, IDO (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase), by CTLA-4 may also participate in inhibition of effector T cells[@R16]. Other surface molecules (Lag3, CD39, Nrp, galectin1...) expressed by Treg may also contribute to their suppressive activity.[@R3]
Given these immunosuppressive properties, Treg are therefore important for peripheral tolerance and confer protection against autoimmunity and inflammation.
Treg and Cancer
===============
Most tumor-associated antigens are self-proteins, which elicit weak natural or induced T cell responses after immunotherapy.[@R17] It has been demonstrated that Treg are able to recognize tumor-associated self-antigens and control T cell responses against various cancer antigens, which may explain the failure of many cancer vaccines.[@R18]^,^[@R19] For example, tyrosinase and NY-ESO1-specific CD4^+^T cells can expand and become detectable by in vitro antigenic stimulation of peripheral CD4^+^T cells only after depletion of Treg.[@R20] In addition, therapeutic cancer vaccines could induce tumor-specific Treg that blunt the expansion and function of anti-tumor T cells[@R18]. In line with these results, Treg depletion or blockade has been shown to enhance tumor immunity elicited by vaccination.[@R21]
Treg are recruited to the tumor bed mainly but not exclusively via chemokine gradients, mainly the CCL22/CCR4 axis, as many tumor cells or myeloid intratumor cells produce CCL22 ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).[@R22]^,^[@R23] Hypoxia also attracts Treg into the tumor, mostly through induction of the CCL28 chemokine.[@R24]
{#F2}
Treg infiltration of tumor and draining lymph node has been widely described in mouse models and cancer patients. Treg expansion has been correlated in most cancers (gastric, breast or ovarian) with a poor prognosis associated with a decrease in the CD8^+^ T cell/Treg ratio.[@R25]^,^[@R26] This supports the idea that the suppressive activity of Treg can inhibit priming of CD8^+^ T cells by mature DC in tumor-draining lymph nodes and promote tumor growth. More recently, it has been shown that intratumor Treg produce VEGF and promote angiogenesis.[@R24]
However, Treg are not always "tumor bodyguards." Treg infiltration has also been correlated with good prognosis in hematological malignancies and in some solid tumors such as head and neck or colon cancer[@R27]^,^[@R28] that are often associated with chronic inflammation.[@R29]^,^[@R30] This may be explained by the fact that Treg negatively control inflammation and that inflammation plays an important role in disease progression in these cancers.
Why and When Do We Need to Inhibit Treg in Cancer?
==================================================
Tumor-associated antigens are often self-antigens, which elicit weak immune responses partly due to the presence of antigen-specific Treg. This may explain why elimination of Treg improves induction of CD8^+^T cells response for priming of anti-tumor T cells.
In addition, it has been observed that some immunostimulatory molecules such as IL-2 and IFNα used in immunotherapy may be linked to immunosuppressive activities partly due to the concomitant induction of Treg via Stat5 activation.[@R31]^,^[@R32] Helper peptides derived from tumor antigens may also increase Treg, which partially inhibit anti-tumor CD8^+^T cell induction.[@R33] Anticancer immunotherapies could therefore be improved by concomitant Treg blockade. Importantly, transient depletion of Treg during priming of anti-tumor immunity rather than chronic depletion of Treg should be considered to avoid the development of autoimmune side effects.
Many strategies are currently used to manipulate Treg, including Treg depletion, inhibition of Treg function or blockade of Treg trafficking into lymph nodes or tumors. We will briefly describe these approaches by emphasizing their potential limitations.
Strategies Currently Used to Block or Inhibit Treg
==================================================
Treg depletion
--------------
### Chemotherapy
Some chemotherapies may lead to immunogenic cell death resulting in activation of DC and priming of anti-tumor immune responses.[@R34] This promotion of DC maturation might also explain the capacity of some chemotherapies to reduce Treg. In addition, as a higher frequency of proliferating cells is observed in Treg compared with the non-Treg compartment, chemotherapy, which mostly destroys proliferating cells, may tilt the balance from Treg toward effector T cells. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is the leading product of this therapeutic class. Reversal of immunological tolerance by CTX via inhibition of suppressor cells was reported more than 35 years ago.[@R35] Selective depletion of Treg induced by CTX or other chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel requires the use of these agents at low, so-called metronomic doses.[@R36]^,^[@R37] Some studies in humans have shown improvement of T cell effector function associated with a reduction in Treg numbers after low dose CTX administration.[@R38] However, "clinical benefit/toxicity (deletion of effector T cells)" therapeutic index for this kind of drug is low and no consensus has been reached concerning a robust CTX-based protocol able to induce significant ablation of Treg inhibitory functions in patients.
### CD25 antibody and Denileukin diftitox (ONTAK)
The implication of Treg in tumor immunity was initially studied by systemic depletion of CD25^+^ T cells. Studies in mice demonstrated that in vivo administration of CD25-specific antibody (PC61) suppressed growth of progressively growing tumors.[@R39] However CD25 is also expressed by activated effector T cells, complicating the CD25-based Treg targeting strategy. In this regard, it was shown that while administration of anti-CD25 mAb before tumor inoculation triggered effective antitumor responses, anti-CD25 mAb treatment after tumor inoculation was much less effective to eradicate tumors.[@R39]
In humans, an anti-CD25 mAb, daclizumab, has been used to deplete Treg with contradictory results.[@R8]^,^[@R40] More recently, the recombinant IL-2 diphtheria toxin conjugate called denileukin diftitox (ONTAK) was developed to target T cells with high CD25 expression. Upon internalization, diphtheria toxin irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis, ultimately triggering cell death. Diftitox administration combined with vaccine has demonstrated some efficacy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma patients.[@R41] However, recent studies performed in melanoma patients reported neither a reduction in peripheral Treg numbers nor any favorable clinical improvement after diftitox treatment.[@R8] This therapeutic failure might be explained by the presence of CD25^low^Foxp3^+^T cells, which cannot be depleted by diftitox.
Targeting Treg function
-----------------------
One possible strategy to avoid Treg depletion is to use antibodies that target molecules constitutively expressed by Treg leading to their functional inhibition.
### Anti-CTLA-4
CTLA-4 is expressed on both regulatory and activated T cells. Early studies have reported that CTLA4 blockade resulted in improved tumor immunity and tumor regression. However, a recent study elegantly demonstrated that blockade of CTLA-4 specifically on Treg failed to enhance anti tumor responses.[@R42] In contrast, concomitant blockade on both effector T cells and Treg led to a synergistic effect with maximal anti-tumor activity.[@R42] Surprisingly, anti-CTLA-4 recently approved for metastatic melanoma patients, induced activated effector T cells, Foxp3^+^ Treg as well as IL-10-producing Treg.[@R43] Despite this Treg expansion, anti-CTLA-4 mAb administration resulted in severe autoimmunity. This might be explained by the fact that conventional T cells become resistant to the inhibitory effects of Treg during therapy with anti-CTLA4 mAb.[@R44]
### Anti-GITR
Like CTLA-4, GITR is constitutively expressed by Treg, but it is also detected, albeit at lower levels, on CD4^+^ and CD8^+^ effector T cells. Stimulation by agonistic antibodies to either GITR or GITR ligand has a dual effect leading to suppression of Treg activity (at least in mice) and enhanced proliferation of effector T cells and possible resistance to Treg-mediated suppression. Administration of GITR mAb protected mice from B16 tumor challenge,[@R45] and induced tumor regression in mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma.[@R46] The tumors were infiltrated by large numbers of effector T cells, and an increase in INFγ was observed. Importantly, anti-GITR mAb therapy was more effective in mice with established tumors than in prophylactic settings.[@R46] A study performed on GITR-knockout mice revealed that reversal of suppression by GITR signaling may be attributed to the costimulatory activity of GITR on responder CD4^+^CD25^-^ T cells, which made them resistant to Treg suppression.[@R47] This indicates that anti-GITR stimulation enhances the activity and expansion of antigen-primed effector T cells rather than their generation. Altogether, a direct role of GITR mAb on Treg cell functions remains elusive.
### Anti-OX40
OX40, a costimulatory molecule of the TNF receptor family, is constitutively expressed on Treg and transiently expressed on activated T cells. An early study showed that activation of OX40 signaling by an agonistic anti-OX40 mAb was able to inhibit the suppressive activity of Treg.[@R48]A recent murine study demonstrated that intratumoral injection of anti-OX40 mAb induced strong inhibition of tumor growth.[@R49] The authors demonstrated that activation of OX40 signaling has a dual role, inhibiting Treg suppression while enhancing effector T cells functions. Further studies are required before translating agonistic anti-OX40 mAb strategies to patients especially in combination with conventional therapies.[@R50]
Taken together, targeting CTLA-4, GITR or OX40 may have a huge therapeutic potential, as recently demonstrated for the anti-CTLA4 mAb (ipilimumab). However, discrepancies exist in the literature as to whether Treg functions are indeed affected by such regimens. Moreover, non-specific co-stimulatory effects of these mAbs on effectors CD4 and CD8 T cells may lead to severe systemic inflammation (induction of a cytokine storm) and multi organ-specific autoimmunity.[@R51]
### TLR ligands, adenosine inhibitors and peptide inhibitors of Foxp3
Treg express various TLRs and notably high levels of TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR8;[@R52] TLR 8 activation by its natural or synthetic ligands has been shown to inhibit Treg function and enhances in vivo tumor immunity.[@R53] Appropriate TLR stimulation might therefore be an important tool for vaccination strategies, since it could inhibit Treg-mediated tolerance.[@R54] However, this area of research requires further investigation as many counteracting effects might emerge due to the expression of TLRs on almost all murine and human normal and tumor cells.[@R55] In addition, TLR ligands could also induce IL-10- producing Treg. This unfavorable bystander effect could be reversed by blocking p38 MAPK signaling.[@R56]
Treg produce adenosine via catabolism of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP and AMP) by extracellular ectonucleotidases, CD39 and CD73. Adenosine is a major immunosuppressive factor that may participate in the immunosuppressive activity of Foxp3^+^ T cells.[@R16] Low molecular weight inhibitors and adenosine receptor antagonists, some of which are already used in clinic settings for other indications, are available to block adenosine-mediated immune suppression.[@R57] Inhibition of CD39 with enzymatic inhibitors blocks Treg function and improve the effects of chemotherapy.[@R58]
A peptide inhibitor of Foxp3 (P60) impairs Treg activity and improves vaccine efficacy in mice.[@R59] P60 administration to newborn mice but not in adult mice induced a lymphoproliferative autoimmune syndrome resembling the reported pathology in scurfy mice lacking functional Foxp3.[@R59]
### Disrupting lymph node and tumor homing of Treg
Another strategy to control Treg function is to target chemokine/chemokine receptor molecules (i.e. CCL17/CCL22-CCR4 axis) that are involved in Treg trafficking. It has been shown that Treg preferentially express CCR4 compared with conventional T cells, both in mice and humans.[@R10]^,^[@R60] CCR4-expressing Treg mainly represent activated Treg with potent suppressive activity. The binding of CCL17 and CCL22 produced by DC in the lymph node to their CCR4 receptor guides CCR4-expressing Treg toward DC. This interaction can suppress DC-mediated immune responses by inhibiting DC maturation and expression of costimulatory molecules required for effector T cell activation, as well as by inhibiting stable contact between DC and effector cells.[@R61] The role of CCR4 in the migration of Treg toward lymph nodes is also reinforced by studies showing that CCR4-deficient Tregs fail to traffic to lymph nodes to inhibit pathogenic T cells.[@R62]
Tumor cells and their microenvironment also attract Treg by the secretion of CCL22,[@R22] and a correlation has been reported between the presence of tumor-infiltrating Treg and CCL22 in breast cancer.[@R23] In a murine model, it has been shown that monoclonal antibodies specific for CCL22 significantly reduce the migration of Treg into ovarian tumors.[@R22]
Recently, small molecule antagonists to CCR4, designed in silico, have been shown to prevent the interaction of CCL22/CCL17 with their receptor. In vitro experiments in human showed that these CCR4 antagonists inhibit the recruitment of Treg mediated by CCL22 and CCL17. Preclinical studies showed that, when administered in combination with vaccines, CCR4 antagonists increased CD4^+^ T cell and humoral responses directed against foreign antigens.[@R63]^,^[@R64] We found that immunization of mice against relevant tumor-associated self antigens (Her2/neu, gp100...) failed to reverse the tolerance controlled by Treg. In contrast, the same vaccines combined with a CCR4 antagonist led to the induction of effector CD8^+^ T cells and partial tumor protection.[@R21] The CCR4 antagonist was more efficient than CTX to elicit anti-self CD8^+^ T cells. One of the main advantages of this CCR4 antagonist is its short lifespan (\~24 h)[@R63] allowing transient inhibition of Treg only during the priming phase and avoiding the potential autoimmune complications caused by long-term blockade or depletion of Treg by mAbs (e.g., anti-CD25, anti-OX40, anti-GITR...) with longer half-lives (2--3 weeks).[@R65] We found that administration of the CCR4 antagonist did not lead to induction of biological markers of autoimmunity.[@R21] In addition, it appears that Treg expressing CCR4 mainly represent activated Treg with potent suppressive activity.
Other chemokine receptors such as CCR7 and CCR5 may also play a role in Treg migration. For example, the CCL5/CCR5 interaction has been shown to be crucial for Treg attraction in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.[@R66] Disrupting this interaction by systemic administration of a CCR5 inhibitor reduced Treg migration into the tumor and led to significant tumor reduction.[@R66] In some models, CCL5 blockade improved the efficacy of immunochemotherapy.[@R67] However, it should be noted that, chemokine/chemokine receptor molecules especially CCL5/CCR5 and CCL20-CCL21/CCR7 may also be involved in trafficking of effector T cells, and disruption of these pathways might therefore be deleterious to killing of tumor cells.
### Anti-angiogenic molecules and tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that angiogenesis inhibition overcomes various immunosuppressive networks including Treg.[@R68] In mice and human, it has been demonstrated that sunitinib, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis (VEGF-R, PDGF-R, FGF-R...), reduced the percentage and absolute number of Treg,[@R69]^-^[@R71] which have been shown to be increased in many tumors.[@R25]^,^[@R27] We more thoroughly analyzed this decrease in Foxp3^+^ Tregs in humans and observed a progressive reduction in circulating Foxp3^+^ Tregs after each cycle of sunitinib therapy. This reduction became statistically significant after the second cycle of therapy. A significant (at least 20%) reduction in the absolute number of Foxp3^+^ Treg occurred in 32% and 40% of patients after the first and second cycle respectively, and in 70% of patients after the third cycle. We found a correlation between the number of Foxp3^+^ Treg at baseline and the changes in this population during sunitinib-based therapy. Patients with baseline Treg levels above the median value were more likely to experience a decrease in this population after the second or third cycles of sunitinib-based therapy than patients with low baseline Treg levels.[@R70] Sunitinib appears to have an indirect effect on Treg, as sunitinib did not inhibit in vitro Treg expansion even over a 14 d coincubation period.[@R69] The impact of anti-angiogenic molecules on Treg has been mainly demonstrated with sunitinib. The ability of other molecules (sorafenib, bevacizumab...) to mimic this effect is currently debated.[@R71]^-^[@R73]
Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the impact of anti-angiogenic molecules on Treg: (1) at an immature stage, DC in the presence of TGFβ are able to induce Foxp3^+^CD4^+^CD25^hi^ Treg.[@R74] Pioneering studies showed that VEGF inhibits DC maturation via a nuclear factor κB (NFκB)-dependent pathway mediated by VEGFR-1 signaling[@R75] (2) Since Treg express VEGFR2, a modulation of Treg activity by VEGF could also be hypothesized.[@R76]
Other immunosuppressive cell populations, especially MDSC (myeloid -derived suppressor cells), could also be blocked by anti-angiogenic therapy.[@R68]
This role of anti-angiogenic molecules on reversal of immunosuppression in cancer may explain the synergy observed in preclinical models between anti-angiogenic molecules and immunotherapy. Studies are ongoing to address the ability of these molecules to potentiate immunotherapy in human clinical trials.[@R77]
Other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib mesylate, dasatinib, temozolomide) have demonstrated an impact on the decrease of Treg number or functions.[@R78]^,^[@R79] An elegant study in a mouse model of gastrointestinal sarcoma (GIST) and in human GISTs showed that imatinib mesylate induced Treg Suppress (T(reg) cell) apoptosis within the tumor by reducing tumor-cell expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.[@R78] Reduction of Treg numbers unleashes NK cell functions and contribute to NKp30-dependent antitumor effects in GIST.[@R80]
Conclusions and Perspectives
============================
Treg and activated T cells share several common features and surface markers, which explain the weak selectivity of several drug candidates to specifically inhibit Treg. New strategies are designed to inhibit Treg function rather than eliminate Treg, in order to improve their specificity. This field has recently benefited from the finding that many drugs (chemotherapies, anti-angiogenic molecules, tyrosine kinase inhibitors...) exhibit off-target effects and inhibit Treg, thereby accelerating their evaluation in clinical trials either as monotherapies or in combination with immunotherapy. In terms of the clinical indications of these molecules, elimination or inhibition of Treg might be particularly useful in the context of therapeutic vaccination against tumor-associated antigens. For this kind of indication, transient inhibition of Treg during the short window of immune priming (few days) rather than long-term blockade might be particularly appropriate to minimize organ-specific or generalized autoimmune side effects.
This work was supported by Canceropole Ile de France, ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche), Ligue contre le Cancer, Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, Institut National du Cancer, Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothe´rapie (CIC-BT505), and the Labex Immuno-Oncology.
Previously published online: [www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/18852](http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/18852/)
DC
: dendritic cell
Treg
: regulatory T cell
TLR
: toll-like receptor
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L'apprentissage du principe alphabétique requiert plusieurs compétences : - La distinction des unités sonores de la chaîne parlée (mots, syllabes, phonèmes). L'acquisition de la conscience phonologique, c'est-à-dire la « capacité à identifier les éléments phonologiques de la langue, à les manipuler de manière consciente et explicite » (Leleu-Galland, 2008, p 114) est fondamentale puisque l'écrit code l'oral et non le sens. Ainsi, les élèves apprennent à extraire les unités signifiantes de la chaîne orale (les mots) puis les unités non signifiantes qui composent le mot (syllabes et phonèmes). L'aboutissement de cette acquisition est la distinction des trente-sept phonèmes de la langue française, codés par les lettres de l'alphabet. - La compréhension du fait que les unités sonores de la langue sont représentées par des unités graphiques. Cela implique que les élèves doivent prendre conscience des régularités de la langue écrite : celle-ci est stable et immuable. - La connaissance des correspondances phonème-graphème. Cela implique d'abord la reconnaissance des phonèmes de la langue orale et des lettres de la langue écrite. Chacune des vingt-six lettres se distingue par sa forme, le son qu'elle code et le - 23 - nom qu'elle porte. Parallèlement à cela, chacune d'elle prend une forme différente selon le type d'écriture : capitale d'imprimerie, scripte ou cursive. L'enfant se familiarise avec le principe alphabétique sur les trois années de maternelle ce qui rendra son apprentissage plus aisé au cycle 2.
B. L'école bienveillante
Au sein des recommandations prescrites par le nouveau Programme d'enseignement de l'école maternelle de 2015, le nouveau statut de l'erreur est pris en considération. L'école se veut « bienveillan » (p 2), tant dans les enseignements prodigués que dans la façon de concevoir
l'apprentissage et de consid
érer l'évaluation. L'école maternelle garantit la réussite de tous les élèves, en leur donnant envie d'apprendre et en permettant à chaque enfant de s'affirmer et de développer sa personnalité. Elle est confiante envers chaque enfant, dans sa capacité à apprendre et à progresser. Par ailleurs, elle accorde un nouveau statut à l'évaluation qui devient « positive » : « l'évaluation positive est une évaluation conduite avec bienveillance, qui souligne les petites réussites, les progrès, petits ou grands, les essais, qui participent à la motivation de l'enfant en les lui signifiant, ainsi qu'à ses parents »7. Son rôle de régulation est reconnu, notamment dans la projection des enseignements : elle permet d'ajuster les attentes en fonction des besoins des élèves, de proposer l'étayage adéquat pour consolider les premières acquisitions et d'offrir des situations de plus en plus complexes pour permettre à chacun d'apprendre davantage. Elle repose sur l'observation et l'interprétation des paroles et actions des enfants en situation ordinaire, sur la base d'indicateurs critériés mis en place avec l'ensemble de l'équipe pédagogique. L'évaluation positive n'a pas pour objet de comparer les performances des élèves. À l'inverse, elle prend en compte les rythmes d'apprentissage de chaque enfant. L'évaluation mise en place par le biais d'un cahier de suivi permet - d'évaluer les progrès de l'élève sur le cycle (et non sur l'année), en validant les items choisis par l'équipe pédagogique seulement quand l'enfant est prêt. Il est demandé à l'enseignant de mettre en valeur les progrès de l'enfant au sein d'un parcours personnel et valoriser ses réussites, tant pour lui-même que pour ses parents. Ainsi, l'évaluation positive est prescrite par les instructions officielles. Les pédagogies et les pratiques qu'elle implique, telle que la régulation des apprentissages ou la valorisation des progrès effectués ne visent plus à mesurer les compétences de l'enfant mais bien à identifier ses réussites pour revenir sur ses difficultés. C'est au sein de ces programmes que s'inscrit à la fois notre pratique enseignante et notre réflexion sur l'erreur. Celle-ci s'inscrit dans des activités de découverte du principe alphabétique, sous-domaine d'enseignement qui permet la présentation de situations variées, complexes et propices à la production d'erreurs. En conclusion, et bien l'erreur soit aujourd'hui considérée comme inhérente à l'acte d'apprendre par l'institution scolaire, la confrontation individuelle à l'erreur s'avère encore très culpabilisante, sans doute à cause de rapports d'ordre dogmatiques associés à la faute. Il est fondamental que les valeurs sociales liées à l'erreur évoluent, puisque celle-ci est reconnue comme indice et même symptôme d'apprentissage : elle dénote la démarche cognitive que l'apprenant met en oeuvre pour accéder aux savoirs, et est signe des progrès qu'il réalise. Notre intention de recueillir les réactions des élèves face à l'erreur et d'observer leurs évolutions, dans des situations d'apprentissage du principe alphabétique, participera à une meilleure compréhension de la conception de l'erreur pour les élèves. Cela devrait permettre d'adapter notre enseignement à la fois à leurs erreurs dans la construction des apprentissages, mais aussi à leurs réactions affectives. Un nouveau contrat didactique pourrait alors s'appliquer, où l'on dé tiserait l'erreur pour la placer au centre de la construction des savoirs. 25 - PARTIE 2 : PROTOCOLE D'EXPERIMENTATION I. PROBLÉMATISATION
Nos recherches documentaires ont permis de mettre à jour un paradoxe concernant le rapport à l'erreur. Alors que la Recherche et l'Ecole (qui a longtemps été normative) la considèrent selon un statut positif, les individus et la société la jugent comme négative et source d'insécurité, selon des valeurs fondées sur des habitudes de pensée dogmatiques et culpabilisantes. Pourtant, les apports de la Didactique prouvent que l'erreur est non seulement propre à la relation d'apprentissage qu'entretient l'élève avec le savoir (Houssaye, 1993) mais aussi qu'elle permet la régulation menant à la réussite et donc à l'accès aux connaissances (Ravestein et Sensevy, 1993-94). Il semble nécessaire que cette vision positive de l'erreur dans le processus d'apprentissage soit transmise à l'Ecole, et cela tout au long du parcours scolaire des élèves. La contradiction que nous avons découverte quant au statut de l'erreur nous a incité à nous interroger sur notre pratique effective de classe : Quel rapport à l'erreur entretiennent des élèves en moyenne section de maternelle? En ont-ils un? Après une observation empirique de nos élèves, nous établissons l'hypothèse que les élèves ont construit un rapport spécifique à l'erreur, et que celui-ci n'est pas positif. Nous pensons qu'ils ont été confrontés à l'erreur dans leurs expériences d'enfants au sein d'un cadre familial et dans la société dans laquelle ils ont grandi, mais aussi dans leurs expériences scolaires. D'autres recherches nous ont appris que le statut de l'erreur exprimé en classe dépend de la pédagogie adoptée par l'enseignant : celle-ci découle des instructions offici elles, mais aussi du rapport à l'erreur de l'enseignant vis-à-vis de ses élèves et aussi de lui-même. Par ailleurs, et puisque l'intérêt pour l'erreur est transdisciplinaire, il est nécessaire de l'impliquer dans un domaine d'enseignement pour l'étudier. Nous avons choisi des situations d'apprentissage relatives à la découverte du principe alphabétique (et selon les prescriptions du Programme d'enseignement de l'école maternelle en vigueur) pour les raisons suivantes : son apprentissage est rigoureux, les activités possibles sont nombreuses et variées et l'étude à laquelle nous nous soumettons corrélait bien avec les progressions de classe. Enfin, la découverte du principe alphabétique permet de - 26 - proposer aux élèves des tâches complexes pour lesquelles il existe une grande possibilité qu'ils produisent des erreurs (c'était ce que nous cherchions). II. METHODOLOGIES A. Méthodologie de recueil des données
Pour évaluer s'il est possible de modifier le rapport à l'erreur d'élèves de quatre à cinq ans dans le domaine de la découverte du principe alphabétique, nous avons mis en place un protocole qui permet de valider ou non nos deux hypothèses : -les élèves de quatre à cinq ans ont déjà construit un rapport individuel à l'erreur, qui peut différer d'un individu à l'autre; -leurs réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur peuvent évoluer selon le rapport à l'erreur explicité par l'enseignant. Pour cela, nous cherchons à recueillir des données à partir de nos pratiques de classe. Nous tiendrons donc, au sein des quatre semaines d'expérimentation, un double rôle : celui d'enseignante et celui d'observatrice. Nous recueillerons des observations (collectées à partir d'une grille) sur les réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur dans des - 27 - situations de découverte du principe alphabétique. Le protocole s'établit sur un laps de temps d'un mois et se déroule en quatre étapes : un prétest identique pour tous les élèves, deux situations protocolaires pour lesquelles la classe a été divisée en quatre ensembles et dont le rapport à l'erreur amené par l'enseignant diffère, puis un post-test identique pour tous les élèves. Nous nous attendons d'abord à recueillir différentes réactions et attitudes suite à la prise de conscience d'avoir commis une erreur, témoignant des divers rapports à l'erreur entretenus par les élèves. Nous pensons aussi que pour chacun des quatre ensembles d'élèves qui ont été soumis à des rapports l'erreur différents de la part de l'enseignant, nous pourrons distinguer une évolution des résultats entre le prétest et le post-test. Enfin, nous pensons obtenir des résultats différents au post-test selon les rapports à l'erreur amenés par l'enseignant. 1. Participants
Notre étude est à caractère qualitatif. Vingt-huit enfants (quinze filles (F) et treize garçons (G)) participeront à l'étude. Ils sont âgés de quatre à cinq ans (vingt-deux élèves ont entre quatre et cinq ans soit 79% et six élèves ont entre cinq et six ans soit 21% au début du protocole d'expérimentation). Ils sont scolarisés dans la même classe de moyenne section, dans une école de Gournay-sur-Marne (93). Un enfant n'a pas pour langue maternelle le français (G1). La plupart des élèves viennent d'un milieu social favorisé.
2. Passation des tests
Les données sont récoltées en situation d'observation par groupes de trois ou quatre enfants (appartenant au même ensemble de rapport à l'erreur) : cela permet d'abord une meilleure observation des réactions des élèves, mais aussi une relation plus paisible avec les élèves observés. Le lieu d'observation (la salle des maîtres) n'est pas familier des élèves. 3. Constitution des Ensembles d'élèves
Un prétest, identique pour tous les élèves de la classe, est d'abord effectué : il a pour but de récolter les réactions et attitudes spontanées des élèves vis-à-vis de leur confrontation à l'erreur. La suite du protocole divise les élèves en quatre ensembles de 7 enfants, afin d'observer l'évolution de leurs attitudes selon des rapports à l'erreur différents. Dans le but d'obtenir des ensembles d'élèves les plus hétérogènes possibles, nous avons réparti ces derniers selon les sentiments apparemment ressentis récoltés lors du prétest et suivant la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur. Nous avons arbitrairement distingué trois catégories arbitraires de sentiments : les sentiments plutôt pessimistes (la colère, le découragement, le rejet ou le déni), les sentiments neutres (l'acceptation l'étonnement) et un sentiment plutôt optimiste (la motivation). C'est ainsi que dans chaque ensemble Ens1, Ens2, Ens3 et Ens4, deux élèves ont semblé éprouver des émotions pessimistes face à l'erreur, quatre des émotions neutres et un des émotions plutôt optimistes. Ainsi, chaque ensemble représente un panel hétérogène des réactions récoltées lors du pré-test. Par ailleurs, nous avons été attentifs à l'hétérogénéité des genres dans les ensembles. Les ensembles 2, 3 et 4 se composent de quatre filles et trois garçons, l'ensemble 1 comporte quatre garçons et trois filles.
4. Protocole
Notre protocole d'expérimentation s'établit en trois phases : une phase de prétest visant à diagnostiquer les réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur avant la réalisation du protocole, une phase de sensibilisation à un rapport à l'erreur différent pour les quatre ensembles testés et une phase de post-test afin d'évaluer les évolutions des attitudes et réactions des élèves. Le prétest et le post-test sont identiques pour tous les élèves et ne correspondent à aucun rapport à l'erreur spécifique. Quatre tâches sont ainsi soumises aux élèves, correspondant aux phases du protocole. Les tâches prescrites aux élèves s'inscrivent dans le domaine de la découverte du principe alphabétique et se reportent à des séquences d'apprentissage travaillées en classe. Les activités proposées ont été choisies pour leur niveau de - 29 - difficulté, le but étant de récolter les réactions et attitudes des élèves face à l'erreur : il fallait donc qu'ils en produisent. Le niveau de difficulté des tâches s'explique par le fait qu'elles arrivaient prématurément dans la séquence ou qu'elles étaient encore inconnues des élèves. Un retour sur les tâches et leurs difficultés a été effectué, l'enseignement en classe n'a pas été négligé à cause du protocole. Le recueil des données se fait par observation des élèves lors de la réalisation des tâches prescrites. L'enseignante, qui tient aussi le rôle d'observatrice, prend des notes sur l'activité et le comportement de l'élève lors de la résolution de la tâche. Elle est particulièrement attentive aux moments où l'élève apprend qu'il a commis une erreur. La grille ci-dessous sert de guide à l'observation : Nom de l'élève : Prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur
Sentiments apparemment ressentis Signaux corporels/ comportement Signaux verbaux Etonnement Colère Acceptation Rejet/déni Découragement Motivation Mise en oeuvre d'une remédiation par l'élève Comportement de l'élève Signaux corporels Passif Cherche l'origine de l'erreur Corrige l'erreur - 30 - Signaux verbaux Demande de l'aide Demande validation Veut arrêter l'exercice Des notes sont prises parallèlement pour recueillir de façon générale l'attitude
l'élève au travail, ou toute remarque qui semble intéressante. 5. Phases expérimentales et tâches associées
Notre protocole consiste à observer et recueillir les attitudes et réactions d'élèves face à leurs erreurs. C'est l'enseignante-observatrice qui valide ou invalide les productions des élèves, une fois qu'ils expriment le fait d'avoir terminé. Elle veille d'abord à verbaliser uniquement le fait que la production soit erronée (et selon des termes spécifiques selon le rapport à l'erreur explicité à l'élève). Une première observation de la réaction de l'élève sera alors menée. Si l'élève s'est de nouveau trompé ou n'a rien changé à sa production, la verbalisation du fait d'avoir commis une erreur sera de nouveau pratiquée. Si l'élève est bloqué, l'enseignante pourra l'aider à réguler sa démarche cognitive, soit en identifiant l'erreur avec l'élève, soit en étayant pour qu'il puisse reprendre sa recherche. Le protocole dont il est question se distingue en trois phases : a) Prétest Une première phase consiste à observer les attitudes et réactions affectives spontanées sur l 'ensemble des élèves face à l'erreur, sans l'influence éventuelle du protocole. La tâche proposée (T1) consiste à reconstituer son prénom en script avec des lettres mobiles et en suivant le modèle. Il s'agit d'une activité de familiarisation à l'écriture de son prénom en script. Quelques exercices d'association entre majuscules (connues) et minuscules (inconnues) correspondantes ont préalablement été effectués, ainsi qu'une familiarisation au prénom dans ce type d'écriture. L'activité de reconstitution de mots à partir de lettres mobiles est connue des élèves, la nouveauté consiste en l'utilisation des lettres scriptes. Cette tâche implique plusieurs actions effective (selon les termes de - 31 - Ravestein et Sensevy, 1993-94) : la reconnaissance de la forme des lettres, l'identification éventuelle du nom de la lettre, le positionnement des lettres dans le bon ordre les unes par rapport aux autres, le positionnement de toutes les lettres, de façon alignées et dans le sens conventionnel d'écriture, etc.) Toutes ces actions sont autant de chances de produire des erreurs. Les observations récoltées serviront de point de comparaison aux autres données ayant subi l'influence du protocole. b) Exposition à un rapport à l'erreur
La deuxième phase consiste à exposer les élèves à différents rapports à l'erreur. Pour cela, quatre ensembles hétérogènes d'élèves sont formés à partir des résultats du prétest 8. Les quatre ensembles d'élèves bénéficient de discours différents concernant le rapport à l'erreur lors de la présentation des activités : -Conception de l'erreur exposée à l'Ensemble 1 (Ens. 1) : aucun discours relatif au rapport à l'erreur n'est prononcé. La consigne de l'activité est transmise sans précision sur l'erreur. Lorsque l'élève présente une production erronée, l'enseignante-observatrice annonce la présence d'une erreur. Si l'élève se trompe de nouveau, l'enseignante invalide encore la production. Si l'élève est bloqué, l'enseignante l'aide à trouver la source de l'erreur ou l'aide à corriger. Le but est d'observer les évolutions naturelles du rapport à l'erreur des élèves, c'està-dire sans exposition à un quelconque rapport à l'erreur. -Conception de l'erreur exposée à l'Ensemble 2 (Ens. 2) : le rapport à l'erreur explicité est négatif : l'erreur est considérée comme un « écart à la norme », c'est-à-dire à la production attendue (Ravestein et Sensevy, 1993-93). Concrètement, un tel discours est transmis par des énoncés tels que « Je ne veux pas voir d'erreur », « Je ne veux pas que vous vous trompiez », « Es-tu certain que tu n'as pas fait d'erreur? Vérifie ton travail! ». Lorsqu'une production est erronée, l'enseignante-observatrice invalide la production et effectue un rappel du statut de 8 Voir II. A. 3. Constitution des Ensembles d'élèves, p 27 - 32 - l'erreur testé (« Tu as fait une erreur. J'avais demandé à ce qu'on ne se trompe pas! »). Le discours est assez sec mais le ton dénote un simple constat. Si l'élève se trompe de nouveau, l'enseignante invalide encore la production et explicite le fait qu'une erreur a été commise pour la seconde fois. Si l'élève est bloqué, l'enseignante l'aide à trouver la source de l'erreur ou l'aide à corriger. En l'occurrence, une certaine bienveillance semble être nécessaire : il ne s'agit pas de faire culpabiliser les élèves, mais simplement d'observer leurs réactions à l'erreur selon une conception négative de celle-ci. Le but est d'observer les réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur lorsque que le rapport à celle-ci est normatif et négatif. - Conception de l'erreur exposée à l'Ensemble 3 (Ens. 3) : l'erreur est dédramatisée, puisque considérée comme un obstacle qui doit être surmonté pour la réussite de la tâche prescrite (Ravestein et Sensevy, 1993-93). Ce rapport à l'erreur accompagne la transmission de la consigne par des énoncés tels que « Vous avez le droit de vous tromper », « Si vous faites une erreur, ce n'est pas grave! », « Si vous vous trompez, demandez-moi de l'aide ». Il est explicité que l'accompagnement de l'enseignant sert à surmonter l'obstacle en question. Si l'élève commet une erreur, l'enseignante-observatrice l'annonce mais la dédramatise : (« Tu as fait une erreur, c'est normal quand on apprend ») puis observe les réactions et attitudes des élèves. Si l'élève se trompe de nouveau, l'erreur est encore explicitée et dédramatisée. Si l'élève est bloqué, l'enseignante l'aide à trouver la source de l'erreur ou l'aide à corriger. Le but est d'observer les réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur lorsque que l'erreur est considérée comme inhérente à l'apprentissage, et que le rôle de l'enseignant est considéré comme régulateur. -Conception de l'erreur exposée à l'Ensemble 4 (Ens. 4) : l'erreur est valorisée : elle est félicitée comme un acte d'apprentissage et l'obstacle qu'elle dénote est explicité (Astolfi, 1997). L'erreur est considérée comme une trace du raisonnement de l'élève, et celui-ci est d'ailleurs verbalisé par l'enseignant. Pour présenter ce rapport à l'erreur, des termes comme « Si vous vous trompez, nous réfléchirons à vos erreurs ensemble. De toute - 33 - façon, vous êtes là pour apprendre », « On apprend en se trompant » sont utilisés lors de la passation de la consigne. Si l'élève commet une erreur, l'enseignante-observatrice l'annonce mais la valorise : (« Tu as fait une erreur, c'est parce que tu es en train d'apprendre. » « Tu as fait une erreur, c'est que tu vas bientôt comprendre. ») puis observe les réactions et attitudes des élèves. Si l'élève se trompe de nouveau, l'erreur est encore explicitée et valorisée. Si l'élève est bloqué, l'enseignante l'aide à trouver la source de l'erreur, identifie l'obstacle de l'apprentissage et aide l'élève à corriger. La phase de familiarisation à un de ces statuts de l'erreur est abordée par deux tâches : -La deuxième tâche (T2) consiste à reconstituer le mot CARNAVAL à partir de syllabes de mots connus. Les enjeux d'apprentissages mêlent ici principe alphabétique (composition du mot en unités non-significatives que sont les syllabes) et conscience phonologique (reconnaissance des syllabes en jeu et de leur place dans le mot). Le terme de « carnaval » est un mot- car il est l'objet d'un projet de classe (la préparation du carnaval de l'école). L'activité est totalement nouvelle pour les élèves, bien que les compétences à mobiliser aient été travaillées séparément. Les élèves avaient, sous leurs yeux, les cartes suivantes : - 34 - La consigne de la tâche est : « Compose le mot <CARNAVAL> grâce aux syllabes des mots <CAR>, <CANARI> et <CHEVAL> ». L'identification des illustrations ainsi que la lecture des syllabes des mots est faite par l'enseignante et l'ensemble des élèves. Un exemple de la procédure à suivre a été explicité et réalisé avec les élèves de l'ensemble, concernant les mots <SALADE> et <LAPIN> pour recomposer le mot <SAPIN>. L'exercice implique d'abord l'identification des mots proposés puis d'identifier les syllabes-cible, c'est-à-dire <CAR>, <NA> et <VAL>. Il faut repérer les mots qui contiennent ces syllabes et la place des syllabes-cible dans les mots qu'elles composent. Enfin, il faut placer dans le bon ordre les syllabes pour former le mot CARNAVAL> ». Ces nombreuses tâches effectives sont autant de possibilités de production d'erreurs ou de difficultés. Par ailleurs, la mémoire joue un rôle important, puisqu'il convient de se souvenir des nombreuses informations (but de la tâche, mots proposés, mot cible, syllabes et places des syllabes dans les mots). -La troisième tâche du protocole (T3) et seconde de la phase d'exposition à un rapport à l'erreur consiste à composer le mot <phasme> avec des lettres mobiles scriptes et selon le modèle <PHASME> en lettres capitales. Il s'agit d'établir les correspondances entre les deux écritures majuscules et minuscules d'imprimerie. Le terme « phasme » constitue un autre mot important de la classe puisqu'il concerne notre élevage. L'activité de composition des mots est connue des élèves, mais c'est la première fois qu'ils transcrivent un mot d'un type d'écriture à un autre. L'activité est totalement nouvelle pour les élèves, bien que les compétences à mobiliser aient été travaillées séparément. Cela implique de reconnaître les lettres capitales pour trouver leur correspondante scripte, tout en identifiant éventuellement le nom de la lettre. Il s'agit aussi de positionner les lettres scriptes dans le bon ordre, de façon alignée et dans le sens conventionnel d'écriture. Toutes ces actions sont autant d'occasions de produire des erreurs. Les observations récoltées au cours de ces deux tâches permettront d'évaluer si les réactions et attitudes d'élèves évoluent selon les différents rapports à l'erreur qui leur sont explicités. c) Post-test
La dernière phase du protocole (T4) consiste en l'observation des réactions et attitudes des élèves sans qu'aucun rapport à l'erreur ne soit abordé. Sa forme est similaire au pré-test, puisque le but est la récolte de leurs réactions et attitudes spontanées face à l'erreur et après avoir bénéficié du protocole. La tâche proposée consiste à reconstituer son prénom en lettres cursives et en suivant le modèle. Il s'agit de la même activité que lors du prétest, si ce n'est que le type d'écriture diffère. Une familiarisation à son prénom en cursive a été effectuée en classe, ainsi que des observations sur les correspondances des lettres du prénom entre les deux écritures scriptes et cursives. Cette tâche impliquant les mêmes difficultés que celles relevées lors du prétest, nous pensons que la comparaison entre les résultats obtenus sera facilitée. Les observations récoltées serviront à évaluer s'il y a eu modification des réactions et attitudes face à l'erreur, comparer les évolutions des élèves entre le prétest et le posttest selon les différents rapports à l'erreur envisagés et analyser si le rapport à l'erreur établi par l'enseignant modifie les réactions et attitudes spontanées des élèves vis-à-vis de leurs erreurs. B. Méthodologie d'analyse des données
Les données recueillies lors du protocole sont sous la forme de notes guidées par une grille d'observation. Il s'agira d'abord, et le jour même, de recueillir les observations dans deux tableaux distincts : les réactions affectives des élèves suite à la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur et les moyens de remédiation à l'erreur utilisés par les élèves suite à la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur. Il s'agira ainsi, pour chaque fiche, de distinguer ce qui est de l'ordre du ressenti face à l'erreur et de l'action sur l'erreur. Plusieurs réactions affectives complémentaires ou paradoxales pourront être observées de la part d'un même élève. Nous sélectionnons alors le sentiment le plus perceptible lors de l'observation. Ces tableaux seront actualisés au fur et à mesure du recueil d'informations.
- 1. Rapports à l'erreur construits par les élèves
Afin d'évaluer si les élèves ont déjà construit un rapport à l'erreur, nous complèterons les tableaux établis par un relevé de signes corporels et verbaux sur lesquels nous nous basons pour interpréter le sentiment ressenti par l'élève ou son mode d'action sur l'erreur, la liste des élèves concernés par telles ou telles attitudes, ainsi que le nombre et la proportion d'élèves s'y rapportant. Nous partirons du postulat que le sentiment ou l'émotion ressenti par l'élève dénotent un certain rapport à l'erreur. Ainsi, l'observation du tableau des sentiments ressentis par les élèves nous permettra de valider ou non la première hypothèse : « les élèves de quatre à cinq ans ont déjà construit un rapport à l'erreur ». 2. Evolution des rapports à l'erreur des élèves
Afin d'évaluer si les attitudes des élèves face à l'erreur évoluent, et finalement, si leur rapport à l'erreur évolue, nous comparerons les phases de pré et de post-test pour chacun des Ensembles dans le premier tableau : cela nous permettra d'identifier s'il y a des évolutions dans les sentiments ressentis face à la confrontation avec l'erreur au sein de chaque phase ainsi que de comparer l'évolution des émotions et sentiments entre les Ensembles. Pour cela, nous proposons de mettre en place un quantifieur du rapport à l'erreur. Celui-ci n'aura pas pour objectif de hiérarchiser les rapports à l'erreur mais simplement d'établir un outil de comparaison objectif et indiscutable. Selon les émotions et sentiments ressentis face à l'erreur par les élèves, nous établirons trois sortes de rapport : un rapport « plutôt négatif », dont le quantificateur individuel q vaudra 1, un rapport « plutôt neutre » pour lequel q vaudra 2 et un rapport « plutôt positif » pour lequel q vaudra 3. Ainsi, le quantifieur individuel q sera compris entre 1 et 3. A partir de cette valeur, un quantificateur collectif Q pourra être calculé et correspondra à la somme des quantificateurs individuels q du rapport à l'erreur des élèves d'un même Ensemble. Il représentera alors le rapport collectif à l'erreur vis-à-vis d'une tâche donnée. Par ensemble de sept élèves, Q sera compris entre 7 et 21. Plus il sera proche de 7, plus le rapport à l'erreur des élèves sera négatif, plus Q sera proche de 21, plus celui-ci sera positif. Dans le but de comparer les Ensembles sur la totalité du protocole, une moyenne de Q Ensemble pourra être calculée. - Par ailleurs, et dans le but de comprendre la dynamique propre à chaque ensemble ayant été exposé à un même rapport à l'erreur, des tableaux mettant en relation les données relatives au rapport à l'erreur de chaque élève selon chaque tâche au sein d'un même groupe pourront être créés. Ces analyses permettront à la fois d'évaluer si les sentiments et attitudes dénotant un rapport à l'erreur peuvent être modifiés selon un rapport à l'erreur explicité par l'enseignant. Si oui, ils permettront d'évaluer quel rapport à l'erreur projeté par l'enseignant a le plus d'influence sur les élèves, et lequel est le plus bénéfique pour améliorer le leur. Pour évaluer l'influence du rapport à l'erreur de l'enseignant, nous calculerons l'écart entre la valeur moyenne Q du rapport collectif à l'erreur au long du protocole et sa valeur initiale (phase du prétest). Pour évaluer les évolutions des rapports à l'erreur, une comparaison des valeurs Q entre les groupes sera nécessaire.
3. Evolution des moyens de remédiation à l'erreur
L'évolution des moyens de remédiation à l'erreur sera explicitée grâce au tableau des moyens d'actions sur l'erreur effectué à partir des notes de l'observateur. Nous complèterons ces tableaux par un relevé de signes corporels et verbaux sur lesquels nous nous basons pour interpréter les moyens de remédiation à l'erreur des élèves, la liste des élèves concernés par tels ou tels comportements, ainsi que le nombre et la proportion d'élèves s'y rapportant. Une identification des différents moyens de remédier à l'erreur pourra ainsi être établi Il conviendra de comparer les phases de pré et de post-test pour chacun des Ensembles, dans le but d'évaluer si ces moyens de remédiation ont évolué selon le rapport à l'erreur explicité à l'enfant. Si c'est le cas, il s'agira de qualifier les évolutions de chaque Ensemble. Pour cela, une valeur de comparaison sera utilisée. La valeur du quantifieur individuel du moyen d'action sur l'erreur p sera arbitrairement basée sur l'autonomie et la distance parcourue dans la démarche de remédiation à l'erreur. La valeur p vaudra 1 lorsque l'élève refuse d'entrer dans la démarche de remédiation, elle vaudra 2 lorsque l'élève refuse d'entrer dans une démarche individuelle de remédiation, - 38 - elle vaudra 3 lorsque l'élève s'engage dans une démarche individuelle de remédiation sans agir sur l'erreur et p vaudra 4 lorsque l'élève s'engage dans une démarche individuelle de remédiation en agissant sur l'erreur. Ainsi, la valeur individuelle du moyen de remédiation à l'erreur p sera comprise entre 1 et 4. A partir de cette valeur, un quantificateur collectif P pourra être calculé et correspondra à la somme des quantificateurs individuels du moyen de remédiation à l'erreur p des élèves. Il représentera alors le type de remédiation vis-à-vis de l'erreur de l'Ensemble. Par ensemble de sept élèves, P sera compris entre 7 et 28. Plus il sera proche de 7, moins les élèves seront autonomes et engagés dans une démarche individuelle de remédiation, plus P sera proche de 28, plus les élèves seront autonomes et impliqués dans la démarche de remédiation. Dans le but de comparer les ensembles sur la totalité du protocole, une moyenne de par ensemble pourra être calculée. De la même façon qu'explicité précédemment, l'évolution des moyens d'actions sur l'erreur sera soulignée par comparaison des différentes valeurs quantitatives des Ensembles, et éventuellement de leur moyenne sur l'ensemble du protocole. L'influence du statut de l'erreur présenté par l'enseignant sera mise en exergue par un calcul de l'écart entre la valeur moyenne du type de remédiation vis-à-vis de l'erreur (moyP) et la valeur initiale de P pour l'ensemble du groupe (valeur de P lors du prétest). III. RESULTATS
Nous avons élaboré un protocole dans le but d'évaluer s'il est possible de modifier les réactions et attitudes d'élèves de quatre à cinq ans dans des situations de découverte du principe alphabétique. Nous avons émis deux hypothèses : d'abord celle que les élèves scolarisés en moyenne section de maternelle ont déjà construit différents rapports à l'erreur, ensuite que leurs réactions et attitudes, révélatrices de la relation à l'erreur qu'ils entretiennent, peuvent être modifiées selon le rapport à l'erreur projeté par l'enseignant.
- 39 - A. Rapports à l'erreur construits par les élèves
Nous avons rassemblé les résultats obtenus à partir du pré-test dans le tableau suivant, qui indique les réactions affectives spontanées des élèves lorsqu'il leur est annoncé qu'ils ont commis une erreur : Tableau 1 : Réactions affectives des élèves suite à la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur, phase de prétest (réalisation de la première tâche observée
). Sentiments apparemment ressentis Colère Rejet / Déni Découragement Rapport à l'erreur dénoté Acceptation Etonnement Rapport à l'erreur dénoté Motivation Rapport à l'erreur dénoté Exemples d'attitudes observées Bouderie, violence. Gêne, air sûr de soi. Air triste, accablé. Exemples de signaux corporels observés Visage fermé, jet des lettres, arrêt de l'activité. Hochements négatifs de tête. soupirs Exemples de signes verbaux entendus Nombre d'enfants concernés (Total : 28) 1 Pourcentage d'enfants concernés (en %). 3,6% F3, F13 2 7,1% G5, G12 F4, F15, F12 5 17,9% 8 28,6% 11 39,3% 5 17, 9% 57,1% 4 14,2% 4 14,2% G
1 « Nan », « Je me suis pas trompée! ». « Oh mais j'en ai marre », « J'arrive pas moi c'est dur », « pfff ». « plutôt négatif » Retour au travail. Hochements positifs de tête. « D'accord maîtresse » Septicité, passivité temporaire. Froncement de sourcils, observation de sa production. « Où?! », « Pourquoi, c'est où le problème? » G3, G7, G9 F1, F2, F5, F6, F7, F8, F10, F11 G2, G4, G11, G13 F14. « plutôt neutre » Mise au travail, recherche immédiate de l'erreur, essais sans relâche, gaîté dans l'action. Air de défi « Mais quand même les autres, je me suis pas trompée », « C'est le <l>! », « Je sais où c'est » « plutôt positif
Face à la confrontation à l'erreur, nous avons observé différents types de réactions affectives de la part des élèves. Nous avons identifié six sentiments provoqués par la prise de conscience d'avoir fait une erreur : la colère, le rejet ou déni, le découragement, l'acceptation, l'étonnement et la motivation. Chaque enfant, selon son expérience de l'erreur, a construit un rapport vis-à-vis de celle-ci. Nous interprétons les attitudes émotionnelles des élèves face à la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur comme symptôme du rapport qu'ils entretiennent avec cette dernière. Ainsi, plusieurs rapports à l'erreur sont préconçus avant le début de l'étude. Nous les distinguons en trois catégories, de façon arbitraire et pour simplifier notre propos : un rapport plutôt négatif (révélé par un sentiment de colère, de rejet, de déni ou de découragement face à l'erreur), un rapport plutôt neutre (dévoilé par un sentiment d'acceptation ou d'étonnement face à l'erreur) et un rapport plutôt positif (indiqué par un sentiment de motivation face à l'erreur). La plupart des élèves ont un rapport plutôt neutre à l'erreur (16 élèves sur 28, soit 57,1%). Une part conséquente de l'échantillon établit une relation plutôt négative à l'erreur (8 élèves sur 28 soit 28,6%). Seulement 14,2% des élèves de l'échantillon ont un rapport plutôt positif à l'erreur (4 élèves sur 28) au début de l'expérimentation. De cela, nous conclu ons que les élèves ont déjà construit un rapport à l'erreur : leurs émotions, parfois fortes, ressenties face à la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur en sont le témoin. Le rapport à l'erreur construit est plutôt neutre pour la majorité des élèves, et plutôt négatif pour une partie d'entre eux. Une faible part des élèves a construit un rapport plutôt positif à l'erreur. Cela répond à la première hypothèse. B. Evolution des rapports à l'erreur des élèves
Voici les résultats concernant les sentiments ressentis lors de la prise de conscience du fait d'avoir fait une erreur, obtenus lors des phases de pré et post-tests, répartis par Ensemble d'élèves ayant été exposés au même rapport à l'erreur :
- 41 - Tableau 2 : Réactions affectives des élèves après avoir pris conscience du fait d'avoir commis une erreur, en phase de prétest et post-test
,
selon
leur ensemble. Elèves Ensemble 2 : Ensemble 3 : Ensemble 1 : Ensemble 4 : (7 élèves) (7 élèves) (7 élèves) (7 élèves) L'erreur n'est L'erreur est Aucun rapport L'erreur pas conforme à inhérente au Sentiments à l'erreur construit apparemment la production processus explicité. l'apprentissage. ressentis attendue. d'apprentissage. PréPostPréPostPréPostPréPosttest test test test test test test test 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Colère 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Rejet/ déni 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 Découragement 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 2 Acceptation 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Etonnement 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 Motivation Valeur du quantificateur 9 13 13 13 12 13 13 13 17 Q= q x nb élèves
1. Le rapport à l'erreur des élèves est susceptible d'être modifié
La comparaison des résultats des pré-tests et des post-tests en fonction des Ensembles permet de mettre en valeur une évolution des réactions affectives des élèves entre les phases. Pour chacun des Ensembles, Q vaut 13 en phase de pré-test. Cela indique que les ensembles avaient un rapport collectif à l'erreur (c'est-à-dire la somme des rapports individuels) équivalent avant au début de l'expérimentation. En revanche, n'a pas la même valeur pour tous les Ensembles au post-test : il est resté le même pour l'Ensemble n'ayant pas bénéficié de protocole particulier (Ensemble 1), il a baissé pour le groupe ayant été exposé à un rapport plutôt négatif à l'erreur (Ensemble 2), et il a augmenté pour les deux groupes ayant bénéficié du rapport à l'erreur qui reconnaît l'erreur comme bénéfique (Ensembles 3 et 4). On peut en conclure que les Ensembles n'ont plus le même rapport à l'erreur : il y a donc eu une modification du rapport à l'erreur chez les élèves entre les phases de pré-test et de posttest. Le quantificateur (Q) correspond à la valeur arbitraire (q) accordée au rapport à l'erreur. Pour un rapport plutôt négatif à l'erreur : q=1, pour un rapport plutôt neutre : q=2, pour un rapport plutôt positif : q=3. Q = q x nb d'élèves ayant un rapport q à l'erreur. - 42 - Il s'agit ensuite de déterminer si ces évolutions sont corrélées avec le rapport à l'erreur projeté par l'enseignant au sein du protocole.
2. L'évolution du rapport à l'erreur des élèves est corrélée au statut projeté par l'enseignant
La comparaison des sentiments ressentis face à l'erreur au sein de chaque ensemble et selon la phase de pré-test et de post-test est intéressante dans le sens où on peut analyser la façon dont les rapports à l'erreur ont évolué pour les élèves. Trois cas de figure ont été relevés : celui où la valeur Q, quantifiant les rapports à l'erreur des élèves, n'évolue pas entre les phases (Ensembles 1 et 3) ; celui où Q a baissé (Ensemble 2) ; celui ou Q a augmenté (Ensemble 3). Il semble y avoir corrélation entre le statut de l'erreur envisagé par l'enseignant et l'évolution du rapport à l'erreur dans les ensembles d'élèves concernés. Afin d'évaluer avec précision l'évolution du rapport à l'erreur des élèves selon le statut qui leur a été exposé, nous proposons d'établir un relevé des sentiments ressentis face à l'annonce du fait d'avoir commis une erreur pour chacune des tâches proposées, et cela pour chacun des individus des Ensembles 1, 2, 3 et 4. a) Statuts de l'erreur présentés ayant peu d'impact sur les rapports à l'erreur des élèves
Les élèves appartenant au premier Ensemble ont effectué chacune des tâches sans qu'aucun rapport à l'erreur ne leur soit exposé. La valeur arbitraire Q visant à quantifier l'évolution des rapports à l'erreur des élèves est identique entre le pré-test et le post-test (Q= 13, Tableau 2 p. 40). Cela indique que les élèves de cet Ensemble ont collectivement le même rapport à l'erreur à la fin qu'au début du protocole.
- 43 - Tableau 3 : Réactions affectives des élèves de l'Ensemble 1 à chaque tâche du protocole (T1, T2, T3, T4)
En prenant en compte chacune des réactions affectives face à l'erreur des individus, nous constatons que, sur les sept élèves de l'échantillon, quatre accordent le même statut implicite à l'erreur (il s'agit des élèves dont le quantificateur est identique pour les quatre tâches). Ainsi, G6, F2 et F8 réagissent de la même façon lors de la confrontation à leurs erreurs, alors que G1 n'éprouve pas les mêmes réactions émotionnelles spontanées (colère puis découragement), mais celles-ci sont relatives à un même type de rapport à l'erreur (plutôt négatif). Le statut à l'erreur de G13 est le même lors des phases de pré et post-test (plutôt neutre), mais il admet un autre rapport à l'erreur lors de la tâche 3 (plutôt négatif). Enfin, deux élèves changent de statut à l'erreur entre le pré et le post-test : le rapport à l'erreur de G3, initialement plutôt neutre, devient ôt négatif. A l'inverse, celui de F4 initialement plutôt négatif devient plutôt neutre. Pour mesurer l'évolution du rapport à l'erreur tout au long de l'expérimentation, nous calculons la moyenne du quantificateur ( ). Elle vaut 13,25. Ainsi, sur l'ensemble du protocole, Q a très peu évolué. Les réactions affectives des élèves de l'Ensemble 1 ont très peu évolué au cours de l'expérimentation (pré-test : Q=13, post-test : Q=13, sur l'ensemble de l'expérimentation : MoyQ=13,25). Nous concluons par le fait que le rapport à l'erreur des élèves n'évolue pas (ou extrêmement peu) lorsque l'enseignant n'explicite pas de rapport à l'erreur. - 44 - Parallèlement à cela, les élèves appartenant à l'Ensemble 3 ont été exposés à un statut à l'erreur plutôt positif lors de la passation des consignes des deuxièmes et troisièmes tâches. Il leur a été explicité que l'erreur est un symptôme de l'apprentissage et est parfaitement naturelle. Le tableau 2 (p. 40) indique que le rapport à l'erreur de l'ensemble du groupe n'a pas été modifié entre le pré et le post-test (dans les deux cas, le quantificateur du rapport à l'erreur a une valeur de 13). Tableau 4 : Réactions affectives des élèves de l'Ensemble 3 à chaque tâche du protocole (T1, T2, T3, T4)
Il s'agit d'identifier l'évolution des réactions affectives des élèves de l'Ensemble E3 tout au long du protocole. Un seul élève (F6) garde un rapport à l'erreur stable au cours des tâches. Il exprime d'ailleurs le même sentiment devant la confrontation à ses erreurs. F11 et F14 éprouvent le même sentiment révélateur de leur rapport à l'erreur au cours des pré et post-tests mais l'observation de leur réactions spontanées révèlent le passage par d'autres rapports à l'erreur. Enfin, G9, G10, G12 et F12 semblent changer de rapport à l'erreur, et cela le plus souvent de façon progressive (par exemple, G12 éprouve les mêmes sentiments face à l'erreur lors des tâches 1 et 2, révélant un rapport négatif à l'erreur, puis celui-ci s'adoucit lors des tâches 3 et 4 puisqu'il devient neutre). Parmi ces quatre élèves, trois d'entre eux modifient leur relation initiale à l'erreur pour la rendre plus neutre : G12 et F12 sortent d'un rapport plutôt négatif à l'erreur pour entrer dans un rapport neutre, tandis que G10 régresse d'une relation plutôt positive à l'erreur à une relation plutôt neutre. - 45 - Afin d'évaluer les évolutions du rapport à l'erreur relative à l'Ensemble E3, nous calculons une moyenne de MoyQ=13,75. Contrairement à ce qui est visible en comparant les seuls pré et post-tests (où, dans les deux cas, Q=13), une légère évolution du rapport à l'erreur est perceptible : celui-ci devient presque neutre (puisque s'approchant de la valeur 14). Ainsi, un statut positif de l'erreur, considérée comme inhérente au processus d'apprentissage, améliore légèrement le rapport à l'erreur de l'Ensemble 1. Selon nos résultats, un tel discours à l'erreur a tendance à neutraliser les rapports à l'erreur des élèves. Cependant, nous ne pouvons l'affirmer car notre échantillon prend en compte trop peu d'élèves. b) Statuts de l'erreur présentés ayant un impact négatif sur le rapport à l'erreur des élèves
Il a été présenté aux élèves appartenant à l'Ensemble 2, lors de la passation des consignes des tâches 2 et 3, un rapport à l'erreur plutôt négatif, puisque l'associant à un « écart à la norme » (selon les termes de Ravestein et Sensevy, 1993-94). Entre les phases de pré et de post-test, le rapport à la norme de ces élèves s'est dégradé : le quantificateur du rapport à la norme du groupe est passé de 13 lors de la phase du prétest à 12 lors de la phase du post-test (Tableau 2, p 40). Cela signifie que la projection d'un tel rapport à l'erreur par l'enseignant modifie le rapport à l'erreur des élèves, et cela de façon négative 10. Pour comprendre l'évolution du rapport à l'erreur des élèves au cours du protocole expérimental, nous proposons le tableau suivant : 10 Rappelons que l'erreur permet la régulation des savoirs et l'apprentissage. Ainsi, concevoir l'erreur comme non conforme à une norme relève d'un paradigme de traitement de l'information de type dogmatique (PTDI) et non scientifique (PTSI) (Fabre, 1995). | common_corpus | {'identifier': '09/dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr-dumas-01384195-document.txt_2', 'collection': 'French-Science-Pile', 'open_type': 'Open Science', 'license': 'Various open science', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7311', 'token_count': '11396', '__index_level_0__': '27741', 'original_id': '9d4bf1e9931ead3bfa4fbdebb1215303d7f282018229559bac32925fe3ae8eac'} |
There’s No Good Reason
A friend of mine was visiting the other day and during his visit he said something thought-provoking to my oldest son who was quarreling with his younger brother over a seat. It was simple, but profound. He said, “There’s no good reason why he can’t sit there.” My son was speechless. Apparently, my oldest son felt that he was entitled to that particular spot on the couch because he had been sitting there several minutes earlier. He left the spot in order to sit in another chair which was closer to the television and became incensed when his little brother took his vacant spot on the couch next to my friend. My oldest son really didn’t want to sit on the couch any longer, but he also didn’t want his younger brother to sit there “for no good reason.”
This incident made me think about the shenanigans that occur at the work place and all around us. I’m guilty of acting like my eight-year-old son at times. Why is that? Is it a sense of ownership due to relative social position that motivates us to behave this way. Maybe it’s a sense of entitlement learned from a society that constantly tells us that we can have it our way. I’ve heard it said that we are a choice generation. What does that even mean? I think some people have interpreted it as something other than what it was intended. Whatever the reason, I fear THAT mentality is taking over our country “for no good outcome.”
4 responses to “There’s No Good Reason
1. I thought he was elequent in everything! Perhaps it was his mid-southern up bringing. The coming generation has gained an awful sense of entitlement though. It is sad to think and consider why? I truly believe that we can’t control what others do, but we can control our attitude. Keeping a positive attitude is so vital! And I also like the quote “why not?”!
Nicely stated author! Very thought provoking!
2. i have reread your blog a few times and am a little confused. i don’t know whether you are saying people are using mental issues to their advantage, or if people treat mental issues not seriously enough? just trying to understand.
• Hello terry1954. Thank you for reading and commenting. Please direct me to my post that talks about using mental issues to one’s advantage so that I may respond appropriately. I look forward to your response.
3. I remember waiting for a prime parking spot in front of a store only to have another car buzz in and take “MY” spot. Right then and there I realized I was not the owner of that spot and wasn’t the center of the world. I let myself be mildly irritated at the inconsiderate driver but try to open to those disappointments. There are a lot of them, the shortest line in check out, parking spaces, the best deal. Keep trying for those but be gracious when I am disappointed
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I am working with the core bluetooth framework . I want set my mac mini which is BLE enable device as a bluetooth peripheral which advertise the data . I have tried to create mac application for the same : My application implements CBPeripheralDelegate protocol and in view didDidLoad method i have implemented following code :
peripheralManager=[[CBPeripheral alloc]init];
But its not working . Is this sufficient ? Or really OSx application supports the peripheral mode ?
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OS X currently doesn't support peripheral mode -- only central. iOS, however, can act as either a peripheral or a central.
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You are initializing CBPeripheral in your code not CBPeripheralManager.
Here's an example from a project I'm working on:
//Initializes peripheral manager
-(CBPeripheralManager *)peripheralManager
if (_peripheralManager == nil)
_peripheralManager = [[CBPeripheralManager alloc]initWithDelegate:self queue:nil];
return _peripheralManager;
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A Conversation With Miguel Gomes (ARABIAN NIGHTS)
The Portuguese director Miguel Gomes became a name to watch among cinephiles when Tabu, his beautiful, black and white fantasia on the Portuguese colonial system, shook up the 2012 Berlin Film Festival. His follow-up, Arabian Nights, is an epic, three volume series of contemporary Portuguese tales told through the framework of the classic, extemporaneous stories spun by Scheherazade in the literary classic of the same name. Hammer To Nail sat down with Miguel Gomes at the 2015 New York Film Festival, where the films made their U.S. debut, to discuss this epic work and its social and political reverberations. Arabian Nights: Volume I- The Restless One opens Friday, December 4th at the Film Society of Lincoln Center, with the remaining volumes opening soon after and across the country.
Hammer To Nail: Let’s begin by talking about your initial discovery of the original text of Arabian Nights. How did you encounter that book?
Miguel Gomes: I took it from the shelf when I was 12 or so, in my father’s house, and I never finished the book. It’s a big book, with lots of volumes, but every year, I went back to read some more. Since the beginning, I was completely amazed and attracted by the structure, which gives you vertigo almost; stories within stories, changing all the time, the writer changing all the time and these tales are shifting all the time. In the case of these films, there is not a single tale— there are sentences, maybe a character. But what I really took from the book was my impression of reading of reading the book, the sensation I had diving into this book and being completely amazed by this endless labyrinth of tales.
H2N: What challenge did that present for you as a writer, working on the structure of the movie, and how did you adapt that situation to dealing with the conditions in Portugal today?
MG: I see a parallel between the stories that were happening in that moment in Portuguese society, they had this sort of surreal, wild dimension because when you have a socioeconomic crisis, everything goes more extreme, more wild, more chaotic. And I saw the connection between this and the book, which is itself pretty much rock-and-roll. So, I thought “Let’s summon the queen of wild fiction, the rock and roll queen before there was rock and roll, to help me tell the story.” When I was thinking of making a film called Arabian Nights I knew I had a challenge because you can’t reference that book and then make a simple, horizontal line of storytelling. So, I knew that the richness of the film should be in its diversity. It’s not very rational, but I always have the sensation when I finish a film that the new film reacts to my previous film. So, for instance, Tabu is a much more elegant film, so I knew I wanted to make a wild film as a reaction against that, to put myself in a mode of production where I had less control, to discover the film while I was making the film, not have the script and then shoot, but instead, I got the camera and crew, and I decided to make a “live” fiction, to react to events by being able to create fiction.
H2N: Do you see a relationship between that type of filmmaking and films that have a specific political point, maybe the so-called “revolutionary cinema” of the late 1960’s? This film feels rooted in the values of the working class, but what is your position as a filmmaker? You seem to be a collector of stories, but how do you relate to these stories?
MG: I guess in different ways because every segment is so different, you cannot have the same type of connection between, say, the politicians and the bankers; I’m not close to their point of view and I think it is very hard to get to them — I didn’t try, but I imagine it is difficult. So, in that segment, it follows the codes of the farce and the popular satirical tradition. But in the last segment of the same volume (Volume I) called The Magnificent, the accessibility of the working people allows me to be much more direct. I can work in a different way. So, all of the characters we have on the film and all of the cinematographic approaches we have, it depends on my proximity to the characters and the real people.
H2N: Did you find any of the segments more meaningful for you personally?
MG: Yeah, but I don’t know if that is important for me. In this case the idea was to have an unstable progression, but also, to have a much wider range, not to be so precise, not to be so close to a subject I may enjoy personally. For instance, I think I am very happy with the Tears Of The Judge segment, the trial. But other stories, maybe they are more weak, but the range is what is important, allowing you to go in directions where things are not so solid. The weakness of those segments can also be touching for me personally and what interested me was to go from one to the other and have all of these ways to show the world and approach people, being different in each moment.
H2N: How did the structure of each segment reveal itself to you. They’re all different, the Judge sequence is very theatrical, you have the documentary style of the bird group, in another you have this Baghdad, which is not Baghdad at all — all very different. How did you choose which approach was for which story?
MG: There was not a general strategy, we were reacting to what we had in each moment and my desires were always changing. You mentioned the bird part, and for me, it was like doing a documentary, but I was documenting this surreal fiction because these guys with computers trying to teach birds to sing the way they wanted them to sing, this seemed so unreal, but at the same time, you’re right, I just entered their homes with my camera and looked at what was fascinating to me. I think that segment for me has the perfect balance between reality, telling the stories of the proletarian class in Lisbon, but also documenting a completely bizarre activity I had no idea existed, and me just turning on the camera and them doing what they are doing. I love the contrast between these little animals and these tough guys — if you shot this in New York, they’d be mafia guys. You see guys who should be in a Scorsese film discuss how birds should be singing, so it was both surreal and very real.
Also, in another segment, you mentioned there is this Baghdad, which is a completely fake Baghdad. I had the feeling I was filming mythology, Scheherazade and her Baghdad, and bringing it back down to earth. So it was also this contrast of bringing the mythological down to earth here, and in the other segment, creating mythology out of very ordinary kind of guys, out of everyday life. It created a lot of options for mise-en-scene, but I responded in a very intuitive way. I can only discuss this with the distance of hindsight; months have passed since I made this, and now I can see what I was doing. When i was doing it, it was more of an urge to shoot, a fascination, not a rational approach. So, when I am editing and then talking about the film afterward, that’s when I start to put things in order. When I’m making it, I have to follow my intuition.
Photo by Tom Hall
Photo by Tom Hall
H2N: There is also a thread running through the film of the dynamic of power and the way people respond to it. You have the Judge sequence, you have the bankers and politicians, you have the cockerel on trial, and people trying to get justice. What makes the Judge sequence so effective for me is you show the interrelated nature of the system, that it is not a single act or decision, but a chain reaction.
MG: In a general way, what I think after making this film, is that I try to express the value of individuality, making characters that are sometimes eccentric, unusual or obsessed, and the collective. The best example is the guy in the first segment from the union; he is completely obsessed by something that seems strange – he wants everyone to reform a ritual. Normally, you don’t have union guys who want to do this type of thing, so his own obsession turns into a community ritual. I think this film is always working between intimate things and the public, collective dimension. There is an issue as to how the collective can save themselves, can deal with power. In the case of the Judge, its that everything is a little bit lost, this idea of a sense of place and belonging is lost, and the one who should be regulating things and making order, the tools are not able to handle the situation, which becomes hopeless. I call this volume The Desolate One but I could call it The Helpless One because I think all of the characters are helpless. This is why they think about the dog like a messianic figure who brings happiness, because they live in misery and can’t fix it.
H2N: Speaking of which, you give agency to the animals in this movie. I’m wondering if that is a way of connecting this idea of “earth-bound” to the characters.
MG: Yes, and this also comes from The Arabian Nights, I took it from the book, but you also have the contrary examples. You have the cow and cockerel who have this wisdom, but the tragedy is that no one listens to them because they can’t understand them, but the opposite is Dixie, who is just a dog like in a Walt Disney film, he’s just appearing in the wrong country and in the wrong film.
H2N: This films speaks to Portugal specifically, but these situations and this crisis also has had a huge impact on Europe as a whole, but even Spain, Greece specifically. Did the idea of a European crisis factor in for you?
MG: Portugal was not alone in what happened. What was common among all of these countries in Europe was the money stopped flowing, and the response was one about Western civilization and its true values of democracy and ideas outside of the realms of trade and business. Suddenly, those democratic ideas don’t seem so solid. Look at the recent refugee crisis and you can see how difficult it is for European countries to communicate with one another. When I was casting The Magnificent segment, those people are unemployed. I did over 100 interviews with people, and their stories were hard to hear, and I would arrive home and hear the Prime Minister of Portugal and I had the sensation that these two ways of speaking were opposite of one another. One was about all of these layers of statistics, which for me was the fictional one, and it was bad fiction because I felt he was lying. He was trying to describe reality in a way that benefitted himself. So, I said, “let’s fight back with real fiction,” and the power of fiction is what I can do as a filmmaker to confront the bad fiction, the lying, the pretending things are ok when they are not.
H2N: As in, you’re a filmmaker in that situation. You don’t buy some paint and make a painting, or sit alone and write a book, you make films, it is collaborative, you have a crew, you’re spending other people’s money, it’s not cheap and easy. How did the economics affect the film?
MG: Yeah, people who give money to me, if they want me to work with them, they understand from the start that I will do my stuff. They give me carte blanche. For instance, to get co-production money from institutions and other countries, we didn’t have a script. It was impossible; we were going to write stories from Scheherazade, but brought into the future. So what we showed them was a model of how to produce the film, almost like a manual of our process. It was the process that was sold, and it’s a big risk because with this production model, there’s a chance I could do a very bad film; anything is possible. But I think people were interested in us reacting almost live to real events and trying to create fiction, and I thought even if there is anger or sadness as to what is happening in the world, it’s my job to make a film that is not a personal vendetta or something. Cinema is not a judge. Even when we have negative characters, they aren’t the devil. They are naive, like children, and that is a side we can like. My intention is not propaganda. You mentioned the militant films of the 1960’s, the problem with them for me is that they focus too much on where to go. And me? I don’t have the answers for saving the world, I’m not capable. That doesn’t bother me though, because I see all the politicians, and they don’t have an answer either.
H2N: I wanted to ask about the look of the movie. The segments all have very different looks and I understand you signed up your DP without him really knowing what it was you planned to do.
MG: He had no idea. (laughs) I think when you are working together, you have certain decisions, say making a radical choice like shooting on black and white stock — you make a choice and you go into black and white mode. You prep for that, the way you place the camera, the way the characters are detached from the background, everything is different because it’s another way to see the world. In this case, I wanted to be a little more heterogeneous, but we had an idea to use the whole screen, anamorphic lenses, but let’s do it in 16mm so that, when you blow it up, the grain gets even bigger with less definition. So, you’re using a rich format with poorer material. And that’s the movie, too, the epic tradition in the low. We decided to use 35mm only on the Scheherazade sequence because she’s a rich girl, a character from Sofia Coppola! We even thought about shooting her in 70mm, taking this idea to its logical conclusion, but the math didn’t work out for the budget.
H2N: Throughout the movie, there are several rhymes throughout both the three film structure, but also the films within each stand alone film. Can you talk about building that in the editing room?
MG: During the sixteen weeks of shooting over 14 months, during the first half of that period, it was impossible to think about these things because it was the beginning. But in the second half, we knew what we already had, and it became easier to start thinking about how these things rhymed, to make connections. But I would say most of them are due to me naturally being obsessed with certain themes and I would just go back to them. For instance, the idea of animals in the film as they do in fables. Editing allows you to see much more, and in this case it was difficult because there is so much material. In this case, it was the first time I worked with more than one editor, with the second editor assembling things while we were working. So, he made the first version of the film as we shot, and we would come to him, hearing new ideas, which became very important. After we finished, we set up two rooms and I went back and forth between the two rooms as we worked on different parts of the film, and then in the end, we added a screenwriter to do the voiceovers while we were editing.
H2N: You mentioned the “rock and roll queen” and I had the notion watching this that assembling the final film must have been a little bit like sequencing a rock album, in this case, a triple album. Did that come to mind for you, a sort of sequencing idea?
MG: Funny, there was a guy in Portugal who said it was like The Clash’s Sandinista and I had never thought about it before. I would say the rock and roll was in the spirit of Scheherazade and the times we were living in Portugal, inspired me to improvise more than I ever have, and really to try to react and give whatever I had to what was happening. So, it was more like a rock and roll concert than an opera. It was more blue collar, more Bruce Springsteen.
H2N: Final question about the actors. You give big roles to non-professionals, little roles to established actors. Can you talk about casting the film?
MG: Yeah, it came down to the multiplicity of elements I wanted this film to have. There had to be space for professional human actors, a professional dog actor — he won the Palme Dog! One of the biggest actors in Portugal is the one who plays the union guy, and he’s playing with real unemployed people, and if the actor is good, he will do what it takes to get a good performance out of his non-professional counterpart. I knew that the range of the film would include the pleasure of both a highly theatrical performance, like that of the Judge, moments that feel fictional and other moments that are really what takes place in the world with real people. To give voice to them.
H2N: Thank you, Miguel.
MG: Thank you.
— Tom Hall (@BRM)
Tom Hall is the Artistic Director of the Sarasota Film Festival (2005- present) in Sarasota, FL and Programming Director at FILMnewport in Newport, RI (2009-present). Formerly, Hall was Programmer for The Nantucket Film Festival in Nantucket, MA (2002-2005) as well as a former Director of New Media for Bravo/The Independent Film Channel (1997-2000). He has also worked in the Industry and Guest Services Offices at The Hamptons International Film Festival (2002-2003). In January of 2010, Tom was named one of Spring Board Media’s 20 under 40 in Film. Tom has directed short films for Bob Mould's Carnival of Light and Sound Tour and is a member of the indieWIRE blogging community with his blog The Back Row Manifesto. A graduate of the University of Michigan (’94), Hall resides in Brooklyn, NY with his wife and son.
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Students sit in one of many gathering spaces during the first day of school at Pathways Innovation Center in Aug. 2016. Low enrollment has prompted school officials to move away from the problem-based learning approach offered at Pathways and Star Lane Center, which is located on the same campus.
In weeks after announcement, Star Lane community asks school board for answers
Students sit in one of many gathering spaces during the first day of school at Pathways Innovation Center in Aug. 2016. Low enrollment has prompted school officials to move away from the problem-based learning approach offered at Pathways and Star Lane Center, which is located on the same campus.
It’s been nearly four weeks since the Natrona County School District announced it would be moving away from academy- and problem-based learning of the Pathways Innovation and Star Lane centers, and parents are still looking for answers.
“I’m here tonight — again — addressing the issue of problem-based learning,” Kendsey Huffer told the school board at its bi-monthly meeting Monday night. She has two children at Star Lane, which shares a campus with Pathways students. “I realize that’s not on the schedule tonight, and I had hoped to come a little bit more informed. I’ve been a little bit frustrated these last couple weeks, as I feel I’ve been asking questions that have largely gone unanswered.”
Three weeks before, more than a dozen parents, staff and students lined up to ask the school board not to end the unique offerings of Star Lane and Pathways, which provide non-traditional learning options for high school students. Many seemed unaware that the decision had already been made earlier that day.
Hours before that meeting, during which the school board voted 8-1 to close four Natrona County schools, members met with the principals of the district’s four high schools, the highest-ranking administrator at Pathways, and other district officials, including Superintendent Steve Hopkins. They essentially decided to gut the curriculums within Pathways.
Attendance at Pathways remains low, despite a significant revamp the previous spring that isolated the academy approach to the mornings. The building could house 500 students in each the afternoon and morning, but it started 2016 — its first year — at around 250. As of mid-October, it had 138 Pathways part-timers, plus 83 more for Star Lane.
The high school leaders — the four principals, plus PIC leader Ron Eastes — have been given charge of Pathways’ future. The low enrollment showed that students simply weren’t interested in the academy- or problem-based approach, officials said, and the curriculum within Pathways would need to adjust itself — drastically — to more fully utilize the $25 million building.
Though district data shows that two-thirds of high school students were unfamiliar with PIC’s offerings, the plan was agreed upon. What, exactly, the new Pathways will look like is unclear. The only certainty is it will not operate as it has in the past.
That’s left supporters of academy- and problem-based learning frustrated. Huffer, whose son also spoke to the school board Monday, said she wanted to know where — if anywhere — the curriculum would be offered in the district next year.
She said she had heard from people within the district that problem-based learning would be offered somehow, somewhere in Natrona County. But “nobody seems to have any idea what that’s going to look like,” she told the board.
While she was trying to be patient while the district and board worked, “the answer ‘I don’t know’ is not good enough” when it comes to her children’s education, she said. Huffer was aware that the district was facing difficult times financially but wondered how the changes would save any money.
Board response
Normally, school board members don’t respond to questions raised during the public comment period of their meetings. Board chairman Kevin Christopherson acknowledged as much after Huffer and others who defended problem-based learning and Star Lane finished speaking.
But given the confusion, he asked board member Toni Billings, who chairs one of the board’s subcommittees, to give a broad response to the concerns.
Billings started by explaining that the low enrollment, plus low test scores, were concerns of the board when it came to Pathways and Star Lane.
“I think part of the frustration of ‘there is no answers’ is that part of the proposal is re-looking at enrollment opportunities at that particular building,” she said. “ ... Problem-based learning is not going away in our district, or integrated classes. Will it be exactly the same as it has been? No.”
She noted Pathways as a facility was not closing, that the low enrollment at PIC and Star Lane meant the student-to-teacher ratio was much lower than at Natrona County and Kelly Walsh high schools, both of which are experiencing overcrowding issues.
“If we were able to maximize those teachers’ abilities to interact with students, there would be cost-savings,” she continued.
Still, Billings could provide no concrete answers. She said she believed there would be some integrated courses with problem-based learning. High school leaders were still meeting with staff at Pathways, she said, and many of the concerns for parents would be answered as the district’s enrollment guide is created over the coming months.
“I wish we could give you answers now, but we don’t have answers,” board member Clark Jensen said at the end of the meeting. “For all of those questions and more, please be patient. We’re listening to you, we’re doing the best we can do.”
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Seth Klamann joined the Star-Tribune in 2016 and covers education and health. A 2015 graduate of the University of Missouri and proud Kansas City native, Seth worked for newspapers in Milwaukee and Omaha before coming to Casper.
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Parmenides of Elea
The Eleatics: Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos
After almost a century of philosophy based on the general Milesian pattern Parmenides cast the whole project into doubt by maintaining that the fundamental nature of reality has nothing to do with the world as we experience it. He went much further than Heraclitus in tempering our reliance on the senses; he rejected the senses as entirely misleading and pressed on reason alone to reveal the truth. Through his use of unadulterated reason he came to conclusions about the nature of the world that seemed to suggest not only that the theories of earlier thinkers were utterly unintelligible, but that the very questions they asked were the wrong questions to be asking. In so doing, he entirely changed the course of philosophy, demanding new attention for fundamental problems (such as the problems of change and plurality) and setting the standard for a new, more exacting level of rational argument.
Parmenides was born in 515 B.C. in the city of Elea in southern Italy. There are reports that he was a student of Xenophanes, and it seems plausible that his work was in part a reaction to Xenophanes' pessimistic epistemology. There is also some speculation that he was associated with the Pythagoreans at one time, since they, like he, were based in southern Italy. But, if this is true, then he completely rejected their influence.
Like Xenophanes, Parmenides wrote in verse. His poem "On Nature" is in Homeric hexameters and includes many Homeric images, especially from the Odyssey. With obvious reference to the poetic tradition, Parmenides begins his poem with the invocation of a divine source. Where the poets would invoke the muses in order to give themselves authority, Parmenides opens by describing a similarly fanciful scene: he is taken in a chariot to meet a goddess, who tells him that she will teach him all things about the nature of reality and assures him of the certainty of what she is about to reveal. But, she adds in a philosophical twist, he must still assess for himself all the arguments that she presents. Parmenides' use of this old poetic, mythological ruse might have been more than literary reference. Given that Parmenides was about the put forth what might well be the single most radical and counterintuitive worldview on record, it was probably not a bad idea on his part to bolster his credibility with an appeal to divine authority.
Putting all of his faith in the power of abstract reason, Parmenides argues in his poem that genuine knowledge can only involve being, and that non-being is literally unspeakable and unthinkable. Using only the premise that "what is" is and what "is not" is not, he proceeds to deduce the nature of reality. The reality he arrives at bears no resemblance at all to the world we experience around us through our senses.
The Paths of "What Is" and the Path of "What is Not"
To understand why Parmenides and many since him have been drawn to this position, compare thought or speech to sight (this line of thinking is not only illuminating, it is also the very line of thought that often leads philosophers to make the claim in the first place): Imagine trying to see something that is not there to be seen. It is impossible. It is true that Hamlet could see a dagger even though there was no actual dagger before him, but there was a hallucination to see. Imagine if there were both no dagger and no hallucination. The he would not see anything at all.
Well, reasons Parmenides (though not, of course, with Hamlet in mind), why should speech or thought be any different? We cannot see what is not there to be seen, so why should we be able to refer to what is not there to be referred to? If something does not exist, in other words, we cannot think about it and we cannot speak about it.
The Third Path
Because of this profound link between thinking and being, Parmenides claims we cannot make any statements of non-being. So we cannot, for instance, speak about unicorns, even to say that they do not exist. In fact, we can never claim that anything does not exist, because anything that does not exist cannot be spoken about.
Certainly, it puts a strain on science and everyday chitchat to rule out all statements on non-being, but, actually, Parmenides wants to go much further than ruling out talk of unicorns. He is not only ruling out the path of not being, he is also ruling out the third path—the path that mixes both being and not being. The third path is the path that human beings generally travel, the path that the senses pull us down. Statements of the third path include such innocuous sounding claims as "the Sun is hot", "the sky is blue", and "cats are soft." To say that the sun is hot is also, implicitly, to say that it is not cold or lukewarm. To say that the sky is blue is to implicitly assert that it is not any other color. To say that cats are soft is to implicitly claim that they are not rough or sticky or hard. To make any claims about qualities, about changes, about almost anything at all, is to implicitly and illegally talk about non-being.
The Parmenidean Real
The general form of argument he uses for each of these conclusions is along the following lines: whatever is is X, because if not X then it is not-X, and in order to explain what it is for anything to be not-X we must talk about "what is not". Since we have already seen the meaninglessness of any thought or statement involving "what is not" we can conclude that whatever is is X.
To see how this argument works in specific cases we can look at how Parmenides argues against the possibility of generation, destruction, and change. To argue against generation, Parmenides claims that there is implicit non-being in birth since it implies prior non-existence ("I will not permit you to say or to think that it grew from what is not for it is not to be said or thought that it is not" 28B8) Though Parmenides does not actually lay out a similar argument against the possibility of destruction, it is generally assumed that this is because he sees it as obvious that a parallel argument can be given—just as generation must be generation out of non-being, destruction must be destruction into non-being.
The impossibility of change follows from the impossibility of generation since characteristics and properties cannot come into being any more than objects can. To say, e.g., 'X is becoming rarified' implies that there was a time when X's rarefaction did not exist.
In addition to being eternal and unchanging, Parmenides also deduces that the Real is "perfect" and that it is one and continuous. In claiming that "what is" is perfect, he seeks to show that it has definite limits and is spherically shaped. In claiming that "what is" is one and continuous, Parmenides is probably making the strong claim that all of reality is one—that is, that the class of things that exist contains just one member (rather than only the weaker claim that "what is" is all internally alike, which he undoubtedly means to assert as well). It is difficult, though, to see how Parmenides thought he could have argued for this stronger claim. One suggestion that has been made (for instance by Kirk, Raven, and Schofield on page 251 of The Presocratic Philosophers) is that Parmenides thought he had an argument for this conclusion based on the identity of indiscernibles. Such an argument might have gone as follows: in order for X to be separate from Y there must be some Z, distinct from both, separating them. Z must either be or not be. But Z cannot not be because that is incoherent. And if, instead, it is, then there is nothing to distinguish it from either X or Y since being does not admit of degrees.
The Cosmogony
After providing us with this startling account of reality, Parmenides (or his goddess) then does something even more startling: he gives us a full-blown, Milesian-style cosmogony. In other words, after arguing that the world as we observe it does not exist, he then proceeds to give an account of the origins of the world as we observe it. This move has confounded commentators for millennia, and though there are several theories to account for this oddity, none of them are particularly satisfying.
The first possibility is that Parmenides provides the cosmogony as a parody. On this reading, the cosmogony is thoroughly condemned by Parmenides and is meant to appear as self-refuting. Though this explanation would be consistent with the rest of his thought, it leaves some troubling puzzles. First and foremost among these is the question of why Parmenides would go to the enormous trouble of providing a detailed cosmogony (his cosmogony is more detailed than most) if his only point was to ridicule the entire field of cosmogony.
The other possibility, no less troubling, is that Parmenides lightens up a little at the end of his work: that he admits that there are, in fact, two levels of reality. The first is the higher, realer level that he has just described in the "On Truth" section of his poem. The second is the inferior, lower level that corresponds with our observations. This lower level of reality would not have full being, on this view, but it would also not be an utter delusion either. Some ways of describing it would be more accurate than others. The cosmogony, then, would be the best possible account of the inferior world of appearances.
Something like this division of two worlds is what Plato presents in the Republic. According to Plato, there is a world of appearances in which human beings reside and then a more real world of forms to which human beings have intellectual access. It is possible that Parmenides anticipated Plato's division by a few decades or even that he inspired it. If he did, though, his students certainly did not follow him in this. Zeno is adamant that plurality and motion are absolutely impossible, and Melissus is just as adamant that there is only one real thing in the world. This would not, though, be the first time that the followers were more dogmatic than their leader.
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Contents
Name
Appearance
Sker Buffaloes greatly resemble abnormally large water buffaloes but with several differences. They possess incredibly large horns that have forked into at least three branches. The Sker Buffaloes also have algae covering much of their bodies, probably due to their habit of being submerged underwater. Their backs are shaped like coral, and this physical feature allows them to camouflage with their surroundings.
Roar
The roars of Sker Buffaloes are mainly loud bellows, much like many large real world herbivores.
Personality
Sker Buffaloes are relatively passive herbivores that like to stay close to water, but they can be very aggressive if threatened or provoked.
Origins
The Sker Buffalo is a super-biological bovid that is largely amphibious in its grazing patterns.
Initial phylogenetic studies show DNA ancestry with the Asian water buffalo. Inhabiting lakes and large river systems, the Sker Buffalo is equipped with a remarkable evolutionary advantage: the beast's back and flanks are fused with hard bony structures and dense green foliage. Sustaining its florafaunal biology is a pulmonary heart divided into four chambers, two of which pump blood through the musculatory system, and two of which pump highly oxygenated chlorophyll to the plant-life growing from its body.
The Sker Buffalo has evolved the ability to exist in a submerged state beneath the water for days at a time. Its atoll-like back sitting above the surface to offer the perfect camouflage. They say no man is an island. This creature defies that principle.
Though largely docile, the Sker Buffalo is highly dangerous if threatened. Two huge horns fused to the base of the skull form an imposing bone shield and a deadly offensive weapon when charging.
History
Conrad, Weaver, Brooks, San and Slivko encountered a Sker Buffalo emerging out from a river. Another individual was killed and eaten by a Skullcrawler. Weaver then tried to rescue another that got trapped underneath the wreckage of a helicopter, but it was eventually freed by Kong.
Abilities
Amphibious Lifestyle
Sker Buffaloes are amphibious bovines that can stay submerged underwater for days.
Camouflage
The coral-shaped surface on the Sker Buffaloes' backs allows them to blend in with their environment.
Durability and Stamina
A Sker Buffalo was injured when it was trapped under the wreckage of a fallen helicopter until Kong released it. The Sker Buffalo was shown to got up and walk away with some ease, possibly to its the herd. It's possible that Sker Buffaloes have great endurance, since herding animals usually have large amount of stamina.
Physical Strength
Sker Buffaloes can use their massive horns as powerful and dangerous weapons against anything that they perceive as threats. Judging by their size and strength, Sker Buffaloes weren't strong enough to defend themselves from Skullcrawlers.
Speed
Sker Buffaloes are said to be able to charge at their enemies, but it is unknown how fast they can run, but they should be fast enough to do a significant amount of damage. However, they are usually slow-moving and are easy prey for Skullcrawlers. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '6269e96569962e5164aa9d02aa0f0002811dd94ab473ee3d8d0cfcecfbe90bae'} |
--TEST--
Test array_map() function : error conditions
--FILE--
<?php
/* Prototype : array array_map ( callback $callback , array $arr1 [, array $... ] )
* Description: Applies the callback to the elements of the given arrays
* Source code: ext/standard/array.c
*/
echo "*** Testing array_map() : error conditions ***\n";
// Zero arguments
echo "\n-- Testing array_map() function with Zero arguments --\n";
var_dump( array_map() );
// Testing array_map with one less than the expected number of arguments
echo "\n-- Testing array_map() function with one less than expected no. of arguments --\n";
function callback1() {
return 1;
}
var_dump( array_map('callback1') );
echo "\n-- Testing array_map() function with less no. of arrays than callback function arguments --\n";
$arr1 = array(1, 2);
function callback2($p, $q) {
return $p * $q;
}
var_dump( array_map('callback2', $arr1) );
echo "\n-- Testing array_map() function with more no. of arrays than callback function arguments --\n";
$arr2 = array(3, 4);
$arr3 = array(5, 6);
var_dump( array_map('callback2', $arr1, $arr2, $arr3) );
echo "Done";
?>
--EXPECTF--
*** Testing array_map() : error conditions ***
-- Testing array_map() function with Zero arguments --
Warning: array_map() expects at least 2 parameters, 0 given in %s on line %d%d
NULL
-- Testing array_map() function with one less than expected no. of arguments --
Warning: array_map() expects at least 2 parameters, 1 given in %s on line %d%d
NULL
-- Testing array_map() function with less no. of arrays than callback function arguments --
Warning: Missing argument 2 for callback2() in %s on line %d%d
Notice: Undefined variable: q in %s on line %d%d
Warning: Missing argument 2 for callback2() in %s on line %d%d
Notice: Undefined variable: q in %s on line %d%d
array(2) {
[0]=>
int(0)
[1]=>
int(0)
}
-- Testing array_map() function with more no. of arrays than callback function arguments --
array(2) {
[0]=>
int(3)
[1]=>
int(8)
}
Done
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '87836bf2280b00a9a7cf08bbb06f4ed0d2922d710ccf91f18dd26d60f2d4b9ef'} |
Optimization of a Precolumn OPA Derivatization HPLC Assay for Monitoring of l-Asparagine Depletion in Serum during l-Asparaginase Therapy.
A method for monitoring l-asparagine (ASN) depletion in patients' serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn o-phthalaldehyde and ethanethiol (ET) derivatization is described. In order to improve the signal and stability of analytes, several important factors including precipitant reagent, derivatization conditions and detection wavelengths were optimized. The recovery of the analytes in biological matrix was the highest when 4% sulfosalicylic acid (1:1, v/v) was used as a precipitant reagent. Optimal fluorescence detection parameters were determined as λex = 340 nm and λem = 444 nm for maximal signal. The signal of analytes was the highest when the reagent ET and borate buffer of pH 9.9 were used in the derivatization solution. And the corresponding derivative products were stable up to 19 h. The validated method had been successfully applied to monitor ASN depletion and l-aspartic acid, l-glutamine, l-glutamic acid levels in pediatric patients during l-asparaginase therapy. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f7b282aec756c70a83a573190ea7be0927f55260d01bf4fe8c34004f5994dcc8'} |
Jul. 24, 2014 10:06 am
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Whats behind a twenty inch rainfall.
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Posted: Friday, May 2, 2014 10:58 am
When you get a third of your yearly rainfall in two days, as areas in the Florida panhandle just did, you naturally ask why. The easy answer is that it was the perfect combination of just the right ingredients.
Radar rainfall estimates
A low level jet of warm humid tropical moisture feed into a large scale low pressure area that moved very slowly. Winds aloft were extremely energetic, acting like a vacuum cleaner and sucking up the moist air from below which is the most basic physics of making rain. Take moist air and lift it, causing it to cool and condense. The entire system moved very slowly causing storm after storm to move over the same area. That's called training and is recipe for heavy rain totals. Yes, that is the simple answer.
The more difficult question is if the production of heavy rain was aided by global warming and climate change. It is impossible to attribute any one storm to climate change. However, increasingly large, severe or powerful storms is consistent with what climate scientists tell us to expect as temperatures rise.
Chances for heavy rains seems to be increasing
Thunderstorms will be wetter and tropical cyclones will put down heavier rains. Theory suggests this and scientists report that experiments with computer models lend confidence to the idea. With rising temperatures you are basically super charging the hydrological cycle.
So even if pointing to an extreme event, such as the Panhandle floods, and saying, "Ah Ha! Global Warming" is a leap that is difficult to the point of impossible, we had better be prepared for more such events in the warmer future.
John Scalzi
Rules of Conduct
Welcome to the discussion.
Sarasota Manatee Bradenton Nokomis Charlotte Venice Suncoast Hurricane Center
Sarasota Bradenton Venice Manatee Charlotte Suncoast Weather Watchers | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '49', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9152615666389464}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '118856', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IEDSQ3VG6NGGCQ2LHJPUGKUMDKPINDK2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:08e38ff7-a88c-49a2-aa7e-e750a707259c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 24, 14, 6, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.104.183.109', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LGH64GZCMSW7IAGDQG3LEUM5TI2EPV3C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3d68d466-04c0-46a3-abba-9291e81a06db>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.mysuncoast.com/weather/whats-behind-a-twenty-inch-rainfall/article_bde4b1fe-d209-11e3-94dc-0017a43b2370.html?mode=story', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7fba6bb3-7756-4f2f-acd9-f62a7f4cf78d>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '417', 'url': 'http://www.mysuncoast.com/weather/whats-behind-a-twenty-inch-rainfall/article_bde4b1fe-d209-11e3-94dc-0017a43b2370.html?mode=story', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.24768954515457153', 'original_id': '428b1d2086456b4c68d66c72c5ba552accfdb122013205f06224a785b6046896'} |
there are holes in the universe
These books I've been making lately have been a good format for aesthetically cataloging the little worlds and movies I think I see sometimes, all the images and stills and songs and clothes and passages of writing that somehow make sense together. I used to try to embody each world in an outfit, but now I just want to dress like I'm actually in the world, so my outfits lately have been more simple…like when I got into Twin Peaks, I would wear my Laura Palmer pin, now I'd rather dress like Laura Palmer, if that makes sense.
Anyway, these are the spreads I'm printing for my next one. You know how you can feel totally underwhelmed by an album the first few times you hear it and then something happens, either an actual event or just in your changing person that you are, and it suddenly sounds completely different? That happened to me with Galaxie 500's On Fire when I was listening to it a couple weeks ago (in a tree house! In Chicago! In March! I don't know about this whole "global warming" thing, but I like what it's doing for my obsessive compulsive Abed-from-Community tendencies to try and live movie moments in real time!). I felt really ~*~inspired~*~ and wanted to make a little book of all the pictures it made me see or whatever but realized that I couldn't relate their music to a specific decade or place or season the way I do with all those other books because it kind of sounds like it exists outside of time or space. It makes me think of this diary entry I wrote a couple months ago in an old travel brochure:
Anyway, I guess disappointment is kind of eternal ("YOU'RE WELCOME" -my prophecy), so in that way it makes sense that these images aren't specific to one time or decade. And I did mention California but I think it's because the California I've experienced (just LA, really) is such an exaggeration of the dreams that are stored everywhere else, these suburban houses that are NEON, and giant gold churches, super tacky and cheaply decorated motels and psychics with huge signs…and Salvation Mountain is a whole world of its own
Oh, and there are a lot of sources I couldn't find and Google Images got really slow for me so please email me if you know what any of the unknowns are! I'd like to be able to credit people properly and all.
clockwise from top left corner: darling dindon, unknown, jesse varner, internet k-hole, vincent j. stoker, luigi ghirri, unknown, claire milbrath for the ardorous, galaxie 500, and two unknowns
autumn de wilde, two unknowns, beck by spike jonze for interview
kim gordon by mark borthwick, three from internet k-hole
galaxie 500, unknown, mike mills for miranda july
galaxie 500, beth hoeckel, two unknowns
both unknown
jerry de wilde, fruit of paradise, unknown, shelley duvall with mystery 70s man, creatures of the wind headpiece
two unknowns
joseph cornell film still, angela
unknown, mariam sitchinava, rodarte at yellowstone by todd cole for pop magazine
rodarte at yellowstone by todd cole for pop, internet k-hole
all unknown! wahhhh
70s skater girl, petra collins, unknown, wim wenders
luigi ghirri, galaxie 500, turned out by maya, luigi ghirri
luiggi ghirri, unknown, luigi ghirri, sonic youth
internet k-hole, kurt cobain by unknown photographer, george plemper, tim walker's the lost explorer, internet k-hole
sonic youth and bruce davidson
unknown, galaxie 500, the pixies
unknown, galaxie 500, still from the trailer for mike mills' beginners, galaxie 500
swedish hasbeens, two unknowns, dean wareham of galaxie 500
Creatures of the Wind's fall 2012 collection kind of felt like the physical clothing embodiment of all of these ideas for me. Sheba described it as being from the past and future at the same time, and that's exactly it…it at once appears to have an untraceable origin, time and place-wise, but also contains so many tiny references and motifs, fuzzy sweaters and soft flannels and liberty prints in '60s colors and quotes from The Last Unicorn and Mexican tweeds and patchwork, that all together make up something so familiar. Images related to the '60s or the Southwest have always felt like old memories to me, even though I was obviously not alive in the '60s and when we visited my grandparents in California when I was little - my only experience in the Southwest - we spent the whole time inside their house. They did have a great little hill in the backyard with grapefruit trees on top, and I liked to go up the stone path and pretend I was looking out on the whole world even though it was literally just the rest of their retirement community. God, that's depressing. But that's what I'm saying! Where did that delusion GO? And where did it COME FROM? Maybe I traveled throughout the Southwest in the '60s in a past life or something. Maybe I'm tired and still delusional! Wah wahhhhh.
Basically what I'm trying to say is, I think this might be my favorite collection of all time. Seriously. I wish I had never complimented anything else before in my life so that this would all have a stronger effect. It has a perfect feminine/masculine balance, there are all those little details that have MAGIC in them, but the pieces don't feel too fantastical or out of reach, they're still comfy and practical and made for a woman and not a little girl playing dress up. And the fabrics are from all over…the patchwork is made from bags from the '30s that Chris and Shane got at a thrift store, the lace overlay on this skirt is from a couturier in France, but the fabric underneath is from the '80s, thrifted.
God. LIFE, AMIRITE? Here's a playlist I made for all this too.
Parking Lot - Galaxie 500
Broken Dreams Club - Girls
Do You Love Me Now - Breeders
I'm Not There - Bob Dylan
Ceremony - New Order
Wish Fulfillment - Sonic Youth
Used To Be - Beach House
Army Dreamers - Kate Bush
Walking the Cow - Daniel Johnston
Dreams - Fleetwood Mac
Here - Pavement
When Will You Come Home - Galaxie 500
It's such a satisfying feeling when things make sense together this way. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.948898434638977}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50944', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VQZ73EOISR4ZCUVFEL7ZACJZFUHY3F64', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:af62f927-2d34-43a0-a58a-9908a3c0bee8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 19, 15, 22, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.164.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BXOFXBVRJAG72GTKOKTPLTR5GWLJHYV2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a307a791-f98d-4eb4-a264-8a8fa9b31101>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.thestylerookie.com/2012/03/there-are-holes-in-universe.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d286b44b-b2d7-427d-b069-afd7bf79b172>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1033', 'url': 'http://www.thestylerookie.com/2012/03/there-are-holes-in-universe.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-63-100-22.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04032468795776367', 'original_id': 'a037de3153e0bd24ca9f2d189fa314ee5e495a475e0290eb02b778ed589d0d0b'} |
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Artist: Ebony Eyez
Album: 7 Day Cycle
Title: Real Life
Feat. J-Kwon, Tarboy (Trackboyz)
[Ebony Eyez Talking]
Ayo...Tar... you ready?
[Tarboy from Trackboys Talking]
[Ebony Eyez]
Let's Do This..
[Chorus - Tarboy]
Money ain't never move me...
Dawg, this ain't a movie
This is real life, so why you tryin' to do me?
Sit back and relax and think about the past
And make your next move your best, it might be your last
[Chorus - Ebony Eyez]
Money ain't never move me..
Bitch this ain't a movie
Sit back and relax and think about the past
[Verse 1: Tarboy]
Money don't make the man
But still, I understand
If you ain't gettin' dough, what the fuck you in this for?
I see you chasin hoes, and all your fancy clothes
You say you hate the music, then why you at the show?
What all that yappin' mean?
How the fuck that fit the plan?
Where the fuck you from homeboy?
You ain't from my land
I see you in the club, in the corner mean-mugged
With all your little thugs, go pop a bottle of bub
And think about it first
And drink away your problems
Before a nigga out here on the streets help you solve them
See, I ain't mad at ya
I'm just tryin' to relax you
And teach you somethin' homie, before them killers snatch you
I try to keep it thorough
Keith done been around the world
And never understood how a man could act like a girl
But see I'm just a squirrel
And this is your world
And I wish you the best
So get it off your chest
[Chorus - Tarboy]
[Chorus - Ebony Eyez]
[Verse 2 - Ebony Eyez]
Louie, done made my purse
Well, he ain't write this verse
Some people put they money first, and don't care who they hurt
Always talkin' bout how they: finna do this and finna do that
Finna get that new benz and finna buy they girl a cadillac
I try to mind my business, they strike at me with a vengence
Don't know I'm young and visicious and know how to throw them fist-es
Say I don't keep it real, (what?) say I ain't got the skill
(we) mad cause I got a deal, give a fuck bout how you feel
I represent the streets and that's the way you gotta be
And when my album drop, some people gon' be mad at me
Bitches don't wanna listen, don't wanna play position
Ain't got a pot to piss in, but they call they self dissin'
Your next move should always be your best move
Never follow what the rest do, and they'll respect you
Cause money come and go, don't front like you don't know
And when it's all spend up and gone, you ain't got shit to show
[Chorus - Tarboy]
[Chorus - Ebony Eyez]
[Verse 3: J-Kwon]
Now my baby mama hate the fact, now that I'm gettin' scratch
So she go and react, hold up man, matter of a fact
Now that I'm thinkin' back, when I ain't had no scratch
No ice, or no 'lac, hold up Kwon rewind it back
Now was you gon' react?
That's when I hate the fact, I laid her on her back
(hold up man, don't say that)
Nah, let me spit the facts
Y'all know I love my son, but she only care about if he got some air force ones
Now ain't that shit dumb? Now where we both come from
Like all your life, you grew up running around spending funds
We was broke as Hammer, t-shirts for pajamas
Cribs small as llamas, eating corn flakes and bananas
Now it's vests and Hummers, we fucked the whole summer
The only reason, cause your man be tryin to take me under
So now I sit and wonder, like I ain't got no clue
And yes it's true, that the money might have moved you
[Chorus - Tarboy]
[Chorus - Ebony Eyez]
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Explanation guidelines: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '77', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9077085256576538}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40999', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LFFUIK4RUAHT2JT7V32QTMHFPWI3LPCS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:90059ced-9c43-4e7a-9703-94943dd6f23a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 29, 15, 42, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '178.18.22.163', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AGIF46D4OWR4IPXXPLQEJ7HZQIILUTHM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:32f35401-73f2-4d59-ba43-132f4fecdfe7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/e/ebony_eyez/real_life_lyrics.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:99f561ad-4e50-4696-8f4e-4165932ebfe3>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '845', 'url': 'http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/e/ebony_eyez/real_life_lyrics.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.2611680030822754', 'original_id': 'e8e696d7f4c25703f3ab9443399a0a02eb9c35352d0e98f2fa2aad2980cebe19'} |
With Washington waiting worriedly for the imminent publication of the so-called Nunes memo, it's worth taking note of just how far the GOP has sunk into paranoid delusion, soulless cynicism, or both.
It's hard to decide which option is more disturbing: the idea that congressional Republicans actually believe the FBI was doing the bidding of the Democratic Party by using opposition research funded by the Hillary Clinton campaign to get a FISA court to approve surveillance of Trump campaign adviser Carter Page — or that they're just pretending to believe it in order to whip the Republican electorate into a conspiracy-addled froth of indignation against the legitimacy of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation.
In the end, it doesn't make much of a difference. Either way, the GOP has demonstrated that the transformation of the party that began with the rise of talk radio and Fox News in the 1990s has reached a kind of terminus. What was once a sober and serious center-right party is now an organization that actively spreads elaborate webs of lies and half-truths, schemes and plots about its political opponents, and even ostensibly nonpartisan civil servants, for the sake of stirring up anger and undermining the capacity for self-criticism within the Republican electorate.
This will be the case no matter what ends up being revealed or alleged in the memo that Devin Nunes, the other Republican members of the House Intelligence Committee, and the White House so desperately want to make public. Because what will almost certainly not be in the memo is evidence that the law-enforcement organization that so potently torpedoed Hillary Clinton's campaign by reopening the email server investigation less than two weeks before Election Day was seeking to advance the interests of the Democrats at the expense of the Trump administration when it sought permission to conduct (or continue conducting) surveillance of Page.
That's what would need to be in the memo to vindicate the insinuations stirred up by the right and currently swirling around the Mueller investigation. How do I know these insinuations will fail to be vindicated? Because in the real world, as opposed to the world concocted by the Trump administration's water carriers on Capitol Hill, that's not how any of this works.
The FBI knew that the dossier compiled by former British intelligence officer Christopher Steele (and apparently paid for by the Clinton campaign by way of research firm Fusion GPS) was raw intelligence. It is highly implausible (to put it mildly) that the FBI asked a FISA court to issue or renew a warrant for surveillance, let alone that the warrant was granted by that court, based solely on such intelligence without independent verification from other (probably clandestine) sources. That is most likely one reason why the FBI objects so strongly to the release of the Nunes memo — because it highlights the use of material from the Steele dossier in the FISA application without referring to additional corroborating information that was gathered elsewhere and that the FBI can't divulge without the risk of revealing where it came from.
For a long time, the Republican establishment played along with the conspiracy theories bubbling up from the right-wing media only when they found themselves out of power. During the Clinton administration, for example, absurd stories about the supposed murder of Deputy White House Counsel Vince Foster were given legitimacy on the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal, while various other implausible, byzantine accounts of White House intrigue fed the drive to take down the president by any means necessary. (Independent Counsel Ken Starr eventually dug up the requisite pretext in the form of a presidential lie under oath about an extramarital affair with White House intern Monica Lewinisky.) The same thing happened during the latter half of the Obama administration with the ludicrous, interminable Benghazi investigation of Hillary Clinton's tenure at the State Department.
But in between, during the administration of Republican George W. Bush, such conspiracies largely receded into the background, playing little to no role in the Bush presidency or the actions of Congress from 2000 to 2008. This doesn't mean that policy decisions during those years weren't made on the basis of faulty information or highly questionable assumptions. (They certainly were!) But it does mean that the flagrantly implausible insinuations of domestic intrigue on the part of insidious political enemies were far less influential on the right while Bush was in the Oval Office.
Almost immediately after Donald Trump won the White House, this pattern began to be broken. Now a man who launched his political career by furthering a racist conspiracy theory about the first black president in American history had won the White House. It should surprise no one that he brought a conspiratorial way of thinking into the Oval Office — or that these habits of mind quickly spread to members of his party in Congress.
The scandal-soaked, tweet-fueled hothouse of Trump's Washington is the perfect place for conspiracies to thrive — and thrive they have, among members of both parties. Democrats feel angry and demoralized, victims of an electoral system that's stacked against them no less than of an array of domestic (the FBI) and foreign (Vladimir Putin) antagonists. It's hardly surprising that in such an environment, professional BS artists like Louise Mensch, Eric Garland, Claude Taylor, and Andrea Chalupa have had an enormous, and pernicious, influence.
But that's nothing compared to what we now see in the White House and among leading Republicans in Congress (especially in the House). Mensch and Garland are influential among Democrats at large, but they are far from the levers of power. As chair of the House Intelligence Committee, Nunes has one of the most powerful positions in Washington, and he's using this power to spread — and to encourage the right-wing media complex to spread — conspiratorial disinformation in the hopes of shielding the Trump White House from an investigation that could badly damage or bring it down.
He and the rest of his complicit party should be ashamed of themselves — whether or not they believe their own prevarications. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.958689033985138}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '73389', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JEE7JSY5JXGMXBVHDXWSAS2IOFKL7AGL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:61ea7a9f-d95b-4912-97c0-22a0b5f35e4c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 20, 0, 1, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.24.19.130', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:F5OYTZTTCO2XPHHAHXAPDGGITAP25PX5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b30b3e8b-7d18-4f4e-8f75-da5eeb214880>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://3.images.theweek.com/articles/752434/gops-conspiracy-fetishists', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2b412e9-040e-4c06-bdf1-8b600a17c288>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1000', 'url': 'http://3.images.theweek.com/articles/752434/gops-conspiracy-fetishists', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-182-67-179.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13551932573318481', 'original_id': '4ff3e71a41b90144678f8f284b4eec759c499a672a93f7c20e6fda9e015c6d1a'} |
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a protocol for providing default gateway redundancy in a network. VRRP provides for a dynamic assignment of a default gateway to a single member of a set of VRRP routers that collectively act as a single virtual router with a common virtual internet protocol (IP) address. A VRRP network is a network that has two or more routers that support the VRRP protocol. Hosts or other network components use the common IP address of the VRRP routers as their default gateway.
In VRRP protocol, the router with a highest priority becomes the master gateway of the group of routers. In the role as a master gateway, a VRRP router has several tasks. One task is owning the VRRP virtual IP address and answering address resolution protocol (ARP) requests sent to the virtual IP address. The master gateway also associates the virtual IP address with the virtual media access control (MAC) address. Another task is sending VRRP advertisement packets at regular intervals to other VRRP routers in the set to let them know that the device is still functioning as the master gateway.
When the VRRP router designated as the master loses connectivity to the network, the VRRP advertisement packets no longer reach the other routers in the set. In such a situation, one of the other routers will take over as the master router in response to the discontinuation of VRRP advertisement packets. The VRRP router will also send out a gratuitous ARP request associating the virtual IP address with the virtual MAC address. This causes downstream switches to forward traffic destined to the virtual MAC address to the new VRRP master router. This task ensures that traffic to the gateway from network components in the network is not interrupted. Once accomplished, the new router will own the virtual IP address, answer ARP requests sent to the virtual IP address, and send out VRRP advertisement packets at regular intervals. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '971079b0efc10fba215a17a49b68dac6ceeb518c6bfcbf92b52bafbe19ae61ef'} |
MedLabs is a leading independent diagnostic laboratory offering a menu of more than 400 tests to over 3,000 physician and hospital customers. As one of the oldest, independent laboratories in the U.S., MedLabs provides a large, comprehensive menu of laboratory developed, esoteric, STAT and routine tests, which has been created through sixty-seven years of providing exceptional service that larger competitors are unable to match. The team of professionals at MedLabs, with the help of highly innovative diagnostic tests and proprietary software, give medical providers the ability to tackle today’s healthcare challenges and make a difference in the lives of millions of patients. The Company is headquartered in Cedar Knolls, New Jersey.
The transaction, completed in early 2018, allowed management to retain significant ownership post-close. The partnership also provided the necessary capital and resources for the business to continue to provide high quality services to existing customers, while establishing a growth plan including the expansion of its proprietary product portfolio in existing and new geographic territories, as well as future add-on acquisitions.
Differentiated in the marketplace by high-quality customer service, faster turnaround times and a broad spectrum of routine and esoteric tests on par with the largest laboratories in the industry, MedLabs maintains a well-established foundation poised for significant expansion. In addition to the ability to broaden product offerings, other growth opportunities include geographic expansion and acquisitions. We expect the business to act as a platform for numerous add-on acquisitions that provide access to new geographies and complementary testing disciplines, further expanding MedLabs’ customer base.
Caymus Equity worked closely with management to establish a 100 Day Plan detailing how to best combine the resources of Caymus Equity with the existing successful platform. The strategic plan outlined the steps needed to achieve our growth objectives for the Company by continuing to expand the Company’s footprint.
Securities Offered through Caymus Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC
One Paces West
2727 Paces Ferry
Road SE, Suite 1650
Atlanta, GA 30339
T (404) 995-8300
641 Lexington Avenue
17th Floor
New York, NY 10022
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The Big Payback Lyrics
from Out Of Business
"The Big Payback" was released on 10/31/2006. It is track #15 on the album Out Of Business. It was written by Sermon Erick S; Smith Parrish Joseff.
The Big Payback Submit Correct Lyrics
Submit Corrections Cancel
Aiyyo whassup E double? Yo whassup man?
Yo these crab MC's got us trapped up behind these walls man
But I'm ready to break out of here and do this, you know what I'm saying?
So whats the magic word?
Open sesame and let down the main gate
Before you screamed EPMD, you shouldn't wait
I roll with a posse, hey you tried to stop me
Also yo, your brothers tried to pop me
On the sneak tip, without me knowing
So I keep going, and my rhymes keep flowing
On and on, and I don't quit
I get pushed to the limit, and yo that's it
Step by step, I put an end to your fun
'Cause I'm the chosen one, yes me my son
A young kid from the ghetto, a kiddie from the city
I don't feel sorrow and I have no pity
To run up on you, and wax plus tax
Your gold, your money, and from your eyes your contacts
Then flex over, a hop skip and a jump
To the next town, to go punk a chump
MC's try to diss me, and try to bust caps
I'm not having it, and that means no haps jack
So get the bozack, only off the crack, that's wack
This is the big payback
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
As I go and flow, to a different type of tempo
Why MD? Come on E, the P keeps it simple
Plus I'm striking like lightning, throwing blows like Tyson
Slaying MC's on the QT, sorta like a sniper
So if a sucker don't like me, the feeling is mutual
Then crack a 40, what kind of old E
To slay an MC how, on the QT
So whats your name boy? Come on, you know its MD
So while I'm wrecking he's checking, all the bodies that's left and
A pile behind the stage, the P is like stepping
Off from the scenes, I see lights and sirens
Witness everywhere, but no one seen a thing
When cops ask questions, my description is vague
No answers at all, just bodies behind the stage
One witness yells out, that he was dressed in black
Stupid dookie link, with a fisherman hat
A cop said, "Yo, howd he flee from the spot?"
In a black sports car, I think it was an iroc
But the windows were tinted, and we couldnt get a look
Why? There was smoke from the rubber he cooked the big payback
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
No rome-et-oh, or Juliette romance story
Just EMPD, the fame and the glory
The rapping technique, something like fencing, dangerous
It keeps you in suspense
And you have to be cool, and plus have stamina
'Cause if you don't, I'm gonna end up stabbing ya
In your guts, from the razor cuts
And I'ma stick and pick, until your mind goes nuts
It might sound gross, or make your stomach bubble
But don't never ever ever, mess with E double
I'm like Jumping Jack flash, a spy with an eye
I do no stunts, and I'm not the fall guy
I'm just the E, the R I C K, that's all
Did some check one-twos, and some yes yes y'alls
I'm the man of the hour, sweet to be sour
So what you saying E? I got soul power
'Cause a brother like me, is always scoping
In fact, you should pack, because I cut no slack
It's like that, this is the big payback
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
If rapping was a tribe ID be the chief commanche
Had fat link, chunky rings, nutting fancy
So saddle up MC's, and off we go
It's not a rodeo, but I carry a lasso
'Cause I'm back from vacation, 'cause suckers kept slipping
Rapping off-beat, plus your tunes wasn't hitting
They wanna claim a style on the M I C
But I can rotate the state, cold ripping shows with E
'Cause whether maxing or relaxing, waxing or taxing
Never step to a show without packing
My partners, Mr. Smith and Mr. Wessun
So nothing moves funny, at the rapping session
I'm strictly biz and knuckles, no time for laugh or chuckles
I drop clear lyrics, while your bass sound muffled
You sniff blow? Hell no, and still flow and say go
More or less do a show, nah
The only high I get, is when my fans yell hoe
So get the bo-zack, because were back to hack
Here to let you know that it's the big payback
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
Big payback, yo, big payback, yo
Yeah, that's right man, big payback in eighty-nine
You know what I'm saying
EPMDs in effect on the unfinished business tip
[Incomprehensible] and Tony, snapping necks
Yo, yo, yo
Yo, yo, yo
Yo, yo, yo
Sermon Erick S; Smith Parrish Joseff
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Strange behavior with URLs...
I can't understand why my URLs don't work as expected. I'm using the .htaccess file suggested here: http://codeigniter.com/wiki/mod_rewrite/
These URLs all work:
But this URL does not work. I get a "Not Found" Apache error page:
How can this be? I've implemented this .htaccess file many times on other sites with no issues. I am utilizing MY_Controller, if that makes any difference?
It should be noted that any bad URL that is only one segment goes to my custom 404 page (the CodeIgniter 404 page). But if I add any second segment, I get the stock Apache 404 page...
It seems like "Error" is a controller name that cannot be used reliably. Any other controller I create and use works just fine.
Is there a resource that lists all class names that should be considered "off limits"?
CodeIgniter Reserved names
Theme © iAndrew 2016 - Forum software by © MyBB | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8357434868812561}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '31365', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BHUC3JVSFOBX6YTCM6KFX3OW6BMW2Q7K', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b4fbc269-6fe6-40a6-82c4-59e11709a18b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 24, 8, 33, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.215.181', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KFKPST2EE35A63B3NK4YYE2N3MQ5FSZC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9c6b8e46-46d6-41dd-8ff2-fc7cace9273c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://forum.codeigniter.com/thread-43290-post-250798.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e711eef7-e690-4475-bc92-e50b02706cd3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '155', 'url': 'https://forum.codeigniter.com/thread-43290-post-250798.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.2061372995376587', 'original_id': '7af0cc9385c662bd3ad4d8d67b940bf08fe02c48368dfcef17220a7e5281bcfc'} |
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Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is usually treated with a short course of antibiotics to kill the bacteria that caused the infection.
The healthcare professionals at the genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic or sexual health clinic will arrange your treatment.
If your urethritis is caused by gonorrhoea, this may be treated differently.
Treatment with antibiotics may be started before you receive your test results. Most people with NGU are prescribed antibiotic tablets or capsules.
This may be:
You won't usually need to return to the clinic as long as you've:
It may sometimes take two or three weeks for your symptoms to disappear completely.
You shouldn't have sex, including vaginal, anal and oral sex, until:
Side effects
Antibiotics may cause some side effects, such as:
Informing partners
It's possible to pass on NGU during sex, so it's wise to treat all cases of NGU as an STI and ensure all recent partners have been treated.
You also shouldn't have any kind of sex until you're certain the condition has cleared up.
It's suggested that you inform any person you've had sex with in the last three months, but this timeframe can vary. The healthcare professionals at the GUM clinic can advise you.
Some people can feel angry, upset or embarrassed about discussing STIs with their current partner or previous partners.
However, don't be afraid to discuss your concerns with the healthcare professionals at the GUM or sexual health clinic. They can advise you about who to contact and the best way to contact them.
With your permission, the clinic can arrange for a "contact slip" to be given to your former partner or partners.
The slip explains that they may have been exposed to an STI and advises them to have a check-up. It doesn't have your name on it, and your details will remain totally confidential.
Nobody can force you to tell any of your partners about your STI, but it's strongly recommended that you do. Without treatment, STIs such as chlamydia can have serious effects on a person's health, particularly for women.
Complications of untreated chlamydia include:
Treatment failure
If the symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) don't get better two weeks after you start to take antibiotics, you should return to the GUM clinic or sexual health clinic.
You'll be asked if you took the medication correctly and whether anyone with untreated NGU could have passed the infection back to you.
You may need further tests to confirm your diagnosis and check for any sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
In some cases, you may be given a new prescription for some different antibiotics to treat the NGU. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9511348605155944}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14187', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SO7ZRNA4UK2HIX3YIIIOREPQI3L5GFIS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6d866c53-de5a-4a12-b379-ebdcab013773>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 2, 20, 14, 2, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '51.140.84.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AKUOJKCSQMAG7RNAKM3QPLCDOPGLX3BG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bce6e1ce-53f7-43aa-a425-2e3531928d7b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://api-bridge.azurewebsites.net/conditions/index.php?uid=am9zcGVuY2VsZXlAaGVhbHRod2F0Y2hub3J0aGFtcHRvbnNoaXJlLmNvLnVr&h=500&w=700&p=non-gonococcal-urethritis%2Ftreatment', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0ba4ad1d-6501-462c-a7fa-591b473aaf5f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '429', 'url': 'https://api-bridge.azurewebsites.net/conditions/index.php?uid=am9zcGVuY2VsZXlAaGVhbHRod2F0Y2hub3J0aGFtcHRvbnNoaXJlLmNvLnVr&h=500&w=700&p=non-gonococcal-urethritis%2Ftreatment', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-77.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13787662982940674', 'original_id': '6c4b7ba51237a2b98addb954af046ede32591aa200d2a2a00ee1f471a90a9c47'} |
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<!-- <li class="active"><a href="" id = "filename_new1" onclick = "opentab(this)" data-target="#new1" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Untitled</a></li> -->
<!-- <li><a href="" data-target="#editor2" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Second Editor 2</a></li> -->
</ul>
<div class="tab-content" id = "editors">
<!-- <div class="tab-pane active" id="new1">
<textarea id="file_new1"></textarea>
</div> -->
<!-- <div class="tab-pane" id="editor2">
<textarea id="codeify_editor2"><p>Second editor 2</p></textarea>
</div> -->
</div>
<!-- <textarea id = "code"></textarea> -->
</div>
<div class="splitter2">
</div>
<div class="panel-right column">
<div class = "console-container">
<div>
<!-- close button -->
<!-- <a href="#" style="text-decoration:none" onclick="openConsole()" >×</a> -->
<!-- end here -->
<span class = "vertical-align-middle">Input</span>
<img id = "run-button" onclick = "run()" src = "../assets/icons/run-button.svg" width="40px;" class = "vertical-align-middle run-button"></img>
<img id = "stop-button" onclick = "stop()" src = "../assets/icons/stop-button.svg" width="40px;" class = "vertical-align-middle stop-button hide"></img>
</div>
<textarea id = "input" class="console" ></textarea><br>
<div><span>Output</span><br><br>
<span id = "output" class="console"></span>
</div>
</div>
<!-- terminal -->
<div class = "terminal-container">
<div id="terminal"></div>
</div>
<div class = "html-preview">
<iframe id=html-preview class="html-preview" sandbox="allow-same-origin"></iframe>
<img style = "position: relative;float: left;bottom:70;right:30;float:right;" onclick = "updateHtmlPreview()" src = "../assets/icons/refresh-button.svg" width="40px"></img>
</div>
<div class = "markdown-preview">
<!-- <button onclick = "updateMarkdownPreview()">refresh</button> -->
<iframe id=markdown-preview class="markdown-preview" sandbox="allow-same-origin"></iframe>
<img style = "position: relative;float: left;bottom:70;right:30;float:right;" onclick = "updateMarkdownPreview()" src = "../assets/icons/refresh-button.svg" width="40px"></img>
</div>
<div class = "update-download-section">
<center>
<div class = "centered-box" id = "update-section-box">
<button class = "btn" id = "check-for-update" onclick="checkForUpdates()">Check For Updates</button>
<!-- <div id = "download_bar" class = "ldBar" data-preset = "rainbow" data-value = "50"></div> -->
</div>
</center>
</div>
<!-- settings panel -->
<div class = "settings-panel">
<div class = "left-settings-panel">
<ul id="menu">
<li id = "menu-themes" onclick = "openSettingsRightPanel('themes')">Themes</li>
<li id = "menu-editor" onclick = "openSettingsRightPanel('editor')">Editor</li>
<li id = "menu-discord-rpc" onclick = "openSettingsRightPanel('discord-rpc')">Discord RPC</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class = "right-settings-panel">
<div id = "themes" >
<div id = "one-dark-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('one-dark.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/one-dark.png"></img>
<p>One Dark</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "ambiance-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('ambiance.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/ambiance.png"></img>
<p>Ambiance</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "darcula-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('darcula.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/darcula.png"></img>
<p>Darcula</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "dracula-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('dracula.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/dracula.png"></img>
<p>Dracula</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "eclipse-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('eclipse.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/eclipse.png"></img>
<p>Eclipse</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "gruvbox-dark-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('gruvbox-dark.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/gruvbox-dark.png"></img>
<p>Gruvbox Dark</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "hopscotch-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('hopscotch.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/hopscotch.png"></img>
<p>Hopscotch</p>
</center>
</div>
<div id = "monokai-theme" class = "theme-container" onclick="setTheme('monokai.css')">
<center>
<img class = "theme-img" src = "../assets/img/themes/monokai.png"></img>
<p>Monokai</p>
</center>
</div>
</div>
<div id = "editor" >
<label for="lineNumbers" class="label-cbx">
<input id="lineNumbers" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
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<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Show Line Numbers</span>
<p class="checkbox-description">Show line numbers in editor's gutter.</p>
</label>
<br>
<label for="styleActiveLine" class="label-cbx">
<input id="styleActiveLine" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Highlight Active Line</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Highlight current active line.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="lineWrapping" class="label-cbx">
<input id="lineWrapping" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Soft Wrap</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Wraps line that exceed the width of the window.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="foldGutter" class="label-cbx">
<input id="foldGutter" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Fold Gutter</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Markers indicating the blocks that can be folded.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="autoCloseBrackets" class="label-cbx">
<input id="autoCloseBrackets" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Auto Close Brackets</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Auto-close brackets and quotes when typed.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="autoCloseTags" class="label-cbx">
<input id="autoCloseTags" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Auto Close Tags</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Auto-close XML tags when '>' or '/' is typed</p>
</label><br>
<label for="showTrailingSpace" class="label-cbx">
<input id="showTrailingSpace" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Show Trailing Space</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Show trailing of whitespace at the end of lines.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="matchBrackets" class="label-cbx">
<input id="matchBrackets" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Match Brackets</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">Matching brackets to be highlighted whenever the cursor is next to them.</p>
</label><br>
<label for="indentWithTabs" class="label-cbx">
<input id="indentWithTabs" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Indent With Tabs</span>
<p class = "checkbox-description">When indenting, the first N*tabSize spaces should be replaced by N tabs. </p>
</label><br>
<label for="tabSize">
<span>Tab Size</span>
<p class="checkbox-description-input">Number of spaces used to represent a tab.</p>
<input id = "tabSize" type = "number" class = "input-field">
</label>
<br><br>
<label for="indentUnit">
<span>Indent Unit</span>
<p class="checkbox-description-input">Number of spaces used to indent a block.</p>
<input id = "indentUnit" type = "number" class = "input-field">
</label>
<br><br>
<button class = "btn" onclick = "saveEditorSettings()">Save Changes</button><br><br>
</div>
<div id = "discord-rpc">
<label for="discord-rpc-enable" class="label-cbx">
<input id="discord-rpc-enable" type="checkbox" class="invisible">
<div class="checkbox">
<svg width="17px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 20 20">
<path d="M3,1 L17,1 L17,1 C18.1045695,1 19,1.8954305 19,3 L19,17 L19,17 C19,18.1045695 18.1045695,19 17,19 L3,19 L3,19 C1.8954305,19 1,18.1045695 1,17 L1,3 L1,3 C1,1.8954305 1.8954305,1 3,1 Z"></path>
<polyline points="4 11 8 15 16 6"></polyline>
</svg>
</div>
<span>Enable Discord RPC</span>
<p class="checkbox-description">Enable Discord Status.</p>
</label>
<br>
<label for="discord-status">
<span>Discord Status</span>
<p class="checkbox-description-input">Status to show on Discord.</p>
<input id = "discord-status" type = "text" class = "input-field">
</label>
<br><br>
<button class = "btn" onclick = "saveDiscordSettings()">Save Changes</button><br><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- settings panel end here -->
<!-- code sharing panel -->
<div class = "code-sharing-panel">
<center>
<div class = "centered-box" id = "code-sharing-box">
<!-- <button class = "btn" id = "share-code" onclick="code_sharing.shareProject()">Share Project</button><br> -->
<button class = "btn" id = "share-code" onclick="code_sharing.shareCode(true)">Share Code</button><br>
<button class = "btn" id = "connect" onclick="code_sharing.connect(false)">Connect</button>
<!-- <br> -->
<!-- <button class = "btn" id = "disconnect" onclick="disconnect()">Disconnect</button> -->
</div>
</center>
</div>
<!-- end here -->
</div>
<!-- Theme Panel -->
<div id="themeChengePanel" class="center" style="display: none">
<div style="width: 100%; height: auto;">
<div class="x" onclick="document.getElementById('themeChengePanel').style.display ='none'"></div>
</div>
<div class="options" style="padding: 50px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px; cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('one-dark.css')">one-dark</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('ambiance.css')">ambiance</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('darcula.css')">darcula</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('dracula.css')">dracula</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('eclipse.css')">eclipse</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('gruvbox-dark.css')">gruvbox-dark</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('hopscotch.css')">hopscotch</div>
<div style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="setTheme('monokai.css')">monokai</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end here -->
</div>
</body>
<script src = "../assets/js/jquery-resizable.js"></script>
<script src = "../assets/js/editor.js"></script>
<!-- <script src = "../assets/js/jquery.js"></script> -->
<script src = "../assets/js/file-explore.js"></script>
<script src = "../assets/js/sublime_keymap.js"></script>
<!-- <script src="../menu/functions.js"></script> -->
<style>
.center {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
/*width: 400px;*/
/*height: 200px;*/
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: white;
z-index: 1000;
}
.x {
display: block;
position: fixed;
right: 0;
top: 0;
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
transition: transform .50s ease-in-out;
}
.x:hover {
transform: rotate(180deg);
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.x:before {
content: "";
position: absolute;
display: block;
margin: auto;
left: 0;
right: 0;
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bottom: 0;
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transform-origin: center;
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position: absolute;
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margin: auto;
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<h1>Добро пожаловать в {{title}}</h1>
<h3><div class="general_what_i_do">Добавляйте интересующие Вас интернет-камеры
и получайте нотификации в Telegram в момент появления интересующего объекта.
<p>
Задавайте любые вопросы по работе сервиса в Telegram-чате
<a href="https://t.me/ai4all_feedback">@ai4all_feedback</a>.</div></h3>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
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Tuesday, November 27, 2012
The Most Influential Man that Never Actually Existed
We see him frantically riding motorcycles across rooftops in Turkey, getting in harpoon gun fights in the Great Barrier Reef, and crashing operas in Austria. But no matter what situation he is in, we see him deal with it in a way that influences generations upon generations of sartorialists. From Sean Connery’s Savile Row getups to Daniel Craig’s midnight blue tuxedo, James Bond has graced the screen in only the finest accouterments, and, in doing so, has earn the informal right be called the most influential fictitious man in menswear. But that is only the tip of the iceberg. Askmen.com recently named him the Most Influential Man of 2012. And by golly does he deserve that title. His movies continue to enthrall millions, with the latest addition, Skyfall, living up to its hype and breaking records at the box office. Rotten Tomatoes, notorious for its brutality in rating films, shows a 92% approval rating of the film, while IMDb gives it an eight out of ten, describing it as a “soaring success.” But his influence extends far past the silver screen.
Every Halloween, we know of a man who dressed up as the slick spy. If you ask any woman if they would like a James Bond in their life, their answer is an unhesitating yes. We see little kids running through hallways in school, their hands folded into a gun, stopping every now and then with their back to the wall, peeking cautiously around the corner, eyes creased with emulatory concentration. The cars he drives become instant classics, his witty quips punch-lines for thousands, and his wardrobe choices the inspiration for millions more. James Bond is everywhere in our lives. He has become more than just an ephemeral movie character. He is an international icon, a style sensation, and a classic role model.
But all of this begs the questions: why do we respect this man so much that we flock to the cinema to see him? Why do we choose to dress and act as him? Why has his name become colloquially synonymous with style and sophistication?
When it comes to clothes, Bond often shows us that less is more.
It’s all about relatability, about the history of Bond, about his grim past and his exciting present, about his elegant struggle against crime and violence, about his grim determination to make a difference. Lindy Hemming, the Bond films’ costume designer, attributes this audience fascination to the “dynamic caused by the costume.” Bond is an orphan, born of nothing, yet he has become so much, a self-made man. His tuxedos and tailored-suits belie his working-class origins, his nice cars his childhood struggles. It is this rise from nothing, the sense that Bond could have been, and still can be, any one of us. We are Bond’s familial strain of society, and while we champion him on, we never lose the notion that one day perhaps we too can be just like him. And we show our respect, our flattery, in the only way we know how, through imitation. And as we carry him with us as we go through our lives, we allow him to live forevermore.
Vijay Agusala | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9707677364349364}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46300', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SC2IR3SYZQWFOO55WEUBFG7HLIXJJWXD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6341cf5b-3de3-4666-8db7-2aef5f1edd7d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 25, 13, 34, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.65', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SAKIAOYLRRF73GVXQA3JZMRDQIKQDLEF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8c34e2ac-2c0a-4e80-a6cc-f8db6860d225>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://schuylerpwr.blogspot.com/2012_11_01_archive.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f35ac197-d6fd-455b-bee1-f0ee20b387ee>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '540', 'url': 'http://schuylerpwr.blogspot.com/2012_11_01_archive.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-13\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03913921117782593', 'original_id': '74f93ad2d576d8f4af1f8460c04974a2c6855dbdb30d7f7e302cef8f7a386b97'} |
Monday, January 3, 2011
My First (Real) Arena Experience
This past week, I finally started an arena team as part of the requirements to be on the rated battleground team in Conquest. (Yes, we are recruiting for Legion, our PvE section, and Vanguard, our PvP section. See site on sidebar for details.) My 3 vs. 3 team, Poker in the Front, consist of a Holy Pally, Rogue, and myself as moonkin. We did pretty good the first week going 7 - 6 and when I actually get some noticable resilience gear instead of going off a pseudo-glass cannon principle, I'm sure that will improve even more. If you are a moonkin looking to get into some arenas, here is some of the things I have learned that will hopefully help you out.
1) Don't Forget You Can Stealth - Some classes don't have this luxury in arenas, but druids can start off a match stealthed. In fact, two members of my 3 vs. 3 team can stealth, and most teams aren't insane enough to rush a holy pally with two members not showing. This gives you time to map out your strategy, especially if you know who you are up against.
2) Check Their Buffs - One of the things that I had to pick up pretty quickly is to tell if we had a druid or a rogue we were against since both can stealth. The easy way to do it besides waiting for them to show is to check their buffs. If they have Mark of the Wild and no druid showing, it is a druid. If they don't have Mark of the Wild, it is a rogue. If everybody starts off a match stealthed, assume it is a 2 rogue, 1 druid comp.
3) Healer First - Our team's first goal in any match was to find out who the healer was. Not all comps have a healer. (Three feral cat druid team, I hate you with a passion.) From there, we would either start off sapping the healer or entangling roots and Solar Beam the healer. If the healer can't heal himself, he is as good as dead. Once the healer is dead, you have probably about 80% chance of winning the match from there.
4) Protect Your Healer - If I saw people grouping up on my healer, I would do what I could to help out. That typically means the first thing I would do is Typhoon the other team to get them away. From there, I can Entangling Roots, Cyclone, etc. to give my healer some time to recover. Sometimes he can, sometimes he can't, especially if he has DoTs on him.
5) License to Starfall - Starfall is incredible in arenas. It can damage their entire team at once. Plus, since it is automatically multiple mobs, you get the 20 star upper limit. I wouldn't use it to start until you have controlled the healer, but then, bust it out.
6) Heal - Remember as a caster druid, you don't have all the heals that resto druids do, but your heals you do have still hit pretty hard due to your intellect. Don't be afraid to throw some HoTs on you or your teammates. Tranquility is also awesome to keep up the team if you are not the focus.
7) Try to Proc an Eclipse - Eclipsed nukes can take anything down relatively quickly. You are talking upwards of 30k Starfires and 20k Wraths in people with resilience and much more if they don't have any.
8) More Resilience, The Better (To a Point) - Many blog post ago, I mentioned that when choosing between PvE and PvP gear, you will always want to go with PvE gear for PvE content and PvP gear for PvP content. This holds true 95% of the time. However, there is a point where you have high resilience, but you have sacrificed damage. You have to find a balance. This means that it may be okay to have your resilience set with maybe a weapon that is PvE that is more powerful. In Wrath, I was using Neiblung as my PvP staff due to the valkyr proc. I haven't found anything like that in Cataclysm yet, but I'm sure I will find something like it.
9) Have Fun - When first starting arenas, you are going to lose. Just count on it. You will get better over time. Just like PvE, it takes practice to get your rotation and dynamics down. The difference is PvP tends to be more jerk reaction. The quicker you can react, the better. But it takes time to learn this.
10) Communication Is Key - If you can't be in a Vent or Mumble server with your teammates, down join their team. The key to arena is constant communication. The more you communicate, the faster you can react, the more successful you will be.
As I said, these are things that I'm still learning. I'm not great in arenas by any stretch of the imagination. But I had fun and I look forward to doing this weekly with my team members.
Just a reminder, please vote for the winner of the Header contest. We have had 31 voters so far and all of them have gotten votes as the favorite. If you want to choose what the Header for the blog will be for the rest of Cataclysm, please go and vote.
HettyA said...
Do you have experience with Mumble servers? Just wondering if there are ways around having to have a dedicated IP or what not.
Redhawks said...
I will be honest, I am not certain on this one. Matticus just recently got this for the guild so I'm not certain as to what the logistics of it working are. In terms of just using it, I'm loving it. Easy to get on and sound quality is amazing. My personal opinion is that it is better than Ventrilo.
Natrii said...
I'm hurt! You did not find our Disc/restokin as real arena. /sadpanda
Redhawks said...
I'm am so sorry. I did forget our brief stent as a restokin/shadow priest team in 2 vs. 2. That was the first real arena experience I had. All the other teams since then have been for points only until this newest group. I apologize for forgetting about that one. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.950133979320526}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '77116', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AS6SCUPCVIAYN34OLEFKKN6XEGOXGQRF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:78130126-ff72-497d-922b-5b2d0c149bb3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 5, 23, 18, 37, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2K6A7CKZWMZTZ2QVFWHOOOOT6GKYH3S6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:df680772-6cdd-4190-bf37-9a3138638823>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://redhawksgaze.blogspot.com/2011/01/my-first-real-arena-experience.html?showComment=1294089236577', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e79bac0e-530c-4299-93b8-f40636adac2d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1036', 'url': 'http://redhawksgaze.blogspot.com/2011/01/my-first-real-arena-experience.html?showComment=1294089236577', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-224-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-22\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018463969230651855', 'original_id': 'ada89651f40e9d3c6323bf847f970aa0761f48916100d1e778a8dc36e07170e8'} |
Pictured in this scene from The Borgias: Francois Arnaud as Cesare Borgia and Jeremy Irons as Rodrigo Borgia.
The Borgias Season 2 Episode 6 Quotes
I was poisoned with cantarella, and I am now the stronger for it.
Della Rovere
Rodrigo: Save your thoughts. Say nothing.
Cesare: I haven't uttered a word.
Rodrigo: No, but we can hear you thinking. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9282183051109314}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '26339', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QLVAH4ZNP45LEM2QEOWH65O5PI5WOSYS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dce536f3-a226-4c80-a2a1-addab708cc13>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 2, 16, 32, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.22.121', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:A4EIVDJESV4PWIKIE4P42OTZPYQM3TXO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b337b8cc-b96e-41bf-b146-2208a63437cf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.tvfanatic.com/gallery/shows/the-borgias/episodes/day-of-ashes/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2b90fc2c-72d1-4a61-9b7d-36768b47eab8>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '61', 'url': 'http://www.tvfanatic.com/gallery/shows/the-borgias/episodes/day-of-ashes/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03854978084564209', 'original_id': 'f5cbcc2a380c919789c85e7f189eb2d5c65051f9cc44f57413b6571c3d90250e'} |
Approach
This route is a traverse between Mts. Wynne + Pinchot. First you must summit either mountain. The most popular route on Mt. Wynne is the West Ridge Route, which is Class 2. There is also a Class 2 SE Slope, and East Ridge. The most popular route on Mt. Pinchot is the East Ridge Route, which is Class 3. There is also the Southwest Chute Route, which is Class 2, but only recommended as a descent.
Routes in the Pinchot-Wynne area.
Route Description
The traverse is across broken, loose towers along the ridge that runs north from Mt. Wynne to Mt. Pinchot. I would only recommend this traverse in a northward direction (from Wynne to Pinchot). While it is relatively easy to prevent knocking off too much rock heading up the traverse, downclimbing it could prove quite hazardous.
Secor says "It is best to stay on top of the ridge, making minor variations onto the sides of the crest when necessary." Some other ascent parties have spoken of loose, chossy horror-shows as they attempted to stay off the crest altogether. Follow Secor's advice-- it's not as bad as it looks.
From Mt. Wynne, climb north down the ridge on easy, relatively solid talus. A saddle is hit. Quite soon you find yourself getting into Class 3 terrain, scrambling toward a large gap in the ridge, before the First Gendarme. Bypass the gap before the First Gendarme on the east side of the ridge. Climb the First Gendarme directly, staying on the ridge. Some rocks are loose, some aren't, just be cautious and you'll be fine. At some point, the ridge becomes very steep (possibly overhanging?). When you come to this obstacle, downclimb into a chute on the west side of the ridge, and climb the chute back up to the ridge above the difficulty.
You will soon find yourself on a wildly exposed catwalk. Continue making straightforward progress along the ridge. It will seem that some of the towers you climb are just going to fizzle out and leave you hanging in mid-air far above the ridge proper. But this never happens, and before you know it you are at the base of the easy Class 2 slope up Pinchot. Go straight up to the summit.
To be honest, it would be hard to see how this climb could stay Class 3. Secor rates it that, so I've kept it, but I'd say more like 3-4. I think you could probably keep it 3 on horribly loose rock, but if you allow yourself a few Class 4 sections, you can keep the climb on relatively solid ground.
The traverse as seen from Mt. Wynne.
The traverse as seen from below.
Essential Gear
A helmet, absolutely. Loose blocks abound.
Images
"Some people have a large circle of friends while others have only friends that they like." | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0093a8936c87f3bff0857717fd100af42081ed995b55d21973eec0b4a0965176'} |
Subjective loudness and annoyance of filtered N-wave sonic booms.
The contribution of the "infrasonic" low-frequency content of sonic boom N waves to subjective loudness and annoyance has been investigated. An extended low-frequency response loudspeaker-driven simulation booth was employed, with computer-generated input test signals. For test N waves of 1 ms rise time and 150 ms duration, frequencies below 25 and 50 Hz, respectively, were cut off by digital filters simulating simple RC circuits. The filtered signal amplitude was adjusted versus the amplitude (48 Pa) of a reference unfiltered N wave (effective low-frequency cutoff approximately 0.1 Hz) until the two sounded equally loud (first experiment) or equally annoying (second experiment). The amplitude differences for equality were very slight: less than 0.6 dB at most. Surprisingly, while loss of the low frequencies slightly decreased the loudness, it slightly increased the annoyance. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '052fff3a432447b9e85ee05526f48731dd5e2255cc4720720f9f96d576adbd57'} |
Focus on Solutions, Not Scary Facts, When Talking to Millennials About Climate Change
Erin McGeoy is a former Tigercomm intern and a junior majoring in marketing, with a minor in Sustainability, at George Washington University in Washington, DC.
Erin McGeoy is a former Tigercomm fellow and a junior majoring in marketing, with a minor in Sustainability, at George Washington University in Washington, DC.
By Erin McGeoy
There have been many scientific and technological advances in past decades that can explain the vast differences in lifestyles and mannerisms between millennials and baby boomers. Although only a generation apart, it may sometimes seem as if we are living completely different lifestyles, with vastly different upbringings and perspectives when it comes to topics such as climate change.
Millennials were raised in a time when the science supporting man-made climate change became settled. Although our parents’ generation was aware of what was happening, millennials have been taught to practice conservation as we watch species go extinct at an unprecedented rate and the environment deteriorate.
This upbringing instilled a sense of urgency that drives many millennials to act on climate change.
We receive news of climate change differently than our parents’ generation; so naturally, the conversations we are having are also vastly different. More so than any other generation, millennials invest a great deal of time in social media and celebrities. So many conversations are carried out through social media platforms.
As such, when a famous figure speaks publicly on this issue, it immediately catches our attention. For example, after Leonardo DiCaprio won his first Oscar for The Revenant, there was much discussion on his victory. But many more people were talking about what he said during his acceptance speech about climate change.
A study analyzing Leo’s speech found that:
“. . . tweets including the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming’ reached record highs, increasing 636% with more than 250,000 tweets the day DiCaprio spoke… At the same time, Google searches for ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming’ increased 261% and 210% the day DiCaprio spoke and remained higher for 4 more days, representing 104,190 and 216,490 searches.”
Discussions on climate change, while not always the most glamorous subject, skyrocketed after one of Hollywood’s most powerful figures spoke about it with a sense of urgency, supporting the idea that social media and celebrities’ calls to action are great ways to spark conversations about climate change.
However, many conversations and set intentions are left at the computer.
So how does one hold a conversation with millennials about climate change that is both inviting and stimulating?
It is important to know the science behind climate change, but as soon as one starts pointing to graphs and spewing out statistics, many of us tune out. More than 70% of Americans believe in climate change already, and the concern is the highest among 18 to 29 year olds, with 76% calling it a serious problem. We don’t need any more facts; we need solutions.
Fighting climate change can be as simple as being mindful of the products we use. Major companies such as Google, Apple and Amazon have set commitments to 100% renewable energy usage. Sustainable Apparel Coalition, a non-profit founded by Patagonia and Walmart, created a way to measure a retailers’ environmental, social, and labor impacts with performance scores that can be shared with current and future supply chain partners. This effort is holding major players in the apparel and footwear industry, such as H&M, Adidas, and lululemon to higher standards than ever before.
Being educated on the ethics of companies that we subscribe to is important. It is also important to be educated on the policies being made at the local, state, and national level regarding the environment. Historically, the young demographic has the lowest voter turnout rate compared to any other age group. But in a time where the future of our environment is at stake, we cannot afford to not have our voices heard. In fact, every citizen, no matter the generation they fall in, should be informed on who and what will be on their ballots.
For example, direct us to resources, such as Ballotpedia, which can provide us with sample ballots for our respective states and non-biased information on candidates and ballot measures.
Reaching millennials on climate change can seem daunting and may leave many feeling hopeless but it’s not impossible if we are shown the ways to combat it with the choices we make every day. We don’t need to know every last fact about climate change. But we should know what we can do to leave the world a better place for the next generation. We have the passion and knowledge to combat this together; now, we just need to execute.
Sign up for the Scaling Green newsletter | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '51', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.953130543231964}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '68991', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UE45FTUFYYE3FY7NMD3EZUOHOAM3K2XW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:377112f5-c264-4bea-bb5f-47b3fa1ba5c5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 19, 15, 17, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.92.255.48', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BQ3G32RU7V6QOISJBKDMAA3F6W5BY4LO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2966eaa6-d051-4cb9-9679-1defec37be85>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://scalinggreen.tigercomm.us/2016/09/focus-solutions-not-scary-facts-talking-millennials-climate-change/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:02bc28e7-7b64-40b4-b60b-202c1cce6a10>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '842', 'url': 'http://scalinggreen.tigercomm.us/2016/09/focus-solutions-not-scary-facts-talking-millennials-climate-change/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-212-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019555091857910156', 'original_id': '99e73162830fc6acdb4b58b9c32ad4dd19452174fc1a076083b9bc5b1bc9914d'} |
When Chubby Checker was asked recently to guest on "Ally McBeal," he thought he was being recognized for his contributions to popular music. His elation turned to frustration, however, when a character on the show read the line, "Gee, I thought Chubby Checker was dead."
"That was it for me," Checker said Tuesday from Boston, where he was performing. "I wanted to make sure everyone knows I'm not dead."
Checker, who turned 60 on Wednesday, may have gone a little overboard. He certainly seems to have some, er, twisted ideas. He bought a full-page ad in Billboard magazine declaring himself the most important figure in the history of rock and roll. He also asked the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland to erect a statue of him in their courtyard because he invented "dancing apart to the beat," a concept he describes as "the wheels that rock rolls on."
Although Checker is remembered best for his cover of Hank Ballard and the Midnighters' "The Twist," with which he scored #1 hits in both 1960 and 1961, Checker insists his major accomplishment is "dancing apart to the beat" — that is, grooving alone on the dancefloor without holding your partner.
"Rock and roll didn't have a dance before the Twist," Checker said. "The Twist is putting out a cigarette with both feet or coming out of the shower and wiping off your bottom with a towel to the beat of the music. If you're wiping off your bottom with a towel to the beat of the music, you can't touch your partner at the same time. That instantly gives us this thing we call dancing apart to the beat."
Simple though it was, Checker said the revelation irrevocably changed the course of rock music.
"Dancing apart to the beat has been with us 24-7 worldwide since 1959, and before Chubby Checker it just wasn't here," he insisted. "They do the Chubby Checker to the Beatles and to Elvis and to Britney Spears and Michael Jackson. It's the most powerful statement in the music industry without a doubt."
Although nowhere near as significant as "dancing apart to the beat," Checker also claimed to have invented aerobics.
"Before Chubby Checker, there was no aerobics to music," he said. "That happened on television when we were demonstrating how to do the Twist. Aerobics was born right there on television."
Checker thinks the Nobel prize would suffice to acknowledge his achievement, but he recognizes it's a long shot. He asked the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum to honor him with a statue, he said, because not only does he deserve the credit but also because fellow Twist pioneer Hank Ballard has already been inducted.
"They don't need two of us in there," Checker reasoned. "So I said, 'Why don't you put a statue of me in the courtyard inviting everyone in to see these wonderful people in the museum. Because I'm the wheel that music rolls on. You can buy a car, but without the tires, what have you got?"
Hall of Fame president Terry Stewart told the Associated Press he has no intention of heeding Checker's wishes, because, "The idea that we could elevate one individual with a statue out front would suggest I would have to do likewise for all the rest of the people in the pantheon. It's just not a reasonable request."
At least one other curator sides with the institution. "There were amazing jitterbuggers in the '30s and '40s who often danced together," said Jim Fricke, senior curator of the Experience Music Project in Seattle. "But they danced apart just as often and did amazing stuff. So it doesn't make sense to me that anybody could take individual credit for that.
"Chubby was one of the people who helped popularize this version of rhythm and blues we call rock and roll and bring it to a white audience," Fricke continued. "All those dance-crazed tunes he was so good at played an important role in generating the mass audience's interest in this music. That's a pretty important claim to fame without arguing he invented the revolution in asocial dancing."
Popular opinion be damned, persistence seems to be Chubby's middle name.
"One day they're going to have one of their meetings and I'm gonna knock on the door and say, 'Gentlemen, I have a proposal,'" Checker said. "If Mr. Alexander Graham Bell came on television, you'd say, 'Mr. Graham Bell, you did the telephone. Look at all these wonderful things we did to it over the years. It has push buttons and other things.' Somebody needs to say to me, 'Chubby Checker, look what's happened to your creation since it's been out there.' It's time for the world to know who Chubby Checker really is and what Chubby Checker's really done." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9851179718971252}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '119310', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NUERPSWIOH24Y4MGLKYCDLHDLLFBV7DF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:be20ea3c-6936-4ed8-9441-e062336e2348>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 18, 23, 1, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.3.13.248', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RIP5LHARTSNYQWQXH6PDK5CA75IKTGFU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:50099c18-1e15-4c32-aa0b-1f6e9b263267>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449630/chubby-checker-twists-on.jhtml', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0c2978de-97ed-4684-9be1-cad2b9326083>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '774', 'url': 'http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449630/chubby-checker-twists-on.jhtml', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04537242650985718', 'original_id': 'cd45912a3d41d586b27e40af91fb7c8a063b59062317776f6357ca5ddb2799c5'} |
Tata Planning Nano For US Market
The Tata Nano, the sub-$2,000 world's cheapest car, is being considered for sale in the United States in 2011 and 2012. Tata believes our economy is so bad we'll buy their cute death traps.
In perhaps the only good new product news to emerge from the Carpocalypse, Tata has announced they're developing plans to sell the Nano in the United States in the 2011 or 2012 calendar year. The faltering US economy has convinced the company there's a space for the bargain priced car, which went on sale this week in India for about $1,980 USD. Because of US safety and emissions requirements, the price would be considerably higher, priced closer in line with the Tata Nano Europa, planned for European sales and starting at $4,000 USD. Regardless of the final price, it should come in significantly cheaper than the current cheapest car in America, the $9,970 Hyundai Accent.
Now the question becomes: what do you do with a new car so cheap it's practically free? A Hayabusa engine transplant would be most excellent, considering the current rear-mounted horizontally opposed twin powerplant makes all of 33HP. Of course, why limit the fun to internal combustion? Rocket engines might be entertaining. (H/T to Dustin for the tip!)
[Financial Times] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9501808285713196}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '91308', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MG44DT4ZFEYIPUDHL3Z5YPB7G7TPMJ6Y', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9e137bdc-fbd6-480d-8f14-755ab66c4d27>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 2, 20, 9, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.235.46.64', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:C6Q4LBJFEQ3ND5CT65FPBZGIQ7LNDZEJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:badb64f0-94cb-49e7-a21b-d44ffd184bbc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://jalopnik.com/5182270/tata-planning-nano-for-us-market?tag=tata-nano', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3809423a-bb61-4874-b21e-17497eeff4f8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '209', 'url': 'http://jalopnik.com/5182270/tata-planning-nano-for-us-market?tag=tata-nano', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.030361056327819824', 'original_id': '818b07acfc1a631f6f9aabee779add99a1b3c15d1963943c5a5ab6863311f31f'} |
Mobile Missile Debate Heating Up. US STRATEGIC DETERRENT. Midgetman backers battle MX boosters toward compromise version of nuclear shell game
EARLY this spring Congress, the Pentagon, and President Bush will together decide what the United States arsenal of land-based nuclear missiles should look like in the year 2000. It could be one of the most important national security choices made in Washington this year. At issue is something politicians have argued about off and on for decades: how to ensure that US land missiles can survive a preemptive Soviet attack.
In today's age of precision guidance systems ICBMs stuck in fixed silos are widely considered nothing but sitting ducks. The answer, almost all experts agree, is to take the missiles out of the ground and move them around in a sort of nuclear shell game.
The problem is how to provide this movement - or more precisely, how much the US can afford to pay for it. ``It's very important that we add that element of mobility to our land-based force,'' Defense Secretary Dick Cheney said last week in his first press conference.
As often happens with nuclear weapons, the candidate systems are called by names that seem designed to play down their destructive capability.
The first is MX, which is in fact not a gasoline additive but a 10-warhead ICBM that is already in production. Fifty MXs have now been deployed in old Minuteman silos in southeast Wyoming.
The Air Force has proposed taking MXs and putting them on railroad cars. Remaining on Western bases most of the time, these missiles would be flushed onto the nation's rail lines in times of tension.
The advantage of this approach is that with 10 warheads and a warm production line it is the most cost-effective choice. Its disadvantage is that the mobility of these large rail-mobile missiles would be limited.
The second choice is ``Midgetman,'' a one-warhead weapon that some observers grumble sounds like a circus act. Now on hold in the advanced development stage, Midgetman would be shuttled around Air Force bases on its own armored, turtle-like truck.
This small, wheeled weapon would be far more mobile than the MX alternative. But it would also be much more expensive. A 500 warhead Midgetman force would cost about $36 billion to 39 billion, according to Air Force estimates. The same number of rail-mobile MX warheads would cost about $12 billion.
Politics, of course, has complicated the choice between these alternatives. The MX is supported by most Republicans and many officials in the Pentagon, while Midgetman is widely seen as a Democratic-supported missile that enjoys only lukewarm Air Force support.
The decision will likely not be an either-or one. Air Force Chief of Staff Larry Welch has already traveled to Capitol Hill to discuss various compromise options with key members of Congress.
When new Pentagon chief Cheney heard about these preliminary discussions, he blasted General Welch, saying he was ``free-lancing.'' Air Force officials insist that Welch was not usurping the secretary's prerogatives.
``It was just a case of providing information,'' says one.
One option discussed would involve taking the 50 existing MX missiles out of their silos and placing them on rail cars, and then building a force of 300 Midgetmen.
A number of congressional Democrats call this approach promising. They say it recognizes the political reality that Congress will not approve production of further MXs beyond the 50 now deployed.
``That's just not in the cards,'' says Rep. Les Aspin, the Democratic chairman of the House Armed Services Committee.
Whether the Air Force has really accepted that limit, however, is not yet clear. An Air Force statement released last week repeats that ``an additional 50 MXs'' would be much cheaper warhead for warhead than Midgetman.
Representative Aspin insists the US needs the sort of mobility Midgetman would provide. A rail-mobile MX force, he says, would require several hours of strategic warning time to warm up the trains and safely disperse onto public track. Midgetman trucks, by contrast, would be constantly in motion on bases and require little if any warning time to scatter.
The US probably would have several hours warning of Soviet intentions in a nuclear crisis, Aspin admits. But receiving a warning is not the same as acting on it. In 1973, for instance, Israel had many hints that Egypt was about to attack, but Israeli leaders misjudged them and were caught unprepared.
``Warning indicators can be ambiguous,'' says Aspin.
Fred Ikle, undersecretary of defense for policy from 1981 to 1987, replies that Midgetman would still be a waste of tens of billions of dollars. The reason, Mr. Ikle says, is that as submarine missiles and cruise missiles proliferate and become more accurate, their land-based brethren are simply becoming obsolete. If the US has strong sea-based and bomber nuclear forces, why bother spending huge sums of money to ensure ICBM survivability?
``They are getting almost as outmoded as horse cavalry were at the beginning of the Second World War,'' says Ikle.
Fifty rail-mobile MXs would be useful as a limited addition to US deterrent strength through the turn of the century, Ikle judges. Midgetman, on the other hand, would not be ready to be deployed until around the year 2000.
As part of its ongoing budget review the Pentagon will decide sometime in early April which missile option it prefers. This choice will be ratified, or changed, by President Bush, and then negotiations with Congress will begin. The outcome will be set in law as part of the defense budget bill to be passed later this year.
One factor that could further complicate the decision is the Strategic Defense Initiative. SDI supporters say that even a limited strategic defense could improve the survivability of land-based missiles, by ensuring that not all attacking weapons would find their targets.
``As we look at improving our deterrent capability, we also have to look at SDI,'' Defense Secretary Cheney said last week.
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Tag Archives: Sara Hsu
China’s banking system: walking on a tightrope – Sara Hsu
China’s financial authorities try to manage shadow banking, corporate leveraging and now also a heated trade war. Financial analyst Sara Hsu explains how the country’s banks are walking a scary tightrope, at the EastAsiaForum.
What if gambling takes off in Hainan? – Sara Hsu
The debate is taking off on whether China would allow gambling on Hainan Island. Financial analyst Sara Hsu explains gambling would diversify the tourism industry on the island, but would also hurt the economy in nearby Macau. Two earlier efforts on Hainan were already aborted for political reasons.
Trade war concerns might hamper China’s tech companies – Sara Hsu
Figuring out who might be hurt by the trade war between China and the US is still be tough, but tech companies like Alibaba and Tencent see their US ties as a liability, says financial expert Sara Hsu to Cheddar. “The trade spat between Washington and Beijing has not only quelled investors’ appetites, it has also discouraged Chinese tech giants from expanding internationally.”
China trade, investments to Eastern Europe still lagging – Sara Hsu
Eyes were on Sofia, Bulgaria, last week, as China’s prime minister Li Keqiang tries to improve relations with Eastern Europe. Economist Sara Hsu puts Li’s efforts into perspective as both trade and investments between China and Eastern Europe have been stagnant, compared to other countries in the One-Belt, One-Road initiative, she tells at CGTN. Also: the contagious relations with the EU.
Why threatening China on trade does not make sense – Sara Hsu
The US administration, followed by retaliation from Beijing, is heading for a full-scale trade war. Financial analyst Sara Hsu explains why threatening China is only going to make the fallout worse, not better, as the White House seems to be clueless about how China will react.
Retaliatory action in the trade war – Sara Hsu
The US-China trade deficit, explained for Donald Trump – Sara Hsu
The trade deficit between China and the US is a little bit more complex than simply comparing import and expert, says financial expert Sara Hsu to the CGTN. It starts with American companies making a profit by manufacturing in China and then exporting it to the US. And then goes on. Reducing the trade deficit might not be straightforward.
The risks and benefits of One Belt, One Road – Sara Hsu
China’s massive One-Belt, One-Road program has often been compared with the US Marshal plan after the Second World War. Keen to reap the benefits, risks have also been highlighted, writes financial analyst Sara Hsu at Capital Watch. US investors like Marc Merlino, head of Citi’s global subsidiaries group started to explore the field, she writes.
Why China wants to rebuild Syria – Sara Hsu
Rebuilding war-torn Syria might cost around US$250 billion and China raised its hand to participate. Financial analyst Sara Hsu figures out what it behind that offer, while the rest of the world tries to steer clear from Syria, for Triple Crisis. China sees some clear interests, she writes.
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '85', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9421449303627014}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '52408', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6TL4WKSVLSNTLZBUB6YKO6UH2PNW2UES', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:824e7dbb-f1cf-4d12-847c-b89c1b60eb6c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 22, 8, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '75.119.206.5', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:F3XWKHLAA5TYRFR4QAGTN4VUK3SEWKLH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:77868bd1-0241-4acd-847e-e443a967ddf4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.chinaspeakersbureau.info/tag/sara-hsu/page/2/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:30ddeeab-6f58-431c-b3c9-26104e92660f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '608', 'url': 'https://www.chinaspeakersbureau.info/tag/sara-hsu/page/2/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-151-171-77.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0210990309715271', 'original_id': 'b8e5f73978fa655be33ed60a4d06c777b3bdac05b6eaeacaf8c2ff4a229046e4'} |
Belfast Telegraph
Tuesday 23 December 2014
'Anaconda' generator harnesses wave power
A "completely new kind of wave power machine" which resembles a giant swimming sea-snake could be generating energy off the coast of the UK within five years, its developers said today.
Each "anaconda", a device which could be up to 200 metres long and made almost entirely of a rubber tube, could be capable of producing 1MW (megawatt) of power.
The plan is to have "shoals" or "schools" of the devices around the coast, where they would be harnessed to "swim" just below the surface.
Groups of 50 anacondas could each generate enough electricity to power 50,000 homes at an "excitingly low" cost, the developers Checkmate Group said.
A nine-metre version of the anaconda is currently in the final stage of "proof of concept" testing at a 270 metre wave test tank run by QinetiQ in Gosport, Hampshire.
The test tank is the largest in the UK and can simulate the strength and frequency of the ocean waves the device would encounter in the sea.
Checkmate hopes to be testing full-scale devices in the ocean within three years, with the first anacondas in commercial production and deployed off the coast by 2014.
The anaconda is harnessed to the sea floor, and unlike other wave energy machines "swims" head-on to the waves, like a ship in a storm, according to Professor Rod Rainey who came up with the original idea.
The waves in the sea stimulate a "bulge wave" which passes down the tube like a pulse of blood in an artery, gathering energy to drive a turbine in its tail.
The electricity generated by the turbine would be captured and carried to shore by cables.
Anaconda Wave Power Systemlooks Promising.. - The funniest videos clips are here
Smaller versions of the device could be located alongside offshore wind farms where they could use existing grid connections to transmit electricity back to land.
Prof Rainey, a chief engineer with engineering design consultants Atkins, said: "It's a completely new kind of wave power machine."
And he said: "The beauty of wave energy is its consistency. However, the problem holding back wave energy machines is they tend to deteriorate over time in the harsh marine environment.
"Anaconda is non-mechanical: it is mainly rubber, a natural material with a natural resilience and so it has very few moving parts to maintain."
He added that the design was "tremendously survivable".
"If the worst comes to the worst it'll only be washed up on the beach, and you can patch it up and put it back out there," he said.
Checkmate's chairman Paul Auston said the anaconda could help to meet EU targets to source 15% of all the UK's energy needs from renewables by 2020 - the lion's share of which is currently expected to be met by wind power.
He said: "I think wave power has always been as the poor relation of wind energy, but a lot of people are resentful of wind turbines on their doorstep, or in vast tracts of coastal waters.
"What we're offering through Checkmate is a new technology which you can't see, it's under the water so it's not as intrusive and it's made of a natural material.
"It has major benefits to the environment and, we think, to people generally," he said.
While he said it was too early to put a price on the anaconda, he said the company was confident that they would be able to develop the technology so that it was affordable and competitive with other renewable resources such as wind.
And he said Checkmate wanted to deliver a device that was not dependent on subsidy, and was continuing to "narrow the gap" in costs.
Early stage development was backed by the Carbon Trust which said the anaconda had the potential to deliver breakthrough reductions in the cost of energy, and be much cheaper than the current best renewable energy devices.
The developers also hope the scheme could create a sizeable number of British jobs in the renewables sector and provide export opportunities to other countries in the world where wave energy could be harnessed along the coast, such as the US and Australia.
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Borgo : évasion détenus
Borgo : évasion détenus
19/20 Edition nationale - 06.06.2001 - 03:56 - vidéo
Interview. Trois détenus fichés au grand banditisme se sont échappés, par la grande porte, de la prison de Borgo (Haute-Corse) en produisant un faux document judiciaire ordonnant leur élargissement. Francis MARIANI, Pierre-Marie SANTUCCI et Maurice COSTA, soupçonnés d'appartenir à la bande dite "de la Brise de mer", ont été remis en liberté le 31 mai 2001 sur la foi d'un faux fax à en-tête du tribunal de grande instance d'Ajaccio, rédigé dans les formes juridiques habituelles.Interview d'Alain ALAIN ABRIVARD, secrétaire général adjoin de l'USP, Union Syndicale Pénitentiaire"normalement on doit demander une confirmation orale au juge...mais là ç'a été bien fait puisque ç'a été fait à 18 heures. En général le juge à cette heure là est partie de son cabinet..."Interview de MARYLISE LEBRANCHU, garde des sceaux, ministre de la justice "c'est une affaire lourde. On regardera de près comment cela s'est passé....je n'ai pas les résultats de l'enquête donc je ne vais pas commenter"Interview de Daniel PHILIPPON, Directeur régional services pénitenciaires PACA - CORSE
Daniel Philippon | common_corpus | {'identifier': '<urn:uuid:4513a73e-ef30-4a92-aa55-fba49c7e41d3>', 'collection': 'French Open Data', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Various open data', 'date': '', 'title': 'https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/1725647005005/borgo-evasion-detenus', 'creator': 'ina.fr', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '183', 'token_count': '329', '__index_level_0__': '15921', 'original_id': 'e376c1bf22e48664797c092cf757c4ae4f0f12139671647fcb1337b67ad2f03c'} |
Artificial Photosynthesis: An Interview with Daniel Nocera
Photo by Yeong Suejan via Flickr. Creative Commons Attribution.
Daniel Nocera is the Patterson Rockwood Professor of Energy at Harvard’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Nocera has achieved worldwide acclaim in renewable energy circles for his work on artificial photosynthesis, a biologically inspired method of harnessing solar energy to produce renewable fuels. Nocera’s take on photosynthesis incorporates an “artificial leaf”, which uses energy from sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, much like real leaves. The hydrogen is subsequently fed into specialized hydrogen fuel cells1 to produce electricity. Excess hydrogen can be used in fuel cells even while the sun isn’t shining, solving a major weakness of traditional solar methods. In this interview with Brevia, Nocera expresses his hopes and concerns for this technology, as well as the global energy future.
AB: What made you look towards plants as a source of inspiration for renewable energy?
DN: So photosynthesis is actually lousy at storing energy. But plants are really good at using energy efficiently. So what we did is, we looked at photosynthesis and asked, how can we take all the functional steps and put them together to make a good storage machine? And there were real lessons to be learned there. Plants are really good at taking sunlight and using that energy to create an electric current. The current splits water into oxygen and hydrogen. …[W]hat we decided to do is, stop there. Once you have hydrogen, you can make any fuel subsequently. [This is in contrast to plants, which use their excess hydrogen to make glucose.]
AB: How does your artificial leaf work? How is it different from your average rooftop solar panel?
DN: The artificial leaf is an energy storage technology; this is totally different from solar panels, which are energy generating. [Our] technology has sunlight go to a fuel, which you can then use any time you want. Our technology is called a buried junction– you use the silicon of a solar panel to make a wireless current, and bury it between two conducting surfaces. Then you [place] catalysts, or compounds that can collect that charge and do the fuels transformation [i.e. split water into hydrogen and oxygen].
AB: Storing solar energy in the form of hydrogen seems like a great solution to perhaps the biggest hurdle of solar power: the sun doesn’t shine when it’s dark or cloudy. So why hasn’t hydrogen-based energy storage taken off yet?
DN: The problem there is, there is no infrastructure for you to use the hydrogen. And there’s nothing you’re going to make that, at the snap at the finger, will replace trillions and trillions and trillions of dollars of investment that have already been paid out building our current energy system. But in the developing world, they haven’t made that decision. Instead, they’re going to a decentralized energy system2, where you might have one hut generating the energy for a little village.
AB: So if developing nations successfully adopted decentralized energy, would developed nations follow suit and decentralize, potentially making room for hydrogen infrastructure?
DN: Yeah, we’re going to get really jealous when we see a bunch of people we consider in the developing world living better than us.
AB: A key feature of your artificial leaf is that it splits water into hydrogen. But if clean water is scarce in developing nations, does dirty water damage your technology?
DN: That, we’ve solved. We really listen to plants–plants use kind of dirty water. And they can [do this] because they’re self-healing; they fix themselves [in case of damage]. So part of our invention was, could we make a self-healing technology? And we’ve developed a huge scientific ruleset for self-healing, and it’s now very predictable, and you can design self-healing. Because we made a self-healing system, our technology can literally take a puddle off the ground.
AB: As a source of energy, where does artificial photosynthesis stand in terms of efficiency? Carbon neutrality?
DN: The latest thing we came up makes hydrogen and oxygen at 10% efficiency [10% of the solar energy that strikes the artificial leaf is successfully converted into fuel]. But we’re continuing to improve it. We’re also exploring how we can combine hydrogen with other sources, such as CO2, to make different fuels. Say I’ve split water to hydrogen and oxygen. In a fuel cell, I can recombine these to produce electricity. But we don’t even deal with carbon. In the second scenario, I take the hydrogen and combine it with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and I make a fuel. But then you’re going to burn it, and the CO2 is going to go back in. So it’s carbon neutral [the net amount of CO2 in the atmosphere doesn’t change].
AB: What advice do you have for our readers who are interested in tackling the energy crisis?DN: So first, scientifically, you should join labs. And then, my other advice, which I feel pretty strongly about, is to get really good at something. So one danger of this area is, “oh, energy is really complicated, so there is science, and technology, and invention, but then there’s policy, government,” and that all might be true, but when you’re a student, you shouldn’t be trying to do all forty things at one time. The energy landscape is so broad, if you think of a funnel. But it is good to start at the bottom of the funnel, and then give yourself time in your own life, and let it open up. And the way that happens is being a good listener.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Works Cited:
1. “Hydrogen Energy.” Hydrogen Power and Fuel Cells. Web. 22 Jan. 2015. <>.
2. “How Microgrids Can Help Developing Nations Leapfrog the Landline.” GreenBiz. 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2015. <>.
Amir Bitran is a Brevia Primary Research Co-editor. He can be reached at | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.937475860118866}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46110', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:B4ZXLK37UZXGPV2CYN3KUITRZPUZMMG2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bdb7aeee-6cb5-400a-b6d8-e337f67ffbcd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 22, 20, 5, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.89.31.98', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SVBP3ZJCGGVEUIH5GCC4INOI5RI6NJFK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cdeb4f27-5652-4583-977e-ca9e7fd2e481>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://brevia.hcura.org/artificial-photosynthesis-an-interview-with-daniel-nocera/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:159da185-7e6b-4a3c-a93c-fd905ad544ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '967', 'url': 'http://brevia.hcura.org/artificial-photosynthesis-an-interview-with-daniel-nocera/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3112291693687439', 'original_id': '007e546b25bd28f563f28aad304e6ccb03590a5c67d1ee4ebae1a48290e43fd0'} |
An odd bit of world building
I gang, Craig here today. Some of this has been on my mind lately, and I’m trying to avoid a political rant. I generally avoid those like the plague in my public persona. We’re going to put this soapbox away, still discuss the topic, but from an author’s point of view.
Many of us write stories that are fantasy, other worlds, or even other dimensions. We’ve discussed before how we still need to do a bunch of research, but these kind of stories also require some world building. My topic today is something that’s rarely thought about; economics.
I always think of economics like a pyramid.
The lowest, and most structurally important level, I call industry. It’s kind of a misnomer, because agriculture also forms one of the stones. These are businesses that produce something, tend to ship it away, and bring money back into the local economy.
Industry produces the wealth. It shores up everything else. This is where your dwarven miners might be kind of important. Maybe you have a cooperative that farms an entire system of planets. That system is likely very wealthy. Nice target for space pirates.
The cash that flows back in, usually provides a pretty good wage, and that money gets circulated to the next level.
I call the next level, commercial. This is where the more necessary merchants live. Think about it this way, workers from your steampunk dirigible factory, take their union-scale wages, and buy the basic necessities for their families. The money moves; therefore, the commercial employees all get a paycheck to feed their families with. If times are good, maybe there is enough for some philanthropy. The community might even grow.
The next level is a mix of commercial and professional services. It involves things that might not get purchased if money gets tight. People tend to put off visits to the dentist, or the purchase of a jet-ski when money gets tight. When things are good, these merchants get to eat too. Maybe your grocery worker has enough cash left over to buy one of those cool steampunk hats with all the gears and things. Now the haberdasher gets to eat, and may have enough to visit a restaurant.
The pyramid keeps growing. Every level gets farther away from necessity. A thriving place might have a philharmonic, a local ballet, and eventually the pyramid ends at the idle rich.
I want to touch upon transportation too, because it’s an odd duck. I’m inclined to call it a commercial enterprise, but it fits into all the levels to some degree. Industry needs to get those pods to Mars, and the idle rich want to travel to exotic places.
One of the key functions is that money has to move around to have a viable economy. If everyone has a coffin full of gold buried in their back yard, they may consider themselves personally rich, but it does the population zero good.
This doesn’t mean every community must have an industrial base. Industrial money will flow quite a ways. I can speak from personal experience having grown up in a mining community. The money generated in tiny Elko, Nevada, got spent from Boise to Las Vegas, and Reno to Salt Lake City. Those communities benefitted from our industrial base.
You can certainly have a little version of Hobbiton; whereby, the community eats locally grown food. Even then, they will need some cotton or wool from somewhere.
Want to write a thriving community, give some thought to a successful industrial base somewhere nearby. Want things to tank, ship all your industry to another planet or country. Soon the people will be preying upon each other. Cyber crime will go up, because commerce cannot feed upon commerce. Those who get left out will find a way to survive, even if it’s unsavory. This is a long game, and more like musical chairs than an overnight sensation. If you dry the mines up, you will have more thieves on the roads, and provide a nice habitat for underground dwelling monsters. It may seem contrary, because thieves will have less to steal, but it’s human nature to not want to become thieves, prostitutes, or smugglers.
I’m not saying you should write all of this into your story. In fact, it’s a good idea not to. This is one of those things you ought to consider to make your world more realistic.
A thriving, smoke belching ray-gun factory is likely plunked into a thriving vibrant community. However; if the windows are broken, the night shift has been canned, and they can’t get the teamsters to visit – then the community will be a bit more disheveled. Cops might be shady, prostitutes might walk the streets, smuggling will increase, and you can use that to your advantage in some stories.
In a downtrodden community, the top levels fail first. You won’t see as many silicone implants, or perfect cute noses. Maybe the plastic surgeon starts cutting his Botox with saline, and writing prescriptions he shouldn’t for some extra cash. Automobiles will have to last longer, and you can reflect that in your story. Maybe in fantasy, the horses on the street should have gone to the glue factory a couple of years ago.
This is the kind of thing that deserves a sticky-note on your storyboard. (Yeah, I storyboard. Modify for your method.) Don’t go into great detail about the economy, but consider it when designing your worlds.
How about you guys? Do you consider the economy when world building? Does this post inspire you to give it some thought?
C. S. Boyack
45 thoughts on “An odd bit of world building
1. Great points. I’m writing magical realism and that has its own distinct set of problems. My fantasy elements happen within the real world. There is world planning going on but only in glimpses and when it is necessary. A hierarchical societal structure is mandatory anytime you deal with fantasy structure. Even then there is no real perfection because nature is too contrary. That makes it seem real, I think.
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2. Pingback: Six Steps to Plotting a Series | Story Empire
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4. I always feel left out when I hear of World building I don’t world build. I just create a story in the world that I occupy. I admire you speculative, and Fantasy authors since your creativity genes are off the charts. Thanks for the post, Craig.
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5. This is an aspect of world-building I haven’t yet explored much. You now have me thinking I should dig deeper. Fabulous post, Craig.
Wishing you and yours—and our SE community and their loved ones—a healthy and happy Thanksgiving. (I’m off to start prep work on our meal. Ciao!)
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6. I normally don’t have to do world-building, as my books primarily reflect contemporary settings. When I create fictional towns, I do have to stop and think of set-up and economy to a degree.
Economics factored heavily into my Point Pleasant series of novels (particularly the first book) but those elements were based on research and historical fact. Between the collapse of the Silver Bridge and the town’s leading employer closing shop shortly afterward, the area suffered a huge blow.
Loved your thought process in this post. Great job!
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7. I do a lot of thinking about the economics of the fantasy worlds that I write, and also about how the economics shapes the culture. For example, in “Bad Dreams & Broken Hearts”, technological advances have made the human lands very prosperous, but have also increased the demand for magical goods from the various non-human kingdoms. As a consequence, many of the fantasy races are adopting human customs and tastes, even when they don’t quite make sense. I have a scene where my narrator walks down a street in Hunger City, the capitol of Nivose, and notices how many of the morauxe, the locals, have clothes made to look like human styles, listens to street musicians playing “Never On Sunday” and notices a restaurant that advertises “hand-burgers” and “strudel pies”.
The wealthiest of the morauxe are those who do business with humans and are exposed to human customs, and who make an effort to be more like their biggest clients to attract more business. The poorer relations start to imitate the rich folks, because everyone wants to look rich and powerful. And along the way some things are lost or found in translation.
On the other hand, a poorly thought out economy in SF/F fiction can break my suspension of disbelief. A lot of cyberpunk/dystopian works will have wealthy corporations that own everything and masses of horribly poor, but don’t explain what these megacorps do to make money. What do they make? Who do they sell it to? Other corporations?
Or fantasy cities in exotic, remote locations. So they have massive diamond mines, but what do the miners eat? Where does the food come from in the middle of the mountains or the desert? Of it is shipped in, how, and by whom, and from where?
I think you’re right, it’s not always necessary to explain these things, but the author has to know in order to describe the surroundings.
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8. What a great and thought-provoking post. I haven’t considered economics to this degree, but you certainly have set me thinking, lols. Thanks for sharing, Craig 😊
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Islamabad, 24 May-2014(Dawn):Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has confirmed his attendance at Narendra Modi’s swearing in ceremony to be held on May 26. Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Sartaj Aziz is also expected to accompany Sharif to the event. Pak PM Nawaz Sharif confirms his attendance at Modi’s swearing in ceremony In a bold step to embark […]
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Meaningful CSS: Style Like You Mean It
Article Continues Below
Yet our markup too often remains a tangle of divs, and our CSS is a morass of classes that bear little relationship to those divs. We nest div inside div inside div, and we give every div a stack of classes—but when we look in the CSS, our classes provide little insight into what we’re actually trying to define. Even when we do have semantic and meaningful markup, we end up redefining it with CSS classes that are inherently arbitrary. They have no intrinsic meaning.
We were warned about these patterns years ago:
Jeffrey Zeldman, Designing with Web Standards, 1st ed.
Along the same lines, the W3C weighed in with:
CSS gives so much power to the “class” attribute, that authors could conceivably design their own “document language” based on elements with almost no associated presentation (such as DIV and SPAN in HTML) and assigning style information through the “class” attribute… Authors should avoid this practice since the structural elements of a document language often have recognized and accepted meanings and author-defined classes may not. (emphasis mine)
So why, exactly, does our CSS abuse classes so mercilessly, and why do we litter our markup with author-defined classes? Why can’t our CSS be as semantic and meaningful as our markup? Why can’t both be more semantic and meaningful, moving forward in tandem?
Building better objects#section2
Today, we can move beyond that. We can define better objects. We can create semantic, descriptive, and meaningful CSS that understands what it is describing and is as rich and accessible as the best modern markup. We can define the elephant instead of saying things like .pillar and .waterspout.
Clearing a few things up#section3
We are all Larson’s label-happy man. We write <table class="table"> and <form class="form"> without a moment’s hesitation. Looking at Github, one can find plenty of examples of <main class="main">. But why? You can’t have more than one main element, so you already know how to reference it directly. The new elements in HTML5 are nearly a decade old now. We have no excuse for not using them well. We have no excuse for not expecting our fellow developers to know and understand them.
Start semantic#section4
For example, if you want to define a top-of-page header, you could create your own .page-header class, which would carry no real meaning. You could use a header element, but since you can have more than one header element, that’s probably not going to work. But ARIA’s [role=banner] is already there in the spec, definitively saying, “This is a top-of-page header.”
Once you have <header role="banner">, adding an extra class is simply redundant and messy. In our CSS, we know exactly what we’re talking about, with no possible ambiguity.
And it’s not just about those big top-level landmark elements, either. ARIA provides a way to semantically note small, atomic-level elements like alerts, too.
A word of caution: don’t throw ARIA roles on elements that already have the same semantics. So for example, don’t write <button role="button">, because the semantics are already present in the element itself. Instead, use [role=button] on elements that should look and behave like buttons, and style accordingly:
[role=button] {
Okay, but why?
• On the other hand, if you’re currently wrangling div-and-class soup, then you score a major improvement in accessibility, because you’re now leveraging roles and markup that help assistive technologies. In addition, you standardize markup patterns, making repeating them easier and more consistent.
• It allows you to decouple from the CSS framework du jour.
<div class="form-group">
<div class="form-group">
Common vs. optimal form markup
What you’ve been using What you could use instead Why
.form-group form > p or fieldset > p The W3C recommends paragraph tags for wrapping form elements. This is a predictable, recommended pattern for wrapping form elements.
.form-control or .text-input [type=text] You already know it’s a text input.
.btn and .btn-primary or .text-input [type=submit] Submitting the form is inherently the primary action.
Some common vs. more optimal form markup patterns
The functionality is exactly the same.
[role=tab] {
display: inline-block;
background: tomato;
[role=tabpanel] {
display: none;
display: block;
Note that [aria-hidden] is more semantic than a utility .hide class, and could also be used here, but aria-expanded seems more appropriate. Neither necessarily needs to be tied to tabpanels, either.
• You’re building it as a utility mixin.
Another concern might be building up giant stacks of selectors. In some cases, building a wrapper class might be helpful, but generally speaking, you shouldn’t have a big stack of selectors because the elements themselves are semantically different elements and should not be sharing all that many styles. The point of meaningful CSS is that you know from your CSS that that button or [role=button] applies to all buttons, but [type=submit] is always the primary action item on the form.
About the Author
Tim Baxter
Tim Baxter is a designer, developer, content wrangler, product manager, or strategist, depending on which hat he happens to be wearing on any given day. He can often be found poking around in the Django community, on Github, or on Twitter.
63 Reader Comments
1. Really interesting article. I love the idea of using ARIA roles/attributes over custom classes wherever possible: seems so obvious, and yet I haven’t on the whole been doing that – at least with any consistency – until now.
What remains unclear to me is how to retain the neat namespacing that an approach like, eg. BEM provides (which leads to lots of long, ugly class names, but which also has significant advantages in terms of being able to write modular CSS). Any thoughts on this at all?
2. Very good food for thought, and bound to draw its share of controversy. I can see that, in some cases, this would lead to more maintainable CSS, and in some cases, it would lead to more maintenance difficulties.
What do you consider layout classes to be? Utility classes? How about the ol’ standard OOCSS example, .media?
I’d personally add at least one other valid case for classes: stylistic variations (‘modifiers’ in BEM parlance), such as button.cta or ul.compact. Is that what you mean by this case?
3. Some of the points made are important to consider, but I would disagree with the practice of your css styling elements directly. I have a goal with my css, where I try to make classes work in isolation.
To explain, there will be times where you need an element such as a form or submit button differently. If you have styled root elements such as ‘form’ or properties like ‘[type=submit]’, then you will need to create other classes that override a bunch of properties found in the root element. Then if the root element styling changes, your ‘child’ classes all need to be updated also. This is problematic for maintenance.
4. What remains unclear to me is how to retain the neat namespacing that an approach like, eg. BEM provides… Any thoughts on this at all?
I think HTML itself provides an awful lot of namespacing opportunities, and inherently tends to follow its own block element modifier sort of logic. For example, a `<form>` is already block, `<input>` are literally elements within the form block, and they all have intrinsic attribute modifiers. You can leverage these pieces as flat or as nested as you need to.
Absolutely. I would suggest that in many cases, that [type=submit] would be your call to action, but yes, there will be cases in which your default opinions do not apply and there are no existing semantics on which to lean. In those cases, by all means, define your own terms. It’s just a matter of defining the special cases as actually being special.
5. Why would I use classes vs HTML5 elements? First, to me it brings better versatility and backwards compatibility. For example if I have WordPress theme and would want to change the structure a bit, I would need to add many CSS rules to keep existing websites from breaking. If I use classes instead, most likely I will not need any backward compatibility rules.
So I guess we can use HTML elements for main structure points and classes for smaller elements where needed.
Browser compatibility might be one of the cases of double tagging like MAIN CLASS=”MAIN”, especially if your code is used in governmental or healthcare sector.
6. I must confess I feel a sudden guild of not upping my HTML-game sooner… I loved the article but could you reflect on the following?
1) CSS-performance: I never considered -until now- using “qualified attribute-selectors with value” like [role=button] because of its performance. Classitis has it’s own performance issues. So don’t we trade in selector-performance against classitis? Or do you consider the one more important then the other?
2) Working in a Drupal-world, things get thrown around a lot semantically. I couldn’t agree more on how important it is to get the HTML-semantics right. But I do secretly sleep a bit better at night when I know the theming is only class-based. Naming conventions like BEM no longer depends on a specific html-structure to be sustained throughout the project. Won’t we be sacrificing maintainability by moving away from class-based approaches?
7. @Mathieuspil Also we have to remember that best practices of using ARIA selectors have tendency to change. So one day you might need to change CSS if you need to adjust the ARIA markup. So we come back to maintainability question…
Mathieuspil, I think if your performance bottleneck is CSS selectors, you are in a very, very good place. I find it far more common to have bloated inefficient DOMs creating much greater slowdowns.
BEM depends on a certain specific selector structure being always in place and sustained throughout the project, no matter how awful the markup may be. There are relatively few ways to mark up something well. Do it well, and style that. The CSS Zen Garden showed us years ago how to style in different ways while keeping the same semantic markup.
9. I think this article is missing a few points:
– Separation of concern: semantics (and structure) may change while styling may not. For this reason, tying the styling to HTML is bad regarding maintenance.
For example: using “form > p or fieldset > p” would prevent authors from replacing a `p` with a `div` (a very strong possibility) without editing the style sheet.
– Since you mention HTML bloat, why not pointing out that using “[type=text]” instead of “.text-input” will lead to more selectors in the styles sheet (url, number, tel, email, etc.). A class being more generic can target different/more elements.
– In the “Common vs. optimal form markup” section, you say people should use `form` instead of `.form`. While I agree that using `[role=button]` is better than using `.button` (as long as those elements are truly acting like buttons, i.e. they are actionable via space bar), I would warn people about what this means in regard to the cascade since `form` (type) is less specific than `.form` (class). In my opinion/experience, it is better to write rules with the same specificity “range”.
10. Reusing classes on a different markup is really performant in cross project reusability. Defining things globally never worked out in the wild since a lot of the time we need to override the default styling for various reasons such as multiple states of a single form. I really appreciate the clean approch but building scalable interfaces is all about micro chunks of content working together in an orderly fashion, not reusing larger globally defined components. A simple form in reality is actually lot more than a couple of labels and inputs. Still a lot of good points were made in the article.
11. Hey, it’s 2016. No, people don’t want to style in different ways while keeping the same semantic markup anymore. Now they want to style the same on different semantic markup.
12. TL;DR; Attribute selectors like [role=button] doesn’t have support in older browsers and that is the reason, why classes are still used as a main tool to style elements -> and it surely will do for another few years.
You must understand that semantics is like categories for things in our native language. It shouldn’t serve another purpose. For example even though there are all cars, and buildings, and phones. It says nothing about it’s color, size, material etc. You will always add another word before the “category” eg. Blue Car -> and that word is a class that describes its appearance.
You can have “global” tag, but all cars doesn’t look the same. So you end up with blue selector or “.blue-cars car” selector -> yeah, chaining and nesting, the thing all the BEMs and OOCSS tried to solve because of no namespacing option for CSS.
You’ve solved nothing with your “form” vs. “.form”, you’ve just introduced inconsistent syntax and possibly created opportunity for chaining.
The main idea of this article should not be to style tags, but to use better class names, that make sense.
I am big fan of attribute selectors specifically AMCSS modules that can bring some kind of containment which CSS currently lacks.
( )
My advice for styling tags is simple. Don’t style them directly! (except for normalize).
13. this approach is simply unsustainable on a large project. Trust me, I’ve tried. I work with the CSS on one of the oldest commercial sites on the web, and when we’re re-platforming and re-skinning, we have to write new styles and markup that lives side-by-side with legacy. This approach does not support what we’re doing.
I really like the philosophy here though, and would definitely recommend it for smaller sites or projects.
14. I had a very long comment that was somehow deleted in the the submission process…
However, the gist of it was that I think you bring up a lot of good points, but that the real answer to the problem you are proposing a solution to isn’t to neglect classes all together, but to instead write classes with meaningful names (BEM syntax?) and generally know when it’s proper to write CSS utilizing appropriate semantic hooks, whether those be based on mark-up or attribute selectors (native to HTML or ARIA).
15. Food for thought. Most of my concerns are already mentioned, but here goes:
– When you suddenly discover you need e.g. a button element that is unstyled/very differently styled, then you suddenly have to struggle with resetting styles.
– Selectors like form > p, button and [role=button] all have different specificity. One of the advantages of BEM is that most selectors are the same specificity, giving a more predictable cascade.
– However, I agree that careful use of ARIA attribute selectors promote good markup and probably should be considered more often, but only when the risk of needing to override styles is also considered.
16. I have a few concerns about this approach falling short under non-simplistic development scenarios.
Using html tags to apply visual styles can be restrictive, especially in larger (real life) systems.
A simple example would be a data entry page with a search option in the header. Two forms, matching markup, different visual styles. Applying styles to the ‘form’ creates a coupling between the semantics of the content and the visual presentation.
In simpler systems this could work but in more complex scenarios it’s worth considering alternatives that explore patterns in how content is displayed.
Your markup might look busier with more classes but the separation of concerns will make for fewer surprises when someone tweaks how a form should look.
It’s also forward facing, with the impending increase in component based design and development, sharing content patterns across components without making assumptions about the markup used.
Also, whilst it may not be a priority, there are concerns over the performance of attribute selectors in CSS so I’m not sure but the ARIA label approach could cause problems.
It may be a strong possibility, but the W3C clearly states it should be a `p`, not a `div`, so it would be an undesirable change, wouldn’t it? There are relatively few ways to mark up a given thing well. Make it easy and clear to do the right thing, and harder to do the incorrect thing.
It can, but it doesn’t necessarily. No matter what system one uses, it’s up to prudent developers to manage bloat — and specificity, for that matter. It will go wrong if left unattended. BEM, for example, can quickly bloat both markup and styles with overly specific Blocks and Elements that are not reusable. Personally, I’ve found less bloat in both markup and CSS using these methods, but there is not methodology that absolves you from vigilance.
No one is saying you cannot override, or style for multiple states. You do, however, have much richer tools at your disposal for doing so than simple and arbitrary classes. You can, instead, use the actual attributes of the object. If it’s disabled, for example, then it is disabled. Adding a class marking it .disabled doesn’t change that or add anything to it.
Agreed, but today the toolset is much improved. And it has been for awhile. You can safely use attribute selectors in all major browsers, including IE8 and above.
There is no more struggle than if your starting point had been .button. But you will have defined what makes this button special in the first place.
There’s no restriction. Using your example, I would suggest that the search form could (and should) be marked up with [role=search]. But to address the larger point of “what happens when a form is different”, I would say mark it up and style it as appropriate. At some point, markup alone will not be enough to differentiate. And ARIA will not not have the additional semantics you need. And your form will not follow any micro formats. On a long enough timeline, you will have a form that truly is different just because and is not different for any semantic, structural or standardized reason. And when that day comes, I would say by all means, create form.just-because and define your own internal standard. But I would suggest knowing and leveraging the established standards first.
18. “A word of caution: don’t throw ARIA roles on elements that already have the same semantics. So for example, don’t write
The markup in the document is non-normative. It’s not a recommendation – it’s there to serve as an illustration.
20. Completely agree with the problem you mentioned about too many
s. Finding closing
in the forest full of
s is quite painful.
However, the proposed solution in this article will cause more problems later on in the project as many people pointed out.
I am also looking for the answer to this problem and couldn’t find perfect answer yet. Your solution about using role=”…” is quite interesting though 🙂
21. I’m not sure everyone in the comments is willing to consider the proposal of this post.
BEM or any other CSS architecture advocates for separating styles from content. This article is not arguing that you must use styles and HTML together. It is arguing that you start with the most “correct” HTML and then style it.
When it comes to styling you can override my-form__my-submit--primary or button[type=submit].
Styles will always be coupled to something. It could be coupled to the HTML and I override the styles via element selectors. Or I couple my styles to my specific CSS naming conventions. In either scenario, if I need something unique I’m going to override existing styles.
The advantage of the approach prescribed here is that you’ll have good markup to move forward with.
22. The example isn’t realistic. Take button for example, you still have .btn-secondary .btn-success .btn-warning .btn-danger to take care with.
So your suggestion just creates a special case in style sheet.
23. Wow, I didn’t realize there would be so much resistance to an idea like this. We’re implementing a lot of it, in what is going to be thousands of complex sites, with very little trouble. It feels to me, like a lot of these comments are similar to the comments you might have seen during the movement away from tables for layout… Actually, I still see arguments for tables for layout occasionally… weird, I know…
24. A nice idea but impracticable except on small sites. Because of the specificity problems it creates, and because of the maintainability problems it creates in the markup, as already noted. The resistance to this idea has nothing to do with kneejerk conservatism. It comes from countless hours of hard experience by people who understand the semantic imperative, who want to do the right thing, but who recognize that it is better to make a small compromise in order to keep their sanity. A tiny compromise really, because CSS preprocessors allow completely semantic class-naming.
25. @philwills No one is arguing that writing semantic HTML is a bad idea. The issue here is the scalability of attaching all or most of your styling to the HTML elements or attributes of those elements. Like many have said, not a big issue for small sites, but not maintainable for large/complex sites.
26. mikeriley, why is not maintainable?
On a large site, wouldn’t predictable, tested and documented markup patterns provide even more value than on a small site?
Wouldn’t a large site be even more likely to have a design guide already dictating things like how all form submission buttons should look like?
When CSS layout first hit, many people said it wasn’t feasible for large sites. But it was. When RWD hit, people said it wasn’t feasible for large sites, but it was.
A few years ago, if you had said this wasn’t feasible, I would have agreed. The markup simply wasn’t expressive enough. But today it is.
27. I have to agree with the OOCSS community feedback on this one. I like the idea of performance gains, but I don’t think the rubber will hit the road with large projects where numerous are developers contributing, that are already using Bootstrap, and other naming styleguides like MVCSS ( I also don’t think the performance gains will have an impact when looking at the overall picture of things that impact performance in modern projects.
Separation of concerns are essential, and we have things like this being taught by industry experts:
– Only bind CSS to CSS-based classes:
.im-a-css-class {
– Don’t write DOM-like selectors:
header nav ul li a {
– Don’t bind CSS onto data-* attributes:
– Don’t bind JS onto CSS classes:
– Use JS classes:
28. Nice idea, but but my concern is that at some point you will end with a data/aria attributes bloat in order to style precisely some custom elements (especially if the design is not completely consistent)
Other concern is that you are using semantic attributes for style hooking, which couples a lot the markup and the style. If more meaningful class names are used and a semantic markup, you should be ok.
29. @Tim Baxter, it’s not maintainable because you are tightly coupling your HTML semantics with the visual presentation.
Please read:
You clearly violated most of the points made in that article. The W3C has not “built” large scale, cross-browser websites. Semantics have to change – no matter what you end up with. Div spaghetti is inevitable because of the various cross-browser solutions to common problems, but classes remain agnostic to the HTML semantics.
Classes don’t make your HTML harder to reason about, they can make it easier by using more meaningful class names, they can be used to describe the div spaghetti.
For performance reasons, avoid child selectors like “form > p”, classes help resolve this.
I can go on and on about why classes trump semantic selectors.
Also, Regression is a hell of a drug.
Remember this, HTML can and will change, but classes can remain frozen in time and still present the same old visual you expected.
30. Inspired by ‘s normalise css, I made a bootstrap-like setup with three css files:
1. A classless stylesheet which normalises and styles all the HTML elements. This was so that we could build prototypes quickly across a very large public sector organisation with lots of developer teams and still have consistency. This sheet is sacred.
2. A “classes” stylesheet for when you need to override the default styling set in the default stylesheet.
3. A “molecules” stylesheet where I placed the styles for re-usable HTML components. Here the parent wrapper gets a class but the children (as much as I can avoid) remain classes.
Sometimes a fourth sheet is added for custom elements which will not be used very often in other projects. This overrides the other sheets. I know it’s not optimal to override but it means we can keep the other three sheets clean and relevant.
31. I love some of the things that this article promotes – we should definitely all be striving to create more meaningful semantic markup rather than div soup and using roles for certain use cases in styling makes a lot of sense.
But I don’t agree with the argument that we should be throwing away hugely useful conventions such as naming schemes and CSS methodologies – ideas that have evolved and grown over years to help tackle many of the issues when authoring CSS on a larger scale.
The main point that I think the article misses when comparing this approach to using class naming schemes is specificity and how much of a pain point this can be on sites of scale. The reason a naming scheme is so useful is that it keeps the specificity as low as possible, meaning it is much easier to override styles when needed. It also means you can build up components using semantic classnames, so should that structure change in the future, the styling isn’t so tightly tied to the markup and is much easier to update.
On a simple site this isn’t as much of an issue, but on large platforms this becomes very important.
One of the biggest goals for me when writing CSS is to separate my concerns – the more that you hook CSS into HTML semantics and structure, the harder it becomes to change one without also changing the other. This doesn’t mean that you can’t still write meaningful markup with considered semantics, which I think is the articles most valuable point.
32. This article completely ignores CSS specificity, which fights against code reuse and modularity and is the reason why we’ve developed these class-heavy methodologies in the first place.
Following the recommendations of this article would result in overly lengthy selectors and a tangled mess of specificity overrides in your CSS.
The author should seek first to understand.
(By the way, the comments system here is broken.)
33. This completely overlooks specificity, code written this way would be a total nightmare to maintain.
Please no one do this.
34. As I understand it, the thesis here is that HTML + ARIA now has enough semantics to describe the presentation/UI of any web product.
This just isn’t true. Let’s look at some examples.
First, it’s pretty common to have a variety of ways of presenting homogenous listings of, say, articles. Google’s Material Design system, for instance, has Lists, and Grid Lists. The first is optimized for textual content, where any icon or other image is secondary. The Grid List, by contrast, is optimized for content where the image element is the most important (e.g. products, or albums). AFAIK, neither HTML nor ARIA provides “native” semantics to distinguish these two objects. There is little need to, from the standpoint of what HTML and ARIA are meant to do. Yet from a user experience point of view this distinction is a good one, and is definitely not arbitrary.
Let’s look at another example. Say I have a main navigation. Let’s mark it up following this article’s advice:
<li><a href="/">Home</a><li>
<li><a href="#search-pane">Search</a></li>
<li><a href="/orders">Orders</a></li>
<!-- etc -->
nav {}
nav ul {}
nav li {}
nav a {}
Now, let’s say I also have a secondary nav, for logging in and other user account actions. It shouldn’t look the same (let’s assume the main nav is a vertical sidebar, and this is a horizontal strip at screen top-right). If it’s part of a <header role="banner">, I can use a descendant selector:
[role="banner"] nav {}
[role="banner"] nav ul {}
[role="banner"] nav li {}
[role="banner"] nav a {}
Unfortunately, since the main nav styles also apply here, I will need to override any that conflict with what I want for this secondary navigation. Even worse, any time anyone changes (or adds to) the styles for the main nav, they need to know to check the secondary nav to make sure that hasn’t been negatively affected. This is the opposite of separation of concerns, and is perhaps the main reason approaches like OOCSS were invented.
I could come up with a lot of other real, practica examples. Note also that neither of these would be isolated to “large” sites or apps – every developer faces these challenges.
In my mind, the following CSS is actually more meaningful (i.e. semantic) than the strings of more generic selectors above, because the speak the language of the product itself:
.secondary-nav {}
.secondary-nav__items {}
.secondary-nav__item {}
.secondary-nav__action {}
As other commenters have noted, this approach improves robustness of the code and makes it more maintainable, since I can add a <button type="button"> to the secondary nav (if that’s what the best semantics are) and have it styled like the other actions just by adding a class. I can then refactor it to be an anchor with a fragment href later if that turns out to be better, and I don’t need to track down and change the CSS again. Likewise, if I need a div wrapper somewhere (say, to support some new dynamic behavior), I can add that with less risk of breaking a child selector somewhere.
The best thing is that these modular and mostly class-based approaches don’t prevent us from writing beautiful, semantic markup and using ARIA appropriately. Good front-end development requires that, period. Now, many many designers and devs could do much better at learning the basics of HTML and ARIA, I’ll grant that. I’d strongly encourage it to boot. But robust, modular UI code builds on the standards of HTML and ARIA and does not mistakenly believe they are sufficient on their own.
The current community movement is towards the idea of well-considered design systems embodied in reusable UI components that encapsulate markup, style and behavior (this approach needn’t sacrifice progressive enhancement, either). This is not a world of endless selector chains, specificity conflict and unforseen side effects. Preprocessors and other tools have made it possible to have a single representation of a component, obviating the need to change a class in hundreds of instances. The best systems come out of solid product goals and design patterns, and use class selectors (among others) to make codebases full of meaning. There is no need to worry so much about classitis or divitis: its time as a source of problems has passed. Semantic markup, ARIA and modern UI development can be friends! Isn’t that a good thing?
35. Has there been any discussion of how we might transition to a more useful css specificity model? Perhaps something like was done with box-sizing: border-box. Then we could have both clean html AND clean css.
36. Ryan Frederick hits the nail on the head – and so does Tim Baxter, each in their own ways.
The fact is, a combination of *both* approaches is required for efficient, semantic and maintainable code.
As developers, we should always be looking at reducing clutter in HTML – and it’s never been easier to do so!
We have a plethora of meaningful tags and attributes at our disposal – and we should learn how to use all of them.
We also need to learn to encapsulate common design patterns and to avoid nested selectors wherever feasible. Classes make this far easier to achieve.
As for avoiding div soup, creative use of pseudo-classes can result in a much clearer separation of semantic markup and style.
— Tim Baxter on Meaningful CSS: Style Like You Mean It
Yes! And especially in the case of accessibility & interactive widgets, I couldn’t agree more.
Predictable markup patterns mean a predictable experience for users of assistive technology such as screen readers. Take a menu widget for example. If you allow the developer infinite ways to markup a menu, you are paving the way for inconsistencies in how your menus are described to screen reader users.
What our users want is for the semantics of the menu to be exactly the same, for every menu, no matter how it has been visually styled. Markup patterns form a solid foundation in terms of achieving this. And it’s incredible how much CSS mileage you can get out of a fixed markup pattern these days. I have a standard pattern for most widgets and have not found a need to change them, even when the visual design changes. I like to think of them as my mini Zen Gardens 🙂
38. I consider thesis in this article idealistic and harmful.
Basically it attracts people for the wrong reasons. The main assumption here is that it is possible to create highly coherent front end code base, that will even sustain itself, get stronger thanks to inherent forces of meaning and sense. This is highly attractive notion, as peaple strive for order, patterns and predictibility.
But what is more harmful, the hidden implication here is that, there is sense connecting all of the mentioned technologies: ARIA, HTML, Microformats. We only need to discover it, embrace it.
All od it is simply not true.
You have to remember that front end environment is one of the most susceptible to change. It’s highly dynamic with no constraints on, why it shouldn’t be that way. It’s basically UI. If you start to force yourself to see in all of it high order meaning, you are doomed. It is beacuse HTML and ARIA have very basic ways of expressing content — very basic and thanks to that very flexible, composable etc. This is why tag
can organize elements in form, but it also can group text.
ARIA and HTML are good to express relations. They are not good display the content. And even with what they are good for it’s still really hard to use them, because of their hihgly general and versatile meanings. I mean… try to decide whether something should be or just . And trust, right now we are in teritory of interpretation, with very little clear rules to help us.
This means that these elements are highly composable. If you try to force on them predetermined structure, you already lost. It is because you assume that there will be content that can be split into similar objects, possible to express them in the same way. And that simply won’t happen. The possibilities of communication are to broad, to versatile.
So what are we really talking about here? Think of it as an aspect of behavior. Something is <form> not because it has particular amount of input fields, not because it contains them grouped in particular way, not because of some ARIA elements, not even beacuse we use this particular name for it: ‘form’. Something is <form> because of the behavior of this element. It can look differently, but it will behave in the same way.
And this is main part here: do not mix behavior with display. Don’t mix meaning with layout dynamics. If you start chasing this goal of meaningful CSS, you end up with messy CSS, very hard to maintain, that will break all the time.
What’s worse, beacuse of very intensive coupling between the domains here, it will prevent you from creating more meaningfull HTML or ARIA elements. Imagine that. Imagine you created strict structure for particular component. You tied CSS with the structure. And after a while you found out, that you can improve accessibility or semantics of the component. In your current situation you cannot improve your codebase gradually. You cannot change HTML without touching CSS and figuring out what would be the best way to bind CSS with the new structure. How to again distribute layout and display responsibilities. HTML would seem to be untouchable. And you wouldn’t even start improving it piece by piece.
Keep behavior and display separate. Make CSS composable to adjust it flexible nature of HTML.
CSS is language for appareance, for layout interactions. It’s a visual enahncement of something that will still work without it. It should be treaded accordingly, as a separate domain, with interactions and relationships isolated from other domains as much as possible. BEM encourages it, but it is something of mental discipline, good organisation, and resolving highly complicated factors. Throwing into all of it also meaning? Why? There is no reason not to keep it separate. To me even such stupid classes like maring-left-20 is still practical. It’s very focused and very clear with it’s own responsibility. It’s bad beacuse of style, but style unfortunately can be amazingly not practical.
And yes, use classes like ‘table’. Simply because this table is part of visual domain, not behavioral domain. It’s simple as that.
And lastly, classitis argument is not really important. Whatever it takes to separate concerns, to split responsibilities, to ease out modifications — that is good. Classitis is very arbitrary way of judging something without no clear rules whatsoever.
Clear you’re mind — separate concernes, focus interactions, simplify realtionships. Make your code composable and you will prosper in front end jungle.
39. In my comment about widgets above I neglected to mention that I do use BEM too, so it’s not a completely class-free approach. I find that BEM helps strike a nice balance between class-itis and tight-coupling. So I guess this falls in line with Matthew’s comment above, which is “a combination of *both* approaches is required for efficient, semantic and maintainable code.”
40. Interesting article which is no doubt going to cause disagreements. But anything that looks at better improving how we create our CSS and reduce HTML can only be a good thing.
41. Why main class=“main”?
It could be more complex, and sometimes I’ve even made more complex : main class=”main” id=”main” role=”main”
The id is just to provide an anchor (for skip links, etc.).
The role is here for some old browsers that do not provide semantic for main.
Why a class? Consider that another template has to have a left column or whatever. The main tag could change its place, and everything is down if you style on it. 🙂
I do agree: some HTML are really bloated and could be lighter, but if we started to have recommendations like “don’t rely on HTML structure”, it was to solve other problems 🙂
42. This article has annoyed me a little.
CSS architectures should be considered again for every project. I am not bias to using any architecture. I use lots of different architectures all the time, as they solve (or reduce) different sets of problems.
If I tried to use a WordPress theme style architecture for the application I support at work, I’d be fired.
43. Thank you! I’ve been trying to make this case for a while myself.
I think writing everything in your stylesheets using BEM or SMACSS (or what have you), can create as many problems as it solves. Like all things, moderation. There’s no reason to create a `.className–whichWillNeverGetUsedAgain` to bypass global scope when a `.meaningful-parent-description elementName` pattern will do.
Global scope has a purpose and can be very useful, and a lot of these classes end up being really unsemantic and bloat the markup.
I find that using LESS’s @import (reference) and @extend together (or postcss-reference if you prefer PostCSS) a great way to set up component patterns and then abstract them out to meaningful, and simple selectors.
44. Not getting into the merits here. Just want to remark this:
Tim Baxter, both in the article and in comment 20, you say W3C states paragraph tags are recommended for wrapping form elements. In fact, as pointed out by Terrence in comment 24, the section you mention is non-normative.
And I’d like to add that you linked to an old W3C work: HTML5 Editor’s Draft from 25 October 2010. The same example can be found on the most recent HTML5 Recommendation from 28 October 2014.
Actually, the example in the current W3C HTML Editor’s Draft uses DIVs instead of paragraphs.
45. Using attribute selector would definitely give some possibilities in the structure of CSS.
But… Attribute doesn’t scale in performance. If you have 1000 different classes. The SCOM/DOM parsing time won’t differ if you have 10 or 10000 elements.
This is not true for attribute selectors unfortunately. As they on an average site, could mean the parsing could take 10-100 times longer.
46. This is a great article and expresses ideas that I’ve been trying to convey for some time, without ever being able to put it nearly so well.
The real beauty of the approach is that it allow CSS selector specificity to work the way it was always designed to work. Instead of treating specificity as your enemy and fighting it in the way BEM tries to do, specificity becomes your friend, a jigsaw piece that fits naturally it to its place.
47. You can’t be serious , really !
This approach is what i tried back when browsers started to adopt css3 and miserably failed , it can raise so many maintenance difficulties , though it’s good for small ( really small ) projects , but even then personally i think it’s overkill 😐
48. “In HTML, every element has a very specific, agreed-upon meaning […]”
Funniest thing I read this week 🙂
49. I keep seeing resistance to this concept and I honestly don’t get it. When you think of atomic design and the concepts behind OOCS and BEM consistent markup that can be composed into more complex components should go hand in hand. What I see most often is OOCS/BEM being used in place of good markup – essentially admitting defeat in that A) we have to deal with crappy code so put some lipstick on the pig B) we don’t really care about architecture or optimization, we just want it to look and work a certain way.
Why can’t this simple concept be used with a variety of other best practices? For example I’d like to investigate how this might work in a React application with SASS and CSS-Modules.
To me form follows function. So when people get frustrated with the concept that is suggested above by pointing out how BEM classes can be used across a variety of different tags, it makes me think “yeah, you could, but why?” Do I really need “btn” styling for button, input type=”button”, a, div, span, p… and on and on, or does that “btn” class infer a behavior too and that behavior is encapsulated by a specific HTML tag or ARIA role? So why not just change the tag or the role to align to behavior and get styling with it?
The other thing I think about is consistency. While it’s great that designers can have 34 different ways they want to style a form – do they need 34 different ways? Just like there are 1272 different ways that the developer can code that form to get to one of the 34 different designs. Is it necessary? Does it provide value?
Sometimes constraint breeds creativity. Reducing the number of variations, constrained by how we use markup + css, may force designers and developers down a path that produces more consistency and potentially better usability. This is why there needs to be deep discussion about architecture and architectural limitations. How do you architect a solution that takes a standards approach and provides both constraints and flexibility where they are needed?
I think there is definitely a middle ground in this religious war. I’d really like to see more openness to talking through how the challenges can be overcome versus seeing any single solution as the ultimate “already fixed that” solution.
50. I know I’m late but this article raise an interesting (controversial) points.
If you really believe this would be the right way to design CSS, why don’t you (or others) create some sort framework or architecture or whatever you named it that proves or demonstrate this kind a thinking in practice.
Because currently the alternatives is bootstrap or other CSS framework that has symptom of divitis and classitis.
Got something to say?
More from ALA | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1993', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.925754725933075}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '179398', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5W6UGII3ZD6ROCJU2KFWAPJMPB72XWAK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:07970a98-5a60-4a75-99a8-7277b900e70b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 20, 7, 23), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.66.2', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6S6CNFGHAACJGN7OS3FXSRGDUTUFDAVE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cad8c767-6c43-4dff-a46d-ce8121f701af>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://alistapart.com/article/meaningful-css-style-like-you-mean-it/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7fb5ffbb-7bad-42a5-9780-a17f4f19cfae>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '9040', 'url': 'https://alistapart.com/article/meaningful-css-style-like-you-mean-it/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-35\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-85.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06361544132232666', 'original_id': '74f33e3d63276f40166865079742639a5f5fb690f343e262ab20aeede1c5cce7'} |
distance formula
distance formula, Algebraic expression that gives the distances between pairs of points in terms of their coordinates (see coordinate system). In two- and three-dimensional Euclidean space, the distance formulas for points in rectangular coordinates are based on the Pythagorean theorem. The distance between the points (a,b) and (c,d) is given by √((ac)2 + (bd)2) . In three dimensional space, the distance between the points (a, b, c) and (d, e, f) is √((ad)2 + (be)2 + (cf)2) . | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8476458191871643}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6887', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:S3NUXXHTHGFVVDNLIYQUHW2JHKEBXPI6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1ba196ab-4325-4c8b-8f1c-8488cdb1e116>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 19, 16, 18, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '208.185.238.124', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MZAUK4V3J5S6I2VZGMZ5JE2TVUZEES2P', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b1962c7a-a0c3-407f-8e8a-cf22eeae3506>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1368783', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c34c7fb9-2ffd-4b50-a1df-f6038d6f27d9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '64', 'url': 'http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/1368783', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9517021179199219', 'original_id': '2c21a7352f06a2eb54665db97aeb898756d031b48ad031f05197ce4b0529fca4'} |
A Case Study of Organizational Effects in a Distributed Sensor Network
Bryan Horling, Roger Mailler, and Victor Lesser
We describe how a system employing different types of organizational techniques addresses the challenges posed by a large-scale distributed sensor network environment. The high-level multi-agent architecture of real-world system is given in detail, and empirical and analytic results are provided showing the various effects that organizational characteristics have on the system’s performance. We show how partitioning of the environment can lead to better locality and more constrained communication, as well as disproportionate load on individuals or increased load on the population as a whole. The presence of such tradeoffs motivates the need for a better understanding of organizational effects.
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '17', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9212522506713868}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '2675', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TQIBTFOZQECABHECL3UTUPTTHYNS3H3N', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:af55bc0d-c927-4e38-a44e-5be5d382d34b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 30, 18, 15, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '207.57.106.77', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KQ5WLB4S3D7GKSWKV5J4DVQOEGH6EGIR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6c9bb156-bf1a-4cb9-97d1-9894e151e810>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.aaai.org/Library/Workshops/2004/ws04-02-004.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:765d46fd-f83d-4084-9b6a-b5dec847188c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '143', 'url': 'http://www.aaai.org/Library/Workshops/2004/ws04-02-004.php', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13939416408538818', 'original_id': 'beb634f6bb8ed812ce0e2670de912cabfe4819cafe523012a7d36dd0ef13f62b'} |
Translations changed a lot over the past couple years, is there a digital revolution in the world of Translation agency’s?
The digital revolution is in full swing. The typewriter is gone and the computer has taken its place. Like the typewriter, more and more professions will disappear. As a translation agency, you have to get on board the raging digital train if you don’t want to suffer the same fate as the old-fashioned typewriter. What will the future of translation look like in five years’ time?
Translation memory: start of the digital revolution
Translation memory is one of the technologies underlying the digital revolution of the translation world. A translation memory is a database consisting of sentences and phrases in the source language with the corresponding translation in the target language.
The translator works with a translation software and while translating, this database is continuously searched to check if a sentence or a term has been translated before. If it has, then the translation can be used again. A very efficient and consistent way of working.
• Just imagine how many translated terms a translator had to be able to remember before the digital revolution!
• One page after another had to be turned to find the previous translation.
• Fortunately, this is now a thing of the past and you are only a few clicks away from each previously translated word.
The rise of machine translation
But the digital train races on unabated. Starting in 2000, machine translation took off. A term that still causes quite a bit of hesitation for many. And although machine translations are not 100% accurate, it is a technological tool that enables the translator to work better and more productively on a translation.
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| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9380451440811156}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '59394', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NEKP65MTV22YIAR3LCYFVKKJG2FXE4FC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6904385b-62a1-42b1-a075-a1634e9d3722>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 20, 3, 0, 55), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.223.10', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AU37THJJL6A3TH4IBSCLNMUEI5WGLGKR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2b8a8c0d-7dd7-4b03-a89d-8bbd7eeac64f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.sizersoze.org/translations-changed-a-lot-over-the-past-couple-years-is-there-a-digital-revolution-in-the-world-of-translation-agencys/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5618f9e0-464c-483d-8baf-6c1191361419>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '300', 'url': 'https://www.sizersoze.org/translations-changed-a-lot-over-the-past-couple-years-is-there-a-digital-revolution-in-the-world-of-translation-agencys/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-22\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.027173399925231934', 'original_id': '37a7eef6b9c67c2bfdeedc9a27976f499cfd6477025e2fac397bd1b09b7b66d6'} |
Cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cell predominance is not related to symptom duration in children with enteroviral meningitis.
We used a binomial regression model to determine the relationship between the percent of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mononuclear white blood cells and symptom duration in children with proven enteroviral meningitis. The odds of a CSF white blood cell being mononuclear increased by 15.7% (95% confidence interval: -3.8% to 38.0%; P = .11) for each day of symptoms. Fifty percent of patients with symptoms of 1 day or less had predominance of mononuclear cells among CSF white blood cells. These findings suggest that factors other than symptom duration influence the composition and evolution of the CSF white blood cell response to enteroviral infection. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2d24397bf1395f004f887c5b8c97de01e876f44af45d03914c13cc32aa39cadf'} |
Voices heard abroad
The Popescu prize, established in memory of a Romanian prodigy, is one of the few rewards on offer to translators of poetry. Alan Brownjohn, one of this year's judges, reveals the shortlist
With fellow poet Fleur Adcock, I've just finished reading 56 books submitted for a poetry translation prize, one of several to be awarded in London on Monday. The prize was established in 1982 to commemorate a Romanian translator killed in the 1977 earthquake. Corneliu M Popescu was 19 when he died, the only son of a lawyer. It was difficult to travel out of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania, but although Popescu senior had little time for the regime, he was sometimes permitted to take his teenage son to international conferences.
Corneliu planned to study medicine, but a talent for languages meant that he used these travels to acquire a knowledge of several. He never visited England but for sheer relish of the challenge he translated into English verse a large selection from the work of Mihai Eminescu, Romania's most distinguished 19th-century poet. Corneliu's translations frequently seem archaic in manner, because he strove hard to render Eminescu in the style of the English Romantic poets, but he retains an absolute fidelity to the form and meaning of the originals. The flaws in the sonnet "How many a star..." may be forgiven for the spot-on rhyming and sheer accuracy of the rendering:
How many a star burns in the firmament,
How many a wave the sea before her throws,
Gleaming and sparkling fair, yet no man knows
What may their meaning be, or their intent.
Thus, you may choose the way your footsteps went;
High or low though be the path you choose,
The selfsame dust, the selfsame earth will close
Your heritage in time's oblivion spent.
I seem to die, and near the shadowed gate,
With funeral dirge and flickering tapers set,
The men who are to bear my body wait.
O, pleasant shade, come near, come nearer yet,
That I may know thee, lord of death's estate,
With tall black wings and drooping lashes wet.
This boy was, in short, an auto-didactic prodigy, but it was only after his death that his father ensured his translations were published.
Lack of reward and recognition for the translators of poetry was one reason why the Corneliu M Popescu Prize was originally set up. But too many of the books entered for this year's award provided little incentive for even open-minded and sympathetic readers to take much interest in them; a sad disservice to the poets. Several titles we rejected because, while commendable in themselves (one or two were versions of highly distinguished poets), they offered too small a selection. Other, longer books lacked useful, informative introductions giving clear impressions of what to look for, surely a necessary courtesy to readers who may be unfamiliar with the writer or his/her language.
It's not giving too much away to say that Monday's winner is a book without any facing or "parallel" texts. But usually, if the language is not one of the three or four of which many English readers might know a little, it's valuable to have at least some poems accompanied by what the poet wrote in the original language. Seeing what a Slovak, Albanian or Finnish poem looks like can be fascinating.
Increasingly, translations are being done without the collaboration of a native English speaker. It's not hard to see why: the translators earn points for knowledge of English and the desire to break down barriers. And native speakers with knowledge and time to give, unpaid, are hard to find (translating verse is a slow, delicate and exhausting process.) But this practice usually results in poor, wooden, or just plain faulty versions. It spreads misunderstanding of the poetry.
Modest-to-poor production values may be unavoidable if the cost of user-friendly book production is prohibitive. But we saw too many books that were too hastily and ordinarily produced. These often lacked proper guides to the poet's work or status, or the credentials of the translator. Why not wait until the money is there to do a better job? And why not make yourself aware of how the best translators and publishers tackle the task?
We were tempted by certain books introducing poets well-known in their own countries but not in this one: a major Romanian, Lucian Blaga, in Brenda Walker's sumptuously printed versions; the modern Hungarian Sándor Kányádi translated by Paul Sohar; poets arriving from the Turkish and the Catalan.
But in the end our shortlist runs like this: there are two excellent translations of ancient and modern classic poets, both published by Carcanet's Fyfield imprint and handsomely presented with absorbing introductory material. Tom Bishop's Ovid: Amores contains splendidly skilled and witty updatings of those famous love poems; and a big collection of Victor Hugo's poems by Steven Monte makes a convincing case for an overlooked giant of European poetry.
A substantial new book by the German Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Lighter than Air (Bloodaxe), comes in excellent translations of these scabrous, topical, often hilarious fantasies by David Constantine, in collaboration with the poet. Gripping (and admirably produced) translations of two Polish poets, the veteran Rosowic and Ewa Lipska from a younger generation came from the same duo of collaborators, Barbar Bogoozek and Tony Howard. Recycling and Pet Shops are both published by Arc.
But books of this calibre represented less than a third of the volumes entered. If I were to undertake such an assignment again I would hope to be able to make a far longer shortlist of books without the defects which this time disqualified far too many. All the same, I salute the efforts of translators and publishers in a supremely worthwhile but deplorably unrecognised - and grossly underpaid - undertaking.
· The winner of the Corneliu M Popescu prize for European poetry translation is announced at the Queen Elizabeth Hall on London's South Bank on Monday. Box office: 0207 960 4203 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.956425666809082}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '237173', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KXV6XI4D5DYGLQ7DX2N3RW653YTZMVMK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1c8db37d-5c6a-4c0c-a9a2-e3684dcd3889>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 4, 28, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.235.39.207', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OLAC2U5IXWZYAPNROLJ6Q3QXCDSKOGDB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:12076884-386d-47aa-b532-73b4d2a8740e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/sep/20/featuresreviews.guardianreview32', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:60f8d1da-7902-4f42-8a30-f5db30029263>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '987', 'url': 'http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/sep/20/featuresreviews.guardianreview32', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.025713324546813965', 'original_id': '1506a1903736fe2044f6d3ea5682d88058c3b28d57b62e722a60e75c9dab106e'} |
Manual:Removing embarrassment
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Certainly, people can post bad things onto a wiki, a message board, or a mailing list. Yes they didn't heed the warning, didn't follow the rules. Didn't ... anyway yes, we have of course edited out the words in question, but there they still are, still accessible in old revisions and RecentChanges. How can we clean up such embarrassing matter from our MediaWiki installation?
Cleaning up embarrassing words in an old revision[edit]
You can delete the page inside the wiki interface, and then undelete all revisions except the problematic one. Then only sysops can see it. If that's not enough, use RevisionDelete.
Also the maintenance/deleteOldRevisions.php maintenance script can mass-delete all old revisions of pages and their associated text records.
Cleaning up an IP address[edit]
• A beloved user on my wiki has mistakenly edited while not logged in, leaving his company's IP address in the history of A_Sensitive_Article and RecentChanges, etc. He is begging me to expunge his IP... What is the best way?
Use RevisionDelete to hide the editor's username (in this case an IP).
See also[edit] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8998734951019287}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27169', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SEG7547T6VCARP42ORQ4E3UJ3GXSMIGH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:95cc22fc-4a82-4f7f-ba9c-8dd9836b99d7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 29, 14, 52, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '208.80.154.224', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LJIRLLGIZBGCRYZMTYEDB6KDQXS5LNYL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5c7d4746-60cf-4cb4-b128-71736a278e82>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Removing_embarrassment', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:77a49167-36d0-4fe0-b04a-f68779b19c24>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '184', 'url': 'https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Removing_embarrassment', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-124.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.35504114627838135', 'original_id': '9170bb93a372168d0688d942bea718c4d4260a024cf054209480b8f6a050c712'} |
Subject: FW: Change we voted for! A MUST READ AND PASS ON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"The truth is, in order to get things like Universal Health Care and revamped Education System, then SOMEONE is going to have to give up a piece of the pie so that someone else can have more" - Michelle Obama
Who is the someone that gives up a piece of the pie?
Keep the change!
Receipt signed by Michelle Obama at Waldorf Astoria on October 15, 2008 at 4:00 PM.$447.39 for an afternoon snack
"In my own life in my own small way, I have tried to give back to this country that has given me so much," she said. "See, that's why I left a job at a big law firm for a career in public service, "... Michelle Obama
No, Michele Obama does not get paid to serve as the First Lady and she doesn't perform any official duties. But this hasn't deterred her from hiring an unprecedented number of staffers to cater to her every whim and to satisfy her every request in the midst of the Great Recession.
Just think, Mary Lincoln was taken to task for purchasing china for the White House during the Civil War. And Mamie Eisenhower had to shell out the salary for her personal secretary from her husband's salary.
Total Personal Staff members for other first ladies paid by taxpayers:
How things have changed! If you're one of the tens of millions of Americans facing certain destitution, earning less than subsistence wages stocking the shelves at Wal-Mart or serving up McDonald cheeseburgers,prepare to scream and then come to realize that the benefit package for these servants of Ms Michelle are the same as members of the national security and defense departments and the bill for these assorted lackeys is paid by YOU, John Q. Public:
Michele Obama's personal staff:
One.. $172,200 - Sher, Susan (Chief Of Staff)Two.. $140,000 - Frye, Jocelyn C. (Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of Policy And Projects For The First Lady)Three.. $113,000 - Rogers, Desiree G. (Special Assistant to the President and White House Social Secretary for Mrs. Obama)Four.. $102,000 - Johnston, Camille Y. (Special Assistant to the President and Director of Communications for the First Lady)Five.. $100,000 - Winter, Melissa (Special Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief Of Staff to the First Lady)Six.. $90,000 Medina, David S. (Deputy Chief Of Staff to the First Lady)Seven.. $84,000 - Lilyveld, Catherine M. (Director and Press Secretary to the First Lady)Eight.. $75,000 - Starkey, Frances M. (Director of Scheduling and Advance for the First Lady)Nine.. $70,000 - Sanders, Trooper (Deputy Director of Policy and Project for the First Lady)Ten.. $65,000 - Burnough, Erinn (Deputy Director and Deputy Social Secretary)Eleven.. $64,000 - Reinstein, Joseph B.(Deputy Director and Deputy Social Secretary)Twelve.. $62,000 - Goodman, Jennifer R. (Deputy Director of Scheduling and Events Coordinator For The First Lady)Thirteen.. $60,000 Fitz, Alan O.(Deputy Director of Advance and Trip Director for the First Lady)Fourteen.. $57,500 - Lewis, Dana M. (Special Assistant and Personal Aide to the First Lady)Fifteen... $52,500 - Mustaphi, Semonti M. (Associate Director and Deputy Press Secretary To The First Lady)Sixteen.. $50,000 - Jarvis, Kristen E. (Special Assistant for Scheduling and Traveling Aide To The First Lady)Seventeen.. $45,000 - Lechtenberg, Tyler A. (Associate Director of Correspondence For The First Lady)Eighteen.. $43,000 - Tubman, Samanth a (Deputy Associate Director, Social Office)Nineteen.. $40,000 - Boswell, Joseph J. (Executive Assistant to the Chief Of Staff to the First Lady)Twenty.. $36,000 - Armbruster, Sally M. (Staff Assistant to the Social Secretary)Twenty-One.. $35,000 - Bookey, Natalie (Staff Assistant)Twenty-Two.. $35,000 - Jackson, Deilia A. (Deputy Associate Director of Correspondence for the First Lady)(total $1,591,200 in annual salaries)
There has NEVER been anyone in the White House at any time who has created such an army of staffers whose sole duties are the facilitation of the First Lady's social life.
One wonders why she needs so much help, at taxpayer expense.Note: This does not include makeup artist Ingrid Grimes-Miles, 49, and "First Hairstylist" Johnny Wright, 31, both of whom traveled aboard Air Force One toEurope. .Copyright 2009 Canada FreePress.Comcanadafreepress.com/index.php/article/12652
Yes, I know, The Canadian Free Press had to publish this, perhaps becauseAmericano longer has a free press and theUSAmedia is too scared that they might be considered racist or suffer at the hands of Obama.
This story is substantiated through the Canadian press. See link below.
Written by Dr. Paul L. Williams
"In my own life, in my own small way, I have tried to give back to this country that has given me so much," she said. "See, that's why I left a job at a big law firm for a career in public service, "... Michelle Obama
No, Michele Obama does not get paid to serve as the First Lady and she doesn't perform any official duties. But this hasn't deterred her from hiring an unprecedented number of staffers to cater to her every whim and to satisfy her every request in the midst of the Great Recession.
Just think, Mary Lincoln was taken to task for purchasing china for the White House during the Civil War. And Mamie Eisenhowerhad to shell out the salary for her personal secretary from her husband's salary.
Total Personal Staff members for other first ladies paid by taxpayers:
Mamie Eisenhower : 1 paid for personally out of President's salary
Jackie Kennedy: 1
Roseline Carter: 1
Barbara Bush: 1
Hilary Clinton: 3
Laura Bush: 1
Michele Obama: 22
How things have changed! If you're one of the tens of millions of Americans facing certain destitution, earning less than subsistence wages stocking the shelves at Wal-Mart or serving up McDonald cheeseburgers, prepare to scream and then come to realize that the benefit package for these servants of Ms Michelle are the same as members of the national security and defense departments and the bill for these assorted lackeys is paid by YOU, John Q. Public:
There has NEVER been anyone in the White House at any time who has created such an army of staffers whose sole duties are the facilitation of the First Lady's social life. One wonders why she needs so much help, at taxpayer expense.
Note: This does not include makeup artist Ingrid Grimes-Miles, 49, and "First Hairstylist" Johnny Wright, 31, both of whom traveled aboard Air Force One to Europe .
Yes, I know, The Canadian Free Presshad to publish this perhaps because America nolonger has a free press and the USA media is too scaredthat they might be considered racist or suffer at the handsof Obama. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0484d702948d083ef1a7370f2c78281b3f8fcb5a33c0b430f1b31b94c19f0767'} |
Opening music's door
Our first experiences with music count, they rouse our fire inside and motivate us to open music's door and joyfully walk inside.
I remember I was 12 years old when I decided I wanted to learn how to play the guitar. We were sitting around a campfire watching our student-teacher guide play songs to us on his 6-string. I knew then and there that I wanted to learn how to do that.
Bob Dylan was 19 when he heard his first Woody Guthrie record, he emulated Woody, played his songs obsessively, and became the Bob Dylan we idolise today. The Rolling Stones started out as a Chuck Berry/Blues cover band. They would sit around all day everyday for months learning his songs and finding their own take on them such was their passion for his unique style of rock 'n roll.
Jennifer Hamady, author of The Art of Singing: Discovering and Developing Your True Voice, writes: "In my experience, brilliant musicians today... singers and instrumentalists that 'speak' the musical language intuitively, effortlessly, and naturally... all had initial language-less, non-technical, and generally teacher-less experiences. In other words, they approached music's door, and- finding it open- walked in silently and usually alone, and made themselves comfortable.
In that space, immersed inside of music's house, they observed and played without inhibition, rules or criticism from self or others, and developed their ability as an extension of their soul's own language. Certainly, many of these musicians went on to study technique and to read music, but it wasn't generally part of their initial experience or engagement."
Have fun making your music. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9804922342300416}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6693', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CAJ3O5VJPFASQKSF7S4BTLE6AYSFIVM4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5f65c8d5-063a-458d-ac14-d8e5d2b5e957>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 21, 18, 40, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.236.218.197', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZPL5MA7HKPTT6DIWI4FW44YUHKU3CW5J', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:23110524-dc27-49cc-9b8b-d2db2bfd9201>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://songwriters.co.za/blog/2012/07/opening-musics-door', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1799cb9a-5d5f-4c74-980a-0cf93a2d2433>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '269', 'url': 'http://songwriters.co.za/blog/2012/07/opening-musics-door', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-97-162-208.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.055643320083618164', 'original_id': 'cdae969de1086f6ac923519c172920ef2171d38b3d67d5452c67d770169ce268'} |
ROVworld Subsea Information
Advertise on!
Scientists study deep-sea ''ice'' off Barkley Sound
Posted on 10.08.2009 - 10:00 EDT in GENERAL NEWS by Rons_ROV_Links
Scientists study deep-sea "ice" off Barkley SoundBy Sarah Douziech, Westerly News – Using a robot submarine, researchers want to figure out how methane hydrates are formed and how stable they are in changing ocean temperatures.
American scientists are studying ice-like structures deep on the ocean floor off Barkley Sound, south of Ucluelet, to find out why they're there and how they form.
About 12 scientists from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in California are using a robot submarine to rove the sea floor around Barkley Canyon, several kilometres off shore, in search of methane hydrate formations that range in height and width from one to ten metres.
Kim Fulton-Bennett, a spokesperson for MBARI, said methane hydrates form on the sea floor with the combination of cold temperatures and high pressure.
"Methane is a natural gas that combines with the sea water to make these ice-like structures," Fulton-Bennett explained.
Every day scientists lower the Volkswagen bus-sized submarine called Doc Ricketts from their ship, the Western Flyer, into the water. Using cameras, light and robot arms, they are able to do experiments with the structures on the sea floor.
Scientists are interested in the methane hydrates for many reasons.
For one, Fulton-Bennett said, they'd like to know how the hydrates affect the shape of the sea floor.
"Sometimes they bulge up the mud and form domes," he said. "We don't really know why."
Another reason for the study is scientists have theorized that in the past millions of years, during other periods of climate change when the ocean warmed, the methane hydrates may have begun to dissolve.
"These hydrates are now in relatively stable ice-like form, but if they dissolve, the theory is, they will release all that methane into the atmosphere," Fulton-Bennett said.
He explained that methane acts like the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, trapping sunlight in the Earth's atmosphere and causing it to warm faster.
"That's one theory of what could have caused warming in the past," he added. "There is some concern it could happen in the future, though it wouldn't be immediate."
Yet another reason why scientists are interested in the ice-like structures is that some people have suggested mining them or scraping them off the sea floor to use as a source of natural gas.
"That hasn't been proven to be economically feasible," Fulton-Bennett said, "and it would have an effect on the wildlife on the sea floor."
But probably most interesting to scientists is figuring out how the hydrates form in the first place.
"We want to know how they got there and in what conditions they are stable," Fulton-Bennett added.
Their research off the West Coast is part of a five-leg expedition totaling ten weeks where they will examine the composition of the sea floor, conduct research experiments on gas hydrates, look at the behaviour of carbon dioxide in the deep sea, underwater volcanoes and animals that live in the mid-water.
Only two weeks of the eight will be spent off the Canadian coast, Fulton-Bennett said, the rest will be spent further south in American waters.
The expedition is also being fully documented in an online blog, so people can follow what is happening on a day-to-day basis.
"People read about scientific stuff and it sounds kind of dry and boring and sort of abstract," Fulton-Bennett said.
He explained the blog is one way to make the study more concrete and for people to get to know the scientists and see what they do in real life.
"That's what makes an interesting story -- the frustrations, the successes," he said.
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Facebook - ROV News, Discussions, Jobs and more | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9402733445167542}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34188', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OFJMDCP4P7DKLTKMRRBYZ53PHLQFBB3T', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c85d1fbe-5898-4e1d-8e9e-171e7389786c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 29, 13, 43, 23), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.120.237.19', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CADDFBA6UAKK2MA6LDJTWN7LDBAPSN6S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a9e9d1cd-b6f8-46d9-a983-28ee3eb9b284>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.rovworld.com/article3453.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a09aa9d2-3c84-4202-b450-8792a7c66f92>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '637', 'url': 'https://www.rovworld.com/article3453.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-60.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.029698550701141357', 'original_id': '33e063337583af8e9cbf667314d18375b8b5016fde269d42c40bae422d019ae5'} |
83-year-old told to behave or go to jail
January 17, 2013
By DEANNE JOHNSON - Staff Writer ( , Morning Journal News
Delores Pahanish's jail sentence is not scheduled to begin until June 26, two days after a scheduled review hearing. Judge Mark Frost said he hopes Pahanish will follow his order to stay 50 feet away from the neighbor's barn until then and he can suspend the jail sentence.
Both Assistant County Prosecutor Virginia Barborak and Pahanish's defense attorney, Coleen Hall Dailey, said they believe jail is no place for someone of the defendant's age. But Frost said he believes she would do better there than what they are giving her credit for being able to handle.
"I will survive," the feisty Pahanish piped up from her seat in the courtroom.
Testimony was heard throughout the afternoon where it was learned the neighbors, Heidi Scott and her daughter, purchased the property on Miller Road, Leetonia, through a sheriff's sale. Years earlier the property had been part of Pahanish's property. However, she had kept a smaller part of it and sold the rest to a relative.
"I don't like sending anyone to jail," Frost said urging Pahanish to heed the warning. "My hope is there are no further problems and I can place you on probation."
The judge later commented that the defendant was "competent but stubborn."
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News, Blogs & Events Web | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '235', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9816690683364868}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '42790', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NOTWLP6MAK5R75WQVAOUQH5SUEPZN26L', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e9c5cb26-c254-4e30-bd40-534c82562feb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 11, 22, 51, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '12.169.112.151', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LWOCQTENGJV45QNVGDP2RGAVVGXO5B7X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:700772c0-647b-4013-8474-1a123289dfc3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.morningjournalnews.com/page/content.detail/id/545487/83-year-old-told-to-behave-or-go-to-jail.html?nav=5006', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7bc05e4e-0c75-4cff-88d0-2da09738bd05>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '449', 'url': 'https://www.morningjournalnews.com/page/content.detail/id/545487/83-year-old-told-to-behave-or-go-to-jail.html?nav=5006', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019189834594726562', 'original_id': 'df4cfd9bf1be50d1bc28c4ce200f9aee97a33d90c7134b7f11de228f4497721e'} |
This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-0371
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Aaron Bernard Zuckman,
Appellant.
Filed January 3, 2017
Affirmed
Rodenberg, Judge
Steele County District Court
File No. 74-CR-15-985
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Dan McIntosh, Steele County Attorney, Christy M. Hormann, Chief Deputy County
Attorney, Owatonna, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Chang Y. Lau, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RODENBERG, Judge
Appellant Aaron Bernard Zuckman challenges the district court’s order denying his
motion to withdraw his guilty plea, arguing that it erred because plea withdrawal was
required to correct a manifest injustice. Alternatively, appellant argues that the district
court erred by failing to evaluate his plea-withdrawal motion under the fair-and-just
standard. We affirm.
FACTS
This case arises from a police chase that ended when appellant used his truck to ram
a squad car being driven by a police officer. The chase began when an officer signaled
appellant to pull over and appellant refused to stop his truck. Appellant then led police on
a nighttime chase through downtown Owatonna, ending when appellant drove into a
Burger King parking lot and the pursuing police partially blocked his exit. Squad car video
shows that appellant then aimed his truck at one of the squad cars, and rammed the squad
car. Police then surrounded appellant’s truck and arrested him.
The state charged appellant with second-degree assault with a dangerous weapon,
fleeing in a motor vehicle, driving after license revocation, and fourth-degree criminal
damage to property. Appellant agreed to plead guilty to second-degree assault, and agreed
to pay restitution, in exchange for the state dismissing the other three charges.
At the plea hearing, appellant entered his plea of guilty and testified about the chase.
The district court then asked appellant some follow-up questions:
THE COURT: And do you remember at some point, basically,
aiming your vehicle at a patrol car?
THE DEFENDANT: At one point or another, yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And according to the information in the
complaint, the officer . . . felt that you actually accelerated
before you crashed into his squad car?
THE DEFENDANT: Whether or not that be true, I’m just here,
I’m willing to accept what I have done wrong, you know. I have
made choices that—that are, you know, that I regret, that they’re
2
going to follow me probably for quite a while in my lifetime,
but, you know, being a man, you know, I have to own up to
those choices that I made.
THE COURT: Sure. Sure. Okay. Well, let me ask you just a
few more questions here. Do you believe that a motor vehicle
can be used in such a way that it can cause death or great bodily
harm?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And do you agree that if the driver of a motor
vehicle intentionally strikes another motor vehicle it is likely
that the occupant of the other vehicle would be worried about
being injured as a result of that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And so whether or not you accelerated, it was
your intention to hit the squad car thinking perhaps you could
still get away at that point?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
The district court then accepted appellant’s guilty plea to the charge of second-
degree assault.
Two months after pleading guilty, but before sentencing, appellant moved to
withdraw his guilty plea under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subds. 1 and 2. The district court
denied appellant’s motion.
This appeal followed.
DECISION
Appellant argues that his plea was invalid and that the district court should have
granted his motion to withdraw it under either the manifest-injustice standard or the fair-
and-just standard. Appellant argues that the district court should have allowed the plea
withdrawal under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1, because the withdrawal was necessary
to correct a manifest injustice. Alternatively, he argues that the district court abused its
3
discretion in denying his motion to withdraw under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 2,
because the district court failed to analyze his motion using the fair-and-just standard.
I. Withdrawal under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1
We first consider appellant’s motion to withdraw his plea under Minn. R. Crim. P.
15.05, subd. 1, as having been invalid, and therefore a manifest injustice. A defendant may
withdraw a guilty plea if he provides proof that “withdrawal is necessary to correct a
manifest injustice.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1. “A manifest injustice exists if a
guilty plea is not valid.” State v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Minn. 2010).
We review the validity of a guilty plea de novo, and a party seeking to withdraw his
plea has the burden to show his plea was invalid. Id. We are particularly wary of pleas
where “the factual basis is established by asking a defendant only leading questions.” Id.
A guilty plea is invalid if it is not “accurate, voluntary, and intelligent.” Id.
Appellant argued to the district court, and maintains on appeal, that his plea was invalid
because it was inaccurate.1 “To be accurate, a plea must be established on a proper factual
basis.” Lussier v. State, 821 N.W.2d 581, 588 (Minn. 2012) (quotations omitted). A plea
has a sufficient factual basis when “the record contains a showing that there is credible
evidence available which would support a jury verdict that defendant is guilty of at least as
great a crime as that to which he pled guilty.” State v. Genereux, 272 N.W.2d 33, 34 (Minn.
1978).
1
In his brief, appellant suggests that his plea may also be invalid because it was not made
intelligently. However, appellant did not advance this argument to the district court, so we
do not consider it. Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357) (Minn. 1996).
4
The state charged appellant with second-degree assault under the theory that he
drove his truck at the squad car “with intent to cause fear in another of immediate bodily
harm or death.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 10(1) (2014). This is a specific-intent crime.
State v. Fleck, 810 N.W.2d 303, 309 (Minn. 2012). Intent is “generally proved
circumstantially—by drawing inferences from the defendant’s words and actions in light
of the totality of the circumstances.” State v. Cooper, 561 N.W.2d 175, 179 (Minn. 1997).
“Intent can be inferred from the idea that a person intends the natural consequences of his
or her actions.” Nelson v. State, 880 N.W.2d 852, 860 (Minn. 2016) (quotation omitted).
When deciding if the evidence is sufficient to find intent, the district court “must make
certain that facts exist from which the defendant’s guilt of the crime charged can be
reasonably inferred.” Id. at 861 (quotation omitted)2.
Here the district court established the following facts by questioning appellant:
(1) Appellant believed that “if the driver of a motor vehicle intentionally strikes
another motor vehicle it is likely that the occupant of the other vehicle would be worried
about being injured as a result of that”;
(2) Appellant aimed his truck at the squad car with the officer in it, intending to
hit the squad car so he could possibly escape; and
(3) Appellant actually hit the squad car with his truck.
2
In Nelson, the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected appellant’s argument that the district
court should apply the Al-Naseer standard of evaluating circumstantial evidence in the
context of a plea withdrawal. Nelson, 880 N.W.2d at 861.
5
Appellant agreed that intentionally striking a car with his truck would likely cause
fear in an occupant of the car, and agreed that he intentionally struck the squad car with his
truck. A person intends the natural consequences of his actions. Nelson, 880 N.W.2d at
860. Absent any claim of mistake or reduced mental capacity, this record is sufficient to
show that appellant intended to assault the officer. Appellant’s plea was accurate and valid.
Therefore, withdrawal of the plea is not necessary to correct a manifest injustice. The
district court was not required to grant appellant’s motion to withdraw on this basis.
II. Withdrawal under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 2
Appellant next argues that the district court erred by not evaluating his motion for
plea withdrawal under the fair-and-just standard. We review a district court’s decision to
deny a plea-withdrawal motion for abuse of discretion, “reversing only in the ‘rare case.’”
Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 97 (quoting Kim v. State, 434 N.W.2d 263, 266 (Minn. 1989)).
District courts have discretion to allow a defendant to withdraw a guilty plea “if it
is fair and just to do so.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 2. When considering whether
withdrawal is “fair and just,” a district court must “give due consideration to two factors:
(1) the reasons a defendant advances to support withdrawal and (2) prejudice granting the
motion would cause the state given reliance on the plea.” Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 97
(quotation omitted); see also Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 2. A defendant bears the
burden of providing reasons to support withdrawal, and the state bears the burden of
showing prejudice caused by the withdrawal. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 97. However, even
if the state fails to show prejudice, a district court may still deny a defendant’s motion if
the defendant fails to advance reasons why withdrawal is fair and just. Id. at 98.
6
Appellant’s only argument to the district court supporting plea withdrawal was that
his guilty plea was invalid. As discussed above, the district court correctly found that
appellant’s plea was valid. Having rejected appellant’s only argument in favor of
withdrawal, the district court acted within its discretion in denying the plea withdrawal
under the fair-and-just standard without any separate express analysis. Appellant advances
no authority for the notion that the fair-and-just standard requires that a district court allow
an otherwise valid plea to be withdrawn without any further showing of unfairness or
injustice.
The plea colloquy in this case was imperfect, but adequate. Appellant was
competent, represented by counsel, and willingly and freely pleaded guilty. He admitted
intentionally directing his truck toward another occupied vehicle and ramming that vehicle.
He has not demonstrated error by the district court in denying his motion to withdraw his
guilty plea.
Affirmed.
7
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '0eddc3f33856fa0b027ed199e67a37fc5c8098e07ac7b183abef71686287ef56'} |
Accessibility and search engine optimisation
Navicarta recommends that its clients seek to make their websites accessible to the widest possible audience, including those ‘browsing’ the web using alternative technologies such as those used by people with various disabilities (eg large-print or audio browsers for those with visual impairments) as well as internet-enabled mobile phones, PDAs, and so forth. This recommendation is a point of principle, though it also meets the requirements of disability discrimination legislation throughout the world.
The best way of ensuring this is to comply as far as possible with the guidelines of the Web Accessibility Initiative, which includes such things as using only structural/semantic elements in HTML code and separating out all design features into Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) files, as well as ensuring that alternate text is available for all graphical elements.
As search engines like Google will ‘read’ the website in much the same way as a special browser for the visually impaired would, search engine optimisation (SEO) is also directly related to making the website accessible at the design level.
Key also to SEO is the use of appropriate social media outlets, especially indexed services such as Twitter, and as part of web development projects we will make recommendations for best practice in terms of SEO and website promotion. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9449273943901062}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '17887', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GZXNLS7HVHOHLGFWYRW4TKNO6BJ56AIO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b5a39355-73cb-4d86-9039-0843a43e87dc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 21, 23, 41, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.115.23.71', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:46OHZOMOITGVTJGDQ5XUFEAYFXCHJ3QX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:34f4827d-df79-4362-8f74-7f545d349b9d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.navicarta.com/web-development/accessibility', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e8d0af52-1677-40f0-b335-fa2bf3b366e8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '210', 'url': 'https://www.navicarta.com/web-development/accessibility', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-188.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07618159055709839', 'original_id': '0d4fea99405e93a9c8b3f6b53547244afd9e0f3631f43809f07ccb4d46ded1b8'} |
Sex war is fly vs fly | University of Oxford
OSB archive
OSB archive
Sex war is fly vs fly
Pete Wilton
Maybe it’s simple mammalian prejudice but most of us don’t stop to consider flies having sex, let alone having sperm.
But of course they do, and Oxford’s Stuart Wigby has found that a study of the chemicals male flies release along with their sperm could be important in tackling insect pests as well as giving us a fresh insight into sexual competition in many species, including our own.
A team led by Stuart report in Current Biology that when faced with sexual competitors male fruit flies transfer more chemicals to females in an attempt to change their sexual behaviour and physiology.
This sexual ‘chemical warfare’ between males revolves around seminal fluid proteins that are transferred in the fly’s seminal fluid alongside sperm. In insects these proteins can cause females to store sperm, lay eggs faster, and can act as anti-aphrodisiacs, making females less sexually receptive.
The team showed that male fruit flies [Drosophila melanogaster] use these proteins strategically; increasing the amount transferred when other males are present. They also found that males that are able to transfer more of these proteins have more offspring – making it likely that the amounts delivered determine the reproductive success of males.
Stuart told us: ‘As similar proteins are known in other species including arthropods and mammals – including humans – our results give a tantalising insight into how the different sexual strategies of males and females have evolved.’
‘Our findings could prove important for controlling the insect pests that damage crops or carry diseases. At the moment the sterile males used to control populations of pest insects are often not very successful at out-competing male rivals in the mating game; this research suggests how future control programs might selectively breed sexually competitive males.’
Dr Stuart Wigby is based at Oxford’s Department of Zoology | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9545187950134276}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '49302', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BCJH42U4JSTEGZB4GVHMCFVCMISIRFGH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f0c4a5d7-33fe-4f01-9069-fa04fb0890f0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 18, 20, 15, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '129.67.242.154', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EJSY42YNYNSHXOD6FVY6P3J42ECD4Y6S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb6556f7-2478-4e6c-88fd-cfb521ad3799>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/sex-war-fly-vs-fly', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6579eb3e-2d58-49b1-9c5e-0cd8629c9e09>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '314', 'url': 'http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/sex-war-fly-vs-fly', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-63-100-22.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.038510143756866455', 'original_id': '46b8dde0b4843fbb74b290d6b8f4f8ae03ea35c4ea62989ee55bad5cb9226ed7'} |
March 1, 2018 13 min to read
Inside the Forbes 400 Rich List
Publication : Uncategorized
“Rich List” chapter excerpt from biography, ‘The Man Who Had Everything Malcom Forbes’ by Christopher Winans (PDF here).
Jonathan Greenberg who started at Forbes in 1980 as a research assistant, was asked in June 1981 if he would volunteer to work on a Rich List, as the project came to be known internally. From the beginning, it was clear this was Malcolm’s brainchild.
Malcolm had told Michaels, who hated the idea (“I was hung up on the risk, he on the opportunity,” Michaels would write later), to figure out how it could be done. Michaels kicked it over to Zalaznick, who also initially wasn’t thrilled. To begin with, no one believed it was possible to do such a list; that was the major criticism. It’s not like ranking publicly traded companies whose financial information is disclosed in accordance with federal Securities and Exchange Commission laws. Tax returns for private individuals arc proprietary. How could Forbes uncover the necessary information to confidently say such a list was authoritative?
Because Michaels viewed the project with such disdain, the staff generally saw any related assignment as punishment- certainly not a good sign for one’s career.
Michaels and Zalaznick could think of many obstacles that would make the job impossible, but they could not alter the most important fact of all: this was the boss’s idea. Greenberg was paired with assistant managing editor Jim Flanigan, now a Los Angeles Times business columnist, for a two-month stint to get started.
Greenberg’s initial function was to call the 500 biggest companies to determine who owned them. Meanwhile, the bureaus- Houston, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington- were told to accumulate local rich lists and related information and relay it all to Flanigan. Like Michaels and Zalaznick, the bureaus also perceived this as an odious, impossible job and thus did the bare minimum. The fact that everyone detected Michael’s lack of commitment to the project didn’t help.
“What they sent Flanigan amounted to nothing more than a few newspaper clippings,” Greenberg says. “Clearly this wasn’t a high priority.”
By mid-August, it was clear that the job was far from done. Zalaznick was convinced the job couldn’t be done. The next step was merely to go back to Malcolm with the proof that the idea was impractical. Says Greenberg, “We tried to do it and failed. This was the message that Michaels and Shelly then took back to Malcolm.”
Zalaznick had sent a memo to Malcolm telling him why he opposed the project. First, it would require a huge commitment of reporters’ time when the staff already was stretched to the limit. Second, Zalaznick didn’t believe there was a way the job of identifying the 400 richest Americans could be done accurately. Thus, once it came out, “there would be four hundred people in this country who would know with certainty that Forbes was full of shit,” Zalaznick says.
Malcolm responded quickly to both criticisms. First of all, he was willing to commit whatever resources would be necessary to get the job done. “I don’ t care what it takes; I want it done.” Second, Malcolm conceded that the first rich list might be riddled with inaccuracies, but experience would lead to improvements and greater reliability.
Zalaznick may not have been entirely convinced, but it wasn’t the kind of issue one puts one’s job on the line for. And the Rich List would go on to become an excellent training ground for reporters; it required a lot of travel, a lot of interviewing, and a lot of delving into public records to root out information that private citizens fight to keep secret.
For Malcolm, money was no object in getting the necessary resources to surmount the obstacles. Even time initially wasn’t important. Whatever it took, Malcolm was committed to the concept. He was convinced this was a hot idea.
“That embodied the nature of Malcolm’s leadership ability,” Greenberg says. “Very rarely did he pull rank in a way that has left such an impression on the magazine. It wasn’t just money.” It wasn’t just that this would be a great ad-sales vehicle. “It was fame. The Fortune 500 had always been such a barometer, and it clearly irked him that nobody quoted the Forbes 500.”
This was Malcolm’s answer. He knew he would be achieving what no one else had done on quite this scale. He wanted something that people would talk about the way they talk about the fortune 500 or the Dow Jones averages.
Now the effort got under way in earnest. The appointment of a senior editor, Harry Seneker, to work on the project full time put the effort on a higher level of importance. A number of publications that had done local rich lists- Texas Monthly, Minneapolis magazine, New Jersey Monthly, Philadelphia magazine – were studied for ideas about how to gather and assess information.
The entire effort caused something of a split in the editorial office: between people pulled away to work on Malcolm’s new project and everyone else lined up behind Michaels in the belief that Forbes ultimately would be embarrassed by the effort.
Michaels, for example, clearly wasn’t pleased when it was decided to assign Greenberg to the project for an entire year. Greenberg, for his part, felt caught in the middle. The project fascinated him, but “if Michaels doesn’t like something that Malcolm wants to do, being assigned to it automatically puts you on Michaels’s shit list,” Greenberg says. (Still, Michaels ultimately would heap praise on Greenberg when he left the magazine in August 1983 with an editorial note headlined A BEAUTIFUL SWAN SONG(PDF), a reference to Greenberg’s final story.)
By spring 1982, Seneker’s Rich List crew had grown to include a host of talented reporters- including John Dorfman, who later went on to write for the Wall Street Journal, and Jay Gissen, later a founding editor of Manhattan, inc. The strategy was to send reporters to spend a week in each of several major cities. Greenberg alone went to San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, Minneapolis, Chicago, Cleveland, Columbus, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Miami, and Tulsa. Jay Gissen concentrated on the Oil Patch.
Gissen, one of the few who didn’t view the assignment as a booby prize, volunteered for it. He was fascinated by the prospect of developing a snapshot of personal wealth in America. Who had it? Where did they come from? How did they earn it? In the beginning no one had any idea how much money it would take for inclusion among the 400 richest Americans. Would the cut off be $10 million, $100 million, more? It became readily apparent early on that it took about $10 million just to have the visible trappings of great wealth- a private jet, a tremendous house, expensive cars, frequent appearances at luxurious resorts.
The instructions were to keep the purpose of the digging a secret. The fear was that someone might try to stop the process with a lawsuit charging invasion of privacy. Many of the targets weren’t public figures. In fact “reclusive” is probably the most commonly used adjective with the words “millionaire” and ” billionaire.” Forrest E. Mars of the Mars, Inc. candy company in Hackettstown, New Jersey, was a perfect example; worth billions of dollars, he’d done everything he could to avoid the kind of publicity that definitely would flow from the Rich List.
A man like Mars may spend his life trying to avoid the spotlight, but as the owner of a major corporation, he can’t hide his wealth completely. But what about truly hidden wealth? How do you track down the very discreet rich? This turned out not to be too hard. It was easy to go into a particular town and find out through the local newspapers who had the most amount of financial clout. But nailing clown precise figures wasn’t so easy. A number of factors had to be considered, not the least of which was an individual’s debt load. “We’d go in to a city,” Gissen says, “and talk to the local newspaper’s business editor. We’d talk to local bankers in confidence. Most wouldn’t tell us anything, but some would.”
The Forbes researchers found that wealth generally came in the form of company stock, oil and gas holdings, real estate, media properties, and inheritance, which included all of the above. Soon, Forbes reporters with expertise and sources in these various areas began to contribute valuable information. Greenberg, for example, became particularly interested in the enormous value of Manhattan real estate. About 10 percent of the original 400 were on the list because of New York real estate holdings.
“Granted, a list like this has to be based on a pile of absurd assumptions,” says Gissen, later editor of the Cable Guide. “The value of stock and oil in the ground, for example, isn’t real until you sell it.”
While debt was perhaps the biggest unknown factor, the hidden role of silent partners also clouded the picture. Nevertheless, it became apparent that the cutoff for inclusion on the first list was going to be about $100 million.
Maintaining secrecy about the project would be no easy task. Forbes reporters were talking to local-newspaper business editors, society columnists, fund-raisers, politicians, and the semirich. Making such inquiries without tipping one’s hand about one’s purpose isn’t easy. A newspaper in Columbus, Ohio, ran a story in the winter of 1981 reporting that Forbes had come to town in search of candidates for a list of America’s richest. Ultimately, it did no harm.
Meanwhile, roughly eighty people threatened to sue Forbes if they appeared on a Rich List. The main fear among potential subjects was that the Internal Revenue Service would scrutinize the list for income not listed on returns. An IRS agent in the New York office, however, once told Gissen the agency had taken a look at the list but didn’t see anything worth investigating.
Also, there was protest over Malcolm’s insistence that the list include names of nonadult children, which was perceived as a sort of potential shopping list for kidnappers and terrorists. In fact, Gissen and Greenberg both implored Malcolm not to include children’s names, but Malcolm insisted they be included (perhaps he saw the value of establishing a data base of rich heirs).
An equally important reason for secrecy was to keep the news from leaking out to archrival Fortune for as long as possible. Presumably, since Fortune had done a similar list -of private companies and who owned them- it was conceivable that it could develop a competing rich list on relatively short notice and steal Malcolm’s thunder.
One area full of reclusives was the field of New York real estate investment. Greenberg spent the last three months of his research on it, managing to identify and rank the big players. The sources turned out to be less impenetrable than he expected. To begin with, he had the advantage of relatives close to the business. A grandfather was an accountant to many of the biggest New York real estate investors of the 1930s and 1940s, and that helped open doors to some of the heirs of these investors. And his brother in the real estate business in New York helped him identify the major individuals in Manhattan ‘s biggest land deals.
But the most useful sources were the subjects themselves. While they were reluctant to discuss their own holdings, they talked freely about everyone else’s. Usually they were accurate. Everyone seemed well informed about who owned what. By playing one against the other, Greenberg was able to nail down a fairly accurate accounting. Many candidates for the list tried different tactics to avoid inclusion. William Randolph Hearst, Jr., of the publishing fortune, for example, tried to convince Malcolm to keep his name off the list. Hearst had a legitimate reason for fearing public attention to his wealth; even without a published rundown of it, the Symbionese Liberation Army correctly determined how much it could expect the Hearsts to be able to put their hands on in an attempt to get back his kidnapped niece, Patricia. Still, Malcolm wouldn’t be moved. “Tell you what, Bill,” Malcolm told him. “You shut down Town and Country magazine and I’ll cancel the Rich List.”
One day a real estate baron came into Seneker’s office, obviously agitated about the prospect of getting on the rich list.
“Harry immediately called me in,” Greenberg recalls. “He didn’t want to spend one second alone with this guy. He was very nervous.” Greenberg walked in. The man was just standing there sweating profusely. “I want to talk to Harry Seneker,” he said. Seneker refused to ask Greenberg to leave them alone. “Can we close the door?” Again, Seneker refused. He said he wanted off the list. He said he wasn’t worth it. Besides, he was embroiled with relatives in a dispute over his assets. Having them detailed in Forbes could hurt. He kept looking at Seneker and Greenberg. He didn’t have anything further to say. After a long, uncomfortable silence, he said, “Don’t you think you could do something here?” It was apparent the visitor was willing to do almost anything -perhaps even pay- to avoid the publicity. He was shown the door. At one point there was even a rumor that someone was selling people on the promise that for the right amount of money, he could get your name off the list. A host of petty bribes were offered by individuals wanting off-from free football tickets to barrels of pop corn to, in one case, $50,000 for two reporters.
Several Rich List candidates who wanted off made powerful arguments, appealing to the reporters’ personal morality. How would you feel if you’d worked hard all your life to amass a fortune and keep it secure? The prospect of gaining wide publicity for it might threaten that security.
“People said, ‘It’s on your head,'” Greenberg says. “It was hard, particularly when you felt they were entitled to their privacy.”
But once you were on the list, a new set of concerns arose. One secretive New York developer who made the first list, much to his displeasure, came back as the second annual list was being compiled and told Greenberg, “You put me on this list. If you take me off, it’ll make me look bad. I got no choice but to stay on this fucking list.”
The process of ranking the other real estate tycoons in New York was helped by Greenberg’s practice of sitting down with each subject with a preliminary list in front of him. The subject wanted to see who stood where. Greenberg’s list had thirty or forty names paired with the addresses of the properties they held, what they paid for them, what their liabilities were, and who their partners were. It was all on one page.
“They were fascinated to see how they were placed,” Greenberg says. “For all of them, this was probably the first time they’d ever seen such a list. And they all wanted to move themselves up on the list or at least push others down. They were extremely competitive. As a result, you’d learn everything about everyone else. They’d say, ‘So-and-so doesn’t own that all by himself’ and proceed to tell you who the other partners were. Then there were the people you never heard of, but they’d tell you about them because they envied their holdings.”
Part of what made this process of eliciting information work so well was Greenberg’s refusal to tell anyone else what others said about them. That way, a subject could feel more comfortable about being a source.
Donald Trump was one of those who insisted he was worth more than Forbes thought. In interviews with Greenberg, he aggressively deconstructed the wealth of everyone above him. He wanted to be on top.
Leave a comment | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9751186370849608}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '73739', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:T4QPLCQ3L3IPZ3WKY7ABXTARNASEPFYT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:00189395-e6f4-41f1-bb99-eb6d3b34679b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 6, 21, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '79.142.67.215', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZN4RDRD4LFNJ6UG5C7ETWBMARTDAL6HS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:13a7db2e-d7ad-4c53-8daa-b6ae11dd30f9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://jonathangreenberg.com/excerpt-from-malcom-forbes-biography/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:23e08bc2-a111-4ee2-afa1-29e23c6e768b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2557', 'url': 'http://jonathangreenberg.com/excerpt-from-malcom-forbes-biography/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-181-38.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021202385425567627', 'original_id': 'ef68d69170ef739f505689f55b4feef076d4219ceb39b4b7e82d660fb1fc87fd'} |
Home goods store organizations and companies in Fernie, British Columbia
Many Home goods store in British Columbia are conveniently located near you. Find the nearest location! Write a review to rate this services. Get customer phone numbers, opening hours for every Home goods store services.
Also, on this page you can always find regions, customer reviews and territories in Canada where there are organizations of the category Home goods store | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '31', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9446397423744202}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '20549', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L5WNCAI6P5JUHSVMBIP6JY5AC3PQE2CX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a7814e40-3c89-480c-b134-09ce669bea56>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 15, 2, 25, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '159.203.44.91', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Z7OFPZBGPQNKESNTGSEMS27JPW7XNPNM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:988459e2-38d3-4a10-8f2d-4dd4ff847292>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://fernie.listercanada.com/home-goods-store/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f435b09-7dd2-472c-9e14-fa9569805ab8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '71', 'url': 'http://fernie.listercanada.com/home-goods-store/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-161-213.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.18108630180358887', 'original_id': 'ec31665e0f6ec503d0f55a1e1b8ccc879f7f65069d6ea2cf80bbd7a5525d970c'} |
Video re-post of the Dash News Podcast episode 132. This week we had special guest Spencer Kuzara, Dash Investment Foundation Supervisor on the podcast.
⏱️ Podcast Video Timestamps:
00:02 Welcome to you the Dash podcast
00:42 Special guests for this episode is Kodaxx aka Spencer
01:09 Why are you now a DIF supervisor?
02:42 Was there an initiation like a secret ritual?
03:02 Meetings and proposals
03:55 What does Kodaxx bring that’s unique to the table?
05:57 The lightning network as an example
07:10 Amanda’s DIF update on the Dash page subreddit
10:44 The role of chairperson
12:22 A DIF masternode?
15:14 The recent pullback (Dash price)
17:51 Is there a preference for projects that accept Dash
21:39 Should the DIF trade?
27:04 The BCH Investment Foundation (B-CHIF?)
43:02 (Kodaxx disclaimer)
43:38 A DIF rogue not funded by the treasury
46:20 Reallocating the block rewards
49:07 Some figures by Mark
1:10:16 Maxies
1:17:34 Miners Matter
1:18:16 Dash hash rate going strong
1:19:48 TRX volumes and active addresses
1:22:47 Future guests: Ryan Taylor, Naomi Brockwell and Crypto Ramble
1:24:02 #WhenEvo ==> Open House in Scottsdale Arizona
1:25:23 Wrap up: where to read more about Kodaxx and the DIF
1:26:34 Joel takes us out
The Dash News podcast is now available to listen to on the following platforms:
Itunes
Tunein
Stitcher
Google Play
Overcast
Podbean
If you haven’t done so by now, can you please make sure you like and subscribe to the Dash News YouTube channel. Thank you to the Dash community for your continued support.
💬 Dash Chat Discord – www.staydashy.com | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'bfcaa405e8887e1ad42b85c7e05c103941a87df81132b5604b84dd997c9140d1'} |
3 Social Media Management Tips for Business Owners
Social Media is a force to be reckoned with in the business industry. It is not a thing you just do for fun anymore, especially when you have a brand/business to promote. It is serious business, and it amazes me how many businesses neglect their social media accounts.
Many of these business owners do not fully understand the impact social media has on their business. If they saw the big picture, they would pay that bit extra and hire a professional social media manager to sort out their social media accounts. Rather than trying to do everything by themselves, and failing woefully.
Money Management Tips Image
As a social media manager, I had to teach myself all I needed to know about social media, and I am still learning. There is always something new to learn everyday and I am forever grateful for the opportunities I have to learn.
Here are some social media management tips you can implement today –
Post regularly and consistently
Posting regularly and consistently is a great way to grow your social media platforms. It means you will appear regularly in newsfeeds, and attract more eyeballs to your pages and websites.
Regularly for me means every weekday, excluding holidays if you like. I find it very shocking whenever I come across a business social media account that has not been updated in days. Such accounts usually look neglected, almost like an afterthought. Growing a business with neglected social media accounts will never work in this day and age.
Don’t buy followers
I know how tempting it can be to buy social media followers. It is easily done and it seems everyone is doing it to boast their credibility. But I will never advise any brand/business to buy followers. It does not work long-term. The bought followers won’t buy what you are selling, and they will never engage.
I recommend running ads and being active on the social media platforms to grow the followers. This takes time and effort, so it is worth hiring a social media manager to get the job done professionally.
Give value
Social media is a platform for exchanging information, great content and value. As a business owner you need to run regular giveaways and discount deals to drive engagement. Also, you need to ensure any information you share on your social media platforms offers a sort of value to your followers.
These are some of my tried and tested social media management tips you could implement on your platforms today. Do let me know if you have any questions or tips of your own to share.
Thanks for reading. Have a lovely Monday.
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14 April 2010
Spiral Diner- Out of This World
In a non-descript grey brick building in Oak Cliff, Texas sits the Spiral Diner, Dallas' favorite vegan restaurant and bakery (I apologize in advance for the copious use of exclamation marks). Their mission is simple: serve great tasting 100% vegan cuisine, using only the best (and mostly organic) ingredients they can. I fell in love with this restaurant before I even set foot in the door based entirely on their mission statement:
*Use only cruelty-free and environmentally friendly biodegradable cleaning products
*Only purchase recycled and un-bleached paper products (with the highest post-consumer content available)
*Always buy Certified Organic ingredients whenever possible with conventional only as a last resort
*Use environmentally friendly, biodegradable take-away containers and disposable cutlery (we also encourage our customers to bring their own reusable containers with them to help us reduce packaging waste)
*Recycle 100% of all the accepted materials that come through our kitchen
*Donate a portion of profit to local grassroots organizations that are fighting for human, animal, and environmental causes
*Reduce waste by purchasing in bulk as much as possible and donating excess food to local food banks and shelters
*Never compromise on the above principles
They also keep their prices low while paying their staff a decent wage (I'm not sure how much that is, but I support anyone making more than $2.15/hr).
My lovely and talented friend shine (Are you reading her blog? You really should), decided to go vegan for April. Click on the link for her to explain the "why's" to you. Needless to say, I fully support her and was so excited when she invited me to dinner at Spiral. I must have studied the menu five times before the big day, trying to figure out what I would try first.
I got there early (who would have guessed there would be no traffic on I-30?) and ordered the Agave Limeade to tide me over-yum! When shine arrived, she ordered the Hot Nacho Cheese and Chips for us to share. I've heard a lot about nut cheese (mark it) for a couple weeks but was scared and slightly afraid to try it. To put it simply, it's delicious; kind of like if bean dip and nacho cheese had a baby. I couldn't stop eating it!
For dinner, I had the Chopped BBQ San'ich which is made from marinated and grilled seitan with a spicy BBQ sauce, dill pickles, red onion, and "mayo". In hindsight, I probably should have ordered the grapes as my side dish, but who can argue with the genius paring of potato salad and BBQ? The sauce was a lot zestier than I anticipated, but delicious none the less. While it didn't have quite the same texture as beef, I can see why seitan is such a popular meat replacement. Shine was in the mood for some comfort food and ordered one of the blue plate specials, chili mac. It looked really good and the pasta was nice and soft. For desert, I ordered a brownie with walnuts and she had a vanilla cupcake with the most outrageous yellow and green icing. My brownie was heaven. I usually don't like nuts in my deserts, but these were soft, not mushy, verses the crunchy I usually detest (mark it squared). Her cupcake had a really interesting flavor neither of us could pin point, but it wasn't bad.
[side note: Whole Foods Vegan Chocolate Chips are heaven and I may end up eating a whole bag of them!]
All in all, I give Spiral Diner 4 stars and cannot wait until my sister is in town so we can go again (though truth be told, I'm probably going back a lot sooner)! It's a great place for vegans, vegetarians, and meat eaters alike!!
Anonymous said...
I'm actually nearly positive now that it was bananas. You can use bananas as a substitute for eggs (as I read on the internets last night) and it really did taste like banana bread.
Graygrrrl said...
That must be it! It would also explain how I didn't recognize it since I have a loathing for bananas
Gofahne said...
I'm still amazed and confused by this entire substitutions to make something vegan, but I LOVE Spiral Diner and love reading about it!!
Great review.
And oh, oh, oh my gawd....the "cheese"!!!!!
Graygrrrl said...
@gofahne- Your wonder and awe at the world of vegan & vegetarian cuisine did come up in conversation last night! Keep reading and I'm sure it will all begin to make sense in time.
PS- you're hilarious!!!
NightMer said...
Yeah! I'm glad you liked it! I cooked saitan for dinner last night: sauted. It was great! Can't wait to see you!
NatalieCottrell said...
My stomach growled like a fiend as I read this post. I've eaten all of the above at Spiral, and I agree they're wonderful. Let's go soon! (I curse the fact that I live so far away from Spiral, tho it's probably best for my waistline and pocketbook that I do.) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.96536785364151}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53175', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:446PZLWP2NZMRSFH5XGKJYK5J5ZLZWDG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f4a2d6ab-7928-44d8-afa4-c4e5284b951b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 9, 22, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AJWVKPILRAWRYG6N4URLBUAHDBVEJMCV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:173d02f9-9f8c-4715-ae52-fa21e6dbbfd1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://veggiesometimes.blogspot.com/2010/04/spiral-diner-out-of-this-world.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2b1dcf2b-09b0-494a-8283-d0e94bbaf68c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '817', 'url': 'http://veggiesometimes.blogspot.com/2010/04/spiral-diner-out-of-this-world.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-154-72-80.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022891521453857422', 'original_id': '56c80393a8912505883f887223dbad95638709a78860661ca4a669508cbb1299'} |
How to Brand Yourself as A MOBE Consultant
How to Brand Yourself as A MOBE Consultant
Mobe Matt Lloyd Training Updates, Mobe Review, Mobe Training Tips To Grow Your Business 0 Comment
MOBE Matt Lloyd: If you want to make it big in the affiliate marketing world, you need to create a personal brand for yourself. A branded affiliate marketer will have a distinguished and recognizable impression on customers. They may even be considered a expert on the field, and people are willing to listen to them. They have something special that makes people want to buy from them; that’s their unique selling point, something every marketer should have.
Unique Selling Point
To find your unique selling point, you need to do an honest self-analysis, asking yourself the following questions.
• Who Are You?
Explain why audiences should be listening to you. Talk about the values you want your website to represent, the principles you intend to stick to, and what you want to accomplish with your affiliate marketing business.
Making money is of course a priority goal, but you should think of the customers first and foremost. From their point of view, what do you want them to feel and think about your personal brand?
• What Do You Do?
Describe the niche market you are in. As a MOBE consultant, you want to develop a reputation of being an expert in the business education niche. Do extensive research on the subject, and come up with important takeaways that your audience should get from your messages. You can use these takeaways as business concepts that sets up apart; become your trademark.
• What Sets You Apart
What is it about you that differs from every other affiliate marketer promoting business training programs out there? MOBE has a unique 21 step HTAM program that actually educates aspiring affiliate marketers on what to do, commission rates that are higher than market average, and a two tier compensation plan that has you earning both from front end and back end sales. These are unique qualities about the company, and you can use the to promote the MOBE affiliate program.
You should also develop your own special points. Maybe offering a free business consultation. Or write a book, talk more at events to gain the position of an expert.
Having a recognizable brand can sure open doors for you, but focusing too much on creating a personal brand can take you away from tasks that earn you money, and you end up not making profit. Create your brand through quality content and outstanding service, reflecting the three questions above that forms your unique selling point.
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Hide Buttons | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '50', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9478912949562072}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '54296', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4MQEIWEWGTN4T46VTG62YTYNL2Q2WCDT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d8c3b48a-4fd7-4989-b795-b83c91b84e0c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 6, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.87.151.175', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WPGP2G7EOXEEBPHSK5QBC4CIBH4PCLPO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d984251-5ada-4393-a30d-f8e13ecec47c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://mobeabc.com/2016/06/25/brand-mobe-consultant/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ff1ee9bd-fcda-4c10-ade8-404c9fb8bdfe>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '514', 'url': 'http://mobeabc.com/2016/06/25/brand-mobe-consultant/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-141-5.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01842665672302246', 'original_id': '5acd0dec68c5425c91538cde650402a0e683314b90783e05f491cbaabeed04e3'} |
Translational Research
Seed-based biclustering of Gene Expression Data
Accumulated biological research outcomes show that biological functions do not depend on individual genes, but on complex gene networks. Microarray data are widely used to cluster genes according to their expression levels across experimental conditions. However, functionally related genes generally do not show coherent expression across all conditions since any given cellular process is active only under a subset of conditions. Biclustering finds gene clusters that have similar expression levels across a subset of conditions.
This paper proposes a seed-based algorithm that identifies coherent genes in an exhaustive, but efficient manner. In order to find the biclusters in a gene expression dataset, we exhaustively select combinations of genes and conditions as seeds to create candidate bicluster tables.
The tables have two columns: (a) a gene set, and (b) the conditions on which the gene set have dissimilar expression levels to the seed.
First, the genes with less than the maximum number of dissimilar conditions are identified and a table of these genes is created. Second, the rows that have the same dissimilar conditions are grouped together. Third, the table is sorted in ascending order based on the number of dissimilar conditions.
Finally, beginning with the first row of the table, a test is run repeatedly to determine whether the cardinality of the gene set in the row is greater than the minimum threshold number of genes in a bicluster. If so, a bicluster is outputted and the corresponding row is removed from the table.
Repeating this process, all biclusters in the table are systematically identified until the table becomes empty. This paper presents a novel biclustering algorithm for the identification of additive biclusters. Since it involves exhaustively testing combinations of genes and conditions, the additive biclusters can be found more readily.
Seed-based biclustering
source code (right click and 'save target as ...')
source code using netbeans
Tel: +61 7 3443 7280
An J, Liew AW-C, Nelson CC (2012) Seed-Based Biclustering of Gene Expression Data. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042431 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '16', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8383482694625854}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46216', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3S5KDBT7YGBRRPDAC4EYZPUOB5O5MY6W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:26646faf-99d0-4126-aab2-3dca13f21c51>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 21, 18, 59, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.116.17.11', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CWIYWLAG3AWOD4TMQUVDRG42OT7EZT2X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c4f97eb7-bb62-4555-83df-b8dde468aa0f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.australianprostatecentre.org/research/software/seed-based-biclustering-of-gene-expression-data', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1799cb9a-5d5f-4c74-980a-0cf93a2d2433>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '362', 'url': 'http://www.australianprostatecentre.org/research/software/seed-based-biclustering-of-gene-expression-data', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-97-162-208.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5403915047645569', 'original_id': '34a73d266e82baa881821fe6ef455a0f13c201e9e84df3ae4f0f48d73ad91565'} |
mettre frein à l'inconscience, l'indifférence et la division en faveur de l'entente et du développement de notre sous-préfecture de Facobly | common_corpus | {'identifier': '199000410938', 'collection': 'French Open Data', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Licence ouverte', 'date': '1990.0', 'title': 'ASSOCIATION DES RESSORTISSANTS DE LA SOUS-PREFECTURE DE FACOBLY EN FRANCE (ARFAF)', 'creator': 'ASSOCIATIONS', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '20', 'token_count': '40', '__index_level_0__': '51107', 'original_id': 'fb9d2f6f0004de3d42db919926b8f87dd59457b7af6b2acd1ecb7b959b87c72d'} |
Same biocidal products authorisation
To meet the needs of companies and reduce their administrative burdens, the Same Biocidal Products Regulation (Regulation 414/2013, amended by Regulation 2016/1802) introduces the possibility to go from wider to narrower authorisations (i.e. from a biocidal product family to a subset of one or more “family members”) or markets (i.e. from Union authorisation to national authorisation).
It is possible to apply for an authorisation for a single product (the ‘same product’), which is identical to another authorised biocidal product (the ‘reference product’), or for which an application for such authorisation has been submitted (the ‘prospective reference product’).
This can happen regardless of whether the related reference product is a single product or an individual product of a biocidal product family.
Furthermore, it is possible to apply for national authorisation starting from a (prospective) reference product having (or seeking to have) a Union authorisation.
Products subject to the simplified authorisation procedure are also covered by this regulation.
An application for an authorisation for a same biocidal product family (Union, national or simplified) starting from a (prospective) reference product family is also possible.
The same biocidal product application process will result in an independent authorisation, but with the same expiry date as for the reference product (or product family). These authorisations will have a different authorisation number from the reference product and can be changed or cancelled independently of the reference product.
Applications for a same biocidal product need to be made through R4BP 3, just like all other applications under the BPR.
Information and instructions for submitting and following up the application for a same biocidal product authorisation can be found in the relevant submission manuals available on ECHA’s website. For more regulatory information, please consult the ‘Same Biocidal Product’ chapter of the Practical Guide. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8992554545402527}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '138044', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AFDTQ2BXGNH6VA5F6N52LWM6KOTAGM5H', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1465d43e-1aed-4d47-93c4-5a52c9637425>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 21, 32, 50), 'WARC-IP-Address': '194.187.232.199', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AEBZQ6YGWOBLRS6MM74VMNYDZ3F6RWTA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dda0ca69-a726-4b61-b525-6b5a68f6df89>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/regulations/biocidal-products-regulation/same-biocidal-products-authorisation', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0d420361-291a-4456-91db-4d31cae2049b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '281', 'url': 'https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/regulations/biocidal-products-regulation/same-biocidal-products-authorisation', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-166-28-51.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02605503797531128', 'original_id': '86241764d0d9bcd8fae1af9f720b2e7e9e34749e9791c772b293e6001ddf98a5'} |
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