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Encyclopedia Metallica
Thorn Within (Hetfield/Ulrich/Hammett)
This song is actually Jason's favorite song on the "Load" album.
The song live:
Has never been played live.
The demo:
The song's demo was named "Thorn".
The subject matter:
Jason said that the song is about someone who is guilty and no one is willing to forgive for what he is blamed for and his father just feels as tho he is a thorn.
"Find me guilty when true guilt is from within"
"For I am shadows and will follow me One and the same are we"
The person accepts the fact that he's guilty, but no one cares. In the second line he is either saying "we're both human, we all make mistakes" or "I'm just your shadow - You are actually the one who did it..."
- Main Index
- Lyrics
- Song info
- Cover songs
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Vera Strauss
Portrayed by Famke Janssen
Name: Vera Strauss
Alias: Vee
Birthday: December 13, 1979
Origin: Muggle
Role: Service Worker
Affiliation: Vera's Saloon
Title: Owner & Bartender
Resources: ●● Comfortable
Standing at a fairly average height, Vera has a toned form, with curves where one would generally expect them. Her oval face is framed by dark brown hair, typically worn loose to hang around her shoulders or hastily pulled back into a messy bun. Dark brows arch over amber eyes, spaced evenly to her straight nose. Her philtrum (that little divot under the nose) is quite pronounced, giving emphasis to the cupid's bow of her upper lip and the smooth curve of lower. When she smiles straight teeth are shown, the result of braces in her teenaged years.
Vera isn't a clothes horse, preferring instead to dress for the toil of her job, in comfortable shirts and, most often, jeans. She layers habitually, ready to peel off a layer when the job gets physical, and always has at least one cardigan around, to ward off the general coolness of the region. Her feet are usually covered by black biker-style boots, well worn, with low heels and steel toes against the hazards of having to move heavy objects that sometimes include inebriated customers.
Born and raised in Sin City, Vera was the only child of Carl and Eileen Strauss. The Strauss family owned a small diner/bar off the Strip, catering mostly to locals looking for a break from the tourists. Unfortunately, some of the local mobsters also took a shine to the off-the-beaten-track establishment, making it one of their regular places to do "business". Carl was never thrilled about this but complied since the patronage was typically polite and respectful if a bit shady. Until the night when a demand was made for the diner to open at 3 AM, and Carl balked. By a strange coincidence, Carl and Eileen were found dead the next morning in the staff bathroom.
Vera had been 18 when this happened, about to start her future by going to college, and her dreams were shattered. The men who killed Carl and Eileen had done so of their own volition, a turn of events their Boss was not exactly pleased by. They were "reassigned" (likely to an unmarked grave in the desert), and the Don made Vera an offer she couldn't refuse for the purchase of the diner. The exorbitant amount wouldn't bring her parents back, but it gave the young woman a fine start, and she left Vegas, never to return.
For years Vera traveled the southwest, saving her blood money and taking odd jobs in bars and roadside diners to supplement her day-to-day needs. Eventually, she decided to venture more north, and she ended up in a dingy bar in a little city in Oregon called Mythic Wood. She has a way of getting people talking, and found out most of the life story of the bar's then-owner, including the fact that he was looking to cash out, sell the bar, and retire. That very night, in a cash exchange, the ownership of the bar changed hands. It took the locals a bit to come to trust this outsider, but Vera's tough-girl charm eventually began to win them over. In the time she's been in Mythic Wood she's become an immovable fixture, fully accepted finally in her adopted home.
Story Hooks
• Vera's Saloon: Arguably the most popular bar in town. It's a place many people can find comfortable, leaning in no direction drastically other than trying to be somewhere for everyone.
• Peacemaker: Vera rarely takes sides. She is often the mother hen putting everyone in their corners to calm down until they can behave like rational adults.
• Tenacious: Vera has faced plenty of difficulties in her life, but she's a fighter and refuses to back down from adversity.
Carl Strauss Carl Strauss
Carl was a real good father. He, unfortunately, got mixed up with a mafia family in Las Vegas that used his diner as a place to meet. When the mobsters tried to push things too far, Carl put his foot down and was killed for it.
Eileen Strauss Eileen Strauss
Eileen was a loving mother. She, unfortunately, suffered the same fate as her husband when she ran to him to hold him in his dying moments. She was an amazing waitress and could carry an outstanding amount of dishes and trays along her forearms. A trick Vera has tried to master in honor of her mother.
Red Red
Red comes in at least a few nights a week. He never gets drunk, helps keep the peace, and tips well. Some think he keeps coming back because he's sweet on Vera, but she knows better. Sometimes he just wants someone to listen, and sometimes he just wants to know that someone would.
Al Al
Al has worked at Vera's Saloon before it was Vera's.
Log Title Summary
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Reasons To Drink Wheatgrass And Where To Get Your Fix In KL
If you haven’t already jumped onto the green juice bandwagon, it’s never too late.
We’re always chugging our greens and the easiest out of them all? Wheatgrass. It’s the young grass of the common wheat plant called triticum aestivum, an incredible edible grass that can be juiced into a “wheatgrass shot,” or milled down into a fine green powder that’s used to create a multipurpose product for both humans and animals. You can find these powders in most grocery store chains (check the organic aisles) and organic shops.
So why do we love it so? Let us count the ways.
1. Wheatgrass is just packed with goodness.
It is a treasure chest of live chlorophyll, which gives leafy plants its signature deep green colour and serves as a crucial component for blood. Wheatgrass contains a rich supply of chlorophyll and helps to fight free radicals ravaging our bodies. It is also a natural source of vitamins A, C, E, K and B; minerals and enzymes including iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc and amino acids.
2. It’s a complete food. No more plates of veggies, really.
Wheatgrass can be regarded as a nutritionally complete food as it contains a full spectrum of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements required by the body. Hooray!
3. Detox? Feeling a bit stuck? Wheatgrass can help.
Lots of testimonies and studies have emerged over the years on the benefits of consuming raw wheatgrass juice for health conditions including the common colds and coughs, constipation and colitis, skin conditions, infections and inflammations. It is also increasingly being researched for heart diseases and cancer. It helps detoxify the body in numerous ways. It’ll help you love your body by creating an oxygen-rich environment. Plus, it offers a power packed boost to the immune by increasing the red blood cell count to offer more energy.
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Juice Works is the first in Malaysia to offer pure and wholesome wheatgrass that are freshly harvested and juiced on the spot upon orders, and served in small shots with a wedge of orange to balance its slightly bitter taste, or added into a juice or smoothie.
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Opinion issued March 17, 2005
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-04-00197-CR
ALONZO ALVIN SEAY, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 960426
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Alonzo Alvin Seay, was charged by indictment with possession with
intent to deliver cocaine in the amount of more than four grams and less than 200
grams, with two enhancements. The jury found appellant guilty as charged, found the
two enhancements to be true, and assessed punishment at imprisonment for life. On
appeal, appellant complains that the trial court erred by excluding from evidence a
spent bullet that was recovered from the trunk of appellant’s car. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Houston Police Officer B.J. Banks testified that, at about 11:20 p.m. on
September 2, 2003, he responded to a dispatcher’s call regarding a disturbance
nearby, saying that shots had been fired. When he arrived at the location, he found
a small group of people who were upset and afraid. One of them said that the suspect
had just driven away in a gold Pontiac. Banks had just passed a car meeting that
description. He turned around to follow the car, and, as he got close to it, he turned
on his lights and siren. The Pontiac then accelerated from approximately 40 miles per
hour to 70 or 80 miles per hour. Banks continued to follow the Pontiac with his lights
and siren on. The Pontiac continued down the street at a high speed, went through
an intersection against a red light, and entered the Eastex Freeway, where its speed
increased to 80 or 90 miles per hour, weaving in and out of traffic. After
approximately two miles, the Pontiac exited the freeway at Jensen Drive, hit the
median strip, and blew out both front tires. The resulting cloud of dust obscured
Banks’s vision, and he also hit the median and blew out his front tires. Appellant got
out of the Pontiac and ran under the freeway to a convenience store on the other side.
Banks followed him, caught up with him inside the store, and handcuffed him.
After more officers arrived, Banks searched appellant and found two baggies
that contained crack cocaine and $2,622 in 20- and 100-dollar bills. Banks also
searched the Pontiac and found an electronic scale with a white powdery substance
on it and a box of .25 caliber automatic ammunition. Banks noted that there were two
bullet holes in the passenger side of the Pontiac—one on the rear door and one on the
front fender near the windshield.
At trial, after the State rested and out of the presence of the jury, appellant
offered a spent bullet as evidence. The trial court stated, “I’m not going to let that
bullet in at this time.” Then, appellant made an offer of the testimony of Alex Azzo,
appellant’s former attorney, who stated that, two days after the incident, he recovered
the spent bullet from inside the trunk of the Pontiac. Azzo admitted that he had no
forensic expertise and no expertise on bullets. He stated that, although he was not an
expert, he believed that the spent bullet was the same bullet that caused the bullet
hole in the car’s trunk. He admitted that he had no personal knowledge regarding
who fired the bullet, when it was fired, or where it came from. He said he thought
that “these bullet holes were caused by the individuals that were chasing my client.”
The trial court asked, “Does anyone have any way of showing when those bullet holes
were placed in that vehicle?” Appellant’s counsel responded, “My client will.”
The State objected to the admission of the bullet on the ground of relevance.
The State also objected to the admission of the testimony of Azzo regarding who
might have fired the bullet unless the defense produced some evidence to support its
theory. The record does not reflect any further request to admit either the bullet or
the testimony of Azzo into evidence.
Appellant testified to the following on his own behalf. He was driving away
from his boss’s house when a truck drove toward his car. He had to stop to avoid a
head-on collision. He did not know the three occupants of the truck. Another car
came up behind him, and three men whom appellant knew got out of that car.
Appellant knew he was being set up because he had had trouble with one of the men
about one month before this incident. One of the men hit appellant in the jaw, and
appellant lost consciousness. When he regained consciousness, the men were
standing around him, displaying weapons and telling him never to come to that
neighborhood again. Appellant drove away as the men chased him and shot at his
car. When he stopped at a red light, he looked in his rearview mirror and saw bright
lights and sped off. He did not know the lights were red and blue. He thought he was
being pursued, but did not realize it was by the police. He heard some noise, but did
not realize it was a police-car siren. He saw the convenience store and decided to go
there because he knew there would be people there. He did not know that he had
cocaine in his pockets and did not know where it came from. The money in his
pockets belonged to his mother.
Vanessa Harrison, an acquaintance of appellant, testified that she saw
appellant’s car with the other vehicles near it. She saw three men jump appellant and
hit him. She saw appellant fall back, and it looked like the other men were putting
something in his pocket, taking it out, and putting it back in. She heard them tell
appellant to get out of the neighborhood and saw appellant speed off. She also heard
gunshots around the corner. Harrison admitted that she could not be 100% sure of
what the men were doing to appellant. At the time of her testimony, Harrison was
serving a sentence in state jail for felony theft.
DISCUSSION
In his sole point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred by
excluding the spent bullet from evidence. Appellant argues that the bullet supported
his defensive theory that he was set up by the group of men that assaulted him on
September 2, 2003 and that the men placed the cocaine in appellant’s pockets while
he was unconscious.
We review the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of
discretion. Bingham v. State, 987 S.W.2d 54, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The trial
court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules and
principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 401.
In this case, at the time the bullet was offered into evidence, Azzo admitted that
he had no way of knowing when the bullet holes were placed in the car, who fired the
bullet, when it was fired, or where it came from. Azzo’s belief that “these bullet holes
were caused by the individuals that were chasing my client” was nothing more than
speculation. Appellant made no further attempt to connect the bullet to the incident
in question and offer the bullet into evidence. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by excluding the spent bullet from evidence. See Garza v. State, 18
S.W.3d 813, 822 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref’d) (concluding that trial court
did not abuse its discretion by excluding testimony based on speculation).
We overrule appellant’s sole point of error and affirm the judgment.
Sam Nuchia
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Nuchia, Jennings, and Alcala.
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
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{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}
<title>MLGB3 List of Medieval Catalogues</title>
{% endblock %}
{% block maincontent %}
<div class="index">
{% if not printing %}<p><a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/medieval_catalogues" title="Back to list of medieval catalogues">Medieval catalogues</a> > <a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/medieval_catalogues/source/UC" title="UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE">UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE</a> > <a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/medieval_catalogues/source/UC/353" title="St John's College">St John's College</a> > Inventory for the Marian commissioners,'12 January 1557'</p>{% endif %}<h2>UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE: St John's College</h2><h3 class="medieval_catalogue_desc">UC56. Inventory for the Marian commissioners,'12 January 1557'</h3>
<em>13 identified entries found.</em>
<div class="index">
<ul id="catalogue_entry_list">
<li>
UC56.*7:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/B/#entry485_anchor"><i>Biblia sacra</i>, Old Testament in Hebrew</a>
pr. [Venice 1517] (Adams B1216), &c.
<br>
</li>
<li>
UC56.23:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/W/#entry3804_anchor">William Woodford OFM [† post 1400]
</a>
<br>
<strong><i>De causis condemnationis XVIII articulorum damnatorum
Iohannis Wyclif</i></strong>
ed. G. Ortwin, <i>Fasciculus rerum expetendarum ac
fugiendarum</i> (Cologne 1535), repr. E. Brown, <i>Fasciculus rerum expetendarum</i>
(London 1690), 1. 191–265; Sharpe, <i>Latin Writers</i>, 819–20.
</li>
<li>
UC56.25:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/L/#entry2124_anchor"><i>Lumen animae</i></a>
pr. [Augsburg] 1477 (Goff L393), &c.; M. A. Rouse &
R. H. Rouse in <i>AFP</i> 41 (1971) 5–113; version C, ed. N. Harris (Oxford
2007); Kaeppeli 565–7.
<br>
</li>
<li>
UC56.39a:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/IJ/#entry1517_anchor">Jerome [<i>c</i>347–420]
</a>
<br>
<strong>Commentary on Matthew</strong>
<i>CPL</i> 590; Lambert 217.
</li>
<li>
UC56.39b:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/IJ/#entry1517_anchor">Jerome [<i>c</i>347–420]
</a>
<br>
<strong>Commentary on Epistles to Galatians, Ephesians, Titus and Philemon</strong>
<i>CPL</i> 591; commentary on Galatians, ed. G. Raspanti, <i>CCSL</i> 77A (2006);
Lambert 219.
</li>
<li>
UC56.39c:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/IJ/#entry1517_anchor">Jerome [<i>c</i>347–420]
</a>
<br>
[<i>pseud.</i>]
<strong><i>Breuiarium in Psalmos</i></strong>
<i>CPL</i> 629; Lambert 427. [Other works now
identified as Jerome on the Psalms, <i>CPL</i> 592, 593, have a much more
restricted circulation; their authenticity rests on the arguments of Morin.]
</li>
<li>
UC56.¶40:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/IJ/#entry1517_anchor">Jerome [<i>c</i>347–420]
</a>
<br>
<strong><i>Epistulae</i></strong>
<i>CPL</i> 620, 633; pr. Strassburg [not after 1469] (<i>GW</i>
12422), &c.
</li>
<li>
UC56.¶*48:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/R/#entry2994_anchor">Robertus Stephanus (Robert Estienne) the elder [<i>c</i>1503–1559]
</a>
<br>
<strong><i>Dictionarium seu Linguae latinae thesaurus</i></strong>
pr. Paris 1531 (Adams
S1818), &c.
</li>
<li>
UC56.†70 (`de re medica'):
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/M/#entry2176_anchor">Marsilio Ficino [1433–1499]
</a>
<br>
<strong><i>De uita libri tres</i></strong>
pr. Florence 1489 (<i>GW</i> 9882), &c.
</li>
<li>
UC56.¶75 = UC120.¶1:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/C/#entry660_anchor">Complutensian Polyglot Bible</a>
pr. Alcalá de Henares 1517 (Adams B968).
<br>
</li>
<li>
UC56.†76:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/A/#entry195_anchor">Ambrosius Autpertus [†781]
</a>
<br>
<strong>Commentary on Revelation</strong>
pr. Cologne 1536 (Adams A956), &c.; ed.
R. Weber, <i>CCCM</i> 27, 27A (1975); Stegmüller <i>Bibl.</i> 1275.
</li>
<li>
UC56.¶78:
<a href="{% if editable %}/e{% endif %}/authortitle/browse/A/#entry319_anchor">Aristotle [384–322 BC]
</a>
<br>
<span class="biblio_block">
L. Minio-Paluello in <i>DSB</i> 1. 267–81 (on tradition and influence).
Indexing Aristotle's works presents difficulties at several levels. He
wrote a great deal. The sources provide evidence at different periods for the
Greek text, multiple Latin translations from Arabic and from Greek, groupings
of individual works under familiar medieval titles, and a wide range of
pseudonymous texts. The descriptions provided by the sources are often
imprecise, especially as to which Latin translation was recorded. Since the
sixteenth century scholarly interest has focused on the Greek text rather than
on versions current in the middle ages. Only in recent decades has
<i>Aristoteles Latinus</i> attempted to document the Latin versions current at
different times, but its progress with editions has been slow. Recently
<i>Aristoteles Latinus Database</i> (<i>ALD</i>) has provided complementary material.
Since 1971 a separate series <i>Aristoteles Semito-Latinus</i> has aimed to edit
translations from Arabic. Where neither is not available, one must have
recourse either to major sixteenth-century printings of Latin (in cases where
they print the medieval versions) or to the earliest printed editions that may
themselves have been documented by our sources. The resulting index is
inevitably uneven. Thanks to Pieter de Leemans for his advice.
</span>
<br>
<strong><i>Libri de animalibus</i>, tr. Theodore Gaza</strong>
pr. Venice 1476 (<i>GW</i> 2350),
&c.
</li>
</ul><!-- end catalogue_entry_list -->
</div><!-- end div class "index" -->
<p>
<em>13 identified entries found.</em></p>
<p>
All data was derived from the <a href="http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ohf/documents/projects/List-of-Identifications.pdf" title="List of Identifications (PDF) by Richard Sharpe" target="_blank">List of Identifications</a> by Professor Richard Sharpe.
{% if not printing %}<br/><em>A <a href="/authortitle/medieval_catalogues/decode/" title="Definition of codes used in the List" target="_blank">key to codes</a> used in the List is available (opens in new tab).</em>{% endif %}</p>
</div><!-- end div class "index" -->
{% include 'includes/indexmenu.html' %}
{% if printing %}<script>window.print();</script>{% endif %}
{% endblock %}
{% block search %}
{% endblock %}
{% block useful_links %}
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| the_stack | {'hexsha': 'f12b7198e6bbcde0b1fe114e63df7e9df83be098', 'size': '6759', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'templates/authortitle/catalogueUC56.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'MLGB3/mlgb.static', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '954330dbfb91fa564eba2558cfd9fc9db781012f', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['Apache-2.0']", 'max_stars_count': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'templates/authortitle/catalogueUC56.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'MLGB3/mlgb.static', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '954330dbfb91fa564eba2558cfd9fc9db781012f', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['Apache-2.0']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'templates/authortitle/catalogueUC56.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'MLGB3/mlgb.static', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '954330dbfb91fa564eba2558cfd9fc9db781012f', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['Apache-2.0']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '37.7597765363', 'max_line_length': '752', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.7035064359', 'original_id': 'dce5e93300e869cd396f543a6f7e9326113c8914cfb7cd34fd9f6f99dcc5e618'} |
New International Track & Field hands-on, trailer and screens from IGN
Here's what generally happens when people play Track and Field: everybody stares intently at the TV screen before suddenly dropping their heads to hunch over controllers, rubbing buttons furiously with the aid of their own chosen performance enhancer: a bit of T-shirt for some people; hose-pipe for others. Some would-be digital world record breakers have even been known to use pencils, or biros to shave off an extra few seconds off the clock.
The story is too old to be commented. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9486331343650818}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '114324', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JB5OMD4R6GHDZMECW73JHJE7D5JTOFSG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1e9a3782-ad35-4c4d-afda-99451e4acac9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 22, 42, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.204.36', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FH6FH7RZLHESCHTERBOY4BPTGADMORXX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dfa1ebbf-fc69-40a4-811f-05d08e36c046>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://n4g.com/news/117902/new-international-track-andamp-field-hands-on-trailer-and-screens-from-ign', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:85d321b6-1549-4618-9084-fbfb2fb3d98c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '93', 'url': 'https://n4g.com/news/117902/new-international-track-andamp-field-hands-on-trailer-and-screens-from-ign', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-109-214-234.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04190641641616821', 'original_id': '490656076f3effe887fbff1ed33eaebbacba69841072665965072e6a4677d72c'} |
Q:
A seeming contradiction regarding the Euler characteristic of a rose
This might be really trivial, but I'm missing something that would settle the contradiction between these two facts:
(1) For $M$ a compact manifold of odd dimension $n$, $$\chi(M)=0.$$
(2) The Euler characteristic of the $n$-rose (wedge of $n$ circles) is $$\chi(\vee_n S^1)=1-n$$ since it has $1+2n$ vertices and $3n$ edges.
Isn't the $n$-rose an odd dimensional compact manifold, and should thus have $\chi=0$? What property of the $n$-rose am I missing, that would mean that theorem (1) doesn't apply to it?
A:
As ThePuix points out in their comment, this rose is not a manifold for $n > 1$ since the wedge point doesn't have a neighbourhood homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}$. Note that when $n=1$ the rose is just a circle and so it is a manifold, and your formula confirms that $\chi(\vee_1 S^1) = 0$.
You also need to be careful with your first assertion: it's not true that $\chi(M)=0$ for every compact odd-dimensional manifold, for example $\chi(D^k) = 1$ for all $k$. However if the manifold is closed (compact and without boundary) then $\chi(M) = 0$ is a consequence of Poincare duality.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd17694e8b62a3176767d66e44edbe97823b644f08893db423b3d5e8bfa8489cc'} |
Team Altran Peugeot at the 24H DUBAI 2018
Biggest challenge the French team has ever faced
Altran Peugeot faces its biggest challenge at 24H DUBAI 2018
Team Altran Peugeot is fully geared up to defend their titles of Touring Cars and TCR Champion Team of the 24H SERIES at the opening round of the 2018 Championship, the 24H DUBAI 2018 race. With close to 100 cars on the event’s entry list, and no less than 14 cars entered in the very popular and competitive TCR class, this is perhaps the biggest challenge the French team has ever faced.
24H Dubai 2018 – Altran Peugeot – Dubai Autodrome
Steering up the champions’ spirit, the team will aim perform at its best in both the TCR class and the Touring Cars overall standings. 8 fired-up expert drivers will join Team Altran Peugeot to share the steering wheel of the two TCR class race cars in Dubai:
Peugeot 308 Racing Cup #308:
Guillaume ROMAN (France – Overall Driver Champion of the 24H SERIES in 2016)
Team Altran Peugeot has been racing with the brand new TCR-homologated race car from Peugeot Sport: the Peugeot 308 Racing Cup. Building on the successful start to the season achieved in Dubai last year, the team enjoyed a perfect result with top two ranks in the TCR class for their first race with the new 308 Racing Cup cars sporting the #308 and #908 numbers, the 12H RED BULL RING.
24H Dubai 2018 – Team Altran Peugeot – Dubai Autodrome
With further perfect 1st and 2nd finishes at the 24H PORTIMAO and 24H COTA USA rounds, team Altran Peugeot achieved what it then seemed to be unfeasible in its first season with the new cars: winning the 2017 24H SERIES Championship in the TCR Class, and the Overall Touring Cars standings, as well as the new-for-2017 Championship of the Continents, rewarding the teams achieving the best results in Dubai, Europe, and the USA.
About 24H DUBAI 2018
Close to 100 cars will compete in this year’s running of the 24H DUBAI race. A wide range of cars are allowed to compete, including the popular GT3, GT4 and TCR classes. Team Altran Peugeot is competing to win the popular and very competitive TCR Class – against 12 other teams – and the Overall Touring Cars standings. More information about the race can be found on the race’s website: https://www.24hseries.com/2018/24h-dubai-2018/entry-list
About 24H SERIES
24H SERIES is a FIA-labelled International Endurance Championship (since 2015) organized by Dutch promoter CREVENTIC. The first-ever race of the series was the 24H DUBAI race, first held in 2006, which makes the 24H DUBAI 2018 the 13th running of the race. More races appeared on the series calendar year after year, until it became in 2015 an International Endurance Championship labelled by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile). | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'fb2fed0297c1155ec2bed9d77db1895888c0e0ef95c434f93ca89a39d87b23a2'} |
According to Aaron Wilson of the Baltimore Sun, the Ravens have nearly $71 million of next year’s cap committed to six players (that would be 58 percent of this year’s $123 million limit, and the cap isn’t expected to rise dramatically).
That includes a team-high $16 million for Haloti Ngata, and $12.4 million for Terrell Suggs, both of whom are coming off injuries which limited their effectiveness last season.
“I think the thing we want to do is just live in the moment right now,” assistant G.M. Eric DeCosta said. “Those guys are under contract. They’re all outstanding players. They’re some of the very best players at their position in the league. We just want to play this year. We’ll let those decisions wait until the future.
“We have a lot of flexibility with the cap. [Negotiator] Pat Moriarty and Ozzie do a phenomenal job of making tough decisions. We’ve made a lot of tough decisions over the last couple of years. They’re hard decisions to make. Any time you have to cut a player or let a player go in free agency because of the salary cap, it’s tough to do that.”
Having so many key players hit free agency at the same time is the bane of drafting well. But as the Ravens have shown this offseason, they’re not above letting guys walk and drafting a replacement, or plugging one in whom they drafted a year ago.
That kind of year-ahead thinking and successful drafting is the reason they won a Super Bowl, but have remained competitive for more than one season at a time.
It’s going to be painful like tearing a band aid off in one peel, but once its over its over. I just will trust in Oz that they will have a productive , winning football team on the field because I have no reason to think otherwise from one of , if not, the greatest franchise in football ! I’ll cross that bridge when they get there.
lovefootball4life says:May 20, 2013 8:04 AM
Yes it is a slow news time for the NFL but its way too soon to be talking about the 2014 offseason.
The Ravens always find a way to mess things up. They’re the second team in Maryland for many good reasons.
crownofthehelmet says:May 20, 2013 8:24 AM
Had no idea just how broke this team is, I guess Oz isn’t looking too smart these days. Between overpaying the QB, and future issues like having $28M tied up in 2 players past their prime, I think we’ll get a true sense of the FO in the next few years, and it won’t be pretty.
tsizzlesucks says:May 20, 2013 8:25 AM
No problem! With all the dough they’ve spent on an average qb, let him go both ways. A little nose and a littleOLB…no problem at all.
That so called “free agent crop” is really a ridiculous statement. Graham is a fill in at CB who had his first solid season last year, Oher is a good RT who wants LT money so he’ll go, Dickson is terrible… If we keep Art and Pitta were solid.
floratiotime says:May 20, 2013 8:31 AM
When you drop that much cap on one guy this is what happens. QBs on rookie deals are the best bargain in the NFL. But it doesn’t last forever.
southpaw2k says:May 20, 2013 8:35 AM
I would not be upset in the slightest if the Ravens chose to let Oher walk. He’s been decent enough at right tackle, but he still has too many holding and false start penalties on him. Let him go and draft a tackle next year to replace him on the o-line.
Pitta and Dickson on the other hand, not to mention Suggs and Ngata….
jasons81 says:May 20, 2013 8:41 AM
If this were any other team they would be considered in rebuilding and people would talk about how they could have managed their cap space better… but since its the Ravens they’re “overhauling” and it’s no big deal. Gotta love media bias!
Joemontanaflacco says:May 20, 2013 8:58 AM
Best organization in the NFL. Ozzie will do the right thing. He always does.
If you cut Ngata the remaining bonus money that gets excellerated into that year is too much to take. He’ll be around through ’14. Suggs, however, is most likely gone after the ’13 season. He’ll be missed, but his best years are in the rear view mirror.
jtbsteeler says:May 20, 2013 10:20 AM
Once the Ravens lineup is 20 out of 22 players drafted “by them” then you will realize what Ozzie is all about. Plugging his draft mistakes with someone else’s players. The Ravens SB win will be erased with the 1-4 start that is coming.
jtbsteeler says:May 20, 2013 10:23 AM
There’s no one on that roster to replace Ngata or Suggs. I love it. Suggs was no existent when the Ravens played Pittsburgh. Same goes for Ngata. Pouncey is handling him consistently now.
This is only news to fans of teams that don’t nail the draft year after year. When you have a backlog of talent, the older players have to go. They will find a way to retain Ngata, but Suggs and Oher will take a pay cut or go elsewhere. Pitta will retire a Raven.
lovefootball4life says:May 20, 2013 11:03 AM
Arm chair GMs may think the Ravens have a bad front office but at least one expert who gets highly paid for his opinion as an NFL insider disagrees. Ravens ranked #1, best front office, in the NFL. It is not hard to find anymore, check it out. It is tough when your opinion is shot down by facts.
dietrich43 says:May 20, 2013 11:05 AM
Most teams would be happy to trade future cap problems for a title.
mobuccsfan says:May 20, 2013 11:11 AM
My thoughts exactly. I think Suggs is either told to restructure to stick around or they let him leave in 2013. Ngata, however, is the tougher one to replace; Dickson isn’t as good as Pitta and Oher isn’t as good as all the hype for him coming out of school and the feel-good-story-turned-movie etc. He is good but yeah too many penalties still and doesn’t deserve LT money.
They can draft another tackle, see how Upshaw Brown etc progress and possibly already have a Suggs replacement on the depth chart–or draft the best 3/4 OLB or 4/3 hybrid OLB/DLman to replace him next year along with the tackle. As it stands then, their only true need would still be to find Boldin’s replacement/another weapon at receiver for Flacco. Smith is good but not good enough to do it all by himself and once he starts getting double teamed more (which will happen) Flacco will struggle without another solid wideout #2 or great slot receiver.
In the end, I say they work to keep Ngata over Suggs as he is way more crucial to the defense, now that Suggs has seen his better days; don’t forget his torn ACL and his age now as well.
The Ravens will retain both Ngata and Suggs. No chance Ozzie lets either of them go. If worse comes to worst, at least they both earned a ring with the Ravens. But I think they’ll be in Baltimore for years to come.
Love Pittsburgh and Washington fans Cingular to comment on a ravens piece. You have logical reason whose team has not win a meaningful game in the time that the ravens have won 2 SB’s and Pittsburgh yahoos whose team we have flat out passed. Tough being irrelevant isn’t it?
jtbsteeler says:May 20, 2013 1:14 PM
Charlie Batch. My hero. He’s the reason the Ravens defense was blown up. SEVEN NEW STARTERS from last season.
The question in my mind is why did they put themselves in that position in the first place? $71 million of next year’s cap committed to six players. They may want to rethink their cap strategy. You don’t have to mortgage the future to get big time players under contract. Teams like the Packers successfully sign big dollar players and pay for it “now” when the player is contributing to the team, and without huge ballooning salaries and spread-out bonuses that can kill your cap in future years. And there are plenty of other teams that know how to effectively manage the cap too. Let’s not be so quick to hand out praise to Baltimore on this one – drafting good players is only part of the big picture.
loving all the steeler trolls commenting. worry about your own non playoff team. champs will be fine
Joemontanaflacco says:May 20, 2013 1:47 PM
Why do the Steeler fans keep yapping about Charlie Batch? Even assuming he was the sole reason the Ravens lost that game, the victory was meaningless. If the Ravens had won, they would still have been the 4th seed. If Pittsburgh had lost, they would still be the 3rd place loser-has-beens they are today. It’s like that stupid immaculate deception. What was gained? Steelers got their tails kicked by Miami the very next week. Poor Steeler fans. Nothing to root for but a dismal future. Sad. Smh.
skippernuts says:May 20, 2013 2:40 PM
How many of you leaving the overly optimistic comments are the same ones who jump on the Steelers article about their cap status commenting on how poorly mismanaged they are?
jtbsteeler says:May 20, 2013 3:30 PM
SEVEN NEW STARTERS on defense on a poor defense to begin with. Garbage ILB’s. NO go to WR. No Center to speak of. Yeah, the Steelers are the “dismal” future team. The Ravens will start off 1-4.
You know that the last year of a multi-year deal for marquee players is usually super cap-heavy, right?
That’s why they often renegotiate contracts before the player hits free agency. (unless they’re not part of the long term plan)
Oh, and by the way, deals for several years or more typically escalate each year, with a front-end high signing bonus spread out over the term of the contract. That’s why the Ravens have Flacco this year at a cap number of only $6.8M.
Joemontanaflacco says:May 20, 2013 4:49 PM
“How many of you leaving the overly optimistic comments are the same ones who jump on the Steelers article about their cap status commenting on how poorly mismanaged they are?”
Steelers and Ravens are night and day. Ravens let a lot of players walk specifically to protect themselves from getting into the salary cap nightmare that the Steelers are in right now. This is why we are the Superbowl Champs and the Steelers are an 8-8 team with nothing to brag about but the so called good ole days. Sad. Smh.
Suggs and ngata ain’t going nowhere dickson gone they signed 3 ufa tightends this year blindside is a bum he will be gone k.o can move to Rt next year graham will be gone but a Jones will stay but not on a huge contract
lovefootball4life says:May 20, 2013 8:17 PM
jtbsteeler says: May 20, 2013 3:30 PM
SEVEN NEW STARTERS on defense on a poor defense to begin with. Garbage ILB’s. NO go to WR. No Center to speak of. Yeah, the Steelers are the “dismal” future team. The Ravens will start off 1-4.
~~~~~~
Dude you are wrong on so many levels it is not even worth correcting you. Just stop trying so hard and show a little class. You can comment without being…that guy. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '47fe1410d6100f7173cf3a99f5c132e9ea297355f7986a70d0fffa908a589eae'} |
15 days ago - AndrewT - Direct link
I was thinking he must have Steam ports blocked by a firewall somewhere, but the stellaris_test branch uses different ports so that seems unlikely.
Has this always happened for him with this game? Or it was okay up to some point?
Does it also affect our similar games CK2, EU4 or HOI4? CK2 is free to play on Steam now FYI.
What happens when he tried to join, any error?
Any mods involved here?
Can he try from a different machine, either on the same network or elsewhere, as a test?
14 days ago - AndrewT - Direct link
Then it seems clearly an issue with his computer, local network or ISP. Lacking the ability to try different computers or networks I can't really see how to narrow it down further, I'm sorry. They definitely can't install the games on another machine elsewhere, say another friend or relative, as a test? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9704793095588684}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '44109', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LCS25CNC4ZPXUI7QUWT3NRPIRNSFAJ2P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:881e369a-849b-41ed-9d10-354f0570e1f6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 17, 21, 18, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.26.6.96', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZAIOYMVIIZUGBZV4BCITIC75MNNL6HKG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3dfd1aaf-661f-4a1d-bcd7-13abe3e134a4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://devtrackers.gg/stellaris/p/5b04dfad-friend-can-t-join-any-games-but-can-host-his-own', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:935d573a-3385-4f7d-b942-191bdf7d12ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '156', 'url': 'https://devtrackers.gg/stellaris/p/5b04dfad-friend-can-t-join-any-games-but-can-host-his-own', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-90.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06643539667129517', 'original_id': '61132d10fb61f66caf8f4f813b52464ab36542e2b5a1f5d27223da62aa1bfaa8'} |
1914 $50 Bill
1914 Fifty Dollar Bill
The 1914 $50 bill was printed from December of 1908 to August 1929, even though every note says series of 1902, they were not necessarily printed that year. 1914 $50 bills also feature a full date, this date is when the bank got its national charter or a variation of that date. 1914 fifty dollar bills have the portrait of John Sherman on the front left. 1914 $50 bills will all have a blue seal. They can be broken down into "date-backs" and "plain backs," generally though there is no value difference between the two. The value of a 1914 $50 bill is not set in stone, the value depends on the bank which issued the notes. See our contact information below to get a quick free appraisal on your 1914 $50 bill.
Send us an email to find out how much your 1914 $50 bill is worth, or just to figure out what you have. If you are looking to sell we can offer you the top market value for it: nationals@oldcurrencyvalues.com | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '92', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8451513051986694}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '11057', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:T3R5HMZ37DNXKQEDDWRYWC5F4YPC5DGW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:671d2a27-dc71-4383-896b-80d333bcbd7b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 23, 3, 37, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '208.109.181.177', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Q5NU5M2HNZCQONXAMIKPPX542U4ARTBH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6acc228f-d7bd-444a-81ae-ce5372f60bb0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://oldcurrencyvalues.com/1914__50_Bill.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dd896836-c089-4b56-9246-1a0b7e112146>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '168', 'url': 'http://oldcurrencyvalues.com/1914__50_Bill.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06513124704360962', 'original_id': 'fe7bb3812dafd73ec5460847e2b836aae6d319630648fcdf1b5fde64557b72eb'} |
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RE: Images embedded in XML
On Thu, 5 Apr 2001, Bullard, Claude L (Len) wrote:
> If this works this well, why does HTML not
> embed images in the HTML page?
You can - it isn't a limitation of HTML. URI type 'data:' from RFC2397
<URL:http://www.landfield.com/rfcs/rfc2397.html>. Netscape has supported
it for a long time - but MSIE didn't last time I checked (a few years
Try it in Netscape and it will work. Try it in MSIE, and it probably will
not. Since MSIE has 86%+ of the market, designers won't use it at all.
That is the same reason designers don't use the 'OBJECT' tag, either (now
*that* was a real crime - MSIE almost certainly had to have
*intentionally* broken it. The tag was designed for transparent backward
compatibility, but MSIE throws major hissy fits over it and made it
impossible to deploy for *anything* except ActiveX.) The real question
becomes "Why doesn't MS want to support RFC2397?".
> Would one want to lose the XML payload if the image does
> not make it, the connection drops, etc.?
> As long as I can remember, embedding binary
> in markup has been discouraged.
> When would putting the binary in the XML
> be a good idea?
When you need to distribute a self-contained system.
Benjamin Franz
"Real programmers can write assembly code in any language."
-- Larry Wall | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7957730889320374}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6173', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:24N3WKYV4DML3L33NQSVHA3WI2QKRJO2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:87d934a7-a24c-4569-adc7-31481f52fe7e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 22, 7, 16, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.130.127.7', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TZYUNZCV5F423AM4SVUE6GSH35C7WAAY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:90dc97d5-b256-45ad-9f35-b1327ccb7dc7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://lists.xml.org/archives/xml-dev/200104/msg00100.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf1aee68-c94b-44a4-a957-9acb289492d5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '246', 'url': 'http://lists.xml.org/archives/xml-dev/200104/msg00100.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-144-201-71.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15614545345306396', 'original_id': '0f7e29e086562569e7b11976b8e26c72205c6adcbf90c1361fa641732721212c'} |
Mario Balotelli exit planned by Manchester City for a fortnight
• Decision to sell striker made after training ground fight
• Roberto Mancini lost patience after heart-to-heart talk
Mario Balotelli will fly to Milan on Wednesday to complete his transfer from Manchester City as new details emerge of why Roberto Mancini decided it was futile to continue believing the striker would stop letting him down.
Mancini's patience finally snapped because of the events leading to the late and dangerous challenge on Scott Sinclair that led to the embarrassing series of photographs showing City's manager grappling with Balotelli at the club's training ground on 3 January.
Twenty-five minutes before that training session, Mancini had summoned Balotelli for a heart-to-heart in which he tried to convince the player that he still believed in him and was certain he could be one of the key players in a successful title defence. "This is your chance – don't waste it," he told the Italy international.
What followed was so reckless that it convinced Mancini he was fighting a lost cause and that the colleagues who had advised him to give up on Balotelli were correct. His anger was evident for all to see in the pictures of the flashpoint.
Mancini still has strong reservations about letting Balotelli go without having a replacement lined up, preferring an end-of-season deal rather than leaving City with only three established strikers. Privately, however, he had accepted a club with City's ambitions could no longer afford to carry someone so unpredictable.
The only reason he had said he wanted to give Balotelli another chance, or "100 more chances", was an old managerial trick based on City being aware that advertising he was available would drive down the transfer fee. Behind the scenes, all the relevant people have been making plans for his departure for the past fortnight. It is understood the transfer to Milan is worth £17m, rising to £19.5m depending on how Balotelli does at San Siro.
Mancini, it has also emerged, had told Balotelli that he should think about changing the company he was keeping in his social life. Mancini did not think it was so bad when his own son, Andrea, lived in Manchester but the nature of Balotelli's hangers-on has increasingly become a concern. He had also told the player he should travel to Italy to spend time with his baby girl as part of leading a more grown-up lifestyle. To Mancini's dismay, he came away believing the 22-year-old was not particularly willing to listen to his advice.
Until 3 January, however, Mancini had been willing to forgive Balotelli for his erratic form and recurring ability to attract headlines for the wrong reasons, retaining his faith in the striker despite him playing an increasingly peripheral part this season, with only one Premier League goal.
Elsewhere, there has been a feeling behind the scenes at City for over a year now that the club would be better off off-loading someone who was underperforming so regularly and bringing in a superior replacement. Mancini is an admirer of the Napoli striker Edinson Cavani and a summer move is possible.
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Talon Grips for Glock 21 Review
I was contacted by Talon Grips to review their product for my Glock 21.
2014-12-03 15.33.26
Gun stippling has become a main stream feature that people get on their pistol grips for pistols and rifles. It is for better hold of the grip in all situations. Although some people will stipple their grips at home, most choose someone with more experience in the field, so they don’t damage the grip. Talon Grips has a more cost effective method with their self adhesive gun dependent grip tape.
I am not a competitive shooter, in the military or law enforcement. The times I am holding my firearms are not typically really tense moments where I am feeling like I am losing the grip of my firearm. I normally prefer the manufacturers stippling on my rifles and pistols because they are not intrusive and I know if I pick up an identical pistol they will feel the same which helps with faster target acquisition.
Applying the Talon Grip to the Glock 21 was as simple as peeling a sticker and wrapping it around the grip. I wear a leg drop holster at the range and I did noticed the Talon grip started to peel when I would quick draw from my holster.
2014-12-03 15.32.51
Overall Thoughts
I plan to keep the grips on this pistol for the foreseeable future to see if over time I grow more accustom to use them. This is definitely a product you might want to look into as an alternative to firearm stippling.
At this time, I do not feel that the Talon Grips improved or benefitted my grip with and without gloves.
The MSRP for the Pre gen 4 Glcok 21 is $17.99. That is considerably less expensive and non damaging to its counter part (stippling.) This product is a cost effective alternative and it can give you experience as to what stippling would feel like on your firearm.
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— 175 — ligne gravée sur l'autel découvert à Haulaget est terminée par la lettre T, et dans les deux lignes suivantes nous trou vons , d'après le dessin de M. Ruraeau , OAI ANDOSSI » ; nous espérions qu'un texte aussi bien conservé pourrait nous confirmer dans l'idée que les habitants de la vallée de la Neste avaient , comme les Auscii , assimilé Hercule à un dieu local , et que , comme on le verra bientôt , pour le lieu d'Ardiège, où on avait reconnu dans Leherennus le dieu Mars des Latins, on pourrait retrouver ici leur Hercule. Nous étions porté à adopter cette opinion en voyant sur un très bel autel provenant de Narbonne, et conservé aussi dans le Musée de Toulouse , le mot ANDOSE . A l'expression de cette conjecture , nous ajoutions : « Le nom de celui qui a fait le vœu et qui paraît après les mots qui nous semblent appartenir à la mythologie , est Vitalis ; le mot qui vient ensuite pourrait indiquer la patrie de ce particulier ou le nom de son père. » Un estampage fait par M. Barry , con tredit, en partie, nos idées. Nous allons en donner le texte, car la vérité a des privilèges qu'il faut toujours respecter. Cependant, qu'il nous soit per;nis de dire sur le rapproche ment qui pourrait être fait entre Erge , surnommé TOLI ANDOSSO , et Hercule , ayant à Narbonne et chez les Auscii , le même surnom , une sorte d'assimilation qu'il ne faudrait pas dédaigner. Nous oserions donc, en cette circons tance, nous emparer de ce que disait, il y a plus d'un siècle, un savant languedocien , devenu l'honneur de l'érudition française : Ma remarque subsiste. Voici le second texte que m'a envoyé M. Rumeau, et qui provenait d'un estampage fait depuis peu de temps : DEO ERGE ANDOSSION ANDOSI VITALIS NARHONSVS VT.S.L.IKI Dans cette seconde copie, l'inscription n'a que cinq lignes. — 176 — elle en avait sept dans la première ; il fallait recourir à un second estampage et celui-ci , fait par MM. Rumeau et Bonhoure ( ce dernier employé à la préfecture des Hautes Pyrénées ) , a produit la leçon que voici : DEO ERGE ANDOS ION AN DOSS VI TALIS Nk RHONSCî VT . S • L . M Il y a ici le même nombre de lignes que dans la première copie. Le mot Andosion est, à ce qu'il paraît, Tépilhète ou le surnom du dieu. Les autres mots seraient les noms de celui ou de ceux qui auraient accompli le vœu avec lui. Le nom d!Andossion , pris peut-être par piété , se retrouve quelquefois dans les Pyrénées. Une inscription sépulcrale placée dans le mur de face de 1 église cathédrale de Saint Bertrand, et une autre, indiquent que ce nom était répandu dans les hautes vallées de nos montagnes. Une autre inscription, qui ne nous est connue que depuis quelques jours et dont nous devons la copie à M. Rumeau , vient à l'appui de nos conjectures. En effet, on y voit le dieu Erge, surnommé Andosse , comme YHercule de l'autel de Narbonne, comme YHercule Invictus des Auscii, dont le monument a été donné au Musée de Toulouse par M. Cénac Moncaut , père^ de l'auteur d'une foule d'ouvrages sur notre histoire et nos antiquités. Voici cette inscription : ERGE ANDOSSO DEO . LICiNIA LiCiNI FILIA Nos lecteurs verront , après avoir lu ces trois lignes, mo numentales, que nous n'avions pas tort de dire, à l'exemple d'André Dacier, que noire remarque subsiste.,.. ^ 177 -^ Voici encore un des monuments consacrés au dieu Èrge; ce n'esl qu'un fragment dont la hauteur est de vingt-cinq centimètres. ÊRGE SACRVM D I E Le nom de celui qui a fait faire cet autel n'est point par venu jusqu'à nous. Tels sont les monuments qui, jusqu'à présent, rappellent le culte rendu, non loin des bords pittoresques de la Neste, à un dieu jusqu'à présent inconnu aux mythographes, et aux archéologues. Il faut ajouter ce nom aux noms de ce grand nombre de génies adorés jadis par les Aquitains, dont nous avons découvert leâ monuments et retracé le souvenir. Les émigrés de l'Espagne nous apportèrent leurs croyances; elles se mêlèrent aux croyances du peuple aborigène qui habitait ces régions, à celles des Celtes qui les possédèrent, et encore aux superstitions des Hellènes et des Romains. Retrouver le nom de l'un de ces êtres révérés jadis par les peuples de notre Aquitaine , c'est restituer à celte troisième portion de la Gaule, une page de ses annales. L'un des plus curieux monuments de la mythologie pyré naïque est , nous le croyons du moins , celui qui nous a révélé l'ancienne existence d'un dieu dont le nom , comme ceux de beaucoup d'autres êtres mythiques de nos monta gnes, ne semble point devoir se plier aux formes de la langue latine : c'est le dieu ETEIOI *. Sur la face principale de ce monument , on a sculpté un objet où le sacristain de l'une des églises voisines de Saint-Réat, croyait retrouver un reliquaire, ou même un ostensoir de forme très ancienne, car ce brave homme ne jugeait que d'après ce qu'il avait vu. Peut-être faudrait -il reconnaître ici la figure d'un petit < L'autel de ce dica a été retiré par nous des ruines de la chapelle de Géri, entre Marignac et Saint-Béat. n 12 — 178 — temple portatif, dans le genre de ceux que fabriquaient les orfèvres d'Ephèse pour les personnes pieuses qui étaient venues adorer Diane dans le temple de cette ville, et qui désiraient en emporter une image*. L'inscription, qui d'ail leurs est en partie oblitérée, est disposée en deux colonnes. Au bas se trouve , et formant une ligne horizontale , la for mule ordinaire qui indique Taccomplissement d'un vœu : DE N ET M 10 R;:; 1 SI VS V. S. L .M Nous ne présenterons aucune conjecture sur ce monument qui prend sa place parmi ceux qu'il faut recueillir et con server, mais qui révèlent uniquement l'existence de l'une de ces déités retrouvées par nos soins , et dont les attributs sont inconnus et le seront peut-être toujours. Les montagnes qui, du Castella de Vieille-Toulouse, ap paraissent à l'horizon, nous gardaient une partie des monu ments q[ui y furent élevés avant le triomphe du Christianisme. Quelquefois ces marbres, enlevés des hauts lieux où ils ser vaient au culte des différentes parties de la nature, et à une adoration , que la prédication de l'Evangile n'a pas tou jpiucs fait disparaître, ont servi à la construction des chapelles jltûlées que l'on retrouvait naguères, ça et là, dans ces lieux pitfcuresques. C'est, à ce que l'on assure, de la chapelle pri v^ de Notre-Dame-des-Puts ^ que provient l'autel sur lequel on lit l'inscription que voici. Le marbre lui-même, transporté d'abord à Cathervielle, est conservé aujourd'hui dans le Mu sée de Toulouse '. < Atlas et Actes des Apôtres, 5 iVofrtf-Dame-(/c5-MoNTS. Voir V Atlas, 8 Atlas. .— 179 — DEO EXPRC:-: NNIO SILEX V .S .L.M 11 parait que le nom de ce dieu n a pas été gravé avec tout le soin que méritait l'acte religieux qui en amena la consé cration. Les lettres sont peu apparentes. On croit voir une X entre les deux premières lettres de la seconde ligne. La let tre R paraît avoir été liée à la lettre E ; en restituant, après la lettre C de cette même ligne, un I ou un E, on obtiendra par la lecture entière le mot EXPRECE , et le joignant aux quatre lettres de la troisième ligne, on aura en entier le nom du dieu auquel le gaulois Silex avait fait ce vœu. Cet im mortel s appelait donc £a?/)recenmon. Nous n'avons retrouvé dans la contrée où ce monument fut découvert, aucun noiii local qui eût quelque rapport avec celui de ce dieu. » Le grand nombre d'autels élevés à Ei-ge, et retrouvés sur le même point, annonce que là existait le sanctuaire consa cré à ce génie mythique. On n'a point retrouvé ailleurs de monuments qui lui fussent consacrés. Déité locale, son culte ne s'était point étendu dans d'autres régions, et nous venons de mentionner deux autres dieux qui ne furent apparemment révérés que dans lé territoire même où leurs autels ont été découverts. Il en est d'autres, tels qxiAbellmi, dont le culte semble avoir été répandu dans les possessions d'une tribu tout entière, et même chez les voisins de celle-ci *. Là déesse Lahe eut de même des adorateurs dans une grande partie du Bas-Comminges et c'est là seulement que l'on a retrouvé les monuments votifs où son nom est inscrit. * Chez les Onobusates, M. le baron de Gaujac (Etudes Historiques sur le Rouergue^ p. 50), fesait venir le nom de ce dieu du phénicien Ab'Bel-Ion, père, dieu, soleil 5 nous ne rapportons cette étymologie, qui ne contrarie pas ceux qui en ont donné une autre, tirée du grec, que comme Topinion d'un homme savant auquel Tune de nos provinces doit dos travaux dignes d'estime. — 180 — Le savant Millin a cru * qu'il avait le premier fait con naître aux archéologues les monuments de la déesse Lahe. Mais déjà Tabbé Magi *, le chevalier Rivalz ^, et d'autres encore, avaient publié des monuments qui lui avaient été consacrés. Un aulel, conservé jusqu'en 1813 dans le cabinet du sculpteur F. Lucas, à Toulouse , et qui nous appartient aujourd'hui , offre sur sa face principale * une inscription ainsi conçue : UHE PRO SALVT/E DOMINORVM M. IVLIVS GEMINVS V.S.L.H Millin , divisant en deux parties le nom LAHE , disait : « On pourrait remplir ainsi ces sigles, LAe liuslXErennius^ si on ne lisait pas, à la quatrième ligne, les noms de Marcus Julius Geminus, qui a consacré le monument. D'après cela, on doit croire que le mot LAHE désigne , comme Abellio, une divinité topique, c'est-à-dire particulière à la contrée. Gruter nousa conservé ^ le nom de Leherennus sur une inscription ^ qui a été trouvée, comme celle-ci, dans la No vempopulanie , à Saint-Bertrand , au pied des Pyrénées ^. Voyez aussi D. Martin ®. Si c'est le même dieu qui est ici nommé Laherennus au lieu de Leherennus, cela forliûerait l'opinion de Keysler ^, que ce dieu était le même que le Larhan de la Thuringe. » * Voyage dans les départements du Midi de la France, IV, S Remarques d'un Russe sur la Colonie et le Capitole de Toulouse, 4 781 , p. 6. 3 Différents Morceaux Antiques conservés dans le cabinet de M. le cheva lier Rivalz, à Toulouse, * Atlas. » P. MLXXIV, tn5. 6,7. • Il y en avait deux. Nous ne les avons point retrouvées. 7 C'est à Ardiège, et non à Saint-Bertrand, que ces marbres furent découverts. 8 Relig. des GauL, II, 357. • Antiq, Septentrion,, 275. — 181 — « On voit que Millin n'afflrme pas qu'il faut reconnaître que la déitè nommée sur cet autel est Leherennus. Mais il parait qu'il n'était pas éloigné d'adopter cette opinion. D'ailleurs il croyait que le monument qui nous occupe avait été découvert dans le même lieu où furent trouvés ceux qui furent consacrés k Leherennus. Suivant lui, ce lieu serait Saint-Bertrand, petite ville qui a succédé à Lugdunum fionvenarum. Mais, d'après divers manuscrits, il paraît as suré que les premiers monuments qui ont fait connaître Ijche rennus furent découverts dans le Viens d'Ardiège, sur la voie romaine, à une assez grande distance de Saint-Bertrand. Sirmond, en écrivant au-dessus de la copie de ces inscrip tions les mots : In Convenis Novempopulaniœ^ avait voulu seulement indiquer que ces marbres provenaient du diocèse de Comminges, ou du territoire des Convenœ, qui faisait par tie de la Novempopulanie. Pour être plus exact , il aurait dû indiquer que le village d'Ardiège * était enclavé, non dans le Comminges, mais dans le Nébousan, Nebusamis Ager. Le Musée de Toulouse possède un autel que Millin a va et qu'il n'a point mentionné , parce qu'il aurait , peut-être , montré que ses premières conjectures ne pouvaient être adoptées. On lit sur sa face principale cette inscription : UHE DEAE CONS kCRANI Un savant professeur a cru ' y voir une variante des mots SELCONS ABC AN gravés sur un autel publié par Scaliger ' et qui existait à Toulouse *. Nous n'oserions affirmer que ce mot , qui a beaucoup de ressemblance avec celui de CON < Ardiejaf dans quelques chartes. s Hist, et Mémoires de V Académie des Sciences de Toulouse, 5* série , tome ni , 434. ' Inscripi. Romanorum, ♦ Suprà, SORANI , indiquait une peuplade, une ancienne tribu, au jourd'hui inconnue. Mais le même critique y croit retrouver « une Confrérie de fidèles ou de dévots dont les membres se désignaient eux-mêmes sous le nom caractéristique de Consacrani, » L autel de la déesse La/ie est de la forme la plus élégante; de beaux vases de sacrifice sont sculptés sur ses faces laté rales. Sur la partie postérieure on remarque une couronne rattachée par des lemnîsques *. L'explication de la dernière ligne est peut-être susceptible de plusieurs interprétations différentes ; deux des lettres qui la composent ont été un peu altérées pour pratiquer une ouverture qui correspond à une capsule pratiquée dans la base de lautel et qui parait avoir été fermée par une lame de bronze. Ceci constituerait une sorte de tronc destiné à recevoir les offrandes des per sonnes pieuses. Cette disposition est insolite et pourrait bien ne pas appartenir à l'époque romaine. Cet autel , l'un des plus beaux de forme que l'on ait retrouvé dans nos con trées , servait de bénitier dans l'église de Castelnau-de-Pi campeau, village du diocèse de Rieux , mais provenait de celui de Marignac-las-Peyrcs. Il a été gravé par le chevalier Rivalz et donné par lui à l'Académie des Sciences de Toulouse. Un village nommé Lahas existe près de la contrée où l'on a découvert les divers monuments consacrés à Lahe^ et pour rait avoir pris son nom de celui de celle déesse; ce lieu a d'ailleurs offert quelques restes d'antiquités. On y a décou vert, au quartier de Garrousset, des fragments de colonnes et de chapiteaux en pierre dite de Baget, des restes de marbres travaillés, des médailles de Trajan et d'Antonin Pie. On a trouvé et l'on découvre fréquemment dans le lieu de Lahas et dans ceux de Frégouville et Maurens, qui en sont voisins, des haches celtiques en cailloux. ' Le tmnulus de Frégouville avait un noyau en maçon * Voyez Différents Morceaux Antiques, etc., uP 3 , et VAllas du texte de V Archéologie Pyrénéenne. — 183 — nerie, et Ton remarquait des peintures sur Tinlérieur des murs ; elles représentaient des léopards, des sangliers et des cerfs. Partout, dans cette portion de l'Aquitaine, on voit des débris de briques et de poteries. C'est à Francon, lieu éloigné de cinq kilomètres de Mari gnac-las-Peyres, que fut retrouvé un autre autel, consacré à Lahe. Ce monument avait plus d'un mètre trente-cinq cen timètres de haut. On lisait sur sa face principale cette ins cription, dont la copie nous a été donnée par feu M. Sengez, alors maire de Bagnères-de-Luchon : UHE DEAE IVLIk • POSTVMINk ET • GEMINIk POSTVMk. V -S -LU C est-à-dire : « Julia Postumina et Geminia Postuma ont volontairement acquitté le vœu qu'elles avaient fait à la déesse Lahe. » Ce marbre, ayant été presqu 'entièrement mutilé pendant les troubles civils , a été employé pour la reconstruction de la maison presbytérale du village de Francon. On y remar que les beaux vases de sacrifices qui décoraient les faces latérales de ce monument *. Un quatrième autel, consacré à Lahe, a été trouvé près de la bourgade d'Alan, où existait le château, demeure ordinaire des évêques de Comminges. Ce monument servait de pié* destal à une croix. Ses faces latérales ont été mutilées. Il existe aujourd'hui dans le jardin de M. Cazes, à Saint-Ber trand. Nous n'avons point vu ce marbre. Sur le côté prin cipal on lit : UhE NV....* SEVERIN SEVEB VS • L m * Da Mège. Monuments Religieux des Voîces Teclosages, e/c, p. 307. Vid. Atlas du texte de l'Archéologie Pyrénéenne. * NVmini? — 184 - , On peut y remarquer qu ainsi que sur le premier des autels consacrés à Lahe, l'emploi des lettres liées semble indiquer un temps assez bas. Millin avait vu dans le Musée de Toulouse Tinscriptipa LAHE DEAE, et cependant il n a point effacé les lignes que nous avons rapportées et où , suivant lui , il fallait recon naître les sigles du nom du dieu Leherennus.... . Si le culte de Lahe s'est étendu assez loin de Lahas, qui était peut-être le sanctuaire de cette déité, qui lui aurait donné son nom , celui de Leherenn paraît" avoir été ren contré dans un seul Vicus, ArdFege, ancienne communauté du Nébousan, et qui, avant les troubles de 1789, avait une certaine importance puisqu'elle possédait une Judicature Royale. La voie ab aquis Tarbellicis Tolosam, après avoir tra versé le territoire de Liigdunum et la Garumna, se diri geait au nord, laissant à la gauche du voyageur, venant des Pyrénées, l'aedicule du dieu Bœsert, et atteignait ensuite la vaste plaine de Valenline. De loin on aperçoit dans cette plaine des amas de cailloux roulés. Ce ne sont que les résultats des travaux des agriculteurs qui ont voulu débarrasser leurs champs des pierres qui s'opposaient au parcours de leurs charrues; mais des archéologues ont voulu y reconnaître ' des monuments d'une haute antiquité ; ils nous ont engagé à les désigner sous le nom de Galgals, mot hébreu que l'on peut rendre, disent-ils, en latin par acervus lapidum, amas de pierres. Ils nous ont écrit pour nous rappeler le marghemah de Salomon , amas de pierres , acervus Mer curii, dérivé, comme la fait Eloi Johanneau de l'hébreu, nvrg''m''h, acervus, lumulus, lapidum, acervus in hono rem Mercurii, simulachrum Mercurii, etc. Mais toute leur science n'a pu nous convaincre, et nous n'avons vu dans ces amas de cailloux roulés qu'une preuve du soin 1 Monuments Celtiques, p. 306. -185 — qu'apportent de dos jours à la culture de leurs champs les habitants de cette portion du Nebusanus Ager. C'est là que se retrouvent d'ailleurs des restes antiques qui indiquent deux positions connues à l'époque romaine. On nous assure que la première , qui porte aujourd'hui le nom d'Ardiège, est la plus ancienne ; mais rien ne le prouve. La Stèle, comme on le disait il y a trente-cinq ans, ou le mo nument itinéraire qui renfermait une niche, de plus de cinq mètres de hauteur, ne datait pas, en apparence du moins, d une époque plus reculée que celle de deux monuments semblables que nous avons vus à cette même époque sur le bord de la voie romaine, à Labarthe de Rivière , à deux ou trois kilomètres d'Àrdiège , près des limites du territoire de Yalentine. Tout annonçait dans ces deux monuments l'épo que romaine ; une statue , d'une forte dimension , devait , comme à l'Estelle , remplir la niche creusée dans chacune de ces piles, dont le haut était en forme de pyramidion. En 1813, on voyait encore à Toulouse, près de la porte du ca binet du sculpteur F. Lucas , une main en marbre d'une dimension énorme, et une cuisse colossale, le tout découvert au pied de la S/é/e, qui avait donné son nom au village de l'Estelle, près de Saint-Martory ^ L^pile d'Ardiège était, comme celles de Labarthe , et comme toutes les autres qui existaient, ou qui existent encore dans le Comminges , le comté de Bigorre, le pays des Auscii, et celui des NiliohrU ges, revêtue d'une maçonnerie de petit appareil. La niche était en briques. Ardiège, où l'on a conservé le souvenir de cet objet, l'a perdu, et de nos jours, l'on a cru qu'il formait f Les antiquités conservées dans le cabinet da sculpteur F. Lucas, auquel nous avons consacré une Notice, insérée dans le Moniteur (en 18i3), furent vendues, peu après la mort de cet artiste, à M. Â. Dastarac, et ont depuis fait partie des collections, très remarquables, formées, à Auch , par MM. de Bérot de Cologne. Nous possédons une partie de ces restes précieux ; mais nous n'avons point retrouvé les débris provenant du village de VEslelle, et nous craignons que, demeurés dans la maison de F. Lucas, ils aient été confondus avec les plus vils matériaux. — 186 — le temple du dieu Leherenn. Nous n'y reconnaîtrons qu'une sorte d'oratoire ou d'aedicule , élevé en l'honneur d'une di vinité protectrice des voyageurs et du commerce. Ardiège est pour nous un antique Vicus, où l'on adorait, principalement à l'époque de la domination romaine, le dieu Mars, Diane, et un autre être mythologique qu'il faut comp ter parmi les DU locales , mais dont le culte fut peut-être apporté de l'Hispanie en Gaule , au temps où Pompée ras sembla en corps de cité des soldats fugitifs , anciens parti sans de Sertorîus , réfugiés dans les Pyrénées après la mort de ce chef illustre. La voie romaine, qui, A'Aquœ Tarbellicœ, conduisait à Tolosa , traversait le sol où s'élève maintenant Ardiège et nous avons vu ça et là, il y a plus de vingt ans, des traces de ce chemin. Après être sortie de la partie basse AeLugdunum Convenarum, aujourd'hui Yalcabrère, la voie, après avoir traversé la Garumna, sillonnait une plaine im mense, et c'était à l'entrée de celle-ci, à gauche, qu'existait l'aedicule, ou le temple du dieu Basert, qui a légué son nom mythologique à cette petite contrée, et dont l'autel, ou plutôt l'un des autels qui lui furent dédiés, a été conservé jusqu'au temps où je l'ai racheté avec un autre consacré à Leherenn, ou Leherennus , dont nous allons considérer les nombreux monuments. A mesure que l'on avance dans celte vaste plaine, on voit d'abord à droite les restes d'une forteresse qui date du moyen-âge, et plus loin les Thermes antiques de Labar the-de-Rivière, indiqués autrefois par deux de ces monuments que nous avons souvent rencontrés au bord des voies anti ques, comme à YEstelle^ près de Beauchalot. A l'instant où l'on atteint les premières habitations du village d'Ardi^e, on aperçoit au bas de la colline dite du Pujament, la très petite ville de Valentine que nous avons fait connaître, il y a longtemps, sous le rapport archéologique. Ces murs étaient dominés, à une époque très reculée, si ce n'est par une vaste castramétation , au moins par un poste d'observation d'où l'on pouvait découvrir les débouchés des vallées de la Neste, de la Baroussc et de la Garumna. Une vieille église existait k Ardiëgc ; on en attribuait la construction aux Chevaliers du Temple. < Cette nroe, dont nous donnons ici le dessin, était aussi engagée dans la luaçonnerio, ainsi que le reste d'un bel autel dédié à Diane et dont cous nom «MXDperons dans la suite. — 188 — Mais les murs du vieil édifice recelaient des trésors archéo logiques et c'était là, selon toute apparence , que Siraiond avait découvert , servant à la construction et engagés dans la maçonnerie , les deux premiers autels consacrés à Lehe renniis et dont nous allons rapporter les inscriptions. Des fouilles récentes , la démolition d une ancienne cha pelle qui, selon les traditions, aurait été bâtie par les Tem pliers *, et celle de l'église paroissiale d'Ardiège, ont fait con naître des objets antiques qui avaient été employés, comme matériaux ordinaires , à la construction de ces édifices , ou qui, recouverts de ruines, étaient ensevelis dans le sol. C'est dans la chapelle attribuée aux Templiers, selon des notes qui remontent au commencement du dix-septième siè cle, que le P. Sirmond aurait copié les deux inscriptions suivantes, publiées par Gruter en 1626 ^, et que Ton ne retrouve plus aujourd'hui '.Voici la copie des inscriptions qui y étaient gravées : LEHERENNO DOMESTICVS RVFI . r • V.S.L. M LEHEREN DEO TERTVLLVS V.S.L. M Nous avons recueilli, il y a bien longtemps, quelques au tres monuments consacrés à Leherenn; tous ont été placés par nous dans le Musée Archéologique de Toulouse *. ' Les Timplés, en langue du pays. 2 P. MLXXIY, 6, 7. 3 Ces objets, acquis par un curieux, furent, d'après des notes qui nous ont été communiquées, placés sur un radeau qui se brisa non loin de la Roco de PAl mo'inoy et engloutis dans le fleuve où l'on pourrait peut-être les retrouver encore. ^ Notice des Monuments Antiques du Musée de Toulouse , 4 vol. in-8% Toulouse, 4828, p. 41. — Description du Musée des Antiques de Toulouse, in-8«, Toulouse, 4835, p. 41 et suivantes. — 189 — Leherenn est peut-être, après Abellion, le dieu pyrénéen qui a le plus occupé les érudils. Suivant Keysler *, il fau drait y reconnaître le dieu Larhan, adoré dans la Thuringe. Mongez ' y voyait la même déilé que Nehannelia , sans s'apercevoir que Leherenn est un dieu et Nehannelia une déesseLes étymologistes ont voulu , eux aussi , dire leur pensée sur Leherenn. Un celtomane distingué a écrit ' : « Les inscriptions de ce dieu sont évidemment romaines , mais cette déité fut certainement empruntée des Gaulois , car Lee' h er ren n'est que le lieu de la conduite, la pierre conductrice ; c'est le dieu que César a pris pour Mercure , protecteur des voyageurs et du commerce. Hujus sunt plu-^ rima simulachra hune viarum atque itinererum ducem arbitrantur.... L'erreur sur Mercure me paraît d'autant mieux démontrée, que depuis l'adoption des Dieux celtiques par les Romains, je ne connais aucune inscription en l'hon neur de Mercure, protecteur des routes. Elles s'adressent uniquement à Leheren ou à Lœva, qui n'en diffère point. » L'auteur de cette étymologie aurait , sans aucun doute , été confirmé dans son opinion s'il avait su que les inscriptions dédiées à Leherenn avaient toutes été découvertes sur le bord d'une voie antique. Un autre celtomane *, feu M. E. Johan neau a combattu fortement son confrère, en disant que « Leheren ne peut pas être composé de Le&h er ren, lieu ou pierre de conduite, parce que ce nom ne convient pas à un dieu. » Mais voici un savant basque qui croit reconnaître, dans la langue ^5cwflra, l'origine hispanique de ce dieu. En effet, Lehena, Lehenacogoa, Lehen, signifient, dans cette langue, ï Ancien, VAiné, le Premier, celui qui était avant tout. Ce dieu , dont le culte aurait été apporté en deçà des Pyrénées par les Onobusates, serait donc le Dieu Suprême ' AfUiq. Septentrion. ^ Encyclopédie Aféthod., Diction. d'Antiq. ' Mémoires de V Académie Celtique, *> Ibid. — IW — àes Esciialdunac, qui lui donnent, il est vrai, aujourd'hui, le nom de Jaincoa , ce qui est un peu différent , il faut bien l'avouer , et Ton a remarqué qu'il fallait supprimer deux lettres dans le nom de Leherenn pour que l'étymologie basque puisse être adoptée; mais qu'importe? D'autres étymologisles ont pris de plus grandes libertés / sans avoir connu nos Basques. On pourrait d'ailleurs justifier l'origine hispanique de ce nom en se rappelant que les Onobusates appartiennent à une tribu originaire de l'ibérie. On avait oublié depuis longtemps et le nom de Leheren nus et le culte qui lui fut rendu, lorsque nos recherches ont dé nouveau fixé l'attention des érudits sur ce personnage mythologique. Le premier autel, retrouvé par nous, en 1814, dans le lieu d'Ardiège *, ne nous apprenait pas encore la place que Leherenn occupait dans la hiérarchie mythologique. Les faces latérales du monument sont ornées de vases de sacri fices ; l'inscription gravée sur le côté principal indique que Mandatus , fils de Masuetus , éleva cet autel pour acquitter le vœu qu'il avait fait au dieu Leheren : LEHERENNO DEO MkNDkTVS MkSVETI . F V.S.L.M» ^ Du Mège. Notice des Monuments Antiques conservés dans le Musée de Toulouse f p. 11 (année 1828). — El, encore le môme, Description du Musée des AnUgues de la ville de Toulouse, p. 4l (année 1835). Un savant, qni est aussi l'un des hommes les plus distingués de France par son esprit, et dont j'aime à reconnaître le haut mérite, a lu Masvbtrb sur ce marbre {Revue Archéologique, 1" partie, p. 252). Mais c'est par l'effet de quelque accident du marbre que l'I du premier nom a été pris pour la lettre R, et l'F, sigle de Filius, pour un E. Nous avons publié cette inscription, en 1814, dans nos Monuments Religieux des Volces Tectosages, des Garumni et des Convenœ,^, 350. * Lehebenno DEC MANDATVS, MASVETi Filius , Votum Solvit Lubens Mérita. 191 — Cet autel , que , le premier , nous avons fait connaître , montre qu'un particulier nommé Mandatus, fils de Masuetus, avait accompli le vœu qu'il avait fait au dieu Leherenn. Un autre monument, découvert depuis, nous entretient d'un Mandatus, peut-être le même que le précédent , et dont le fils, nommé Maximus, éleva aussi un autel pour accomplir le vœu qu'il avait fait au dieu Leherenn. LEHERENN DEO MKXIMVS MKNDkTI . F V .S.L .M* On a vu qu'en examinant le surnom donné au AïmErge, et en le comparant avec les épithètes d'Invictus et d'Andosse données a ce dieu et à Hercule sur nos monuments, il serait possible de croire à l'assimilation de ce génie pyrénéen avec Alcide; nos recherches vont prouver d'ailleurs que Leherenn était, pour les habitants du Vicus qui porte aujourd'hui le nom d'Ardiège, le même dieu que VArès des Hellènes et le Mars des Romains. En effet , un autre autel votif , découvert par nous à Ar diège, apprit, en 1814, que Mars, surnommé Leherenn, était adoré dans ce lieu. Ce monument, donné au Musée par le sieur Dulac, contient sur sa face principale une inscrip tion ainsi conçue : MKRTI LEHERENNI INGENVS SIRICC0NIS.F3 V.S.L. M Le dernier nom inscrit sur cet autel a été mal lu par * LlBBRENNO DEO, MAXiMcs, MiiNDATi Ftltus, Votum Solvtt Lubeus Mevitô. * FiUus, Votum Solvit Lubem Meritô. Voyez les ouvrages cités en note à la page précédente. — 192 — plusieurs savants , qui l'ont rapporté après nous qui l'avons publié le premier *. Si l'assimilation de Leherenn avec Marsavait été l'œu vre d'un savant italien, ou de l'un de ces nombreux érudits que l'Allemagne révéré, on se serait empressé de le rappeler avec éloge, mais en France la critique souvent méticuleuse n'a pas cru devoir la mentionner Ainsi qu'on vient de le voir , l'auteur de V Archéologie Pyrénéenne a , le premier, fait connaître que , pour les Nébiisates, le dieu Leherenn ne différait pas du Mars des Latins. Un très petit autel , figuré comme les précédents , dans y Atlas de cet ouvrage, réunit aussi, dans l'inscription gravée sur sa principale face, le nom de Marsk celui ie Leherenn. C'est un affranchi qui éleva ce monument , ainsi que nous l'apprend cette inscription qui a légèrement souffert '. DEO LEHEREN MkRTI BkMBIX PVBL . L»° V.S . L. M Ce monument est très simple et n'a qu'environ cinquante cinq centimètres de hauteur. Un autre monument, ayant de * Monuments Religieux des Volces Tectosages, etc., 1814, p. 351, 35Î. — Description du Musée des Antiques de Toulouse , 1835, p. 41 . On a lu, à la quatrième ligne, Siricons; sur le marbre, on voit le mot Siriconis. s On lit dans le tome HT, cinquième série des Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Toulouse, que Ton a recherché sans succès dans les Archives du Musée de cette ville, de quelle manière et à quelle époque y était arrivé ce mo nument. Attaché au Musée des Antiques, que nous avons créé, secrétaire de la direction du Musée tant qu'elle a existé, nous pouvons assurer que cet éta blissement n'a jamais eu d'archives, jusques en 1835, et c'est bien avant cette dernière époque que nous avons placé dans la galerie des marbres cet autel. l est vrai que nous n'avons entretenu ni l'Académie ni le public de cet objet. Nous n'avons pas cru qu'il fallait parler d'avance d'un autel qui serait indi qué dans la Notice du Musée. — 193 — plus petites dimensions , et trouvé , avec le précédent , dans le village d'Ardiège , esl dédié à Mars , sans que le nom de Leherenn soit uni à celui de ce dieu, comme nous verrons sur d'autres autels ; sur la face principale était une figure qui a été martelée. Ce petit monument provient, nous a-t-on dit 9 de la vieille église d'Ardiège , où Ion a découvert un assez grand nombre de traces du culte rendu à Leherenn et aussi à Mars. Quelques autres objets de ce genre, retrouvés par nous dans le même lieu, ont disparu, ou ont été acquis par ces prétendus amateurs , qui tout en enlevant aux con trées, où ils devraient être conservés, les monuments recueillis par eux , les vendent à des étrangers et les font perdre au pays où ils furent retrouvés. L'inscription de celui-ci est ainsi conçue : DEO MKRT.. GEMELLVS ET FESTINk Un autre autel, dédié a Leherennus-Mars, a été retrouvé, par nous à Ardiège, et placé, comme une partie des précé dents, dans le Musée Archéologique de Toulouse. L'inscrip tion gravée sur la face principale est celle-ci : LEHERENO MKRTI TITVLLVS . k MOENI . F V.S.L .M « A LeherennuS'Mars. TituUus , fils d'Amoenus , a vo lontairement acquitté le vœu qu'il avait fait. » Le nombre des autels ou de fragments de marbres ins crits, retrouvés dans les ruines de l'ancienne église d'Ar diège, est assez considérable pour faire croire que Leherenn, dieu local, attira sur ce point un grand nombre d'adorateurs, n 13 — 194 — Mais nous verrons bientôt que son culte ne fut pas le seul en honneur dans ce Vicus que nons croyons devoir attribuer aux Onobusates, puisqu'en des temps très anciens et jus ques en 1790 il a fait partie du Nébousan. Considéré sim plement comme une déité topique , Leherenn aurait sans doute peu d'importance , mais le surnom de Mars qui lui fut donné, a du fixer sur lui Tattention des mythographes. Et c'est donc pour rendre notre travail aussi complet qu'il est possible , que nous avons réuni ici les copies des autres inscriptions , encore subsistantes , consacrées à cet être my thique. Quelques-unes d'entr'elles nous ont été données par M. Gazes. LEHERENO DEO BkMBIX SORI F.V.S.L.M* Le nom de Bambix , mais sans l'indication du père de cet adorateur de Leherenn , a déjà paru dans une inscrip tion où ce dieu a le surnom de Mars. LEHER^N NO MKR^ SERKNVS TIIIIF' Quelques fautes typograhiques nous ont été reprochées par une critique que nous aurions bien voulu être bienveil lante, il est vrai que l'absence de quelques lettres n'ôtait rien ici au sens de l'inscription, mais Nous avons publié aussi cette autre inscription, très fruste, selon la copie qui nous en fut transmise : m LEHER VRIKXE -. ILLVN ...S EVN* i SORI Filiu». * Apparemment HAR(«. > H. Barry a lu, ici, et avec raison, 2Y(it, ou 7t7M Filita. — 195 — On doit regretter que la troisième ligne de cette inscrip* tîon soit oblitérée en grande partie. Peut-être Iç mot Ilunnus nom d'un autre dieu pyrénéen * , et qui est devenu , dans la Narbonnaise , le surnom d'Hercule , était-il tracé sur ce marbre ; on l'iguore , et c'est ainsi que beaucoup de ques tions archéologiques demeureront peut-être toujours sans solution, parce qu'il manquera un mot, ou même une lettre à une inscription. On nous a reproché d'avoir supprimé ici, et à lort, la finale EN du nom du dieu , et d'avoir donné deux L au mot , ou nom, Iluno. Maïs ceci provient : 1^ de la personne qui nous a transmis la copie de ce monument et qui n'avait pas fait apparemment d'estampage, quoique fort habile en ce genre ; 2" enfin d'une faute typographique ; mais nous avons de puis étudié nous-même ce monument. M. Barry croit que dans VRIAXE on devrait peut-être reconnaître le nom d'une divinité topique, «le dieu Muriax ou Luriax (inédit). » La prudence seule s'opposerait à adopter cette idée et ce ne serait pas d'ailleurs , la première fois que , sur nos monu ments , on verrait l'association de plusieurs divinités diffé rentes. Dans le mot llun, notre confrère retrouve le nom d'un particulier, alors il abandonnerait Topinion probable de l'association de deux divinités à Leherenriy sur le même marbre. Au reste , il n'insiste pas et avoue, « de très bonne foi, n'être arrivé qu'a des interprétations purement conjec turales et qu'il tient à épargner aux lecteurs. » Voici la leçon donnée par ce professeur : LEHEREN' VRIKXE iLVNKoSI Fil Ik Un très petit autel, placé dans le cabinet de M. Gazes, à ^ Astoillunus, Suprà, — 196 — Saint-Bertrand, offre une singularité produite par le lapidi cide 5 qui a lié les premières lettres du nom divin , de §orte que Ton pourrait lire HERENNO au lieu de LEHERENNO à la première ligne. riEREN NO DEO S kBIN^ V.S . L.M Des démolitions exécutées depuis quelques années à Ar diège, ont fourni de nouvelles preuves du culte qui y était rendu à Leherenn;kj on a encore retiré des décombres plu sieurs autels votifs élevés à ce dieu. Et qu'il nous soit permis de consigner ici que tous les monuments de Leherenn dé couverts, depuis le temps de Sirmond et de Gruter, seraient encore inconnus sans nos recherches ; que le premier nous les avons publiés; que, par nos soins, plusieurs ont été rassem blés a Toulouse , où, sans doute, ils seront toujours conser vés. Le premier de ces monuments découverts depuis peu, est un autel dont la face principale offre l'inscription suivante : LEREN NO DEO SKBIN V.S.L. M C'est-à-dire : « Au dieu Leherenn. Sabinus a volontaire ment acquitté le vœu qu'il avait fait. » On voit que ce petit autel a été élevé, par un particulier nommé Sabinus, pour acquitter son vœu a Leherenn. Mais on ne lit plus qu'avec difficulté l'inscription placée sur. la principale face de l'autel qui suit, parce que le marbre a été mutilé dans toute sa hauteur. Voici ce que l'on y retrouve encore : LEHE.... MIRT . • • Q CON : I F V.S.L. i — 197 — Un autel que M. Barry a publié le premier a offert l'ins cription suivante , dont la première lettre a presqu'entière ment disparu : EKFRENN DEO OSSON PRIIMI . L V.S. L. M Il l'explique ainsi : LEHERENNO DEO, OSSON, PRIAMI Liber tw, Votum Solvit Lubens Mérita. Cette inscription avait d'abord été copiée par M. Gazes. Nous en avons les dessins sous nos yeux, et notre infatiga ble correspondant n'avait pas lu PRIAMI sur le marbre ; à la troisième et à la quatrième ligne il voyait : ossoH.. y.. I RlkN .... _ On a découvert dans les murs de la vieille église d'Ardiège et dans le voisinage, quelques fragments d'inscriptions qui n'apprennent rien sur le culte de cet être mythique , mais qui prouvent qu'il y a eu sur ce point une grande affluence de personnes dévouées au culte de cet immortel, soit hispa nien, soit gaulois. Nous ne rapporterons ici ces fragments que pour compléter cette partie de notre travail. Aucun d'eux ne doit nous occuper en particulier. On en voit d'ail leurs les formes dans Y Atlas de cet ouvrage ; LEHE MKRT * s CONII F V.S.L. K — 198 — LEHERERN LEHEI V.S. L LEHEREN LEHERENNO NI DEO V . S . L . M PRIMVLV Ce nom de Primulus assez souvent répété sur les monu ments de nos contrées, se retrouve encore sur d'autres frag ments d'inscriptions découverts à Ardiège. D iRIMVLV.. V.S. L.M Sur un autre fragment .provenant aussi d' Ardiège, on trouve le nom d'un particulier nommé Mandalus, déjà connu par l'inscription d'un autel trouvé de même à Ar diège et que j'avais déposé dans le Musée en 1827 *. Sur un autre fragment on lit : ....«LIS 'X RRiS REKN ^ On sait que Ton n'a point trouvé , dans la Narbonnaise et dans l'Aquitaine, de monuments consacrés à Estis, à Taranis et à ces autres dieux que l'on suppose avoir été adorés dans la Gaule entière ; nous avons vu que le culte * Peut-être mARrft. ^ Notice des Monuments Antiques conservés dans le Musée de To%Uou$e, In-8®. Donladoure, 1828, p. 44. 3 On trouye le nom de VITALIS sur Fane des inscriptions découvertes I Monsérié, suprà. — 199 — 6!Abellion indiquait que celui-ci ne doit pas être rangé au nombre des divinités topiques, puisqu'il avait des adora teurs dans plusieurs régions assez éloignées les unes des autres. Assuré que l'on n'avait découvert de monuments au dieu Leherenn que dans une seule partie du pays des Onobusates , nous ne l'avions placé , malgré Topi nion d'un savant d'outre-Rhin , qu'au nombre des divi nités locales. Ce fut, en effet, à Ardiège que furent retrouvés les premiers autels consacrés à ce dieu. C'est d' Ardiège en core que nous en avons retiré un bon nombre et c'est la que d'autres ont été vus par nous, il y a peu de mois. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'archologiepyrne00mggoog_11', 'collection': 'French-PD-diverse', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1860.0', 'title': "Archéologie pyrénéenne; antiquités ... d'une portion de la Narbonnaise, et de l'Aquitaine ...", 'creator': 'Alexandre Louis C.A . Du Mège', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '6896', 'token_count': '10933', '__index_level_0__': '11440', 'original_id': '9f30c91288941467551ea3844a90801208bee7f19761c1e7b490dea727166fc3'} |
Taos County Gets Its First Bariatric Ambulance
Taos County recently rolled out the area’s first ambulance made specifically to transport obese patients. It can make it safer and more comfortable for heavier people to get medical assistance.
Typical ambulance gurneys can carry up to 600 pounds, but Joaquin Gonzales said three or four times a year, his crews will respond to calls for people exceeding that limit. He’s the Director of EMS in Taos County and said it takes a lot of work to move those patients.
"Some ambulance services don’t have powered stretchers, so you have to lift that gurney all the way up into the ambulance," he said. "So that takes at least six people to do so."
Their new one is a regular ambulance outfitted with a broader cabin and new hydraulics, Gonzales said, so its lift can automatically load up to 1,300 pounds. That should require fewer EMTs.
The county got it with a grant worth more than $25,000, making it the only one of its kind north of Bernalillo County. They have two of their own.
The new ambulance will be used all over Northern New Mexico, from Raton to Santa Fe.
On a huge stretch of mesa to the Southwest of Albuquerque, people have built dwellings. These homesteaders on Pajarito Mesa say when they call for emergency services, help isn’t always on its way.
There are questions about the legality of land-ownership or even whether people should be living in this part of Bernalillo County. Some county officials say they don’t want to encourage anyone to move there by providing services.
Stroke is one of the most common medical emergencies. The effects of a stroke last a lifetime, and treating the condition can be extremely expensive. But if doctors can diagnose and treat a stroke quickly, they can reduce the damage a patient suffers. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '4ef3f38e8dd5a6d1f1e0879fb23b9e61e03cff5f8d740d9cd2c20b7df865920f'} |
It seems like these days, we all are trying to save money on anything and everything possible. Some of us go out of our way to accomplish this. The thing is, saving money isn’t something that has to be difficult if you know where to start. To that end, here are a few tips to get you started.
Insurance is a necessity and there are many different types we need. Think about it. We need car insurance, health insurance, home or renter’s insurance, and maybe even motorcycle insurance. When you send a package, the post office will ask if you want your package insured. When you take a trip, you can get travel insurance. With so many different types, it only makes sense to try to save on this type of thing. One way to do that is to only get the amount of coverage that you need. Also, before signing up for a policy, check prices, deductibles, and things of that nature.
Clean Your Closets Out
Take a few hours to go through your closets, attic, and garage. Pull out anything and everything that you no longer need, use, or want. Don’t stop with clothes, shoes, and accessories. Go through your entire home and do the same thing. Then, instead of just throwing that stuff out or donating it, use it to your best advantage. Decluttering can save you money, but it can also make money.
You can sell all of your stuff by having a yard sale. What you don’t sell there, you can put on sites like eBay or Craigslist. You can also list your stuff for sale on apps like 5Miles and Let It Go. Anything left after all that can be donated. When you make donations of this nature, always get a receipt because you can use it as a deduction to save on taxes.
Host a Potluck
If you have a lot of friends, the chances are good that you spend more money on things like birthday parties, gifts, and lunch dates. This isn’t necessary. Instead of meeting for a fancy lunch or dinner, why not host a potluck where everyone brings their favorite dish? By doing this, you’ll save the money spent on the meal, taxes, tip, and even parking. You might also come to find that the meal is more enjoyable when you don’t have to stick to restaurant etiquette.
Customer Rewards
It doesn’t matter where you happen to live, there are quite a few retailers who will reward you simply for shopping in their stores. The best thing to do if you’re going to do this is to set up a dedicated email address for it. Sign up for all of the customer reward programs you come across. Then, when you’re ready to go shopping, check that email address for the latest deals and coupons. This can save you quite a bit of money.
By taking a little time and shopping around for the best deals you can find on what you need, and even thinking outside of the box at times, you’ll be able to meet your savings goals in no time.
Editor Picks | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9572656750679016}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '232059', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OSCRCU37F7OLQVLZUZXFIEEOAXPHKYYD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d3f2ea1c-fc5e-448c-a1b8-0d9c37849dc3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 16, 22, 30, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.208.31.65', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JBFZYQEMPHLZOWYHNUVHGNX24FG3W3VB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:874ea7a6-dd2d-4af1-863b-65696959305b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.bloggymoms.com/the-trick-to-saving-money-effortlessly/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9279877f-ba5d-48fb-8422-9b87a2edbb05>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '537', 'url': 'https://www.bloggymoms.com/the-trick-to-saving-money-effortlessly/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-184.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04644089937210083', 'original_id': '4d63048d287576c852b9063c3e43b116b043407a626222f3161d4db3d282cd11'} |
Immune to ageing
Max Planck researchers discover a microbe that is rejuvenated every time it reproduces
September 13, 2013
While ageing remains an inevitable fact of life, Max Planck researchers have discovered a microbe that stays forever young by rejuvenating every time it reproduces. The findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms of ageing.
Three generations of yeast cells from the mother cell (green) via two daughters (red) to four granddaughter cells.
In general, even symmetrically dividing microbes do not split into two exactly identical halves. Detailed investigations revealed that there are mechanisms in place that ensure that one half receives older, often defective, cell material, whereas the other half is equipped with new fully-functional material. So microbes produce offspring that is younger than the parent – like is the case with humans.
The research team showed that, unlike other species, the yeast Schizosaccheromyces pombe is immune to ageing when reproducing under favourable growth conditions. When the yeast is treated well, it reproduces by splitting into two halves that both inherit their fair share of old cell material. As both cells get only half of the damaged material, they are both younger than before. “The yeast is rejuvenated a bit every time it reproduces,” explains Iva Tolic-Norrelykke, research group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden and lead investigator on the project.
Once subjected to negative influences like chemicals or heat, the yeast cells started splitting into a younger and an older half just like other cells. While the older cells eventually died, their offspring survived long enough to reproduce even in the harsh environments. The findings highlight S. pombe as an interesting organism that could potentially serve as a model of certain non-ageing types of cells in humans, such as germ cells, stem cells and cancer cells.
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Sterile motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is usually a mammalian dNTP hydrolase (dNTPase) that regulates intracellular dNTP balance
Sterile motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is usually a mammalian dNTP hydrolase (dNTPase) that regulates intracellular dNTP balance. found that low-level exogenous expression of SAMHD1 led to a significant reduction in HuT78 cell growth, proliferation, and colony formation. Exogenous SAMHD1 Lymphotoxin alpha antibody expression in HuT78 cells also led to elevated spontaneous and Fas ligand (Fas-L)-induced apoptosis amounts via activation from the extrinsic pathway, including caspase-8, ?3 and ?7. Additionally, elevated SAMHD1 significantly decreased the proteins and mRNA appearance from the brief isoform of cFLIP (cFLIPS), a significant harmful regulator of Fas-L-mediated apoptotic signaling. Our outcomes indicate that exogenous SAMHD1 expression inhibits HuT78 cell proliferation and development partly by increasing apoptosis. These results implicate that SAMHD1 works as an inhibitor in CTCL cell development, recommending that downregulation of SAMHD1 appearance in neoplastic T-cells can facilitate Amineptine uncontrolled cell proliferation. gene was identified in atypical AGS sufferers also.11 Despite few research (reviewed in12), need for SAMHD1 function in development and advancement of tumor remains to be unknown. SAMHD1 somatic mutations have already been identified in a number of malignancies, including solid malignancies such as for example glioblastoma,13 colorectal,14-16 breasts,15 lung,17 pancreatic18 malignancies and blood-related malignancies such as for example persistent lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)19,20 and myeloma .21 Additionally, SAMHD1 mRNA and/or proteins expression can be downregulated in CLL,19 breasts19 and lung22 malignancies. Our recent research using the monocytic leukemia cell range (THP-1) demonstrated that gene silencing considerably boosts cell proliferation, decreases apoptosis, and redistributes the cells into G1/G0 stage from the cell routine.23 These benefits collectively recommend a significant function of SAMHD1 in tumor development and development. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is usually a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas that is primarily characterized by infiltration of proliferative CD4+ T-lymphocytes into the skin.24,25 The two most studied subtypes of CTCL are the indolent form mycosis fungoides Amineptine (MF) and the more aggressive, leukemic variant, Szary syndrome (SS) that is characterized by Amineptine presence of malignant CD4+ T-cells in the blood.25-27 Resistance to apoptosis is a major hallmark of several cancers including CTCL.28,29 Several studies suggest that the enhanced proliferation of malignant T-cells in CTCL is largely due to the increased resistance to apoptosis via defective apoptotic signaling.28-31 Dysregulation of Fas-L-mediated apoptotic signaling and its mediators including Fas-L, Fas, caspase-8 and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is usually a major factor in CTCL development.30,32-41 cFLIP inhibits the Fas-L signaling by preventing Fas-mediated activation of caspase-8 and caspase-10.36,37 While Fas-L and Fas are significantly downregulated in CTCL-derived main CD4+ T-cells and cell lines, cFLIP is highly overexpressed.28,29,32,36,37,39,40 Additionally, several other regulators of apoptosis are aberrantly expressed or inactivated, leading to reduced sensitivity of CTCL-derived cells to apoptotic stimuli.41,42 Recent genome sequencing studies have improved the understanding of altered gene expression in CTCL patients43-48; however, the pathogenesis and progression of Amineptine CTCL is not completely understood and therefore there is a clear lack of effective targeted treatment strategies. We have previously exhibited that SAMHD1 mRNA and protein levels are significantly downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD4+ T-cells of CTCL (SS and MF) patients relative to cells from healthy donors.49 Our previous studies also show that SAMHD1 expression is lower in lymphoma and leukemia derived CD4+ T-cell lines relative to primary CD4+ T-cells from healthy donors.50 Additionally, SAMHD1 downregulation in these cell lines and in SS patient cells highly correlated with significant increase in SAMHD1 promoter DNA methylation status.49,50 SAMHD1 expression was induced by treatment of these CD4+ T-cell lines with methyl-transferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting that SAMHD1 expression is regulated by epigenetic modulations.49,50 However, the functional significance of SAMHD1 downregulation in CTCL pathophysiology remains unknown. Herein, we statement a novel growth inhibitory function of SAMHD1 in CTCL-derived cells. Exogenous expression of SAMHD1 in a CTCL-derived CD4+ T-cell collection (HuT78) resulted in significant inhibition of cell growth and proliferation relative to control cells. SAMHD1 expression also reduced the ability of HuT78 cells to form colonies. Moreover, SAMHD1 expression in HuT78 cells induced spontaneous apoptosis via increased activation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling mediators, and sensitizes these cells to Fas-L-stimulated apoptosis. Mechanistically, SAMHD1. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.909321427345276}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '28154', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QM7RBBBJVYSS3BWASAZFQISYBCBEVYHD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:60526727-26cc-408c-a955-57879f040031>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 21, 20, 55, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '67.227.219.88', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CBYJ6DNO7NITL3NZN5GOYYBFMVQSW5FR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3f416ce1-0cd5-41e7-9e59-ee7d6359c4c0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://cellmolecularbiology.org/%EF%BB%BFsterile-motif-and-hd-domain-containing-protein-1-samhd1-is-usually-a-mammalian-dntp-hydrolase-dntpase-that-regulates-intracellular-dntp-balance/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ebca371f-8f67-4fdf-823c-3d88f858492e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '679', 'url': 'http://cellmolecularbiology.org/%EF%BB%BFsterile-motif-and-hd-domain-containing-protein-1-samhd1-is-usually-a-mammalian-dntp-hydrolase-dntpase-that-regulates-intracellular-dntp-balance/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-232\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5346065759658813', 'original_id': 'c966708ebda22ba68eab589a272faf05e50e35695b9b37096c9f1b8871bb7ac6'} |
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What NOT To Use.
Do not use ANY type of breaker designed for standard AC or DC no matter what the rating is. The DCC signal is neither AC or DC. Using any product NOT specifically designed or approved for DCC should not be considered. This includes any form of breaker designed to be used in a 120VAC circuit.
You can have a short circuit in a decoder but there is no guarantee it will trip a DCC circuit breaker or shutdown a booster.
Myth: DCC circuit breakers protect decoders.
Fact: DCC circuit breaker protect boosters.
The goal of the DCC circuit break is to protect THE BOOSTER by isolating the short locally within the breakers power district so the booster can remain powering the OTHER power districts to keep the other parts of the layout running.
For the DCC circuit breaker to act, a short circuit has to meet specific criteria.
a) The short circuit current must be above the trip point of the DCC circuit breaker.
b) The short circuit current must last for a period of time.
There is nothing in the design of a given decoder that is designed to comply with these requirements when they fail.
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Have more questions? Submit a request | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8675049543380737}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '16238', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2DSL7SFWYGIIDHRJEUFR4D5D7EZH5C66', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3995f500-e134-45a7-a52e-421877430e91>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 7, 33, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.16.54.111', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RJ5GN345IGSLD24C3Q5SSJEL45PWU3PN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:440ce667-b34a-43f1-bf2a-ad0c7b47ffe2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://ncedcc.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/205538995-What-NOT-To-Use-', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf59bf46-24e3-4bf4-95e9-091398b2a0a4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '218', 'url': 'https://ncedcc.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/205538995-What-NOT-To-Use-', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14231985807418823', 'original_id': '4643132a31b6f6f0db529e5520251cef4cd9f2eab15a93ad35f49b60e9a6b0b8'} |
There sure have been a lot of people coming forth about harassment incidents and acts of sexual misconduct; some of them took place over several decades. The unsettling thing is, many outsiders have judged the validity of the incidents based on who the accused person is. That bothers me. A lot. I put myself in the shoes of the victim. It’s hard enough to come forth; but it’s doubly hurtful when there are people who step up in support of the accused, most of whom were not even present when the incident took place. People are supporting the accused based solely on reputation.
For each perpetrator — more or less — there have been a handful of supporters standing behind them. I get that a person’s reputation and their standing in the community could be sufficient enough grounds to add to or take away from a person’s credibility; reputation can also create reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury members if the case ends up in a criminal or civil court. That’s one reason why it can take such a long time to select the jury panel in some cases. It can take weeks or even months in some instances to get the “right” jury panel. The prosecutor wants jury members who can empathize with the victim. The defense wants jury members who can empathize with the accused. Depending on the particular case, you can have thousands of potential jurors in the pool. To date, the largest jury pool was for the trial of James Holmes in Aurora, Colorado in 2015. The jury pool was 9000 people. He was convicted of multiple counts of murder for killing guests at a movie theater. By comparison, the O.J. Simpson case brought in 1000 potential jurors. He was acquitted of killing his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman.
The identity of the perpetrator can have a huge impact on the jury selection process, because people have strong feelings of love or hate for them. When their minds are already made up even before they see or hear any evidence, it can be challenging to get the right mix of 12 people (and juror alternates).
I have heard many people speak out for and against Bill Cosby, Matt Lauer, and most surprisingly, R. Kelly, surprising because his alleged victims were minors. In contrast, I have yet to hear anybody speak out to support Steve Harvey Steve Harvey Accused of Sexual Harassment. Some have said his personae is that of someone who likely had done what he was accused of doing. Others have said his book on relationships and intimacy reveals things about the way in which he has treated women in the past, which adds weight to the accusations launched against him. I didn’t read the book myself, so I can’t speak to it. (Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, Expanded Edition: What Men Really Think About Love, Relationships, Intimacy, and Commitment). But regardless – whether good or bad – I don’t believe a person’s life and past should play a role in believability.
It seems unfair treatment when a victim accuses someone with a “dog” reputation and that victim is immediately believed, but if an alleged abuser/harasser is someone who has a straight-laced background, there is a lot of scrutiny, skepticism, and doubt that the incidents really occurred. Imagine how the victims feel. Even someone trusted and respected can deceive you. The same is true of the victim. You have a victim who is well-respected, will that person be more quickly believed than someone who is of ill repute? Unfortunately, that’s how society functions. Your character and reputation carry a lot of weight, much more than it should. Even a seemingly good guy can be a predator — I suppose they call such folks a sociopath.
What if you were the victim and people said things like, “Nah, I don’t believe it.” How would you feel if your associate Michael had abused you and people were saying, “No, the Michael I know wouldn’t have done anything like that.” I’ve learned that we don’t always know people as well as we may think we do, even the ones closest to us. Just look at Judas. He was one of the 12 disciples, one of Jesus’ closest friends and advisors; he wasn’t the man Jesus thought he was. Judas betrayed him.
As an aside, let me throw this in here. There are instances in which people get falsely accused of heinous acts. Therefore, I can understand people’s hesitance to always believe someone who presents themselves as a victim. Just look at the Tawana Brawley case. She falsely accused some men of assaulting her, raping her. If you don’t know about or can’t remember that case, do a search. Then there was the case of Susan Smith, a Caucasian woman who fabricated a story about a black man carjacking her and ultimately causing the deaths of her children when she in fact was the sole cause of her own children’s death. There are plenty other similar cases of people being falsely blamed for things.
The moral of my post here is, don’t be so quick to condemn someone – or to support someone – before you have all the facts. We talk about the concept of having blind justice, meaning embracing fairness and equity when it comes to vetting out accusations of those funneled through the criminal justice system. That’s the context of how that term surfaced. But it’s funny how we don’t embrace that notion in our day-to-day lives. What a hypocrisy. I’ve found that many people are superb liars. They’re great at it. They may try and twist the truth and have you question your own memory. But don’t get sucked in. Let the facts speak for themselves. Make Lady Justice keep her blindfold on. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2cc3da307ed814e472b8e9956d2eca7daeb4b18260c88895de0cd96089ec6e4d'} |
Be in my Prime
I'm 23 years old. This is the prime of my life, or so I'm told. This is when my body is supposed to be at it's peak with a faster metabolism and less joint & health problems than I may have when I get older. But I'm not happy with my body. i lack tone, I have flabby areas, I'm not strong and I'm not particularly fit. I want to change all of that and I want to relish the here and now, I want to look and feel in my prime.
So, how do I do that?
1. Follow and complete a workout plan. I work best when I walk in to a gym knowing what I am going to do each day, so I will be following Jamie Eason's LiveFit Trainer. I started it around this time last year, but never completed it. This will involve me regularly going to the gym, something I have struggled to do in the past.
2. Build muscle. I lack strength, tone and definition, this can all be resolved by lifting weights in the gym and building muscle to sculpt my body.
3. Decrease my body fat %. I want to get my body fat % down to 20%.
4. Eat Clean. I want to eat clean the majority of the time, with a treat once or twice a week. It is all about cutting out processed foods and replacing them with wholesome foods. But still having the occasional treat so as not to feel deprived.
5. Increase my water intake. Sometimes I can be great at drinking enough, and other times I suck. I need to constantly ensure I'm drinking enough water and staying hydrated so that my body can flush out the toxins.
6. Bring healthy lunches and snacks to work. There is always temptation in the office. If I plan ahead and bring my own food, I will be less tempted and will find it easier to stick to eating clean.
7. Complete the London to Brighton bike ride. I cycled 50 miles in the middle of the night last October on next to no training and took hours and hours to complete it. This year, I want to cycle 54 miles to Brighton in the Summer but do it in a good time. I'm aiming for no more than 4 hours!
Please sign in or sign up to comment. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9672465324401855}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51613', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MFTDD5EDBGISCPXLX7NZIIZLY2V4CL2H', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8a23dd6c-df4b-4173-8949-9738e6229b7c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 0, 54, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.1.109', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:K72DGP6DYAWVYF3RTSBXJS3BZXDSKNB6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c89982c-7e69-4e56-bf33-11a7d78e738b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.skillshare.com/projects/Be-in-my-Prime/2653', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0c73a38c-22b8-4647-aeb0-936a0af57db9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '400', 'url': 'https://www.skillshare.com/projects/Be-in-my-Prime/2653', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-51-149-184.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05807948112487793', 'original_id': '87197491f560b858f7606c2a5da3708fff2af4d15dfb9e2a74e50cf0440025f4'} |
Q:
IScroll4, how to call functions when the div is scrolling?
I want to call some actions, when the user is scrolling in iScroll4. Also depending on the position and speed on the scrolling.
Where and how to hook in best to achive this?
With addListener I had no luck, because it reacts on on-time events, eg. Touchmove, touchstart. What i need is to know when the div is scrolling..
Any ideas?
A:
There are lot of callback functions iScroll. You can use those for your purposes.
A small explanation about those.
scroller = new iScroll('ID', {
onRefresh : function(){
/* iScroll provided feature to refresh the scroller. This will help to refresh the scroller container when you dynamically add contents. */
},
onBeforeScrollStart : function(e){
/* this is nothing but just when your mousedown event (This will be triggered each and every mousedown event). This is very useful when your parent container have scroller and your child container also have scroller. Assume this is your child scroller. What you can do is just get your parent scroller object (parentScroller) and disable it "parentScroller.disable()" */
},
onScrollStart : function(){
/* now you start to move your mouse while holding mouse left button */
},
onBeforeScrollMove : function(){
/* this where your scroller is start to move actually */
},
onScrollMove : function(){
/* now your scroller is moving. If you need to do something, when your scroller is moving you can do those here */
},
onBeforeScrollEnd : function(){
/* your scroller movement is about to stop */
},
onScrollEnd : function(){
/* your scorller movement stoped. Will say you have disable your parent scroller. Now this is the good place to enable your parent scroller "parentScroller.enable()"*/
},
onDestroy : function(){
/* you destroy your scroller. iScroll is provide a feature to remove the attached sctoller. */
}
});
I just gave you a small explanation about the some of callback functions. But there are some more exists such as onTouchEnd, onZoomStart, onZoom, onZoomEnd. You can experiment those if you need.
I hope this might help you to sort out issue.
Latest Update to get the position and speed of the scroller.
scroller = new iScroll('ID', {
onScrollMove : function(e){
/* this function return an object in which it has almost all the required stuffs. */
}
});
For your reference console.log(e) and analyze the value e has. It return lot of x & y positions. From those you can get the scroller position directly. But to get the speed of the scroller you have to use physics ;). It returns timestamp, scroller position. I think you might to able to get the speed using these values. I am sorry at the moment I could not analyze these values to exactly say how you can get the speed. But I think you can calculate speed using the values available.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '28c503111421998f837f36474e797d8c3a9eb5d32c3e159dba80b920c86df848'} |
22 Jump Street: Every Sequel Poster Revealed!
At the end of 22 Jump Street, filmmakers Chris Miller and Phil Lord just kind of put it out there and by "it" we mean every possible sequel idea that could ever be. Sure, in the movie Channing Tatum and Jonah Hill comment about the building being constructed at 23 Jump Street -- a direct dig at a possible sequel headquarters for our comedic cop duo.
But, then Lord and Miller took it a step further after the film's credits and told us what we can "expect" from every sequel to the film that gave us these fantastic 22 Jump Street quotes. And we have it below!
Given our love for the first film and their unforgettable 21 Jump Street quotes, we adore the idea of Hill and Tatum going to medical school for 24 Jump Street and even beauty school for 42 Jump Street: Beauty School and its tag line: "Dye Hard!"
Be sure to watch 21 Jump Street online and witness the madcap comedy brilliance of Lord, Miller, Tatum and Hill and here's hoping we really do get 31 Jump Street: Ninja Academy! | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ae4acfcd1bdb9ea0565151fa4f91d50670313793c075bbfe805beec5bbf0d711'} |
Spanish Dictionary
Translation of dieta
la dieta the diet
Translation by Vocabulix
Sample sentences:
La dieta mediterránea es una dieta a base de verduras y aceite de oliva.
The Mediterranean diet is a diet based on vegetables and olive oil.
La gente siempre dice que va a empezar una dieta el próximo lunes. People always say that they will begin a diet the next Monday.
Ella sigue una dieta alta en fibra. She goes on a high fiber diet.
dieta saludable healthy diet
Most common translations: destorcer desigualdad descarriar dentado declarar célebre cucharadita cresta corrector contratista | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '92', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8106182813644409}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10094', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JL3QVXVLILM7YZDEAI6WCRS33H5PFGJ4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1607bbe5-16c0-41e9-8f06-1d029edb4c32>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 30, 2, 40, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.154.213.34', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KZQTNHZ5HZGAJTX7OFUCJCM2OZHSZIJT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:380b1605-7c0f-48ff-bfc7-1fb6cfcb455e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.vocabulix.com/translation/dieta.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:76f58660-bb33-43e2-803a-574cc4e8734f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '213', 'url': 'http://www.vocabulix.com/translation/dieta.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-06\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for January 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13162767887115479', 'original_id': 'dcbf8e95a4dda2fd106d75b0cc9ac1c2ba2ba3410445ff6779390ff9e3d4c271'} |
Whether your event is a company dinner, corporate party, or social gathering, look no further than Chicago's West Lake District venues HighGround and The Lakewood.
HighGround offers an intimate, yet sun-drenched event space that’s ready to transform for any hosting need. Guests can use the existing chic lounge furniture and the AV System for presentations or sporting event viewing parties. HighGround accommodates a cocktail party up to 80 attendees, and a seated dinner for up to 50 persons. Seasonally prepared fare is provided by Paramount Events’ Chef Devon Quinn for any event needs.
The Lakewood presents an expansive space serving as a sleek, blank canvas for a variety of events. The venue features high, rustic wood ceilings and polished concrete floors, holding seated dinners for 150 and a dance floor for 300, with a capacity of 330 without the dance floor, and 600 for a cocktail reception. Exceptional culinary creations are provided by Paramount Events’ Chef Devon Quinn, through the on-site kitchen.
Utilize Chicago's customizable spaces for your next event and make the canvas your own. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2ddd830fb91f19568275bc95645a7d7ad72e7bf01065cb815e86ffba7edf95b3'} |
I've spent the majority of my adult life living the mobile lifestyle in various converted vans and RV's. In fact, I moved into a full-size Dodge campervan at age 16 and lived at the beach without a care in the world, partying with friends daily, doing odd jobs to fill the gas tank and stock the mini fridge. The main draw being the freedom and lifestyle....just turn the key whenever I want a new view, or go on a trip.
Over the years I experimented with various Class B van motorhomes, a couple Class C's, a large Class A, and yep even paying rent (gasp) in apartments when I had temporary lapses in good judgment. Over a decade and a half later, I'm back fulltiming on wheels. I feel much happier when I have less things in life. Less stuff, more happiness. Who the hell needs five rooms, two TV's and storage lockers full of junk they never use? Spending the majority of your life working for a house you aren't even occupying 9-5 for 5 days a week or more is truly assinine in my opinion. Is that really why we're on this planet?
A home is not defined by whether it's sitting on a concrete foundation or on rubber wheels or floating on water. It's also not determined by size. Home is a place that you can call yours and you feel comfortable in, whether that be a mansion, a tiny home, a treehouse, a boat, an RV or a van...it does not matter.
So here I am, once again living happily in my newest RV, a 21' Class B motorhome, and wondering why on earth I took so long to become mobile and free once again. So I decided to share it with the world...and to my pleasant surprise I am not the only one on YouTube doing this, it is in fact a large and fast growing community of mobile home dwellers all over the world. Each and every one of them discovering that there is more to life than commuting and slaving to pay for stuff they don't even need their entire lives, and hoping one day they'll get a 2 week vacation from their rat race jobs. House with white picket fence and two cars? No thanks. To me, that is the opposite of freedom. It's not the true Canadian/American dream for many of us.
Join me on my YouTube channel at JUSTINCREDIBLE.TV, spread the freedom. There's enough to go around, just grab some and make it yours. Keep on rockin' in the free world.
The motorhome
Xplorer 230 XLW widebody Class B on a Ram 3500 1-ton dually chassis. Upgraded with a marine propane fireplace, solar panels, sound system and LED lighting throughout.
Xplorer was founded by Ray Frank, who built the world's first commercial motorhome in 1958. Frank's wife is credited with coining the term "motor home" because she
didn't like the then-popular "house car" name. "Motorhome" caught on and stuck!
Check out all my videos on JUSTINCREDIBLE.TV
Contact me
JUSTIN CREDIBLE Designed by Justin Credible | © 2015
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Update to recommendations issued in March 2018
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued an update of the European Union (EU) recommendations for the influenza virus strains that vaccine manufacturers should include in vaccines for the prevention of seasonal influenza from autumn 2018.
The recommendations now also contain a decision on suitable strains for live, attenuated vaccines. The list of reagents for vaccine standardisation has also been updated. Details such as the specific virus strains to be included, are available in the updated 2018/2019 recommendations issued by EMA's Biologics Working Party (BWP) ad-hoc Influenza Working Group.
The initial EU strain recommendations for the composition of 2018/2019 seasonal flu vaccines were made on 26 March 2018.
Every year, the ad-hoc Influenza Working Group issues EU guidance regarding the composition of seasonal influenza vaccines on the basis of recommendations made by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The Agency urges marketing-authorisation holders to submit applications to change the composition of centrally authorised seasonal flu vaccines by 18 June 2018. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'eb346f4ab5b0beb1e89fc4694782730c6b5dc5d84021b55b06aa160e687ee823'} |
Water Issues
The safety of your drinking water is of paramount importance and unlike mains water, which usually remains consistent in terms of quality, water from a private source such as a borehole or stream can be very variable. This is due to a range of issues such as contamination and the presence of metals and minerals to name but a few. Below are the three broad categories that water issues fall into. Within each, you will find information about the different types of problems and contaminants that can occur.
Slava Yurthev Copyright | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9549936056137084}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '55905', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:K2SZPMHK6M67SATTIXKK2DGRUCJBZ4H3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5db96e31-37d1-458c-ab4c-3fb2bd74008f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 9, 58, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '99.81.59.67', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IEU4O4U4MGZ4HILLXHBYU6XUH7TWIIKH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8dc63832-5616-4cc2-890e-bc83ba21c1c4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://drinking-water-testing.co.uk/DWT/water-issues.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3d0495e-289f-46d0-90c8-fc3bd47a5498>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '92', 'url': 'http://drinking-water-testing.co.uk/DWT/water-issues.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.028404712677001953', 'original_id': 'f9d8e58e3e844ffccd41a7ac18cf39b483cdee94a1285c697d4aadf4d7ba5578'} |
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Swollen Throat/Neck
cryptorchid posted:
For the past few days my throat/neck has felt swollen and kind of painful. It's a little bit hard to breathe and swallow but I'm not sure if it's because my throat is swollen or if it's just my brain making me think that. Last month I was put on a trial of Qvar and it helped so I went to my doctors last week and they put me on the same dose of it for another two months. My throat started feeling swollen a few days after I started taking the inhaler again but the last time I took it I didn't have any side effects like that so I don't think Qvar caused my throat to feel swollen. I've taken Advil and Benadryl but they haven't helped very much. It's not getting any worse but it's not improving and it has been like this for a few days. It doesn't hurt inside of my throat just on the outside. I haven't been exposed to anything I know I'm allergic to recently and I take Allegra everyday for my allergies so I usually don't have many allergy symptoms. Actually my throat started feeling swollen after I tried different flavors of coconut water. I'm not allergic to coconuts but they did have different flavors of fruit and I am allergic to some tropical fruits, especially pineapple. When I eat tropical fruits they just make my mouth and lips feel weird and itchy but nothing serious. How can I get rid of the swelling in my throat and neck and do I need to see my doctor again?
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For more information, visit the Duke Health Asthma and Allergies Center | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '111', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9621536135673524}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '186563', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L3R3VSYGVN52W6Q3JMPTBYQRU63OHJKX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:94cac97d-d338-4415-a84a-f1bd5a6e4765>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 30, 7, 6, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.220.121', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5JMS7U3ONFOVEXZP6DL6ET2BB5SSLISD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e7c843ee-50c0-42a1-ad60-c23ad203c1b4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://forums.webmd.com/3/allergies-exchange/forum/2030', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e6b68e56-ce6c-45b5-9ec9-aa17dff69152>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '504', 'url': 'http://forums.webmd.com/3/allergies-exchange/forum/2030', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1512545943260193', 'original_id': 'fe811acdb018a02490b9f66725a4029f2f98e8451b73aab10dd92bcb0ca946eb'} |
Pence Faceplants Over COVID-19 During Disastrous ‘CBS Sunday’ Segment
Coronavirus cases are on the rise in some areas of the country, including Arizona, Texas, and Florida, and there’s seemingly more tough times on the horizon — late last week, Florida Senator Marco Rubio (R) claimed that health officials informed him they believed the current outbreak would continue for at least a couple or a few more weeks. Vice President Mike Pence was tapped to lead the White House’s Coronavirus task force back when the pandemic first emerged in the U.S. — and although it’s been months, neither he nor his political allies have rolled out any kind of effective plan to ensure the safety of Americans, as evidenced by the increasing cases and deaths. During an interview that aired on CBS this Sunday, Pence ridiculously derided the idea that he should even be responsible to help develop much of any further concrete national plans in the first place.
Apparently, he thinks that the guidelines issued some time ago by the federal government were more than enough, although anyone who calls the current situation a success has no relationship to reality. In reality, over 125,000 Americans have died, and over 2.5 million have been infected.
Pence told CBS host John Dickerson:
‘We believe that every state has a unique situation. And I want to be clear, while we’re monitoring about 16 states that are seeing outbreaks, it represents about 4 percent of all the counties in this country. 34 states are not seeing a rise in positivity, and they have different measures, different requirements, and different guidance in place. I mean, one of the elements of the genius of America is the principle of federalism, of state and local control… We’ve made it clear that we want to defer to governors, we want to defer to local officials, and people should listen to them.’
Watch below:
The political concept of federalism entails a separation of powers between the national and local levels, but that concept has no relationship to actually curtailing the spread of the virus, which spreads everywhere.
Right then and there, Dickerson commented to Pence:
‘The virus doesn’t knew federalism. A virus that hits in Texas is in New York tomorrow. This is a problem that requires a coordinated national result, which is what these outbreaks are showing, and so to say that states should deal with them individually seems to miss the big fact, which is the virus can go wherever it wants.’
Watch below:
Federalism is not the only excuse that the Trump team has used for seemingly refusing to take the ongoing virus outbreak seriously. President Trump and some of his allies have also claimed that increases in numbers of confirmed cases are due to increases in testing, but around the country, the rate of newly reported cases has been increasing at a faster rate than the increase in testing.
Additionally, in some areas — as Pence himself noted! — there’s been an increase in the portion of tests coming back positive, which means that the virus is spreading. If the portion of the population who is infected was staying the same, then as tests increase, the portion of them that come back positive should go down. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9741231799125672}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '117747', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:U2BQ7FQTTHOQLPPFQYRZSK6425KMG4JH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0e2ab28e-e402-4052-bede-ffd400e03592>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 16, 4, 59, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.134.31', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ASWEEBBZCRP7GI6NR7YB3JADC4MXGGZF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1fc6d26e-4af3-48ed-8e49-55a691ecb1a1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://bipartisanreport.com/2020/06/28/pence-faceplants-over-covid-19-during-disastrous-cbs-sunday-segment/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:96dc4f8e-9609-46b9-a846-45b1d2327ef3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '535', 'url': 'https://bipartisanreport.com/2020/06/28/pence-faceplants-over-covid-19-during-disastrous-cbs-sunday-segment/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-29\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-82.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021034598350524902', 'original_id': '81cd1907500d05ad5f75b4a9351aa6cd0a4719874f95e99261879eb5c714f98e'} |
Custom Legendaries Commissions. Come send a Character, and I'll make you a Special Legendary
Since Jj, and Murlin have stopped Creating Legendaries made for Characters, for personal reasons, I am here to try to take their place, and continue their Legacy of Making Legendaries
Well, as always, there are some things I'll need
1. A Character Sheet:
Obviously, I'll need a Character Sheet. If you don't give me a Character Sheet to work with, then I might unknowingly make a Legendary Armor Piece for you, even though you actually have goro making it useless
Also, Please. And I beg. Do not send me a Character sheet that has something like, Master Wizard AND a Legendary Companion. Not only is it hard to make, it's that you're already too powerful, that I don't think a gm would want your dude to have an even stronger Character
2. A Story/Background to said character :
I need a short little backstory for me to shape your character. What if you were traumatized by Magic or something in your story, I wouldn't want to give you a Magically Based Legendary, now would I? This is important for most of the small things. No need to give me your full backstory, just give me a few sentences, like how was he raised
If you do not give me a backstory/A few sentences, then I'll base the legendary around what I think would fit your character's play style. Which can lead to problems, like when rob said in The Skeleton King, that Coe's Legendary was going to be based around Bookworm, but then Coe's character was based around stabbing people
You have been Warned
3. What is your Character's Gimmick/role?:
What is your character going to be like? Will you be a really fast kid or something? Will you be an assassin? Will you be a guard for some royals? Or are you some old man that just really likes playing with his Earth Golems
4. [Optional] Preference for the Legendary [Optional]:
Now, I know how much time you guys invest into making characters, and their backstories. I understand, I love making them too. And sometimes, there will be times where your legendary is something that you really want to be based around your Backstory, like a Bow, a Pet, a Bond, or a trait. That's why I allow you to make some requests.
Expect me to make cards whenever I can, If there are a bunch of requests at once, please do wait. I most likely have classes, or am busy for a bit. I will do my best to get to you, and try to make your legendary
If you already have a character awaiting a Legendary on this thread, please refrain from adding another until I have made a Legendary for them
Hope you guys will come and leave your Characters for me to make a Legendary for! And also, Always have fun!
• Lady_A_sena
Name - Lady A' Sen'A
Having her parents killed at the age of 2 (Dark Knight), Lady A' Sen'A fell onto a dark path, dabbling in the dark arts of the Arcane and Dark aspects of magic. She travels around, with her pet Sunhound (Malix) as a way to always remember her parents and their tragic death. She also has a Spirit which follows her around, which over time become corrupted and is now a Dark Spirit. (Have more backstory if you need more)
Role; Support/Damage Dealer (Attacks from range)
Legendary preference: 1st preference is Armor, then a Shield, then weapon
Let me know if you need any more info.
• edited September 2017
Why don't you have some unexpected Protection? custom card
Basically, whenever you cast an earth spell, you can use One of either the Sun Hound's Abilities, or One of the Dark Spirit's Ability
So you could be at the back, supporting the group, while your companions run in and do most of the fighting for you
• @Phendrix that looks AMAZING! thanks for getting it done so quickly. It works so well with the playstyle. I have a couple more characters that I'm working on, will upload in a few days. thanks again for the amazing Legendary.
• @DrthMalgys
Thanks man. I really appreciate the feed back! :)
• edited September 2017
Hello there sir! Nice to meet you! The name's Sintour Sallazhar! Have a gold coin.
Sintour_Sallazhar (using your own characters against you! Muwahahaha!! >:) )
I hope you already know the legendary Sintour Sallazhar, master art thief and sneaky boi! Unfortunately I was captured one time and brought to Fort Joy, a small secluded island where I managed to find my friend, Douglass_. We now go hunting around the Realm looking for art to steal.
Of course you know my fighting style too, stay way in the back and let Douglass do all the work while I plink em with arrows! Or I can run away and almost get Douglass killed too.
(By no means do you have to do this, is more of a joke c: )
• @Ninja_Goose
So 1 for each, or like, just for sintour
• edited September 2017
Seems Like Sintour and Douglass Have done such an Amazing work with their Art Thieving, and all of their training has finally paid off
For Douglass, why doesn't he find a way to Improve his Techniques once more. Maybe something like: custom card
As for Sintour... I don't think that much has changed about him... Other than little Secrets that are hidden from us, but maybe His Legendary could reveal something. Or it could all be a rouse. A Trap. A Red Herring
Who knows? But here's Sintour with: custom card
• Daka_N_Smaka
Name: Daka
Being a feral hog before his metamorphosis, Daka was quick to rise into a position of great power in his porc clan thanks to the remarkable durability and extreme aggression he gained as a side effect of his origins. Leading his forces across the realm to raid and battle, he's most famous for the murder of a high ranking paladin with their own mallet, which he calls 'Smaka' and wields to this day, causing him and his band of porcs to be a well known adversary to the grand paladin order. Oh and his flesh is barbed after an incident with wrestling an octodrak out of boredom (he's a bit of a rageaholic).
Role: Tank+Bruiser, Can take on several opponents at once in melee combat and withstand all but the most damaging of attacks (does however struggle against enemies that debuff as he's not a large tile)
Legendary Preference: Not overly fussed on legendary type as long as it doesn't "replace" his Mallet (upgraded version is acceptable if you decide on making a weapon legendary)
• Adam_C_One
Name: Unknown
This character went to a nice University to study music. There he met this magical wizard who said he was destined for great things. So he followed along assuming he was going to learn music. He was taught lots of spells. Until eventually the wizard showed him a magical ukulele, but told him he wasn't ready for it yet. The character decided to steal the ukulele and run away. The wizard sent a warrior to go after him but the character charmed him making him his companion.
Well the character is pretty tanky but most characters in the campaign are tanky too so I think he is more of a control type character.
So the characters will be in a magical vault with magical items in it. The only reason the character is going to because he hopes to find another magical instrument so whatever it is just make it some kind of instrument.
• Pick one of them, or do one now and one later
Former members of the Conflagration, these two chose to defect during a crucial fight, and have been laying low in the city of Zriarcha ever since, under the guise of weapon smiths. Over the years, their craftsmanship has become equal to their fighting prowess.
Rudabergh is old and gruff, a Keen with grit. He is the centerpiece of the Zriarch armory, having used his small size and combat experience to great effect when creating firearms and explosives. Look on the back of any Zriarch marksman and you'll often see a Rudabergh rifle or revolver.
While Rude occasionally steps forward to clear trouble from the streets, his real preference in battle is to be in the midst of a good old-fashioned shootout, just like he used to have in the Silverflats. He is equipped with all kinds of ammo for the job, which means...
Rudabergh needs a powerful weapon that will replace the two he currently has. On his workbench are two blueprints. One depicts a matchlock rifle modified for long range sharpshooting, and the other displays what appears to be a twin-barreled shotgun. He only has enough time to work on one of them.
Clayton is the other side of the coin, with a similar hardness to his attitude. Having served in the Conflagration for half his life, it took him a very long time to get used to the quiet reaches of Zriarcha. As of now, he's a high-ranking member of the militia, itching to get into the action again.
Clayton is a skilled siege archer, preferring to attack from long range with the destructive power of his arrows, hence the preference of damaging abilities and Volley. A well-placed shot can mean a crucial break in the enemy's defenses, whether it be a blown up opponent or a toppled barricade.
Naturally, he requires a weapon that can destroy from afar. He wants to craft a heavy weapon - a longbow or crossbow that utilizes fiery and/or explosive shots used to wreck the battlefield or the enemy lines. Unfortunately, he's not sure what the arrows are really going to do when they land.
• Gen_Emma_Barringster_ do i need to put her backstory due to me and you and in the same thread?
• @Chardaemon
Why don't you Adapt and Harness the Power of your Rage. Even though it might be a bit Feral, custom card
• edited September 2017
Hmm.... Seems like your Charm capabilities are quite Magnifique... But why don't we find you something that can make it better? Some custom card
(Basically, it replaces Musical Instrument. But still makes you immune to silence)
• edited September 2017
Two Powerful Weapon Crafters, each with different Styles
I think Roudaberg would Create a Long Ranged weapon, but make sure that he Improves the Power that brings your Enemies to you when you attacl:
custom card
(Basically, this replaces your Lawsoo. That way, you aren't forced to bring the target right infront of you)
Now for Clayton, it seems like He would find a Special Stone that has a Purple Rune in it, and decides to use it for his Weapon in mind, creating a:
custom card
• Sir_Robarto
the leader of a small regiment of paladins. Robarto left home in a early age with hops to show the world his skill, during one of his adventures he defended a small gnome settlement from a large group of feral Ageless, this brought the attention of one of the nearby paladins orders how came to Robarto with the offer to join the order. at first he was hesitant but then they gave him a dog and he was sold. he now trains a small small regiment in the art of warfare, he have started to grow restless as he haven't had the chance to shine in a while.
Role: Leader and front line fighter.(his dog comes in and help sometimes)
Preference: he is often in the thick of it so something that can help him with that.
• edited September 2017
Ah.... A General Guard for The King Himself... Why not a Gift? Though it's a Bit Uncommon to receive gifts from him, he might have made one Exception... That Being custom card
• @LexderMob
How about some Versatility, both in Utility, and Spellcasting With custom card
• edited September 2017
1. Captain_Deston_Faere
2. My Character i an elf who grew up in Kadoral. He was raised near the order by dwarven parents (He is definitely a young elf by elven standards.) His dwarven were paladins when they found my character abandoned at their door step as a baby. He was a squire in the order when he was a lad. However, at an early age in an ageless raid his adoptive parents died. He has saved their ashes in order to someday have a hammer forged from their remains like dwarves do with rune blades. He also wears the armor of his parents' melted down to be his armor. He lost many friends to ageless over the years of his service and even went on a dragon raid losing many more friends along the way. He still pushes on looking to protect all the innocents he can while being a Captain in a branch order.
(Sorry for the Paragraph)
*He is of Draughwin decent however, he was abandoned hence his affinity with the mind magics*
3. My character's gimmick is his weaving of spells and basic attacks together. He is very capable against dark magic users and ageless. He also has a basic understanding on how to rune weapons and how to confuse opponents minds. However, the biggest thing he's about is tanking in general trying to deal damage so he has to be focused first while he slings spells about in combat dealing both damage and healing his allies. He wants to keep his friends and allies alive because of what he's lost.
4. I was thinking of him having his specially forged hammer. Carrying on the dwarven traditions of his parents.
• edited September 2017
2./ Daymond Thunderbeard was born into the Grandpaladin Order and at a young age of the dwarven equal of 10 started his work as a squire mainly just starting out handling animals, shining weapon and armor you know those sort of things. When Daymond had reached the age 15 he started to learn combat from his mother and father Halaster and Tola Thunderbeard. So as he was taught by his father in the way of the thane but always told him about this spell of bearding that he had which he did teach to Daymond which instead of growing the normal beard would just make it light aflame in a completly harmless way with a lighting crackle everynow and then. His mother on the other hand taught him arcane magic she gave daymond a Lotus broom staff to start teaching him how to handle arcane magic teaching him thunderous roar and dreamwalk spells.
But sadly one day one of them died by a pyroblast gone wrong killing his poor father when he was fighting ageless with his companions his Mallet of Devotion Being sent back to them for Daymond to take on (Which taught him two light spells serenity and divine mending) which he took on following in his foot steps igniteing his beard the same way his father had before him. Later down the road so about 19-20 years of dwarven age Tola his mother felt like he already had good control of the magic she taught him and gave him a gift which was a Arcane Greatbow which was once her's which he held dear along side the Mallet of devotion. Now when Daymond reached about 25 he finally got out the status of squire proving himself in battle against whatever was thrown at him be it Ageless or Mercenaries he could handle it while continuing the Thunderbeard tradition of showing the magnificence of thier flaming and light filled beards if glory.
3./ Damage Dealer and the main gimmick is magic with his beard causing it to become made of fire and lightning
-> Incase the first link broke
• @CaptainDeston
custom card
You heal a dude with one of your spells, then you can choose to heal the dude, or instead deal 10 Additional damage in the Field
• @Mysteryo333
Hmm... You are good at Damage, but I think some Utility would be Nice, especially if it can keep you and your team going for much longer. Now you can with this custom card
(Sorry I still haven't figured out how to properly do this)
Name: Ezwin Whicker
Backstory: Ezwin was raised by his parents Agitha, and Shift Whicker. They lived in a small gnomish town in close proximity to the Grand Paladin Order. At the equivalent age of 18 to gnomes Ezwin decided one day he wanted to join the Grand Paladin Order. However what Ezwin didn't know was that his parents had actually sold his soul to a warlock for immeasurable power. However the Warlock had doublecrossed them and turned them and the rest of the town into ageless thralls. Except for Ezwin who was already an ageless. Ezwin then decided that he would join the Paladin Order, find the warlock, and kill him to avenge his family. Many years pass and Ezwin is now a high standng paladin in the order. Then he met Gretta Zazaphin. She was a tall dwarf, and a new jimmy in the paladin order who had asked him where to go and what to do. Ezwin is immediately in love with her and shows her around the order. He offers her to become his squire and she accepts. Ezwin and Gretta battle many beasts defending the order, and ultimately get married. But one day, Ezwin is set out on an expedition with Gretta and suddenly the Warlock that had destroyed Ezwin's village had seemingly come back to kill him and Gretta on his expedition to [Blank]. Ezwin attempts to battle him but the warlock is too powerful. As Ezwin is on his knees waiting for death, Gretta tells him to stop but refers to him as father. The warlock seemed to be angered at her saying that and says he will spare Ezwin but will secretly inform the Grand Paladin Order that Gretta Zazaphin was the daughter of the terrible Warlock Vaihan. Gretta carries Ezwin's semi conscious body back to the order but is welcomed with weapons and shackles. Ezwin wakes up in the equivalent of the hospital wing in the order. And is told that Gretta has been sentenced to death and is being held in the jails. Ezwin goes to see her prepared to end her life but he sees her and remembers everything they've been through and starts getting emotional. Gretta sees him and says that she left her father because of the things he did, she left because she didn't want to end up like him. Gretta says she has always loved him as the guards come in to drag her out of the room to be executed. But Ezwin pleads them not to, they then state that he is an ageless accomplice and must die as well. Ezwin and Gretta had to kill their way out of the order. But as they made it to the Gates the warlock disguised as a paladin had ran up ripped Gretta's soul to shreds and flew off cackling, leaving Gretta as a pile of bones. Ezwin realizing he's alone with Paldins hunting him, he grabs Gretta's wedding ring and runs into the forest vowing to
A. Kill the damn Warlock who betrayed and killed his own daughter, who killed his parents and destroyed his home, the Warlock who ruined his life.
B. Avenge Gretta by having his revenge on the Grand Paladin Order who accused her because she was related to that terrible man, and tried to kill me because I guess I'm ageless
Whew just made that story up on the top of my head ended up kinda long.
Gimmick: Doesn't see much value in any form of life
Role: Suicide attacker/Minor Support
Preference: Could you do something with Gretta's ring? Anything would do.
Please, and thank you
• Wanderer_Atox
Atox was an orphan who was raised and taught by a Master Sharpsword. He had both the talent and determination to master the sword. His master often sent him on many difficult missions and tasks that served to temper his apprentice. Atox was known across the realm as a sword prodigy and hero, for saving the innocent and punishing the wicked. However, this fame inflated his pride and ego, leading him away from the true essence of the Sharpsword. Seeing this, his master was infuriated and decided on his apprentice's final task. Atox was sent away to learn humility and find his path of the sword again with nothing but some peasant clothing and a stick. His task was to defeat ten of the strongest Sharpswords of the realm to prove he was worthy of his master's legacy.
Atox was outraged at first, seeing that the task was unnecessary as he was already strong as his master. He quickly encountered his first opponent, a porc wielding a greatsword, which he regarded as an easy target. However, after facing that porc, he soon realized how narrow-minded he was. Fortunately, he did not let that setback stop him as he kept trying and training until he finally bested that porc. Atox, seeing that he was far too weak, continues to train and sharpen his sword arts against other adversaries with only a stick. He is currently wandering the realm, searching for his sixth opponent.
He's supposed to be a master swordsman, focusing more on his swordplay and dueling skills.
A passive would be more preferable.
• edited October 2017
A character from a series of stories I'm writing on the forums. If you need reference to her character, it can be found there.
Gimmick is that she's a thief; I can't really say much more than that because I can't really assign her an actual role that could be played in a game. I just thought it would be fun to see what someone came up with for her, so I'd obviously prefer some sort of roleplay legendary than an optimal one for combat.
• @Phendrix Sorry on the late reply but thank you it's great
• @Indago ; Here's a Legendary for you. Looking at it he seems to remember that those in the way of his goal will not stop him.
custom card
• edited October 2017
@NovaXII Utility and bonus stats from the mastery of sharpswordsmanship.
custom card
• Zingle_Scrygauge
I'm sorry if this character seems overpowered or full, but I used the random thing from the card pages and I got gnome seeker by luck.
His whole gimick is he uses seek destiny to get a legendary spell scroll and then stores it in his bag of holding as if he was "finding it in the bag". He was rose as his dad was a slave owner and then he was too. But they were kind to their slaves. I was thinking a bag or an armor piece would be really cool. This is the first character I've made following the rules and he is better than my others...
• @CaptainDeston you are freaking awesome man! Thank you so much this fits his play style perfectly. :)
Sign In or Register to comment. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '18', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9836225509643556}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '118949', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LT42MU54FTFB6SPZMT74HMGAUDIWKPHH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:356795c1-ec4a-4536-930b-54a3c11cf19b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 6, 27, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '168.235.83.27', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GR33GCVISPZZLTNOQP3NEF7P3FR7FNUB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8047ef2a-f3e1-4776-8c9b-2cfd65dfd979>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://forums.urealms.com/discussion/4043/custom-legendaries-commissions-come-send-a-character-and-ill-make-you-a-special-legendary', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cd62844a-54fb-4f12-a317-eff35a95dfc8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '3848', 'url': 'https://forums.urealms.com/discussion/4043/custom-legendaries-commissions-come-send-a-character-and-ill-make-you-a-special-legendary', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-129.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07345151901245117', 'original_id': 'ca4ef6e39229b007abb8ccb9ce13b8c6eadd5e0318be46873a2a4aa04d80a3cd'} |
Big Bad Wolf is Back!!
It's the school holiday season and the best event during year-end school holiday is on!! Aren't you excited…! (or is it just me alone? Haha..)
It's the Big Bad Wolf book sale!!
Woot! Woot!!!!
Calling all book lovers out there!!
Its 24 hours a day starting from Dec 6, 2013 at 7am until Dec 15, 2013, closing at 9pm!! You can go anytime… ANYTIME!! People even carry a luggage to carry their books coz it's really really really cheap.
We bought a number of books for our children. Even the big colourful cardboard book for kids only cost us RM8 each. You'll definitey go crazy when you see the RM2 ones!! Hahaha..
I found this! Must buy! Hahaha..
Mommy didnt buy much book this time, I just need to focus a little more on Anaesthesia this year, so no more non-Anesthesia for a while. Only some cooking & recipe book. I know everything can just be found online nowadays, but nothing beats the feeling of holding a book in your hand, and the smell of a new book.. ahhhh.. I just love the smell of books! *nerd*
It was crowded yesterday and my girls were hungry and mommy being kiasu not to miss any good books for the girls, I just had to walk 3 times to-and-fro just to make sure I didn't miss anything interesting for B and T.. Hahaha..
So people, bring your family and friends to the Big Bad Wolf book sale. You'll enjoy it! And you can stock up books for the next one year.. until the next BBW sale!!
26 thoughts on “Big Bad Wolf is Back!!
1. I saw you yesterday Dr Halina at the big bad wolf. But I was too shy to greet you and you were holding sleeping T. Hopefully I can meet you again because you are my inspiration. Really love your blog :)
2. went there on saturday late night..oomaii the jammed,the crowd! huish *lap peluh..but its a good sign of malaysian=read=book :) ..glad to know there’s a lotttt of people that love to read.
3. salam,
dari aspek banyak buku dan murah tu mungkin lah okay…
tapi tak bagus lah organizer…. tempat solat terlalu teruk dan rasa terhina… sedangkan ramai juga muslim yang pergi tempat tu…
nak boycott la penganjuran macam ne…
susah weih nak solat. nak keluar pulak dah jammed…
4. same as last year, went there on the first day in the morning. among the fisrt crowd. so excited i even took the day off just to go to bbw. my hubby geleng kepala, pening mana nak simpan all the books. hehehe
5. masa my sis nk kuar g solat, she saw ur hb tgh nk bayar.. the time dia masuk balik mesti uols dah balik..haish rugi rugi xleh jumpa B, T & u…
tp mmg la..bab lain semua ok..surau je xbleh tahan
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8662934303283691}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '102839', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3WX43F4UC4UWLCFD7LP7CREVL2BXGUBF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2eb259ce-b5b9-43b7-8cc7-3599fd74b869>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 30, 18, 9, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.155.9.238', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VSDY2EUJG5LQNTDFP2KPGYU56NN6TN3G', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:011833ee-ecf8-4fb3-82fd-68c31639b8a8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://barelysupermommy.com/2013/12/08/big-bad-wolf-is-back/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:765d46fd-f83d-4084-9b6a-b5dec847188c>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '529', 'url': 'http://barelysupermommy.com/2013/12/08/big-bad-wolf-is-back/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.028142809867858887', 'original_id': '0743828aa435e07c82bc7f7f121b9c65e27db631412990aa6d2367a2e20edbc7'} |
Mechanics: Are They Really Worth Their Price
If you own a car, you know how terrifying it can be for your car to break down. It either costs a ton at the mechanic or takes forever on your own. Both of these are annoying, but you may have a better auto repair experience after you’ve read these tips.
Ensure your car has an emergency kit. Be sure the kit has tools for charging the battery, adding gas to the tank, and changing tires. Blankets may be added, some batteries and a flashlight for if you have a trouble with your car at night.
A burned out headlight or taillight is a common repair. This can usually be done yourself. Some vehicles have a simpler system than others, but you can save a lot by doing it yourself regardless of how complex your system is. Ask a friend if they’ll help you learn how its done.
A dealer is not your only option when car repairs are necessary. There are great techs everywhere whether there’s a great shop 10 minutes from your house or whether you decide to go to the dealer further away. If you have found a reliable mechanic, don’t hesitate to use them.
Many people don’t actually read their car manual. It is wise to at least give this manual a cursory look so you can quickly locate useful information. Your manual tells you all that you should know about how you can maintain your car yourself.
Many times people take their vehicle in to be repaired, and when they return to pick it up they are told about additional issues. This is a tactic they perform to make it seem like they are doing you a favor. Tell them that you’re going to have to talk to them later so that you can seek out better pricing.
OEM also known as original equipment manufacturer. This is good to know whenever your car or truck requires new parts. By communicating a preference for OEM parts, you appear knowledgeable and assertive. This will lower the chances of someone putting used auto parts on your car.
Auto repair is rarely enjoyable, but knowing more about it can make it go more smoothly. The tips from this article can make a big difference when it comes to getting the best auto repair experience. You and your vehicle will rest easier. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '344', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9676339030265808}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '73012', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EXTP63VHPMV7YQ6VSWMNJUZJFS62CR6I', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1e099afb-add6-47ad-a8bd-7216ced0e7b5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 19, 18, 53, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.25.214', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WSW5KXXGCJ2B4DAGSUZIAU5M4MGGSREO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:53bff280-f486-499c-8a93-b03346dd1987>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://carautodealers.info/mechanics-are-they-really-worth-their-price/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fbc0d7be-bdd0-404c-8120-a01784d41024>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '540', 'url': 'http://carautodealers.info/mechanics-are-they-really-worth-their-price/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-55-37.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02113020420074463', 'original_id': '26e7fc0da7864428d5983803241be78012bfcdc829d6cf79705b703093169e0d'} |
Hoop Earrings: Rich in Style and History
Though their size and look has changed over the years, hoop earrings have always been a fashion staple. Wearing earrings in pierced ears was one of the earliest forms of body modification, and hoops were one of the first earring styles ever worn. Learn of their enduring popularity as we work our way through the history of hoop earrings.
Hoop Earrings: Early History
Earrings were wildly popular in the ancient world. Their use can be traced back to the Sumerian culture of Mesopotamia in 2500 B.C. Crescent shaped and made of gold, they were worn by Sumerian women and represent the earliest physical evidence of hoop earrings.
Within a thousand years, hoop earrings spread throughout cultures situated around the Mediterranean Sea, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Since ancient times, hoop earrings have been crafted from many different materials, and are still a popular fashion jewelry staple in today’s world.
Hoop Earrings: A Style for Men, Too
Hoops have been worn by both men and women throughout history. Earrings for women have consistently remained in fashion over the years, but all types of jewelry for men have had ups and downs. Men’s earrings remained fairly popular until the Industrial Revolution when changing style trends quickly squashed their popularity. Particularly in America, men wearing hoops, or any earrings for that matter, were associated with countercultures.
It wasn’t until the 1980’s and 90’s that men truly reclaimed this fashion accessory as their own. As men became bolder in their earring selections with influence from celebrities like George Michael and Mr. T, the stigma around men wearing jewelry began to subside. Nowadays, it’s common to see men wearing hoop earrings and other jewelry styles.
Hoop Earrings Styles
The quintessential hoop takes the shape of a circular piece of wire, with a thin piece that inserts into the ear, held in place by a tension clip. Beyond this classic design, there are several varieties available for any preference.
• Circular hoop earrings – the traditional hoop that creates a complete circle when worn.
• J-hoop earrings – these hoops are a partial circle shape, forming a stylized “J” shape as implied by their name.
• Inside-out hoop earrings – these typically appear as traditional hoops, but gemstones are placed along the outside and inside, giving the look of continuous gems.
• Huggie hoop earrings – smaller, hinged versions that are worn close to the ear.
These represent only a portion of the many hoop earring styles available. Besides the classic circle shape, hoops can be found as squares, triangles and more.
Why did pirates wear hoop earrings?
There are several unsavory myths associated with hoops and piracy. Sailors and pirates are often depicted wearing hoop earrings, both in historical accounts and pop culture. There are accounts of sailors donning a hoop as a symbolic piece of jewelry after crossing the equator or rounding Cape Horn.
Some wore earrings for more practical reasons. Hoop earrings made of silver or gold were often worth enough to pay for a pirate’s funeral or the cost of transporting his body home if he met his end at sea. Many would engrave their home port on their hoops to designate where to send their body in the event of injury or death. Perhaps the most beneficial application of hoop earrings in the pirate world was using them to dangle wax from. Why wax? It was used by sailors and pirates as earplugs when firing the ship’s cannons to help prevent hearing loss.
Other amusing tales suggested that having a pierced ear activated a pressure point that improved eyesight. Related myths told that an earring would prevent seasickness, and some even thought a hoop earring would prevent drowning! Of course these stories have long been proven false, but they will always be connected to the romance of the high seas.
Whether or not a pirate’s life is for you, we recommend hunting for your own treasured pair of fashion hoop earrings available from Shop LC. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9705644249916076}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '107816', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JIVPWQS4ZXJE5VQDMKFUVBZCFNOFKIND', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b3d662cc-e586-4a5f-a38b-324f0c7b23ac>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 5, 38, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.57.167.104', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:H5ZCMCEDGA3OKRPGA5IJVDAG624JUYM5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f53fb2b-96a1-4b0a-9f71-da5d7a2dafe4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blog.shoplc.com/2017/02/16/hoopla-around-hoop-earrings/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3dccbc9-e991-4a3f-a475-ded8f6a5fd0b>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '663', 'url': 'http://blog.shoplc.com/2017/02/16/hoopla-around-hoop-earrings/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-136-183-252.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03879368305206299', 'original_id': '1ac2a386002fcd40cd2e8138179d3cbbdec390d96f497ff75e971ea7dd31d744'} |
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Solve -111 = 74*k - 67 + 104 for k.
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Solve 24*a - 44*a + 8*a = 120 for a.
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0
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24
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Solve 1075*g - 1377 = 1156*g for g.
-17
Solve -58 = 13*x + 21 + 51 for x.
-10
Solve 67*z + 1530 = 32*z - 118*z for z.
-10
Solve 107*l = 64 + 74 + 504 for l.
6
Solve -145*b + 178 = -127 - 130 for b.
3
Solve -983*w = -957*w - 26 for w.
1
Solve 0 = 209*j - 178*j + 434 for j.
-14
Solve 4587 = -427*u + 10*u for u.
-11
Solve 3042*i = 3046*i - 36 for i.
9
Solve -331 - 8 = 28*y - 31 for y.
-11
Solve 0 = 2*h - h - 109 + 96 for h.
13
Solve 0 = -5*y + 5013 - 4888 for y.
25
Solve 120*z - 32*z + 103*z - 1719 = 0 for z.
9
Solve -48 = -1189*c + 1205*c for c.
-3
Solve 468*q + 935 = 523*q for q.
17
Solve 170*v = 128*v + 84 for v.
2
Solve 0 = -60*f + 76*f + 160 for f.
-10
Solve -3192*q + 154 = -1601*q - 1602*q for q.
-14
Solve 0 = 32*s + 11 + 15 + 38 for s.
-2
Solve 573*d - 277*d = 276*d - 160 for d.
-8
Solve 32 - 36 = -q for q.
4
Solve -49*j = 23*j + 720 for j.
-10
Solve -498 = 141*y + 489 for y.
-7
Solve 25*h = 78*h - 296*h - 3888 for h.
-16
Solve -19*t + 124*t - 1785 = 0 for t.
17
Solve -247*m - 13*m - 688*m - 14220 = 0 for m.
-15
Solve 43*y + 26442 = 26657 for y.
5
Solve -335 = 65*u + 170 + 470 for u.
-15
Solve -4*k - 1764 + 1662 = 13*k for k.
-6
Solve 150*b = 149*b - 6 for b.
-6
Solve 193*l = 48*l - 190*l for l.
0
Solve 269*f = -3179 + 1296 for f.
-7
Solve 41*l = -45*l - 232*l for l.
0
Solve -2990*p + 5956*p + 221 = 2983*p for p.
13
Solve -172 = -11*p - 172 for p.
0
Solve 59 = -8*q + 112 + 67 for q.
15
Solve -105*g + 113*g + 144*g = 4864 for g.
32
Solve -150*n + 193 = -2057 for n.
15
Solve 0 = 301*k - 475*k - 4176 for k.
-24
Solve -27*d = 204 - 204 for d.
0
Solve 22 + 78 = 31*g - 55 for g.
5
Solve 113*b - 129*b = -100 - 108 for b.
13
Solve -42*p - 5144 = 434*p + 167*p for p.
-8
Solve 1226*v - 88 = 1222*v for v.
22
Solve 247 + 240 = 81*z + 1 for z.
6
Solve 175*j = -506*j - 7491 for j.
-11
Solve 12*n + 435 = -9*n - 8*n for n.
-15
Solve -2723 = 563*w + 11352 for w.
-25
Solve 135205 = 109*y + 135859 for y.
-6
Solve 109*p + 972 = 17*p + 52 for p.
-10
Solve 87*u - 665 - 205 = 0 for u.
10
Solve 279*n - 3096 = -83*n + 104*n for n.
12
Solve 471*h + 310*h = 24211 for h.
31
Solve -312 = -277*o + 1627 for o.
7
Solve 439*s = 272 + 167 for s.
1
Solve -168*a + 132 = -48*a + 732 for a.
-5
Solve 0 = 312*d - 317*d - 40 for d.
-8
Solve 3146*i = 3167*i + 315 for i.
-15
Solve 28*j - 328 + 384 = 0 for j.
-2
Solve 68*z + 46529 = 47549 for z.
15
Solve 0 = -2*m - 7*m - 507 + 570 for m.
7
Solve 180 = 73*w - 109*w for w.
-5
Solve 2462*y - 2457*y = 50 for y.
10
Solve 27 = 4*s - 9 for s.
9
Solve 0 = -775*o - 44906 + 17006 for o.
-36
Solve -135*t = 25*t - 3360 for t.
21
Solve -80*w + 1010 = 96*w + 130 for w.
5
Solve -75*u + 89*u + 13 = -29 for u.
-3
Solve -282 = -350*x - 39*x + 885 for x.
3
Solve -370 = -19*x - 655 for x.
-15
Solve 0 = 308*u - 209*u - 99 for u.
1
Solve -3257 = -107*u + 60 for u.
31
Solve 0 = -10*o + 53*o + 20*o - 63 for o.
1
Solve -83*d = 13*d + 44 - 140 for d.
1
Solve -71 + 6 - 7 = 3*m for m.
-24
Solve -53*t + 94*t - 66 = 44*t for t.
-22
Solve -1503*h + 456 = -1427*h for h.
6
Solve 26659*x - 26646*x + 130 = 0 for x.
-10
Solve 0 = 384*b - 371*b - 130 for b.
10
Solve -127*d + 13*d = 36*d - 1350 for d.
9
Solve 119*g - 373 - 2066 + 297 = 0 for g.
18
Solve 3573*w - 3535*w - 494 = 0 for w.
13
Solve -15*f - 176 = 14*f - 7*f for f.
-8
Solve 6*h - 32 = 5 - 7 for h.
5
Solve 23*m = -8*m - 523 - 35 for m.
-18
Solve 0 = -213*i + 751 + 3986 - 264 for i.
21
Solve -3427*r - 3414*r - 300 = -6856*r for r.
20
Solve 159 + 82 = 23*b + 80 for b.
7
Solve 0 = -13532*j + 13525*j - 70 for j.
-10
Solve 648 = -33*w + 83*w + 31*w for w.
8
Solve 65 + 81 = 5*v + 176 for v.
-6
Solve 0 = 98*u - 3113 + 4877 for u.
-18
Solve -4*r = 15482 - | mini_pile | {'original_id': '5d53a7cef4409c2b6d476c5b02766d1aa967f95fcb18417d99c68fbc5e1faa57'} |
Over the festive period, ITS Carabiniere, carried out a friendly approach with a fishing vessel off the Somali coast
Over the festive period, Operation Atalanta flagship, ITS Carabiniere, carried out a friendly approach with a fishing vessel off the Somali coast.
The meeting at sea is part of the European Union’s efforts to monitor fishing activity in the vicinity of the Somali coastline. During the meeting, ITS Carabiniere’s team provided food and drink, as well as some much-needed medical assistance to one of the fishermen.
ITS Carabiniere’s team also took the opportunity to discuss with the seafarers Operation Atalanta’s counter-piracy efforts at sea and how they can work together to improve maritime security in the region. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f5376c5a0fa10c0b1b6e8a3f670d950beeefeaf361ed4b922c5d8afb40d33f66'} |
define([
], function () {
function CloseOnSelect () { }
CloseOnSelect.prototype.bind = function (decorated, container, $container) {
var self = this;
decorated.call(this, container, $container);
container.on('select', function (evt) {
self._selectTriggered(evt);
});
container.on('unselect', function (evt) {
self._selectTriggered(evt);
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};
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var originalEvent = evt.originalEvent;
// Don't close if the control key is being held
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return;
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this.trigger('close', {});
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| mini_pile | {'original_id': '9cfd6c32ddc9433f2d7f8c4b9199ba93bb10ce18c36b0e94b9ed7e39af780874'} |
khaleej times RSS
Wish fulfilled: UAE teen’s dream vacation on exotic island resort
Spread the love
Goodwill gesture underscores the importance of making critically-ill children happy
The Make a Wish UAE brought bountiful joy and happiness to an Emirati teenager Roudha (15) by granting her wish to stay with her family on a virgin island away from the humdrum of everyday life.
Her wish came true, thanks to the generous support of a resort on Zaya Nurai island and Nirvana Travel and Tourism.
They fulfiled her desire by organising a 15-minute boat ride off the coast of Abu Dhabi in the Arabian Gulf waters, much to her tender heart’s content.
The staff at the breathtaking resort welcomed her with flowers, music and balloons while complying with social distancing norms and other precautionary measures in a bid to keep the raging novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak at bay.
Roudha and her six family members soaked in the sights and sounds of Zaya Nurai island, a paradise on earth, if ever there is one.
The island is an idyllic haven far from the madding crowd. The turquoise waters, soft white sands, exquisite Arabic period architecture and verdant landscape made Roudha’s stay on the island an unforgettable experience.
The resort’s luxurious villa was a treasure trove for the impressionable teenager, who was pampered with pleasant surprises such as gifts and her favourite sweets.
Hani Al-Zubaidi, the chief executive officer (CEO) of Make a Wish UAE, was overcome with joy, as the foundation’s ardent bid to make her happy came to fruition.
“Seeing the feelings of happiness and joy on the child’s face when her wish was granted was a great achievement for the foundation,” he said.
Al-Zubaidi thanked the Zaya Nurai island resort and Nirvana Travel and Tourism authorities for their generous contributions to fulfil Roudha’s wish.
Their goodwill gesture underscored the importance of a concerted bid to spread the foundation’s humanitarian message such as inculcating generosity, tolerance, love, goodness that led to happiness and joy in the hearts and minds of critically-ill children and give them and their families the strength to bear the scourge of terminal illness. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9310517311096193}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '42363', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AXOF4ZQSMKQLLIGZVTHKGRHC2SUI5ICP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ea039b69-7dcb-485f-8cfa-40d124ad5e13>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 28, 11, 35, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.162.254', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PIPVJ74HZBLWXOGYD35RHMYEUTA7PFW6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cc029f16-0be2-45b9-9178-38e0bdbddab2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://emarat.com/wp/2020/12/24/wish-fulfilled-uae-teens-dream-vacation-on-exotic-island-resort/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b430f13b-92b5-44b6-b83a-1fdd33eece03>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '353', 'url': 'https://emarat.com/wp/2020/12/24/wish-fulfilled-uae-teens-dream-vacation-on-exotic-island-resort/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-98.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02700650691986084', 'original_id': '5bd888b40fe29923b3e0c8b2a0495243c35a34c4823f239c17c792fd62aedd72'} |
Calorifiers Expansion Tanks and Accumulators
Calorifiers, Expansion Tanks & Accumulators
The blue calorifier and red expansion tank shown above are from my own boat. They are both produced by the British company Surejust Ltd. We've now had the unit for almost five years and it remains faultless.
The beauty of the model above, is that there are three ways to heat the 55 litres of water this one contains. (There are other sizes available.) It does come supplied with a 1KW immersion heater for when you are on shore power, but importantly it also has a coil that you can connect to your (water cooled) engine and another coil that can be connect to another heat source like a solid fuel stove that has a back boiler, or some types of diesel heating.
Part of the attraction of this type of calorifier tank is the convenience of electricity when available, free hot water from your engine whilst cruising and winter heat from your stove.
The expansion tank pictured is also important because it reduces the wear on your water pump by storing water, at pump pressure, and by doing so it reduces the number of times the pump has to run from a 'standing' start. The cold water version of the expansion tank is often called an 'accumulator', though both tanks effectively do the same job.
Don't waste your time or money by purchasing a very small expansion tank. The one in the picture above is a 5 litre one. From my own experience I would say that this is probably as small as you should go. Bigger would be better.
To set up your expansion / accumulator tank you will need an air pump and an air pressure gauge. I use a small electrical car tyre pump that has a built in pressure gauge. You will also need to know your water pump's operating pressure. My Johnson pump operates at 42PSI. Before you install your tank you should attach your pump/gauge and adjust the tank's internal pressure to HALF of your water pump pressure (21 PSI in my case). This way, when it's all connected up, your expansion tank will be completely full just as your water pump switch reaches its cut off pressure. Simple really.
Here are some links for you. I will just point out that I bought from Surejust (also known as Surecal) because they were the best price and were supplied complete with the adjustable immersion heater, the pressure relief valve, and very importantantly the anti-scald valve. Some other tanks are not complete and the parts mentioned are expensive when purchased separately. Okay back to the links.
I've not included any Amazon links as there is nothing there to see. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9691179394721984}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '12557', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:44ZTZZ3KUGQJFGQMFL5P22MTCV7HVQCK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ff03b98e-6051-4b2c-97f8-b6c41ee48c04>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 1, 55), 'WARC-IP-Address': '188.121.41.115', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VCSYCB75BIHC326OQUO6VMWKV7UJPG7S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:12ee2900-01bf-4d2a-886c-eab422d8b7ec>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.stuhaynes.com/calorifiers/calorifiers.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7026e7c7-c8c0-4dbf-9565-b7dd0e9c1ecd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '448', 'url': 'http://www.stuhaynes.com/calorifiers/calorifiers.htm', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-167-8-186.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018160223960876465', 'original_id': 'b5694fc64b7613438b37f3b11f32e06931ee3f50514d7426a558dac8a33fe8b2'} |
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In C++ when a virtual function is called from within a constructor it doesn't behave like a virtual function. I think everyone who encountered for the first time was surprised but on second thought it makes sense, if the derived constructor hasn't yet run the object is not yet a derived so how can a derived function be called? The preconditions haven't had the chance to be set up. Example:
class base {
std::cout << "foo is " << foo() << std::endl;
virtual int foo() { return 42; }
class derived : public foo {
int* ptr_;
derived(int i) : ptr_(new int(i*i)) { }
// The following cannot be called before derived::derived due to how C++ behaves,
// if it was possible... Kaboom!
virtual int foo() { return *ptr_; }
It's exactly the same for Java and .NET yet they chose to go the other way, was the only reason the principle of least surprise?
Which do you think is the correct choice?
share|improve this question
up vote 11 down vote accepted
There's a fundamental difference in how the languages define an object's life time. In Java and .Net the object members are zero/null initialized before any constructor is run and is at this point that the object life time begins. So when you enter the constructor you've already got an initialized object.
In C++ the object life time only begins when the constructor finishes (although member variables and base classes are fully constructed before it starts). This explains the behaviour when virtual functions are called and also why the destructor isn't run if there's an exception in the constructor's body.
The problem with the Java/.Net definition of object lifetime is that it's harder to make sure the object always meets its invariant without having to put in special cases for when the object is initialized but the constructor hasn't run. The problem with the C++ definition is that you have this odd period where the object is in limbo and not fully constructed.
share|improve this answer
Both ways can lead to unexpected results. Your best bet is to not call a virtual function in your constructor at all.
The C++ way I think makes more sense, but leads to expectation problems when someone reviews your code. If you are aware of this situation, you should purposely not put your code in this situation for later debugging's sake.
share|improve this answer
Virtual functions in constructors, why do languages differ?
Because there's no one good behaviour. I find the C++ behaviour makes more sense (since base class c-tors are called first, it stands to reason that they should call base class virtual functions--after all, the derived class c-tor hasn't run yet, so it may not have set up the right preconditions for the derived class virtual function).
But sometimes, where I want to use the virtual functions to initialize state (so it doesn't matter that they're being called with the state uninitialized) the C#/Java behaviour is nicer.
share|improve this answer
I think C++ offers the best semantics in terms of having the 'most correct' behavior ... however it is more work for the compiler and the code is definitiely non-intuitive to someone reading it later.
With the .NET approach the function must be very limited not to rely on any derived object state.
share|improve this answer
How is this more work for the compiler? It just boils down to setting the vptr after calling the constructor of the base class. I would say the other semantics are harder to implement since you need to make sure that after setting the vptr in the derived class constructor, it must not be overriden by base classes constructors. (This is assuming that dynamic dispatch is handled through pointers to virtual method tables, which is the most common approach.) – Luc Touraille May 25 '12 at 16:17
@LucTouraille very belated +1, that is very true. the C++ approach is much cleaner and more straightforward, actually – Stephen Lin Mar 3 '13 at 10:12
Delphi makes good use of virtual constructors in the VCL GUI framework:
TComponent = class
constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent); virtual; // virtual constructor
TMyEdit = class(TComponent)
constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent); override; // override virtual constructor
TMyButton = class(TComponent)
TComponentClass = class of TComponent;
function CreateAComponent(ComponentClass: TComponentClass; AOwner: TComponent): TComponent;
Result := ComponentClass.Create(AOwner);
MyEdit: TMyEdit;
MyButton: TMyButton;
MyEdit := CreateAComponent(TMyEdit, Form) as TMyEdit;
MyButton := CreateAComponent(TMyButton, Form) as TMyButton;
share|improve this answer
I have found the C++ behavior very annoying. You cannot write virtual functions to, for instance, return the desired size of the object, and have the default constructor initialize each item. For instance it would be nice to do:
BaseClass() { for (int i=0; i<virtualSize(); i++) initialize_stuff_for_index(i); }
Then again the advantage of C++ behavior is that it discourages constuctors like the above from being written.
I don't think the problem of calling methods that assume the constructor has been finished is a good excuse for C++. If this really was a problem then the constructor would not be allowed to call any methods, since the same problem can apply to methods for the base class.
Another point against C++ is that the behavior is much less efficient. Although the constructor knows directly what it calls, the vtab pointer has to be changed for every single class from base to final, because the constructor might call other methods that will call virtual functions. From my experience this wastes far more time than is saved by making virtual functions calls in the constructor more efficient.
Far more annoying is that this is also true of destructors. If you write a virtual cleanup() function, and the base class destructor does cleanup(), it certainly does not do what you expect.
This and the fact that C++ calls destructors on static objects on exit have really pissed me off for a long time.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Things are proceeding swimmingly. How is it possible to outline the biggest political corruption scandal in modern U.S. history; which utilized the full weight of the institutions of government and the vast intelligence community; against the predictable tide of a mainstream U.S. media apparatus who will shout ‘conspiracy theory’; while every single entity associated with the collaborative effort will protect the group behind the scandal?
There’s the challenge. How do you introduce the scale and scope of corruption to almost half the country who have relied upon the false narrative delivered by fake news for the past two years?
Answer: You assemble a strategic communications team, timed to activate when a key series of events takes place. Joe diGenova is part of that strategic communications team. The triggering event is the OIG release. The purpose of the team is to help the news consumer digest the corruption elephant one bite at a time.
As each individual indictment is parsed and delivered, there will be tens-of-thousands of pages of evidence, multiple witness statements, and a tsunami of investigative supporting material that needs to be unpacked -per person- and understood against the backdrop of the bigger story.
Understanding the scale and scope is why CTH put together the video series to help grasp the larger issues; and that video series only highlights the FBI and DOJ part of the story. [fyi, that video series will air as a single 30 minute documentary as part of the toolbox].
When does it all happen:
(LINK)
All by careful design… | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0453ace292b855fdf90c40a9471b36047a30bb2e0a0f8d16e3b4fd350dcc03c2'} |
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We’ll send you a rundown of the top five stories every day
1. The U.S.’ biggest pro-Israel lobbying conference puts the Inaugural Ball to shame (Slate).
2. More kids are going to school than ever before, but they’re not learning anything (NY Times).
3. Writer illustrates apathy towards foreign drone strikes, using literary tweets (Mother Jones).
4. Samsung’s novel smart phone innovation could invade your privacy (Slate).
5. Why men should change their name when they get married (Quartz).
6. Your iPhone could have been a “mobi,” according to an Apple exec. (9To5 Mac).
7. Mila Kunis negotiates a date during an interview with the BBC (YouTube).
Get a daily summary of news millennials need to read | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8912140130996704}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '248705', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ORUSIKQJUR73IDAVIQEQ5DKFWISEBW7Z', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b153fcab-cc0e-4f86-b5d3-ab8ff0da824f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 21, 16, 29, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.20.76.20', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FHKZNULLLZXLEUOIJHBQLKYOXI6QNR4W', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dca50f71-f469-472f-aa8c-9ddc1df6a9cf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://mic.com/articles/28825/samsung-galaxy-s4-new-eye-scrolling-feature-revealed-mila-kunis-bbc-interview-we-have-the-video', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dca06ce7-58fb-4c6d-9443-967d20155bf7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '112', 'url': 'https://mic.com/articles/28825/samsung-galaxy-s4-new-eye-scrolling-feature-revealed-mila-kunis-bbc-interview-we-have-the-video', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-229-80-62.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9275959134101868', 'original_id': '3c9ea29fb7d126a77e8a8b93c2acaa4ac512f2c028facbcf98d4cb0786c926df'} |
A variety of systems exist which are useful for projecting images or information, for example, images of the type associated with television displays or information of the type seen at airports to indicate the departure of a plane. Many of these systems employ a device which selectively reflects incident light rays provided by a light source. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,579, and includes a component often referred to as deformable mirror device. Projection systems which employ a deformable mirror device also include a light source which provides illuminating light to the deformable mirror device (DMD).
The DMD is comprised of a plurality of relatively small mirrors, all of which are contained in a common plane. Each mirror is movable, in response to a signal, between first and second positions, where the respective positions may be identified as "on" or "off". Considering a particular mirror in such a display, if it is in the "on" position, incident illuminating light is then reflected to the viewer. In contrast, if the mirror is in the "off" position, the incident illuminating light is reflected elsewhere and is not visible to the viewer. Thus, by appropriately positioning the mirrors contained in the array, a particular image may be projected to the viewer.
With respect to mirrors which are in the "on" position, light reflected therefrom is often passed through a lens or lens system, of appropriate design, which focuses the reflected light. In addition, the reflected light from a mirror in the "on" position may be transmitted to a screen, whereupon the viewer views the image formed on the mirror array by viewing the screen.
Summarizing the overall construction and operation of projection systems which employ DMDs, it will be appreciated that they comprise a light source, an array of individually adjustable mirrors for selectively reflecting light from the light source, and means for insuring a transmission of the illuminating light from the light source to the DMD, and similarly insuring the appropriate transmission of light reflected from mirrors "on" position, through a lens or in general to the viewer of the projected image.
Systems of the type described above are generally known in the art. Example of such systems are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,713,213, and 1,984,683 and 3,186,115 and 3,161,726 and 4,680,508. U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,730 is particularly illustrative of such systems.
Considering further the construction and operation of such systems, as noted, such systems generally include means for insuring the transmission of the light from the light source to the DMD, and from the DMD to the viewer. In the prior art, such means generally included mirrors or so called Schlierin devices. Also used in the prior art were so called Dyson Relays. In general, all such devices, i.e Schlierin devices, mirrors and Dyson Relays, resulted in systems having large dimensions and, in addition, often resulted in poor projected images which were characterized by glare or ghost images or both, when the projected image was projected on a screen. One objective of my invention is to provide improved means for transmitting illuminating light from a light source to a selectively reflecting device, such as a DMD, and from the reflecting device to a lens system which, in turn, transmit the light to, for example, a screen.
A further objective of my invention is to provide an improved component for such a system wherein light rays reflected from reflecting elements in the "on" position pass through the component to a receiving lens, but light rays from elements in the "off" position are refracted away from the receiving lens.
Another object of my invention is to provide an overall arrangement of the components of such a system whereby a superior image is obtained. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '5ed7fd86215378331c49561dab253e462f5c692e5d21aa193d0e7c296393860a'} |
Q:
Making a PUT request through Robot Framework using Requests Library
Background:
New to Robot Framework but attempting at using the RequestsLibrary together with OperatingSystem and XML to automate some REST testing on RIDE.
Requirement:
Sending file with XML body and validate after receiving the XML response from the server.
Problems:
Current setup leading to 500 internal server error.
Is it possible to send the content of the XML file to the server instead of the XML file itself?
Is it possible to return the content of the response from the server instead of the response code?
Have spent a while searching already for pointers but not found anything overly helpful with most requests and response dealing with JSON instead of XML.
Ideal flow:
1)extract XML file content from file in directory
2)send as POST request to server URL
3)wait for response
4)return this XML response and validate it is correct
CODE:
*** Settings ***
Library Collections
Library RequestsLibrary
Library XML
Library Selenium2Library
Library OperatingSystem
*** Test Cases ***
Example 1
Create Session Gateway https://GatewayURL.asmx
${file_data}= Get Binary File ${CURDIR}${/}data.xml
${files}= Create Dictionary ${file_data}
${response}= Post Request Gateway /post files=${files}
I've added to code using the helpful suggestions.
Post request data in dictionary SAMPLE
Create Session Gateway URL HERE debug=3
${file_data}= Get Binary File ${CURDIR}${/}data.xml
&{data}= Create Dictionary name=${file_data.strip()}
&{headers}= Create Dictionary Content-Type=text/xml
${resp}= Post Request Gateway /post data=${data} headers=${headers}
Should Be Equal As Strings ${resp.status_code} 200
N.B URL HERE used as unfortunately not able to share this URL.
Failure is as follows. Not sure why data is text/xml when this has been used for the header. This is causing a server 500 error.
Post Request using : alias=Gateway, uri=/post, data=<text/xml>, headers={u'Content-Type': u'text/xml'}, files=None, allow_redirects=True
500 != 200
I want to send the content of the XML file not the XML file itself as the server 'wont know how to handle' the file but will be able to 'handle' the actual content of the XML file.
Have you encountered this problem before where RF is not accepting the data argument for the Post Request Keyword? It's always using the Header argument for Data for some reason...
A:
The return of Put Request (and the other request types in the lib) is a Response object, from the python's requests library. As such, you have full access to its attributes and methods, described in the link above.
For example, if you want the payload of the response:
Log To Console ${response.text}
${payload}= Set Variable ${response.text}
# process/verify the server's responose, it's now in the ${payload} variable
(if the server's response is not Unicode, you might want to check the doc for text and explicitly set the correct one)
Another example - if you need a particular header:
Log To Console ${response.headers['content-encoding']}
# or, this will print them all:
Log To Console ${response.headers}
Final example, the response's status code:
Should Be Equal As Strings ${response.status_code} 200
RE: the updated question, how to actually send a file with a PUT request. In the code you've shown, there's this error - you're reading the file here:
...
${file_data}= Get Binary File ${CURDIR}${/}data.xml
Then, storing its contents as a value in a dictionary:
&{data}= Create Dictionary name=${file_data.strip()}
And sending the dictionary as payload:
${resp}= Post Request Gateway /post data=${data} headers=${headers}
I am highly suspicious this is in the receiving service's specs - most likely it expects the contents of the file in the payload; also, it probably expects the filename as name header (but I'm guessing here, adapt to the actual reqs). So the flow is probably:
Create Session Gateway URL HERE debug=3
${file_data}= Get Binary File ${CURDIR}${/}data.xml
&{headers}= Create Dictionary Content-Type=text/xml name=data.xml
${resp}= Post Request Gateway /post data=${file_data} headers=${headers}
Should Be Equal As Strings ${resp.status_code} 200
Anyways, it's a guessing game w/o knowing the service; if that ^ doesn't help, check its logs and talk with the developers - what is the correct format of the request.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '11f67f4b7ffc8ac9a5e70970b9eff57240804a4f2499d032892bdfd6d54f71e8'} |
Saturday, 24 September 2016
Current Affairs & GK Quiz for IBPS Exams (24th September)
current affairs questions-answers for ibps po and clerk 2016
1. Childhood cancer awareness exhibition will be held at which place of India from 25th -27th September?
a) Taj Mahal in Agra
b) Lal Qila delhi
c) India Gate
d) None of these
2. The book “Citizen and Society” has been authored by whom?
a) Pranab Mukherjee
b) Hamid Ansari
c) Narendra Modi
d) Subramanian Swamy
3. Name the country that has signed a peace agreement with one of the country's largest militant groups Hezb-e-Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar?
a) Pakistan
b) Iraq
c) Syria
d) Afghanistan
4. Who will get the first-ever Jesse Owens Olympic Spirit Award-2016?
a) Paula Radcliffe
b) Muhammad Ali
c) Paavo Nurmi
d) Michael Phelps
5. Which bank has entered into corporate agency agreements with Cigna TTK Company Ltd, and Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd for providing health and general insurance respectively, to its customers?
a) ICICI Bank
b) Andhra Bank
c) IDBI Bank
d) HDFC Bank
6. Name the Indian forest officials who were selected for the 2016 Clark R. Bavin Wildlife Law Enforcement Awards?
a) Sanjay Dutta and Ritesh Sarothiya
b) Sanjay Dutta and Mahesh Sarothiya
c) Jyotish Bhattacharya and Ritesh Sarothiya
d) Raj Bhatnakar and Jyotish Bhattacharya
a) Manjhi: The Mountain Man
b) Visaranai
c) Thithi
d) Anjali
8. The 2016 International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP) world conference is hosted by which city?
a) Istanbul
b) New Delhi
c) Moscow
d) Berlin
9. Name the state that has decided to have its own bravery awards, which will be given out on Independence Day and Republic Day every year?
a) Bihar
b) Delhi
c) Himachal Pradesh
d) Telangana
10. The world’s largest solar power plant has been installed in which state of India?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Rajasthan
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Haryana
1:a, 2:b, 3:d, 4:b, 5:b, 6:a, 7:b, 8:c, 9:b, 10:c.
Share this | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '20', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8141564726829529}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '127312', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:X3WOQK7ZHXQF34H6IPVOEEFI6OZBOFXJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f9f0c0d0-34e6-4984-a669-35e5c5fa9aa1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 5, 23, 7, 3, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.243', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4XPP2ZMASFZCW4MDNDE2AE4IGPNYLDHF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:55c1241c-ac2d-4c84-9b74-d90469fb27b8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.gkshala.com/2016/09/current-affairs-gk-quiz-for-ibps-exams_24.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ef12b523-9cd9-41d1-a5e4-90a7a7955559>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '345', 'url': 'http://www.gkshala.com/2016/09/current-affairs-gk-quiz-for-ibps-exams_24.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-224-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-22\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019161880016326904', 'original_id': '20ef70a5eb5ea1500a6e3ae19ca368aeb8edf43db1a085409606214b718fea3c'} |
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Nach einer weiteren Doppeleinheit am Donnerstag steht am Freitag noch ein Testspiel gegen Drittligist Würzburger Kickers an, ehe es am Samstag zurück nach Darmstadt geht. Das liegt auch an den finanziellen Rahmenbedingungen des Fußball-Regionalligisten Wormatia.
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Inside is one of the main Jewish prayers.” I’m not sure if he was impressed or shocked, but either way, his face nearly dropped to the floor. He looked exactly like Donny with an extra thirty years. I shared how I got started in my field, how I was inspired by a young social worker who helped my cousins when I was young. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.6681399941444397}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6796', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:N23SWMIQLVOZ5HIHWC2VB2CT3KGKROZT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3483afe6-16f8-4e01-b869-d80429fee1cc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 8, 18, 22, 19, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.27.138.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:C4IMX6KODYITCTR7FXTFU34LANTUM5FH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3494340-927f-4722-84d1-26d620681e5b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://pyete.moskva-rynok.ru/dating+sites+rock+music+lovers', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5962e6be-ce76-47a7-875c-0532d51a8da4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '183', 'url': 'http://pyete.moskva-rynok.ru/dating+sites+rock+music+lovers', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-0-77.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05936628580093384', 'original_id': '515e4dbe176160178846ca9b754f37ba9bf29a92b9446c401ba4349555a200b8'} |
<section class="push-bottom-xl">
<h1 class="push-bottom-sm mat-display-1">Media Service</h1>
<p class="tc-grey-600 push-bottom-md">Basic media query evaluation for responsive applications</p>
</section>
<section class="push-bottom-xxl">
<div class="push-bottom-xl">
<h3 class="push-bottom-sm mat-title">TdMediaService</h3>
<mat-divider></mat-divider>
<p>
TdMediaService comes with support for media queries that match the layout
<a href="https://material.google.com/layout/responsive-ui.html" target="_blank">breakpoints</a>
:
</p>
<mat-list>
<ng-template let-bpoint let-last="last" ngFor [ngForOf]="mediaBreakpoints">
<a mat-list-item layout-align="row">
<h3 matLine>{{ bpoint.breakpoint }}</h3>
<p matLine>{{ bpoint.query }}</p>
</a>
<mat-divider *ngIf="!last"></mat-divider>
</ng-template>
</mat-list>
<h3>Methods</h3>
<p>
The
<code>TdMediaService</code>
service has {{ mediaServiceMethods.length }} properties:
</p>
<mat-list>
<ng-template let-attr let-last="last" ngFor [ngForOf]="mediaServiceMethods">
<a mat-list-item layout-align="row">
<h3 matLine>
{{ attr.name }}:
<span>{{ attr.type }}</span>
</h3>
<p matLine>{{ attr.description }}</p>
</a>
<mat-divider *ngIf="!last"></mat-divider>
</ng-template>
</mat-list>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Typescript</p>
<td-highlight lang="typescript">
{{ mediaServiceTypescript }}
</td-highlight>
<p>Note: Always unsubscribe from [Observable] objects when not using them anymore.</p>
<p>
A good way of doing it is in the
<code>ngOnDestroy</code>
component life-cycle hook provided by the [OnDestroy] interface.
</p>
<h3>Setup</h3>
<p>Import the [CovalentMediaModule] in your NgModule:</p>
<td-highlight lang="typescript">
{{ covalentMediaHtml }}
</td-highlight>
</div>
<div>
<h3 class="push-bottom-sm mat-title">See the breakpoints in action</h3>
<mat-divider></mat-divider>
<p>The break</p>
<p>Resize screen to toggle breakpoints</p>
<mat-list>
<ng-template let-demo let-last="last" ngFor [ngForOf]="mediaDemo">
<mat-list-item>
<mat-icon [@tdJello]="demo.value" matListAvatar>
<span *ngIf="demo.value; else offStateIcon" class="tc-td-teal">check_circle</span>
<ng-template #offStateIcon>
<span>highlight_off</span>
</ng-template>
</mat-icon>
<h3
[tdMediaToggle]="demo.query"
[mediaClasses]="['tc-td-teal']"
[mediaAttributes]="{ title: 'It matches!!!' }"
matLine
>
{{ demo.query }}
</h3>
<p matLine>matches: {{ demo.value }}</p>
</mat-list-item>
<mat-divider *ngIf="!last"></mat-divider>
</ng-template>
</mat-list>
</div>
</section>
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '1ae8fbd5a313ad00ebf3e7d9c327fb792b7402ae419944bee38f60670701f55c'} |
@article {3042, title = {Ultrashort Carbon Nanotubes That Fluoresce Brightly in the Near-Infrared.}, journal = {ACS Nano}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Jun 14}, abstract = {
The intrinsic near-infrared photoluminescence observed in long single-walled carbon nanotubes is known to be quenched in ultrashort nanotubes due to their tiny size as compared to the exciton diffusion length in these materials (\>100 nm). Here, we show that intense photoluminescence can be created in ultrashort nanotubes (\~{}40 nm length) upon incorporation of exciton-trapping sp defect sites. Using super-resolution photoluminescence imaging at \<25 nm resolution, we directly show the preferential localization of excitons at the nanotube ends, which separate by less than 40 nm and behave as independent emitters. This unexpected observation opens the possibility to synthesize fluorescent ultrashort nanotubes-a goal that has been long thought impossible-for bioimaging applications, where bright near-infrared photoluminescence and small size are highly desirable, and for quantum information science, where high quality and well-controlled near-infrared single photon emitters are needed.
}, issn = {1936-086X}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.8b02307}, author = {Dann{\'e}, No{\'e}mie and Kim, Mijin and Antoine G Godin and Kwon, Hyejin and Gao, Zhenghong and Wu, Xiaojian and Hartmann, Nicolai F and Doorn, Stephen K and Lounis, Brahim and Wang, YuHuang and Cognet, Laurent} } | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '9', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8637767434120178}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '2065', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MNIAOCOJSWTUJPOJQEWLK3HFUXVY3SA5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:448ba48e-c714-4245-bfb1-1145741718be>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 22, 11, 27, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.209.222.214', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/plain', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UXWN4V6VROERGQKCIXHORIH3CECR76MD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2fca800a-adea-447e-b51a-3980b2d99971>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://cervo.ulaval.ca/en/publications/export/bibtex/3042', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2bd39607-c0be-4d4c-a04b-fef442808a8b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '185', 'url': 'https://cervo.ulaval.ca/en/publications/export/bibtex/3042', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-25\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-242.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4156186580657959', 'original_id': '5863c56bea5cc218f9fded71a1ee708baded848ddf0e1796b9ea46a338fe57aa'} |
---
abstract: 'We compare pushdown automata (PDAs for short) against other representations. First, we show that there is a family of PDAs over a unary alphabet with $n$ states and $p \geq 2n + 4$ stack symbols that accepts one single long word for which every equivalent context-free grammar needs $\Omega(n^2(p-2n-4))$ variables. This family shows that the classical algorithm for converting a PDA to an equivalent context-free grammar is optimal even when the alphabet is unary. Moreover, we observe that language equivalence and Parikh equivalence, which ignores the ordering between symbols, coincide for this family. We conclude that, when assuming this weaker equivalence, the conversion algorithm is also optimal. Second, Parikh’s theorem motivates the comparison of PDAs against finite state automata. In particular, the same family of unary PDAs gives a lower bound on the number of states of every Parikh-equivalent finite state automaton. Finally, we look into the case of unary deterministic PDAs. We show a new construction converting a unary deterministic PDA into an context-free grammar that achieves best known bounds.'
author:
- 'Pierre Ganty[^1]'
- 'Elena Gutiérrez[^2]'
title: Parikh Image of Pushdown Automata
---
=1 =1
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
Given a context-free language which representation, pushdown automata or context-free grammars, is more concise? This was the main question studied by Goldstine et al. [@GOLD] in a paper where they introduced an infinite family of context-free languages whose representation by a pushdown automaton is more concise than by context-free grammars. In particular, they showed that each language of the family is accepted by a pushdown automaton with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols, but every context-free grammar needs at least $n^2p + 1$ variables if $n>1$ ($p$ if $n=1$). Incidentally, the family shows that the translation of a pushdown automaton into an equivalent context-free grammar used in textbooks [@AUTTH], which uses the same large number of $n^2p + 1$ variables if $n>1$ ($p$ if $n=1$), is optimal in the sense that there is no other algorithm that always produces fewer grammar variables.
Today we revisit these questions but this time we turn our attention to the unary case. We define an infinite family of context-free languages as Goldstine et al. did but our family differs drastically from theirs. Given $n\geq 1$ and $k\geq 1$, each member of our family is given by a PDA with $n$ states, $p = k + 2n + 4$ stack symbols and a *single input symbol*.[^3] We show that, for each PDA of the family, every equivalent context-free has $\Omega({n^2(p -2n - 4)})$ variables. Therefore, this family shows that the textbook translation of a PDA into a language-equivalent context-free grammar is *optimal*[^4] even when the alphabet is unary. Note that if the alphabet is a singleton, equality over words (two words are equal if the same symbols appear at the same positions) coincides with Parikh equivalence (two words are Parikh-equivalent if each symbol occurs equally often in both words[^5]). Thus, we conclude that the conversion algorithm is also optimal for Parikh equivalence. We also investigate the special case of deterministic PDAs over a singleton alphabet for which equivalent context-free grammar of small size had been defined [@Chistikov2014; @Pighizzini2009]. We give a new definition for an equivalent context-free grammar given a unary deterministic PDA. Our definition is constructive (as far as we could tell the result of Pighizzini [@Pighizzini2009] is not) and achieves the best known bounds [@Chistikov2014] by combining two known constructions.
Parikh’s theorem [@Parikh66] states that every context-free language has the same Parikh image as some regular language. This allows us to compare PDAs against finite state automata (FSAs for short) for Parikh-equivalent languages. First, we use the same family of PDAs to derive a lower bound on the number of states of every Parikh-equivalent FSA. The comparison becomes simple as its alphabet is unary and it accepts one single word. Second, using this lower bound we show that the 2-step procedure chaining existing constructions:
translate the PDA into a language-equivalent context-free grammar [@AUTTH]; and
translate the context-free grammar into a Parikh-equivalent FSA [@IPL]
yields *optimal*[^6] results in the number of states of the resulting FSA.
As a side contribution, we introduce a semantics of PDA runs as trees that we call *actrees*. The richer tree structure (compared to a sequence) makes simpler to compare each PDA of the family with its smallest grammar representation.
#### Structure of the paper.
After preliminaries in Section \[sec:prelim\] we introduce the tree-based semantics in \[sec:actrees\]. In Section \[sec:CFG\] we compare PDAs and context-free grammars when they represent Parikh-equivalent languages. We will define the infinite family of PDAs and establish their main properties. We dedicate Section \[sec:specialcase\] to the special case of deterministic PDAs over a unary alphabet. Finally, Section \[sec:FSA\] focuses on the comparison of PDAs against finite state automata for Parikh-equivalent languages.
Preliminaries {#sec:prelim}
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A *pushdown automaton* (or PDA) is a 6-tuple $ (Q,\Sigma,\Gamma,\delta,q_0,Z_0)$ where $Q$ is a finite nonempty set of *states* including $q_0$, the *initial* state; $\Sigma$ is the *input alphabet*; $\Gamma$ is the *stack alphabet* including $Z_0$, the *initial* stack symbol; and $\delta$ is a finite subset of $Q\times\Gamma\times(\Sigma\cup\{\varepsilon\})\times Q\times\Gamma^*$ called the *actions*. We write $(q, X) \hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta)$ to denote an action $(q,X,b,q',\beta) \in \delta$. We sometimes omit the subscript to the arrow.
An *instantaneous description* (or ID) of a PDA is a pair $(q,\beta) $ where $q\in Q$ and $\beta \in \Gamma^{*}$. We call the first component of an ID the *state* and the second the *stack content*. The *initial ID* consists of the initial state and the initial stack symbol for the stack content. When reasoning formally, we use the functions ${\mathit{state}}$ and ${\mathit{stack}}$ which, given an ID, returns its state and stack content, respectively.
An action $ (q,X) \hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta)$ is *enabled* at ID $I$ if ${\mathit{state}}(I)=q$ and $ (\,{\mathit{stack}}(I)\,)_1=X$.[^7] Given an ID $(q,X\gamma)$ enabling $ (q,X) \hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta)$, define the *successor ID* to be $ (q',\beta\gamma) $. We denote this fact as $(q,X\gamma )\vdash_b (q',\beta\gamma)$, and call it a *move* that *consumes* $b$ from the input.[^8] We sometimes omit the subscript of $\vdash$ when the input consumed (if any) is not important. Given $n\geq0$, a *move sequence*, denoted $ I_0 \vdash_{b_1} {\cdots}\vdash_{b_n} I_n $, is a finite sequence of IDs $I_0 I_1\ldots I_n$ such that $I_i\vdash_{b_i} I_{i+1}$ for all $i$. The move sequence *consumes* $w$ (*from the input*) when $b_1 \cdots b_n = w$. We concisely denote this fact as $I_0 \vdash {\stackrel{w}{\ldots}} \vdash I_n$. A move sequence $I \vdash{\cdots}\vdash I'$ is a *quasi-run* when $\len{{\mathit{stack}}(I)}=1$ and $\len{{\mathit{stack}}(I')}=0$; and a *run* when, furthermore, $I$ is the initial ID. Define the *language* of a PDA $P$ as $L(P) = \{w \in\Sigma^{*} \mid P \text{ has a run consuming } w \}$.
The *Parikh image* of a word $w$ over an alphabet $\{b_1, \ldots, b_n\}$, denoted by $\lbag w \rbag$, is the vector $(x_1,\ldots, x_n) \in \mathbb{N}^n$ such that $x_i$ is the number of occurrences of $b_i$ in $w$. The *Parikh image of a language* $L$, denoted by $\lbag L\rbag$, is the set of Parikh images of its words. When $\lbag L_1 \rbag = \lbag L_2 \rbag$, we say $L_1$ and $L_2$ are *Parikh-equivalent*.
We assume the reader is familiar with the basics of *finite state automata* (or FSA for short) and *context-free grammars* (or CFG). Nevertheless we fix their notation as follows. We denote a FSA as a tuple $(Q,\Sigma,\delta,q_0,F)$ where $Q$ is a finite set of *states* including the *initial* state $q_0$ and the *final* states $F$; $\Sigma$ is the *input alphabet* and $\delta \subseteq Q \times (\Sigma \cup \{\varepsilon\}) \times Q$ is the *set of transitions*. We denote a CFG as a tuple $ (V,\Sigma, S, R)$ where $V$ is a finite set of *variables* including $S$ the *start* variable, $\Sigma$ is the *alphabet* or set of terminals and $R \subseteq V \times (V \cup \Sigma)^* $ is a finite set of *rules*. Rules are conveniently denoted $X \rightarrow \alpha$. Given a FSA $A$ and a CFG $G$ we denote their *languages* as $L(A)$ and $L(G)$, respectively.
Finally, let us recall the translation of a PDA into an equivalent CFG.
Given a PDA $P=(Q,\Sigma,\Gamma,\delta,q_0,Z_0)$, define the CFG $G = (V,\Sigma,R,S)$ where
The set $V$ of variables — often called the *triples* — is given by $$\{ [qXq'] \mid q,q'\in Q, X\in\Gamma \} \cup\{S\}\enspace .\label{eq:triples}$$
The set $R$ of production rules is given by $$\begin{split}
&\{ S \rightarrow [q_0 Z_0 q] \mid q\in Q \} \\
{} \cup {} &\{ [qXr_{d}] \rightarrow b [q'(\beta)_1 r_1]\ldots[r_{d-1}(\beta)_{d} r_{d}] \\
&\qquad \mid (q,X) \hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta),d=\len{\beta}, r_1,\ldots,r_{d}\in Q \}
\end{split}\label{eq:rulesoftriples}$$
For a proof of correctness, see the textbook of Ullman et al. [@AUTTH]. The previous definition easily translates into a *conversion algorithm*. Observe that the runtime of such algorithm depends polynomially on $\len{Q}$ and $\len{\Gamma}$, but exponentially on $\len{\beta}$.
A Tree-Based Semantics for Pushdown Automata {#sec:actrees}
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In this section we introduce a tree-based semantics for PDA. Using trees instead of sequences sheds the light on key properties needed to present our main results.
Given an action $a$ denoted by $(q, X) \hookrightarrow_b (q', \beta)$, $q$ is the *source* state of $a$, $q'$ the *target* state of $a$, $X$ the symbol $a$ *pops* and $ \beta $ the (possibly empty) sequence of symbols $a$ *pushes*.
A *labeled tree* $c(t_1, \ldots , t_k)$ $(k \geq 0)$ is a finite tree whose nodes are labeled, where $c$ is the label of the root and $t_1,\ldots, t_k$ are labeled trees, the children of the root. When $k=0$ we prefer to write $c$ instead of $c()$. Each labeled tree $t$ defines a sequence, denoted $\seq{t}$, obtained by removing the symbols ‘(’, ‘)’ or ‘,’ when interpreting $t$ as a string, e.g. $\seq{c(c_1,c_2(c_{21}))} = c\, c_1\, c_2\, c_{21}$. The *size* of a labeled tree $t$, denoted $\len{t}$, is given by $\len{\seq{t}}$. It coincides with the number of nodes in $t$.
\[def:tree\] Given a PDA $P$, an action-tree (or *actree* for short) is a labeled tree $a(a_1(\ldots),\ldots,a_d(\ldots))$ where $a$ is an action of $P$ pushing $\beta$ with $\len{\beta}=d$ and each children $a_i(\ldots)$ is an actree such that $a_i$ pops $ (\beta)_i $ for all $i$. Furthermore, an actree $t$ must satisfy that the source state of $ (\seq{t})_{i+1}$ and the target state of $ (\seq{t})_{i}$ coincide for every $i$.
An actree $t$ consumes an input resulting from replacing each action in the sequence $\seq{t}$ by the symbol it consumes (or $\varepsilon$, if the action does not consume any). An actree $a(\ldots)$ is *accepting* if the initial ID enables $a$.
\[ex:tree\] Consider a PDA $P$ with actions $a_1$ to $a_5$ respectively given by $(q_0, X_1)\hookrightarrow_\varepsilon (q_0, X_0\,X_0)$, $(q_0, X_0)\hookrightarrow_\varepsilon (q_1, X_1\,\star)$, $(q_1, X_1)\hookrightarrow_\varepsilon (q_1, X_0\,X_0)$,\
and $(q_1, \star)\hookrightarrow_\varepsilon (q_0, \varepsilon)$. The reader can check that the actree $ t = a_1( a_2( a_3( a_4 , a_4 ) , a_5) , a_2( a_3( a_4 , a_4 ) , a_5) )$, depicted in Figure \[fig:tree\], satisfies the conditions of Definition \[def:tree\] where $\seq{t}=a_1\,a_2\,a_3\,a_4\,a_4\,a_5\,a_2\,a_3\,a_4\,a_4\,a_5$, $\len{t}=11$ and the input consumed is $b^4$.
child [ node [ $a_2$ ]{} child [ node [ $a_3$ ]{} child [ node [ $a_4$ ]{} ]{} child [ node [ $a_4$ ]{} ]{} ]{} child [ node [ $a_5$ ]{} ]{} ]{} child [ node [ $a_2$ ]{} child [ node [ $a_3$ ]{} child [ node [ $a_4$ ]{} ]{} child [ node [ $a_4$ ]{} ]{} ]{} child [ node [ $a_5$ ]{} ]{} ]{};
We recall the notion of *dimension* of a labeled tree [@Esparza2014] and we relate dimension and size of labeled trees in Lemma \[lemma:length\].
\[def:dim\] The *dimension* of a labeled tree $t$, denoted as $d(t)$, is inductively defined as follows. $d(t)=0$ if $t=c$, otherwise we have $t=c(t_1,\ldots,t_k)$ for some $k>0$ and $$d(t) =
\begin{cases}
max_{i \in\{1,...,k\}} d(t_i) & \text{if there is a unique maximum},\\
max_{i \in\{1,...,k\}} d(t_i)+1 & \text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}$$
The annotation $\stackrel{d(t)}{t}\!\!(\ldots)$ shows the actree of Example \[ex:tree\] has dimension $2$ $$\stackrel{2}{a_1}( \stackrel{1}{a_2}( \stackrel{1}{a_3}( \stackrel{0}{a_4} , \stackrel{0}{a_4} ) , \stackrel{0}{a_5}) , \stackrel{1}{a_2}( \stackrel{1}{a_3}( \stackrel{0}{a_4} , \stackrel{0}{a_4} ) , \stackrel{0}{a_5}) )\enspace .$$
$\len{t} \geq 2^{d(t)}$ for every labeled tree $t$. \[lemma:length\]
The proof of the lemma is given in the Appendix. The actrees and the quasi-runs of a PDAs are in one-to-one correspondence as reflected in Theorem \[thm:corespondence\] whose proof is in the Appendix.
\[thm:corespondence\] Given a PDA, its actrees and quasi-runs are in a one-to-one correspondence.
Parikh-Equivalent Context-free Grammars {#sec:CFG}
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In this section we compare PDAs against CFGs when they describe Parikh-equivalent languages. We first study the general class of (nondeterministic) PDAs and, in Section \[sec:specialcase\], we look into the special case of unary deterministic PDAs. We prove that, for every $n \geq 1$ and $p \geq 2n + 4$, there exists a PDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols for which every Parikh-equivalent CFG has $\Omega({n^2(p -2n - 4)})$ variables. To this aim, we present a family of PDAs $P(n,k)$ where $n\geq1$ and $k\geq1$. Each member of the family has $n$ states and $k + 2n + 4$ stack symbols, and accepts one single word over a unary input alphabet.
The Family P(n,k) of PDAs
-------------------------
\[def:P\] Given natural values $n\geq1$ and $k\geq 1$, define the PDA $P(n,k)$ with states $Q=\{{q_{i}\mid {0\leq i \leq n-1}}\}$, input alphabet $\Sigma=\{b\}$, stack alphabet $\Gamma=\{S,\,\star,\,\$ \}\cup\{X_i \mid 0\leq i\leq k\}\cup \{s_i \mid 0 \leq i\leq n-1 \} \cup \{r_i \mid 0 \leq i\leq n-1 \}$, initial state $q_0$, initial stack symbol $S$ and actions $\delta$ $$\begin{array}[t]{r@{\;}c@{\;}lr}
(q_0,S) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_0, X_{k}\,r_0) & \\
(q_i,X_{j}) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_i, X_{j-1}\,r_m\,s_i\,X_{j-1}\,r_m) & \forall\,i,m \in \{0, \ldots, n-1\}, \forall \, j \in \{1, \ldots,k\},\\
(q_j, s_i) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_i, \varepsilon) & \forall i,j \in \{0, \ldots, n-1\},\\
(q_i, r_i) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_i, \varepsilon) & \forall i \in \{0, \ldots, n-1\},\\
(q_i, X_0) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_i, X_{k}\,\star) & \forall i \in \{0, \ldots, n-1\},\\
(q_i, X_0) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_{i+1}, X_{k}\,\$) & \forall i \in \{0, \ldots, n-2\},\\
(q_i, \star) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_{i-1}, \varepsilon) & \forall i \in \{1, \ldots, n-1\},\\
(q_0, \$) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_{n-1}, \varepsilon) & \\
(q_{n-1}, X_0) &\hookrightarrow_b& (q_{n-1}, \varepsilon)\enspace
\end{array}$$
\[lemma:unique\_w\] Given $n\geq 1$ and $k\geq1$, $P(n,k)$ has a single accepting actree consuming input $b^{N}$ where $N\geq 2^{n^2\,k}$.
Fix values $n$ and $k$ and refer to the member of the family $P(n,k)$ as $P$. We show that $P$ has exactly one accepting actree. We define a witness labeled tree $t$ inductively on the structure of the tree. Later we will prove that the induction is finite. First, we show how to construct the root and its children subtrees. This corresponds to case 1 below. Then, each non-leaf subtree is defined inductively in cases 2 to 5. Note that each non-leaf subtree of $t$ falls into one (and only one) of the cases. In fact, all cases are disjoint, in particular 2, 4 and 5. The reverse is also true: all cases describe a non-leaf subtree that does occur in $t$. Finally, we show that each case describes *uniquely* how to build the next layer of children subtrees of a given non-leaf subtree.
$t=a(a_1(\ldots), a_2)$ where $a = (q_0,S)\hookrightarrow_b (q_0, X_{k}\,r_0)$ and $a_1(\ldots)$ and $a_2$ are of the form: $$\begin{aligned}
a_2 &= (q_0, r_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(r_0\)}\\
a_1 &= (q_0, X_{k})\hookrightarrow_b (q_0, X_{k-1}\,r_0\,s_0\,X_{k-1}\,r_0)&\text{only way to enable \(a_2\).}
\end{aligned}$$
Note that the initial ID $(q_0, S)$ enables $a$ which is the only action of $P$ with this property. Note also that $\stackrel{d}{a}(\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2})$ holds, where $d> 0$.
Each subtree whose root is labeled $a = (q_i,X_j) \hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_{j-1}\,r_m\,s_i\,X_{j-1}\,r_m)$ with $i,m \in \{0,\ldots,n-1\}$ and $ j \in \{2, \ldots, k\}$ has the form $a(a_1(\ldots),a_2,a_3,a_1(\ldots),a_2)$ where $$\begin{aligned}
a_2 &= (q_m, r_m)\hookrightarrow_b (q_m, \varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(r_m\)}\\
a_3 &= (q_m, s_i)\hookrightarrow_b (q_i,\varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(s_i\) from \(q_m\)}\\
a_1 &= (q_i, X_{j-1})\hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_{j-2}\,r_m\,s_i\,X_{j-2}\,r_m)&\text{only way to enable \(a_2\).}
\end{aligned}$$
Assume for now that $t$ is unique. Therefore, as the 1st and 4th child of $a$ share the same label $a_1$, they also root the same subtree. Thus, it holds ($d > 0$) $$\stackrel{d+1}{a}(\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2},\stackrel{0}{a_3},\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2})\enspace .$$
Each subtree whose root is labeled $a = (q_i, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_{i+1}, X_{k}\,\$)$ with $i \in \{0, \dots, n-2\}$ has the form $a(a_1(\ldots),a_2)$ where $$\begin{aligned}
a_2 &= (q_0,\$)\hookrightarrow_b (q_{n-1},\varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(\$\)}\\
a_1 &= (q_{i+1},X_{k})\hookrightarrow_b (q_{i+1}, X_{k-1}\,r_0\,s_{i+1}\,X_{k-1}\,r_0) &\text{only way to enable \(a_2\).}
\end{aligned}$$
Note that $\stackrel{d}{a}(\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2})$ holds, where $d> 0$.
Each subtree whose root is labeled $a = (q_i,X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_0\,r_m\,s_i\,X_0\,r_m)$ with $i \in \{0, \dots, n-1\}$ and $m \in \{0,\ldots, n-2\}$ has the form $$a(a_1(a_{11}(\ldots),a_{12}),a_2,a_3,a_1(a_{11}(\ldots),a_{12}),a_2)\enspace .$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
a_2 &= (q_m, r_m)\hookrightarrow_b (q_m, \varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(r_m\)}\\
a_3 &= (q_m, s_i)\hookrightarrow_b (q_i,\varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(s_i\) from \(q_m\)}\\
a_1 &= (q_i, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_{k}\,\star) &\text{assume it for now}\\
a_{12} &= (q_{m+1},\star)\hookrightarrow_b(q_m,\varepsilon) &\text{only way to enable \(a_2\)}\\
a_{11} &= (q_i,X_{k})\hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_{k-1}\, r_{m+1}\, s_i\, X_{k-1}\, r_{m+1}) &\text{only way to enable \(a_{12}\).}
\end{aligned}$$
Assume $a_1$ is given by the action $(q_i, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_{i+1}, X_{k}\,\$)$ instead. Then following the action popping $\$$, we would end up in the state $q_{n-1}$, not enabling $a_2$ since $m < n-1$.
Again, assume for now that $t$ is unique. Hence, as the 1st and 4th child of $a$ are both labeled by $a_1$, they root the same subtree. Thus, it holds ($d>0$) $$\stackrel{d+1}{a}(\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\stackrel{d}{a_{11}}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_{12}}),\stackrel{0}{a_2},\stackrel{0}{a_3},\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\stackrel{d}{a_{11}}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_{12}}),\stackrel{0}{a_2})\enspace .$$
Each subtree whose root is labeled $a = (q_i,X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_0\,r_{n-1}\,s_i\,X_0\,r_{n-1})$ with $i \in \{0, \ldots, n-1\}$ has the form $a(a_1(\ldots),a_2,a_3,a_1(\ldots),a_2)$ where $$\begin{aligned}
a_2 &= (q_{n-1}, r_{n-1})\hookrightarrow_b (q_{n-1},\varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(r_{n-1}\)}\\
a_3 &= (q_{n-1}, s_i)\hookrightarrow_b (q_i,\varepsilon) &\text{only action popping \(s_i\) from \(q_i\)}\\
a_1 &= \begin{cases}
(q_i, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_{i+1}, X_{k}\,\$)& \text{if}~i < n-1\\
(q_{n-1}, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b (q_{n-1}, \varepsilon) & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases} & \text{Assume it for now.}
\end{aligned}$$
For both cases ($i<n-1$ and $i = n-1$), assume $a_1$ is given by $(q_i, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b(q_i, X_{k}\,\star)$ instead. Then, the action popping $\star$ must end up in the state $q_{n-1}$ in order to enable $a_2$, i.e., it must be of the form $(q_n, \star) \hookrightarrow_b(q_{n-1},\varepsilon)$. Hence the action popping $X_{k}$ must be of the form $(q_i,X_{k}) \hookrightarrow_b (q_i, X_{k-1}\,r_m\,s_i\,X_{k-1}\,r_m)$ where necessarily $m = n$, a contradiction (the stack symbol $r_n$ is not defined in $P$).
Assume for now that $t$ is unique. Then, as the 1st and 4th child of $a$ are labeled by $a_1$, they root the same subtree (possibly a leaf). Thus, it holds ($d\geq 0$) $$\stackrel{d+1}{a}(\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2},\stackrel{0}{a_3},\stackrel{d}{a_1}(\ldots),\stackrel{0}{a_2})\enspace .$$
We now prove that $t$ is finite by contradiction. Suppose $t$ is an infinite tree. König’s Lemma shows that $t$ has thus at least one infinite path, say $p$, from the root. As the set of labels of $t$ is finite then some label must repeat infinitely often along $p$. Let us define a strict partial order between the labels of the non-leaf subtrees of $t$. We restrict to the non-leaf subtrees because no infinite path contains a leaf subtree. Let $a_1(\ldots)$ and $a_2(\ldots)$ be two non-leaf subtrees of $t$. Let $q_{i_1}$ be the source state of $a_1$ and $q_{f_1}$ be the target state of the last action in the sequence $\seq{a_1(\ldots)}$. Define $q_{i_2}, q_{f_2}$ similarly for $a_2(\ldots)$. Let $X_{j_1}$ be the symbol that $a_1$ pops and $X_{j_2}$ be the symbol that $a_2$ pops. Define $a_1 \prec a_2$ iff
either $i_1 < i_2$,
or $i_1 = i_2$ and $f_1 < f_2$,
or $i_1 = i_2, f_1 = f_2 $ and $j_1 > j_2$.
First, note that the label $a$ of the root of $t$ (case 1) only occurs in the root as there is no action of $P$ pushing $S$. Second, relying on cases 2 to 5, we observe that every pair of non-leaf subtrees $a_1(\ldots)$ and $a_2(\ldots)$ (excluding the root) such that $a_1(\ldots)$ is the parent node of $a_2(\ldots)$ verifies . Using the transitive property of the strict partial order $\prec$, we conclude that pair of subtrees $ a_1(\ldots)$ and $ a_2(\ldots) $ in $p$ such that $ a_1(\ldots a_2(\ldots) \ldots) $ verifies $a_1(\ldots) \prec a_2(\ldots) $. Therefore, no repeated variable can occur in $p$ (contradiction). We conclude that $t$ is finite.
The reader can observe that $t = a(\ldots)$ verifies all conditions of the definition of actree (Definition \[def:tree\]) and the initial ID enables $a$, thus it is an accepting actree of $P$. Since we also showed that no other tree can be defined using the actions of $P$, $t$ is unique.
Finally, we give a lower bound on the length of the word consumed by $t$. To this aim, we prove that $d(t) = n^2\,k$. Then since all actions consume input symbol $b$, Lemma \[lemma:length\] shows that the word $b^N$ consumed is such that $N \geq 2^{n^2\,k}$.
Note that, if a subtree of $t$ verifies case $1$ or $3$, its dimension remains the same w.r.t. its children subtrees. Otherwise, the dimension always grows. Recall that all cases from 1 to 5 describe a set of labels that does occur in $t$. Also, as $t$ is unique, no path from the root to a leaf repeats a label. Thus, to compute the dimension of $t$ is enough to count the number of distinct labels of $t$ that are included in cases $2$, $4$ and $5$, which is equivalent to compute the size of the set $$D = \{(q_i,X_j) \hookrightarrow (q_i, X_{j-1}\,r_m\,s_i\,X_{j-1}\,r_m) \mid 1 \leq j \leq k,\,0 \leq i, m \leq n-1\}\enspace .$$ Clearly $\len{D} = n^2\,k$ from which we conclude that $d(t) = n^2\,k$. Hence, $\len{t} \geq 2^{n^2\,k}$ and therefore $t$ consumes a word $b^{N}$ where $N \geq 2^{n^2\,k}$ since each action of $t$ consumes a $b$.
The reader can find in the Appendix a depiction of the accepting actree corresponding to $P(2,1)$.
\[thm:parikh\_cfg\] For each $n \geq 1$ and $p> 2n+4$, there is a PDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols for which every Parikh-equivalent CFG has $\Omega(n^2(p - 2n - 4))$ variables.
Consider the family of PDAs $P(n,k)$ with $n \geq 1$ and $k \geq 1$ described in Definition \[def:P\]. Fix $n$ and $k$ and refer to the corresponding member of the family as $P$.
First, Lemma \[lemma:unique\_w\] shows that $L(P)$ consists of a single word $b^N$ with $N \geq 2^{n^2\,k}$. It follows that a language $L$ is Parikh-equivalent to $L(P)$ iff $L$ is language-equivalent to $L(P)$.
Let $G$ be a CFG such that $L(G) = L(P)$. The smallest CFG that generates exactly one word of length $\ell$ has size $\Omega(log(\ell))$ [@Charikar2005 Lemma 1], where the size of a grammar is the sum of the length of all the rules. It follows that $G$ is of size $\Omega(log(2^{n^2k})) = \Omega({n^2k})$. As $k = p - 2n - 4$, then $G$ has size $\Omega({n^2(p - 2n - 4)})$. We conclude that $G$ has $\Omega({n^2\,(p - 2n - 4)})$ variables.
\[rem:CFG\] According to the classical conversion algorithm, every CFG that is equivalent to $P(n,k)$ needs at least $n^2(k + 2n + 4) \in \mathcal{O}(n^2k + n^3)$ . On the other hand, Theorem \[thm:parikh\_cfg\] shows that a lower bound for the number of variables is $\Omega({n^2k})$. We observe that, as long as $n \leq Ck$ for some positive constant $C$, the family $P(n,k)$ shows that the conversion algorithm is optimal [^9] in the number of variables when assuming both language and Parikh equivalence. Otherwise, the algorithm is not optimal as there exists a gap between the lower bound and the upper bound. For instance, if $n = k^2$ then the upper bound is while the lower bound is $\Omega(k^5)$.
The Case of Unary Deterministic Pushdown Automata {#sec:specialcase}
-------------------------------------------------
We have seen that the classical translation from PDA to CFG is optimal in the number of grammar variables for the family of unary nondeterministic PDA $P(n,k)$ when $n$ is in linear relation with respect to $k$ (see Remark \[rem:CFG\]). However, for unary *deterministic* PDA (UDPDA for short) the situation is different. Pighizzini [@Pighizzini2009] shows that for every UDPDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols, there exists an equivalent CFG with at most $2np$ variables. Although he gives a definition of such a grammar, we were not able to extract an algorithm from it. On the other hand, Chistikov and Majumdar [@Chistikov2014] give a polynomial time algorithm that transforms a UDPDA into an equivalent CFG going through the construction of a pair of straight-line programs. The size of the resulting CFG is linear in that of the UDPDA.
We propose a new polynomial time algorithm that converts a UDPDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols into an equivalent CFG with $\mathcal{O}(np)$ variables. Our algorithm is based on the observation that the conversion algorithm from PDAs to CFGs need not consider all the triples in . We discard unnecessary triples using the *saturation procedure* [@Bouajjani1997; @Finkel1997] that computes the set of reachable IDs.
For a given PDA $P$ with $q \in Q$ and $X \in \Gamma$, define the set of *reachable IDs* $R_P(q,X)$ as follows: $$R_P(q,X) = \{(q',\beta) \mid \exists (q,X) \vdash \cdots \vdash (q', \beta)\}\enspace .$$
\[lemma:udpda\] If $P$ is a UDPDA then the set $\{ I \in R_P(q,X) \mid {\mathit{stack}}(I)=\varepsilon \}$ has at most one element for every state $q$ and stack symbol $X$.
Let $P$ be a UDPDA with $\Sigma = \{a\}$. Since $P$ is *deterministic* we have that $(i)$ for every $q\in Q, X\in\Gamma$ and $b\in\Sigma\cup\{\varepsilon\}$, $\len{\delta(q,b,X)}\leq 1$ and, $(ii)$ for every $q\in Q$ and $X\in\Gamma$, if $\delta(q,\varepsilon,X) \neq \emptyset$ then $\delta(q,b,X) = \emptyset$ for every $b\in \Sigma$.
The proof goes by contradiction. Assume that for some state $q$ and stack symbol $X$, there are two IDs $I_1$ and $I_2$ in $R_P(q,X)$ such that ${\mathit{stack}}(I_1)={\mathit{stack}}(I_2)=\varepsilon$ and ${\mathit{state}}(I_1)\neq{\mathit{state}}(I_2)$.
Necessarily, there exists three IDs $J$, $J_1$ and $J_2$ with $J_1 \neq J_2$ such that the following holds: $$\begin{aligned}
(q,X) \vdash \cdots \vdash &J \vdash_{a} J_1 \vdash \cdots \vdash I_1\\
(q,X) \vdash \cdots \vdash &J \vdash_{b} J_2 \vdash \cdots \vdash I_2 \enspace .\end{aligned}$$ It is routine to check that if $a=b$ then $P$ is not deterministic, a contradiction. Next, we consider the case $a\neq b$. When $a$ and $b$ are symbols, because $P$ is a unary DPDA, then they are the same, a contradiction. Else if either $a$ or $b$ is $\varepsilon$ then $P$ is not deterministic, a contradiction. We conclude from the previous that when ${\mathit{stack}}(I_1)={\mathit{stack}}(I_2)=\varepsilon$, then necessarily ${\mathit{state}}(I_1)={\mathit{state}}(I_2)$ and therefore that the set $\{ I \in R_P(q,X) \mid {\mathit{stack}}(I)=\varepsilon \}$ has at most one element.
Intuitively, Lemma \[lemma:udpda\] shows that, when fixing $q$ and $X$, there is at most one $q'$ such that the triple $[qXq']$ generates a string of terminals. We use this fact to prove the following theorem.
\[thm:empty-udpda\] For every UDPDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols, there is a polynomial time algorithm that computes an equivalent CFG with at most $np$ variables.
The conversion algorithm translating a PDA $P$ to a CFG $G$ computes the set of grammar variables $ \{ [q X q'] \mid q, q'\in Q, X\in\Gamma\}$. By Lemma \[lemma:udpda\], for each $q$ and $X$ there is at most one variable $[qXq']$ in the previous set generating a string of terminals. The consequence of the lemma is twofold:
For the triples it suffices to compute the subset $T$ of the aforementioned generating variables. Clearly, $\len{T}\leq np$.
Each action of $P$ now yields a single rule in $G$. This is because in there is at most one choice for $r_1$ to $r_d$, hence we avoid the exponential blowup of the runtime in the conversion algorithm.
To compute $T$ given $P$, we use the polynomial time saturation procedure [@Bouajjani1997; @Finkel1997] which given $ (q,X) $ computes a FSA for the set $R_P(q,X)$. Then we compute from this set the unique state $q'$ (if any) such that $ (q',\varepsilon) \in R_P(q,X)$, hence $T$. From the above we find that, given $P$, we compute $G$ in polynomial time.
Up to this point, we have assumed the empty stack as the acceptance condition. For general PDA, assuming final states or empty stack as acceptance condition induces no loss of generality. The situation is different for deterministic PDA where accepting by final states is more general than empty stack. For this reason, we contemplate the case where the UDPDA accepts by final states. Theorem \[thm:final-udpda\] shows how our previous construction can be modified to accommodate the acceptance condition by final states.
\[thm:final-udpda\] For every UDPDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols that accepts by final states, there is a polynomial time algorithm that computes an equivalent CFG with $\mathcal{O}(np)$ variables.
Let $P$ be a UDPDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols that accepts by final states. We first translate $P=(Q,\Sigma,\Gamma,\delta,q_0,Z_0,F)$[^10] into a (possibly nondeterministic) unary pushdown automaton $P'=(Q',\Sigma,\Gamma',\delta',q'_0,Z'_0)$ with an empty stack acceptance condition. In particular, $Q'=Q\cup\{q'_0,\mathit{sink}\}$; $\Gamma' = \Gamma\cup{Z'_0}$; and $\delta'$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\delta
& \cup \{ (q'_0,Z'_0) \hookrightarrow_{\varepsilon} (q_0, Z_0\, Z'_0) \}\\
& \cup \{ (q,X) \hookrightarrow_{\varepsilon} (\mathit{sink}, X) \mid X \in \Gamma', q\in F\} \\
& \cup \{ (\mathit{sink},X) \hookrightarrow_{\varepsilon} (\mathit{sink},\varepsilon) \mid X\in\Gamma' \} \enspace .\end{aligned}$$ The new stack symbol $Z'_0$ is to prevent $P'$ from incorrectly accepting when $P$ is in a nonfinal state with an empty stack. The state $\mathit{sink}$ is to empty the stack upon $P$ entering a final state. Observe that $P'$ need not be deterministic. Also, it is routine to check that $L(P')=L(P)$ and $P'$ is computable in time linear in the size of $P$. Now let us turn to $R_{P'}(q,X)$. For $P'$ a weaker version of Lemma \[lemma:udpda\] holds: the set $H=\{I\in R_{P'}(q,X) \mid {\mathit{stack}}(I)=\varepsilon\}$ has at most two elements for every state $q\in Q'$ and stack symbols $X\in\Gamma'$. This is because if $H$ contains two IDs then necessarily one of them has $\mathit{sink}$ for state.
Based on this result, we construct $T$ as in Theorem \[thm:empty-udpda\], but this time we have that $\len{T}$ is $\mathcal{O}(np)$.
Now we turn to the set of production rules as defined in (see Section \[sec:prelim\]). We show that each action $(q,X) \hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta)$ of $P'$ yields at most $d$ production rules in $G$ where $d=\len{\beta}$. For each state $r_i$ in we have two choices, one of which is $\mathit{sink}$. We also know that once a move sequence enters $\mathit{sink}$ it cannot leave it. Therefore, we have that if $r_i = \mathit{sink}$ then $r_{i+1}=\cdots=r_d=\mathit{sink}$. Given an action, it thus yields $d$ production rules one where $r_1=\cdots=r_d=\mathit{sink}$, another where $r_2=\cdots=r_d=\mathit{sink}$, …, etc. Hence, we avoid the exponential blowup of the runtime in the conversion algorithm.
The remainder of the proof follows that of Theorem \[thm:empty-udpda\].
Parikh-Equivalent Finite State Automata {#sec:FSA}
=======================================
Parikh’s theorem [@Parikh66] shows that every context-free language is Parikh-equivalent to a regular language. Using this result, we can compare PDAs against FSAs under Parikh equivalence. We start by deriving some lower bound using the family $P(n,k)$. Because its alphabet is unary and it accepts a single long word, the comparison becomes straightforward.
\[thm:lowerbound\] For each $n \geq 1$ and $p > 2n + 4$, there is a PDA with $n$ states and $p$ stack symbols for which every Parikh-equivalent FSA has at least $2^{n^2(p - 2n - 4)} + 1$ states.
Consider the family of PDAs $P(n,k)$ with $n \geq 1$ and $k \geq 1$ described in Definition \[def:P\]. Fix $n$ and $k$ and refer to the corresponding member of the family as $P$. By Lemma \[lemma:unique\_w\], $L(P) = \{b^N\}$ with $N\geq 2 ^{n^2k}$. Then, the smallest FSA that is Parikh-equivalent to $L(P)$ needs $N+1$ states. As $k = p-2n-4$, we conclude that the smallest Parikh-equivalent FSA has at least $2^{n^2(p - 2n - 4)} + 1$ states.
Let us now turn to upper bounds. We give a 2-step procedure computing, given a PDA, a Parikh-equivalent FSA. The steps are:
translate the PDA into a language-equivalent context-free grammar [@AUTTH]; and
translate the context-free grammar into a Parikh-equivalent finite state automaton [@IPL].
Let us introduce the following definition. A grammar is in *2-1 normal form* (2-1-NF for sort) if each rule $ (X,\alpha) \in R$ is such that $\alpha$ consists of at most one terminal and at most two variables. It is worth pointing that, when the grammar is in 2-1-NF, the resulting Parikh-equivalent FSA from step [(*ii)*]{} has $\mathcal{O}(4^n)$ states where $n$ is the number of grammar variables [@IPL]. For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that grammars are in 2-1-NF which holds when PDAs are in *reduced form*: every move is of the form $(q,X)\hookrightarrow_b (q',\beta)$ with $\len{\beta}\leq 2$ and $b \in \Sigma\cup\{\varepsilon\}$.
\[thm:upperfsa\] Given a PDA in reduced form with $n\geq 1$ states and $p \geq 1$ stack symbols, there is a FSA with $\mathcal{O}(4^{n^2p})$ states.
The algorithm to convert a PDA with $n\geq1$ states and $p\geq1$ stack symbols into a CFG that generates the same language [@AUTTH] uses at most $n^2p+1$ variables if $n> 1$ (or $p$ if $n=1$). Given a CFG of $n$ variables in 2-1-NF, one can construct a Parikh-equivalent FSA with $\mathcal{O}(4^n)$ states [@IPL].
Given a PDA $P$ with $n\geq1$ states and $p\geq1$ stack symbols the conversion algorithm returns a language-equivalent CFG $G$. Note that if $P$ is in reduced form, then the conversion algorithm returns a CFG in 2-1-NF. Then, apply to $G$ the known construction that builds a Parikh-equivalent FSA [@IPL]. The resulting FSA has $\mathcal{O}(4^{n^2p})$ states.
\[rem:FSA\] Theorem \[thm:lowerbound\] shows that a every FSA that is Parikh-equivalent to $P(n,k)$ needs $\Omega({2^{n^2k}})$ states. On the other hand, Theorem \[thm:upperfsa\] shows that the number of states of every Parikh-equivalent FSA is $O(4^{n^2(k + 2n + 4)})$. Thus, our construction is *close to optimal*[^11] when $n$ is in linear relation with respect to $k$.
We conclude by discussing the reduced form assumption. Its role is to simplify the exposition and, indeed, it is not needed to prove correctness of the 2-step procedure. The assumption can be relaxed and bounds can be inferred. They will contain an additional parameter related to the length of the longest sequence of symbols pushed on the stack.
###
We thank Pedro Valero for pointing out the reference on smallest grammar problems [@Charikar2005]. We also thank the anonymous referees for their insightful comments and suggestions.
[10]{}
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D. Chistikov and R. Majumdar. Unary pushdown automata and straight-line programs. In [*[ICALP]{}*]{}, pages 146–157. Springer, 2014.
J. Esparza, P. Ganty, S. Kiefer, and M. Luttenberger. Parikh’s theorem: A simple and direct automaton construction. , pages 614–619, 2011.
J. Esparza, M. Luttenberger, and M. Schlund. A brief history of strahler numbers. In [*[LATA]{}*]{}, pages 1–13. Springer, 2014.
A. Finkel, B. Willems, and P. Wolper. A direct symbolic approach to model checking pushdown systems (extended abstract). , 9:27–37, 1997.
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Appendix
========
Proof of Lemma \[lemma:length\]
-------------------------------
By induction on $\len{t}$.
**Base case.** Since $\len{t}=1$ necessarily $t = a$ and $d(t) = 0$. Hence $1 \geq 2^0$.
**Inductive case.** Let $t = {a}(a_1(\ldots),\ldots, a_r(\dots))$ with $r\geq 1$. We study two cases. Suppose there is a unique subtree $t_x=a_x(\ldots)$ of $t$ with $x \in \{1, \ldots, r\}$ such that $ d(t_x) = d(t)$. As $\len{t_x}<\len{t}$, the induction hypothesis shows that $\len{t_x} \geq 2^{d(t_x)}=2^{d(t)}$, hence $\len{t} \geq 2^{d(t)}$.
Next, let $r\geq 2$ and suppose there are at least two subtrees $t_x=a_x(\ldots)$ and $t_y=a_y(\ldots)$ of $t$ with $x, y \in \{1, \ldots, r\}$ and $x \neq y$ such that $d(t_x) = d(t_y) = d(t)-1 $. As $\len{t_x}<\len{t}$, the induction hypothesis shows that $\len{t_x}\geq 2^{d(t_x)}$. Applying the same reasoning to $t_y$ we conclude from $\len{t} \geq \len{t_x}+\len{t_y}$ that $\len{t} \geq 2^{d(t_x)} + 2^{d(t_y)} = 2\cdot2^{d(t)-1} = 2^{d(t)}$.
Disassembly of Quasi-runs
-------------------------
A quasi-run with more than one move can be *disassembled* into its first move and subsequent quasi-runs. To this end, we need to introduce a few auxiliary definitions. Given a word $w\in \Sigma^{*}$ and an integer $i$, define $w_{\mathit{sh}(i)} = (w)_{i+1}\cdots(w)_{i+\len{w}}$. Intuitively, $w$ is shifted $i$ positions to the left if $i\geq 0$ and to the right otherwise. So given $i\geq 0$, we will conveniently write $w_{\ll_i}$ for $w_{\mathit{sh}(i)}$ and $w_{\gg_i}$ for $w_{\mathit{sh}(-i)}$. Moreover, set $w_{\ll} = w_{\ll_1}$. For example, $a_{\ll_1} = a_{\gg_1} = \varepsilon$, $abcde_{\ll_3} = de$, $abcde_{\gg_3} = ab$, $w = (w)_1 \cdots(w)_i\, w_{\ll_i}$ and $ w = w_{\gg_i}\, (w)_{\len{w}-i+1}\cdots (w)_{\len{w}}$ for $i>0$.
Given an ID $I$ and $i>0$ define $I_{\gg_i} = ({\mathit{state}}(I),{\mathit{tape}}(I),{\mathit{stack}}(I)_{\gg_i})$ which, intuitively, removes from $I$ the $i$ bottom stack symbols.
\[lemma:disassembly\] Let $r = I_0 \vdash{\cdots}\vdash I_n$, be a quasi-run. Then we can *disassemble* $r$ into its first move $I_0 \vdash I_1$ and $d = \len{{\mathit{stack}}(I_1)}$ quasi-runs $r_1,\ldots,r_d$ each of which is such that $$r_i = (I_{p_{i-1}})_{\gg_{n_{i}}} \vdash{\cdots}\vdash (I_{p_i})_{\gg_{n_i}}\enspace .$$ where $p_0 \leq p_1 \leq \cdots \leq p_d$ are defined to be the least positions such that $p_0=1$ and ${\mathit{stack}}(I_{p_i}) = {\mathit{stack}}(I_{p_{i-1}})_{\ll}$ for all $i$. Also $n_i=\len{{\mathit{stack}}(I_{p_i})}$ for all $i$, that is $r_i$ is a quasi-run obtained by removing from the move sequence $I_{p_{i-1}}\vdash{\cdots}\vdash I_{p_i}$ the $n_i$ bottom stack symbols leaving the stack of $I_{p_i}$ empty and that of $I_{p_{i-1}}$ with one symbol only. Necessarily, $p_d = n$ and each quasi-run $r_i$ starts with $({\mathit{stack}}(I_1))_i$ as its initial content.
\[ex:disassembly\] Recall the PDA $P$ described in Example \[ex:tree\]. Consider the quasi-run: $$\begin{aligned}
r &= (q_0, X_1) \vdash (q_0, X_0\,X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_1\,\star\,X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_0\,X_0\,\star\,X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_0\,\star\,X_0) \vdash\\
&(q_1, \star\,X_0) \vdash (q_0, X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_1\,\star) \vdash (q_1, X_0\,X_0\,\star)\vdash (q_1, X_0\,\star)\vdash (q_1, \star) \vdash (q_0, \varepsilon)\enspace .\end{aligned}$$
We can dissasemble $r$ into its first move $I_0 \vdash I_1 = (q_0, X_1) \vdash (q_0, X_0\,X_0)$ and $d=2$ quasi-runs $r_1, r_2$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
r_1 &= (I_{p_0})_{\gg_{n_1}} \vdash^{*} (I_{p_1})_{\gg_{n_1}} & p_0=1, p_1=6, n_1 = \len{{\mathit{stack}}(I_6)} = 1\\
&= (I_{1})_{\gg_1} \vdash^{*} (I_{6})_{\gg_1}\\
&= (q_0, X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_1\,\star)\vdash (q_1, X_0\,X_0\,\star)\vdash\\
&\qquad (q_1, X_0\,\star) \vdash (q_1, \star)\vdash (q_0, \varepsilon)\\
r_2 &= (I_{p_1})_{\gg_{n_2}} \vdash^{*} (I_{p_2})_{\gg_{n_2}} & p_1=6, p_2=11, n_2 = \len{{\mathit{stack}}(I_{11})} = 0\\
&= (I_{6})_{\gg_0} \vdash (I_{11})_{\gg_0} \\
&= (q_0, X_0) \vdash (q_1, X_1\,\star) \vdash (q_1, X_0\,X_0\,\star)\vdash\\
&\qquad (q_1, X_0\,\star) \vdash (q_1, \star) \vdash (q_0, \varepsilon)\enspace .\end{aligned}$$ Note that for each quasi-run $r_i\,(i=1,2)$, the stack of $(I_{p_i})_{\gg_{n_i}}$ is empty and that of $(I_{p_{i-1}})_{\gg_{n_i}}$ contains one symbol only. Also, $p_d = p_2 = n = 11$ and each $r_i$ starts with $({\mathit{stack}}(I_1))_i$ as its initial content.
Assembly of Quasi-runs
----------------------
Now we show how to *assemble* a quasi-run from a given action and a list of quasi-runs. We need the following notation: given $I$ and $w\in\Gamma^*$, define $I \bullet w = ({\mathit{state}}(I), {\mathit{stack}}(I)\, w) $.
\[lemma:assembly\] Let $ a=(q,X)\hookrightarrow(q',\beta_1\ldots \beta_d)$ be an action and $r_1, \ldots, r_d$ be $d \geq 0$ quasi-runs with $r_i = I^i_0 \vdash I^i_1 \vdash{\cdots}\vdash I^i_{n_i}$ for all $i$, such that
the first action of $r_i$ pops $ \beta_i $ for every $i$;
the target state of last action of $r_i$ ($a$ when $i=0$ ) is the source state of first action of $r_{i+1}$ for all $ i \in \{1,\ldots,d-1\}$.
Then there exists a quasi-run $r$ given by $$\begin{aligned}
(q,X) \vdash (q',\beta_1\ldots\beta_d) &\vdash (I^1_1 \bullet \beta_2\ldots \beta_d)\vdash \cdots \vdash (I^1_{n_1} \bullet \beta_2\ldots \beta_d)\vdash\cdots \notag\\
&\vdash(I^{\ell}_1 \bullet \beta_{\ell+1}\ldots \beta_d)\vdash \cdots \vdash(I^{\ell}_{n_\ell} \bullet \beta_{\ell+1}\ldots \beta_d)\vdash \cdots \notag\\
&\vdash (I^d_1 \bullet \varepsilon)\vdash \cdots \vdash(I^d_{n_d} \bullet \varepsilon)\enspace .\end{aligned}$$
Proof of Theorem \[thm:corespondence\]
--------------------------------------
To prove the existence of a one-to-one correspondence we show that:
Each quasi-run must be paired with at least one actree, and viceversa.
No quasi-run may be paired with more than one actree, and viceversa.
1\. First, given a quasi-run $r$ of $P$, define a tree $t$ inductively on the length of $r$. We prove at the same time that holds for $t$ which we show is an actree. $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:1}
&\text{\(\seq{t}\) and the sequence of actions of \(r\) coincide}.\end{aligned}$$ For the base case, necessarily $r = I_0\vdash I_1$ and we define $t$ as the leaf labeled by the action $ I_0 \hookrightarrow I_1 $. Clearly, $t$ satisfies (\[eq:1\]), hence $t$ is an actree ($t$ trivially verifies Definition \[def:tree\]).
Now consider the case $r = I_0 \vdash I_1 \vdash{\cdots}\vdash I_n$ where $n>1$, we define $t$ as follows. Lemma \[lemma:disassembly\] shows $r$ disassembles into its first action $a$ and $d = \len{{\mathit{stack}}(I_1)} \geq 1$ quasi-runs $r_1, \ldots, r_d$. The action $a$ labels the root of $t$ which has $d$ children $t_1$ to $t_d$. The subtrees $t_1$ to $t_d$ are defined applying the induction hypothesis on the quasi-runs $r_1$ to $r_d$, respectively. From the induction hypothesis, $t_1$ to $t_d$ are actrees and each sequence $\seq{t_i}$ coincide with the sequence of actions of the quasi-run $r_i$. Moreover, Lemma \[lemma:disassembly\] shows that the state of the last ID of $r_i$ coincides with the state of the first ID of $r_{i+1}$ for all $i\in\{1,\ldots,d-1\}$. Also, the state of the first ID of $r_1$ coincides with the state of $I_1$. We conclude from above that $t$ satisfies and that $t$ is an actree since it verifies Definition \[def:tree\].
Second, given an actree $t$ of $P$, we define a move sequence $r$ inductively on the height of $t$. We prove at the same time that holds for $r$ which we show is a quasi-run. For the base case, we assume $h(t) = 0$. Then, the root of $t$ is a leaf labeled by an action $a = I_0 \hookrightarrow I_1$ and we define $r = I_0 \vdash I_1$. Clearly, $r$ satisfies and is a quasi-run.
Now, assume that $t$ has $d$ children $t_1$ to $t_d$, we define $r$ as follows. By the induction hypothesis, each subtree $t_i$ for all $i \in \{1, \dots,d\}$ defines a quasi-run $r_i$ verifying . The definition of actree shows that the root of $t$ pushes $\beta_1$ to $\beta_d$ which are popped by its $d$ children. By induction hypothesis each $r_i$ for all $i \in \{1, \dots,d\}$ thus starts by popping $\beta_i$. Next it follows from the induction hypothesis and the definition of actree that the target state of the action given by the last move of $r_{i}$ coincides with the source state of the action given by the first move of $r_{i+1}$ for all $i\in\{1,\ldots,d-1\}$. Moreover, the target state of $a$ coincides with the source state of the action given by the first move of $r_1$. Thus, applying Lemma \[lemma:assembly\] to the action given by the root of $t$ and $r_1,\ldots,r_d$ yields the quasi-run $r$ that satisfies following our previous remarks.\
2. First, we prove that no quasi-run may be paired with more than one actree. The proof goes by contradiction. Given a move sequence $ I_0\vdash \ldots \vdash I_n$, define its sequence of actions $a_1\ldots a_n$ such that the move $I_{i}\vdash I_{i+1}$ is given by the action $a_{i+1}$, for all $i$. Note that two quasi-runs $r = I_0\vdash\ldots \vdash I_n$ and $r' = I'_0 \vdash \ldots \vdash I'_m$ are *equal* iff their sequences of actions coincide.
Suppose that given the actrees $t$ and $t'$ with $t \neq t'$, there exist two quasi-runs $r$ and $r'$ such that $r$ is paired with $t$ and $r'$ is paired with $t'$, under the relation we described in part 1. of this proof, and $r = r'$. Let $\seq{t} = a_1,\ldots,a_n$ and $\seq{t'} = a'_1,\ldots,a'_m$. Let $p\in\{1,\dots, min(n,m)\}$ be the least position in both sequences such that $a_p \neq a'_p$. By , the sequences of actions of $r$ and $r'$ also differ at position $p$ (at least). Thus, $r \neq r'$ (contradiction).
Second, we prove that no actree may be paired with more than one quasi-run. Again, we give a proof by contradiction.
Suppose that given the quasi-runs $r$ and $r'$ with $r \neq r'$, there exist two actrees $t$ and $t'$ such that $t$ is paired with $r$ and $t'$ is paired with $r'$, under the relation we described in part 1. of the proof, and $t = t'$. We rely on the standard definition of equality between labeled trees.
Suppose $ a_1\ldots a_n$ is the sequence of actions of $r$ and $a'_1\ldots a'_m $ is the sequence of actions of $r'$. Let $p\in\{1,\dots, min(n,m)\}$ be the least position such that $a_p \neq a'_p$. By , $\seq{t}$ and $\seq{t'}$ also differ at position $p$ (at least). Then, $t \neq t'$ (contradiction).
Example: Accepting Actree of P(2,1)
------------------------------------
We give a graphical depiction of the accepting actree $t$ of $P(2,1)$. Recall that $P(2,1)$ corresponds to the member of the family $P(n,k)$ that has $2$ states $q_0$ and $q_1$, and $9$ stack symbols $S, X_0, X_1, s_0, s_1, r_0, r_1, \star$ and $\$$. Figure \[fig:troot\] represents $t$ which has been split for layout reasons.
[1]{}
\[${(q_0, S)\hookrightarrow_b(q_0, X_1\,r_0)}$\[${(q_0, X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, X_0\,r_0\,s_0\,X_0\,r_0)}$\[\]\[ ${(q_0, r_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_0, s_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\[\]\[${(q_0, r_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\]\[${(q_0, r_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\]
[1]{}
\[${(q_0, X_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, X_1\,\star)}$\[${(q_0, X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, X_0\,r_1\,s_0\,X_0\,r_1)}$\[\]\[ ${(q_1, r_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_1, s_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\[\]\[${(q_1, r_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\]\[${(q_1, \star) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\]
[1]{}
\[${(q_0, X_0)\hookrightarrow_b(q_1, X_1\,\$)}$\[${(q_1, X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, X_0\,r_0\,s_1\,X_0\,r_0)}$\[\]\[ ${(q_0, r_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_0, s_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[\]\[${(q_0, r_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\]\[${(q_0, \$) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\]
[1]{}
\[${(q_1, X_0) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, X_1\star)}$\[${(q_1, X_1) \hookrightarrow_b (q_1, X_0\,r_1\,s_1\,X_0\,r_1)}$\[${(q_1, X_0) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_1, r_1) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_1, s_1) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_1, X_0) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\[${(q_1, r_1) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_1, \varepsilon)}$\]\]\[${(q_1, \star) {\hookrightarrow_b}(q_0, \varepsilon)}$\]\]
[^1]: Pierre Ganty has been supported by the Madrid Regional Government project S2013/ICE-2731, *N-Greens Software - Next-GeneRation Energy-EfficieNt Secure Software*, and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness project No. TIN2015-71819-P, *RISCO - RIgorous analysis of Sophisticated COncurrent and distributed systems*.
[^2]: Elena Gutiérrez is partially supported by BES-2016-077136 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.
[^3]: Their family has an alphabet of non-constant size.
[^4]: In a sense that we will precise in Section \[sec:CFG\] (Remark \[rem:CFG\]).
[^5]: But not necessarily at the same positions, e.g. $ab $ and $ba$ are Parikh-equivalent.
[^6]: In a sense that we will precise in Section \[sec:FSA\] (Remark \[rem:FSA\]).
[^7]: $ (w)_i $ is the $i$-th symbol of $w$ if $1\leq i \leq \len{w}$; else $ (w)_i=\varepsilon$. $\len{w}$ is the length of $w$.
[^8]: When $b=\varepsilon$ the move does not consume input.
[^9]: Note that if $n \leq Ck$ for some $C>0$ then the $n^3$ addend in $\mathcal{O}(n^2k + n^3)$ becomes negligible compared to $n^2k$, and the lower and upper bound coincide.
[^10]: The set of final states is given by $F\subseteq Q$.
[^11]: As the blow up of our construction is $O(4^{n^2(k + 2n + 4)})$ for a lower bound of $2^{n^2k}$, we say that it is *close to optimal* in the sense that $2n^2(k + 2n + 4) \in \Theta(n^2k)$, which holds when $n$ is in linear relation with respect to $k$ (see Remark \[rem:CFG\]).
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '81b2964f17b73911a3059948bf2d429a23e48cc22b5ad9fe7fe8f80f3b8d225a'} |
Search resumes for missing 9-year-old in Morehead
By |
MOREHEAD, Ky. (WKYT) Search efforts have resumed as crews work to find a missing nine-year-old in Morehead.
This is the second day that would-be rescuers have been searching for the child, who police say was swept away in flood water over the weekend.
The search began Sunday afternoon around three. That's when emergency crews got a call about the nine-year-old falling into a culvert and high water sweeping him away. Officials told us they had a hard time on Sunday because the water was still high, and fast moving.
But Monday, they saw some relief. They even brought in extra resources like drones and dogs. And while they haven't found anything yet, they're doing their best to stay positive.
"Some people see it as a recovery mission," said Morehead police Captain Kyle Callahan. "I don't see it that way I see it more as we are going to find this kid, rescue mission recovery whatever. We want to help the family out in finding the child."
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Monday, October 6, 2014
A Peek in the Life of an Autistic Child
Poor Destructo. He's one of those boys that fits a lot of common autism allergies, gut problems, big noggin. It's such a balancing act, because he's medically complex. Sometimes it's so hard to know if he's sick or just having allergies. If he's having a sensory aversion to a meal or he has a sore throat. If his skin is breaking out because it's an allergic reaction or something else. It's very difficult when he's still limited verbally.
He's had a rough few weeks. Sleep interruptions, runny nose with post nasal drip, behavior regression, and within just the past few days it seems like he is broken out all over with different types of rashes. He is no where near the child he was in preschool. He is combative and has no coping skills. After I'm able to meet with his school nurse and the school psychologist, his IEP meeting is getting moved up. I considered calling an emergency one, and when I said I wanted to, they said they would be happy to move the meeting up from December to whenever I say.
So let's start with his behavior. Destructo has enough language to understand no. We tell him no, he screams and drops to the floor. He is also hitting and pushing when not getting his way. This was NOT a problem during summer session when he was in preschool, but it was in January when he came back from a two week break. After two weeks, he was fine. But the last week of summer session of preschool, I could tell he wasn't getting the sensory diet or his normal therapies. He became unhinged by Wednesday the last week of pre-k.
Kindergarten, however, is a different story. It's now October, and he hasn't adjusted to his new routine (aside from getting on the bus, that he understands). What is different? As far as I can tell, he is not getting a sensory diet. What is a sensory diet? I'll just point you here as I'm a bit limited on time since the Jellybean is napping. Destructo is a very sensory boy, and when you have SPD (Sensory Processing Disorder), being unregulated can cause meltdowns. To put it shortly, certain types of physical input can calm down his internal mental noise so that he can function better. So that is point one for the IEP meeting, adding a BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan) in the form of a sensory diet.
So let's say for the past two months, Destructo has not been getting this sensory diet. Now, I was an anxious child myself, so I can only imagine what he is going through. That anxiety can cause him to not only melt down, but it is also a proven medical fact that mental stress can cause stress on the body, including the immune system. Is it a big jump to think his skin is breaking out because he is stressed? I know people who get hives when they are under duress. Or if not directly causing Destructo to break out, it's just putting enough pressure on his immune system so that the slightest allergen will, as I like to put it, "make his skin explode." Point two of IEP meeting--address allergens in his classroom. I have already sent in his own soap. I might have to put gloves and a long sleeve smock on him for arts and crafts activities.
Sleep interruptions. Monday and Friday last week, Destructo woke up at 3AM. Woke up Jellybean too. Couldn't get either back to sleep. He had a runny nose both days, and if his allergies are anything like mine (and they are, this mommy has allergies and Destructo Daddy does not), he had an itchy throat from the post nasal drip. I still sent him to school both days, because keeping him home would just further disrupt his sleep routine. He gets nap time at school. One of those nights, he woke up extremely hyper; maybe it wasn't his nose but the fact he was extremely over stimulated, which is not a problem when he gets his sensory diet.
Skin irritation. It got really bad this past weekend but started in on Thursday. It started with his diaper area and snowballed from there. I managed to identify two and a half causes and eliminate them. Forehead rash: from his new Captain America hoodie. Arm rash: Mommy's moisturizer! Normally, I use the same stuff he does, because we both have horribly sensitive skin. But none of the usual things were working for some patches of eczema I'd been fighting for weeks on my forearms. So I tried a Bath and Body Works moisturizer. And it helped! Took me three days to figure out it was me. So, I'm not using that stuff anymore. The half cause...something under his nails. So my train of thought...maybe something in art class, a "non-toxic" finger paint or something made with some sort of food derivative got under his nails. Sensory Destructo often scratches at where the elastic is on his pull ups. Transfers allergen and it just explodes from there. I am basing this on my observation that the puffy hives were following nail scratches. As of the time I type this, probably 75% of his body is covered in some sort of rash. But he has no off to school he went. We're going to the doctor later today, and I had already spoken to her last week about getting some blood work done to update his medical records with. Because prick testing is not going to work with Destructo.
Another thing that ties into the sensory diet is is ability to process and tolerate other sensory input. Destructo has severe food and sensory aversions. During the summer he was able to tolerate sitting at the table for a family dinner, but the past few weeks he began refusing one of his few substantial foods. Because of this perfect storm of food allergies and sensory aversions, he is also on enteral formula medical food to provide him with healthy calories (I could write a whole blog entry about fighting for insurance coverage for that!). And two weeks ago he actually tried a new food in school...but unfortunately, he had an FPIES reaction to it a few hours later, which is when his aversions kicked into a higher gear. Now, he is eating dinner by himself again. This makes me very sad but it's better than him not eating. He went four days living on potato chips and formula before I got him to eat his chicken nuggets again. Though I can't help but wonder if it's because he noticed that Tyson makes their Fun Nugget dinosaurs smaller now.
We are also on high alert for seizure activity. I may or may not have witness a sleep seizure and he was difficult to rouse the next morning. There also have been two episodes of possible gelastic seizures. These are seizures where laughter and or crying usually lasts less than one minute, and is then followed by signs that are more usually recognized with focal seizures. These signs can include eye and head moving to one or the other side, automatisms (such as lip-smacking, mumbling or fidgeting of the hands) and altered awareness. This may last for seconds to many minutes and then stops [source]. Autistic children are 33% more likely to develop epilepsy than normal children, and guess what? It is hard to diagnose because the symptoms can be mistaken for autistic stims and habits [source].
Now all of the above...this is just the stuff Mommy is observing and taking care of. Destructo's school day is pretty busy too! Speech therapy...five times a week. Occupational and Physical therapy....three times a week each, plus Adaptive PE at 10:1+1. His classroom is a 12:1:3+1 BOCES satellite classroom with 14 students in it. Third point of IEP meeting...getting Destructo a 1:1. They told me back in February at his last IEP meeting they were expecting his classroom to have about 10 children and that there would be about one adult for every child, and that we could revisit the possibility of him having a 1:1 in December. Well, I'm not waiting that long. I attacked his IEP with a highlighter a few days ago. I am going in prepared and with my own personal army!
So there you have it. It is any wonder I'm a walking medical record for Destructo?
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Philippines: Typhoon Mangkhut
Created: 18/09/2018 +
Typhoon Mangkhut made landfall on Luzon island in the northern Philippines on 15 September, affecting more than 890,000 people in Ilocos region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, National Capital Region (NCR) as well as Calabarzon, Mimaropa and Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). As of 18 September, over 236,000 people are displaced, of whom 160,000 are staying in evacuation centres while around 73,600 are staying outside evacuation centres. The storm killed at least 65 people and damaged at least 1,477 houses. Shelter repair materials and NFIs are urgently needed. Strong winds and heavy rain caused significant damage to food crops, increasing livelihood and food needs. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9207006096839904}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '47303', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5MKIT2YO5USPVDWIOEP7NGOQALF5D4ND', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ffb4fda1-dce0-4da6-bebf-d057f7295d45>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 3, 55, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.80.35.46', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TVSW2IZPRLI5G5QZ54PNKNVRAGR7UWKY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7624138a-17a8-4703-94c7-3352c4ab05f2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://acaps.org/special-report/philippines-typhoon-mangkhut', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c13ac62-aa2c-48a0-879b-c9bb75feb46f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '102', 'url': 'http://acaps.org/special-report/philippines-typhoon-mangkhut', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-101-182-190.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0247763991355896', 'original_id': '93e5ee77127737f3600ec4a390787dc92dc789c3ae08746a29e788d5b7a19458'} |
DINOSAUR! But what does it mean..?
Palaeontology probably isn’t the most difficult of sciences, but it does incorporate aspects of chemistry, biology, and physics to a certain degree, as with many other geoscientific disciplines. Palaeontologists are also well known for the mysterious and unintelligible ‘science-speak’ that they use in research papers, fueled by this combination of a multitude of various sciences, the insane taxonomic system that we employ to identify fossils, and the standard anatomical descriptive phrasing too. I guess the aim of this series of posts, is just to break down some of the more complex terminology that you may come across online or in papers, and gain a bit more of an understanding of Palaeontology and related fields in the process. Yeah, it’s pretty much a glossary. With dinosaurs. Suggestions for words welcomed!
The way I wanna try this is just to use different Palaeo phrases, with each becoming an acronym for different Palaeo phrases! Hopefully this should make it easy to remember, and with that, hopefully some of the associated definitions will stick!
Synapsids! Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus
Dinosaur – This is actually tougher than you might think! Dinosaur explicitly refers to a member of the clade (a group consisting of an ancestor and all of its descendants) Dinosauria (including birds), but the definition of this clade is somewhat complex. They arose during the Triassic period about 230 odd million years ago, and still exist today as birds. They have a phylogenetic definition, as the group consisting of Triceratops, Neornithes (i.e., modern birds), their most recent common ancestor, and all their descendants.
Isometry – This is where you have growth of an organism with no shape change. It is not very common in the animal kingdom usually forming the null hypothesis to allometry, in which as an organism grows in size it also changes shape. Examples of linear transformations that accommodate isometry are translation and rotation.
Null hypothesis – Science progresses through the development and testing of hypotheses. Every rigorously tested hypothesis must have a sufficient null hypothesis to be tested and rejected before the primary hypothesis can be accepted. This usually consists of something regular or default, such as hypothesising that there is no relationship between two parameters.
Ontogeny – This is the process of individual growth from that most intimate of moments (some times) to a fully-developed adult. This can be on many levels, ranging from a complex being like us, to the development of an individual cell.
Synapsid – Vertebrate skulls have various holes, or fenestrae, perforating their skulls (e.g., the eye socket, or orbit). The number of these is quite important in an evolutionary and functional sense. Organisms known as synapsids had on origin in the Carboniferous and are alive still today as mammals. They are defined by the presence of a temporal fesnestra in the skull roof behind each eye.
Alpha biodiversity – There are three ‘ranks’ of biodiversity. The first, and smallest-scaled, is the mean species-level richness (abundance, density) within a given temporal or geographic domain, at a local scale. It is a within- or between-population metric, with a pre-defined spatial scale.
UniformitarianismOne of the key concepts that underpins geology, and our understanding of the transition of geological time. It indicates that the present is the key to the past, in that the processes and patterns we can observe today also occurred back in time, and can help us unravel the complex tapestry of the co-evolution of life and the Earth.
Red QueenA strong theory of evolution, whereby organisms are under constant pressure to adapt, evolve and reproduce in a system of where organisms and the environment are ever changing and evolving. It aims to explain extinction which we see in the fossil record through competition and natural change, and the advantages of sexual evolution on an individual scale.
And there you have it! Would be awesome if y’all could let me know if this actually helps in any way (and if the definitions are correct!) so that I can keep doing it in future if it’s of use.
This was originally posted at: http://blogs.egu.eu/palaeoblog/2013/01/29/353/
0 thoughts on “DINOSAUR! But what does it mean..?
1. How about Archosaur? A: Archosaur, R: Rauisuchia, C: Crurotarsi; H: Homology, O: Ornithischia, S: Sympatric speciation, A: Allopatric speciation, U:Ulna, and R: Red King hypothesis. 😉
Leave a Reply | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9362255334854126}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '105468', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4SJEUQAZAKZYE4AIVLVNEBFZ4EAP67IU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b5d339af-60ee-4077-a957-71d3c7c62f71>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 18, 37, 57), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.62.198.70', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WWTOSQLNUV3BKCVDC5CI7YE2VG7TVFUK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b512867d-e01c-4b5c-b370-dff1947f63ec>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://fossilsandshit.com/dinosaur-but-what-does-it-mean/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7de7497e-ff48-428e-b617-f13cf7a4ff97>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '705', 'url': 'http://fossilsandshit.com/dinosaur-but-what-does-it-mean/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-192-21.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06631964445114136', 'original_id': '82895e98bf3a606d08cbad826377fe37ba254b31353d9173e3d4a1ab471d0f4c'} |
Eric Arjes
Eric Arjes
red-classic-chair hi res no edit (1).jpg
Eric Arjes (born September 1, 1987) is an American songwriter, record producer and recording artist from Nashville, TN. Discovered in 2007 by the late Grammy-Award winning producer/ mixer, Stephen Short, Eric is most known as the former frontman/ guitarist of Atlantic Records' band, Camera Can't Lie, and the indie-rock band, Vinyl Hearts.
In 2014, Arjes wrote and produced the song 'Bad Blood' for AMC's hit TV show The Walking Dead featuring Alison Mosshart (The Kills/The Dead Weather). In 2015, 'Find My Way Back', his first single as a solo artist, was prominently featured in MTV's Teen Wolf and Finding Carter. Arjes has seen continued success in music licensing; creating and performing music featured in national TV Ad campaigns for Hershey'sLowe'sPringles, Dr Pepper, and Walmart, as well as television shows, movie trailers and soundtracks.
Arjes has also written songs recorded by Multi-Platinum and Grammy-Award winning artists such as Tim McGraw, Thompson Square, LonestarNewsboys and Audio Adrenaline.
Arjes' new single, "Wannabe", is a collaboration with producer Echolung, released in 2018.
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from Julie
A beautiful wolf postcard sent by Julie from the US. I received it in return for a Norwegian postcard I had sent while on my holidays there.
When a pack of wolves start howling they do it on different pitches, so the pack seems bigger than it really is. If two wolves start on the same note one of them will change it. (internet)
Brak komentarzy:
Prześlij komentarz | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.911929726600647}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '144932', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MBYN7RIABXQBU3C4CNJJLOTLIEYS744D', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7396bb96-b66f-4284-a3b3-a176fd51df48>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 20, 8, 50, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.193', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EHIJ2SBSBZQ7FYOUTZAJVT57C6CU7KCF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:82a9ad78-4b6f-4eaf-94b4-9d6db0e69628>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://monikuchaspostcards.blogspot.com/2014/02/from-julie.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1a67fa79-298f-40c9-8dcf-a0410a2ed610>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '70', 'url': 'http://monikuchaspostcards.blogspot.com/2014/02/from-julie.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-150-165-216.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.2259896993637085', 'original_id': 'd63de005c59880f77c41a4bbd5db8e571f6e592567d72e49a6a70b2e74ed7c4c'} |
I Spy—one of the most popular action-adventure television series of all time—ran only three seasons (1965-68); nevertheless, the show spawned not one, but two “soundtrack” LPs, both of which have long been highly sought-after collector’s items. FSM’s first volume of Earle Hagen’s music from the series used the original television recordings because only one of the discs was available to license at that time. Happily, the situation has changed.
I SPY, Vol. 2—The LPs brings together both the Warner Bros. album released in early 1966 and the Capitol Records disc issued in late 1967 (both remastered from the original ¼” stereo tapes). The result is truly a “best of” I Spy, incorporating music from each of the show’s three seasons. Although both albums were re-recordings, Hagen employed many of the same session musicians he hired on a weekly basis for the show, and some of the arrangements are quite close to the originals heard on the series soundtrack.
I Spy starred Robert Culp and Bill Cosby as undercover agents whose work took them all over the world (the show’s location photography and the interplay between the leading characters were two of its many strengths). This gave composer Hagen the opportunity to write music in a vast array of (meticulously researched) ethnic styles, from south of the border to the European continent and all the way to the Far East.
This variety is reflected on these LP tracks, where Hagen extends his essentially big band palette to include the colors of Mexico, Japan, Greece, Italy, Hong Kong and the U.S.A. From lyrical, blues-flavored melodies to rhythmically-driven action cues, Hagen (along with colleague Hugo Friedhofer—who composed three of the tracks on this CD) captures all the excitement and drama of this Emmy award-winning series.
FSM designer Joe Sikoryak incorporates numerous series stills, original album art (and liner notes), sheet music, composer photos and a gallery of heroes and villains from the show in an eye-catching 16-page booklet. Notes are by television music historian Jon Burlingame, who brings special authority to the subject—he conducted the five-hour video interview with Hagen for the Archive of American Television. In addition, a personal letter from Hagen about the albums is posted on the FSM online notes site.
I Spy is a musical adventure like no other—savvy, sophisticated and smart. No wonder Bill Cosby repeatedly used the word “hip” in his liner notes for the second album. Now, after years of waiting, fans can listen and hear for themselves.
Earle Hagen (1919-2008) parlayed a career in the big band era as a trombone player, composer and arranger (he penned the classic "Harlem Nocturne") into a staff arranging job at Twentieth Century-Fox under Alfred Newman; when television took off in the 1950s, he became one of the most accomplished and prolific composers in the history of the medium. He was producer Sheldon Leonard's composer of choice and his work for I Spy is a high water mark for television; he wrote the themes to The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Andy Griffith Show, The Mod Squad among many others. As if that wasn't enough, he wrote books on composing and arranging, including a seminal textbook on the mechanics of scoring for picture. IMDB
An absolutely remarkable release, Lukas, especially since it involves two different recording companies. I don't know how you did it, but I, for one, am very grateful. As Cosby would say, "Here's to the wonderfulness of yourself!" (track 12).
When Warner Bros. Records released the first LP, there was another hit WB album being released the same week, so WB put its advertising behind that other album, with the result that Hagen's efforts went relatively unnoticed. A year later, the same thing happened with the Capitol Records LP and the disc went into cut-out limbo. Finally Hagen can get the recognition that he so richly deserves.
I too would love more complete score releases for this show (preferably in U.N.C.L.E-style two-disc sets for $24.95 because there are SO many original scores--one for each episode!--worthy of release). For now, though, this is fantastic! These LPs were long due for CD treatment as they were brand new re-recordings. I am incredibly impressed that Lukas pulled off releasing them together considering the different owners. Major kudos!
Yavar
P.S. Now I wonder if any of Hagen's wonderful Andy Griffith scores survive at CBS since FSM has started a relationship with them...
I was listening to the sound clips, when I came across one that sounded very familiar. Track No. 7, "Away We Go to Mexico," reminded me immediately of the theme for The Bill Dana Show, a TV series that ran 42 episodes in 1963-1965. Low and behold, the Dana theme was composed by Earle Hagen. So how could I remember a theme from a forgotten TV show of 4 decades ago? Well, it was on one of the first LPs I ever purchased, called "1963's Major Motion Picture and Television Themes." In its expanded version on that LP, the Dana theme was so memorable that I recorded it onto a mix tape that I play to this day.
See for youself if you can hear the similarities. Here are the shortened TV version of the Dana theme and the FSM clip.
An absolutely remarkable release, Lukas, especially since it involves two different recording companies. I don't know how you did it, but I, for one, am very grateful. As Cosby would say, "Here's to the wonderfulness of yourself!" (track 12).
When Warner Bros. Records released the first LP, there was another hit WB album being released the same week, so WB put its advertising behind that other album, with the result that Hagen's efforts went relatively unnoticed. A year later, the same thing happened with the Capitol Records LP and the disc went into cut-out limbo. Finally Hagen can get the recognition that he so richly deserves.[/endquote]
And you can hear one of the cues that Hugo Friedhofer composed for the series that's on the Capitol album.
I was listening to the sound clips, when I came across one that sounded very familiar. Track No. 7, "Away We Go to Mexico," reminded me immediately of the theme for The Bill Dana Show, a TV series that ran 42 episodes in 1963-1965. Low and behold, the Dana theme was composed by Earle Hagen. So how could I remember a theme from a forgotten TV show of 4 decades ago? Well, it was on one of the first LPs I ever purchased, called "1963's Major Motion Picture and Television Themes." In its expanded version on that LP, the Dana theme was so memorable that I recorded it onto a mix tape that I play to this day.[/endquote]
Thanks, Bob. You learn something new every day. The "Mexico" cue was always a highlight of every Mexico episode that it appeared in. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '2ab96f096e102c7b83db0931b5c5c03bc1b8afd634fa3c1d9961e818b8e7e0c5'} |
Saturday, October 2, 2010
Stormy night
September roared out like a fiend and October swept in on black wings of water.
It rained some more today, and then tonight we had a spectacular sunset.
I was on the roof in a cold breeze, checking the farm, picking greens, catching a caterpillar and tying the roses back up again.
The whole western sky was moving in parallel bands of cloud, quite fast, and suddenly lit from below. It lasted only a few minutes, and then it was gone, switched off.
* Is this not the worst New York mosquito year, ever?
1. It's early am and your incredible pictures are almost too much for my still sleepy eyes. I need sunglasses.
Better now I'm going back for another look you rain maker you.
xo Jane
2. Tea, toast and marmite - at least you know where to head when worry strikes.
What a sunset!
3. It was the best mosquito year ever! Until all the rain of the last month! Friggin skeets
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US Dollars
The Gibson Brothers
"We are quite busy on the road and in the studio. The EXP strings provide a warm tone and longevity. The coated strings are a luxury that is hard to go without."
ABOUT The Gibson Brothers
Bluegrass royalty Leigh and Eric Gibson step into what some might at first see as uncharted territory on their country-soul breakout Mockingbird, the new album produced by Grammy Award winners Dan Auerbach and Fergie Ferguson. The celebrated bluegrass duo - named back-to-back Entertainers of the Year by the International Bluegrass Music Association in 2012 and 2013 - played the Nashville game two decades ago, while in their early 20s, and were offered a major label deal, only to be told at the last minute that they were too "retro" for modern country music. Today, such characterizations, along with their authenticity, set them apart and describes the marvelous Mockingbird. A mix of country, soul and seventies rock, the album further cements the sibling duo as musical trailblazers. As players and vocalists, they are superb, harmonizing as only siblings can; as songwriters they stand without peer, having long been a band awarded for their songs and songwriting. The 11 tracks on Mockingbird, their 14th album, draw on much of the brothers' experiences being raised on the family farm in Northern New York. As Northerners growing up in a Southern business, they had to work twice as hard as the bands from the South to achieve the success they had, and were the first from that far north to carve a path to IBMA Entertainers of the Year.
The songs on this album are the sounds we heard growing up, riding around with our dad, who was a farmer, in his pickup, or with our mom in her station wagon. This sound was on the radio," says Leigh, citing the Eagles, Bob Seger, Tom Petty, and the warm country sounds of Don Williams, Emmylou Harris and Waylon Jennings as influences for Mockingbird, produced by the Black Keys' Dan Auerbach with Fergie Ferguson (Johnny Cash, Sturgill Simpson and Tyler Childers). Songs like "Cool Drink of Water" and "Love the Land" exemplify that late-Sixties and early-Seventies vibe. The former sounds like something Elvis, at the height of his '68 Comeback cool, would have recorded, while "Love the Land" is inspired by the simple desire to spend more time in nature. "I love the land that loves this man / and sets his soul at ease," goes the centerpiece lyric. The song also provides the album with its title, as Leigh sings about the "song so sweet" of the mockingbird. "They're an interpreter of different sounds and that's what we're doing here," says Leigh. "We're known for one sound, but we're interpreting another part of our musicality."
Coloring outside the lines is not unfamiliar to the Gibson Brothers, whose innate talent as writers and vocalists allows them to float seamlessly between genres. In that way, they're outsiders - refusing to be confined to just one sound - which is why they chose to work with a rock producer and a band of legendary session players like drummer Gene Chrisman and guitarist Billy Sanford for Mockingbird. Listen to "Come Down," which evokes the 70's sound of radio rock kings America or the passionate Exile on Main Street style R&B of "Lay Your Body Down." Both dispel any notion that the Gibsons are solely a bluegrass act and prove Eric and Leigh's gift for penning boundary-pushing songs. Likewise, "Sweet Lucinda," with its shuffling rhythm, taps into country-rock, and "I'm a Better Man" slinks along with Bobby Wood's Wurlitzer electric piano. Mockingbird's most left-field track, however, is a cover of R.E.M.'s 1993 weeper "Everybody Hurts." Suggested by Ferguson, the ballad became the ideal duet for Leigh and Eric, with the brothers making the song their own via their yearning delivery and the house band's lush arrangement. "I think it's a beautiful song, but I couldn't picture us doing it," says Eric. "It surprised me with how it turned out. It was too good to not put on the record." The members of R.E.M. certainly agree. "It's incredible! They did a great job," says vocalist Michael Stipe. "It really re-focuses the song and lyric in a great way." Bassist Mike Mills offers, "Wow. I really didn't see that one coming. I love it," with guitarist Peter Buck echoing those remarks: "Wow. Incredible."
Even Bill Berry, R.E.M.'s former drummer, and one of the original writers of the song, chimes in, saying, "It's the best cover of it I've heard." However, it's "Travelin' Day," the countries song on Mockingbird, that packs a poignant punch. The first tune they wrote with Ferguson for the session, it was born of grief: Ferguson's stepfather had just died. The Gibsons lost their dad six years earlier and together the writers bonded over their loss. "We were talking about how Ferg's stepfather faced death and how impressive it was," says Leigh, "and it really inspired us." Looking back on the brisk week and a half of writing and recording Mockingbird in Nashville, the Gibson Brothers are confident in what they've accomplished. This is an album that exemplifies the sibling bond and is poised to introduce them to an entirely new audience. "We'll be able to reach more people than we have in the past," says Eric. "I don't want to downplay what we accomplished in bluegrass, but I didn't know our voices would suit this variety of music so well." His brother agrees. "If you thought you knew the Gibson Brothers and had them figured out," Leigh says, "well, maybe you didn't." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '93', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9805676937103271}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '160320', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SC3UOIYGKQLYD7JOHAN6QJ4LVL6CQWKS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d494690a-551c-4cfc-971f-f629ecf795e2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 9, 34, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.12.148', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:P6VPSJUHV2EAUYOFZHY57FHSW7WGFUDT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:38dab107-a2bd-436b-9679-4184422dadc1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.daddario.com/artists/guitar/the_gibson_brothers/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3d0495e-289f-46d0-90c8-fc3bd47a5498>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '912', 'url': 'https://www.daddario.com/artists/guitar/the_gibson_brothers/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04093813896179199', 'original_id': '2fe7e4caf1cc90b5927b62fd24b65b8c1dbefb9ca0c1e974f3fc68ab986f66ba'} |
This revolutionary adaptive technology provides an online math solution for grades 3-12 that uses information retrieval and open-response questioning to identify precisely what each student knows and doesn’t know. Through truly individualized learning and assessment, ALEKS delivers a personalized learning pathway on the exact topics each individual student is most ready to learn. It can boost the instructional effectiveness of curricula including core curriculum, supplemental, intervention, enrichment/gifted and talented, special education, response to intervention, and more.
Take a Tour | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8838152289390564}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '49600', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JZJEFQKU3ODSS3J5ALR5PNL7LITXEKEU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e967df15-500c-4674-a2dd-be8dd5deef6d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 20, 1, 33, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.173.79.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BCSIDYLP4J7K7UDYWBLIZLSPVQLDEKAZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:51363729-ec41-4edd-a260-6eb5fa83400a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mheducation.com/prek-12/explore/nyc/math/aleks.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8c88bdd2-3e22-4cf3-88a9-815a3e248db1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '81', 'url': 'https://www.mheducation.com/prek-12/explore/nyc/math/aleks.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-154-0-44.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1487497091293335', 'original_id': 'afe89260b25af73dd4b95fd30239bdd764721bec06a44411d15fb67db28076d5'} |
Irene Bayer-Hecht
Irene Bayer-Hecht (1898-1991) was an American born photographer involved in the Bauhaus movement. Her photographs "feature experimental approaches and candid views of life at the Bauhaus."
Biography
Irene Bayer-Hecht was born in Chicago in 1898. From 1920 to 1923 she studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin before acting as guest auditor at the Weimar State Bauhaus, Sorbonne and École de Beaux-Arts, Paris. In 1923, whilst attending the first large exhibition presented by the Bauhaus, she met Herbert Bayer and, through this connection, was able to attend the Bauhaus’s Vorkurs (foundation course, informally) without officially being enrolled as a student. At the same time, Hecht attended the Academy of Graphic Arts and Book Publishing in Leipzig, Germany.
Hecht married Herbert Bayer in 1925 and in 1926 they moved to the Bauhaus in Dessau. The two separated in 1928 and, although they did not divorce until 1944, had a daughter (Julia Alexandra) together in 1929.
Following her move to Berlin in 1928, Hecht's work was shown in the 'Film und Foto' Werkbund exhibition in Stuttgard.
In 1938 Bayer-Hecht returned to the United States due to the political implications of her Jewish origins in Germany at this time. Hecht ceased her photography and began working as a translator for the American military authorities in Munich. She returned to Europe from 1945-1947 to work as the chief of the American Photo Section in Munich before returning to California in 1947.
Photography
Hecht both took her own photographs and used her technical skill in photography to support Bayer in his work. Hecht's work primarily focused on people, taking the form of both portraits and formal studies.
Her photographs were included in the Bauhaus exhibition Film und Foto, in 1929 and her work featured in the Thomas Walter Collection (1909-1949) that was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2014-2015.
Bayer-Hecht's work is included in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Getty Museum, and the National Gallery of Canada.
References
Category:Artists from Chicago
Category:20th-century American women artists
Category:20th-century American photographers
Category:1898 births
Category:1991 deaths | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a1b0d81290e0cd6a57fd7a158d7646f9d0e39504f5ed06308c753d6c4c677de5'} |
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Population standardized regression methods
In this module, students will become familiar with population standardized regression methods when working with data that is expressed as per-capita rates
Data that are expressed as per-capita rates are frequently encountered in the life and social sciences. For example the per-capita rate of incidence of a certain disease, or per-capita crime rates. In both examples, “per-capita” means “per person”. And because the per-capita rate is expressed as “per person”, sometimes it might be easy to get confused and think that perhaps Binomial linear regression methods might be most appropriate because the data appear at first blush to be expressed as a fraction of the population.
But you’d be wrong… Binomial linear regression methods are only appropriate for fractions that are strictly constrained to be between 0 and 1. When we are talking about crime rates, for example, it’s entirely possible if crime were rampant that someone might be robbed several times a year. The per-capita annual rate could thus be above 1!
When talking about per-capita rates, the data consist of a counted number per some unit time, thus regression methods like Poisson or Negative Binomial methods would be appropriate. But we have to account for the population size, M, because obviously if the population doubles, the number of cases of crime we would count per unit time would also double (if the per-capita rate stayed the same).
To take this into account in a regression analysis, we use what is called “population-standardized” regression. Recall that Poisson regression methods use a log link for the expected number of events, lambda. In population-standardized linear regression with one explanatory variable (for example) we thus have
Notice that if we bring the log(M) over the LHS, we get log(lambda/M)… the per-capita rate!
Also notice that the log(M) term does not (nor should it) have a coefficient multiplying it in the fit. Thus, if your observed number of crimes are in the y vector, what you do NOT want to do is the following (recall that the glm function with family=poisson in R uses a log-link by default):
b = glm(y~log(M)+x,family="poisson")
This is because R will attempt to find some kind of best-fit coefficient for the log(M) term, when what we actually need to do is force its coefficient to be 1 to be able to interpret our output as a per-capita rate.
The way to do this in R is to use the offset() function:
b = glm(y~offset(log(M)) + x, family="poisson")
Now, in the fit the log(M) term is forced to have coefficient equal to one.
Here is a 2000 paper by W. Osgoode on the subject of population standardized Poisson regression.
Let’s look at the annual per-capita rates of public mass shootings before, during, and after the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which was enacted from September 14, 1994 to September 13, 2004. In the file mass_killings_data_1982_to_2017.csv, there is the annual number of public mass shootings from 1982 to 2017, as obtained from the Mother Jones mass shootings data base, and supplemented with a few public mass shootings they missed, as listed in the USA Today mass killings data base. Also in the file is the US population that year (in milliions), as obtained from the US Census Bureau. There is also a logical variable, lperiod, indicating wether the year was before (lperiod=0), during (lperiod=1), or after (lperiod=2) the ban assault (note that lperiod=1 when the weapons ban was in place for most of that particular year). Also included in the file is the number of people killed in mass shootings each year (the last two variables aren’t used in the following example).
The following code reads in this data, and does a population standardized fit, then plots the data and fit results:
b = glm(number_shootings~offset(log(pop)),family="poisson",data=adat)
plot(adat$year,adat$number_shootings,cex=2,xlab="Date",ylab="Number mass shootings")
You can see that the fit estimates properly take into account that the US population went up from 1982 to 2017, and thus, even if the per-capita rate were the same over that entire period, we would expect a higher annual number of events in 2017 compared to 1982.
The summary of the fit from summary(b) yields
To interpret this output, we note that the glm family=”poisson” fit uses a log link. hus we must take the exponential of the intercept term to get the average expected per-capita annual rate. This is exp(-4.6701)=0.0094 per million people, per year.
We can compare this to what we get if we just take the average of the number of killings per million people per year: mean(adat$number_shootings/adat$pop)=0.0091. The two numbers are almost identical… and they should be!
In the literature, you may see people doing fits to (y/pop) using least squares regression, but that is the wrong method to use because the data will not satisfy the Normality assumption of the least squares method, because the y are Poisson distributed, and simply dividing by A does not magically transform things to make (y/A) Normally distributed.
Other potential types of standardized regression
If one assumes that the population density of some animal (or people) is the same over some study areas, but might depend on time (for example), if the researchers count the individuals, y, in places with areas, A, at distinct points in time, t, they can estimate the change in population density using area standardized regression, using a function call like:
b = glm(y~offset(log(A)) + t, family="poisson")
Note that Poisson regression is the appropriate fitting method to use, because these are count data (and may in fact involve low counts).
Another type of standardized fit might be if a researcher had counts of some organism in different samples of fluid with volumes, V, and wished to see how this might depend on some other explanatory variable.
Leave a Reply | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9041329622268676}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '21741', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:A6DO2JTCYGEFPGZD3WLVZPECH5IXRQT7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7353865c-b90d-472f-ab54-2e224dce3809>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 21, 23, 32, 50), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.205.127.244', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CSVKPGLXXGRLRGYUFIQ3UDT4P2XBCATC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ed00167d-1d41-44a1-9cfd-c0118d30d0f9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://sherrytowers.com/2018/03/14/population-standardized-regression-methods/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1786b6b2-62d5-4565-b379-1b74a46a631c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '937', 'url': 'http://sherrytowers.com/2018/03/14/population-standardized-regression-methods/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-211.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3128645420074463', 'original_id': '290d2af76e815c1397cc7ddf734bd3f2dfe70d0ada31349a217e5924002c3384'} |
Characterization of a novel peptide with allatotropic activity in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda.
A cDNA that encodes 53 amino acids, including one copy of the RVRGNPISCF-OH peptide, was cloned from Spodoptera frugiperda. This peptide strongly stimulates the synthesis and release of juvenile hormone (JH) in vitro by the corpora allata (CA) of S. frugiperda and was code-named Spofr-AT 2. Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that the preprohormone is expressed as one transcript in the brain, midgut (Mg) and ovary (Ov) in a tissue- and developmental-specific manner. Whole-mount in situ hybridization confirmed the gene expression in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) and in the ovary of adult females. Treating the CA with the synthetic peptide caused an up to tenfold increase in the release of JH. The stimulation was dose-dependent with an apparent EC(50) of ca. 10(-7) M. CA that were activated with Spofr-AT 2 could be inhibited by the addition of synthetic allatostatin type-C from Manduca sexta (Manse-AS). This is the first report on the presence and function of two different peptides with allatotropic activity in an insect species. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'edaad46d604799d1f5a6e803bd3cb9928536ae3e592c051c66e22191e8fb7e00'} |
[fil-uhk-seer-uh, fi-lok-ser-uh]
Small, greenish yellow insect (Phylloxera vitifoliae, order Homoptera) that is highly destructive to grape plants in Europe and the western U.S. It sucks fluid from grapevines, causing galls to form on leaves and nodules on roots; eventually the plants rot. It was introduced into Europe from the eastern U.S. in the mid-19th century and within 25 years had almost destroyed the grape and wine industries in France, Italy, and Germany. Vines were saved by grafting European plants to rootstocks of resistant vines native to the U.S. Hybrids and fumigants are used to combat the pest.
Learn more about grape phylloxera with a free trial on
This article is about the grape phylloxera. For the genus, see Phylloxera (genus).
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae), commonly just called Phylloxera, is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. These tiny, pale yellow sap-sucking insects, related to aphids, feed on the roots of grapevines. In Vitis vinifera, the resulting deformations ("nodosities" and "tuberosities") and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine. Nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are not found on vines grown in California.
Fighting the "phylloxera plague"
In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for wine grapes in Europe, most notably in France. Phylloxera was inadvertently introduced to Europe in the 1860s, possibly on imported North American vinestocks or plants. Because Phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species there are at least partially resistant. By contrast, the European wine grape Vitis vinifera is very susceptible to the aphid. The epidemic devastated most of the European wine growing industry. In 1863, the first vines began to deteriorate in the southern Rhône region of France. The problem spread rapidly across the continent. In France alone, total wine production fell from 84.5 million hectolitres in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres. Some estimates hold that between two-thirds and nine-tenths of all European vineyards were destroyed.
In France, some grape growers were so desperate that they buried a live toad under each vine. Areas with sandy soils were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually the aphid spread across the continent. A huge amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the Phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: hybridization and resistant rootstocks.
Hybridization was the breeding of Vitis vinifera with resistant species. Native American grapes Vitis labrusca are naturally Phylloxera resistant but have aromas that are off-putting to palates accustomed to European grapes. The intent of the cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to Phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the native grape. Ironically, the hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to Phylloxera, although they are much more hardy with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new hybrid varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones. In the EU they are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in quality wine, although they are still in widespread use in much of North America, such as Missouri, Ontario, and upstate New York, where they yield commercially acceptable wines.
Use of a resistant, or tolerant rootstock, developed by Charles Valentine Riley in collaboration with J. E. Planchon and promoted by T. V. Munson, involved grafting a Vitis vinifera scion onto the roots of a resistant Vitis labrusca or other American native species. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes, and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor. Unfortunately not all rootstocks are equally resistant. Between the 1960s and the 1980s in California, many growers used a rootstock called AxR1. Even though it had already failed in many parts of the world by the early twentieth century, it was thought to be resistant by growers in California. Although Phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, within twenty years, mutation and selective pressures within the Phylloxera population began to overcome this rootstock, resulting in the eventual failure of most vineyards planted on AxR1. The replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today. Many have suggested that this failure was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible V. vinifera cultivar. But the transmission of Phylloxera tolerance is more complex, as is demonstrated by the continued success of 41B, an F1 hybrid of Vitis berlandieri and Vitis vinifera. The full story of the planting of AxR1 in California, its recommendation, the warnings, financial consequences, and subsequent recriminations remains to be told. Modern Phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately, and choose to plant ungrafted vines rather than wait for grafted vines to be available.
The use of resistant American rootstock to guard against Phylloxera also brought about a debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant wherever Phylloxera exists. Had American rootstock not been available and used, there would be no V. vinifera wine industry in Europe or most other places other than Chile, Washington State, and most of Australia. Cyprus avoided the Phylloxera plague, and thus its wine stock has not been grafted for phylloxera resistant purposes.
The only European grape that is natively resistant to Phylloxera is the Assyrtiko grape which grows on the volcanic island of Santorini, Greece, although it is not clear whether the resistance is due to the rootstock itself or the volcanic ash on which it grows.
• Boubals, Denis, "Sur les attaques de Phylloxera des racines dans le monde", Progres Agricole et Viticole, Montpellier, 110:416-421, 1993.
• Campbell, Christy, "The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World", Algonquin Books, 2005.
• Ordish, George, "The Great Wine Blight", Pan Macmillan, 1987.
External links
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Quora 把知识占为己有
昨天分享的文章在唱衰 Quora 。今天这篇，也是在吐槽 Quora 的。 吐槽的点是，Quora 的 robots.txt Internet Archive 的爬虫给屏蔽了。Quora 给出的理由是：
We opt out of the wayback machine because inclusion would allow people to discover the identity of authors who had written sensitive answers publicly and later had made them anonymous, and because it would prevent authors from being able to remove their content from the internet if they change their mind about publishing it. As far as we can tell, there is no way for sites to selectively programmatically remove content from the archive and so this is the only way for us to protect writers. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8594951629638672}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '17611', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FPZA7CEWHVNTJDYT3O4F7VWK5VVPYGSU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a6c2994d-f0c7-4744-a4e4-462230d6e7ee>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 23, 43, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.0.118', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KGQG7PWBI5ISAU73QTMIIZBWIA6XHQV2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3750c6e-6bb8-4b8e-891d-52c1ee5910c9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://wanqu.co/a/434/quora-%E6%8A%8A%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%8D%A0%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%B1%E6%9C%89/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ce02a370-576e-4490-8493-26b1d9d44c2e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '93', 'url': 'https://wanqu.co/a/434/quora-%E6%8A%8A%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%8D%A0%E4%B8%BA%E5%B7%B1%E6%9C%89/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-35\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-246.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6583864688873291', 'original_id': '14780a60fa7ad76fb335067e02e26f92b274afda92a1c2dbeb79185d055291db'} |
January 17, 2021
The Ideal Candidate For A IT Technician Job Description
The Ideal Candidate For A IT Technician Job Description
An IT technician is an employee in an area of computer technology who is highly skilled in the technical skill and methodology, having a fairly specialized knowledge of both the theoretical and practical principles involved in information technology. This person works on developing computer systems that are highly functional and can be used in business, industry, and governmental purposes. The work performed by an IT technician often involves working with information technology systems that require extensive programming to carry out their specific tasks. This person is in charge of ensuring that the computer systems to function properly for a wide range of users, ensuring that they are efficient and secure at all times.
A typical IT technician has to deal with many computer systems and components,
which require unique and specialized skills and abilities. For instance, an IT technician is responsible for installing new hardware as well as updating existing hardware and software. Additionally, he is responsible for the maintenance of computers and networks. In some organizations, he is also responsible for implementing security measures. He may also be involved in the detection of potential threats or vulnerabilities in network systems and may be called upon to resolve any issues that come up before they can become problematic.
Although many IT technician jobs involve dealing with hardware, it does not mean that a person cannot perform other tasks related to this field. One can specialize in specific areas of computer support, for instance. For instance, in some IT technician jobs, the person may specialize in network maintenance and security. He can also offer assistance with basic computer activities, such as troubleshooting problems that may arise.
Many technicians are also expected to have a strong background in information systems and computer science. Some technicians are employed in firms that do not employ them specifically as IT technicians, as they are considered to be assistants that provide computer support to their staff members. On the other hand, some IT technician positions require employees to have at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science or information systems, and some even require certain certifications or licenses.
There are several job titles available for technicians. An example of a technician job would be the diagnostic technician, which requires knowledge of all hardware that is installed in a company. These technicians test hardware configurations and ensure that they are functioning properly. Some examples of diagnostic equipment include diagnostic printers and servers. Diagnostic technicians also install networking hardware and other software for running a network.
Installation technicians are tasked with installing hardware in companies.
This includes computers, servers, and other hardware items. The installation technician job description usually includes information on what types of equipment need to be installed, such as computers. Some examples of typical installations include server and database servers, switches, routers, and fax machines.
• IT workers are required to complete various levels of training, depending on their job responsibilities.
• Some positions may require more training than others.
• IT technicians who are hired by major corporations may have a bachelor’s degree in computer science, math, or a similar field.
A technician who works in an entry-level position may not have a bachelor’s degree or other advanced training. Therefore, the IT technician job description will specify which positions require a particular level of education and training.
The ideal candidate for this type of job is someone who already has experience. There are many reasons why a person would want to become certified as an IT technician. Often times, these individuals are required to be extra careful when handling computer hardware because viruses and malware could damage the equipment or cause problems. Certified technicians are often able to repair or replace computer hardware in a timely manner, so that the client will not lose any money because there was a problem. There are many types of classes available for IT technicians. To find the class that is right for you, contact your local college. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9586210250854492}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45547', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:F2D77JJPU2GELZCMNUQMC3J7HROGBFBU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5fb720cf-68b7-4919-933f-92bdbb02aa43>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 17, 22, 3, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '94.23.155.92', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:I7BWL67FVKYBKM2U5PTHE6G6MBBFZAJJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:66c51852-d77d-47a9-a8be-948f1e45585d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.tecnocratas.org/2020/12/17/the-ideal-candidate-for-a-it-technician-job-description/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bc633c57-b741-4aa1-8077-dd10845d1494>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '678', 'url': 'https://www.tecnocratas.org/2020/12/17/the-ideal-candidate-for-a-it-technician-job-description/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-99.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.672150194644928', 'original_id': '5048b4771e98e45ac14de7aa77068116667e569e0f2cebf830909011bd02c41b'} |
Category Archives: Limited Access Micropiles
This is yet another unfortunate reminder of how dangerous / deadly our work can be. While the exact details are not known as yet, it is thought that some type of entanglement incident occurred between an employee and the rotating drill string (in this case the cfa) you see in the photos.
It is a reminder of just how close employees get to “the work” during a tieback installation. It is possible that the communication between the drill rig operator and the helper were poor, the employee was wearing loose fitting clothing (i.e. a safety vest), he was cleaning the auger flights with a 2×4 or some other object, the emergency shut off switch was not functional, or some other probable cause, leading up to the loss of this young man’s life.
Please try to use this article a learning tool. Resist the temptation to look up the affected contractor and better spend your time looking at your own operations. What can we do as individuals or as an association to help prevent a tragic accident such as this from occurring once again? Observe how you install a tieback or micropile. How close do your employees get to the rotating drill steel? How good are the communications between the operator and helper? Does the emergency shut off switch actually work? Do you inspect / check it every shift? Remember too, this type of incident could take place on a drilled shaft project, any CFA type project, soil mixing or slurry wall project or any other environment where we have to work in close proximity to a rotating object.
Use this unfortunate accident to serve as a deadly reminder of just how dangerous our work is. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '9e39ddc3886857df177115e18576fe270bf77695afe993f36024d3df561b300f'} |
Mathematical English Usage - a Dictionary
by Jerzy Trzeciak
[see also: whole, entire, full, total]
The proof of the lemma is complete. [Not: “completed”; cf. next example]
[see also: accomplish, finish]
The proof is completed by invoking Theorem 5.
This completes our argument for (1).
......, which completes the proof. [Not: “what completes the proof”]
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Spiritual Diary
It appeared from this that they were not at all touched by the love of the neighbor. It was shown also that they were prompted to destroy the innocent, which was represented by an infant that they wished to kill; for such is their sphere, that when they see an infant, they burn to slay it; and some would even, if possible, slay innocence itself. That they cherish love for their children was shown by a mother's kissing an infant; but it was said that their love was like that of brutes, which also love their young.
It was said and perceived respecting them, that as soon as they enter into the other life, their rich men seem to themselves to dwell in splendid palaces, and to live in other respects as they did in the body; but as the life is successively changed, they by degrees pass from these into viler and viler habitations, till at last they are left without any; thus they are deprived of their [fancied] riches, and become poor, which they are forced to acknowledge, and then they wander about seeking wages; and because their quality is such, they are rejected by the societies to which they come, and every where subjected to some kind of penalty by loss. Thus their life is successively changed to its contrary, and they become mere refuse and offscouring, and exhale the fetid odor of [decayed] teeth.
I conversed with these persons on various topics, as for instance that in the other life no respect is paid to persons; that the rich are saved equally with the poor; that men may become rich, and engage in business like the most active of that class, and still be saved, for everyone is regarded according to his end and love; that there are those of their rich men who did business in like manner, that yet enjoy eternal life; and that the greater part of the poor are worse than they, and are rejected. But they urged, on the other hand, that if they are saved, they must renounce their business and give their wealth to the poor, which would render them miserable. But it was given to reply, that the fact was not so; and that their rich men who were good and were saved, felt entirely otherwise. They know too the grounds on which this conceit is founded, but they explain them according to an interior and truer sense. Thus, for example, they who in saying the Lord's prayer, which I recited to them, pray that the Lord would not lead them into temptation, such persons, if truly Christians, are at once aware that the Lord leads no one into temptation, wherefore they do not abide in the letter, but in the interior sense of the letter. So also in regard to what is said about the rich young man's being commanded to sell all his goods and take up the cross, this too is to be understood otherwise in the interior sense. But the persons in question give utterance to such sentiments with their lips, because they are addicted to filty lucre, and wish to live their own nefarious life. They said, moreover, that unless the acquisition of riches was allowed, they would have no means of defending their little commonwealth against their powerful hostile neighbors. But it was shown to them that scarcely anyone acts from such a principle [of patriotism], but that it was a mere argumentative fetch; and that they might besides abound in wealth without desiring to deprive others of what belonged to them.
I heard also what were the punishments of such, viz. a rending from the loins, the chest, the head; but what they signified as pertaining to the loins, the chest, and the head, I do not yet certainly know.
I heard, moreover, that some [of them] do not acknowledge the Lord, still less that he rules the universe, and yet that they did acknowledge a certain supreme Being, which rules, for they are taught by their experience in business that there is such an overruling power, inasmuch as success crowns the efforts of one and not of another, how diligently soever he may labor. From this cause it is that they pray and perform sacred rites, having regard however to private ends and other considerations.
When the conversation turned upon their republic, and they said that they act in this manner and become rich that they might be able to resist the enemies that bordered upon them, it was said to them, that this could not be their real end, for if they should learn that larger gains were to be made elsewhere, they would immediately convey themselves thither with their wealth, and leave the republic to take care of itself, which they confessed; beside what was said above, that they might increase in opulence, and still not be depraved. It was also shown them that business was not in itself an evil, for men might manufacture swords, muskets, and gunpowder, and yet be good men, although thus fabricating instruments which were destructive to the human race; for they do not think of nor regard the use to which they are to be applied; they only think that such things are necessary for the defense of society, which they surely are while societies are such [as they are].
From being so dominantly natural, they scarcely know that they are in the other life, or what spiritual life is, of which also they were ignorant in the life of the body, despising and scoffing at those who discoursed of spiritual life. When in spiritual spheres they appear only as fetid teeth, their faces being so retracted above that scarce any face appears, which was manifest in a variety of ways.
That the Hollanders are of different life or different nature from other nations is to be inferred from a variety of considerations, as that other nations, besides aiming at the acquisition of wealth, have also an idea of something honest, pious, religious, learned, and friendly, which they hold in esteem, as they do also those who are distinguished by these traits, but the Hollanders are altogether of a different genius, esteeming nothing in comparison of gold, and making light of everything except rich men.
In speaking with them I asked what they could anticipate from the life of the body, when that life was a mere point of time, to be followed by a life after death, when even ten thousand years were nothing; what then was a life of fifty or sixty years? When they thought of this they acknowledged [the weight of the suggestion].
They were moreover invisible to other spirits, who said they knew not where they were, nor how they get into heaven. They were also scarcely visible to me for the space of more than a whole day, and yet they operated very strongly with me, especially to prevent my writing anything about them, which power of acting upon me I perceived [in this] more strongly than in any other way, besides that they would not admit, but rather ridiculed the interior things [which I stated]. They acted the more strongly, more so in fact than any others had done before, in order if possible to provoke me to anger.
That they are thus invisible arises with them from a natural cause, viz. their unwillingness that men should know their thoughts. Hence they are silent, and conceal their designs, and ponder upon the characters of others, and how they may be made useful to their ends. From this taciturnity, and the desire to veil their ends from others, they contract this character of invisibility, notwithstanding they are natural, and thus it is that other spirits know not where they are, nor in what way they enter heaven. There is another spiritual cause of the same fact, and that is, that they think so grossly of spiritual things and of the other life, believing, in their own fashion, simply in a Supreme Being, whom they acknowledge, but not diffusing their thoughts over a wider field. Hence they tolerate in their temples neither statues, images, nor pictures, lest their ideas should be rendered gross. This was evinced by their immediately flying away and vanishing when an image of the Lord on the cross, which is common in other places, was shown to them. I heard and perceived that they were of such a quality that things of this nature could not fix their ideas, but that they chose rather to abide in things obscure [and indefinite], so that they understand and perceive nothing that is superior or interior to nature, nor do they reason concerning them. On the other hand if they hear anyone reasoning on these subjects they think him insane, and openly make light of all but the rich, whom, from a view to private ends, they shrink from offending, leaving it to others to think and bewilder themselves [as they please], still cherishing the idea that their interior thoughts may be [at length] laid open. What their quality is was represented by a thin watery fluid contained between substances transparent on either side, which is the appropriate representation of the natural.
It was shown also that when they were elevated to the sphere of interior and angelic spirits, the speech of their ideas was undulating, and became so wonderfully subtilized that I could scarcely perceive it. From their thus almost vanishing from my perception, I supposed that they were among the angels. They were represented as a thin whitish cloud, in which they were wholly in that sphere, not only the head and body, but also the feet, unlike most others who have their feet in the lower world of spirits. But it was said that those thus elevated think nothing of spiritual things, but only how they may become thus subtilized, which as before hinted, is only a kind of first plane, on which it is possible for them to come into connection [with a higher sphere].
I heard some speaking from the same sphere, who had been instructed as to who the Lord is; who rules the universe; who are received [by him]; and when thus instructed were convinced and persuaded that the Lord alone is the ruler of the universe, from which they become more constant than others: 3513-1 and as they are then almost entirely in that sphere, they are unwilling to be among or to hear those in the world of spirits, who reason from visible things, and the like, and thus cloud and confound themselves. Indeed they rather deride all such, and renouncing all their speculations, abide in the truth, from which they do not suffer themselves to be drawn away. This character they contract from the life in the body, viz. from the cause above mentioned, that they do not reason concerning interior things, which they say no one can know; and from this also, that in their business transactions they rarely proceed through any other truths to their ultimate object than those that are certain and well-defined, and thus adopt such means and such a policy as they have learnt from experience will not deceive. Then again, being possessed of a subtlety of thought, which imbues their nature, they see how others err in adopting uncertain counsels and measures, without experience or principle, and thus generally fail of success. That they are of this character, may be known also to others; wherefore when in the other life they are confirmed and persuaded respecting whatever is true and truly good, they follow the same course, the Lord still upholding them in their peculiar nature, from which it is that they are confirmed and persuaded more strongly than others. It is for this reason that other spirits said they knew not where they were, or how they came into heaven. - 1748, October 10.
They are not instructed like others, because they call [such instructions] reasonings; but when they have wandered about for a long time, not knowing how they can reach heaven or escape misery, they are left to reflect upon the means, and to be aware that they are not in [the use of] the means; the knowledges of faith are then gradually insinuated, and confirmed by reflection, till they are persuaded, they scarce know why; for it is not by means of instruction, as is the case with others. Among these are some in the heaven of spirits who may be called constancies, for they remain firm, nor do they suffer themselves to be led away by any deceit, or art, or reasoning, or injected doubts, or obscurity thence, or fallacy, or appearance, or phantasy, especially those whose life or soul was business, not money, and whose ruling end was a genteel style of living.
But the sphere of those who have not yet received faith is to those who acknowledge and meditate upon interior things, continually repugnant, more so than that of all other spirits; whence for more than an entire day it was apparent to me with how much difficulty they are brought to the acknowledgement of the interior things of the Word; for they are not delighted or affected like others, by the exhibition of these interior things, but continually resist and fight against them, but in silence, without any open contradiction. They merely offer a general [internal] resistance; wherefore in the world they seem to be brought with more difficulty than others to the belief of those things which are of true faith. It was shown to me that their sphere conflicts with the sphere of those who are in faith, and who are yet so obstinate that they will not suffer themselves to be overcome. The sphere of the former drove that of the latter, and themselves with it, towards the right, but they still refused to yield, and again drove back their assailants, and so these also, in their turn, the latter, till finally the former, [the nullifidians] were compelled to recede. They moreover sometimes were seen clad in upper and lower garments like men of our earth, but in this dress appeared but obscurely, or as in an obscure vision. - 1748, October 10.
They everywhere pretended with their lips that it was wholly for the sake of their republic that they were disposed to wrest from others their property, as if to them alone pertained everything in the whole extent of the earth. But it was told them that they had no [real] concern for the commonwealth, but merely laid hold of this as a confirmatory argument, as one does when he undertakes to defend any concupiscence to which he has become addicted. They were therefore remitted into a state which might put it to the test whether, if it had been possible, they would have seized and appropriated whatever belonged to the state and its citizens, and it was shown by an idea communicated to me, that they would have done it, and if the republic could not afterwards have sustained itself, that they would have gathered up their wealth and emigrated, not caring if the whole country should perish. Wherefore it is clear that the argument was post-assumed, and not a proof of their real end, which, if it had been, would have implied the presence of something good. As it was, it implied only evil, as they were wholly contrary to the love of the neighbor, not caring, as was shown, if they should so far deprive families of their substance that they should be compelled to go forth naked with their children and live by begging. There was therefore nothing in them but evil. They wondered when they perceived that they had nothing good in them, which they could not but perceive, as they were such as could perceive what is true, for they know that the love of the neighbor is the principal law: but whether they themselves had ought of this love, except towards the poor who favor [and assist] them in their writing and trading, though they ponder upon it, they find no evidence of it. As to others, they look upon them as laboring under phantasies with which their minds are infected. But when it was inquired whether they were not wholly contrary to love, and whether this was not still a principle of vastly higher excellence, they were unable to answer.
Some of them being left to the thoughts which they formerly had of heavenly joy, it was said, that they conceived of it as some kind of joy different from that with which they had been acquainted on earth but whether it was to be preferred to terrestrial joy or not, they could not tell. It was evident, therefore, that they could have no idea of heavenly joy except from earthly. When they were asked what they could exact in the other life, where there was no more business, nor riches, nor traffic, -which are there unknown - they had nothing to reply.
When it was said to them - but not in my hearing - that they could do nothing by their own efforts towards securing their entrance into heaven, I perceived that they [at once] took it for granted that they were to fold their hands and wait for [the divine] influence; for those of that character receive no other impression. But they were informed that this was not so, that men were to act, but that the work was still to be ascribed to the Lord, who gives power and strength to all; just as the preacher, when he says that the Lord speaks by him, that he directs his thoughts and words, and the like, does not hold his peace, and wait for [the divine] influence, but preaches as from himself, while he still says afterwards that he spoke from the Lord. The principle is the same in other cases. - 1748, October 10.
They called their priests worldly priests, affirming this of them, because they live at home like others; wherefore it was not to be supposed that they could know anything of a celestial nature, for when they who ought to be of a heavenly character live thus, how could they believe there was anything heavenly among men? They moreover called the doctrine of faith a bond of society, that it was solely for the sake of the unprincipled, that they might be held together in some kind of union. As theirs is such a life of business, it was represented as a life of wintry light; and the sensible cold proceeding from them was felt in the foot and knee.
The quality of the sphere of their faith was shown when I entered the temple of Paul, as it was then suddenly said to me, that some one had dreamed in his sleep that he was introduced by the Holy Spirit into this vast temple. Afterwards a certain person appeared to be raised up into heaven from the left towards the right, and it was said to me, and perceived, that it was some one who had recently died, and that he was immediately conveyed by angels to heaven. This gave occasion to a conversation, in which the circumstance was mentioned that some one had been immediately after his death taken to heaven by the angels who resuscitated him, and that it was seen that he was received by the Lord, and shown the glory of heaven. When this occurrence became a topic of conversation, the Hollanders around me induced such a sphere of incredulity as almost to stifle the belief of the fact, which it was also given me to tell them. I did not actually perceive their thoughts, but a sphere of incredulity is a collection of a great many thoughts which have been confirmed. They were moved by a kind of invidious wonder, that they should stand below, while others were raised to heaven.
Continuing to converse with them respecting the operation of their sphere, some of them said they would believe if they should see me resuscitate a dead person who was lying on a bier. But is was given to reply, that even if they should see a dead person revived, they would not believe unless they should see me resuscitate a number, and even then they would ascribe it to natural causes, and so would believe less than before; for so it happens with anything which becomes familiar, that it makes no more impression than the sight of green meadows, which excite as little wonder when the causes are not considered, as did the manna with the Jews, though they saw it every day. Therefore faith cannot be rooted in a man's mind by means of miracles, nor even persuasion; if they are ever persuaded, it will be without miracles. They afterwards said, when left to their own thoughts that if they should see a priest raise [and reanimate] a dead body that was being borne to the burial, they should ascribe it to fraud; and when they were convinced that it was no fraud, they would say that the soul of the dead man had some secret communication with the priest, by means of which the resuscitation took place; and if they saw this happen in repeated instances, they would be confirmed in the idea that there was some secret in the case which they did not comprehend, as many things occur in the course of nature which are not well understood; but they would never believe the priest's assertion that the effect was wrought by a celestial power, and so would ascribe it to nature. The quality of their faith, even though miracles should be wrought, may hence appear. It is such that they neither believe in spirit, nor heaven, nor hell. 3521-1
They were remitted into their life, which, however incredible, is still done in the other world, and their life appeared like a whitish light, similar to that of the person spoken of above, who said that he was nothing; and it is a life without love of these latter, in naturals, because they have no love towards the neighbor - of him, because he would not acknowledge faith nor [admit] the word love. Thus it is a life without love, which is represented by such a whitish light. This kind of appearance ensues when they are remitted into the life of their business and the state of their thoughts when affairs were prosperous with them. A cold was perceived about the left region of the head, which was the cold of that kind of life; but they remarked that they did not feel the cold, because they were in their delights and the affection thereof, saying that they were in their heaven, from whence their heat was communicated to me, which affected the left region of the forehead, and the left cheek. But it was given to me to know that their life is turned into an icy coldness, and the splendor of their life into misery, thus all things into their contraries; for they cannot otherwise be affected by spiritual much less by heavenly things. - 1748, October 10.
At length it was said to them through me, and, if I mistake not, by some of the same nation, that inasmuch as they had been persons of so much intelligence during life, and knew what truth was, they were able to know this also, that love to the neighbor is the principal law, without which no one can enter heaven, for heaven or the heavenly societies are made up of love, because from the Lord alone; hence they might know whether they possessed this love, and could thus be admitted into heaven. But they objected that those who were devoted to business could not attend to thoughts of this nature; to which it was replied, that there were rich men of business in heaven, and much richer than they, who spoke with them through me, confirming what I said, and saying, at the same time, that they had had the common good for an end, and love to the neighbor, and that they had carried on their mercantile pursuits for the sake of performing a use in the world, and had not set their hearts upon them, nor acquired a life from riches and trade. That they had actually become richer than the others, was shown by a spiritual idea. They said, moreover, that in the other life there was no respect of persons. - 1748, October 10. This only is to be added, that [the impression with these spirits that] the rich would remain [rich] that they would pertinaciously hold on [in their ruling character,] and would practice their multifarious wicked arts - these were perhaps the illusions of spirits respecting things to come.
THAT SPIRITS HAVE AN EXQUISITE PERCEPTION THE THINGS THAT EXIST FROM SOCIETIES. I recollect its twice happening, that, while not aware of it, certain spirits, by means of a kind of affection or indignation induced upon my mind and my face the things which they perceived, and which were no otherwise made known to me than by that effect. It was hence given to know that spirits have a very exquisite perception of the changes of affections and persuasions which occur, but which I could perceive only from the effect. Thus they inspired a species of indignation or of shame, the cause of which I did not understand till some time afterwards. What kind of spirits they were I know not, nor do I think they spoke; still they were present. - 1748, October 10.
CONCERNING TUTELARY ANGELS, AND THE SPIRITS BY WHICH MAN IS LED. I was instructed that with every man there are two angelic spirits at his head, by whom the Lord protects man, whose office it is to moderate and control the evil spirits who approach him, besides various other things pertaining to a man's truth and good. Those spoken of just above were, I think of this sort there are, moreover, spirits who think that they are themselves the man - one, two, or three, who are subjects of the world of spirits, upon whom their influence acts. These spirits are changed according to the general changes in the state of man, and are controlled by angelic spirits of whom they are entirely ignorant. Angelic spirits, without reflection, know no otherwise than that they are themselves the man, but the interior man, in whose interior thoughts they act - thoughts which do not fall within the consciousness of the man himself. But when reflection is given they know that they are angelic spirits. As to a change of these - whether others succeed in turn - instruction is not given. The case is similar with that of the inhabitants of Jupiter, with whom, when the chastising spirits approach, there are two angels present at the head. Thus, too, with the dead who are to be resuscitated, there are always two angels. - 1748, October 10.
CONTINUATION CONCERNING THE HOLLANDERS. Many things were represented during this night, and after I awoke, concerning their wicked machinations, tending to the destruction of interior things, and against conjugial love; but as I was unable to learn what they signified, or whether they proceeded from themselves or from the prior instigation of other reprobate spirits, I omit the recital.
I will only say that there was in no case a disposition to change anything true and good, as [being] what they truly and rightly believe, as that the Lord rules the universe, which is the doctrine of faith with them and others, for the Lord Himself said that all power was given to Him in heaven and earth; it is also known to them that they are nothing; that they ought to put off the old man, which is to die with its pleasures and lusts, that the new man may rise; as also that the Lord Himself is the all of life, for they pray and teach that all their thoughts, words, and actions may be governed by the Lord. It is known moreover that they say they believe that faith is everything, that the love of the neighbor is the principal law, and that thus love is in all and each of the things of heaven, and also in faith; and as the Lord is the only love and thence compassion, that the Lord rules the universe, and that faith is of love and therefore of Him. - 1748, October 10. Consequently their businesses are not condemned.
Since then the state of things is such that two angels govern the interiors of man and at the same time rule the spirits who induce cupidities and think that they are the man; and especially since the state of things is such in general and in particular that evil spirits flow in so strongly as to have become acting powers, while good spirits or angels are mere resisting powers; it thence follows, that the world of spirits is filled with the spirits of evil, who infuse into man the evil of their own nature, and that to such a degree that good spirits and angels are scarce able to resist it any longer, and thus the equilibrium is in danger of perishing, which is the same thing with the predicted consummation of the Gentiles; for when evil begins to conquer, or rather to drive away good, if good spirits then recede, the case of the human race becomes hopeless. But that good spirits cannot resist without the immediate help of the Lord, has been abundantly shown me; yet immediate help is not according to order, for order requires that there should be an equilibrium of all things; and when the equilibrium perishes, then the last times have arrived. That this crisis is at hand may be gathered from various things in my experience; for at this day the throng of evil spirits is so immense, and their malignity so great, as to be incredible. They could indeed all of them be driven away by the slightest force, and even by the power of an infant, but in that case the evil come into such tortures, and into such a hell, that it could not otherwise be than that they should endure severer pains than would be conducive to their amendment and reformation. - 1748, October 10.
THAT SPIRITS, ALTHOUGH THEY NEITHER SEE NOR PERCEIVE ANYTHING THROUGH THE SENSES OF MAN, YET KNOW WHAT HE THINKS, AND PERCEIVE WHAT HE COVETS. It was given me to know by experience that spirits, although they neither see nor hear anything through the eye or ear of man, yet they know his thoughts and perceive his desires; for I have spoken with spirits by whom my thoughts and desires were controlled, [who said] that they did not see when I was by the fire [for instance], and yet they knew and wished to dispose my actions. Those that are more remote do not thus see and hear, yet still they dispose; yea, spirits know the taste of the things that I eat and drink, although they have not taste. Even this they would not have been aware of, unless reflection had been given them, and yet they disposed my thoughts and desires, for they are in fact the thoughts, as it were, of the man himself, and his cupidities. Whatever enters through the senses he draws it up into his thoughts and into his concupiscences, and thus into the [attendant] spirits; wherefore, since this is the case, there is no need of their seeing or hearing otherwise with me. - 1748, October 10.
THAT MUTUAL LOVE IN HEAVEN IS TO LOVE THE NEIGHBOR BETTER THAN ONE'S SELF. This may be seen in shadow from true conjugial love, in that a husband loves his partner better than himself; that he will undergo death for her; that he will lay out upon her all his goods; that he will give to her rather than [take for] himself. So also from the love of parents towards their children, as it is known to everyone, that a mother will suffer hunger herself rather than that her infant shall go without food. The beasts and birds, in like manner, are more solicitous for their offspring than for themselves. Thus too from true friendships, when one will die for his friend, and will serve him in every way before himself. So likewise from common civility, which draws its origin from this source, and in which mutual love is externally evinced by giving better portions, dishes, c., to another, and taking the poorer to one's self. And finally from deposits and loans, when those that are upright will guard and preserve what belongs to their neighbor more carefully than they do what is their own. - 1748, October 10. The same thing appears from the nature of love, which is such that it wishes to give itself to others, and its joy is to serve another and not itself: when there are many such there is mutual love, for what is similar is reciprocal. But they cannot receive this who love themselves supremely, or who are greedy of lucre, least of all the avaricious. Thus is the Lord [in his love] shadowed forth. These things are said in the presence of spirits.
CONCERNING THE COMMON PEOPLE, RUSTICS, AND THE LIKE. At the right side, as if from a deep abyss, there rose up a voluminous mass or flood of people, as great numbers of people appear like such rolling masses or billows in the other life, as I had often observed before. They rose in this voluminous manner, as if with a hoarse sobbing kind of sound. I called it gurgling [kluncka], because it was of a gurgling sound [klunckweis]. Wondering who they were, it was told me that they were of the common people, rude but not depraved like robbers, the deceitful, or the malignant, but of other classes, which are vastly numerous, such as simple rustics. I spoke with them and found that they knew nothing except respecting the Lord, to whose name they commended themselves. As to other things they were profoundly ignorant, unless it were that they had some knowledge of faith. Other similar spirits succeeded in like manner, but their sobbing, as it were, or the modulation of their rolling mass resembling sobs, was quicker. They rose very near to the right side. Then others rose with more quickness [and animation] through the foot, through the body, even into the belly, whom I perceived to be those that possessed, during life, more of the knowledges of faith, and so pertained to the various provinces of the interior regions of the body. There were thus three classes of them, who knew almost nothing in life, except that they adored the Lord, some of them knowing something of faith, others a little more; thus they were collected from all that class of people who are simple in faith. I heard those who were on the side, and they read the Lord's prayer with so much simplicity that it scarcely amounted to the literal sense, still it was in such a manner as showed that their interiors might be opened. It was also given to perceive from the odor or stalls, that they were such as had been devoted to the tending of flocks, bullocks, and similar domestic cares.
As to what relates to their speech, many of them, indeed all that came together, were prompted to speak simultaneously, and no one any different from another, although there was no society; still all spoke and thought alike, which made them better capable of being initiated I afterwards heard from these and others like them, who were nearer the side, a sonorous speech in society or choir, but somewhat hoarser; then a quicker one, indicating that they could shortly be initiated and come into concert with the societies of good spirits, and afterwards, when duly instructed, with the societies of angelic spirits, and so onwards. Their conscience and perception of good was communicated to me, and especially their conjugial love, which was such that they loved each other mutually, like married partners, but it was so extremely simple that I know not how to describe the perception of it. I spoke with them of conjugial love, and they said that they knew not whether their wives loved them. They conversed only partly by speech, yet from the perception communicated to me, it was given to know that they really loved. And if they did not abhor adulteries, yet they abstained from them from a certain law of conscience, which they now say they do not know, only that they had no inclination that way, and consequently no power.
Such persons, and infants, in the other life, are they who remain firm and constant in faith, without doubts, nor do they suffer themselves to be drawn away by insidious objections, wherefore they do not vacillate, caring nothing for cavils, and being assured that the Lord rules the universe. - 1748, October 11.
CONCERNING CERTAIN PERSONS OF EXTREME CRAFTINESS. A little before the left eye, and somewhat elevated in front, were gathered together in a kind of globe, those of such a quality that they act insidiously in secret, far more so than others, concerning whom it is permitted on this occasion to relate barely the fact, that they continually send forth insidious emissaries, whom they inspire as subjects, and who act with a subtlety that cannot be exceeded, simulating other persons, and practicing various deceits hitherto unknown to me. They especially practice their arts against conjugial love, thence against interior and more interior [principles], and so against those that are spiritual and celestial. Their subjects go forth to a considerable distance, and then return and report [their proceedings]. Some of them, like other [i. e. like good societies] dared to send their subjects to me, and to hold [me for a while under their influence]. - 1748, October 11.
Some of those insidious spirits wished to instill into me their poisonous suggestions concerning the Lord, as those are accustomed to do who are made up, as it were, of mere scandals; but it was given to say to them what might suffice for their conviction - that the Lord was the Father, and thus one, as he Himself said, which might evidently appear from this, that from Him is Innocence, from Him Peace, from Him Mercy, from Him Mutual Love, from Him Goodness and Truth, all which are divine. Of Him Moses and the Prophets [wrote], and He was represented by all the typical rites of the Church; and as I was fully convinced and persuaded on all these points, what would they have more? They were unable to make any reply. - 1748, October 11.
Such being the persuasions of their life, that whithersoever they come, they can, as it were, seduce other spirits by the life of their persuasions, as soon as their sphere begins to operate, it was given to ask them how, if anyone was warm and he should be surrounded with ice, he could help becoming cold? or if he was in light, and the windows should be closed, [how] he should not be enveloped in darkness, and thus unable to see?
CONCERNING TRUTHS, AND THEIR BEING VARIED BY CIRCUMSTANCES I spoke with spirits respecting the position, that the character of a thing is often varied by circumstances. They suppose that no absolute truth is given, and maintain that from the power of circumstances to alter the character of a fact, Pilate said to the Lord, "What is truth?" It was given to reply, that all the knowledges of faith are verities, that truths are eternal, and that whatever is of the truth of faith is an eternal truth; but that while circumstances may affect, they do not take away truths; as, for instance, let it be granted that Adam was the first and only man, and that his sons and daughters might be joined in marriage, yet this does not nullify the eternal truth that such marriages are unlawful. Again, let it be assumed that it is better to enter into marriage in the season of youth than to practice concubinage previously; this does not take away the truth, that as society is constituted, such marriages cannot be contracted before they are able to bring up children. So in regard to the Jews and Gentiles; [as for instance] concerning the Jewish children who, from the persuasion of their parents that the Lord is not the Messiah, are not instructed to believe it; yet as it is owing simply to circumstances that the children cannot believe otherwise than they do, this does not abolish with them the truth, that the Lord is the promised Messiah. And thus as to the Gentiles who are in ignorance, not knowing that the Lord rules the universe; this ignorance, being a circumstance, does not preclude their being instructed in the other life, and thus saved; besides many other things. - 1748, October 11. Thus the literal sense of the Word [implying] that the Lord does evil, that he slays, that he is angry; as also that man does good, and other similar things in the Old Testament, do not affect the position, that the interior sense is the truth. - 1748.
HOW ANGELIC SPIRITS VIEW WHATEVER COMES TO PASS. I perceived by a spiritual idea communicated by angelic spirits, that they so regard existing things as to recognize the Lord's disposal and permission in every particular. They unceasingly look upon the events that occur as proceeding from the Lord thus disposing and permitting, yet not as men, or non-evil, or evil spirits do, who would fain have the Lord dispose things according to their views, phantasies, and cupidities, and when they happen otherwise give way to doubt and deny a providence; all which flows from the fact that they are not in faith, and thus from their phantasies would have the universe and all its details governed just as they would govern it themselves. They neither can nor will acknowledge that all and singular events happen in such a way that man may not perceive it, and thus may be kept in faith, or brought to the state of angelic spirits, of whom I am now speaking, especially that man should not be solicitous about the future, or trust to his own prudence. Wherefore those that are in faith rarely obtain the objects of their desire, while they desire them, but yet, if it be for their good, they obtain them afterwards, when not thinking of them. - 1748, October 11.
WHAT THE QUALITY OF THE LIFE OF THE EVIL IS. The life of the affections or of the will of the evil is like the fire of a torch, or of a wax candle, or of sulfur; for into such a life, which is one of cupidities, is the life of the Lord's love and mercy turned. The life of their understanding is as a dim lumen thence, which extends to a considerable distance, but yet verges to obscurity or goes out altogether. But when true celestial love approaches and spreads to a distance, as when the light of the sun dawns upon the world, it is extinguished. The fiery part first dies away, and is afterwards turned to cold because contrary to true love. The difference in the degree of cold is according to the nearness and quantity of the love, that is, according to the measure of mutual love, of conjugial love, of parental love, as also of mercy, peace, and innocence that there is in it. But at the approach of truth, which is intellectual light, their fiery lumen begins to grow dim, and at length turns into darkness, and that too according to the distance and quality of the light, the degrees of which are indefinite. Hence we may learn the nature of the rainbows, which correspond to affections and truths, or to will and understanding.
CONCERNING THE GENERAL SPHERE OF THOSE WHO SUPPOSE SPIRITS TO BE OF THE NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE. I was for some time in a sphere which was very far from being agreeable, as it was so general that I could not perceive spirits any more than if there had been no spirit at all, as they disappeared so completely that I could scarcely perceive that they were anything. They were very numerous, and were manifested as in a small star or white scintillation, made up of a vast multitude of little wandering sparkles; and it was said that they were like these in number, so that no one of them could be perceived as anything. There was at the same time a certain disorder about them, such as to prevent any apparent consociation, so vaguely erratic were they in their sphere. Indeed there was nothing in such a sphere but a loose general somewhat, without any fixed tendency to societies; in a word nothing but an indeterminate and unassociated commune - a sphere that affected me most unpleasantly, and induced an idea as if there were no society, and that one did not know another, but everyone wandered about, as though flowing forth into the universe at large. I was instructed that they were those who in the life of the body had cherished the idea respecting spirits, that they were somewhat of the nature of the atmosphere, invisible, without any quality definable by words, thus not perceptible, though wandering about in the universe. Those that entertain this idea are innumerable, on which account all that are of such a quality are remitted into it. While in that sphere I wondered whether, in the other life, one would ever know another, thinking that all perception would perish, and still more, consociation; and yet, notwithstanding, one would [somehow] find another, and from this arose that most disagreeable sphere which I have called general. I was informed that they actually were in society, though it did not appear so, for they yet had life, and [from their associated life] they spoke with me.
CONCERNING THE PERSUASION OF CERTAIN SPIRITS. There was a certain spirit who entered into me with his persuasion, and attempted by means of it to do me injury. He was thrust down below, because such persuasion is not permitted. Exploration was made thence, and those who were above the head were found to be of this character, and they appeared to have rays shooting out of their eyes, which were bent backwards, but not extending so far as in the case of those who had been previously exhibited in [the strength of their] persuasion, or as in that of the antediluvians, who were distinguished by such pointed emanations, though longer. Such are those who in the life of the body had succeeded in all their undertakings, and hence had acquired the persuasion, that let them attempt what they would, they would succeed in it. When such persons are evil, they believe confidently, in the other life, that whatever they engage in, they will succeed in it, and are in the full persuasion [of this]; and certain great ones induce upon others the persuasion, as is done here also, when they are [themselves] in the persuasion. They then modify and vary the sphere of the one to whom they come, as may be seen in what has been previously said of the antediluvians. Those who were above the head said, as they believed, that they could pour forth their persuasions upon others, and effect anything by means of them. The sphere of their persuasion was widely extended, and it was perceived as being external, so that they had no power against interior things, still less that they were able to pervert those that were in faith. This faculty is among magical arts, but they are expelled from societies. - 1748, October 12.
CONCERNING INFANTS. Infants were oftentimes sent to me in bands, which surrounded me, and from the sound they made I was enabled to know that they were infants. They were heard as something tender, yet inordinate, though their sound cannot well be described. They flowed, as it were, round about and just above the head. It is proper to state concerning them, that as often as they were heard, the spirits who were present could scarce refrain from leading them, or compelling them to speak, that they might speak through them. But this was resisted as often as attempted, and the infants were, as it were, indignant that others should think to rule them and compel them to speak. I observed their resistance as often as the attempt was made, and when allowed they said they wished to speak, and yet did not wish to do it in this way; yea, it was given them to speak freely. This, I was informed, was their temptation, that they might be kept in a constant repugnance towards those who might wish to lead and rule them, and might be initiated into the habit of regarding the Lord alone as he that is to lead and rule them, and from whom they are to think and speak; thus they grow up.
They moreover, on three or four different occasions, recited the Lord's prayer, but so tenderly that they scarcely seemed to apprehend even the literal sense; but as they grow up they are endowed by the Lord with a fuller perception of the meaning, and are initiated into ideas, and finally into the understanding of the internal sense; for the Lord acts through them chiefly from an interior ground.
Some of them are of a spiritual, and some of a celestial genius. The spiritual are known by a certain crackling tone of voice, as they are smarter, and break out more hastily into a kind of indignation when they perceive anything contrary to goodness and truth, which they wish to correct; but it is not granted them to do anything more than thus to break out and to will, for they do not yet understand. I have several times witnessed this peculiar ebullition, as if by a sort of winged darting forth, when they wished to utter their indignation because others did violence to the truth, and because it was not allowed them to declare the fact as they knew it to be; but as this is not yet permitted them, they are immediately restrained.
That they are instructed by angels, or in heaven, was declared to me, as also that they grow; and that they become more celestial and spiritual than others, appeared from the case of one who had died in infancy some years before, and had now become adult as we are. He spoke with his brother from the promptings of mutual and fraternal love, and so moved his interiors that he could not refrain from tears, because, as he afterwards said, it was love itself that spoke. Such are infants while growing up, and they are those who are nearest to the Lord. - 1748, October 12.
THAT THE WORLD OF SPIRITS CANNOT HELP FLYING BEFORE THE POWERFUL PRESENCE OF A SINGLE ANGEL. There were spirits around me not of an evil order, and when one angel, who deceased in infancy - the son of a prince - came to me, I remarked to him that the spirits would fly, as it was perceived that they could not stand against his sphere, which accordingly happened, for the spirits removed themselves to a distance, that they might get without his sphere, or place themselves within its outer border, as they were not evil. Hence it may appear that one infant, or one angel, can drive away myriads of spirits, nay the whole world of spirits, for they cannot sustain the sphere of mutual love, and yet it was perceived that his sphere was tempered by the consociation of others, so that it had comparatively little power - 1748, October 12.
THAT INFANTS, ALTHOUGH THEY GROW UP IN HEAVEN: ARE STILL SINFUL AND IMPURE, AND IN THEMSELVES NOTHING BUT EVIL. It was the perverse opinion of certain spirits, that infants who grew up in heaven were pure, because there was in them no actual evil, as in adults on earth. But there was a certain one who had died an infant and grown up in heaven, who because he thought otherwise, and perhaps because he was ignorant of his own evil, was remitted, like others, among spirits, and then spoke with them on the subject of infants, saying that they were made up, as it were, of hereditary evil, so that they were nothing but evil, yet still with some diversity, according to the evil successively transmitted by descent from parents, which continually bursts forth, and, as being the evil of lusts, continually suggests falsities. Wherefore they can never be perfected to eternity, or an absolute correspondence be given, because the stock of evil incessantly buds, from whence are abundant actual evils in the life of the body, excited by hereditary evils, of which the diversities exist according to the actual evils of the parents successively transmitted. Hence it is that the evils of some families may be distinguished from those of others. Good therefore can never [from this source] be implanted in infants, because they cannot be good and evil at the same time; but all their good is from the Lord. - 1748, October 12.
One who died an infant and became an adult in heaven, was remitted among spirits that he might know the quality which he had acquired from hereditary evil. He was born a prince, and I perceived that he retained a hereditary disposition to exercise dominion over others, and also that he made light of adulteries, as had also his ancestors; whence it appeared that hereditary evil adheres without receding, and that when opportunity offers it breaks out. He was otherwise [or ordinarily] such as to be capable of being imbued in heaven with mutual love in an eminent degree. - 1748, October 12.
THAT EVIL SPIRITS MAY BE DISPERSED BY THOSE WHO ARE SIMPLY KEPT BY THE LORD IN THE KNOWLEDGES OF FAITH. It is now perceived by experience that evil spirits will recede and remain in an inability to speak or think or communicate ought of themselves to me, so long as I am kept simply in the faith of universal knowledges; for it is given to say to them that it is of no use to urge objections, but that if they are so ingenious they ought rather to discuss the objections and doubts, arising from the knowledges of faith in which I am now held and kept; but all the spirits are as dumb as if they had retired; indeed some of them have retired, as I am given to understand. Hence it appears, that they who believe in simplicity, as for instance, that the Lord rules the universe, that the Lord alone is life, that their proprium is nothing but evil, and who do not admit objections from whence come doubt - that with them evil spirits are dispersed, for with such an one they cannot be, as I perceived that they themselves also think. - 1748, October 12.
CONCERNING THE LOWEST OF THE COMMON PEOPLE. I perceived for some time a cold considerably severe from the sole of the foot upwards through the foot itself to the knee, and even to the loins, first in the right foot, then in the left. It clearly appeared that they were spirits thus cold; or rather cool, and wondering who they were, I was informed that those which ascended through the right foot were such as had lived in absolute ignorance, and were contrary to my love as to externals, [indulging] in drinking, whipping each other, etc., characters such as are found in the lowest of the populace, who live in woods, differing little from the wild beasts, and who would be beasts but from possessing the faculty of thought, by which alone they are to be distinguished from them. Those that ascended so coldly through the left foot were in like manner from the dregs of the people, who utterly denied a life after death, and believed that they would die like the beasts. Those therefore who were in such principles were raised through the province of the left foot.
3513-1 Speaking in another place of the Hollanders in the other life, Swedenborg says, to the same effect, "These afterwards became more constant than others, so that they may be called CONSTANCIES: nor do they suffer themselves to be led away by any reasoning, fallacy, obscurity induced by sophistry, or by preposterous vision from confirmations alone; for they become more clear-sighted than before."- True Christian Religion 802.
3521-1 Compare AC 5573.
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John Williams Themes, Part 3 of 6: The Imperial March (Darth Vader’s Theme)
The Imperial March, or “Darth Vader’s Theme”, is one of the most pervasive and well-liked themes in John Williams’ Star Wars scores. Even so, the truth is that it was not until the second film, The Empire Strikes Back, that the theme made its first appearance. The first film did have a theme for the Empire informally known as the “Imperial Motif”, as heard in this clip at 0:51:
But clearly Williams and those in charge of Empire felt that a more characteristic theme would be more appropriate in a film that revolves around the Empire gaining the upper hand against Luke Skywalker and the Rebels. And as Lukas Kendall points out in his notes to the trilogy’s soundtracks, the Imperial Motif “is the only major theme from that score [the original Star Wars] not to return in Empire.” Thus, it seems that the Imperial March was a replacement for the earlier theme.
It is easy to see why Williams stuck with the Imperial March once he hit upon it—it is the perfect musical symbol for Darth Vader and the “evil” of the Empire in general. But even the music on its own seems to have this “evil” and imperial quality. How exactly is this so? One of the things that makes Williams such a master of film scoring is his ability to create meaning with many different features of the music, whether it’s melody, harmony, rhythm, orchestration, or anything else. It’s as if all the musical features are pointing in the same direction, so to speak, towards the character, place, or thing it represents. So how is this true of the Imperial March? Below I suggest some of the ways in my film music analysis.
Here is the complete concert version of the march:
The Opening Riff
The march begins not with the tune itself, but with the accompaniment riff that is its backbone. Not only is this riff some of Williams’ most ear-catching music, it also packs a lot of the cue’s character into a very short span of time. In large part, this is due to Williams’ talent for aligning so many of the music’s features.
Probably the most obvious feature of the music is its rhythm. The march is set in a four-beat time, but the riff is written in such a way that it accelerates through the four beats of the bar:
On the first beat, we get just one note. Then on the second beat, we get a note plus a fast triplet rhythm—things are starting to move faster. Then on the third beat, we again get the note plus triplet, but it flows without stopping into beat four, which now starts with the triplet before coming to a halt. This creates even more rhythmic motion, as though the music just can’t stop until it reaches the end of the bar, then the whole thing starts over again. Combined with the rhythm’s militaristic sound through the triplets and the emphasis on strong beats, the overall effect is one of forward drive, suggesting a powerful and aggressive force that doesn’t let up until it gets what it wants.
How do we know that this is an evil force specifically? A number of reasons. All of the pitched instruments playing here—the strings, horns, and timpani—are at or near the very bottom of their range. The result is a very dark color to the sound.
There’s also the harmony Williams uses. With the first three beats, it’s not clear whether the march is in a key at all because we only hear a single repeated note, G. On the fourth beat, however, we hear a chord of Eb-F#-Bb (actually heard as Eb-Gb-Bb), all of which are notes in G minor, so the color of the sound is made even darker by confirming a minor key for the march. Not only that, but the chord itself is a minor version of a chord that would normally be a major chord written as Eb-G-Bb. Because Williams’ use of the chord is not the normal one but its darker minor version, it is an ideal match for the evil Empire and the Darkside of the Force.
The riff is stated four times before the melody comes in. The first two times, we hear the abnormal minor chord described above. But the third and fourth times, Williams adds the note A to the chord, which scrapes against the Bb already in the chord to produce a gritty and biting dissonance. This dissonance evokes the harshness and terror of Vader’s and the Empire’s ways. Thus, even before we hear a note of melody, much of the character of the march has already been established by the meaningful riff that is its accompaniment.
The Main Melody
The famous melody that begins in the fifth bar further enhances the military feel of the march by emphasizing the strong beats and using dotted rhythms. But also notice that a moderately long note is sounded on the first seven beats in a row:
This gives the march a sure-footed character that wonderfully depicts Vader’s unwavering confidence. And since this rhythm is the basic motive for most of the march, the confident tone is carried through the whole piece.
The dark orchestral colour of the opening riff is also continued into the main melody, which is sounded by trumpets and trombones in a mid to low register. Recall that the climactic high note in the first few bars of the Star Wars main title music, by contrast, uses the trumpet at the very top of its range to suggest heroism (see Part 2 of this series). The lower range employed here is in keeping with the more menacing feel of the opening riff. And the use of brass instruments gives the sense of considerable military might.
The harmony of the first twenty bars of the march (the portion we hear in the film) also contributes to the dark color of the music. To start with, just about every chord we hear is a minor chord. The brighter, happier sound of major chords are completely banished from the music.
Also, like the opening riff of the march, the harmony Williams uses for the main melody are not your average chord progressions. This is especially clear in the second half of the melody, where the chords are i–#iv–#v–i in G minor. In tonal music, I–IV–V–I is a progression that firmly establishes the key of the music. But in the Imperial March, that progression is subjected to a strange distortion where IV and V are raised up by a semitone. And actually, the #v chord has exactly the same notes as the minor chord we heard in the riff (Eb-F#-Bb is here written as D#-F#-A#). So from this perspective, the chord in the riff is also this strange, distorted #v chord. Notice that both of the distorted chords, #iv and #v, are a very small distance (a semitone up) from being their regular versions:
Had Williams used the regular versions of these chords instead, the march would have had a far more normal (and unremarkable) sound. The infusion of chords that almost sound like normal ones, and minor chords at that, gives the impression of a darkly abnormal, evil worldview. Just for fun, I’ve transposed these distorted chords down a semitone in the recording so you can hear what the march would sound like with the more normal chords. It becomes easier to hear how Williams has distorted the harmonies when this is compared with the original.
Here’s the “normalized” version:
Imperial March – recomposed
Now compare that with the original version:
Clearly, Williams’ original is much, much better.
Melodic Shape
The shape of the melody is also worth noting. Essentially, the melody breaks down into five short ideas as shown below (the last three ideas are repeated):
In the first idea, when the melody finally moves on its fourth beat, it leaps in the downward direction, suggesting a negative influence. And although the melody then rises to a higher note, it immediately leaps down again with two quick notes. These gestures are then repeated, emphasizing the negativity.
In the second idea, the melody rises higher than its original starting point, which allows it to fall from a greater height and give it more impact, a bit like dropping a heavy object from higher up.
In the third idea, we get an even higher note (the highest note in the melody) that takes much longer to fall, gradually making its way down over the third and fourth ideas. But it doesn’t “hit the ground” so to speak, as the fifth idea takes the melody back up to repeat the final three ideas. And this time, it reaches the G it started on, giving the theme a strong sense of finality. Here’s a summary of the melody’s descending motion:
Putting It All Together
When we consider all these musical features together, which is after all how we hear the march, we get a pretty clear picture of why the theme is such a fitting musical representation of Darth Vader and the Empire:
• Rhythmically, the march projects a strong, confident, and forward-driving tone
• Orchestrally, it emphasizes the powerful brass instruments and the menacing sound of the instruments’ low registers
• Harmonically, it focuses on the dark sound of minor chords and presents distorted versions of what would otherwise be normal progressions
• Contrapuntally, it makes use of dissonance to give a fearful sound
• Melodically, the theme is constantly moving in the downward direction, suggesting the heavy hand of the Empire literally bearing down on the Rebels (and us!)
Now consider how this musical blend works in conjunction with the film. When the Imperial March is introduced in its full form in The Empire Strikes Back, we see a huge Imperial Star Destroyer passing overhead, which suggests the power of the Empire “bearing down” on us. Also notice how the angular shape of these ships (which we see in the very next shot) are much like the blade of a knife coming at us and therefore have quite a threatening feel. Smaller Tie Fighters then zip by the screen, adding to the threatening atmosphere with hissing and roaring noises. Finally, as Vader observes his fleet, we do not see his face but only the back of his helmet while we hear his ominous breathing. Here is the scene from the film:
Since the musical elements are suggestive of something evil and powerful to start with, it forms such a strong bond with the evil and powerful aspects in the scene that music and film become welded together. Without Williams’ remarkable alignment of so many of the musical features, it is almost certain that the Imperial March would not be as well known or well liked as it still is today.
Coming soon… John Williams Themes, Part 4: The Raiders March.
Series Navigation<< John Williams Themes, Part 2 of 6: Star Wars, Main TitleJohn Williams Themes, Part 4 of 6: The Raiders March (Indiana Jones’ Theme) >>
15 thoughts on “John Williams Themes, Part 3 of 6: The Imperial March (Darth Vader’s Theme)”
1. Amazing work with spot on reasoning! Really wish someone was doing this type of thing sooner, can’t wait for your book.
1. Film Score Junkie
@Boron: The John Williams Signature Edition of the Star Wars Suite has the Imperial March in full score. There, the theme’s melody is scored for 3 trumpets, 2 trombones, and 1 bass trombone. The march accompaniment is played by the strings, timpani, and snare drum. But this is the concert version of the piece. There may be some minor changes in the film version. But the sound of the concert version seems to be very close if not identical to the film version.
2. Very useful thank you!
The Imperial march is actually first heard in a truncated form in the piccolo, disguised at the back of the texture just after the opening title sequence- as soon as the Empire are on screen in ESB we get the new theme in its embryonic form.
Also I wondered if you could clarify/expand on something: you write that ‘Contrapuntally it makes use of dissonance’, but do not make any mention of counterpoint earlier in the article…
Thanks again!
1. Film Score Junkie
Hi, Tristan. Thank you for your observation on the piccolo hinting at the march. I’ve amended the article to allow for that now.
As for my allusion to counterpoint, I meant that I was referring to the paragraph on “dissonance” I wrote in the section on the riff. I probably just should have said it had dissonance when I was summarizing.
Thanks for all your comments!
3. Thanks for this analysis that is very much appreciated. For a long time I had been seeking for an musical analysis of this theme that is so special, and especially so hard to sing a cappella.
However, I would like to highlight a few things:
– it seems (to me, at least) that there is a typo in the fourth included score (the first one with the “ideas”). The displayed last note of the last-but-one bar is a G. I think it should be a B (flat), like in the fifth score (the same one as the one before but with added arrows to show the melodic movement).
– when mentioning the substitution of iv#/v# to iv/v, you did not mention the presence of a triton between the G (that we can consider to be the tonality) and the C#. The movement from i to iv# could hence be considered as a sort of minor tritone substitution, which is probably far away from the original tritone substitution, that originally applies to 7th chord. However, I want to point out the sort of balance between tritone separated chords, here minor chords i and iv#: you can move from the one to the other or vice-versa, without any change in the feeling you have. i.e. if you play alternatively i and iv#, at a certain moment, you will not remind any more which one is the tonality and which one is the accidental (strange) chord… With minor chords, the effect is emphasized and creates a very particular feeling which, in my opinion, weights a lot in the Imperial theme listening.
– Last thing : why is it so impossible to thing? … at least for me, who perceive music in an much harmonic way. People that are more “melodic listeners” (with a perception more based on intervals) probably find it less difficult to sing… I think the issue stands in the middle of what you named “3rd idea”. The chromatic run from the upper G to the E (passing by D#) is okay if you only consider it as a chromatic movement to the 6th degree of G minor (i). But actually it is not, it a transition to the tritonic iv# mentioned above, which is not very clear with the G# that follows, but which is fully confirmed at the next bar, with the C# (and with the help of the harmony of the orchestral accompaniment!). The E becomes now the third of this new C# minor chord.
The problem is that when you sing it a cappella, without any accompaniment, moving from i to iv# is just impossible, especially if your harmonic memory has been disturbed by the chromatic run : changing the perception of this E as the 6th of G minor to the 3rd of C# minor is a nightmare!
Afterwards, coming back to i (middle of 5rd idea) is less difficult, thanks to the v# that helps a lot: iv# to v# is okay, especially if you consider C# as the temporary new tonality (it’s just a i (C#) to ii (D#) transition). Then iv# to i is easy too, as the third degree of iv# (F# or Gb) is the leading note of G.
This is my own attempt to explain why it is so difficult to sing, and I would be interested in confronting it to other views.
1. Thanks for such detailed thoughts, Dibou. Yes, I agree that the tritone relationship makes this difficult to sing, and your analysis is quite convincing. Making it hard to sing, or at least unexpectedly “odd” or “unnatural” is, I think, part of the whole “evil” sound of the theme. The Emperor’s Theme is somewhat similar in that, while the melody is not exactly hard to sing, the harmonies are bizarre and would be hard to hear given the melody it has. Evil and even strangeness seem to have these associations with non-functional chord progressions for Williams. The Ark Theme from Raiders is another one that uses a string of non-functional minor chords like Vader’s or the Emperor’s Theme. And he uses it quite a bit in underscore too when the situation is rather intense as in a scene of action or mystery. Interesting stuff!
4. These analyses have proven one of my best resources for the research essay on John Williams’ use of leitmotif that I’m working on at the moment. You don’t think you have time for me to interview you for your thoughts on some of the other themes and motifs, would you? I would be so grateful. You make such complex parts of music theory so much more accessible and easy to understand. Thank you very much!
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Comprehension activity for The Janitor (Chapter 3)
Look again at the Janitor (Chapter 3) and choose either so or because to complete the sentence (There is a clue in the punctuation to help you!)
1. Mr Green gave the taxi driver twenty pounds, so/because the driver gave him eight pounds in change.
2. The taxi driver said ‘good luck’ so/because Mr Green had a new job.
3. Mr Green saw a chimney, so/because he began walking towards it.
4. Mr Green was able to open the boiler room so/because there was a key in its lock.
5. Mr Green switched on the light in the room beside the boiler so/because it was dark inside.
6. Mr Green wasn’t very unhappy so/because the room was clean.
7. Mr Green didn’t eat immediately so/because he felt sleepy.
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Saturday, March 24, 2007
Pelosi and Clausewitz
Suddenly, thanks to the patient and effective work of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Congressman John Murtha—the first national office holder to argue for an end to American involvement in Iraq—the United States faces a political crisis over the Iraq War. Yesterday’s events took everyone by surprise (including me), and to judge from today’s Times, the major media are reacting very slowly and failing to recognize how serious the situation is. Because continuing the war requires more money, the House of Representatives can, if it chooses, exercise a veto upon it. After the Senate fails to pass this bill (as it surely will, even if a majority of Senators, as is quite likely, would vote for it), the appropriation will have to go to conference, and the House would have to agree, and then pass, a measure that fund the war without a withdrawal deadline. They may not do so, all the more so since the country, to judge from polls, stands squarely behind them.
Clausewitz remains the indispensable reference on matters relating to war, and this is no exception. To understand what is happening today, we can begin with one of his more famous, but also more misunderstood passages—his definition of war as a “paradoxical trinity.” I quote:
“War is more than a true chameleon that slightly adapts its characteristics to the given case. As a total phenomenon its dominant characteristics always make war a remarkable trinity--composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; of the play of chance and probability within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and of its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to reason alone.”
I shall stop there for a moment, saving the few sentences—which have created a lot of confusion—for the time being. Essentially, Clausewitz is defining war the way the fire triangle defines fire. Just as fire needs heat, fuel, and oxygen, war needs 1) primordial violence, passion and hatred; 2) a battlefield on which the two sides try to make things happen (the real meaning, the book makes clear, of “the play of chance and probability”); and a political or policy objective (the same word, politik, has both meanings in German, the language of Clausewitz’s work.
Applying this to the Iraq war—and critically, to both sides—tells us a great deal. The Iraqi contestants have plenty of passion and hatred and do not shrink from primordial violence, either against the American-led occupation or against each other. But passion has lagged in the United States, and President Bush, sadly, is now spending more time trying to arouse passion against the Democratic opposition to the war than against our various enemies in Iraq. We certainly have a battlefield, which includes the bulk of the Iraqi Arab population, but our troops have never been numerous enough to control more than a fraction of it at any given time. But our policy objective—a free, democratic, friendly, pluralistic Iraq—has proven to be a mirage. A new article by George Packer in last week’s New Yorker on the fate of Iraqis who have dared to work with the United States shows beyond any doubt that we trust no Iraqis and have established no lasting political foothold in the country. (The article deserves a post all its own; I mention now merely that the American authorities have stopped hiring Iraqis at all—they are importing Jordanians into the Green Zone instead.) It is madness, of course, to fight for an impossible political objective, and that is what Speaker Pelosi, a real American hero, means when she declares, “The American people see the reality of the war; the president does not.”
And that leads us back to the second part of my Clausewitz quote, which follows the first directly:
“The first of these three aspects mainly concerns the people; the second the commander and his army; the third the government. The passions that are to be kindled in war must already be inherent in the people; the scope which the play of courage and talent will enjoy in the realm of probability and chance depends on the particular character of the commander and the army; but the political aims are the business of the government alone.”
These two sentences have given birth to the widespread misconception that Clausewitz’s trinity is composed of the people, the army, and the government. It isn’t—the actual three elements are those identified above—passion, the battlefield, and policy. But Clausewitz expected to find the passion within the people of the warring state, he counted upon military leaders to try to win the war on the battlefield, and he expected the political leadership rationally (see above) to design the goals of the war. Unfortunately, life is not always that simple. President Bush has often identified himself as a man motivated more by “instinct” and by faith than by reason, and he now seems motivated more by a passion to prove himself right than by any reasoned appreciation of the facts. Moreover, his rhetoric increasingly makes the American troops he has kept in Iraq, not broader foreign policy considerations, the stake which, he claims, we are fighting for. That is actually a very dangerous attempt to rouse the passion of some Americans (those with ties to the military) against others (those who oppose the war.) That worked for Richard Nixon, but only because he was winding down his war, not escalating it, at the same time. And yesterday, one of the most moving speeches in the House came from a recently returned veteran of the Iraq war, who echoed John Kerry’s famous statement in 1972 and defied the House to explain to the men who had fought and died under his command why we should continue indefinitely to do for the Iraqis what they will not do for themselves.
The American people, meanwhile, have lost their passion for the war and, as in Vietnam, have reached the conclusion that the chance of reaching our objectives does not justify further sacrifices. In my opinion, they were right about that in Vietnam and they are right now. (I shall take up the actual consequences of our eventual withdrawal from Iraq later.) The House of Representatives reflected the conclusion of those who elected it in its vote yesterday. Clausewitz lived in the early 19th century, a great age of rationality (as I point out in Politics and War,) and he was accustomed to political leaders who could calculate rationally. We have learned to our sorrow that many cannot, especially in the midst of war.
Clausewitz’s goal in On War, indeed, was to help reason rule conflict, even though he understood that passion would play a key role. Indeed, near the beginning of the book, he wrote that civilized peoples were ruled by reason, barbarians by passion. That, in my opinion, was too optimistic a view. But in an attempt to prepare his contemporaries for the kind of situation we face today, he explained exactly how nations should react when their goals have become too expensive to achieve.
“Since war is not an act of senseless passion but is controlled by the political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices made for it in magnitude and also in duration. Once the expenditure of effort exceeds the value of the political object, the object must be renounced and peace must follow.”
That is a simple, logical statement. It is also what Clausewitz, borrowing from contemporary philosophers, would have called an ideal type: it expresses how things should work in theory, but not how they always work in practice. He wrote his book to try to close that gap. It is a never-ending task. Yesterday the House of Representatives did its part.
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Has foreign policy changed?
I am somewhat upset with myself this morning because I didn't follow up on an idea a couple of weeks ago and now am forced to do so by further events. I haven't been very kind to Condeleeza Rice here, and in particular, I have repeatedly expressed skepticism about the supposed change of course she had produced in the foreign policy of the Bush Administration. The deal over nuclear weapons with North Korea, which John Bolton promptly attacked, showed that these rumors had some truth to them, at least with respect to that issue. It was a welcome step back towards sanity that might actually reduce the number of nuclear powers by one--even though it only makes up for six years of useless confrontation driven by neoconservative ideas. Today the New York Times includes more evidence that the shift is real: a long interview with Robert Joseph, the leading non-proliferation specialist in the State Department, who frankly opposed the deal with North Korea because he thought it would allow the regime to survive longer and who now argues that the foreign and defense policy bureaucracies are back in charge. Clearly, the hawks no longer feel so in charge. In addition, over the last month the drumbeat of confrontational rhetoric towards Iran has quieted down.
All this is mildly encouraging, but not all the trends are running in the same direction. Mr. Joseph is gone, but Phillip Zelikow has been replaced by Eliot Cohen of Johns Hopkins, a student in the first lecture course I ever gave, who advocated war with both Iraq and Iran in the wake of 9/11. His appointment has led to a lively three-way controversy in the mildly conservative magazine The National Interest (available on line), in which two of the three controversialists suggest that he is being rewarded for having been recklessly wrong. They quote some of his early op-ed pieces, but they do not mention the one I blogged about last year, in which he argued that the American military had suffered a significant defeat in Iraq and desperately needed a victory somewhere else to restore its prestige. It seems to me very unlikely that Cohen is going to contribute to any significant change in our Middle East policy.
I would guess, then, that the struggle between hard-liners and less hard-liners (that is the most left-wing description I can think of for Rice, who advocated the preventive war doctrine as National Security adviser), is continuing. Perhaps Vice President Cheney's health problems have temporarily changed the balance of power, or perhaps the White House is too distracted by its domestic problems to ride herd on State the way it previously did. Rice is also making a show of a new Israeli-Palestinian peace initiative, although she does not dare go further than to meet with a couple of ministers in the new unity government who do NOT belong to Hamas--not with a real representative of that government. (Meanwhile, in a perhaps significant bellwether of things to come, Nicholas Kristof essentially endorsed Jimmy Carter's position on that conflict last weekend.) The winds have changed a bit over the last couple of weeks, but we have also had heavy snow here in central New England, and that does not mean that spring will be with us soon.
Sunday, March 18, 2007
Partisanship and corruption
I do wish I could find more good news to discuss here, but from what I can see, both American politics and foreign policy are still in an accelerating decline, whether measured by morality or effectiveness. And as a matter of fact, I'm increasingly fearful that only a genuine catastrophe--at home, not in some distant land--will allow us to focus our energies and start moving forward. Here are a few examples of what I am talking about.
The other day the House of Representatives passed a resolution opposing the troop surge in Iraq. That was, in a way, good news, but I was appalled to read that the resolution passed on an almost totally party-line vote--that not one Republican voted for it. The contrast with the Vietnam era could hardly be more striking, since from the very beginning of the conflict that war aroused opposition among both Democrats and Republicans--J. William Fulbright, Mike Mansfield,Wayne Morse and George McGovern on the Democratic side, and John Sherman Cooper and George Aiken on the Republican. Conservative Southern Democrats, although silent on the issue, expressed plenty of reservations to Lyndon Johnson as well. Bipartisan alliances were very common in the GI-controlled Congresses of 1958-74, and the country was better off for it. When Lyndon Johnson attacked critics of the war he was not seeking simple political advantage. Actually the change towards partisanship began under Richard Nixon, who helped orchestrate the purge of an anti-war Republican Senator from New York (Charles Goodell) and tried to make supporting his Vietnam policies more of a litmus test--but who still had to face bipartisan resolutions limiting what he could do in Indochina, and eventually saw the Congress muster the 2/3 majorities necessary to halt the bombing of Laos and Cambodia. Not even Chuck Hagel voted for the anti-Iraq resolution in the Senate the other day, however--although Gordon Smith of Oregon did.
The White House/Justice Department scandal is even more appalling evidence of how far we have sunk. Overwhelming evidence has accumulated over the years that Karl Rove regards the federal government and the dispensation of federal dollars simply as a means of bolstering the Republican party. Texas observers noted how often he managed to arrange the announcement of investigations of Democratic candidates during election campaigns--investigations that usually failed to materialize. (Perhaps the use of that tactic was what led George W. Bush to suggest that the real story was the timing of the revelation when, in the last week of the 2000 campaign, he had to admit to an old drunk driving arrest in Maine.) As my soulmate Paul Krugman told us last Monday, the real story here is not about the few prosecutors who have been dismissed because they would not get with the program, but with those whose performance has pleased the White House--the vast majority. Here is the key paragraph from his column, which every American should think seriously about.
"Donald Shields and John Cragan, two professors of communication, have compiled a database of investigations and/or indictments of candidates and elected officials by U.S. attorneys since the Bush administration came to power. Of the 375 cases they identified, 10 involved independents, 67 involved Republicans, and 298 involved Democrats. The main source of this partisan tilt was a huge disparity in investigations of local politicians, in which Democrats were seven times as likely as Republicans to face Justice Department scrutiny."
Once again Richard Nixon provides an interesting point of comparison. It was not until early 1973, after his overwhelming re-election (quite a contrast to Bush's two results), that he decided to try to politicize the federal government, beginning with a demand that all political appointees submit their resignations. That attempt backfired, however, and during Watergate Nixon had to contend with a few intrepid, independent individuals in his own Administration, such as Elliot Richardson, William Ruckelshaus, and ultimately John Dean, who would not go along with the program. Now coincidentally, Fred Fielding, Dean's assistant White House Counsel under Nixon--who was never charged with any Watergate wrongdoing--is White House counsel today, and he may be the man who has insisted on releasing the damning emails on the real reasons for the dismissals of the prosecutors--a most un-Bush like step to have taken. But I can think of only three high appointed officials, including one cabinet officer, who have spoken out against this Administration after leaving office--Paul O'Neill, John Diullio, and Colin Powell's chief of staff, Larry Wilkerson. It seems possible today to insist upon higher standards of partisan loyalty.
It is becoming easier and easier for Democrats like myself to use data like this simply to show that they are wrong and we are right (see two posts ago), but that will not help the country all that much. The great civic achievements of our past--the New Deal, the Second World War, the civil rights movement, and the founding of the western alliance--were all to some extent bipartisan in character. But all of them directly addressed real problems: a depression that had left 25% of Americans unemployed, totalitarian threats to conquer Europe and Asia, the Communist political threat to the same territories, and the legacy of slavery. It may be, as Krugman suggested in an earlier column (albeit with a last-paragraph disclaimer) that we are on the verge of a credit collapse that will demand real federal economic action. No one wants to see anything like that, but it's a paradox of human history that greatness is largely a consequence of emergency. And we still need greatness.
Thursday, March 15, 2007
More Vietnam Echoes
In Iraq as in Vietnam, ultimate success depends upon political, not military, factors. The goal of a free, united and democratic depends upon a government enjoying broad support, just as the goal of an independent, non-Communist South Vietnam depended upon a government stronger than the Viet Cong. Neither was, or is, possible. The Viet Cong were too well-organized and too effective at neutralizing and infiltrating the South Vietnamese Army and government for any Saigon Administration to overcome them, and none of the major political groups in Iraq want what we want--they all stand for the interests of one of hte principal ethnic groups. What is extraordinary is how we are traveling over the same futile paths in Iraq that we did forty years ago in Vietnam.
The chief symptom, of course, is our search for the leader who will magically achieve our goals--the search that took us in Vietnam from Diem to Khanh to Ky and to Thieu, and that has already taken us in Iraq from Chalabi (who never took office) to Alawi to Jafari to Al-Maliki. Changes of government are punctuated by attempts to make the incumbent change his spots. The Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations repeatedly asked Diem to broaden his political base, but he always refused, and when it had shrunk to his own family, he was overthrown. Khanh became a neutralist, and thus had to go; Ky gave way to Thieu, who won an election (albeit with barely more than a third of the total vote) in 1967, and then arranged to run unopposed in 1971. (Some reports have stated that the American Ambassador offered Big Minh a very large sum of money to run in an attempt to give that election more legitimacy.) At the critical juncture of late 1964, the Johnson Administration initially adopted a plan that required improved South Vietnamese government performance before the US began military action. The improvement did not however take place, and the Administration stood the problem on its head, arguing that American bombing of North Vietnam would give the South Vietnamese the morale boost necessary to begin putting their house in order.
The "surge" in Vietnam evidently reflects exactly the same policy, as enunciated by Stephen Hadley in his famous November memo. Prime Minister Al-Maliki, he noted, had failed to broaden the base of his government by reaching out to moderate Sunnis--and the memo actually argued that an American troop increase in Baghdad might give him the maneuvering room to do so. The surge is duly taking place, but the Bush Administration actually provided Congress with a list of "benchmarks" which the government was supposed to meet in order to show that it was doing its part, including a new oil law, the reform of the constitution, a new de-Ba'athification law, and local elections. Yesterday it had to admit that the benchmarks had not been met by the assumed deadline, that they would not be met at least until the end of this year, and that therefore, the surge would probably last longer than anticipated.
There are two problems with this approach. First, Maliki's Shi'ite coalition has no interest in making at least most of these changes--it is founded on de-Ba'athification and a constitution providing for federal reasons. Secondly, the Sunni insurgency (which, I notice, the government and mainstream press are finally acknowledging is still getting larger) doesn't want a protected minority status in a Shi'ite-led government. In short, the government won't do what we want, and it probably wouldn't help anything if they did. As in Vietnam, an American troop presence remains the only way to stave off catastrophe--Communist victory in that case, or civil war among Islamic extremists in this one. Meanwhile, the new draft oil law, which gives foreign companies unprecedented rights, will surely anger all nationalist Iraqis.
The American military, meanwhile--having tried, but failed, to start bringing the Iraq adventure to a conclusion late last year in an effort to restore the health of American ground forces--is laying the groundwork for a new effort along those lines. Pentagon generals have recently been quoted as advocating the "Salvadorean option," that is, 55 advisers, for Iraq. But El Salvador had a government that controlled a good deal of its territory--and in the end it managed to settle its war with communist guerrillas (something necons in the 198os had claimed was not possible.) Advocating the Salvadorean option, it seems to me, amounts to recognizing that our Iraqi adventure is going nowhere and arguing that it is time to wind it up. I agree, but we should make a political effort to create a federal Iraq first, rather than simply watch the country descend into a much worse civil war.
The Administration is also busily floating nightmare scenarios about the consequences of withdrawal, including Al Queda terrorist bases in "Sunnistan" after we leave. That is a possible consequence, but I see no reason to believe it is likely. That Al Queda has found Iraq a fertile recruiting ground and propaganda weapon does not mean that Sunni Iraqis would want it to play a major role when their insurgency is over, any more than Saddam Hussein did. We have many enemies in the Middle East but they are not unified--which is why more sensible Administrations managed to maintain a foothold in the region for the last few decades. As soon as we abandon the re-creation of the Middle East in our own image, we will have diplomatic options to exploit. But that seems at least two years off.
Saturday, March 10, 2007
On being right
My comments about the Boom generation have drawn angry comments from time to time, but my thinking on the subject has made some advances during the last year, partly through teaching and more recently as a result of the Vietnam conference I mentioned last week. Today the topic is on my mind because of a Sidney Blumenthal item in Salon, and I hope that I can make my position clearer and even perhaps to bring a few skeptics on board.
Blumenthal reports that Karl Rove is running a White House book club for the President. He picks a book and invites the author and a number of intellectuals--according to him, neoconservatives--to discuss it with George W. Bush. The latest gathering featured Andrew Roberts, who recently completed (as he saw it) Winston Churchill's "History of the English-Speaking peoples." Here, for non-commercial use, is what some one told Blumenthal about the meeting.
"For this Bush book club meeting, the guest was Andrew Roberts, an English conservative historian and columnist and the author of "The Churchillians" and, most recently, "A History of the English-Speaking People Since 1900." The subject of Winston Churchill inspired Bush's self-reflection. The president confided to Roberts that he believes he has an advantage over Churchill, a reliable source with access to the conversation told me. He has faith in God, Bush explained, but Churchill, an agnostic, did not. Because he believes in God, it is easier for him to make decisions and stick to them than it was for Churchill. Bush said he doesn't worry, or feel alone, or care if he is unpopular."
Now it drives many of my contemporaries crazy, as I found out again last weekend, when I cite Bush as an exemplar of our generation. That isn't surprising, for reasons that I will get to in a moment, and it's true that he is particularly extreme. But even though more educated Boomers, like Churchill (who also came from a Prophet generation) are agnostics rather than believers, Bush was expressing perhaps the chief characteristic of the Boom generation--a certainty that whatever we believe, and whatever we want, must be best, not only for us, but for everyone. More significantly and tragically, most Boomers, like Bush, don't really care whether they can put their beliefs into practice outside their own narrow sphere. Righteousness, for us, is its own reward.
It is, in retrospect, easy enough to see how this happened. First, growing up during the peak of American self-confidence (1946-64),we breathed air that told us we were special-
-as the Mickey Mouse Club put it prophetically, "the leaders of the twentieth century." We were encouraged to think for ourselves. And then, as we hit young adulthood, the catastrophe of the Vietnam War encouraged us--indeed, required us--to confront our parents' sad fallibility. For many, it was an easy step to conclude that our parents knew nothing about anything--that we indeed had the right and the duty to recreate the world from square one. Nor was the legacy of Vietnam unambiguous: as Bill Strauss and Neil Howe wrote in Generations, the only thing Boomers agree about regarding Vietnam is that their elders mismanaged it. For every John Kerry or David Kaiser who knows we never should have begun the war in the first place there is a Jim Webb or George W. Bush who is certain that we should have won it.
We have other unfortunate characteristics as well. Teaching "Generations in Film" this January, I used Twelve Angry Men to show midlife GIs at their best, and asked the students to make a list of virtues and vices, based on what they saw on the screen. The vices they identified included being emotional, irrational, confrontational and carried away with ones feelings. "This is making me very depressed," I said as the exercise continued, and then I explained why: the vices were virtually a definition of Boomers. They reminded me of some of the cries I heard from the SDS in the late 1960s: "We've had enough of your reasoned discourse!" And so it is with our President: faith is better, for him, than reason.
But the key that explains how hard it is for Boomers to see themselves as other generations see them (especially the younger ones--and if you don't believe me, ask them), is that these are collective traits that manifest themselves individually. Because liberal and conservative Boomers share the same self-righteousness, each sees the other simply as hopelessly wrong. More to the point, each tends to surround himself with like-minded people, as liberals have done within academia and conservatives in their own burgeoning think tanks, publications, and television networks. And with rare exceptions, neither side pays much attention to the actual effects of what they think and do--rightness is its own reward.
These traits, I think, are severely hampering the Democratic majority as it begins to attack the Bush Administration. They are holding some interesting Congressional hearings, but I am not sure how much good they will do. We have had one-day spectaculars on cash for Iraq and the situation at Walter Reed, but will we have sustained follow-up, either in the form of legislation or investigations that lead to indictments? It is painfully easy to point out how badly the Administration has fouled up, but it is much harder actually to declare that the war in Iraq has been lost already (as Jacob Weisberg pointed out the other day) or to call for a roll back of tax cuts on the rich. (Indeed, since the latter course would probably fail and perhaps make the Democrats unpopular, it would cast doubt on their righteousness.) The situation is oddly parallel to that of the late 1960s when the folly of the Vietnam war had become obvious. And although Richard Nixon prolonged it needlessly and never admitted it was wrong, he did, slowly but surely, bring it to an end. Amazingly, we are now at the chronological point--four years on--when withdrawals from Vietnam tentatively began--but we are increasing our commitment to a losing cause instead of reducing it.
We will not begin reducing the decline of American business, government, and yes, academia, until we start recognizing that producing a good result is more important than being "right" according to what we have always believed. That was how FDR eclipsed Herbert Hoover and his acolytes, who believed in free market principles with the same devotion that neoconsevatives reserve for their foreign policy. (I am sad to report, too, my favorite pair of FDR's Prophet contemporaries, Charles A. Beard and W. E. B. Dubois, were both too committed to their own version of righteousness to appreciate what he had done, and ended their lives in isolated opposition.) In his time another Prophet, Lincoln, initially angered his Abolitionist contemporaries as well as southern fire-eaters because he would not go as far as they, but he proved that he, and not they, knew the path to the result they desired. We now need another leader like that, and it is depressing to note how many candidates on both sides (including Edwards, Gingrich, Giuliani and Romney) have found actually holding office, standing for elections, and doing the people's business a useless distraction from the real business of running for President. That may be, indeed, a symptom of another generational failing. Boomer politicians, in general, are not a very impressive group--perhaps because successful politicians actually have to pay attention to those who disagree with them, and that's something Boomers don't like to do..
Perhaps my biggest debt to Strauss and Howe is that they taught me to think beyond politics and to see commonalities across ideological lines. My contemporaries react hostilely because they feel this as a challenge to their identity. "You can't use Bush to judge a whole generation," one said last week--but I can. He is, it is true, more of a caricature than an real archetype, but his traits, however exaggerated, are those of his contemporaries. And that may even account in part for how much he and his Administration have managed to get away with. At some level, his contemporaries in the upper reaches of other American institutions understand that he is only doing what they have done, or would do, if they had the chance--but their impact, of course, would be good!
Sunday, March 04, 2007
The past week was very busy, culminating in an all-day conference on Vietnam yesterday, and tomorrow I must leave for two days. I regret there will be no new post this week, but I'll try to make up for it late in the week. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '68', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9748131036758424}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '173811', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:B2HBFENXEZWAWD3GDECLJTV57INYZQSX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:540c5fde-008a-4b96-bcd4-7a816c9d4a9e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 21, 49, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7EQMYNBZVHXU5ATDJRQ72O7ZDKMWAAVO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5d508e0d-946c-40ee-a512-15fb86eee17b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://historyunfolding.blogspot.com/2007/03/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9c8740a7-e063-419a-a125-1b8a9f8fdc64>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '5099', 'url': 'http://historyunfolding.blogspot.com/2007/03/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-101-219-50.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.023364543914794922', 'original_id': 'b102c22a75f03c51c98e8707c91be2e3bcb1fe42b16fbdd9067b402c4482d092'} |
Q:
default sftp server in debian 9 stretch
Please, what is default sftp server in debian 9 stretch after clean system installation?
I wanted to configure proftd as I thought it is proftpd but I found out there is something other installed. Many thanks
A:
The default Debian 9 SFTP server is provided by OpenSSH's ssh server sshd. To disable it type sudo systemctl stop sshd && sudo systemctl disable sshd. HOWEVER if you do this you will also be disabling your SSH server. FTP and SFTP are two different protocols and should be able to exist on the same machine on separate ports.
EDIT: Jeff's comment on my answer is also a good suggestion to more specifically disable SFTP. In /etc/ssh/sshd_config disable the line Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server by putting a #(hash sign) in front of it like so, # Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '6245ae20a49b898bc02988e19763f67134c07c849cf5161d6884ef322520b4f2'} |
Q:
Menu active class on scrolling - How to add font color and font size change on active class?
I've added the active state to my menu on scrolling.
HTML:
<li><a href="#subsection-schedule"><span class="blueNavTitle">CONTENT</span></a>
<ul>
<li><a id="nav_section2" href="#A" class="active">A</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section3" href="#B">Upload</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section4" href="#C">Add</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section5" href="#D">Add MORE</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section6" href="#E">Prepare</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section7" href="#F">Present</a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section8" href="#G">Upload MORE/a></li>
<li><a id="nav_section9" href="#K">Increase</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
JavaScript:
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
var menusections = {},
_height = $(window).height(),
i = 0;
// Grab positions of our sections
$('.menusection').each(function(){
menusections[this.name] = $(this).offset().top;
});
$(document).scroll(function(){
var $this = $(this),
pos = $this.scrollTop();
// Look in the sections object and see if any section is viewable on the screen.
// If two are viewable, the lower one will be the active one.
for(i in menusections){
if(menusections[i] > pos && menusections[i] < pos + _height){
$('a').removeClass('active');
$('#nav_' + i).addClass('active');
}
}
});
});
</script>
The CSS for active is:
.active {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
My question is, what if I want to change the font-size and font-color in addition to the background color change? I tried adding font-size and some others but are not working.
A:
Just add to your css class:
.active {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
font-size:14pt !important; /*whatever size you want*/
color:blue !important; /*(font color)*/
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '3d1d95a65462c2e009af81ae5dd4b6e3c82eb2a1762acfc40e08c4c493953c8e'} |
SoCalGas Works to Develop New Technology that Makes Carbon Fiber During Hydrogen Production
LOS ANGELES, Jan. 4, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — Southern California Gas Co. (SoCalGas) today announced it is partnering with a development team to advance a new process that converts natural gas to hydrogen, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes. The low-emission process, selected for funding by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), will create both hydrogen that can be used in fuel cell vehicles and industrial processes, as well as carbon fiber used in applications from medical devices and aerospace structures to building products.
The goal of the partnership, led by C4-MCP, LLC (C4), a Santa Monica-based technology start-up, is to offset the hydrogen production expense with the sales of the carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes, reducing the hydrogen’s net cost to under $2 per kilogram, thus helping make hydrogen fueled cars and trucks cost-competitive with conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. In addition, this technology will virtually eliminate CO2 emissions from the methane-to-hydrogen process. These efforts support FCTO’s focus on early stage research and development to enable innovations to be demonstrated and to help guide further early stage research strategy.
The technology commercialization team includes SoCalGas, C4, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located in Richland, Washington, and West Virginia University (WVU). As a result of the DOE selection, the team will negotiate a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) consisting of $375,000 in prior year DOE funding and a $375,000 co-funding contribution from C4 and SoCalGas. The CRADA will fund PNNL and WVU to develop the technology.
“This technology takes methane, turns it into a zero-emission automotive fuel—hydrogen—then uses the carbon captured in the process to make the strongest possible materials to be used in high-tech manufacturing,” said Yuri Freedman, SoCalGas senior director of market development. “Further advances in development of this technology will bring about a unique and potentially revolutionary combination of environmental, manufacturing, and economic benefits.”
“The research will lead to transformative advancement in science and engineering, in addressing not only climate change issues but also energy inefficiency issues in natural gas conversion to value-added products,” said WVU Statler Chair Engineering Professor John Hu. “WVU will work closely with the team to carry out laboratory research in developing the catalyst and process for the conversion of natural gas to crystalline carbon and hydrogen.”
“We are excited to study in more detail and further develop the catalytic process, understand the characteristics of the carbon that is produced, and to help figure out how to economically scale up the process for commercial implementation,” said PNNL project manager Robert Dagle. “PNNL will also perform a techno-economic analysis for the process to be developed. Since the precursor for making carbon fiber today is expensive, it is intriguing to think about starting with natural gas and consider the carbon product possibilities.”
“We are very pleased to be working with SoCalGas, PNNL, WVU, and DOE to commercialize these exciting and leading-edge carbon-to-value technologies,” said Jim McDermott executive chairman of C4-MCP. “As the world strives to find new and innovative ways to simultaneously grow and lower CO2 emissions, working with SoCalGas and the national labs is both an honor and privilege.”
While carbon fiber and its uses are well-known, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are viewed as a big leap forward in materials science and engineering because they have tensile strength and stiffness many times that of carbon fiber. The global CNT market was estimated at approximately $3.5 billion in 2016 and is expected to increase to $8.7 billion by 2022 with robust growth rates over 17 percent annually, according to experts at SoCalGas.
The partnership will develop an advanced methane reforming process based on a new catalyst used to make CNTs, recently discovered by Hu. The new catalyst system promotes “base growth” carbon nanotube formation rather than “tip growth,” the current technology. Base growth formation enables the catalyst to regenerate while also creating a highly pure and crystalline carbon product. In addition, the reaction conditions can be optimized to tune the diameter and length of the CNTs produced.
The new catalyst and technique will be further developed and evaluated at both West Virginia University and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
About SoCalGas Headquartered in Los Angeles, SoCalGas® is the largest natural gas distribution utility in the United States, providing clean, safe, affordable and reliable natural gas service to 21.7 million customers in Central and Southern California. Its service territory spans 22,000 square miles from Fresno to the Mexican border, reaching more than 550 communities through 5.9 million meters and 101,000 miles of pipeline. More than 90 percent of Southern California single-family home residents use natural gas for home heat and hot water. In addition, natural gas plays a key role in providing electricity to Californians—about 60 percent of electric power generated in the state comes from gas-fired power plants.
SoCalGas has served communities in Californiafor 150 years and is committed to being a leader in the region’s clean energy future. The company has committed to spending $6 billion over the next five years to modernize and upgrade its gas infrastructure, while also reducing methane emissions. SoCalGas is working to accelerate the use of renewable natural gas, a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative fuel created by capturing and conditioning greenhouse gas emissions from farms, landfills and wastewater treatment plants. The company is a subsidiary of Sempra Energy (NYSE: SRE), a Fortune 500 energy services holding company based in San Diego. For more information visit socalgas.com/newsroom or connect with SoCalGas on Twitter (@SoCalGas), Instagram (@SoCalGas) and Facebook.
About C4Headquartered in Santa Monica, California, C4-MCP, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of C4 Composites (C4). C4 is creating the carbon-to-value economy, transforming atmospheric CO2 into “carbon negative” and price competitive materials, chemicals and fuels. In addition to early-stage commercialization, C4 is a developer of scaled industrial facilities that integrate individual carbon-to-value technologies into cohesive solutions. For more information contact Jim McDermott at (310) 383-2518 or jim.mcdermott@c4composites.com.
About PNNLInterdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America’s most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. Founded in 1965, PNNL employs 4,400 staff and has an annual budget of nearly $1 billion. It is managed and operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. As the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, the Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information on PNNL, visit the PNNL News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, Google+, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter.
About WVUWest Virginia University, founded in 1867, has a long and rich history as a land-grant university. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Act, offering land grants of 30,000 acres of federally owned land to each state that agreed to establish a college to teach agriculture and the “mechanic arts” (engineering). | mini_pile | {'original_id': '7a86f3a8957f1146477851befe03e3c86ad5e0bd8bf1791a4130dd4cd5b8bea2'} |
The trees hissed gleefully in the delightfully cool summer breeze wafting through the forest. It was a painfully heated afternoon in the sun, and although the animals who waltzed underneath the trees stayed cool, the pines themselves did not. The sky shone a vivid cerulean, and puffs of creamy clouds drifted across it like icebergs in an endless ocean. If you listened closely, you could hear the faint sound of the cobalt waves crashing upon the corn-golden sand. This was an unusually peaceful day, especially for this particular section of the land, and all the living inhabitants were ready to soak it up. The dead ones, however, were a completely different story.
A sunbeam shone through a break in the trees. On its way to the ground it encountered something quite odd, something translucent that seemed only half there.
"Come on," a high, shrill voice whined. "Just when I thought that I was safe!"
This voice belonged to the form of a girl, maybe ten or eleven, that appeared the picture of purity. Her pale hair was cut in a bob just at her jaw, her face the shape of a heart, her cheeks rosy and her eyes a shimmering green. She was skinny as a twig, and garbed in a deep blue tunic. Her skin was clear. Yet something about this pure being seemed quite off. Her entirety seemed faded and her bare, dainty feet did not touch the ground. The girl floated a few inches off the ground much like fog does during the night, and the sunbeam shone right through her stomach like she didn't exist. The young child squinted in the light and stepped back out of the sudden ray.
"Young Spiro," the wind seemed to sigh, "You must not argue with what nature gives us. Do not complain about the sun's rays, although it is painful. Merely move aside so the living can enjoy it."
The girl, who was apparently named Spiro, rolled her eyes and crossed her arms across her chest.
"I'm not arguing. I'm just voicing my own opinion."
The trees started thrashing violently in the wind, and visible gusts of silvery air tore through the woods. Spiro, hair whipping around painfully, curled herself into a ball to prevent herself from being struck with sunlight or debris, looking very much like a hologram floating in the glen. A form steadily conjured itself in front of the shielded girl, revealing itself to be a very tall man, estimably around the age of sixty three. His skin was covered in wrinkles and dirt. Most of the wrinkles seemed to be laugh lines, and his hair was coarse and white, and very sparse on his head. He did, however, have a very bushy white beard, and he wore a brown monk robe. In the man's gnarled hand was a staff gnarled to match, roughly carved of wood with a luminous emerald set in the top. The man also floated slightly off the ground, and he too had the same half-real effect.
"Child, you must respect nature, and then nature will respect you," the man chastised. Spiro griped,
"Sverre, you always say that! So then I try by worshipping your sacred nature gods, and they smack some sunlight right in my face! What kind of respect is that?"
Sverre sighed, ever peaceful.
"You will understand when you are older, my dear."
Spiro glared at the man.
"I'm a hundred and ten! How much older do I need to be?!" she exclaimed. Sverre smiled good naturedly.
"Older in maturity, not years, dear one."
Spiro huffed disgustedly and stormed away, only to find herself face to face with Sverre.
"Stop following me!" she screeched. Sverre looked very grim all of a sudden. Spiro quirked an eyebrow and placed a hand on her hip.
"What's wrong?" she asked.
"An intruder is in our wood." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9796119332313538}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34984', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:K6TKV7LAXZ4MLP7HYDKFRZZW655GHFK5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f9960b97-e429-4ff7-b792-f780da55f29b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 30, 5, 49, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.205.184.8', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FSNHNKDRCOJHNC7ZIBOJC2OZFQQ6WP4G', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ae30439e-bc18-40e2-9467-35662459d559>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.fictionpress.com/s/3074586/1/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2e744c7d-b2d5-4dd0-b5e7-57f7e926fb3a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '631', 'url': 'https://www.fictionpress.com/s/3074586/1/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.21213608980178833', 'original_id': '726e3dccbc0481124490f7ddca1ba0d70bc349d32e4bb98cf7cdae98e6cd6d40'} |
Podgora - Split
by Lana Jovic
'Podgora ' - Split
'Podgora ' LianeM / Shutterstock
Podgora is a charming seaside settlement situated in a spectacular location on the slopes of the Biokovo Mountain that rises directly above the seashore. Biokovo is a protected nature park of immense natural beauty. This sight alone is an unforgettable experience for any visitor.
Podgora is a popular summer destination, but due to its mild climate, pleasant winter temperatures and the proximity of Biokovo mountain and nature park, it is an attractive getaway for winter tourism as well. It is 70 km south from Split and 160 km north from Dubrovnik; its position at the Adriatic Road makes Podgora well connected with the Dalmatian cities. Regardless of what direction you are coming from, once you arrive to Split or Dubrovnik, it is easy to reach Podgora by car or by bus.
Since tourism is by far the most lucrative economy branch and Podgora has a century long touristic tradition, there are almost countless hotels and private accommodations to be found in the area, all in the immediate proximity to beaches. Some of the popular hotels include Minerva, Aurora and Mediteran.
Podgora is a place with the purest sea; the tests have proven the highest ecological quality than anywhere else in the Adriatic Sea. The beaches are mostly pebbly or rocky, suitable for families with children, but also for romantic getaways. Thanks to a mild Mediterranean climate, the bathing season opens as early as May and closes at the middle of October. There are approximately 2700 sunshine hours a year in Podgora; with 46 days when temperature is above 30°C. Rain is a rare occurrence, and happens in the form of short lasting and refreshing summer showers.
Apart from bathing and enjoying the heat of the summer sun, Podgora offers a variety of additional sport and recreation activities. You can rent a boat or a sea scooter, go paragliding or relax in the local spa center. And if you enjoy team sports, there are several tennis, football and basketball courts and also a pool.
Podgora is among the safest harbors in Dalmatia; being shielded from the strong winds by Biokovo and with its well-indented bays. There are two marinas; Porat and Caklje, suitable to receive over 360 boats.
Although Podgora is a small, peaceful settlement, it has a satisfactory nightlife offer. You must visit some of the local restaurants and enjoy the unforgettable aromas of simply prepared, fresh fish and seafood delicacies, accompanied by the glass of quality wine grown in the local vineyards. We warmly recommend Borak tavern and the restaurant Roko. In the city harbor there is a boat Labud where you can always purchase the freshly grilled fish delicacies. If you seek for some sweet refreshment after an appetizing meal, visit one of the local ice-cream parlors and patisseries. And if you are in the mood for a night out, head towards one of the local cocktail bars; Banana Bar, Shark and Azzuro; and dance the night away.
Hotels and apartments in Podgora | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9392195343971252}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22390', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZZFNP7CZOY2AMQIL6B6NKGAJZ4QUY4SS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5c81efd1-36fa-4b54-9827-83bf518fd525>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 1, 55, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.90.66.200', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BXVM6JIYKM37AGTTP3UVWQGSHVUAA5WK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:27da83a0-1ff4-49ce-be08-235c0a8c8f8f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.splitcroatia.eu/podgora.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f0df041-ef6f-4644-bfbb-4a71532d795d>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '504', 'url': 'http://www.splitcroatia.eu/podgora.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-31-62-84.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.039435386657714844', 'original_id': 'ed638643fc0147ac6c884f0e7dd656af0d37e07b659b5e36b1d061e5f5349ef4'} |
Spring Blossoms (Greeting)
Send love to your amazing mom, or a dear friend, with the color and cheer of springtime. Choose your colors, title, and a layout with up to five photos. Email, post, or print.
Great for: Love, Mother's Day, Friendship
What is Smilebox?
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\section{Probability Generating Function of Binomial Distribution}
Tags: Probability Generating Functions, Binomial Distribution, Bernoulli Distribution
\begin{theorem}
Let $X$ be a discrete random variable with the binomial distribution with parameters $n$ and $p$.
Then the p.g.f. of $X$ is:
:$\map {\Pi_X} s = \paren {q + p s}^n$
where $q = 1 - p$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
From the definition of p.g.f:
:$\ds \map {\Pi_X} s = \sum_{k \mathop \ge 0} \map {p_X} k s^k$
From the definition of the binomial distribution:
:$\map {p_X} k = \dbinom n k p^k \paren {1 - p}^{n - k}$
So:
{{begin-eqn}}
{{eqn | l = \map {\Pi_X} s
| r = \sum_{k \mathop = 0}^n \binom n k p^k \paren {1 - p}^{n - k} s^k
| c =
}}
{{eqn | r = \sum_{k \mathop = 0}^n \binom n k \paren {p s}^k \paren {1 - p}^{n - k}
| c =
}}
{{eqn | r = \paren {\paren {p s} + \paren {1 - p} }^n
| c = Binomial Theorem
}}
{{end-eqn}}
Hence the result.
{{qed}}
\end{proof}
| math_pile | {'subset': 'ProofWiki', 'meta': "{'type': 'Theorem_Proof'}", 'original_id': '54665104b3f85ed842ca556cf9d37422dbc47986a14d17d8958bc43c6db49607'} |
GM Duramax Engine Repair
Durmax Diesel Repair
In 2001, the Duramax diesel engine debuted as the product of an intense collaboration between GM and Isuzu. This engine offered in mid-size GM trucks, quickly became popular for its fuel efficiency, reliability, and performance. Although the Duramax diesel engine is solid overall, problems can arise that will require the service of a seasoned professional. For expert GM Duramax Engine repair that you can count on, Uncle Al’s Automotive is here to serve the Oregon City, West Linn, and Clackamas, OR areas.
One known problem with Duramax diesel engines is injector failure. Bosch injectors were part of the Bosch fuel system in Duramax engines manufactured 2001-2004. Unfortunately, the Bosch injectors fail frequently. There are three major warning signs of injector failure for Duramax diesel engines which include:
1. White smoke coming from tailpipe: This is a result of fuel leakage into the combustion chamber. Most people notice the white smoke while the engine is on idle. Scanning the engine’s injector’s balance rate will reveal the rates per cylinder to provide information on where the faulty valve is located.
2. Fuel dilution in the engine oil: This is a result of fuel leakage into the crankcase. Fuel leakage into the crankcase is often times caught when the leakage is already overwhelming as typically the engine will run without problems long before the issue is known.
3. Hard start condition when engine is hot: This is a result of engine heat causing the crack in an injector to widen resulting in the loss of fuel pressure. Many folks report their engines starting up just fine when cold, then when stopping for a short time being unable to restart a hot engine.
Injector Replacement Duramax Diesel Engines
The GM Duramax engine has a strong reputation in the industry however injector failure is extremely common. Replacing injectors is no small job because of where they are located under the valve cover within the engine. If you are encountering injector failure for more than one injector, it may be in your best interest to get them all replaced at one time. On average, the cost to replace injectors including the labor is roughly $350 per injector. The job itself can take up to 12 hours and should only be conducted by a seasoned Duramax diesel engine professional.
Expert GM Duramax Diesel Engine Repair
Uncle Al’s Automotive is here to serve the Duramax Diesel Engine Repair needs of those in the Oregon City, West Linn, and Clackamas, OR areas. For more information contact Uncle Al’s directly by phone or through the website
GM Duramax Engine Repair in Gladstone OR
Serving Customers in the Greater Portland OR area:
Wilsonville OR | Clackamas OR | Happy Valley OR | Portland OR | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9342994689941406}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '63340', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:K27EK2VGDKMUVQKVFSLN2777INDAKONU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a3ac7044-18d8-4baf-be75-2e379238d094>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 21, 8, 25, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.196.192.21', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HG3KQWRWPUD6JHIVSEUQSAFLS6ZDJSH6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ee396ca0-fb6a-49ff-8b42-f70af61e4de6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://unclealsautorepair.com/manufacturers-auto-repair/domestic/gmc-auto-repair/gm-duramax-engine-repair/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:47a1409f-a537-4ff5-b923-b5856cb51f6a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '484', 'url': 'https://unclealsautorepair.com/manufacturers-auto-repair/domestic/gmc-auto-repair/gm-duramax-engine-repair/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-7-214-88.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05335038900375366', 'original_id': '4ec47470d1b6bfc40515bface6ac508d6a91a9cd493fae58335680dbd050b825'} |
Practice is Your Best Training
Mastering any career or profession takes time. Many have suggested 10 or even 20 years of dedicated learning and application. Given that most employees now change employers multiple times per decade, the difficulty comes in accumulating the proper skill sets over a shorter period of time. People aren’t sticking around long enough to master their jobs. Industries are accumulating a whole arsenal of “jack of all trades… masters of none”.
There is a counter to this argument (all-be-it limited). The saturation of internet information such as YouTube and social media creates a virtual tsunami of raw information or potential career training. The demand for one-on-one mentoring is replaced with digital learning. For many, this type of learning speeds up the mastering process. However, digital learning has downsides.
The failure to interact with people limits the social graces needed to truly master a career. One of the major components of becoming a “master” or professional is the ability to truly work effectively with people. Practicing the art of conflict resolution or minimizing potential damages through patience, gentile responses or empathy is simply not promoted on the internet. Social media emphasizes the exact opposite. Try posting a contrarian opinion and the reaction is more like the Sci-Fi movie “The Blob” where people are consumed and absorbed by a mindless, faceless mass of emotional violence.
Mastering any career in trucking (especially driving) requires strong people skills and the ability to professionally react to: dispatch, shippers, traffic, DOT and receivers just to name the few obvious ones. Increasing the use of YouTube and Facebook hardly teaches or encourages patience and diplomacy. In fact, those who spend too much time on either usually build tendencies of impatience and narcissism. The internet may deliver head knowledge but hardly any advice or mentoring on the personnel crisis that you may be dealing with today. Social media doesn’t provide much experience in building skills such as discernment (an ability to effectively judge/evaluate a person or situation without direct disclosure). The subtle art of reading people takes time, effort and a significant dose of humility.
Too much head knowledge can cloud a person into believing they know what they are doing but they have no experience in it. There is no personal critiquing process. People think it is enough just to know they should have patience. True patience comes with practice. The ability to act professionally when someone is pushing your buttons is what is needed. Knowledge itself doesn’t necessitate a great degree of humility and discipline.
All great masters hold humility in their portfolio. In order to truly master anything, we must practically assimilate new, contrarian or different information… being stubborn, arrogant or unaccountable immediately stops the learning process.
The internet is not known for assisting in the development of humility. In fact, it usually inspires the opposite. Studies are now showing that social media aids in LOWER self-esteem (everyone else’s life looks so good… compared to mine).
If you want to advance in your career, avoid excessive use of the internet. Embrace difficult situations in real life. Learn how to respond effectively… face to face interaction is an art that will advance your career better than just cyber-resolution.
Old school is still the best class to take.
About the Author:
About Robert Scheper
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The 2.5in to 3.5in SATA hard drive mounting kit features a sturdy aluminum bracket, as well as a combined 7+15 pin SATA + LP4 Power to SATA cable – which helps simplify installation and reduce clutter within the computer case. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ef3f89e51a6e4d9d248ee54a5fb2c0fa1eeccdd587b2c9da7bdae421c6e7962f'} |
Q:
ZSS initial setup failing with invalid connection string
I am trying to get the Zumero for SQL Server working and I cannot get past running the test client. I get the below error
Connection string in web.config is
<settings temp_directory="C:\ProgramData\Zumero\ZSS Server\temp\"
odbc_connection_string="DSN=krishna;User Id=syncadmin;Password=syncadmin;"
license_key="<removed>" />
The description for Event ID 1 from source Zumero cannot be found. Either the component that raises this event is not installed on your local computer or the installation is corrupted. You can install or repair the component on the local computer.
If the event originated on another computer, the display information had to be saved with the event.
The following information was included with the event:
Error -1 (mssql): {"diag":[{"SQL_DIAG_MESSAGE_TEXT":"[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Cannot open database \"ZumeroTest\" requested by the login. The login failed.","SQL_DIAG_NATIVE":4060,"SQL_DIAG_SQLSTATE":"42000"},{"SQL_DIAG_MESSAGE_TEXT":"[Microsoft][ODBC Driver Manager] Driver's SQLSetConnectAttr failed","SQL_DIAG_NATIVE":0,"SQL_DIAG_SQLSTATE":"IM006"},{"SQL_DIAG_MESSAGE_TEXT":"[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver]Invalid connection string attribute","SQL_DIAG_NATIVE":0,"SQL_DIAG_SQLSTATE":"01S00"}],"SQLRETURN":-1}
..\..\..\src\core\sg\sg_mssql.c:344
..\..\..\src\core\sg\sg_mssql.c:384
..\..\..\src\core\server\zum_db_mssql.c:2896
..\..\..\src\core\server\zum_respond.c:4454
..\..\..\src\servers\iis\main.cpp:1211
The publisher has been disabled and its resource is not avaiable. This usually occurs when the publisher is in the process of being uninstalled or upgraded
A:
Either the SQL Server user doesn't have rights or the database doesn't exist.
You can use a DSN, but for troubleshooting purposes I recommend putting the connection details directly in the connection string for now. Once it's working you can migrate the settings back to a DSN if you like.
Looks like you're using SQL Server authentication. So the odbc_connection_string value should look like this:
Driver={SQL Server Native Client 11.0};Database={database};Server={server.ad.domain.com};UID={sql_server_user};PWD={password};
The database must exist and the user specified must have appropriate read/write access to it.
(If you're setting minimum necessary permissions, you'll also want to make sure the user has VIEW SERVER STATE rights, as described here.)
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '6e326d4ab86fd316601c344149fef0a21190e2f6e7698e4956f9de5d42cfe5c1'} |
There’s an old moral precept, derived from classical teaching, that virtue is its own reward. Right about now liberals may be slowly coming to learn the wisdom behind this thought. You can see this in the way many liberals are now engaged in self-flaggelation about whether Clinton should have resigned from office in 1998 when the Lewinsky scandal blew up.
To be sure, much of this is political posturing, since Democrats want to use the sex harassment issue to defeat a Republican senate candidate next month. But the situational ethics of liberals is not exactly a new observation. A better question is whether Democrats would have been better off if they hadn’t nominated Clinton in the first place in 1992.
Churchill once wrote that the chain of destiny can only be discerned one link at a time, so counterfactual histories are always a bit chancy. But consider: if Clinton had resigned in 1998, Al Gore would have become president, and my guess is, running as an incumbent probably would have enabled him to find another 700 votes in Florida. (So maybe conservatives should be grateful to Clinton’s stubbornness.)
Who knows if we’d have gone on to have President Obama, but one thing is certain: we’d never have had Senator Hillary Clinton, and Democrats wouldn’t have been saddled with her pathetic candidacy in 2016. Which means we probably wouldn’t have President Trump today. No wonder some liberals are turning on the Clintons at last: a few of them are starting to recognize what a disaster they’ve been.
The cherry on top of this sweet sundae is that there is talk of a special prosecutor to investigate Hillary. I hear Ken Starr is tanned, rested, and ready. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '9064cc2141e453ca7f763ebfeceb909ec9927059f8d39d505d7015d6d13735c2'} |
Information on international flights regarding countries of return
23 Juni 2020
News about travel conditions for a safe voluntary return
The border closures and entry restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as restrictions on international air traffic and internal mobility in some countries, are in constant development and still subject to change. This has affected the application of voluntary return and reintegration programs in some countries of origin.
Details of the actual entry and quarantine conditions as well as incidental quarantine costs are important factors to consider when planning a voluntary return and reintegration. To provide interested parties with a current overview, IOM is closely monitoring the situation and collecting information about the most relevant target countries. IOM Germany works closely with other IOM colleagues from the regional and country offices worldwide to collect reliable country reports that supplement the information from official sources, such as those from the Federal Foreign Office and the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Since border closures have been adapted and flight connections are limited, IOM will keep updating its partners on news pertaining to the target countries where a safe return is possible again.
Unfortunately, no guarantee can be given for the information presented.
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Silence (II)
I have been thinking a lot about the energy I spend trying to interpret the silence of others – friends, loved ones, and lovers alike. I am consistently awed at the amount of time we spend interacting in our complicated social ecosystem and the plight of real, valuable communication. We talk more every day with complete strangers, but say very little. And in the relationships we truly value, we are (or become) completely silent.
Maybe silence is a byproduct of intimacy – a natural state of being that happens after the newness of a relationship wears off. When you become engulfed in and mentally wrestle with the abyss of deep, interpersonal communication, silence seems to be the only way to do so. I have always thought that a real sign of closeness is the ability to just be with someone and not feel the pressure to speak. I remember spending an afternoon with one of my dearest friends, laying around, drinking coffee, and listening to records. We maybe spoke 2 sentences to each other all day. I remember thinking, “Wow. We must be really good friends.” And sure enough, we still are years on and we certainly don’t talk every day. As was illustrated in my last post, communal silence often says way more.
The other side of the coin that I experience often though is how silence can breed laziness and loneliness, leaving the people we love guessing how we feel when it would be much easier on everyone to just say so. I have always felt there is nothing worse than being lonely with someone, especially someone you love (I, unlike many, would rather be lonely alone – it is much less confounding). For instance, those times in the middle of the night, maybe after a fight, when one person easily falls asleep and the other person is left awake, stewing by themselves. I’m not going to lie; I’m often the stew-er and those nights, well, suck. The person laying next to you might as well be a million miles away. And the quiet that is usually such a comfort becomes a pervasive black hole…
When I reflect on past relationships, there is often a large disconnect from the hormone-crazy, honeymoon phase that characterizes the first 6 months to the intimately silent comfort that defines the length of the relationship. I’ll admit, I have a shoebox for every boyfriend, full of notes, trinkets, and photos they have given me (or remind me of them). Each item is a small gesture, a symbol of the thought and energy someone had when they were thinking of me. What is more, they decided to put aside any insecurity or pride and give me this little bauble, no matter how trite it might appear. Even if that item is a rock or a silly photo or a little note, when I look at each one I still get the little bolt of electricity through my stomach because these things are not just things. They have become symbolic pieces of a shared story and, in moments of not so blissful interactions, a breadcrumb trail back to a happier time and what is ultimately the foundation of the relationship itself.
It is interesting when I go through these boxes and realize that all of the breadcrumbs pretty much taper off after a year. And while I hate to admit it for fear of sounding like a child, it makes me sad. I think it is a real folly for people to believe that being with someone for a long time means the inevitable breakdown of romance, sex, gestures, and conversation. I guess, along the same line of thinking, the replacement for each of these become the larger notions of stability, companionship, and other deeper emotional connections. And hopefully, for the sake of everyone in long-term relationships, this is true. But I talk to a lot of different people in and about relationships, have been in them myself, and in the interest of saying what a lot of people don’t want to admit, it is much more likely in theory than in practice.
These larger ideas of long-term emotional commitment are really difficult to grapple with. Often, there are no words to describe them because they are not so black and white. I think this is where the silence of intimacy comes from. But if being in a relationship is a daily exercise/struggle/what-have-you and “communication is key”, then it seems like our duty to our partner is to find words and gestures to express these difficult ideas, no matter what the cost (and I don’t mean financially). I speak from experience when I say that it is very difficult to tell if your partner’s silence is a product of he/she basking in the wealth of emotional depth in your relationship. Honestly, I would put my money on laziness or benign neglect.
These gestures I am talking about are simple in action and I think they get written off too easily. Much of what keeps a relationship going (especially if you can’t see each other every day) is reflection. It is no secret that memories get muddled and the mind has a way of bending emotions one way or another. The mind-emotion connection is complicated and I am certainly not an expert. But the feeling you get in the pit of your stomach when you read the words someone wrote for you, no matter how small or grand the statement, is undeniable. Your stomach never lies and it lends credence to the overarching simplicity that should define our relationships when everything feels very complicated.
My relationship with the world tends to be pretty cerebral and intangible, which makes my penchant for tactile, physical experience much more necessary than other people. Physicality in all forms keeps me grounded. Many might think after reading a post like this that I am short-sighted, have never been in love, or value material goods more than people, which simply is not true. What is really driving this post is the realization that though our world has become less physical, more digital, chaotic, connected and, well, louder, there is a much larger sense of isolation and silence that was not there in the era of communing around the fireplace at night. When we spend our days in the throes of bullshitting with people we do not care about, we draw energy away from the people we actually do. When we have a moment of sincere silence, we will likely spend it on ourselves because it is so rare and necessary to recharge. So, if we can’t find the words to express to someone just how important they are to us, then we simply need to do this.
courtesy of Paper Tiger (2010)
courtesy of Paper Tiger (2010)
It can mean more in the end to the person that needs to hear it (and trust me, we all do) and more valuable day-to-day than any pregnant silence. The real mistake lies in not telling people how important they are to you before you no longer can. So, please figure out a way to add a little something to someone’s shoebox – it’s good for everyone. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9666194915771484}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35235', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YJSBXVLA336GUI5HLVVA4PHO27TCTHOP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d194e4e5-90d7-456f-a4a1-c162d30b4c7f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 18, 2, 58, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IFJLZJFHXT7VNXBL5WTKLUGBYVHTZI5R', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:90cd8ff5-4665-49a9-b6a4-6f3d4f05d84e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lonelylemon.com/tag/communication/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:be2ffa60-fb61-49e7-94fc-90fa1dc719da>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1188', 'url': 'https://lonelylemon.com/tag/communication/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-168-158-209.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04117119312286377', 'original_id': '364ef05eee6b3bb2dbaeca6b490c7b20ba108738d0d1011e308d03507a277a4a'} |
OCTOBER 2017 EDITOR'S NOTE
As we enter the last quarter of the year, let us take a few minutes to reflect on what we have accomplished so far in 2017. And identify what we want to still get done before December 31st.
For me, reflection takes time. I am not someone who immediately decides how I feel about change, or even what I think about the latest book I have read or movie I have watched (The Secret History by Donna Tartt and The Big Sick, respectively). I often wish I was faster at making up my mind, but sometimes taking time leads to good ideas and interesting connections.
In late September, we hosted over 400 attendees for the Singapore Human Capital Summit. Over two days, attendees heard from experts, business and HR leaders, thought leaders, and academics (most speakers wore more than one hat!). From the sessions, two thoughts have stayed with me:
The skill of problem solving is becoming less important. What is replacing this? Problem finding: finding latent problems, hidden problems, and what problems are coming from around the corner. – from Dan Pink’s session, “Leadership and the New Principles of Influence”.
Great leaders distinguish between dilemmas and problems. If money and time will not solve the issue, then it is a dilemma. Dilemmas require a different type of thinking. – from Fons Trompenaars’ session, “The Power of ‘And’”.
During a catch-up last month with a contact who is an early-stage investor, I asked how many hours he estimated that he worked each week. He responded by saying that meetings do not count as work. For him, thinking is work. And he spends almost the same number of hours thinking as most people spend in their 9-to-6 job. For me, this relates to Dan Pink’s statement that problem finding is replacing problem solving. And to Fons Trompenaars’ point that we need to identify whether issues are problems or dilemmas. Discovery requires deep thinking.
What do you make of this?
As always, I want to hear your thoughts. Please email me at saramoulton@hcli.org and tell me if you agree or disagree with what I have said, or how you define work. Until then, I hope you enjoy the content that we share in October! | mini_pile | {'original_id': '97643c89d26d056b9461e91f42fa2f79e86d6393527f8ecfcc270c13f8245290'} |
Bergeronnette flavéole (M.f.flavissima)
Canard carolin
Oie à tête barrée
Perruche ondulée
Sizerin flammé
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Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321775651
ISBN 13: 978-0-32177-565-8
Chapter 8 - 8.4 - Concept Check: 2
The shape of a molecule gives it its function, and enzymes are large molecules with very specific shapes. Their active sites can change based on what else is in their environment. Thus, their specific shape leads to the very specific nature of how they can behave in different substrates.
Work Step by Step
The key concept here is that molecular shape = molecular function. Review the nature of enzymes and see how complex they are and how specific their shape is to their function.
Update this answer!
Update this answer
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PspA can form large scaffolds in Escherichia coli.
The phage shock protein A (PspA) of Escherichia coli stabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane under stress conditions. Here we demonstrate that PspA can form hollow spherical or prolate spheroidal particles of about 30-40nm diameter with a scaffold-like arrangement of protein subunits at the surface. The 'PspA-scaffold' is the basic structure that is common to all particles. The PspA-scaffold may be of fundamental importance, as it could allow PspA to stabilize the integrity of membranes through numerous contact points over a large surface area. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'bdb624d5b4f4f72e65d9393aa41a208acdc1f088192a1e053620e1521bfd643d'} |
Kenmore Avenue
(Photo Credit: NewsChopper 2/KDKA)
Valve Malfunction Causes Leak At Green Tree Rail Yard
There were concerns in a Green Tree neighborhood Thursday morning when a train began leaking a fuel mixture in a rail yard. Neighbors who could smell the chemicals say they are upset that they were not evacuated. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.942324995994568}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '70189', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:26CYKSK4WRNVG7ESHZECEI62BVKDHPRS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:412d69bd-91ab-45d0-a5cb-601acdb7444b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 8, 49, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.15.8.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UTUXNKBGMP6GO5BAJGXTGTDWUWF66FZD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:93b30ece-9b19-4c6a-a084-3f7f78713dcd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/tag/kenmore-avenue/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e4a859b1-5526-43db-b65b-0c73dcc1d853>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '55', 'url': 'http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/tag/kenmore-avenue/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7126632928848267', 'original_id': '3822943e600c011f6df93f5ead6a02bca983e7d93d276987895d0d2024ab483f'} |
Q: You had a rough start with the Rangers, and you ended up going back down to Single-A and then working your way back up. Was that frustrating for you?
A: It's like one of my friends says: "Sometimes you have to step back to go forward." At the time, I didn't understand, because if I play in the Big Leagues, why do I have to go all the way back to Single-A? Finally I did it and I did whatever they wanted me to do. I think it was better for me because I came back and won like 14 games in a row. It made me better. It made me a better person.
Q: In 2008, you made the All-Star team with the Cincinnati Reds and in another game, went head-to-head with Cliff Lee and won. Did you realize how big that was?
A: It was big-time. He was the leader in the American League and I was the leader in ERA, innings, strikeouts, everything. You don't see that too many times -- those pitchers from both leagues going against each other. The Reds gave me a lot of run support too (laughs).
Q: I always see you by your locker, you have your headphones on, you're smiling, you're doing a little dancing. You like that, right?
A: Yeah. I'm a happy person and I like to enjoy everywhere I go. I like music, dancing, and I like to play around with my teammates, make them happy and give them support. When I went to Cincinnati, it was a happy clubhouse: "We lost today, but we're going to get it tomorrow." That's what I try to give those guys in there. If we lost today, there's nothing we can do. All we can do is get better and get ready for our next game.
Q: You're a very snappy dresser, too. Where'd you get your fashion sense? | mini_pile | {'original_id': '9258efe74afbdeb97a27f35a683c10e0203ec73ee562562c4771678a1faf2680'} |
Many guitarists have switched to virtual plug-ins for studio recording and live work. Mercuriall hits the scene with the U530 plug-in, so how does it stack up against the real and virtual competition?
Where’d These Guys Come From?
Figure 1. The U530 control panel
Similarities and Differences
Figure 2. The Clean channel
Figure 3. The Lead channel
Figure 4. Tube, oversampling, microphone/speaker options. (I’ve superimposed a speaker over to graph to illustrate the various microphone placement options.)
How It Sounds
Matthew Loel T. Hepworth
More articles by this author
Want to join the discussion?
Create an account or login to get started! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '51', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8723943829536438}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '49947', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ER5GZ6WYESMBJVYWR5RJ4RX7WURE3EPV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:35a64221-7fa0-40dd-adfa-9990c591f7f2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 16, 18, 24, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.6.207', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WZRF3E6LF7RBVIMQSBXQTAZMHNCLZXJK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8f48dc48-1e4d-4d8c-b74e-65becaf4ae6f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://ask.audio/articles/review-mercuriall-tube-amp-ultra-530/ar', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c852032e-977d-474b-aa03-9f42a3a0aefa>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '159', 'url': 'https://ask.audio/articles/review-mercuriall-tube-amp-ultra-530/ar', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-223.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6645452976226807', 'original_id': '0114eebed87dc1e43d5b891692b3d31c3116bcd819ee0308e319050879a9938b'} |
Portal:Còmics/octubre/12
Portal:Còmics/octubre/12 part de portal de Wikipedia
Portal:Còmics/octubre/12 instància de assumptes interns de Wikimedia
Portal:Comics/Anniversaries/October/October 12
Portal:Comics/Anniversaries/October/October 12 part of Wikimedia portal
Portal:Comics/Anniversaries/October/October 12 instance of Wikimedia internal item | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100290271', 'collection': 'Wikidata', 'open_type': 'Semantic data', 'license': 'CC0', 'date': '', 'title': 'Portal:Comics/Anniversaries/October/October 12', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Multilingual', 'language_type': 'Semantic data', 'word_count': '29', 'token_count': '109', '__index_level_0__': '36348', 'original_id': '39038597d07f4d368c9f62b80bb748af88f043aa0dc18a83845078121e7aff22'} |
Closeup image of male engineer fixing pressure valve on yellow pipes
As time passes, water pipes begin to experience damage due to frequent exposure to elements that can cause rust and corrosion. Age can also interfere with the piping integrity. When excess rust and corrosion build up in your pipes, it might result in pressurized pipes which are vulnerable to bursting.
Burst pipes are among the primary causes of water-damaged property, an event that can cause depression and anxiety in victims. Given that mental health is the core of one’s general health, it’s always right to check on people affected by water damage. For example, you can decide to develop an initiative to ask such individuals how they’re doing, like Fergusons Plumbing Group has done, to prevent them from being consumed by mental health issues. Fortunately, before your home experiences water destruction, some early signs indicate your plumbing system requires an upgrade. These signs include:
1. Your Home’s Old
plumber and woman checking issue
Your home’s age is a factor to consider regarding plumbing system upgrades. While most modern homes use copper, brass, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, older homes mainly use lead, cast iron, and galvanized steel. Regardless of the material used for plumbing, each one has a life span, after which an upgrade is necessary. For example, galvanized steel, brass, and cast iron can remain in good condition for about 100 years. Copper can last for 70 years, while PVC can only last up to 45 years.
Regarding current homes, piping material isn’t a thing to worry about. However, if you reside in an old home, it’s crucial to determine the state of the material used for the plumbing. If the piping is in good condition, consider developing a maintenance plan to avoid future issues.
Nevertheless, it might be wise to consider changing the piping material if your old home has lead pipes, whether new or old. Lead is poisonous and can easily affect one’s health once it finds its way into the bloodstream. Once you’ve determined your home has lead piping, discontinue water usage and have the piping changed immediately. You might also consider seeing a doctor to determine if the material deposits have affected your health.
1. Leaking Faucets And Showerheads
Leaking faucets and showerheads aren’t bothersome at first. However, they play a massive role in increasing your monthly water bill. The common reason behind leaky faucets is worn-out washers or gaskets. When these features are worn out beyond repair, it becomes challenging to tighten a faucet.
On the other hand, showerhead leaks might result from loose connections that can be fixed effortlessly. Nevertheless, if the showerhead continues to leak even after tightening it, it might be rusty. In such a case, the only lasting solution might be replacing it with a new one.
1. Discolored Water
Unless you’re using well water or living in a rural area, your taps shouldn’t produce discolored water. You might want to check out your plumbing system if there isn’t a tangible reason why your water isn’t sparkling clean. Brown or dark color in the water results from corrosion in the piping. Once rust mixes with running water, it results in water coloring.
If rusty pipes aren’t immediately taken care of, mineral deposits will clog the pipes, resulting in pressurized pipes and, later, pipe bursting. It’s, therefore, important to consider upgrading your piping once you suspect rust or corrosion in your piping.
1. Decreased Water Pressure
While decreased water pressure might result from several factors, such as municipal water supply reducing pressure when repairing pipes, it can also result from leaky or clogged pipes. When pipes are clogged for a prolonged period, they can burst, causing a severe problem. On the other hand, leaky pipes can damage your property with time. Once you’ve experienced reduced water pressure, the first step should be to try to fix the issue with a drain cleaner. If the pressure doesn’t return to normal, it might be time to call a reputable plumbing company to fix the issue.
1. Wet Patches On The Wall
Leaks aren’t visible all the time. Sometimes they occur under walls, where only a professional plumber can notice them. However, you can notice leaks through wet patches visible on the wall. If you identify any wetness on your walls, there’s some leakage somewhere on your piping. In such an event, you must contact a reputable plumber to fix the issue before the pipe bursts, resulting in severe property damage.
1. Mold Growth
Mold and mildew thrive in wetness. Therefore, when you notice its presence in your home, it’s because there’s water leakage, even if it’s not visible. At this point, it’s wise to hire a plumber who can diagnose the issue, identify where the wetness is coming from, and correct it accordingly to prevent mold from multiplying.
The above-discussed plumbing issues show that your plumbing system requires immediate repair or replacement. Regardless of how insignificant a plumbing system issue seems, it’s essential to have it checked by a professional before it causes severe property damage. It’s also vital to avoid handling plumbing projects, especially if you don’t have experience. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.919918954372406}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '168268', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6ECM5AAR7TMKFU6YEF45BYGV2UJQMCKU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:71103f73-e85c-4815-8ce0-43f5a87d4039>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 12, 8, 9, 12), 'WARC-IP-Address': '156.67.67.158', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LV5JUQ36UWYYEYVM5RGJPTNCR3UGHJRM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7fe1df65-d0f0-4dc1-8349-2a2e460e2715>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.yoursanswer.com/6-telltale-signs-your-plumbing-system-needs-an-upgrade/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:99937843-d1a3-4826-bba9-f195369e39b7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '858', 'url': 'https://www.yoursanswer.com/6-telltale-signs-your-plumbing-system-needs-an-upgrade/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-73\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.21108394861221313', 'original_id': '057dd1d8bd9c02c17307630cef6b1b715557980d70b047f6ec73a92ddc55bb26'} |
Reviews by Gonz
Back To Staff Reviews
Perdomo Fresh-Rolled Cuban Wheels
Well my friends, I've got a doozie for you this month. Like my last pick, this too is very different, not quite as "out there" as the green one, but close. I'm sure I'll get my share of "gonz, I wouldn't try that if you paid me to smoke it" emails, but it's your loss.
To legitimize my selection, I'll quote an email from one of my loyal readers (TC of Enid, OK) "you should review the Perdomo Cuban Wheel you guys sell - great product, great price, you can't go wrong!" I've been thinking the same now for months, but it's such a hard cigar to describe. OK, here it goes...
A few months back (at least 6 months or so), this little hottie from Tabacalera Perdomo's factory in Nicaragua was at our store rolling fresh-rolled cigars. She had a line out the door - no kidding, and I lined up with the rest of them to try one of her cigars. I was always told "don't buy those friggin' cigars just after someone has rolled them, they stink, don't burn, have a tight draw, and you'll just throw it out anyway." Well, I finally found a reason to take a chance. I found it to be a wonderful cigar, didn't burn poorly, had a different, kind-of "get up and dance" flavor, and a knee-knocking strength (oh, maybe that was the roller - never mind).
About a month later, we had hundreds of these fresh-rolled "cuban wheels" - 50 cigars in a bundle with a cute ribbon holding the thing together. Geez, someone must have really liked 'em (or her). Well, if that Nicaraguan hottie rolled 'em, I'll smoke 'em. Since then, I've smoked about 50 of these now. The bare bones bundles of 50 (yeah 50!) says it all. Made by Perdomo (who, last I checked has sold a gazillion cigars) lends itself to be a pretty powerful cigar.
Granted, this isn't a "holy crap, I've got to tell everyone about this cigar" cigar. But, I go back to it regularly. Why? $1.60 per stick, that's why. It's a legitimate premium that's been rolled well, burns well, and is guaranteed fresh.
But, what does "fresh" really mean? Pipe down, Francis, I'm gonna tell ya. Fresh doesn't mean you have to be standing there next to a roller lighting it up right after he puts the wrapper on. Close, but not quite. "Fresh-rolled" cigars often have about 3-4 weeks of aging on them (at least the fillers). The fillers are prepared and aged sometime before the wrapper is actually placed on it. Most of the popular "premiums" usually have a minimum of 6 months of aging.
That's why these have such a unique flavor b/c it hasn't fully matured yet and doesn't have the consistency from stick-to-stick, so don't expect it. They burn extremely well, but drag regularly, they're extremely moist and will go out a little quicker if you set it down for too long. The full-bodied flavor is very robust, no dry-mouth, but is a little rougher and sharper on the finish. A peppery spice will catch you mid-tongue. It really satisfies, and the construction is top-notch quality. Each stick might be a little different, you can almost expect it. And, as they sit in your humidor, they continue to age, so the flavor changes constantly. Once it hits that 6 month mark, they'll settle down a bit.
Smoke, chew, whatever, and as TC of Oklahoma said "you can't go wrong!". | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.976791501045227}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '91134', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:R5MJJN5XKSTVPOO642LXDAFPGTKCBB5P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4b75f52b-d347-43b4-917f-a507d91a38e7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 4, 11, 1, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.8.22', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ANCBA6CADV2FE5A72X55VMOA4P4XGLYW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dce0ee00-58fd-4b19-8e0e-caca5d11d76c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.cigarsinternational.com/staff-reviews/staff-reviews-perdomo-fresh/1805312/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bd783a30-0c04-43f7-a7d3-7582de13ff45>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '571', 'url': 'https://www.cigarsinternational.com/staff-reviews/staff-reviews-perdomo-fresh/1805312/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-34\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-51.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1410672664642334', 'original_id': '465dfe918698c8ccc2eab80d66c546b74f8149e4b226848fbfe944e125c5d8ce'} |
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