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Libya M109
In August 2012 photographs emerged online showing US made M109 SPGs (Self Propelled Gun) in Libya.
Although absent in the majority of references regarding M109 operators a couple of sources have claimed a small number (12-18) of M109s were delivered to Libya. The pictures confirm those claims, representing the first pictorial evidence of Libyan M109s in the public domain, as far as the author is aware.
Source: SSC Tripoli
The three photographs used in this article are all taken from the Facebook profile of the SSC (Supreme Security Committee) Tripoli [1]. They are reportedly taken around Tarhuna near Tripoli and related to the capture of a large number of artillery of various types from pro-Gaddafi militia [2].
The photographs show two M109 examples both representing the initial M109 base variant, identifiable by the original shorter 22-calibre barrel. This variant first entered US service in 1963. Later M109A1-A6 and international versions featured longer barrels along with a host of other improvements.
The same M109, photographed from a slightly elevated angle. Note the Italian made Palmaria SPG immediately behind. Source: SSC Tripoli
No further details regarding M109s in Libyan Service, including any potential use in the 2011 Civil War, are currently available. The serviceability of these two examples it also unclear with no indication that these vehicles have been moved whilst under the control of the militia. The condition of any other surviving M109s in Libya also remain unknown. Despite their apparent age and probable scarcity of spares during the Gaddafi era the operational readiness of these vehicles prior to the Civil War should not be discounted, given evidence of other Libyan equipment performing under similar circumstances [3].
The logic of retaining and maintaining this relatively outdated type in such apparently small numbers is questionable, particularly given that Libya's procurement of more modern SPGs in significant numbers [4].
Three Palmaria (foreground) and a second M109 (background). Source: SSC Tripoli
Close up of the second M109. The different position of the commander’s cupola and closed hatch along with the different shadows suggest this is a different M109 as the photographs are believed to have been taken on the same occasion. Original Source: SSC Tripoli, edited by the Author.
The M109 has been widely exported since it’s introduction almost half a century ago. However only those early export customers are believed to have received this initial base variant with the majority of those later upgrading their examples to M109A1 standard or above. This suggests that the availability of this version for export from a third party was soon limited.
It is therefore the inference of the author that the USA was the direct supplier, exporting them to Libya between 1963-68. This is based upon the low probability of a third party supplier and known [5] and suspected [6] export of arms by the USA to Libya prior to the Gaddafi era.
[1] SSC Tripoli http://www.facebook.com/SSCTRIPOLI (accessed 07/09/2012)
[4] 130 x 2S1 GVOZDIKA 122mm (1980-82), 168 x 2S3 Akatsiya 152mm (1980-82), 20-80 x DANA 152mm (1983-84)& 210 x Palmaria 155mm (1982-1985). SIPRI Arms Transfer Database http://www.sipri.org (accessed 07/09/2011)
[5] SIPRI Arms Transfer Database http://www.sipri.org (accessed 07/09/2011)
1. Couldn't be Italy?
2. Thank you for your comment. Although Italy supplied a considerable amount of arms to Libya 1975-80 it seem unlikely, thought not impossible, they are the supplier of these M109s. Whilst Italy did purchase 221 of this initial M109 base variant they produced the gun locally basing it on the modified German design fitted to the M109G. If based on the M109G it would likely have had a concave muzzle end and not the convex muzzle end as evident in the Libyan examples. In addition all those 221 units were reportedly upgraded from 1986 onwards to M109L standard featuring a new 155mm howitzer with a longer barrel.
phone psychic readings sydney | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9237794280052184}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '194863', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:56MJRREL67FHFWRXCBOFPAKRNXNO3EHE', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:110c05fb-1b5b-407d-ab37-874c1b6b08fc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 8, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KAFOMS47IGAGPA2G4QVRLHJ6ZZY2WC73', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:56459a9a-38d5-46ee-a248-011f4b0ed61b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://esotericarmour.blogspot.com/2012/09/libya-m109.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:20a67b56-7557-458a-8692-1864abeca97e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '623', 'url': 'http://esotericarmour.blogspot.com/2012/09/libya-m109.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-148-78-95.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021992862224578857', 'original_id': '31aa36da27103bd5a9d5a30016e9a53a450a5372b41ecf942be0a38dd87fdcea'} |
Ad-Hoc Classification
of Electronic Clinical Documents
David B. Aronow, MD, MPH
Fangfang Feng, MS
Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
D-Lib Magazine, January 1997
ISSN 1082-9873
This Material is based on work supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Library of Congress and Department of Commerce under cooperative agreement number EEC-9209623. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsors.
This material is also based on work supported in part by DARPA NRaD Contract Number N66001-94-D-6054.
Ad-Hoc Classification
Ad-hoc classification is an information management approach taken when a user needs to sort a large number of documents into non-standard categories. The classification is typically conducted a limited number of times, as there is no long-standing information need being addressed. Ad-hoc classification systems must be easy and efficient for them to be used by non-technical domain-expert analysts.
The Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) is a National Science Foundation supported State-Industry-University consortium located in the Computer Science Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. CIIR was established to focus research in text-based information systems and to facilitate transfer of new information technologies to industry.
CIIR's research into ad-hoc classification of clinical documents was initiated by membership of Harvard Pilgrim Health Plan (HPHC), a large Boston-based HMO, which has had computerized patient medical records for more than 25 years. Coded portions of the automated medical record are used extensively for health care quality improvement. However the unstructured text portions of the record, which include both dictated and hand-written provider notes, have been relatively inaccessible, except by resource-intensive manual chart review.
HPHC brought to CIIR the following question: to what extent can automated information systems reduce the burden of manual chart review in support of quality measurement? The pilot topic for this research, aspects of which were reported at MedInfo'95 and SCAMC 1995, concerned identification of electronic medical record encounter notes documenting acute exacerbations of pediatric asthma. This was an ad-hoc classification task - the need is to sort thousands of encounter notes into categories of either asthma exacerbation or no exacerbation. Once sorted and counted, these documents would not need to be classified again. Following proof of concept, a prototype PC-based classifier application has been developed and is being implemented at HPHC as part of CIIR's technology transfer mission.
Current ad-hoc classification research is part of a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency contract on Text Analysis and Access Techniques under the Healthcare Information Infrastructure Program. The testbed data consists of mammography reports from Naval Medical Centers. The goal of the project is to develop a prototype classifier, known as HTC, which could assist in the automated understanding and manipulation of radiology reports through analysis of the language in those reports. The type of tasks to which HTC could be applied include identifying the words radiologists use to document findings for which they recommend biopsy, ultrasound, or special mammographic views. The classifier could also create screening profiles for detection of mammogram reports with evidence of suspicious calcifications, but for which the appropriate follow-up recommendations may not have been made.
Classification Work Flow
On a conceptual level, HTC classification is modeled according to the following work flow.
Inputs - determined by the user:
Processes - similar to other machine learning tasks, using advanced IR techniques:
Output - documents sorted into three bins:
The classification processes are based on Inquery, an advanced full text information retrieval system developed by CIIR. Given a collection of text documents, Inquery indexes the documents and enables retrieval from the collection of documents which are relevant to a user's query. Application as a classification engine rests on Inquery's Feedback functionality, which provides a means for automatically refining a query to more accurately reflect the user's interests, using a set of "good/bad" relevance judgments of documents reviewed by the user. Detailed description of the classifier operation is beyond the scope of this discussion. However, we would like to present several of the issues and system features with which we are working.
Challenges of Radiology Data
Working in the medical domain in general, and with radiology reports in particular, presents several challenges to information systems developers. The first challenge, found throughout medical domain, is that of poor data quality. Medical data is generally not collected with an intention of extensive electronic manipulation, and clinical text data, in particular, is expected to be accessed via the coded and numeric data fields associated with it, rather than by the content of the text data itself.
In theory, every aspect of every health care activity could be documented in coded form. In practice, however, this is neither feasible nor always desirable, for a variety of reasons. In summary, coded data often serves well to answer health care questions of Who, When, Where and What, but often can not reveal the Why of health care practice. The knowledge essential for understanding the rationale of health care decision making is usually embedded in unstructured text. Advanced information retrieval systems, rather than conventional database management systems, must be developed for this task.
In our situation, despite the fact that the five Naval Medical Centers supplying data use identical clinical information systems, and used the same utility programs to extract their data, there was widespread data quality problems, within and between sites, concerning inconsistent field names, inconsistent use of controlled vocabularies, unpredictable use of all upper case letters in some blocks of text, null fields, and duplicate records. An extensive effort was required to analyze, normalize, and structure the data in order to use it as a system development and research testbed.
In addition to preprocessing of the data to normalize the report structure, the general medical data challenge is largely addressed with the expansion of a small number of common medical abbreviations. This processing is primarily applicable to the "Reason For Exam" section of the report, which is generally a transcription of a concise hand-written note from the patient's primary physician. This expansion allows more of the text to be handled appropriately by NegExpander, below.
Examples of the abbreviation expansion are:
But two challenges are particular to radiology and similar test reports where expert observations are documented in words: absent findings and modifier permutations. There is in this document type, extensive recording of absent findings through the use of negation and conjunction. This characteristic is appropriate in interpretive results reporting in order to specifically document that untoward findings were looked for and not found. There is also wide use of permutations of modifier words in standard descriptive phrases, which need to be grouped and treated in similar fashions.
The challenge of the documentation of absent findings is addressed by a new classification feature called NegExpander. Our need is to represent differentially within Inquery instances of positive and negative evidence that happen to include the same key words, and to expand that representation across all components of conjunctive phrases. To do this, we detect in the text the occurrences of a set of negation words (no, absent, without, etc.) and conjunctions. We use a part-of-speech tagger to identify noun phrases in the conjunctive phrases, and replace the original text with tokenized noun phrase negations.
For example,
is NegExpanded to
"No suspicious masses" will not be 'confused' with "suspicious masses" in indexing, retrieval or classification.
Combining abbreviation expansion with NegExpander results in the following.
is NegExpanded to
Examples of an original mammogram report, a normalized mammogram report, and a NegExpanded mammogram report are available on-line.
The challenge of similar noun phrases with variable modifiers is addressed as one step (Step 2 below) of a multi-step interface feature that facilitates user creation of benchmark data. Called RelHelper, this interface presents the domain expert user with documents most likely to be relevant to their classification question and creates relevant document files (needed for training and testing the classifier) while the user is reviewing and scoring selected documents.
RelHelper works as a series of steps that:
1. create and present to the user a list of all noun phrase concepts in the collection
2. allow the user to select relevant individual concepts and/or sets of concepts with the same head nouns and any variety of modifiers
3. construct an Inquery query from the selected concepts, which is then run against the document collection to find the 'most relevant' documents
4. present the query results as a ranked list of these 'most relevant' documents
5. allow the user to rapidly review and score the 'most relevant' documents, indicating those that are clearly relevant (positive answers) or irrelevant (negative answers) to their information need
6. allow iterations of document review (Step 5), using Inquery's relevance feedback in each cycle to bring more 'most relevant' documents to the user for review, scoring and creation of a relevance file
Classification Output
After scoring documents with RelHelper, a classification query profile is created by the HTC training process using Inquery's Feedback functionality, and applied to test or target documents. The output of the classification is a three category (or bin) sort, with each document being placed in either a Positive, Uncertain, or Negative Bin. Distinctions between the Bins are based on user-selected cutoff values for the desired correct and incorrect rates of document assignment to the Bins. For example, the user may seek a True Positive assignment rate of 95% (tolerating up to 5% False Positives) and a True Negative rate of 90%.
During classification, documents whose likelihood of relevance is greater than the positive cutoff are assigned to the Positive Bin, and those with likelihood less than the negative cutoff are assigned to the Negative Bin. Documents whose likelihood of relevance falls in-between the cutoffs are assigned to the Uncertain Bin. Note that the document ranking provided by Inquery, which we have called a "likelihood of relevance", is actually a belief value generated according to the system's internal calculus, not a probability. The belief values corresponding to the user's desired cutoff values for the Bin sort are determined using logistic regression parameters from the benchmark relevance scores of the training collection.
When testing a classification profile, HTC uses the relevance scores of the test collection to assess the performance of the profile. It is often the case that the first application of HTC generates a classification profile which does not meet the desired targets cutoffs. In this case, the user may review and refine the profile, either by directly editing the profile, increasing the number of training documents, by modifying the type and number of words used by Feedback, or by modifying one or more Feedback system parameters. The HTC interface facilitates each of these approaches.
Current Research and Development
The classification question reported in this paper concerns suspicious calcifications and may be described as follows: Classify screening mammogram reports that include findings of calcification according to whether the radiologist recommends continued routine screening appropriate for the patient's age versus recommendations for more urgent and diagnostic radiographic or surgical procedures. Reports in which no specific recommendations are made are excluded from these experiments.
This pilot question represents a prime potential application of HTC as an automated quality assurance monitor. HTC can create classification profiles designed to detect specific evidence of suspicious conditions in mammograms. Vast numbers of mammograms can be automatically classified for risk of these conditions according to user-defined confidence levels. For high risk cases, coded data, such as diagnosis and procedure codes, could be accessed in other institutional information systems and reviewed for occurrences of codes signifying appropriate follow-up for the suspected conditions. Cases without evidence of appropriate follow-up would then be manually reviewed.
Preliminary Results
We have conducted a number of preliminary experiments to evaluate the performance of HTC. The Calcification Question training collection consists of 82 relevant and 65 irrelevant documents, while the test collection has 76 relevant and 24 irrelevant documents. We report our results for two experiments in terms of the IR metrics of precision and recall for the Positive and Negative Bins.
Applied to this classification research, in each Bin, precision is the ratio of documents correctly classified into that Bin (ie. relevant documents into the Positive Bin and irrelevant documents into the Negative Bin) compared to the total number of documents classified into that Bin. Recall is the ratio of documents classified into their correct Bin compared to the number of that category of document in the total collection.
We expected Inquery's Feedback module to generate a fairly good classification query profile, with which HTC could rank most of the relevant test documents high and most of the irrelevant test documents low. We could not expect to see all the relevant documents ranked before all irrelevant documents, a perfect classification separation, although this is the goal of iterative refinement of the classifier. Feedback in HTC has fifteen operational parameters whose settings may be set by the user. We explored many of the combinations of these settings in this preliminary research. In the following experiments the cutoff values are set at 90% correct assignment for both the Positive and Negative Bins.
The first experiment concerns the types of linguistic features to be included in the classification profile for best performance. Linguistic features are the structural units of language and are made up of one or more individual terms. A term is a string of characters, separated from another string by blank spaces or certain punctuation. The most familiar terms are single English words and numbers, such as "MAMMOGRAM" and "1997". More unusual single terms found in this research include ad-hoc abbreviations such as "PLS" and "MAMMO".
Feedback can identify and process features which are either single terms (words, abbreviations, numbers, codes, etc.) or more complex features, called co-occurring terms, which are pairs of single terms. Co-occurring terms can be either ordered or unordered, and with a variable number of other terms between them, measured as their proximity to each other.
As an example of a co-occurring term feature, consider the pair of words "BENIGN CALCIFICATION". If Feedback is set to evaluate features which are unordered pairs with proximity 2, it will identify all of the following as instances of the co-occurring term "BENIGN CALCIFICATION":
Table 1 presents the results of the first experiment: the ratio of the number of single terms and co-occurring terms, the precision and recall of the Positive Bin and the Negative Bin. We have fixed the total number of features in the classification query profile at 70 for these experiments.
Table 1. Precision and Recall by Ratio of Classification Feature Types
ratio of single/co-occurring terms 70/0 60/10 50/20 40/30 35/35 30/40 20/50 10/60 0/70
number of retrieved documents 100 100 100 100 100 97 93 99 100
precision of Positive Bin 98% 98% 97% 97% 97% 96% 95% 97% 96%
recall of Positive Bin 84% 84% 89% 90% 92% 94% 90% 85% 80%
precision of Negative Bin 76% 78% 73% 75% 86% 88% 78% 90% 85%
recall of Negative Bin 95% 91% 91% 91% 83% 76% 64% 78% 70%
In these experiments, an almost equal mix of single terms and co-occurring terms provides the best overall result. Precision in the Positive Bin remains constant at the 96% to 98% level through all ratios of features. Recall in the Positive Bin is greatest near an equal mix of feature types. Negative Bin precision generally improves with increasing co-occurring features, however, recall in the Negative Bin falls significantly.
For the radiology reports used in this study, evidence for document relevance, the Positive Bin, is coming equally from single and co-occurring terms, and a combination of both improves performance.
Evidence for document irrelevance, manifest in the Negative Bin, is more complex and has to be understood as a trade off, frequently seen in IR, of precision for recall. For profiles constructed of single term features exclusively there is a low proportion of truly irrelevant documents compared to relevant (the low precision in the Negative Bin), however, the overall recall in the Negative Bin is high because, along with the incorrectly classified relevant documents, almost all of the irrelevant documents have been classified to this Bin.
Shifting the feature type proportions from single to co-occurring terms increases the precision in the Negative Bin, meaning that a greater proportion of the documents classified to that Bin are correctly sorted irrelevant documents. However the co-occuring term features appear to be a more restrictive evidence, and overall, fewer documents of either relevance are being sorted to the Negative Bin. As more co-occurring terms replace single terms, increasing numbers of irrelevant documents are not being classified to the Negative Bin, and recall in that Bin drops.
The second experiment concerns the number of features in the classification query profile for best performance. Table 2 presents the number of features (in this experiment, using single terms only), the number of retrieved documents, and the precision and recall of the Positive Bin and the Negative Bin.
Table 2. Precision and Recall by Number of Classification Features (Single Terms)
number of features 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
number of retrieved documents 87 94 100 100 100 100 100
precision of Positive Bin 92% 93% 97% 98% 98% 98% 98%
recall of Positive Bin 89% 90% 89% 89% 82% 89% 84%
precision of Negative Bin 77% 64% 75% 74% 76% 79% 76%
recall of Negative Bin 53% 61% 91% 95% 95% 95% 95%
Initially, increasing the number of features increased the number of document retrieved and the precision of the Positive Bin. Thirty five features lead to retrieval of all one hundred documents in the test collection. Neither precision nor recall improved with the inclusion of more than sixty five features because, for the size of this training collection, all the significant, relevant and irrelevant features had been added to the query profile. If the user is most concerned with the Positive Bin, forty five features show the best result, otherwise inclusion of sixty five features shows the best overall performance.
These preliminary experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of HTC as a classifier of ad-hoc electronic clinical documents. Using a limited number of the operational parameters available, and a single classification topic and testbed, we find that HTC performs well. Manipulation of independent variables produces understandable effects in the dependent variables, which serves as proof of concept of the prototype application. HTC is easy to use through the complex processes of creating training and testing data collections, and the creation and application of classification profile.
Future Directions
There are five areas in which we would like to continue development of ad-hoc classification systems for clinical data. The first concerns making use of the internal structure of clinical documents. As evident in the original mammogram report, radiology reports contain many data fields. Although in our experience these fields are used in highly unpredictable ways, they may be manipulated to be more useful for automated classification tasks.
We have built two subfields, <REASON FOR EXAM> and <IMPRESSION>, into the unstructured text portions of our data in creating our normalized mammogram report, in the anticipation that we may want to differentially consider the evidence they contain. We have yet to explore this, although parallel work at CIIR in automated ICD-9-CM code assignment to hospital discharge summaries has taken advantage of building internal structure into those clinical documents.
The second area for further development concerns increasing the degree of natural language understanding used by the classifier. Our approach of detection and expansion of negative evidence across conjunctive phrases has shown promising results. However, we have incorporated only a small number of negation variants and no analytic logic to their application. We have frequent incorrect actions from NegExpander due the word 'NOT', which we do not currently normalize, and due to use of prepositional phrases in the conjunctive phrases.
Third, we would like to further explore the many classification parameters available with Inquery's Feedback module. We need to compare a variety of feature weighting methodologies, study the learning curves for variably sized training sets and further analyze the effect of combinations of feature types. In particular, we have had some success modifying the parameters governing the relative importance of positive and negative evidence within individual documents, and will continue working with this variable.
Fourth, we would like to upgrade HTC interface to allow the user to inspect the contribution of every feature to a retrieved document. The user can then decide if particular features are skewing the classification, and can reweight the features in the query profile.
Finally, we will expand our research topics to other mammography questions, and to other testbeds, including automated medical record encounter notes and hospital discharge summaries.
Copyright © 1997 Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval
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tagIncest/TabooLittle Things Ch. 02 of 04
Little Things Ch. 02 of 04
Part 2 of 4. I strongly recommend that you begin with part 1, as the sections of this story are not meant to be independent.
Morning comes with the pale glow of dawn in winter, and I awaken with both a feeling of rested satisfaction and a vague sense of guilt. David - his name is on my lips before I can even think about it. Last night. Jesus, that was not what I had in mind, not at all. I mean, I'm not sure what I did have in mind, but it damn sure didn't involve me getting so worked up I have to run off and finger myself. Fuck.
It doesn't mean anything. It can't. It's just biology, right? I haven't gotten any in a while, I get a cute guy feeling me up in the dark...the body reacts. Nothing deeper than that. Just a situation that I shouldn't have gotten myself into. The real trick is going to be facing him today, after what happened. Talk about awkward. It's just a damn good thing I wasn't drunk, or it probably would have been about a thousand times worse.
Breakfast is indeed an uncomfortable experience. We sit silently on opposite sides of the kitchen table, gamely spooning cereal into our mouths while the clock ticks steadily on the wall and Marie makes the occasional quiet comment about the unexpected snowdrift. I don't look at David. I can't - when my eyes touch on his, a rush of embarrassment colors my cheeks, and I have to look away. God, what a stupid idea it was. 'Feel my legs.' Just like me to screw things up.
We don't say a word to each other until after breakfast, after Marie heads out, and even then, it's David who speaks first. Hesitantly, as I sit facing carefully away. "Ah...are we still set to head out to the town today?"
"Sure." My voice is unnaturally high, chirpy through a throat tight with discomfort, and even to my own ears my laugh sounds nervous. "No reason we wouldn't be, right?"
"Right." A low note in the word, and a long pause. "Um. Should we take the truck? Or we could take your car too, or walk, or...I guess it's probably pretty cold out to walk, and I dunno how far it is, but..."
"No, that's, um." I shake my head weakly, my gaze brushing upon David for a brief moment, long enough to note the anxiety painted on his face. "The truck's fine, we can take the truck, I can drive, that's...it's fine. You know, whatever, it's good."
"Okay." Quiet, again, as I stare at the refrigerator, trying to memorize its exact proportions. Counting the ticking of the clock. Five. Six. Seven. He speaks again. "When do you think we should..."
"Now." I hop to my feet, muscles taut with nervous energy. "Now's good, right? No reason to wait, get out in public, you know, see the people, see the town. It probably will be cold, though. You bring any warm clothes?" Old protective instincts kick in, and I glance at him, appraising. "Have you showered?"
"Y-yeah," he stutters lightly over his answer, his own eyes dodging away. "That's - yeah, I've got a jacket, and I showered last night, after...um."
"Good." Purpose. Something to distract us. That can only help, right?
It's the work of a minute to grab a long tan trenchcoat from my closet, buttoned up tight with a dark grey scarf, and then we're crunching through the couple inches of snow to the family truck. Stepping up into the cab, me in the driver's seat. I start the engine and flip on the heating, giving it a few moments to warm up, and that's when he says it. "I'm sorry, Sam." Soft and fairly woebegone, looking away from me, out into the light blanketing of snow.
Shit. I did not want to talk about this. I don't even want to think about it right now. But my vague irritation that he's bringing it up is overpowered by a deeper exasperation that he's apologizing. Letting go the gearshift, I give him a pointed look. "Sorry for what, exactly?"
"For last night." He gestures vaguely with one hand. "For-"
"For doing what I said you could do?" I cut him off quickly. "Hell, what I told you to do?"
He shakes his head curtly, shaggy blonde locks waving with the motion. "You only said to because of how I said I felt. It's still - I shouldn't've..." A weak, perturbed sigh escapes his lips as he tries to put his thoughts in order. "I shouldn't do something to you that you don't like, just because I do."
I snort quietly at the absurdity of this. "Christ, Davey, I did like it. That's the whole problem."
"You..." His mouth quirks up as he glances at me, skeptically. "No. I mean, you ran off, you..."
"Yeah - because I liked it. Because you had me about ready to..." I shake my head without finishing the sentence. "It's complicated. I wanted you to do what you did, but I didn't want to like it, and when I started to like it I didn't want it. Um." A bit of a laugh struggles out. "That didn't really make any sense at all, did it?"
David manages to chuckle as well, somewhat wryly. "Not a lot."
"Right, well..." We need to work this out. I need to work this out. "Look, it was just a bad idea. Finding out...what I found out yesterday, it was a big shock. I wanted to give you something. To give you myself, kind of." A half-hearted smile curves my lips, vanishing swiftly as I move on, struggling to put words to what went wrong. "But that's not really something we can do. I'm your sister, for fuck's sake. Even if you've somehow got this crush thing on me, I can't be attracted to you, and I can't act like I am."
"No. No, of course not." His voice is hollow as he looks away, and I wince at the stab of pain in his expression.
"Jesus, I didn't mean it like that. You...hey." Trying again to smile, I grab for his unresisting hand and give it a gentle squeeze. "You're a wonderful guy, David. You're sweet, and you're funny, and you're sensitive, and you've got, let's be honest, a rockin' bod." I try a hopeful little laugh at that. When he he doesn't join in, I push onwards. "And like that's not enough, you're also about the most decent, the most honorable guy I've ever known." Not until the words leave my mouth do I really realize how true they are. No one else compares. "Last night, I was...I don't know. I was mixed-up and horny and I wasn't thinking straight, and if you had pushed I think I'd have done something we'd both really regret right now. But you didn't. That matters, that's important." My tone drops to quiet simplicity as I give him a serious look. "I can trust you. I do trust you, probably even more than I trust myself. I feel safer with you than I do with anyone else." A quiet moment. "You're an amazing guy. If you weren't my brother, I'd be all over you."
"But." He speaks it dully, morosely. As though calling for the headsman's axe.
"But you are." Damn it, why does he have to string it out? I don't want to have to hurt him like this. "You are, and that's...we can't ignore that, we can't move past it. I don't even...god dammit, David." A surge of anger, hot and undirected. I'm angry at him. At myself, at I don't even know what. "What would you even do if I did feel the same way, huh? Ask me out to the fucking prom?"
He shakes his head ever so slightly, but I press on, a hateful snarl in my voice. "What, then? Ask me to be your girlfriend? Or would we just be secret fuckbuddies, is that it?"
"Sam..." So quiet a plea, a touch of hurt aching in its heart. So hard to believe that he can be this meek, this unassuming. A star quarterback with the personality of a Dickensian schoolboy hero, all soft honesty and pitiful dignity behind a front of meat and muscle. Absurd.
I can't sustain my anger; it drains out of me with a low sigh. "It just doesn't work." I speak distantly, staring into the blank stucco walls of the building. "It's like I said yesterday. A feeling like that doesn't go anywhere. So I can't feel that way about you."
"You can't?" He asks quietly, his gaze resting half on me. "Or you don't?"
"It's the same thing." Still looking away. I can't bear to look into his eyes, not right now.
He shakes his head. Here he has confidence, here he has certainty. "I don't think it is." He's so large, filling up the space beside me. A little world unto himself. If I could disappear into that world... "Sam, I have no idea what we'd do, if you felt like I did. But I hope that you could tell me the truth, if you do or you don't." His voice catches, then comes again, rough and deep. "Don't I deserve that, at least?"
Damn it. It's not fair. My mouth works wordlessly, hoping for an easy answer that doesn't come. The truck rumbles on, patiently burning through gas, waiting for our detente. I can feel David's eyes on the side of my face, staring, imploring, demanding. Calling me. I foolishly risk a glance, only for my gaze to be ensnared in a prison of gentle blue, clear and vivid. Shining like crystal, like pools to another world. "I don't know."
I hardly realize for a moment that I've said it, that I've stammered it out. But I have and it's...it's an answer, as true as anything else, and I cling to it. "I don't know, okay? I can't tell you what I don't know." My eyes take the opportunity to break away, fleeing back to the windshield, and I speak at a pace that rapidly becomes frantic. "I mean, shit, I thought this was going to be a pretty ordinary visit, you know? Then all of a sudden I'm finding out that my brother, my best friend, has had a crush on me for the last five fucking years, and I'm looking at you in a whole different way, and like an idiot I figure it'd be a great idea to tell you to feel me up and it was good, okay? It was way better than I wanted it to be, and...and I don't know, you're my brother, and I love you, and I can't say I don't feel anything back, but you're my brother, and jesus christ David I've had like barely a day to adjust to any of this and to figure anything out about how I actually do feel, you know? Okay?" One hand climbs to clasp at my temples, and the last of my breath escapes in a exhausted sigh.
"Of course." David bites his lip, such chagrin visible on his face that he looks almost physically pained. "Of course, you're right, I haven't even given you a chance, you haven't had any time, I...I'm sorry."
I have to smile a bit, rolling my eyes in faintly amused exasperation at the familiar refrain. "Look." Trying to regain control over the conversation. "What I do know - however I feel - is that we can't do what we did last night. We can't. We're not some pair of hillbilly kids in the middle of Bumfuck, Arkansas, you know? We're better than that." Managing to look him in the eye now, quietly appraising. "You understand? Whatever happens, we can't do anything like that again."
He'll understand, he'll agree - I know he will, for all the injured disappointment I see poorly hidden in his features, the hopes swiftly raised up and then dashed to the ground. He'd walk on hot coals if I asked him to. But as his lips part to answer I briefly wonder what might happen if he didn't. If he shook his sculpted head, said no, that he wanted me too much to hold back. That I would be his to touch, to feel, to caress, to squeeze...if he reached out right now and grabbed me, ran his strong hand up my leg. Would I like that? I shouldn't. It wouldn't be like him. But...
"I understand." His voice sounds, sad and low, and my heart drops a fraction of an inch, the little wondering of my imagination quashed. Of course. It was a silly idea - that's not who he is. I wouldn't care for him if it were, if he were some smouldering near-rapist more concerned with his own lusts than the feelings of those around him. It's just that...no. Nothing. I grab for the gearshift, push the truck into reverse, and start us out of the driveway when David speaks again, a hesitant voice spurred into action by some deeper drive. "Just, Sam...what can we do?"
"What?" Putting back on the brakes, I look over at him uncertainly. Unsure of what he means, of what I want him to mean.
"Um, you know, as brother and sister." Pink on his cheeks now, softly glowing. I'm still not sure just what he's getting at.
The direct approach is usually the best. "What exactly do you mean?" Slipping the truck back into park, I fix him with an inquisitive eyebrow.
"I mean, can we..." Silence, hesitation. He swallows. "Can I still give you a hug?"
I almost laugh, thoughtlessly, tension snapping at this innocent request. "Jesus, Davey, I thought you were..." A little shake of the head. "I mean, yeah, of course. You always have."
He half-smiles, a slight curve on solid, salmon-pink lips. "Can we hold hands?" His voice steadier, smoother, pushing forward.
"Well..." It's my turn to hesitate - but only for a moment, returning then his awkward partial smile. "Sure."
There's a long pause, longer than I'd expect. He keeps looking at me, his strong jaw set, his breathing controlled. I only recognize that he's screwing together his courage when he moves, his hand sliding slow and deliberately forward to rest atop mine on the gearshift. I could pull away before contact, but I don't - he settles down, his palm warm and rough and powerful on the back of my hand. Squeezing it softly. That gently irresistible compression, the feeling of his strength around me. I can hardly even see my hand under his...
But he's still looking at me, while I've been staring at his hand on mine. Wordlessly, I turn to meet his gaze; his lips part once, twice, before he speaks. Carefully enunciating - I can barely hear the tremble of uncertainty in his voice, the fear he's trying to hide. "Can we kiss?"
"David..." It comes out a faint rebuke, but I don't know that I mean it. A kiss. My mind flows back over old memories, across the span of years, back to the brightness of childhood. How old was I? Eleven, twelve...deciding I was just about grown up, that I needed to know how to kiss. I stole my mother's lipstick, painted it crudely upon my lips, convinced it was a necessary element. Posed David just so, his head tilted up, and made him stand in stillness while for something like ten minutes I practiced at kissing him, figuring out how to avoid bumping noses, how to hold my lips, when to close my eyes. By the end his face was smeared with red, but when this was inevitably noticed he joined with me to pretend that the two of us had both just been trying on makeup. The excuse earned him a hefty load of extra chores from our disgruntled father, but he never complained, never revealed the truth.
Nothing like that since, of course. Not exactly, anyway. Pecks on the cheek on his birthday, or when I came home to visit. The kind of kiss you don't think about, a burst of ecstatic emotion squeezed into action. Do those count? Where is the boundary, the line between sisterly affection and unhealthy attraction?
"I don't know." An answer to the both of us. Or a lack thereof. Hedging my bets. I struggle to smile past my jangling nerves, feeling still his hand on mine, his presence beside me. "Let's not worry about this right now, okay? Let's just...head out. You've got a town to see. Everything else, we can figure it out. Later."
He stays quiet for a time, still looking at me, and I can feel the weight of his gaze. The words he wants to say. But moments pass, and before too long he shakes his head wryly, a smile taking root on his lips - forced at first, but swiftly becoming genuine. "Yeah. Yeah, let's go see the town." His voice settling down somewhere closer to calm, sounding with a gentle overtone of happiness that resonates brightly in my heart. His hand still rests on top of mine, closed just on the edge of tightness; it takes a raised eyebrow from me and a glance in the direction of the gearshift before he realizes, lets go with a laugh and a slight, affectionate squeeze.
I shift back into reverse with a swiftly beating heart and a nervous mind, but beneath it I feel...I don't know. Tingly. Energetic. The excited energy of an uncertain future. It's that kind of buzzing tumult that fills me as I pull out into the street. Headed for downtown, aiming for the day.
In the end, there isn't all that much to see. I wander with him haphazardly around the shopping district, such as it is, showing off the stores and the eateries with largely ironic theatrics. Fancier storefronts than back home, perhaps, and shinier products, but the ultimate feel of it isn't much different. Or maybe I'm just used to it by now - David himself seems halfway dazzled by the modest signs of neon, and by the traffic that keeps roaring past us despite the snow.
We have lunch at a little Mongolian grill that I fell in love with two years back; I helpfully point out the bar across the street that doesn't check IDs too carefully. It's on our way out, afterward, that David's eye catches the lights and posters of the town theater, a few stores down. A bit of a grin spreads on his lips as he reads over the titles, and he gives me a light jab in the side, our old and friendly way of grabbing each other's attention. "Hey, is that one of those new 3D places?"
I smirk back, crookedly. "I think all these places are 3D, actually."
"Hah." His laugh rings out quick and spirited as he shakes his head. "You know what I mean. With the glasses and everything?"
"Yeah, actually." I nod, with less than total enthusiasm. "They put it in like a year ago; I went with a bunch of friends to see My Bloody Valentine right after. It's not really that great, though. Kind of a gimmick, just tossing a bunch of stuff at the audience for no reason."
"Well, still." Glancing from me to the theater and back again. "It seems kinda cool." I shrug, and it's a few more moments of quiet timidity before he asks, "I don't suppose you want to see that Avatar movie, do you? I mean," he hurries to add, "I'd pay for your ticket and everything."
I have to giggle a bit. Oh, this guy. "You really don't need to do that, Davey."
"I sorta want to." A little smile, soft and self-conscious.
"Hmm." I probably shouldn't let him. But, hell...I mean, if he really wants to...it's just movie tickets. And it's not like he's going to demand a return on his investment. "Okay. But I'm paying for the popcorn."
"Great!" Gently enthusiastic. His grin goes wide and slightly goofy, shining with teeth just off-white, and I can't help laughing. He really does have an adorable smile. Treading off towards the cineplex, a gentle drift of snow begins to fall just as we push through the wide glass doorway, into the warm and welcoming interior.
Ten minutes later, we're sitting side-by-side in a darkened theater, sporting a couple pairs of polarized glasses and sipping unreasonably-sized sodas while we wait for the movie to begin. I'm not expecting much; haven't had a taste for hollywood blockbusters for a while now. And once it gets started, I'm not disappointed. Lots of sound, lots of action; stock characters and cheap attempts at emotion. The effects are impressive, of course, but the story feels like a carbon copy of Pocahontas.
Oh, well. It's a popcorn flick. With that thought, I grab another handful out of the bag in David's lap and settle in for the long haul, contenting myself with the occasional whispered snark. "I wonder if they're going to get together," when the obvious love interest shows up. "How the hell do they sleep in that," with the first appearance of brightly-glowing nighttime flora. And just helpless giggling at 'unobtainium.' The people in front of me don't seem to appreciate it much, but David returns at least an amused chuckle each time.
I only realize the awkwardness as it pushes towards the climactic romantic scene. It's still stupid, still a cliché - the girl hesitant, afraid to speak the interest that shows in her every action. The man unwilling to settle for any but his chosen love. The trees glowing lambently, like moonlight in the darkness, as they kiss. It's so transparently manipulative, I should be insulted. Hell, I am. But I also feel a little ache, a faintly painful force in the beating of my heart. Their feeling, their love, their desire for each other. It's a fantasy, yeah, a mindless image, but I can't avoid a quiet wanting, that I had someone to love like that. To love me like that. Someone.
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Author vstinner
Recipients Demur Rumed, Mark.Shannon, serhiy.storchaka, vstinner
Date 2016-09-06.22:16:13
SpamBayes Score -1.0
Marked as misclassified Yes
Message-id <>
I uploaded callfunc-6.patch which is supposed to be a rebased version of callfunc5.patch. I made tiny coding style changes.
Python/ceval.c changed a lot since 1 month 1/2, so I'm not 100% sure that the rebase is correct.
Known issues:
* test_traceback and test_extcall fail
* _PyEval_EvalCodeWithName2() should be merged into _PyEval_EvalCodeWithName() to factorize the code
I didn't review the change yet.
Date User Action Args
2016-09-06 22:16:16vstinnersetrecipients: + vstinner, Mark.Shannon, serhiy.storchaka, Demur Rumed
2016-09-06 22:16:14vstinnersetmessageid: <>
2016-09-06 22:16:14vstinnerlinkissue27213 messages
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Discussion: All Topics
Topic: Order of Operations (BOMDAS)
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Subject: RE: BOMDAS and PEMDAS
Author: hemili
Date: Apr 16 2007
Completely agree with rbednarski. We tend to reduce Algebra to a bunch of
processes and mechanisms that students repeat without thinking why they work.
Algebra is a language. A powerful one, a universal one, and independent of the
language you speak at home. That is part of its beauty.
Any language will have some rules, some "grammar" that everybody will respect in
order to be able to communicate to each other. That's all. I like the idea of
four categories. And I can't stand FOIL. There is not any operation or property
in Math called FOIL, as you know. And the order that you choose to multiply out
the terms of two binomials or polynomials in general doesn't matter. Remember
that multiplication in the set of the real numbers is commutative. All you need
to do is make sure that you multiply every term in one with every term in the
other one. So you need to understand what "term" means. Which takes you back to
the basic grammar rules of Algebra. So you go back and think about it. Terms in
Algebra are like cells in biology, or moleculae in chemistry, or words in any
language. So you start to make deeper connections between ideas, that go beyond
Plus, when we use those stupid letters, we forget that they only make some kind
of sense in English (SOHCAHTOA also works in Spanish). I'm a bilingual Math
teacher. The universal concept is the distributive property, not the FOIL. We
should stop with all the nonsense. Think about it. If students need some kind of
mnemonic rule, they should develop their own, don't you agree?.
Reply to this message Quote this message when replying?
yes no
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Los IndividUoS
martes, 30 de junio de 2009
Mr. Aráknido has more than 20 years of experience in the artistic field. He has worked in radioes, publicity, theater, circus and street theater; also as teacher in the field and director of clown theater.
At present he is working on different performances, on his individual show, writing scripts for clown theater, organizing the 5th Festival of Circus and Street Theater 2011 in Costa Rica, collaborating on the organization of the 3rd Convention of Malabares of Guatemala, and the 3rd Circus and Juggling Convention held at Guerrero Mexico.
A priority of this company is to create alternative spectacles that carry in a creative way, a protection message of the planet, so that they unleash internal processes in the persons that will lead them to being more conscious and having more amicable practices with the planet.
The circus has generated a big inspiration on him. Since a very young age he visited the circus tents 2 and 3 times to watch the same show. At the age of 6 he rejected his first leading role in a play for children.
In the adolescence it began his practices in a FM radio of the city of Córdoba Argentina as a DJ. In the radio he worked as a reporter and announcer, creating voices for many characters. In the years of university he started in the school of Cinema AND TV, retiring rapidly for a strange passion towards Street Theater and Circus. He continued this path exposing his head and body to an experiment throughout the whole American continent, doing shows in theaters, festivals, streets, parks, circuses and schools of circus, developing
more characters, performances and circus shows. In the meantime he also directs shows and plays of different theater companies in Latin America.
Thanks to this wonderful journey he turns into a specialist in popular Latin-American Theater developing a particular way of communicating with the public.
The show of Mr. Aráknido can be appreciated in any language. In the show he uses some kind of universal language, an experiment of noises, guttural voices, corporal poetry, and words in different languages, English, Chinese, Italian,German, French, Portuguese and Spanish, something surrealistic, dadaísta, at the speed of a television zapping.
Mostly the show is for the whole family, but the acts and their tonality adapt according to the present public.
Ver El Camino... en un mapa más grande | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9505112171173096}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '175377', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VOGE6YKHJ6BPPK7GC4BCEXTJO3BCMYGX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:03e76c77-08fd-45d4-bdf5-3a4d8a68b4ed>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 15, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:V5P64PNI3L5T24NWOPNWHZLVVLDJTEIO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9f0822a1-e525-487c-89d8-09a823a4fb9a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://araknidocircus.blogspot.com/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ff1ee9bd-fcda-4c10-ade8-404c9fb8bdfe>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '402', 'url': 'http://araknidocircus.blogspot.com/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-141-5.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02414536476135254', 'original_id': '05a2b05b3cfd2bc336462f8a8f25a8968e4e82ef3d8bd44234338ba9048c2cfb'} |
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When I was applying for my visa to Mongolia a couple of days ago the form mentioned something about registering within three days when staying more than thirty days.
But the English was not great and could be interpreted in a couple of ways, also I was in a hurry. I wish I could quote its exact wording.
But now I'm in Mongolia and it's my second day and I've just remembered it.
Since I have a standard 30-day tourist visa is there any chance I need to register tomorrow? If so, how? With the local police?
Then what if I extend my visa later on beyond 30 days? I think I'll want to because I'll be due to leave on Christmas Day the way I calculate it.
What are the actual rules/laws about registering for tourists in Mongolia?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The registration requirement for Mongolia is, as you say, and as several other sources quote, for tourists who plan to stay longer than 30 days there. They have to register within 4 days of arrival. Since you have got a thirty day visa, I can only assume that you do not plan to stay longer than 30 days, and therefore do not need to register.
If you currently plan to not overstay 30 days, but change your mind later, I would suggest that you go and talk to the immigration agency at that point in time. You would have to do so anyhow in order not to violate your visa status.
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Hmm I don't want to violate it or to overstay, but I'm still seriously considering extending it. – hippietrail Dec 17 '13 at 10:34
Your Answer
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Where did the time go?
How many times have you asked yourself that question? There are many events in life that can spark reflection about how quickly time goes by. Children grow up. Milestone birthdays with elaborate celebrations come and go. We lose someone we love too soon. We look in the mirror and see an extra wrinkle, dark circles or gray hair. These past two weeks, I’ve been reminded of how valuable our time is and how quickly time goes by. My reminder was the loss of a friend.
Yesterday we celebrated the life of Steve “Grimey” Grimes. I got to be a part of his funeral service and was further blessed by listening to his many family and friends talk about their fun time with Grimey over his full 38 year life. Today, when I reflect on the past two weeks, I have a better appreciation of time. We measure time in seconds, hours, days, weeks, months and years. When I think about these measurements now, I’ve decided to change my mind about how I view time. When looking at Steve’s life, quantity does not define it. He lived a full life. Everyday. As his uncle said yesterday, he was a passionate man. His passion for life was pretty unparalleled actually. Many questioned it at times – myself included – because he didn’t always passionately pursue the things others thought he should pursue at the time others thought he should pursue it. He did things on Grimey time. When I think about that now, I actually think he was pretty inspirational. His life path had a LOT of forks in the road. He was on the path of an elite baseball pitcher when a rare form of Leukemia interrupted his life. And the forks in the road that came as a consequence of the treatment for Leukemia – those twists and turns are unimaginable for most people at any point in life – but especially a 19 year old. Even with all the challenges, this guy had a laugh and a smile for anyone at pretty much anytime. He could talk to anyone. He could be both awkward and genuine. And the guy followed his own path to the fullest. Do I wish we all would have had MANY more years with him? Absolutely. However, I think his life was pretty darn full. I can’t imagine Steve every having wondered “Where did the time go?”
Maybe there are lessons we can take from Grimey. For one, none of us are every promised tomorrow. So when we find ourselves making a mental or physical list of things to do, shouldn’t we have the mindset of doing the things we are passionate about today. Secondly, we really spend a lot of time worrying about the small stuff (that feels like HUGE stuff at the time). What does any of that worrying ever get us? Instead, when there is a task ahead of us, why not spend that “worry energy” jumping into our plan of attack. Lastly, Steve found fun in everything. If only we could get our mental attitude in that mindset, wouldn’t even our most boring tasks become a little more enjoyable? Wouldn’t we find ways to align our lives in ways that we were passionate about? Wouldn’t we smile and laugh and develop that contagious positive energy that fuels a great life that doesn’t need the constraints imposed by the concept of time?
Next time you find yourself asking “Where did the time go?”, what will your answer be? I want my answer to be this…I spend my time loving, laughing and living in this moment. And all these little moments add up to a really great life – a life that no concept of time can ever measure.
The thumb has no report
I am reminded of the phrase “the thumb has no report” today when thinking about the complexity of the mind/body relationship. I have a friend who is a highly trained orthopedic surgeon. She and I would discuss at length the mind/body relationship because we both understand deeply that there cannot be a separation of parts when dealing with any human condition or injury. One day while doing our own internal body surveys, she says outloud, “the thumb has no report.” We burst into laughter for several minutes before continuing to check in with our bodies for any signs of tension or distress. Looking back at this funny little interaction, I am reminded that while, in the moment, there was nothing particularly interesting about that part of the body, the thumb actually had a useful role in that body scan. We both had busy and sometimes stressful jobs and we NEEDED the laugh. Now as I teach my patients how to better listen to their bodies, I am reminded that even in silence we learn something about ourselves. Maybe next time you sit still and listen to what your body needs you will get a loud PAY ATTENTION TO ME signal. Maybe you will get silence or the urge to giggle or a thought will randomly pop into your head when scanning some random area of your body for information. If it’s a thought, write it down. If it’s a giggle, let it out. If it’s silence, breathe and sit in it. Just the 2-3 minute routine of paying attention to your body and mind can bring about insights you never imagined and have the GREAT benefit of addressing symptoms of problems before louder symptoms occur. So get going…start your scan…what does you thumb have to report today? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9679493308067322}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53322', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WGKWUOAJ3YGWQKOBFBUNKV4HLZN6UIRF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:34a0a6f5-e796-43be-b96e-4c5b4e2d7d16>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 21, 7, 18, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.13', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BCPP5A4RL2CP7W6CGPXHFOATHJVBFEJQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:48790ced-732e-4eed-92d7-8fbc0714f32d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://drskinnerinlenexa.wordpress.com/category/health/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3044dae-b3e6-4770-bf56-ff30262bd3ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '865', 'url': 'https://drskinnerinlenexa.wordpress.com/category/health/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-45\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-208.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04055774211883545', 'original_id': 'e8f91bacd2a5a8312741204f4c6cc1eeda1915cf15a9f224dc55f40a8f50a2e6'} |
Simmer SX6 SDM Mast
Get out there and go for it with the SX6!
SKU: N/A Categories: , , , ,
SX6 SDM Mast
The SX6 offers good performance and for all levels of windsurfers. A very price-focused mast that can be used with all our sails.
SX6 stands for 60% carbon content. They are designed from a high-grade pre-preg carbon. This technology ensures optimum control of resin content and resin distribution throughout the laminate. The carbon layup features a 45 degree carbon weave to control torsion and quick reflex response.
The SX6 mast feature a progressive constant curve which means that the bend curve is constant but the base is stiffer than the top. This provides optimal sail dynamics allowing the bottom of the sail to generate power, and the top of the rig to quickly release power. The bend curve of the SDM and RDM’s are compatible with one another, but the RDM’s are more durable, therefore more suitable for punishing wave conditions. SDM’s provide a faster reflex response, better stability and faster acceleration, therefore more suitable for flatwater sailing.
size diameter imcs carbon weight
370 SDM 17 60% 1.8 kg
400 SDM 19 60% 2.0 kg
430 SDM 21 60% 2.4 kg
460 SDM 25 60% 2.5 kg
490 SDM 29 60% 2.6 kg
Mast Length
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Definition: Thailand from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) Dictionary
country SE Asia on Gulf of Thailand; a kingdom ✽ Bangkok area 198,455 sq mi (513,998 sq km), pop 66,000,000
Thai•land•er \-॑lan-dər, -lən-\ n
Summary Article: Thailand
from The Columbia Encyclopedia
(tī'lănd, –lӘnd), Thai Prathet Thai [land of the free], officially Kingdom of Thailand, constitutional monarchy (2015 est. pop. 68,658,000), 198,455 sq mi (514,000 sq km), Southeast Asia. Occupying a central position on the Southeast Asia peninsula, Thailand is bordered by Myanmar on the west and northwest, by Laos on the north and east (the Mekong River forms much of the line), by Cambodia on the southeast, and by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia on the south. A southward extension into the Malay Peninsula gives Thailand a long coastline on the Gulf of Thailand and on the Andaman Sea. Bangkok is the capital and by far the largest city.
Land and People
Thailand has a tropical, monsoonal climate. The heart of the country, the fertile and thickly populated central plain, is dotted with numerous rice paddies, entirely flat and rarely more than a few feet above sea level. It is watered by the Chao Phraya and lesser rivers and is elaborately veined by a system of canals (called klongs) for irrigation and drainage. Bangkok and Ayutthaya, the old capital, are in that basin.
The north is mountainous, with peaks rising to c.8,500 ft (2,590 m); mountains stretch south along the boundary with Myanmar on the west. Forests in the north yield teak, although overcutting has decreased Thailand's forest reserves severely. Although the population in the north is relatively sparse, rice is intensively cultivated in the river valleys, and one of the country's major cities, Chiang Mai, is in that area.
Most of NE and E Thailand is occupied by the Korat (Khorat) plateau, which is cut off from the rest of the country by highlands and the Phetchabun Mts. It is a hilly, dry, and generally poor region, where livestock raising is dominant. Chief towns are Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), Udon Thani, and Ubon Ratchathani.
Peninsular Thailand in the south (which includes Phuket and other offshore islands) is largely mountainous and covered with jungles. It is the principal source of the rubber and tin that make Thailand a major world producer of both. Chief towns of the peninsula are Hat Yai and Songkhla, the second largest port of the country.
While 75% of the people are ethnically Thai, the country has a large Chinese minority, accounting for almost 15% of the population. Local trade is chiefly in the hands of the Chinese, and as a consequence there has been substantial tension between Thais and Chinese. Other sizable minorities include the Muslim Malays, concentrated in the southern peninsula; the hill tribes of the north; the Khmers, or Cambodians, who are found in the southeast and on the Cambodian border; and the Vietnamese, who live along the Mekong River. While the ethnic minorities generally speak their own languages, Thai (linguistically related to Chinese) is the official tongue; English predominates among the Western languages. Theravada Buddhism is the state religion; some 95% of the people are Buddhists, while about 5% are Muslims.
Agriculture employs almost 50% of the population but makes up only 10% of the gross domestic product. Rice is by far the leading commercial crop, followed by rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, and soybeans. Thailand's teak, once a major export, is still a valuable commodity. Marine and freshwater fisheries are important; fish provide most of the protein in the diet, and some of the deep-sea catches (mackerel, shark, shrimp, crab) are exported. Thailand is also a major exporter of farmed shrimp. Tin and tungsten are the most valuable minerals and major export items. Lead, zinc, and antimony are also mined for export. Iron ore, gold, precious and semiprecious stones (especially saphires and rubies), salt, lignite, petroleum, natural gas, asphaltic sand, and glass sand are exploited on a smaller scale.
Thailand has substantial hydroelectric potential, which is being developed; projects have been constructed on the Ping, Mekong, Phong, and Songkhram rivers. Industry is growing. Much industry is focused on the processing of agricultural products; rice milling is by far the most important, followed by sugar refining, textile spinning and weaving, and the processing of rubber, tobacco, and forest products. The manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment, including appliances and computers and integrated circuits, became important in the late 20th cent., causing a substantial rise in the per capita gross domestic product. Lumbering is concentrated in the north. Other industries include steel production, oil refining, tin smelting, vehicle and machine assembly, and vehicle parts. Small factories, many of which are in the Bangkok area, manufacture jewelry, furniture, plastics, glass, and pharmaceuticals. Tourism is the leading source of foreign exchange, and handicraft production has a ready market in the tourist trade. Thailand is also a major transshipment point for illicit heroin and has become a drug-money-laundering center. The main exports are textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, computers and electronics, automobiles and auto parts, electrical appliances, and jewelry. The chief imports are capital and consumer goods, raw materials, and fuels. The main trading partners are Japan, the United States, China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Bangkok is a key point on round-the-world air routes. It is the political, commercial, cultural, and transportation center of the country, with the only port that can accommodate oceangoing vessels. Thailand's railroads originate in Bangkok and extend to Chiang Mai, the Korat plateau, and to Cambodia, Laos, and Malaysia; a corresponding network of paved highways has been constructed. Thailand's inland waterways—a complex, interconnected system of rivers, streams, and canals—have been important arteries since ancient times; barges and boats still carry well over half the cargo moved in the central plain.
Early History
Like other countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand in prehistoric times was peopled through successive migrations from central Asia into territory already inhabited by the Negrito peoples. Although a few Thai groups (ethnically related to the Shan of Myanmar and the Lao of Laos) migrated to the northern hill country of Thailand, the main body of Thais remained in Yunnan, China, where by A.D. 650 they had organized the independent kingdom of Nanchao. By 1000, however, the Chinese had overrun Nanchao and made it a tributary state. With the destruction of the kingdom of Nanchao by the Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1253, the slow infiltration of Thailand from the north turned into a mass migration. By that time the Khmer Empire was well established in the Chao Phraya valley and on the Korat plateau.
The Thais captured the Khmer town of Sukhothai, in N central Thailand, and a new Thai nation, with its capital at Sukhothai, soon developed. During this period (c.1260–1350), King Rama Kamheng, whose 40-year reign began c.1275, borrowed from the Khmers of Cambodia the alphabet that the Thais still use. He extended Sukhothai power southward to the sea and down the Malay Peninsula, and contact was made with India. After the death of Rama Kamheng, Sukhothai declined and was absorbed by Rama Tibodi, prince of Utong, who established (c.1350) a new capital at Ayutthaya. The kings of Ayutthaya consolidated their power in S Siam and the Malay Peninsula, then launched a long series of indecisive wars against the Lao state of Chiang Mai and against Cambodia, which did not end until the 19th cent. The 16th cent. saw the beginnings of warfare with the Burmese; in 1568 the Burmese captured Ayutthaya and dominated the country until c.1583, when King Naresuan (1555–1605) drove them from Siam. He captured Tanintharyi and Dawei in S Myanmar and the major port of Myeik.
Contacts with Europe
Siam's relations with the West commenced after 1511, when Portuguese traders and missionaries began to arrive. Adroit diplomacy, developed during this time, enabled Siam to remain independent of European colonization, the only country in Southeast Asia able to do so. In the early 17th cent. the Dutch and British broke Portugal's monopoly. Siam became, so far as Europe was concerned, the most consequential kingdom in Southeast Asia, and the brilliance of its court under King Narai (reigned 1657–88) was proverbial. The French, aided by the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon, who had risen to power at the Siamese court, launched a bid for dominance in Siam that provoked an antiforeign coup (1688). Phaulkon was executed, and Siam was closed to most foreigners for over a century.
The Building of a Modern State
In 1767 the Burmese, after several attempts, finally destroyed Ayutthaya. Gen. Phya Tak, or Taksin, however, quickly rallied the Thai forces, and within a decade he drove (c.1777) the Burmese from the country and established his capital at Thon Buri. His successor, General Chakkri (reigned 1782–1809), later known as Rama I, moved the capital from Thon Buri across the river to Bangkok and founded the Chakkri dynasty, thereafter the ruling house of Siam. In the 19th cent. the authority of Bangkok was at last established over N Siam, and relations with the West were resumed; Siam signed commercial treaties with Great Britain (1826) and the United States (1833). The independence of the kingdom was threatened, however, when Great Britain extended its sway to Malaya and Burma, and France carved out an empire in Indochina.
By opening their posts to European trade, by bringing in Western advisers, by strengthening the central administration as against the hereditary provincial chieftains, and by playing off British against French interests, the Siamese managed to stay free. Even so, the establishment of Siam's boundaries meant the surrender of its claims to Laos (1893) and parts of Cambodia (1907) and of its suzerainty over Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu (1909), on the Malay Peninsula. The Pattani sultanate (now Thailand's three southern provinces), however, was annexed in 1902. The Westernization of Siam took place under an absolute monarchy and was chiefly the work of Mongkut (reigned 1851–68), or Rama IV, and his son Chulalongkorn (reigned 1868–1910), or Rama V. Siam became a constitutional monarchy in 1932, when a bloodless coup forced Prajadhipok (reigned 1925–35), Rama VII, to grant a constitution.
Pibul and Pridi
The two young leaders of the coup, Pibul Songgram and Pridi Phanomyang, both educated in Europe and influenced by Western ideas, came to dominate Thai politics in the ensuing years. In 1934 the first general elections were held; a year later Prajadhipok abdicated, and a council of regency chose Ananda (reigned 1935–46) as Rama VIII. Pibul Songgram, a militarist, became premier in 1938. He changed the country's name to Thailand and instituted a program of expansion. Taking advantage of the initial French defeat (1940) in World War II, he renewed Thai claims in Cambodia and Laos. Japanese “mediation” resulted (1941) in territorial concessions to Thailand. In Dec., 1941, Pibul, despite the objections of Pridi Phanomyang, permitted the Japanese to enter Thailand, and in 1942 the government, under Japanese pressure, declared war on Great Britain and the United States.
With the help of the United States, Pridi formed a militant anti-Japanese underground. In 1943, Japan “granted” to Thailand territory in N Malaya and in the Shan states of Myanmar, but after the war Thailand was forced to return these territories and those acquired in 1941 to French and British control. Pridi Phanomyang became premier in the postwar government, while Pibul was briefly jailed as a war criminal. Pridi restored the name Siam as a repudiation of Pibul's policies. Inflation, corruption in government, and the mysterious death (1946) of King Ananda all contributed to the overthrow (1947) of Pridi's government by Pibul. Pridi fled the country and in 1954 appeared in Beijing as the professed leader of the Communist “Free Thai” movement, allegedly representing numerous Thais still in Yunnan, China.
Under Pibul's military dictatorship, the name Thailand was again adopted. Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, was crowned king in 1950 after a four-year regency. Thailand signed (1950) a technical and economic aid agreement with the United States and sent troops in support of the United Nations action in Korea. Thailand has received huge military grants from the United States and was the seat (1954–77) of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. The country, apprehensive over its proximity to China, remained consistently pro-Western in international outlook.
Modern Thailand
In 1957 a military coup led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat overthrew Pibul Songgram and made Gen. Thanom Kittikachorn premier. In 1958, however, with the stated purpose of combating Communism, Sarit deposed his own premier, suspended the constitution, and declared martial law. King Bhumibol Adulyadej proclaimed an interim constitution in 1959 and named Sarit premier. When Sarit died in 1963, Thanom Kittikachorn was returned to power. A new constitution was finally promulgated in 1968. Under Sarit and Thanom the country's economy in the 1960s continued to boom, spurred by a favorable export market and considerable U.S. aid. Thailand strongly supported the U.S. policy in South Vietnam, providing bases for U.S. troops and airfields for strikes against the North Vietnamese; thousands of Thai troops were sent in support of South Vietnam. The nation's foreign policy was closely geared to the U.S. presence in Southeast Asia and its economy became increasingly dependent upon U.S. military spending and subsidies. Thailand became one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967.
Economic reversals came in 1970 when the international demand for rice dropped substantially (due in part to improved farming techniques in other countries) and the prices of tin and rubber fell; for the first time since 1933, Thailand suffered a trade deficit. In addition, the security of the country appeared threatened by the spread of the Vietnam War into Cambodia and Laos and by growing insurgencies, chiefly Communist led, in three separate areas within Thailand itself: in the south, where Malaysian Communists used Thailand as a staging base for operations in Malaysia and Thai Malay separatists mounted an insurgency that continued into the 1980s; in the north, where Communists trained in North Vietnam were believed to be organizing the hill peoples; and, most significantly, in the economically backward northeastern provinces, where a discontented minority had been active since the mid-1950s.
The increasing economic and security problems prompted a coup in Nov., 1971, by Premier Thanom Kittikachorn and three military aides, in which they abolished the constitution and the parliament and imposed military rule. Guerrilla raids against both Thai government forces and U.S. air bases continued. Economic conditions improved throughout 1972 as large numbers of U.S. military personnel were transferred from South Vietnam to bases in Thailand; by June of that year there were more U.S. forces in Thailand than in South Vietnam.
In Oct., 1973, the military regime of Thanom was toppled after a week of student demonstrations and violence in Bangkok. King Bhumibol Adulyadej appointed Sanya Thammasak as Thanom's successor, giving Thailand its first civilian premier in twenty years. The new premier promised to complete a constitution and to hold general elections. In May, 1974, citing the heavy burden of the office and the sharp criticism directed against the government, Sanya resigned, but he was soon persuaded to form a new government. In June he was sworn in as the head of a revamped, all-civilian cabinet. A new constitution was promulgated in Oct., 1974. Over the next few years the civilian government made little headway in establishing its authority. In 1976, the military took control of the government once again. After that, the military held power almost continuously until the early 1990s.
From the late 1970s, Thailand's political concerns were dominated by pressures resulting from warfare in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia and serious unrest in Myanmar (Burma); Thailand also experienced a massive influx of refugees from these countries. From 1975 onward, Thailand was a way station for Hmong refugees immigrating to the United States under its resettlement program. The Khmer Rouge used Thailand as a staging area after they were driven out of Cambodia by the Vietnamese, and internal fighting within the Cambodian government in 1997 sent a new flow of refugees into Thailand.
In 1992 there were signs of popular opposition to continued military rule and, after antigovernment demonstrators were killed, King Bhumibol Adulyadej appointed a civilian as interim prime minister. In the Sept., 1992, elections, parties opposed to the military won a majority, and Chuan Leekpai became prime minister of a coalition government. In Jan., 1995, parliament approved a package of constitutional reforms that lowered the voting age to 18, guaranteed equal rights for women, and reduced membership in the military-dominated senate. New elections were held in July, 1995, after Chuan's government fell because of a land-reform scandal; the Chart Thai (Thai Nation) party won a slight plurality, and Banharn Silpa-archa became prime minister, heading a seven-party coalition. His government collapsed in Dec., 1996, and he was succeeded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh. However, Chavalit resigned under pressure in Nov., 1997, and Chuan Leekpai once again became prime minister. A new constitution was approved in Sept., 1997.
Despite its unsteady political climate, Thailand appeared to have one of the strongest economies in SE Asia. However, following years of speculation in the real estate market and growing corruption in government, its currency plummeted in July, 1997, setting off a crisis in Asian financial markets and plunging the country into a deep recession. The International Monetary Fund pledged to provide Thailand with a $17 billion rescue package, and by 2000 the economy was experiencing a recovery, but the economic pain led in a loss of support for the government. Elections in Jan., 2001, resulted in a victory for the Thai Rak Thai party (Thais Love Thais; TRT) and its allies, the Chart Thai and Khwam Wang Mai (New Aspiration) parties. Thaksin Shinawatra of the TRT became prime minister, but an anticorruption commission accused him of concealing his assets, raising the possibility that he would be banned from politics for five years. Thailand's high court, however, cleared him in a close decision in August. The new government has privatized a number of state-owned companies, but it also has been marked by investigations into and disclosures of significant corruption.
In 2004 there were attacks by Muslim separatists in Thailand's three southern provinces. Muslims, who are in the majority in the provinces, complained of discrimination in education and employment. The situation there evolved into an ongoing conflict, exacerbated by the sometimes excessive response of the Thai police and military. Militant attacks against nonsecurity targets as the conflict became prolonged, however, also alienated many Muslims.
In Dec., 2004, areas of S Thailand along the Indian Ocean were devastated by a tsunami; an estimated 8,000 people, some of them foreign tourists, died. The government's response to the disaster and the nation's generally improved economic conditions resulted in strong support for the TRT and the prime minister in the Feb., 2005, parliamentary elections, and the governing coalition increased its majority in the lower house. The continuing attacks by Muslim separatists in the south led the prime minister to assume emergency powers in July, 2005.
Meanwhile, Thai publisher Sondhi Limthongkul, a former ally of the prime minister, began publicly criticizing Thaksin for corruption and poor government performance, first on his television program and, after being forced off the air in Aug., 2005, at public rallies. Thaksin responded with libel suits, and there were attacks on Sondhi's offices. In Dec., 2005, the king, in a rare criticism of the government, rebuked Thaksin for suing Sondhi, and the prime minister subsequently withdrew his lawsuits.
A controversial stock sale (Jan., 2006) by Thaksin's children, who sold a nearly 50% stake in the family communications business to a Singapore-government-owned company and legally avoided taxes on the deal, gave new life to anti-government protests. In February the prime minister called a snap election, but the opposition boycotted the April vote. The TRT won a majority of the seats, but 10% of the constituencies failed to elect a representative (all seats must be filled for a government to be formed) and there was a sizable number of abstentions. Thaksin announced he would step aside and “rest,” but he did not resign as prime minister as demanded by the opposition. A second ballot in late April still failed to fill all the seats, leading the king to call on the courts to resolve the problem. In May the Constitutional Court ruled the election invalid.
Thaksin resumed his post later in the month, and a new election was tentatively scheduled for October. Meanwhile the late April election of the senate, intended to be independent but dominated by Thaksin supporters, was marred by vote-buying. In June Thaksin said he would support the proposals by a national commission for the three southern provinces; it recommended establishing a regional administrative body to oversee the provinces, using of Malay as a local “working” government language, and avoiding military responses in favor of resolving the problems that had produced the unrest. In mid-June there was a coordinated string of some 40 bombings in the south.
In mid-September the Thai election commission postponed the October parliamentary elections, but shortly thereafter, with Thaksin abroad, the military overthrew him. Gen. Sonthi Boonyaratglin, the head of the army and close to the king, led the coup. He was named head of the Council of National Security, which under the interim constitution became Thailand's most powerful body. A retired general, Surayud Chulanont, was appointed prime minister in October, and a hand-picked unicameral legislature was also appointed. The same month the new government agreed to talks with Muslim rebels in S Thailand, and then revived a former government agency for the region; the dissolution of the agency had contributed to the unrest in the south. The policy changes did not, however, reduce rebel attacks, which continued into subsequent years and increased in frequency and brutality.
Meanwhile, in Mar., 2007, Thaksin's wife and others were charged with evading taxes in a 1997 share transfer, and the following month his children were order by a Thai anticorruption committee to pay $616 million in taxes and fines as a result of their 2006 sales of stock in the family telecommunications firm. The government moved in June to seize $1.5 billion in assets belonging to Thaksin and his wife, and also ordered him to return to face corruption charges; he remained in exile. The previous month a court had ordered the TRT party disbanded for breaking the electoral laws in 2006; Thaksin was barred from politics for five years. Warrants were subsequently issued for the arrest of Thaksin and his wife on corruption charges.
In Aug., 2007, Thai voters approved a new constitution in a referendum, which was subsequently endosed by the king. Air Chief Marshal Chalit Pukbhasuk succeeded Sonthi as national security council leader in Oct., 2007. In the parliamentary elections in December, the People Power party (PPP), led by an ally of Thaksin and drawing on Thaksin's rural support, won a plurality of the seats; the vote was seen as a repudiation of the coup. Thaksin's wife returned to Thailand from exile in Jan., 2008. In February the PPP formed a six-party coalition government, with PPP leader Samak Sundaravej as prime minister and many former Thaksin aides in key posts; later that month Thaksin returned to Thailand. In July, one party left the governing coalition because of the PPP's focus on constitutional reform. The opposition, known as Yellow Shirts (yellow being the color traditional associated with the monarchy), began mounting increasing confrontational protests against the government in mid-2008; beginning in August they occupied the grounds of the prime minister's office.
Thai government support for naming the Preah Vihear (Phra Viharn) temple a UNESCO World Heritage site stoked antigovernment demonstrations and led to tensions with Cambodia in July, 2008. Awarded to Cambodia in 1962, the temple is claimed by both nations. The nationalistic outpouring in Thailand, in which opposition groups asserted the government action had undermined Thailand's claim on the temple, led both nations to reinforce their troops along the border near the temple, creating concern about an outbreak of border fighting. In Aug., 2008, both nations agreed to reduce greatly their forces near the temple, but tensions continued. There were subsequent sporadic clashes over the site, most significantly in Feb., 2011, and in Apr., 2011, there were clashes there and at other disputed sites. In Dec., 2011, both governments agreed to withdraw their troops from the disputed areas around Preah Vihear, and a demilitarized zone was established there in July, 2012. Most of the disputed territory was awarded in 2013 to Cambodia by the International Court of Justice. Meanwile, in Aug., 2008, Thaksin and his wife fled Thailand for Great Britain after she was convicted of tax fraud; he had been charged with abuse of power and other crimes and was convicted in absentia of corruption in Oct., 2008.
In Sept., 2008, days of antigovernment protest in Bangkok sparked clashes between anti- and progovernment demonstrators; clashes also occurred in October and November. Prime Minister Samak was dismissed from office in September by the Constitutional Court; it ruled that Samak's hosting of a television cooking show violated Thailand's conflict of interest law. He was succeeded by Somchai Wongsawat, a former judge and Thaksin's brother-in-law. In late November antigovernment protesters also began a blockade of Bangkok's airports, with damaging consequences for Thailand's tourist industry and agricultural exports. Early the following month the Constitutional Court ruled that the PPP and two smaller coalition parties had engaged in vote buying in the last election; Somchai was barred from politics and the three parties dissolved. Yellow Shirt activists subsequently ended their protests and blockades. The opposition Democrat party succeeded in forming a governing coalition later in December; party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva became prime minister.
Thaksin supporters, known as “Red Shirts” for the color they used to distinguish themselves from the Yellow Shirts, subsequently mounted demonstrations against the new government. In late March the protests in Bangkok became significant, and in mid-April protestors forced the cancellation of an Association of Southeast Asian Nations summit; demonstrations were also reported in northern and northeastern provinces. Abhisit declared a state of emergency (which lasted two weeks), and used the military to suppress the protests in the capital. In Nov., 2009, Cambodia's naming of Thaksin as a government adviser strained relations between the two nations again.
In Mar., 2010, Thaksin supporters again mounted signficant demonstations in the capital against Abhisit in an attempt to force him to resign and call new elections; the government again declared a state of emergency. In April the ongoing protests erupted into fighting between the Red Shirts and security forces, and hundreds were injured. Abhisit subsequently placed the army commander in chief in charge of national security. In May, after increasing tensions, the government forcibly reestablished control over Bangkok; in response, protesters set fire to a number of buildings, and there were also riots in a number of cities in NE Thailand (a Red Shirt stronghold). The government subsequently also issued an arrest warrant for Thaksin, on terrorism charges relating to the two-month protest. Not until December was emergency rule lifted in all provinces.
In the June, 2011, elections for the House of Representatives, the pro-Thaksin For Thais party (Phuea Thai party, PTP), led by Thaksin's sister Yingluck Shinawatra, won a majority of the seats and subsequently formed a coalition government with a number of smaller parties; Yingluck became Thailand's first woman prime minister. In the 2011 monsoon season (August–October) unusually heavy rains resulted in weeks of significant flooding in three quarters of the country's provinces; it was the worst flooding in half a century. More than 750 persons died, and some areas continued to be affected into early 2012; the disruption to manufacturing caused an economic slowdown.
In Nov., 2013, the amendment of a political amnesty bill to include Thaksin led to a legislative walkout of opposition Democrats, and sparked demonstrations against the government that continued into 2014 despite the failure of the bill to pass the Senate. In December Yingluck dissolved parliament and announced new elections, which the PTP was expected to win; the Democrats announced a boycott of the elections, and demonstrators attempted to disrupt the preparations for them. In Jan., 2014, the government imposed a state of emergency in Bangkok and surrounding provinces.
The Feb., 2014, elections were blocked by protests in a number of districts, and the constitutional court subsequently declared the voting invalid as a result. Yingluck and nine cabinet members were ordered to step down in May, 2014, after the constitutional court ruled the government had acted illegally in transferring the national security chief in 2011. Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, the commerce minister, became caretaker prime minister, but the army, led by Gen. Prayuth Chan-ocha, subsequently seized power in a coup.
An interim constitution, adopted in July, led to the appointment by the junta, or National Council for Peace and Order, of a legislative assembly. Ultimate power, however, remained with the military, and in August Prayuth became prime minister. Elections under a new constitution were slated for late 2015, but the National Reform Council rejected a proposed constitution in Sept., 2015. In Jan., 2015, Yingluck was impeached (despite no longer being in office) and banned from office for five years, ostensibly over corruption in a financially unviable subsidy program for rice farmers; she was later fined (2016) and then convicted of negligence (2017) in the case but fled Thailand before the 2017 verdict. A new draft constitution was widely criticized for giving too much power to the military and weakening the major political parties, but it was adopted in an Aug., 2016, referendum; the southern Muslim Malay regions opposed it. The king died in Oct., 2016. After delaying his accession until December for a period of mourning, the crown prince succeeded his father as King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun; he endorsed the new constitution, with some modifications to preserve royal perogatives, in Apr., 2017.
• See Bowring, Sir John , The Kingdom and People of Siam (2 vol., 1857; repr. 1972);.
• Landon, K. P. , The Chinese in Thailand (1941, repr. 1973);.
• J. Nakahara; R. A. Witton, Development and Conflict in Thailand (1971);.
• Syamananda, R. , A History of Thailand (1971);.
• Wyatt, D. K. , Thailand, A Short History (1984);.
• Keyes, C. F. , Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State (1987);.
• Bundongkarn, S. , The Military in Thai Politics, 1981-1986 (1988).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, © Columbia University Press 2018
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1. Introduction {#sec1-diagnostics-09-00080}
===============
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) encompasses diverse symptoms that manifest variably across a range of body systems, the characteristic symptoms being chronic unexplained fatigue (lasting more than 6 months) and post-exertional malaise (PEM)---a disabling and exacerbated disease state following bouts of physical or mental exertion that exceed a patient-specific threshold. ME/CFS also entails a varied kaleidoscope of other symptoms including muscle weakness, migraine, flu-like symptoms, cognitive impairment ("brain fog"), and sensitivities to a variety of external stimuli that may include light, sound, or specific odors. This can be accompanied by comorbidities, such as fibromyalgia, postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS), and Ehlers--Danlos syndrome.
A major challenge for this field of study has been the varied usage of multiple diagnostic case criteria that may render comparison between studies difficult depending on the composition of the participant cohort. Furthermore, these criteria are slow processes of exclusion that leave patients without the support or acknowledgment that they need for extended periods and they may be subjected to a protracted, harsh, and insensitive diagnostic gauntlet. These problems are further compounded by medical guidelines in some developed countries that are out of date regarding ME/CFS clinical practice and require urgent overdue revision.
Case definitions, such as the commonly termed Oxford \[[@B1-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or Fukuda \[[@B2-diagnostics-09-00080]\] criteria, are most often utilized throughout the UK and USA, respectively, yet may fail to discriminate between generalized chronic fatigue and ME/CFS which specifically also involves PEM, which aids in characterizing this disorder as a discrete clinical entity. Also in usage are the Canadian Consensus Criteria \[[@B3-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and International Consensus Criteria \[[@B4-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which mandate PEM for a diagnosis of ME/CFS and therefore may be considered more specific definitions. While the presence of PEM is an optional component of the Fukuda criteria, PEM is, unfortunately, not required for research participation by all studies using this or other less strict definitions. Consequently, the discovery of a reliable diagnostic biomarker is perhaps the most common recurring theme in modern ME/CFS research. Despite myriad relevant study outcomes \[[@B5-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B6-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B7-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B8-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B9-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B10-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B11-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B12-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B13-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B14-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B15-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B16-diagnostics-09-00080]\], no such discovery has yet been widely validated or implemented as a suitable diagnostic biomarker of ME/CFS.
Not only does ME/CFS affect multiple body systems and organs, but it does so with different and time-varying levels of severity and different patterns of comorbidities in different individuals, thereby producing a highly heterogeneous patient population \[[@B7-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B17-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B18-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B19-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B20-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B21-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B22-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B23-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This complexity represents a major challenge to the task of incriminating one underlying pathological mechanism. It is also possible that different causative molecular insults result in different subsequent clinical presentations and this could contribute towards heterogeneity in the disorder. Patient subtyping to manage this heterogeneity has been previously discussed in the field \[[@B20-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B23-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and is lent credence by reproduced patterns of differential disease-associated gene expression \[[@B24-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B25-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B26-diagnostics-09-00080]\], gene expression profiles concurrent with comorbid POTS \[[@B27-diagnostics-09-00080]\], distinct DNA methylation profiles associated with quality of life scores and PEM \[[@B28-diagnostics-09-00080]\], severity and frequency of physical or mental fatigue \[[@B29-diagnostics-09-00080]\], or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) comorbidity \[[@B30-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which can be concurrent with specific changes to patient metabolism \[[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. As timely, objective, and accurate diagnosis remains the most clear challenge facing the field, patient subtyping may be an important component of new diagnostic techniques and has seen early investigation with stratification-based severity scores \[[@B32-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or cytokine co-expression patterns \[[@B33-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
In summation, ME/CFS etiology has been difficult to pin down due to the combination of a diagnostic quagmire and the disorder's heterogeneous symptom presentation across multiple body systems. A traditional view has held that ME/CFS onset is often precipitated by some manner of bodily insult, commonly infection, however, the disorder is left without any known single causative pathogen to date. Given the heterogeneity of the patient population, this is unsurprising. It is possible that the initial pathological insult may not always be pathogen-mediated and could instead be instigated by alternative stresses of sufficient magnitude as to nudge homeostatic regulation loops into alternative stable states \[[@B34-diagnostics-09-00080]\], and these varying modes of initial insult may contribute to the heterogeneity of ME/CFS clinical presentation.
Current research shows a tangible biomedical foundation underlying this clinical puzzle. Most of this evidence pertains to disturbed muscle function, metabolism, mitochondria, immunity, signaling, neurological, adrenal, and gut health. It is possible that these threads are together entangled as parts of an underlying molecular pathology reflecting a far-reaching homeostatic shift influencing each of these systems, perhaps differentially between individuals with varying clinical features. Furthermore, evidence of abnormalities affecting multiple systems is based on associations and the causal mechanisms responsible for the underlying pathology have yet to be determined. The following sections will address the current evidence for dysfunction across these systems in ME/CFS with specific examples of potential pathological interactions.
2. Abnormal Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function {#sec2-diagnostics-09-00080}
=================================================
The nature of the persistent fatigue and PEM experienced by patients renders the area of cellular energetics fertile ground for investigation. However, in the intervening years since early studies \[[@B35-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B36-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B37-diagnostics-09-00080]\], mitochondria had been largely neglected in the field until their re-emergence as an area of interest during the last 10 years \[[@B9-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The recent interest in this area has since generated a basis to support some manner of both mitochondrial and broader metabolic dysfunction in ME/CFS.
2.1. Dysregulated Amino Acid Metabolism and Impaired Provision of TCA Cycle Substrate {#sec2dot1-diagnostics-09-00080}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This accumulation of evidence supporting dysregulated metabolism and mitochondrial energetics in ME/CFS has taken place across many experimental areas. There have been recent studies utilizing the metabolomics approach, which captures a quantitative snapshot of steady-state metabolite levels in a sample to infer underlying biochemical pathway modulation, typically achieved by either mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy applications. The first of these studies used NMR to interrogate analytes within ME/CFS blood samples and reported decreases in glutamine and ornithine concentrations, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism linked to urea cycle dysregulation \[[@B38-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. A subsequent study utilizing MS conversely reported an elevation in ornithine concentration with a decrease in citrulline, but this also suggests urea cycle dysregulation \[[@B6-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Subsequent work undertaken by the authors of the first study proposed that impaired glycolytic formation of pyruvate could be providing less downstream oxidized pyruvate derivatives to be used as substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle \[[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Work by others suggested that instead of a reduction in the glycolytic pyruvate supply, a deficiency in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) function may form a bottleneck for the provision of TCA cycle substrate \[[@B40-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. These and the previous amino acid discrepancies could be due to differences in techniques (NMR vs. MS) and thus the range of detectable molecules. What could be taken from both lines of approach---supported by data from other similar studies \[[@B6-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B13-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and one cell culture study \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080]\]---is that there may be some manner of TCA cycle disturbance in ME/CFS, possibly one that is substrate supply-driven.
2.2. Inefficient ATP Synthesis and Abnormal Energy Stress Signaling {#sec2dot2-diagnostics-09-00080}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
If the TCA cycle output of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex substrates is reduced by such a glycolysis \[[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or PDH \[[@B40-diagnostics-09-00080]\] defect, one might expect disturbances in cellular energy production in ME/CFS cells. There have been several studies which report a reduction of steady-state ATP levels \[[@B9-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B42-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B43-diagnostics-09-00080]\], yet other studies have reported an elevation \[[@B44-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. However, these steady-state measures do not provide information as to the metabolic flux (rates of production and depletion) of the molecule of interest. Real-time parameters of aerobic respiration and glycolysis can be measured in live cells by extracellular flux assays, which measure oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) and extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) using intact cells. Published studies of this type both found no significant difference in absolute ATP synthesis rates between the ME/CFS and control cells \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B45-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. However, this does not necessarily mean that there is no ATP synthesis defect, since a defect/inefficiency in ATP synthesis could be offset by compensatory homeostatic mechanisms.
The homeostatic regulation of cellular energy metabolism is centered on two stress-sensing protein kinases, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) \[[@B46-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and target of rapamycin (TOR) \[[@B47-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which play key, often mutually inhibitory, roles. If their activities are chronically dysregulated by metabolic abnormalities and energy insufficiencies in ME/CFS cells, they may be unable to respond to additional energy demand. This is supported by reports of AMPK in muscle cells from people with ME/CFS being unresponsive to stimulation by contraction-induced ATP depletion \[[@B43-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B48-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Such insensitivity could result from AMPK already being in an activated state in these cells, or to its inhibition by chronically hyperactivated TOR complex 1 (TORC1). Elevated TORC1 activity was recently observed in ME/CFS cells (lymphoblasts) and this was accompanied by inefficient mitochondrial ATP synthesis and abnormally high and presumably compensatory expression of mitochondrial proteins \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Elevated expression of mitochondrial proteins has also been found in other studies of patient saliva, lymphocytes, and platelets \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B49-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B50-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B51-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Furthermore, reduced creatine kinase (CK) levels in the serum of people with ME/CFS may suggest reduced cellular CK presence \[[@B15-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which could contribute to inefficient ATP synthesis given the enzyme's roles in ATP homeostasis \[[@B52-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Despite the breadth of sample types tested that suggest dysregulated energy metabolism (serum, urine, feces, muscle, B cells, lymphoblasts), it remains to be directly demonstrated that the perturbation of the associated stress-sensing pathways is systemic and this should be an area of future investigation.
As noted above, glycolytic catabolism of glucose is a major supplier of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) to the TCA cycle, and this can be assayed in intact cells by measuring the rate of acidification of the medium by cells provided with glucose as a substrate. This has been reported recently using natural killer (NK) cells from a small sample of six patients and six healthy controls \[[@B53-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Although the authors found no differences in aerobic respiration rates, they did observe a reduced glycolytic reserve in the ME/CFS cells. The glycolytic reserve is a measure of the excess capacity of glycolysis to meet cellular ATP demands when mitochondrial ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited. This small study reported individual O~2~ consumption and extracellular acidification rates that were either negative or very small positive values, placing them at the threshold of reliable detection. This caveat also applies to heterogeneous peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations, which are commonly used for extracellular flux respirometry and have been previously employed in ME/CFS work \[[@B45-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This difficulty arises because peripheral blood lymphocytes are metabolically quiescent \[[@B54-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and this not only makes metabolic rate assays technically difficult, but it may obscure differences in metabolism that would be apparent in actively metabolizing cells.
2.3. A Shift Towards Lipid Metabolism {#sec2dot3-diagnostics-09-00080}
-------------------------------------
The TCA cycle can also be provided with acetyl CoA produced by fatty acid beta-oxidation when glucose-derived sources are insufficient \[[@B55-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. If the provision of substrate to the TCA cycle is indeed deficient in ME/CFS as previously suggested \[[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B40-diagnostics-09-00080]\], a role for the compensatory elevation of fatty acid metabolism could be implicated in the disorder \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation are regulated by both AMPK \[[@B56-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and TORC1 \[[@B57-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. AMPK promotes fatty acid beta-oxidation when activated by elevated ATP demand and promotes fatty acid biosynthesis when inactive, while TORC1 exerts the opposite effects. AMPK and TORC1 regulate each other in a complex reciprocal feedback network \[[@B58-diagnostics-09-00080]\], so that it is also possible for scenarios to arise where both are simultaneously activated \[[@B59-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This raises the question: If both AMPK \[[@B43-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B48-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and TORC1 \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080]\] activities are elevated in ME/CFS cells, would we expect the rates of fatty acid catabolism to be increased or decreased? An answer may be found within the specific mechanisms of regulatory action of these pathways in lipid homeostasis. Activation of TORC1 promotes fatty acid biosynthesis by elevating the expression of gene products including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) through the upregulation of transcription factors Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins 1 and 2 (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2) \[[@B60-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. ACC activity results in an accumulation of malonyl CoA, which is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial import of fatty acids for beta oxidation. ACC, however, is a primary regulatory target of AMPK and is inactivated by phosphorylation when AMPK is activated \[[@B61-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. In this way, the concurrent activation of AMPK and TORC1, if it does indeed occur in ME/CFS cells, may allow AMPK to constrain the effects of TORC1's upregulation of lipid-biosynthesis and downregulation of beta-oxidation. At the same time, both AMPK and TORC1 directly or indirectly induce the expression of diverse mitochondrial proteins, including those involved in fatty acid beta oxidation. The combined effects could be a steady state in which the cells have increased their use of beta oxidation relative to glycolysis as a supplier of acetyl CoA to the TCA cycle. Fatty acid oxidation is normally upregulated as a supplementary energy pathway during fasting or exercise as a response to reduced blood glucose concentration \[[@B62-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. An increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation, even at rest, may therefore also contribute to the inability for people with ME/CFS to meet the elevated energy demands imposed by exertion. Such a switch to lipid oxidation can be mediated by elevated inflammation \[[@B63-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and in combination with the pathological inflammation seen in patients \[[@B64-diagnostics-09-00080]\] could be evidence of a pathological interaction between inflammation and metabolism in ME/CFS.
3. Disturbed Immunity, Signaling, and Inflammatory Pathways {#sec3-diagnostics-09-00080}
===========================================================
3.1. NK Cells {#sec3dot1-diagnostics-09-00080}
-------------
The function of the immune system has been a focus of ME/CFS research for many years. Evidence for immune dysfunction in ME/CFS has largely been sought through study of NK cells, which are cytotoxic immune cells with roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Multiple groups have reported reduced NK cell cytotoxicity or numbers \[[@B65-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B66-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B67-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B68-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B69-diagnostics-09-00080]\] combined with concordant alterations to functional surface markers \[[@B70-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B71-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B72-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Conversely, other groups have reported increased cytotoxicity in combination with alterations to functional surface markers. For example, perforin, a glycoprotein used as a functional indicator of NK cell cytotoxicity due to its roles in NK cell mediated lysis \[[@B73-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B74-diagnostics-09-00080]\], has been reported as upregulated \[[@B71-diagnostics-09-00080]\], downregulated \[[@B65-diagnostics-09-00080]\], or, along with every other assessed phenotypic parameter, unaltered in people with ME/CFS \[[@B75-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. A recent, rigorous large-scale biobank study also found no significant differences in NK cell numbers, subtype composition, or assessed functional parameters \[[@B76-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. In summation, NK research remains an area of active interest, but in light of conflicting findings, the role of NK cells in the disorder is still not well understood.
3.2. Calcium Signaling {#sec3dot2-diagnostics-09-00080}
----------------------
Calcium signaling is crucial to immune cell function \[[@B77-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and is tied to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum as hubs of regulatory control and calcium storage \[[@B78-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Therefore, a disturbance to calcium signaling could contribute to pathological outcomes involving immune system or bioenergetic dysfunction, both of which have been implicated in ME/CFS. In addition to the previous evidence of altered surface proteins on NK cells from ME/CFS patients, a reduction in the expression of transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) calcium ion channels \[[@B79-diagnostics-09-00080]\] has been reported in a subpopulation of ME/CFS NK cells \[[@B80-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B81-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B82-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The reason for the reduced expression of TRPM3 in these cells is unknown, but in other cell types, expression of TRPM3 is repressed by the activity of microRNA-204 (miR-204), encoded by intron 6 of the *TRPM3* gene \[[@B83-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. However, miR-204 is not amongst the microRNAs whose expression is reportedly altered in ME/CFS patients \[[@B84-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Reduced expression of TRPM3 receptors would be expected to cause a reduction in Ca^2+^ responses to pregnenolone sulfate (PregS), a specific activating ligand for TRPM3 channels. However, the opposite was observed when Ca^2+^ levels were assayed by flow cytometry using Indo1, a Ca^2+^-sensitive fluorescent dye in the TRPM3-depleted NK cells \[[@B80-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Subsequent studies using whole cell patch clamping, however, have reported a loss of PregS-stimulated Ca^2+^ responses \[[@B81-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B82-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
3.3. Links to Mitochondrial Dysfunction {#sec3dot3-diagnostics-09-00080}
---------------------------------------
Cytosolic Ca^2+^ is a key element in the cell's extensive homeostatic networks, such that Ca^2+^ signals are regulated by and play regulatory roles in multiple processes in cells, including mitochondrial respiratory activity \[[@B85-diagnostics-09-00080]\] as well as mitochondrial protein import \[[@B86-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and the ion transport activity of TRPM3 itself \[[@B87-diagnostics-09-00080]\], both of which are activated by Ca^2+^-calmodulin. The mitochondria serve as both a source and a sink for cytosolic Ca^2+^ and the mitochondria interact closely with the endoplasmic reticulum at sites that mediate the exchange of lipids and Ca^2+^ signals \[[@B88-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The mitochondria thus form a hub of interaction between Ca^2+^ and other molecular signals that regulate mitochondrial function, such as AMPK and TORC1 activity. In NK cells specifically, where the calcium-signaling defect has been reported, TORC1 activity is required for both effector function and cytokine production \[[@B89-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B90-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B91-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and it has been suggested that the development of NK cell antiviral memory is influenced by mitochondrial function \[[@B92-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The reports of altered NK effector function in ME/CFS could therefore also be related to abnormal mitochondrial function and TOR signaling. Disrupted intracellular signaling and mitochondrial function in ME/CFS have also been previously linked through myriad other pathways provoked by immune-inflammation and oxidative stress \[[@B93-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
3.4. Inflammation {#sec3dot4-diagnostics-09-00080}
-----------------
Chronic system-wide inflammation is thought to be central to ME/CFS in the clinical setting as it is associated with symptom severity \[[@B64-diagnostics-09-00080]\], but the evidence demonstrating a role for specific pro-inflammatory cytokines is inconsistent. While there are indeed reports of the elevation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines in ME/CFS \[[@B33-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B71-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B94-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B95-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B96-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B97-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B98-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B99-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which would tie in with the chronic inflammation in the clinical setting, these findings contrast with reports of reduced expression of pro-inflammatory agents, such as interleukin-8 or transforming growth factor-beta1 \[[@B100-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B101-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Consequently, evidence for the specific directional shift of individual cytokines has been previously summarized as largely inconsistent \[[@B102-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Despite these issues, cytokine expression has been previously associated with ME/CFS disease duration and may have value in aiding the stratification of patient cohorts \[[@B33-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B94-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. One group has shown that a cohort of ME/CFS patients with leaky gut syndrome as a comorbidity may undergo significant symptom remission when the IgM and IgA immune responses are attenuated by treatment with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant medications \[[@B103-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B104-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This finding has contributed towards the potential link between gut hyperpermeability and inflammation in ME/CFS. Therefore, it is likely that dysregulated chronic inflammatory action by the immune system is an aspect of ME/CFS, despite inconsistent reports.
3.5. Autoimmunity {#sec3dot5-diagnostics-09-00080}
-----------------
Autoimmunity in the condition is an area that remains little researched, and has been most recently summarized and presented as a hypothetical model for ME/CFS, with some ties to gut dysbiosis and aberrant metabolism \[[@B105-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Other autoimmune models for ME/CFS have been previously based on rituximab's role in B cell depletion as a possible therapeutic based on the promising outcomes of earlier studies \[[@B106-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B107-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This would be concordant with other reports of elevated naïve and transitional B cells in patients, which may suggest autoimmune tendencies \[[@B108-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. However, a role for such B cell-mediated autoimmunity in the disorder is now challenged by the negative outcome of the more recent rituximab phase III clinical trial \[[@B109-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which refutes the previous rituximab work. This may also indicate that autoimmunity only applies as a key pathomechanism in a small subset of patients who respond positively to rituximab treatment \[[@B110-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Other direct lines of evidence for autoimmune behavior in the disorder come from elevated autoantibody levels in sera \[[@B111-diagnostics-09-00080]\], supported by the improvement of symptoms following autoantibody removal treatment \[[@B112-diagnostics-09-00080]\], and abnormal IgM immune recognition of both microbial and human heat shock protein 60 in a subset of patients \[[@B113-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or against phosphatidylinositol \[[@B114-diagnostics-09-00080]\], despite the absence of an infective pathogen in each case.
4. Implications of Altered Gut Microbiota and Physiology {#sec4-diagnostics-09-00080}
========================================================
A disturbed gut microbiota \[[@B12-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B115-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B116-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B117-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B118-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B119-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B120-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B121-diagnostics-09-00080]\] has been proposed to play a role in ME/CFS. This is accompanied by physiological gut abnormalities, such as impaired motility \[[@B122-diagnostics-09-00080]\], elevated intestinal wall permeability \[[@B103-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B104-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B123-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B124-diagnostics-09-00080]\], and IBS comorbidity \[[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B125-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B126-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which has been proposed to comprise part of a ME/CFS subtype \[[@B30-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The implications of these disturbances could be far-reaching, since the intestinal microbiota both regulates \[[@B127-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B128-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and is regulated by \[[@B129-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B130-diagnostics-09-00080]\] the immune system. Additionally, many studies have demonstrated a link between the gut microbiota and host mitochondrial function or metabolism, with disturbances in one resulting in subsequent dysfunction in the other \[[@B131-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B132-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B133-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B134-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B135-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B136-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
4.1. The Gut Microbiota and Metabolism {#sec4dot1-diagnostics-09-00080}
--------------------------------------
People with ME/CFS have been reported to present with gut microbiota disturbances and either metabolite variation \[[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B118-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or mitochondrial dysfunction \[[@B116-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and the two conditions could be linked. Sheedy et al. observed elevated Gram positive intestinal bacteria, which produce lactic acid that may lower the gut pH and lead to elevated gut permeability \[[@B137-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Furthermore, the translocation of these enteric lactic acid products into the bloodstream could contribute to the elevated lactate reported in the cerebrospinal fluid of ME/CFS patients \[[@B138-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B139-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B140-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and in the blood of a subgroup of patients \[[@B141-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This contrasts with reports of reduced blood lactate as measured by H-NMR metabolomics \[[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which suggests that lactic acidosis may only affect a subgroup of patients. If IBS comorbidity accompanied by gut dysbiosis and hyperpermeability is indeed a subtype of ME/CFS, the translocation of lactic acid produced by abnormally enriched Gram positive enteric bacteria in the affected individuals, rather than excessive production by the host metabolism, could explain this inconsistency.
4.2. Pathological Interactions between Gut Hyperpermeability and the Mitochondria {#sec4dot2-diagnostics-09-00080}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Broader implications for the immune system and mitochondrial function may come from reports of increased translocation of immunogenic bacterial secretions from the gut into the bloodstream, which in ME/CFS may be mediated by intestinal wall hyperpermeability in patients affected with IBS \[[@B104-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B142-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. For example, the generation of excess free radicals, which occurs in the mitochondria \[[@B143-diagnostics-09-00080]\], has been proposed to form part of a microbial defense mechanism \[[@B144-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B145-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B146-diagnostics-09-00080]\], with enteric species, such as *Escherichia coli*, highly susceptible to the bactericidal properties of free radical derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) \[[@B147-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Excess free radical generation not only results in the formation of RNS but also reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose production may be elevated in ME/CFS given the many reports of elevated oxidative stress in the disorder \[[@B148-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B149-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B150-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B151-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B152-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B153-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Therefore, excessive free radical generation as such an antimicrobial response to circulating antagonists of enteric origin could provide one explanation for the reports of elevated oxidative stress in the disorder. Such a response may indeed be elicited by the ordinarily commensal Gram negative bacteria *E. coli*, which, while also known to target the mitochondria by the secretion of other toxins \[[@B154-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B155-diagnostics-09-00080]\], secretes immunogenic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This endotoxin secretion is normally suppressed by the host microbiota at large \[[@B131-diagnostics-09-00080]\], however, the composition of the host microbiota is reportedly altered in cases of ME/CFS \[[@B12-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B115-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B116-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B117-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B118-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B119-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B120-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B121-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Such a disturbance to the normal LPS secretion-suppressing host microbiota in ME/CFS and the presence of gut hyperpermeability may therefore not only lead to the synergistic amplification of bacterial toxin translocation into the blood and the consequent activation of inflammatory pathways \[[@B104-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B142-diagnostics-09-00080]\], but may also expose body-wide mitochondria to circulating virulent factors produced by Gram negative antagonists, such as *E.coli*. This is supported by the increase in *E. coli* gut colonization reported in cases of IBS \[[@B156-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which, again, can be an ME/CFS comorbidity.
4.3. The Gut--Brain Axis: Autonomic and Hormonal Dysregulation {#sec4dot3-diagnostics-09-00080}
--------------------------------------------------------------
Physiological stress, considered one predisposing factor for ME/CFS \[[@B157-diagnostics-09-00080]\], has been suggested to play a role in modifying the gut microbiota in such a way that would reduce the numbers of *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus*, two genera responsible for the suppression of LPS-secreting commensal bacteria and has been implicated in this way in ME/CFS \[[@B158-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B159-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. While the translocation of immunogenic LPS into the bloodstream is generally associated with body-wide inflammation \[[@B160-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B161-diagnostics-09-00080]\], it may also lead to the elevation of proinflammatory elements and the stress hormone cortisol in the brain \[[@B162-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. The transduction of immunogenic pathogen signals is but one aspect of the gut--brain axis, so it is pertinent to address the potential for broader gut-brain driven \[[@B163-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B164-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or autonomic nervous dysregulation that may play a part in the disorder. Indeed, there is some evidence to support such dysregulation associated with vasomotor abnormalities \[[@B165-diagnostics-09-00080]\] or mitochondrial Coenzyme Q10 deficiency associated with cardiovascular lesions \[[@B166-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. There are relevant, respectively, to the ME/CFS comorbidity POTS, which likely involves vasomotor dysfunction \[[@B167-diagnostics-09-00080]\], or to the cardinal symptom of chronic fatigue. Further, the linkage of cortisol-driven stress responses to the gut through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis \[[@B168-diagnostics-09-00080]\] could be dysfunctional in ME/CFS due to the hypocortisolism previously suggested to play a role in the condition \[[@B169-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B170-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This possibility could weave another perturbed regulatory loop into the system, which may aid in perpetuating an altered homeostasis. This has been previously reviewed at length \[[@B171-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
5. Multi-System Pathological Interactions {#sec5-diagnostics-09-00080}
=========================================
5.1. Exposure to Stressors and the Theoretical Homeostatic Perpetuation of a Disease State {#sec5dot1-diagnostics-09-00080}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The reported disturbances to ME/CFS metabolism have been linked to chronic activation of emergency cell survival mechanisms to cope with adverse conditions \[[@B7-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. These adverse conditions could include energy stress, inflammation, HPA axis dysregulation, or pathogen exposure. They elicit a conserved homeostatic cell danger response \[[@B172-diagnostics-09-00080]\] that could result in the cell shifting to an alternative resting steady state and contribute to ME/CFS pathology \[[@B34-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. An alternative explanation would involve chronic ongoing exposure of cells to a causative insult. However, chronic pathogen exposure as the precipitating factor for such a response in ME/CFS seems unlikely, as theories of viral persistence have been thoroughly investigated and the evidence for chronic viral infection in ME/CFS is inconsistent \[[@B173-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Another feature of ME/CFS is the characteristic symptom heterogeneity. Patient histories suggest that the initial insult eliciting the shift to the ME/CFS state differs between individuals and so may dysregulate the underlying cellular stress signaling pathways in different ways. This could contribute to inconsistencies between various studies and highlights the need for sensitive diagnostics and patient stratification into recognizably different categories.
No matter the initial insult, each of the aforementioned possibilities can involve the interaction between chronic inflammation and immunological and mitochondrial dysfunction \[[@B99-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B174-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B175-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This is similar to theories previously presented by others pertaining to dysregulated homeostatic feedback loops \[[@B34-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Faced with a new challenge, such as the re-emergence of a dormant pathogen, over-exertion, or other stress depending on the tolerance of the individual, the affected pathways could again be perturbed, triggering a molecular cascade during bouts of PEM. In some patients, this may mimic the response to a recurrent infection regardless of whether the new trigger is pathogen-driven. Symptom flare-ups characteristic of ME/CFS may therefore result from antagonization of just one of the underlying nodes of a multi-system pathological web and a symptomatic body-wide cascade ensues.
For example, the elevated oxidative stress reported in the disorder \[[@B148-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B149-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B150-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B151-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B152-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B153-diagnostics-09-00080]\] may be entangled with perturbed immune-inflammatory pathways \[[@B175-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B176-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B177-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B178-diagnostics-09-00080]\], gut inflammation \[[@B158-diagnostics-09-00080]\], and dysfunctional mitochondria. This may be exacerbated by other disturbances, such as the reported reduction in CK levels \[[@B15-diagnostics-09-00080]\], which can lead to the absence of CK-mediated ROS suppression \[[@B179-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This raises the possibility of a vicious cycle of immunodysregulation and gut dysbiosis accompanied by poor physiological gut function \[[@B122-diagnostics-09-00080]\] that contribute to the perpetuation of a chronic bowel disease state. Such an altered state could interact with the previously suggested HPA dysregulation \[[@B34-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and contribute to the perpetuation of an alternative resting homeostasis.
5.2. Identifying Underlying Mechanisms {#sec5dot2-diagnostics-09-00080}
--------------------------------------
The earlier sections of this review have discussed the evidence for dysregulated biological mechanisms in ME/CFS patients at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and whole body levels. These changes are summarized in [Table 1](#diagnostics-09-00080-t001){ref-type="table"} and together provide insights into potential underlying disease mechanisms.
Based on current biomedical literature, perturbations to the various systems listed in [Table 1](#diagnostics-09-00080-t001){ref-type="table"} are implicated in the underlying pathological mechanisms in ME/CFS. These phenomena are correlated clinically in that they appear in people with the disorder. However, the causal links between them are unknown and cannot be discerned purely on the basis of clinical correlation. There are many scenarios where more than one of the affected systems may exert pathological effects on another and vice versa. This complex and often reciprocal regulatory cross-talk between systems makes it difficult to distinguish cause from effect, so there is great need for the potential causal relationships to be addressed directly using appropriate experimental models.
For example, the potential impact of gut hyperpermeability on body-wide mitochondrial function has been outlined in [Section 4.2](#sec4dot2-diagnostics-09-00080){ref-type="sec"}. However, the reverse may also take place. The differentiation, proliferation, and function of intestinal epithelial cells is known to depend upon normal mitochondrial function, with mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in subsequent hyperpermeability of the intestinal wall \[[@B188-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B189-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B190-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Therefore, it is impossible to distinguish cause from effect in this case with correlations alone. Similarly, changes in metabolite levels in ME/CFS have been associated with both IBS comorbidity \[[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and alterations to intestinal flora composition \[[@B118-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. However, it has not been experimentally shown whether the IBS is caused by host metabolic dysfunction or irregular metabolite production and excretion by an altered gut microbiota, or if the gut microflora and metabolic abnormalities are caused by the IBS.
The influence of the mitochondria upon the function of the immune system has similar implications. The mitochondria can partake in activation or suppression of inflammation indirectly by regulating autophagy, which in turn bears downstream regulatory consequences for the activation of inflammation \[[@B191-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Mitochondria also regulate elements of the innate immune system by the release of immunogenic ligands \[[@B178-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and are important for immune cell effector function due to their classical roles in energy production and metabolism. Furthermore, immunological dysfunction is common in conditions which are primarily mitochondrial diseases \[[@B192-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. This is an important consideration with regard to the gut microbiota since it, in turn, influences and is influenced by the function of the immune system and \[[@B128-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B163-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B193-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B194-diagnostics-09-00080]\] immune cell population composition \[[@B195-diagnostics-09-00080]\]. Therefore, changes to any one of the mitochondria, immune system, or gut may dysregulate the others, again emphasizing the importance of future research addressing cause--effect relationships.
6. Conclusions {#sec6-diagnostics-09-00080}
==============
ME/CFS is a heterogeneous condition that may encompass scenarios where uncertain, and possibly varying, underlying insults trigger body-wide molecular and cellular perturbations perpetuated by an alternative stable homeostatic states. Diagnostic advancement and the development of tools which objectively and accurately phenotype patients is therefore paramount for the development of mechanistic insight and effective therapeutics.
It is likely that the inflammation and immune dysfunction classically studied in ME/CFS are entangled with dysfunctional energetics, gut health, or autonomic and adrenal dysregulation. The evidence for metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction indicates inefficient respiration, impaired provision of TCA cycle substrate, and metabolic shifts towards the utilization of alternative metabolites. Immune effector cell dysfunction, chronic inflammation, defective signaling, and elevated oxidative stress may interact with not only the dysfunctional energetics but also with abnormal gut physiology and microbiota composition. These effects on the gut may also tie back to mitochondrial function and vice versa. The reciprocal interactions between these affected systems and the varied clinical presentation of relevant symptoms between individuals make it difficult to postulate cause--effect relationships with confidence. Furthermore, while disturbances to this range of interconnected systems across the body have been demonstrated, in some cases concurrently, this body of research has historically relied upon correlations, which creates the urgent need for research utilizing direct experimental investigation of cause--effect relationships.
D.M., writing---original draft preparation and editing; S.J.A. and P.R.F., writing---review and editing.
D.M. was the recipient of a La Trobe University Postgraduate Scholarship and Australian Government Research Training Program Fees Offset. This work was supported by generous patient donations and grants from the Judith Jane Mason & Harold Stannett Williams Memorial Foundation (Grant IDs: MAS2016F063, MAS2018F00026) and the McCusker Charitable Foundation.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
diagnostics-09-00080-t001_Table 1
######
Brief summary of relevant reports contributing towards the biomedical basis of ME/CFS.
Area of Study Brief Summary of Key Reports in ME/CFS
-------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metabolomics Multiple reports of disturbed amino acid metabolism \[[@B6-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B38-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B40-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B180-diagnostics-09-00080]\].Dysregulated lipid metabolism \[[@B7-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B13-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B31-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080]\], possible glycolysis impairment \[[@B39-diagnostics-09-00080]\], possible PDH impairment \[[@B40-diagnostics-09-00080]\], urea cycle dysregulation \[[@B6-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B38-diagnostics-09-00080]\].Overall: TCA cycle substrate provision deficiency and reliance on alternative fuel sources.
Mitochondrial function Reduced \[[@B9-diagnostics-09-00080]\] vs. elevated steady-state ATP levels \[[@B42-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B44-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B48-diagnostics-09-00080]\] but resting ATP synthesis rates are normal \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B45-diagnostics-09-00080]\].Complex V inefficient and compensated for by upregulation of supporting pathways \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Muscle activity Unresponsive AMPK and reduced glucose \[[@B43-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B48-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B141-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and oxygen uptake \[[@B181-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Natural killer cells Overall inconsistent evidence---role mostly unknown \[[@B65-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B66-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B67-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B68-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B69-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B70-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B71-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B72-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Calcium signaling Evidence for impaired TRPM3 function \[[@B81-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B82-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Inflammation and cytokines Inconsistent molecular evidence \[[@B102-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B182-diagnostics-09-00080]\], yet is likely to play a role based on clinical presentation and the many reported disturbances in related systems.
Autoimmunity Little researched, but proposed to form a subtype comorbid with IBS \[[@B114-diagnostics-09-00080]\].Role for B cell-mediated autoimmunity challenged by negative outcome of rituximab trial \[[@B106-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B109-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B110-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
B cells Linked to mitochondrial disturbances, subset proportions may vary \[[@B41-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B45-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B183-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Gut microbiota and physiology Widely reported disturbances to the gut microbiota \[[@B12-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B103-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B115-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B116-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B117-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B119-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B120-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B184-diagnostics-09-00080]\] and gut hyperpermeability \[[@B103-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B123-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B124-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
Autonomic and hormonal dysregulation Vasomotor abnormalities \[[@B165-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B185-diagnostics-09-00080]\], hypocortisolism \[[@B169-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B170-diagnostics-09-00080]\], broad HPA axis disturbance \[[@B186-diagnostics-09-00080],[@B187-diagnostics-09-00080]\].
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '609aacc158651d460f6a2d0976ef974fba3fc6b70eb0f23e4372511416c9e25f'} |
is it just me or does it seem extraordinarily hard as shit to text while high? its like when i get done i feel as though a large amount of time has lapsed and my head feels gets a great weight lifted after hitting send.
Made popular on:
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 9:14am
Thu, 01/14/2010 - 6:54pm
jman3 Says:
sometimes i just over think what i am going to send to the person and dont end up responding at all or make something up saying i cant text so i dont have to worry about it haha
Thu, 01/14/2010 - 8:49pm
and then by the time the person responds you've completely forgotten what you were just talking about...
Thu, 01/14/2010 - 9:51pm
scott168 Says:
hell yeah man texting is stressful when you're high i would rather not text.
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 6:13am
helll yess!!! i always sit and read my msg before i send it over and over again for about 5 minutes and right before i send it i always end up saying "I sure hope that makes sense..." fuck texting!(<--when ur high)
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 10:19am
i do this too! get all flustered over sending a coherent text... but i'd rather struggle with a text than actually call someone. weird?
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 11:48am
Archie Says:
man i definitely know! i always feel like it needs to be a thoughtful text for some reason, but then i put thought into it, and realized it sounds so stupid after i send it. Short term memory loss doesn't help the situation either on trying to form a 'txt' worthy sentence
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 12:16pm
i got that shit to it sucks and almost every time im high my phone blows up
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 12:17pm
i got that shit to and every time im high my phone automaticly blows up
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 12:47pm
uhhh i hate it . and theres always that one person who wants to text u important shit or like tell u a whole fucking story .
Fri, 01/15/2010 - 5:46pm
Oh man, I love texting while high. Whomever I'm talking to, I picture their face responding to the things they/I say. It also makes me feel relaxed for some reason, the lights trip me out and I see all of the words in 3D and then all of the colours mix around and it feels like I'm breathing them in through my nostrils.
Then I'm usually focusing too hard on my phone and fall over :P
Wed, 01/20/2010 - 5:53am
i dunno what other drugs your on to see 3d texts and smell words but i want ten dollars worth haha
Mon, 01/18/2010 - 11:05pm
Patches Says:
Fri, 04/30/2010 - 11:06pm
chA it real tough bro every tells me i got bad texting spellin but fuck it im always torn out of my tree so fuck it
Fri, 12/17/2010 - 3:13am
I hate texting on the iphone while high. It's hard as hell and it corrects pretty much everything i've typed.
Thu, 11/24/2011 - 4:35am
I'm glad someone agrees. I pretty much say fuck my phone when i'm baked, cause I get too distracted with oher things. It's just not worth the time I'd rather be doing something fun. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.900843620300293}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53407', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7T6DMSFWQHAXRK7XE25T2RPWKEMNVGX2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6dfd97fb-2665-4957-9b87-9dccd0f240f2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 19, 9, 29, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.16.5.92', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WA3YG73QY4AYYPEIOQSHEZ7L4QPJDWZQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ae36aadf-af9e-4115-9c4b-222819dcc1e0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://highdeas.com/technology/i_hate_texting_while_high', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bea6524f-6f12-44d3-b955-a271a8b63c78>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '525', 'url': 'http://highdeas.com/technology/i_hate_texting_while_high', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4529508948326111', 'original_id': '36b8738944957b76470c6ce0f4f3ce444d1f6aa1a0471f7e9db911a4e1be0c76'} |
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"Eldritch electro-acoustic explorer and uncompromising sound artist Luke Younger aka Helm presents his first new material since casting the subterranean concrčte psychedelia of his 'Impossible Symmetry' album for PAN across end-of-year lists in 2012 and petrifying numerable witnesses to his granite-hewn live set. Issued as a split release between PAN and his own Alter label, 'Silencer' documents four studio actions conducted in the wake of his renowned LP, charting the alchemical relationships between base, stripped down rhythms, cruddy electronics and acousmatic source material manipulated on cassette tapes. The magic of these four tracks lies in the curious sense of detachment and friction between those fractured, awkwardly reactive elements, klanging flinty drums against detuned, cryptic synth scrabble and buckled tape FX to create charged and metaphysically affective atmospheres intended to corrode and infect your listening space." (label info)
in stock | DE| 2013| PAN | 15.90
Go back | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9191856384277344}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22247', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LONT33LXPA4GARA2KGRPOXTPSA6HQJRK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5ad6caae-c695-4a80-8269-7e8158f76d4e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 1, 22, 31, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '217.160.169.124', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Q6BDHPMGEPOIAKU2FTGFGBLFRX2XNS7D', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d8f559d1-4cc4-45e4-b460-b86ea15ac9ba>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://a-musik.com/p/product/helm-silencer-12-086284.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6f08aa27-a289-4645-9c36-c5a64e1c57c9>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '143', 'url': 'http://a-musik.com/p/product/helm-silencer-12-086284.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08936542272567749', 'original_id': '321a7d0d47642ac3ca8ad081534f9238c7a777fe4dcf2a18c9d9faeab130d7a6'} |
CareNow® - June 28, 2018
Skin irritation and rashes are some of the most common medical conditions. Anyone can be susceptible to skin irritations like dry skin or hives.
Most rashes and other skin irritations are not serious conditions, but they can still impact your quality of life.
Learn more about the causes and symptoms of skin irritations so you can enjoy the rest of your summer without fear of annoying itching and scratching!
If you experience skin irritation, along with other more serious symptoms such as fever, consider visiting your local CareNow urgent care for treatment.
Find a CareNow® Urgent Care Near you
What Causes Rashes And Skin Irritation?
There are many causes for skin irritations, ranging from chaffing to allergic reactions. Most skin irritation is harmless in nature and can disappear on its own without professional medical treatment.
Skin irritation can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying causes.
All skin irritation comes from inflammation of your skin, despite the hundreds of potential causes of the condition. This inflammation usually manifests in the form of a rash.
Common Causes of Skin Irritation:
1. Contact Dermatitis
2. Dry skin
3. Hives
4. Eczema
5. Chickenpox
Common Symptoms of Skin Irritation:
1. Rash
2. Itchy skin
3. Scaly skin
4. Inflammation
5. Itching, burning sensation
Rashes and skin irritation are rarely causes for concern, but when combined with other symptoms, they could be indicators for serious conditions.
If you have concerns about your rash or other skin-related symptoms, it’s always a good idea to consult a medical professional, especially if your symptoms worsen.
Allergic Reactions
By far the most common form of skin irritation, contact dermatitis, is usually caused by direct contact with an allergen or irritant.
This irritation causes the skin to become inflamed. As a result, a rash forms on the affected area.
1. Metals such as nickel
2. Rubber or latex
3. Poison ivy, poison oak or other plants
1. Soaps or deodorants
2. Detergents
3. Household cleaners like bleach
4. Chaffing or other prolonged mechanical irritation
The good news is that contact dermatitis is very rarely serious, however, some forms of dermatitis can be an indicator of a more serious condition.
Most mild forms of dermatitis can be treated with over-the-counter medications, lotions or home remedies, especially for something like poison ivy.
If you experience skin irritation, along with other more serious symptoms such as fever, consult a medical professional right away.
What Causes Dry Skin?
Dry skin affects people of all ages, especially during the winter months. Dry skin occurs when your skin loses too much water or oil.
Common Causes of Dry Skin:
1. A dry environment
2. Swimming in chlorine for prolonged periods of time
3. Taking hot showers for prolonged periods of time
4. Age
Symptoms of Dry Skin:
1. Rough or scaly skin
2. Very itchy skin
3. Cracks in the skin
4. Gray or ashen skin
5. Chapped or cracked lips
How to Treat Dry Skin
Dry skin may be annoying, but it rarely needs to be examined by a doctor.
Home remedies like lotions and taking care of your skin during the winter season usually clear up dry skin.
Here are five tips and tricks to help alleviate irritation:
1. Oatmeal baths: oatmeal is actually a great anti-inflammatory
2. Coconut oil treatment: coconut oil’s emollient properties help smooth your skin
3. Take colder showers: hot water actually dries your skin
4. Use a humidifier: a humidifier can minimize the dryness in your home
5. Drink more water: get more than eight glasses a day to promote healthy skin
While most cases of dry skin do not need to be treated by a doctor, severe forms causing fissures and cracks on the skin surface may promote infections.
When these areas become red and swollen an infection has developed and will require a visit to a healthcare professional.
Hives, known as urticaria in the medical community, are essentially raised welts on your skin.
These welts can come in all different shapes and sizes, from small and round to large and oblong.
Almost 20 percent of the world’s population will have hives at some point during their lifetime.
What Causes Hives?
Hives are normally caused by an allergic reaction; however, stress, infections and illnesses can also cause an outbreak.
Common Allergic Causes of Hives:
1. Pet dander
2. Foods
3. Medications
4. Insect stings
5. Latex
6. Plants
Non-allergic Causes of Hives:
1. Viral infections
2. Mechanical contact (dermographia)
Symptoms Of Hives Include:
1. Pink or red raised bumps on the skin
2. Blanching, where the skin turns white if pressure is applied
3. Stinging or achiness in the affected areas
4. Itchiness
What To Do If You’ve Got Hives
The good news is that hives will probably go away after a few days and does not require medical attention.
The first thing you should do, however, is make sure the hives aren’t spreading to your throat or tongue, as this can cause difficulty breathing.
If you are having a hives outbreak and struggling to breathe, you need to go to the nearest ER for immediate medical attention.
In most cases of hives, you will not need prescription treatment. Home remedies, time and over-the-counter medications usually clear up your outbreak.
If you need some quick relief, try the following:
1. Taking an oatmeal bath to reduce irritation
2. Not touching the affected area
3. Taking over the counter antihistamines to reduce swelling and itching
4. Avoiding hot water
Seek medical attention if hives don’t go away after a week or if your symptoms worsen.
A healthcare provider can help you determine the cause of your hives and if necessary consider referral or allergy testing.
People commonly use ‘eczema’ to refer to the skin condition known as atopic dermatitis, which is a specific variation of skin irritation.
This skin condition is commonly found in babies and children.
Adults can still get eczema, but aren’t as susceptible due to increased tolerance to irritants.
Cases of eczema can be acute or chronic, depending on the underlying causes.
Common Symptoms of Eczema Include:
1. Itching
2. Dry skin or a thickening or scaling of the skin
3. Paleness of the skin, especially around the mouth or elbows
4. Rash, with potential for crusting or oozing
The true cause of eczema is not completely understood. Individuals with a strong family history of the condition are more susceptible.
Lifestyle changes may be necessary to combat and alleviate symptoms of eczema, such as using unscented or mild soaps and avoiding hot showers.
If medical treatment is necessary, you may expect one or all of the following:
1. Over the counter moisturizers and/or emollients
2. Prescription steroid creams
3. Antihistamines to reduce itching
4. Antibiotics applied directly to the skin to treat infection
In chronic cases a dermatologist may recommend phototherapy treatment if skin care and medications are not effective.
Phototherapy involves treating affected areas with ultraviolet light to reduce areas of inflammation.
Chickenpox is also known as the infectious disease, varicella virus.
The virus spreads easily to others and is characterized by an itchy rash which can cover most of the body.
This very contagious virus commonly occurs in children under ten years of age. Close contact with an infected person greatly increases the risk of exposure.
The virus can lie dormant in the system for several weeks before symptoms appear. Keep in mind that symptoms are much more severe in adults than in children.
If you are experiencing the following symptoms, consult a medical professional:
1. Rash, beginning with small red spots which later become raised and round
2. Blisters which contain fluids
3. Rash which develops into clusters of blisters
4. Moderate fever
5. Headache
6. Cough, accompanied by a sore throat
7. Severe itching
After a medical assessment, your healthcare provider will recommend a specific course of action.
Chickenpox is usually mild in children, so treatment may focus on relieving the symptoms until the virus is finished. It is important to keep itching to a minimum during the rash and blister phase.
Scratching can cause the blisters to break open and expose the fluids to your pores, which results in further infection.
Poison Oak
The most common skin problem associated with contact with a plant, poison oak causes a red, itchy rash also known as allergic contact dermatitis.
Touching or brushing up against any part of a poison oak plant causes the rash, regardless if the plant is dead.
You can also get the rash by touching something that’s been in contact with poison oak.
(Note: you can only catch the rash by touching the oil that comes from poison.)
Symptoms of Poison Oak
If you’ve developed a poison oak rash, it may take more than a week to show up initially.
After you’ve already had a reaction to the oil once, it may develop in a day or two the next time.
If you’re having a reaction to poison oak contact, you may experience:
1. Itchy skin
2. Red streaks where the contact has happened
3. Small bumps or hives
4. Blisters that may leak fluid
In severe allergic reactions, you may experience:
1. Difficulty breathing
2. Swelling of the face, mouth, neck or genitals
3. Large blisters that ooze fluid
Diagnosing Poison Oak
If you believe you’ve developed a rash from poison oak, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible.
A doctor should be able to diagnose the rash by simply looking at it.
He or she will most likely ask you when you were exposed to the plant, how long it took the rash to appear, if you’ve had any other rashes and what your outdoor activities, work and hobbies look like.
Treating Poison Oak
If your poison oak rash is mild, you may be able to treat it at home.
Try applying a wet cloth to the affected area. Use calamine lotion to relieve itching and try to avoid scratching the rash is possible.
Do not use topical antihistamines, topical anesthetics or topical antibiotics.
To reduce itching, try the following:
1. Apply a wet compress to the affected areas
2. Use over-the-counter ointments or lotions
3. Take oral antihistamine medication to reduce inflammation
Keep In Mind:
1. Aspirin is not recommended for children with a viral infection or other fever causing illnesses.
2. Always consult your doctor before giving your child aspirin.
3. You may also be prescribed antiviral medication to reduce infection.
For those who are unvaccinated or have never had chickenpox as a child, avoid close contact with anyone who has chickenpox to prevent infection.
The varicella vaccine is a routine childhood immunization and recommended for most children.
Adults can also be vaccinated if they did not have chickenpox as a child.
CareNow® Urgent Care Can Help
One easy way to get checked out by a medical professional is to visit your nearest CareNow® clinic.
Find a CareNow® Urgent Care Near you
Before your appointment, use our Web Check-In® to wait from home before your visit!
Web Check-In®
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package com.smsintercept.entity;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.telephony.SmsMessage;
import com.smsintercept.db.MyDBHelper;
import com.smsintercept.utils.Constant;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by Blacktea on 2016/3/24.
*/
public class SmsDao {
private Context mContext;
private MyDBHelper dbHelper;
public SmsDao(Context context) {
this.mContext = context;
dbHelper = new MyDBHelper(this.mContext, Constant.DB_NAME, null, Constant.DB_NEW_VERSION);
}
public void insert(Sms sms) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("phoneNum", sms.phoneNum);
values.put("smsContent", sms.smsContent);
values.put("time", sms.time);
db.insert(Constant.TABLE_SMS, null, values);
values = null;
db.close();
}
public List<Sms> queryAll() {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
ArrayList<Sms> smsList = new ArrayList<Sms>();
Cursor cursor = db.query(Constant.TABLE_SMS, null, null, null, null, null, null);
if(cursor.moveToFirst()) {
do{
Sms sms = new Sms();
sms.id = cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("id"));
sms.phoneNum = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("phoneNum"));
sms.smsContent = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("smsContent"));
sms.time = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("time"));
smsList.add(sms);
} while(cursor.moveToNext());
}
return smsList;
}
public void delete(Sms sms) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
db.delete(Constant.TABLE_SMS, "id=?", new String[]{String.valueOf(sms.id)});
db.close();
}
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/PuzzleL/SmsIntercept/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/smsintercept/entity/SmsDao.java', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'Apache-2.0', 'date': '', 'title': 'SmsIntercept', 'creator': 'PuzzleL', 'language': 'Java', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '149', 'token_count': '614', '__index_level_0__': '29295', 'original_id': '51a0ceebed98f59ddb8f5788d1d049c62a4895b5ace6077e2d19b9e28c27bf1f'} |
Uncategorized no image
Published on October 5th, 2012 | by Natan Margalit
Sukkot — The Paradox of Joy
I’m trying to understand why sitting outside, with barely a thatching of roof over my head, leafy bits dripping into my food, in the nippy fall weather, on a hard folding chair propped on uneven ground, is the way we celebrate what is supposed to be the most joyful of all the festivals of the Jewish calendar.
It says in Leviticus 23 that the Israelites should live in booths for the seven days of Sukkot, which is not so surprising since it’s a harvest festival, and we can imagine that during the harvest time people might have lived in temporary huts so that they could be closer to the fields and not waste precious time walking back to their homes miles away. It makes some sense that the harvest festival would make a ritual out of the harvest hut.
But then the Torah gives a strange reason for sitting in a sukkah: “In order that your generations will know that I caused the people to live in Sukkot (huts or booths), when I took them out of Egypt.” (Lev. 23:43)
What does the Exodus from Egypt have to do with the harvest festival? First of all, the Israelites went out of Egypt in the spring, and this is the fall. Second, and more importantly: what booths? Until now, we have never heard about any booths or huts in the desert! This is the first mention of these dwellings. And why are we suddenly talking about the desert during the harvest festival?
I think we get a hint at what’s behind this when we look at Deuteronomy, Chapter 8, verses 11-17:
“Beware lest thou forget the Lord thy God, in not keeping His commandments, and His ordinances, and His statutes, which I command thee this day; lest when thou hast eaten and art satisfied, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein; and when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied; then thy heart be lifted up, and thou forget the Lord thy God, who brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage; who led thee through the great and dreadful wilderness, wherein were serpents, fiery serpents, and scorpions, and thirsty ground where was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint; who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; and thou say in thy heart: ‘My power and the might of my hand hath gotten me this wealth.’”
It is in this passage from Deuteronomy that we see the relationship between the desert and the harvest. The sense of wealth from the harvest can create a spiritually dangerous situation. The Israelites could say, “My power, the might of my hand, has gotten me this wealth.” The desert experience, with its complete deprivation of any possibility of the people providing for themselves, their complete dependence on God for food, clothing — everything — is meant to be a reminder during the season of plenty that we didn’t do it all by ourselves.
So, the idea of sitting in a sukkah to remind us of the desert experience makes more sense: At the time when we are full of ourselves, we need to remember the time of dependence, and of our reliance on God to provide for our needs.
And yet, I have more questions: Why the sukkah? Why not just say: remember the desert? And also, the desert doesn’t sound all that pleasant. In fact, the Torah says that it was a test for the Israelites. Eating the manna is described as “afflicting us,” but the festival specifically says that this is a time of joy.
Let’s look at the sukkah: its main feature is the roof. That’s the only part that really counts. To make it a kosher sukkah, the roof must be impermanent; it must be made of things that grow from the ground, but are no longer growing. It must provide shade, and it is good if a little space is left so that you can still see the stars in between.
The sukkah represents that sweet spot between two extremes: In the desert, we were forced to be like infants, totally dependent, and that is not an easy or pleasant thing for adults. That was the extreme of the desert, necessary for the generation that had been slaves in Egypt. They must have needed those years of total dependence on God in the desert wanderings in order to heal from the trauma of slavery. But it was a trial, and not the ideal.
On the other side: We can build ourselves into isolation. When we build houses, permanent houses, we isolate, and we are in danger of making the statement that we can somehow protect ourselves, that we can control our lives and our fate and that, if we use enough sturdy bricks, like in the story of the three little pigs, nothing can come and blow our houses down.
Where do we find security if building stronger walls, higher barriers or taller towers isn’t the answer? We can only find security in relationship: relationship to the Earth, relationship to one another, and relationship to God. And relationships are constantly evolving; they can change day to day. They are never so secure that you can take them for granted, or not pay attention to them, but they provide a kind of security that is stronger than any walls.
Looking at the shifting light coming through the corn stalk roof of our sukkah, I can feel the beauty of this paradox. That roof is the secret to really enjoying the bounty that we harvest – it keeps us in relationship. We need to be open a bit, vulnerable enough to accept change, open enough to enter into a relationship which can never be set in stone, locked away for safe keeping. We build, we protect ourselves and make our mark, but we always leave a little opening, a few cracks to see the stars, to imagine that not our own power and the strength of our hands that protects us, but rather the relationships that we build, perhaps even the wings of the Shechina, hovering between the stars and the earth, lovingly sheltering our lives like a mother bird over her young. And so what if a few leaves drop in the food? It’s kind of like camping in your back yard, the food just tastes better even with a few leaves in it.
One Response to Sukkot — The Paradox of Joy
1. When I wrote the glossary of Hebrew & Yiddish words for my book Seasons of Our Joy, I wrote, “Sukkah: Hut with a leafy roof.” It came back from the printer as “Hut with a leaky roof.” I decided this was God’s typographical correction, and left it that way.
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\section{Construction of Triangle from Given Lengths}
Tags: Triangles, Euclid Book I
\begin{theorem}
Given three straight lines such that the sum of the lengths of any two of the lines is greater than the length of the third line, it is possible to construct a triangle having the lengths of these lines as its side lengths.
{{:Euclid:Proposition/I/22}}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Since $F$ is the center of the circle with radius $FD$, it follows from {{EuclidDefLink|I|15|Circle}} that $DF = KF$, so $a = KF$ by Euclid's first common notion.
Since $G$ is the center of the circle with radius $GH$, it follows from {{EuclidDefLink|I|15|Circle}} that $GH = GK$, so $c = GK$ by Euclid's first common notion.
$FG = b$ by construction.
Therefore the lines $FK$, $FG$, and $GK$ are, respectively, equal to the lines $a$, $b$, and $c$, so $\triangle FGK$ is indeed the required triangle.
{{qed}}
{{Euclid Note|22|I}}
Note that the condition required of the lengths of the segments is the equality shown in Proposition $20$: Sum of Two Sides of Triangle Greater than Third Side. Thus, this is a necessary condition for the construction of a triangle.
When {{AuthorRef|Euclid}} first wrote the proof of this proposition in {{BookLink|The Elements|Euclid}}, he neglected to prove that the two circles described in the construction actually do intersect, just as he did in Proposition $1$: Construction of Equilateral Triangle.
\end{proof}
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433 So. 2d 473 (1982)
Allen JOHNSON
v.
STATE.
5 Div. 677.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.
October 12, 1982.
Rehearing Denied November 23, 1982.
*474 Ernest C. Hornsby of Hornsby & Schmitt and John I. Cottle of Cottle & Cottle, Tallahassee, for appellant.
Charles A. Graddick, Atty. Gen. and James F. Hampton and J. Anthony McLain, Sp. Asst. Attys. Gen., for appellee.
TYSON, Judge.
Appellant was indicted by the Macon County Grand Jury for the murder of Jessie Stafford. At arraignment appellant plead not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the court sentenced appellant to thirty-five years' imprisonment. Because appellant questioned the sufficiency of the evidence, we set forth the relevant proof adduced at trial in detail below.
Dr. Thomas F. Gilchrist, a State forensic pathologist, testified he examined the body of Jessie Stafford on July 19, 1981, and determined the victim had received three bullet wounds. His examination indicated that the gun which inflicted the wounds was fired within inches of the victim's body. One bullet passed through the lungs and heart of the victim and in Dr. Gilchrist's opinion was the cause of the victim's death. *475 The projectory of the bullet was slightly, but not greatly upward.
Dr. Gilchrist testified that the Drug and Alcohol report on the victim indicated he had a blood alcohol content of .15 percent.
James E. Moore testified he was at the Club Connection in Hardaway, Alabama on July 18, 1981. Around 8:30 p.m., Mr. Moore was standing outside talking with his brother-in-law and to the appellant, when the victim drove up in a truck. The victim shut his motor off, and then restarted the truck. As the victim sat in his truck, appellant walked over to his automobile and stood for a few seconds. He then walked to the truck and pulled a gun from his bosom. He shot the victim, who fell over in the truck. After he fell, appellant shot him again. Both shots were fired at a very close range. Appellant then put the gun in his vehicle, called his wife to leave, and then drove away.
Mr. Moore stated he was the first person to go to the truck after the shooting. He observed a rifle under the seat of the victim's truck with the stock toward the driver's side. He did not see a gun rack in the truck. He observed a sheriff's deputy remove the rifle from under the truck seat. He stated the victim could not have gotten the rifle out without first opening the door, and getting out of the truck to pull the rifle out from under the seat.
Mr. Moore testified that he did not witness any argument between the two men. Neither man, to his knowledge, spoke to the other one.
William James Allen, owner of the Club Connection, stated he saw the victim seated in his still running truck outside the club around 8:30 p.m. on July 18, 1981. Mr. Allen went back inside his club for a few minutes, and when he came back out appellant was walking towards the victim's truck. Appellant held his hands down beside him until he reached the truck. Appellant then raised a gun and said "You'll never draw another gun on me." He then shot the victim twice, shooting him a second time after he slumped over in the truck.
Mr. Allen stated he did not see a gun rack in the truck. He did later see an officer take a rifle, stock end first, out from under the truck seat. Mr. Allen did not see the victim point any weapon at appellant. He also denied that the deceased had threatened appellant at his club the preceding Saturday.
James Merchant, a Macon County Deputy Sheriff, testified he arrived on the scene at the Club Connection at 8:40 p.m. on July 18, 1981. Deputy Merchant was not on duty at that time. He observed a truck occupied by a black male. He called an ambulance and returned to the truck. Approximately ten minutes later Deputies Pearson and Hurry arrived. Chief Deputy Smith arrived after about fifteen minutes.
Deputy Merchant observed a rifle barrel lying on the floorboard of the truck with the victim's arm hanging off the seat over the barrel. When Major Pearson arrived, he removed the rifle from the driver's side of the truck, stock end first. Deputy Merchant stated the gun could not have been taken out without opening the door.
Major Waddell Pearson of the Macon County Sheriff's Department stated he arrived at the murder scene at 9:00 p.m. He removed a twenty-two caliber rifle from under the seat of the victim's truck. He stated the rifle could not have been removed while sitting in the truck with the door closed. A rifle and bullets which Major Pearson identified as those from the scene were introduced into evidence. A bullet was in the chamber of the rifle when he removed it from the truck. Major Pearson denied that it was necessary to raise the deceased's shoulder and arm to remove the gun from under the deceased.
Macon County Chief Deputy Sheriff James Smith stated he talked to appellant at 11:20 p.m. on July 18, 1981. After he gave appellant the Miranda warnings, appellant signed a waiver of rights form. He then gave a statement which appears in the record in pertinent part as follows:
"... I stood out there talking to James H. Moore when Stafford pulled up in his truck beside my car that was parked in *476 the yard. Then he backed up at my car and stopped. I turned around and took a gunI turned around and took a gun fromjust a minute. He backed up at my car and stopped and turned around and took a shotgun from his rack. Then when everyone starts to run and left me there. I started to go to my car when I saw his, saw him trying to get the gun out of the window so I pulled my gun from my pocket which was a twenty-two caliber and started shooting at him. Then I threw the gun down on the ground. Then I called my old lady which was in the club and left and went home and called the Macon, called the Sheriff's Department and I told them I was turning myself in but they picked me up on the way in, on the road coming in." (R. 226-227)
Chief Deputy Smith stated that it came to his attention that after the shooting occurred, there was a rumor that the deceased had been "after" Allen Johnson.
The State rested at the close of Deputy Smith's testimony. Appellant's motion to exclude the State's evidence for failure to make out a case of murder under the indictment was overruled.
Appellant called as his first witness his common law wife, Amy Green. Ms. Green stated she had heard rumors that the deceased was out to get the appellant, and that she had communicated the same to him prior to July 18, 1981.
Ms. Green testified that on July 11, 1981, she and appellant were at the Club Connection when the deceased and his nephew arrived. She overheard the deceased's nephew tell the deceased in relation to appellant, "We going to kill these m____ f____ like this." Appellant went inside the club while the deceased reached to get a gun from his truck. Appellant then got out of the truck with the gun. Appellant stayed inside and Ms. Green checked outside periodically until the deceased left. Appellant and his wife then left and went home.
The following Saturday, July 18, 1981, Ms. Green and appellant were again at the Club Connection when the deceased arrived in his truck. Ms. Green stated the following occurred:
"I see Jesse when he pulled up, pulled up to Allen's car, he backed up and pull along side it and got his gun out of the rack, like this, so I went inside and told Bubba Allen and Bubba Allen came back and Julia Tuggle setting on the steps by the door and Bubba Allen came out. He getting that gun out and Allen walking over to his car, and you know, trying to get an aim at Allen to shoot Allen and Allen shot him." (R. 265)
The appellant next took the stand and corroborated his wife's version of the rumors and the occurrences on July 11 and 18, 1981, at the Club Connection. Appellant stated he was twelve to fifteen feet from the deceased when he shot him the first time.
Julia Tuggle, appellant's niece, and Virgil Lee Johnson, appellant's nephew, both testified and confirmed Ms. Green's version of the occurrences of July 18, 1981. Ms. Tuggle also stated she heard the threatening remark made on July 11, 1981. However, she stated the deceased was armed with a shotgun on July 18, 1981, rather than a rifle.
Johnson also testified as to the deceased's bad reputation for violence. As well, Johnson stated appellant was twelve feet from the victim when he shot him.
Nathan Sanford, appellant's nephew, testified as to the deceased's bad reputation, as well as to having heard that he was going to try to kill appellant.
Frank Johnson testified he had heard that the deceased had threatened appellant's life. As well, Johnson stated he heard the following:
"A I was standing at the store and Johnson car passed and I heard, overheard, he was talking to another guy but I don't know who he was. He said `that's one man there that I'm going to get even with.'
"Q All right, when you say about that time Johnson passed who are you referring to?
*477 "A I said that's when the car passed, yes.
"Q All right. Are you talking about Allen Johnson?
"A Well, undoubtedly had to be." (R. 314)
Mr. Johnson also testified to the deceased's bad reputation for violence. The defense rested at the close of Mr. Johnson's testimony.
I
Appellant argues the trial court erred in refusing to charge on self-defense and on the effect of bad character evidence concerning the deceased's reputation for violence and turbulence. Specifically, appellant has reference to the court's failure to give his requested charge number twenty-seven. The charge requested multiple propositions of law, dealing with burden of proof, as well as elements to be considered in the defense of self-defense.
Appellant's objection to the court's failure to charge as requested appears in the record as follows:
"MR. HORNSBY: The defense objects to the Court's oral charge on the ground that the Judge did not charge the jury that they could consider the bad character of the victim or deceased. And the Judge has overruled this objection and given me the exception."
"THE COURT: Yes." (R. 332)
Appellant failed to call to the trial court's attention the specific refused written charge and set forth specific grounds for his objection to the refusal of such charge. Absent such action by appellant's counsel, there is nothing before this court to review in this regard. Allen v. State, 414 So. 2d 989 (Ala.Cr.App.1981), aff'd, 414 So. 2d 993 (Ala. 1982).
II
Appellant alleges he was entitled to a new trial because of alleged "prosecutorial misconduct" on the part of two deputy sheriffs who testified at trial. In essence, he contends the deputies fabricated physical evidence and testimony because the actual evidence could not be found at the time of trial. The evidence alleged to have been fabricated consisted of the rifle and shells the rifle contained which were found in the deceased's truck the night of the homicide.
We note that the appellant admits in brief that the presentation in evidence of the rifle and bullets was supportive of appellant's claim of self-defense. There was no evidence presented that the prosecution was in any wise aware of any possible discrepancies in the evidence prior to or at the time of its presentation into evidence. There is no indication that the prosecution engaged in a deliberate deception of the trial court and jurors by the presentation of known false evidence.
Our review of the record does not indicate that the appellant proved that the items positively were not the items they purported to be. Yet grave doubt as to their authenticity was raised, whether or not such was the result of deliberate efforts. Thus, because doubt was cast upon the evidence by the prosecutor's inability to prove a proper chain of custody, the trial court excluded the items from evidence, removing them from the jury's consideration. Although appellant did not object to the evidence at the time of its reception, nor conduct a voir dire of the witnesses prior to the introduction of the evidence, his subsequent request to have the items excluded was complied with by the court.
The appellant having contended that the deceased was armed with a rifle and that he shot the victim in self-defense, we can not conceive of how appellant's substantial rights could have been injuriously affected by the reception of the rifle and bullets. Cf. Jarrell v. State, 22 Ala.App. 304, 115 So. 146 (1928); Smith v. State, 342 So. 2d 466 (Ala.Cr.App.1977); Rule 45 Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Also, it was undisputed by both the State and appellant that the victim had the loaded rifle with him in the truck. The admission of evidence is harmless if that evidence concerns an undisputed matter. Johnson v. State, 378 So. 2d 1164 (Ala.Cr.App.), cert. *478 quashed, 378 So. 2d 1173 (Ala.1979). Certainly, there is no error here where that same evidence is excluded at appellant's request.
III
Appellant contends the jury's verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence presented at trial. We have previously detailed the evidence in this opinion. Our review satisfies us that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the jury's verdict. The trial court did not err in denying appellant's motion to exclude the State's evidence, nor in refusing to grant a new trial on this ground. Carpenter v. State, 400 So. 2d 417 (Ala.Cr.App.), cert. denied, 400 So. 2d 427 (Ala.1981).
Where the defendant admits killing the victim, and the State puts forth a prima facie case of murder and evidence of who initiated the confrontation, the question of whether or not the act was justified as having been done in self-defense is for the jury. Townsend v. State, 402 So. 2d 1097 (Ala.Cr.App.1981); Atchley v. State, 393 So. 2d 1034 (Ala.Cr.App.1981).
Viewing the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the State, we find no error in this regard. Carpenter, supra.
IV
Appellant requested and was denied a change of venue, based upon rumors, prejudice, and bias against the appellant in the local community. A full hearing was held on appellant's motion, at which time he called numerous witnesses, including local law enforcement officers. Appellant relied as well upon a pre-trial motion by the prosecution to raise appellant's bond because the prosecutor had received information that physical harm could come to appellant if released. This information was supplied by the sheriff. The sheriff testified at the hearing that he had heard a rumor which he communicated to the district attorney's office. Upon later investigation, he learned the rumor had no basis in fact.
Each witness called by appellant in support of his motion testified, contrary to appellant's contention, that appellant could receive a fair trial by the local jury venire.
The defendant has the burden of showing that there was such prejudice prevailing in the local community that it is reasonably unlikely that he could receive a fair and impartial trial. McLaren v. State, 353 So. 2d 24 (Ala.Cr.App.), cert. denied, 353 So. 2d 35 (Ala.1977). Whether or not to grant a change of venue is a matter within the discretion of the trial judge. The decision of the trial court will not be disturbed on appeal unless an abuse of that discretion is demonstrated. McLaren, supra; Hurley v. State, 335 So. 2d 183 (Ala.Cr.App.), cert. denied, 335 So. 2d 188 (Ala.1976).
We have reviewed the evidence from the pre-trial motion, as well as evidence adduced at trial, and find no basis for the assertion that the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's motion. The trial judge was in the best position to correctly determine whether local conditions and sentiment were such as to cause a prejudicial atmosphere which could deprive the appellant of a fair and impartial trial. Botsford v. State, 54 Ala.App. 482, 309 So. 2d 835 (1974), cert. denied, 293 Ala. 745, 309 So. 2d 844 (1975).
V
Appellant's final contention is that the trial court erred in allowing into evidence certain autopsy photographs of the victim which were not made available to appellant prior to trial. The district attorney stated at trial that he also had never seen the pictures previously and that they had been in the sole possession of Dr. Gilchrist.
Appellant alleges the photographs should have been made available to him in compliance with his pre-trial motion for discovery. The record does not reveal that the trial court ever actually ruled, one way or the other, upon appellant's motion for discovery. Be that as it may, in light of our holding in Jones v. State, 396 So. 2d 140 *479 (Ala.Cr.App.1981), we are fully satisfied that there was no error in the reception into evidence of the autopsy photographs.
No error harmful to the substantial rights of appellant having been demonstrated on appeal, this case is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
All the Judges concur.
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Flowers, vegetables could affect Snowden's fate
My Fox Spokane Biz
Flowers, vegetables could affect Snowden's fate
QUITO, Ecuador (AP) - With Edward Snowden stuck in Moscow and Washington pushing hard for his return, many Ecuadoreans began realizing Tuesday that this small country's deep economic ties with the U.S. could make it the one with the most to lose in the high-stakes international showdown over the National Security Agency leaker.
While President Rafael Correa's leftist government was virtually silent on Snowden's request for asylum, Ecuadorean analysts said his fate, or at least his safe harbor in Ecuador, could depend as much on frozen vegetables and flowers as on questions over freedom of expression and international counterterrorism.
Unlike with China, Russia or Cuba, countries where the U.S. has relatively few tools to force Snowden's handover, the Obama administration could swiftly hit Ecuador in the pocketbook by denying reduced tariffs on cut flowers, artichokes and broccoli. Those represent hundreds of millions of dollars in annual exports for this country where nearly half of foreign trade depends on the U.S.
A denial wouldn't mean financial devastation for Ecuador, which has been growing healthily in recent years thanks in large part to its oil resources. Growing ties with China also could give the Ecuadorean government a sense of diminished vulnerability. But analysts and political figures said the prospect of any economic damage could nonetheless alter the political calculus for Correa, a pragmatic leftist who's long delighted in tweaking the United States but hasn't yet suffered any major consequences.
"Much of our foreign trade is at stake," said flower grower Benito Jaramillo, president of the country's largest association of flower farmers, who shipped more than $300 million in flowers, mostly roses, to the U.S. last year. "They've been inserting themselves in a problem that isn't Ecuador's, so we're in a dilemma that we shouldn't be in."
For years, Ecuador's oil, vegetables and roses have kept flowing northward even as Correa has expelled U.S. diplomats and an American military base, publicly hectored the U.S. ambassador and harbored WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange at Ecuador's embassy in London.
Correa's strongest backers have delighted in his attacks on Washington. And even his detractors have tolerated his foreign policy as the indulgence of a man who has maintained general economic and political stability, funneling billions of U.S. dollars, which are also Ecuador's currency, to social spending and infrastructure projects.
The president's office and other government agencies declined comment on Snowden, referring questions to Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino, who said only that he doesn't know where Snowden is or what travel documents he might be using.
Analysts and politicians said any potential loss to Ecuador could make hosting Snowden a tougher decision than previous ones for Correa, a member of Latin America's leftist bloc who's maintained cordial relations with countries like Cuba and Venezuela without marching in lockstep with them.
"The president's ideology toward the United States is one thing. It's another thing to be president of a country whose dependence on the U.S. is unavoidable, irreplaceable and extremely valuable, because we sell the U.S. a lot more than we could ever could to any other country," said former vice president Blasco Penaherrera, member of the center-left Liberal Party.
Many Ecuadoreans see the NSA surveillance revealed by Snowden's leaks as part of a longstanding and broad pattern of excessive U.S. interference abroad, including in Latin America. So, some people said, asylum for Snowden would be humane and wise despite any economic consequences.
"On a commercial basis, the U.S. and Ecuador are guided by pragmatism, independent of economic agendas. Businessmen set priorities based on cost-benefit and because of that I don't think there are going to be major consequences, because the commercial line is separate from the geopolitical one," said Pablo Davalos, an economics professor and analyst at the Catholic University in Quito.
"We shouldn't give him asylum," said Fredy Prado, a retired shoe company manager. "Every country needs to take care of itself, its own security."
"I hope the government doesn't decide to give Snowden asylum, because obviously this isn't in Ecuador's interests," said Roberto Aspiazu, chairman of a coalition of Ecuador's largest industries. "Hopefully the issue will be looked at from the perspective of Ecuador's interests, and I don't think it's in our country's interest to unnecessarily confront the U.S."
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Jean-Baptiste Roberge
Type of Porphyria:
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP)
"Seizing the day even if it is raining outside".
Throwing a soccer ball into the goal has never been something easy to do for me. I am almost unable to catch a ball and throw it back without clumsily dropping it. When I was a kid, I never had the chance to go outside with friends and to simulate a football tactic. I just couldn't.
I still remember the summers in the countryside. I constantly needed to go back home to compulsively wash my hands. I still remember, as an 8 year old boy, trying to explain to a young day camp monitor that I could not play with the rest of the group on the beach. I still remember the judging look on my high school gym teacher's face when I was trying to explain that I should preferably stay in the shade of the trees while the others were scoring points on the soccer pitch. I still remember the feeling of guilt after having canceled a promising trip in Iceland, because I was terrified by a never ending sunset. I still remember the comments of my brothers telling me that all this was in my head.
Last summer, I heard about a hematologic condition. I read a lot on the subject, which tried to convince me that what I had was not that serious. Eventually, I met an internist and told him my hypothesis. A few extremely precise and unusual blood tests later, I met him again last January. On that day, the specialist was accompanied by an internal medicine resident. He told her to take advantage of this interview because I would, in all likelihood, be her only case of that condition in her entire career.
I am a 21 year old young man from Québec, Canada studying medicine at McGill University in Montréal. Since last January, I have been diagnosed with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), an extremely rare genetic disease that explains the symptoms I have had since a very young child, symptoms without any visible manifestations. Symptoms that only I can feel. Symptoms that everyone had already doubted were real, including my very self. What are those symptoms? A severe skin pain accompanied by a burning, stinging, and tingling sensation as soon as my face, arms, or hands are exposed to sunlight. Since I have absolutely no physical findings visible to the naked eye, this cutaneous photosensitivity is extremely difficult to explain to others. The most difficult part is that if I slightly abuse the small tolerance to sunlight I have, this severe skin pain can carry on for multiple hours, nay several days. Moreover, nothing really helps: sunscreen, tinted glasses, or water in a pool have absolutely no protective effect on me.
Because of my erythropoietic protoporphyria, which consists of an inherited enzyme alteration in the heme biosynthetic pathway, I have an accumulation of protoporphyrins in my red blood cells. These proteins abnormally react to visible and ultraviolet light, entering an excited energy state that damages my skin tissue and my liver and making me prone to gallstones and liver failure. Unfortunately, there is no effective way of lowering my circulating protoporphyrin levels. Beta-carotene, cysteine, carcinogenic occlusive sunscreens, and narrow wavelength phototherapy have been tried. Of all possibilities, a drug named, afamelanotide that acts to increase skin pigmentation by stimulating skin melanocytes has shown promise. It has been approved in Europe but not yet in the US. Lack of awareness for this rare disease slows down the regulators.
When I was a kid, I would have been so happy if at least one person could simply and fully understand me. Awareness for rare diseases such as erythropoietic protoporphyria could mean the world for people affected by them. Even if there is no cure available for my condition, I finally have a justification for my symptoms and a simple way to explain them to others without being judged in any way. As a future physician, I will do the very best I can to be aware of these rare and afflictive diseases.
Summers and their cruel sunbeams, winters and their sparkling snow: everything is against me. Everything? No! I have an ultimate compromise: avoiding the sunlight, wearing long shirts, walking away from the sun, planning on which side of the car I should sit during long trips, even resigning myself to never being very good at outdoor sports, being different, accepting this handicap, and still seizing the day, even if it is raining outside!!! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9707819819450378}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '41459', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QYILJUGZWA2AXLEU6762ZJ4UPSQASMZG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:285436d6-d008-43de-ba76-6975759abbb9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 21, 8, 27, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.83.132.237', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JXC6TAOJXSA6IFPE57HO6VACGV6HUZGO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:72f3052e-f972-41e8-93ea-87a95f29abe8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.porphyriafoundation.com/content/jean-baptiste-roberge', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6dd3824b-fb00-408d-b452-c1f775d571f7>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '744', 'url': 'http://www.porphyriafoundation.com/content/jean-baptiste-roberge', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-218-138-106.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14777910709381104', 'original_id': 'afcd6869ae85861a911f1b0bd02ebd361a63f4b49745e2bec47e7a7d09421246'} |
The One Sign You Love Your Job
You don't hear the words "love" and "work" together very often anymore. The only positive thought that most people have at their desks is imagining that they are somewhere else. But I believe there is a better way. Whether you are a software developer or a physical therapist, a great career makes you feel more alive. You feel love.
An eye opening study at Stanford asked Americans if their lives were meaningful and happy. The study revealed that happiness is mainly about getting what one wants and needs, whether in a job or a relationship.
Life is meant to be rewarding and if you are going to spend a third of your time at work, you might as well love it.
We all want to be involved in work that is fulfilling, challenging and enjoyable. We also should get recognition and promotion for our efforts. Most of us really just want to make a fair wage and be appreciated for the work we do.
As the CEO of Aha! I am grateful every day -- but I know that most people do not feel the same joy. So, do you jump out of bed every morning eager to get to work? Or do you drag? Would you rather be doing almost anything else instead? Do you know what the sign is that you love what you do?
The number one sign you love your job is that you avoid distractions.
Of course, there are different kinds of distractions, and some should be embraced. There are events and moments of joy and sorrow that enrich our lives. Holidays, weddings and birthday celebrations are deeply important to me. But I tend to avoid guilty pleasures, drama and other types of "fun" that others are drawn to.
If you love your job, the notion of work/life balance makes you shake your head. Work is certainly more than a 9-5 job. You are a bundle of work and life that is brilliantly time-spliced together. You define your job as a role where your best strengths serve a powerful purpose beyond bi-weekly paychecks. If you love your job, you also:
Any parent knows that raising children isn't easy. But you'd be hard pressed to find one who says parenthood is not worth it. Any job worth doing involves self-sacrifice. Those who love their jobs do so without second thought.
Set limits
That said, they know how to say, "No." People who love their jobs often prioritize all aspects of their lives. Time is precious, whether that be with a late night project or a dear friend. Those who love their jobs don't lose sight of their higher mission. It serves as their north star -- and inspires them to make time for what else is meaningful while erasing what isn't.
One of the problems with happiness is its fleeting nature. Meaning, by contrast, has much more endurance. Those who have meaningful jobs connect their work to both past achievements and future goals.
For those who love their jobs, instant gratification is never a consideration. You are in it for the long haul, and know how to endure tough times.
If you love your job, then you are focused on it and have learned to cut out the distractions. Your work rewards you as you set bold goals and do your best to achieve them. Achievement thrills you. And you are willing to sacrifice other quick-hit, adrenaline-producing thrills to focus on what matters.
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Posted on
Self-cleaning membranes for biofouling control and prevention in water treatment
Membrane-based water treatment is critical for obtaining potable water, for example through wastewater treatment and seawater desalination. However, membrane fouling remains a common undesirable phenomenon affecting all membrane-based separation processes. Various efforts have been made to either directly control biofouling or to prevent it.
Ceramic membranes have better thermal and chemical stability along with higher fouling resistance and longer lifetimes when compared to polymeric membranes. These properties render ceramic membranes superior to polymers.
During the filtration process, the amount of water that can pass through a membrane is known as membrane flux. Due to membrane fouling, this flux is reduced and the affected membrane needs to be refurbished. Different membrane cleaning strategies have been researched including self-cleaning conductive polymeric membrane and electrically-assisted filtration but neither of them has shown a satisfactory flux recovery behavior.
Previous researches have suggested the use of ‘nano zeolite’ and carbon nanostructures for water treatment and desalination applications.
• Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates possessing a well-defined inorganic structure, whose microporous 3-D channels and pores act as filters.
• Carbon nanostructures consist of highly entangled carbon nanotubes which are made through a standardized chemical vapor deposition method.
To investigate the use of ceramic membranes made from nano zeolite and carbon nanostructures, a group of researchers at the New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, developed a new electro-ceramic membrane and evaluated its antifouling performance. Their research findings were published in the Chemical Engineering Journal.
Research Approach:
Zeolite / CNS membrane preparation:
Nano zeolite-Y (nano-Y) membranes were prepared by dispersing the desired amounts of nano-Y, carbon nanostructures, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder in a water-alcohol solution.
The suspension was vacuum filtered through a microfiltration membrane filter and the membrane was peeled off from it before drying it at room temperature.
Three different ratios of zeolite and carbon nanostructures were prepared initially, with 60, 70, and 80 wt% zeolite. The carbon nanostructures and the binder were prepared at a ratio of 1:1.
Membrane characterization:
The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the dried membranes were investigated.
The surface morphology of the zeolite carbon nanostructure membrane was studied through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Other tests including the membrane contact angle test were also performed on the different labeled membranes.
Membrane cleaning setup and antibacterial assessment:
Two foulants, yeast (200 mg / L) and sodium alginate (30 mg / L) were used as biofoulants.
A custom-made cell was designed and a fresh membrane was used for each electrochemical measurement performed using linear sweep voltammetry.
Antibacterial properties of the nano-Y carbon nanostructure membranes were determined by the disk diffusion method. Different bacteria were cultured overnight at 37°C in a shaking incubator at 100 rpm.
Membrane cross-sections showed a uniform distribution of nano-zeolite particles with the carbon nanostructure. Decreasing tensile strength was seen interpreted as successful nano zeolite incorporation. These values changed from 3.3 MPa to 2.1, 1.1 or 0.3 MPa, respectively for 60, 70 and 80 weight% nano-Y. In addition, a decrease in water contact angle from 84.7±2° to 18±4° was demonstrated within 4 min.
The composite membrane demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution in two foulants; yeast and sodium alginate.
These MF electro-ceramic self-cleaning, anti-bacterial membranes seem promising for various separation processes such as in wastewater treatment, dye separation and oil / water separation where fouling and bacterial growth are a major concern.
(Photo: WET GmbH, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons)
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RE: Taking another round at @summary
From: John Foliot <jfoliot@stanford.edu>
Date: Thu, 7 Jan 2010 17:06:31 -0800 (PST)
To: "'Jeremy Keith'" <jeremy@adactio.com>, "'HTML WG Public List'" <public-html@w3.org>
Message-ID: <00cc01ca8ffe$d01d3280$70579780$@edu>
Jeremy Keith wrote:
> Denis asked:
> > What garantee do we have that authors would provide a better, more
> > suitable description for content associated with aria-
> > describedby="table-description" referenced somewhere else in the
> > page with <div id="table-description">This-table-presents-blah-blah-
> > blah...</div> than they already do for a simple description with
> > <table summary="this-table-presents-blah-blah-blah..."></table>?
> Because invisible data rots (see: <meta> keywords).
> http://tantek.com/log/2005/06.html#d03t2359
> That's a crucial difference between @summary and aria-describedby. The
> contents of aria-describedby can be made invisible, if the author
> wishes. The contents of @summary cannot be made visible.
Why can't the contents of @summary be made visible? Is there something in
the current or (more importantly) future spec that *forbids* user-agents
from making that kind of information available to all users? Surely even
today a clever fellow like you could bang together a Greasemonkey script
that could make the value of the summary data available to any user upon
request, as it is but text data in the DOM, just like the 'tags' that
Tantek made visible in the post you reference.
As well, given the predominance of WYSIWYG editors and 'untrained' content
contributors in larger CMS type installations, if the content of the
aria-describedby data field (paragraph) is 'hidden' from onscreen view
(via CSS), then how will it change the "invisible data rots" problem? The
untrained content contributor doesn't see the text on screen, and so still
has no idea that it needs updating.
Further, because that data has been disambiguated one step from the actual
table (i.e. content in a paragraph that the table references, rather than
data explicitly linked to the table element) editor tools might have a
harder time ensuring that when one element is updated that the other
should be as well (which may or may not be the case for any given table).
There *is* a value to a tighter binding of the data to the element than
the association that aria-describedby might provide. All WYSIWYG editors
that I have seen today that allow for the insertion of table summary
content allows for that insertion at the point when you are working on the
table itself, not elsewhere in the workflow (like creating a reference
paragraph after making your table, then hiding that paragraph away via
> Personally, I think that this distinction that @summary draws between
> users of AT and other users isn't a helpful one. If history has taught
> us anything, it's that accessibility features turn out to be useful
> for everyone (e.g. the invention of the typewriter or closed
> captioning on television).
And history has also taught us that there is a difference between
Universal Design features and Accommodation Features, and @summary has its
place in the latter group - it is, at the end of the day, there primarily
for a specific sub-group of users, as Gregory Rosmaita has already pointed
And you know what? That's OK - some accessibility features have remained
pretty much exclusive to disabled users too (e.g. the invention of
Braille, Wheelchairs, Hearing Aids...)
Received on Friday, 8 January 2010 01:07:05 UTC
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How much oil does my Honda mower take?
How much oil does a Honda lawn mower take?
Honda’s HRX series of push mowers, including models HRX217HXA, HRX217HMA and HRX217TDA, are equipped with Honda’s GCV190 engine. This 6.5-horsepower engine holds 0.58 quarts of oil (18.6 ounces) and does not have an oil filter.
How much oil do you put in lawn mower?
Most small engines need 20 to 24 fluid ounces of oil. Small engines typically use SAE 30 single-weight detergent motor oil service-rated SG or higher, but some can use multiviscosity oils such as 10W-30 or 10W-40. Fill the crankcase slowly. Keep tabs on the oil level by checking with the dipstick as you add oil.
How much oil does a Honda GCV160 take?
GCV160 GCV190
Fuel Tank Capacity Dry (paper filter) 0.98 U.S. qts (.93 liter)
Fuel 0.58 US qt (0.55l) Unleaded 86 octane or higher
Oil Capacity 0.98 U.S. qts (.93 liter) 0.58 US qt (0.55l)
Lubrication System Unleaded 86 octane or higher Splash
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How much oil does a Honda Izy lawn mower take?
A 41cm wide, lightweight single speed petrol mower.
*Free 600ml bottle of oil with this machine.
Engine OHC 4-stroke
Engine Rated Power (kW/rpm) 2.7/2,900
Fuel Tank Capacity (L) 0.91
Engine Oil Capacity (L) 0.5
What is the best oil for Honda lawn mower?
Honda recommends 10W-30 API SJ or later.
Can I use full synthetic oil in my Honda lawn mower?
Can I use synthetic oil in my Honda engine? Honda engines are developed, tested and certified with petroleum based motor oils as a lubricant. Synthetic oils may be used; however, any motor oil used in our engines must meet all oil requirements as stated in the owner’s manual.
What if I put too much oil in my lawn mower?
Can I use car oil for lawnmower?
To make a long story short, yes, you can use car oil to fuel your mower, but it needs to be of high quality. For example, SAE 30 is one of the most commonly used types of high-quality motor oil on the market, and yes, it can be employed for both cars as well as lawn mowers.
What oil is best for lawn mowers?
For most mowers and weather conditions, your best bet is going to be SAE 30/SAE 10W-30 oil. These oils are ideal for operation in warmer environments. Even if you live in a colder area, chances are you aren’t going to be operating your lawn care equipment until it’s warm again.
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What kind of oil does my Honda gcv160 take?
Honda recommends 10W30, but 5W30 can also be used, or SAE 30 so long as temperatures are above 50 degrees F (10 degrees C.) This oil should meet API standard SJ or later. To check the oil, remove the dipstick from the filler neck, wipe off any oil, and reinsert it without screwing it back into the neck.
Is SAE 30 the same as 10W30?
Is SAE 30 the same as 10w30? Nope. SAE 10W30 is an oil that has SAE 10W viscosity(thickness) at low temperatures, and SAE 30 viscosity at high temperatures. The W stands for ‘Winter’.
What kind of oil does a Honda GC160 use?
Service Information
Maximum speed 3,850 ± 150 rpm
Oil type Honda 4-stroke or an equivalent (SE or SF)
Recommended oil SAE 10W-30
Oil capacity 0.58 l (0.61 US. qt, 0.55 Imp. qt.)
What oil do I put in my Honda Izy lawn mower?
NEW 600ml OIL 10W30 API/SJ
Original part suitable for most lawnmower engines where this oil type is used, including Honda IZY range.
Can you use 5w30 oil in a Honda lawn mower?
5w 30 will work. It is really too light, and you should use 30 wt. 5w30 maintains its viscosity over extreme temperature changes. When its hot, 5w30 will get too thin to properly lubricate your lawn mower.
Why does my Honda lawn mower backfire?
A lawn mower backfires when burning fuel enters the exhaust or the engine. This happens when pockets of unspent gasoline enter the engine or exhaust system before the valves close. Backfires occur due to rapid deceleration, faulty components, and even incorrect fuel blend, among other causes.
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Construction brigade | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '43', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9064436554908752}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '78463', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EA4GTPJHE7YPVJXVSM6UNB5HVBQXF5IT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:053323ff-0348-4c47-93c0-afc96bebc665>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 19, 23, 16, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '209.145.52.137', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AFOWAULPVFMGH2VHUBWRG6EMSHE5I37S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5ec89d56-b3f9-4962-a6e3-e166327f373d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://eastmanind.com/farm-equipment/how-much-oil-does-my-honda-mower-take.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a4aeb7f3-9bbc-4479-b078-4d152a841d9f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '773', 'url': 'https://eastmanind.com/farm-equipment/how-much-oil-does-my-honda-mower-take.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-143\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5841934084892273', 'original_id': '0a0f7d3e0b1f2ee8e22c495d0e4794c832fed8ca8a80cd6535fc3bfa7d623f06'} |
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Charles Dickens: His Life and Homes Discovered
Understanding your chosen designing style is the greatest solution to strategy a decorating challenge from a point of knowledge. The info can help you to undertake your own personal designing task or even to speak confidently to a designer or custom when communicating your perspective for the space. Partly three we will look at a few of the ornamental designs led by the 18th Century and begin the Middle 19th Century. This five portion line on interior decorating variations will give you an breakdown of benefits offered to the designing industry.
Throughout the 18th century, floors were usually clean with sisal matting or oriental carpets. The roofs were coffered with plaster moldings. A coffered threshold is just a limit that consists of recessed cells in the form of a sq, rectangle, or octagon and is generally cut with ornamental motifs. This type of roof actually days back in terms of the 6th century as both a pretty aspect and as a method of lightening force of huge marble or rock ceiling.
Back then you might just see a coffered limit in the properties of the very rich, but today, coffered ceilings are available to everybody else and could even be purchased in kits. It's a favorite look in libraries. The walls were paneled and colored with a set color frequently in grey or natural or hand-painted wall papers. The walls were designed to be the backdrop for paintings, images, or engravings. The Palladianism design highlighted furniture made of solid or veneered walnut. Veneered furniture is in fact perfectly made.
The thin wood overlay is sensitive in its normal state or alone; since it's typically only 1/64 inch solid, but when it's correctly fixed to some other area it becomes portion of this floor and has floor sanding daventry strength. Particular treatment must be studied when sanding since it's so thin you are able to sand right through it. But, what's promising is so it does not take significantly sanding to clean it, since it's cut by having an extremely sharp knife. Palladianism type furniture an average of contains tripod platforms, bureau bookcases, and padded chairs often in a material that coordinates with the window treatment.
The 2nd distinct type of Early 18th century was Rococo.This design was lighter, unique, and it felt nearly careless in appearance. Rococo was acknowledged due to the usage of Rocaille, Chinoiserie (Oriental artwork and motifs), Turkish and Indian figures. Roacille is yet another word for Rococo which can be the Italian word for style. It is probably the most opulent excessive version of the Louis XV form. It is known by exaggerated curves and extensive digging, sketching, and ornamentation, most commonly including scrolls and seashells. Flowers, foliage and mild search function was usually used. A well known shade for the surfaces was mild yellow. However, the Rococo design was not highly popular in America. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.970066249370575}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '348162', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4AUFN7I3WPYW4CV7O77DZH4TO4OEBXSO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d98855dc-de56-48d9-8b95-1c134280b0c1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 20, 6, 39, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '193.238.27.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ETIARI6AXSL2PF3S4FLPX3ODY3HGAWIR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9801c469-063b-44ec-b37d-8860cab35f0e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://johnely4567.page.tl/Charles-Dickens-d--His-Life-and-Homes-Discovered.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2090a10c-553c-4c1d-9d62-82745ea2f534>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '485', 'url': 'https://johnely4567.page.tl/Charles-Dickens-d--His-Life-and-Homes-Discovered.htm', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-217.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.060200512409210205', 'original_id': '96eba106e73a01f787fc15a2385174898f97a77bb307eed040cc6ccede587399'} |
Management of ectodermal dysplasia in children--an overview.
Oral rehabilitation is often difficult for the young child with ectodermal dysplasia. Most affected children require extensive dental treatment in order to restore their appearance and function. Early intervention also helps children develop a positive self-image. This paper will review the dental management and timing of different treatment modalities for children with ectodermal dysplasia. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '5287c50ed3ec8e1449934390e08cc2ddaf775f6ac5ef122f8b530390b6707cea'} |
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I need to calculate a closed-form expression for $\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}(2j+2)\sum_{i=1}^j \frac 1 {i^2}$. This isn't particularly difficult, and I do it by hand pretty much routinely.
However I found out Mathematica's symbolic computation gives me an answer which is slightly different from the one I'd derived myself: I believe the problem arises when switching the indices of the sums, and I'm sure I'm doing it right, but of course I can't believe Mathematica would give a wrong answer (for such a trivial problem in any case).
I'm purposefully omitting giving either answers so as to not bias responses (which, hopefully, there will be, as this is driving me crazy).
Any comment or help appreciated, thanks!
EDIT: Thanks to all who answered. What I find, by hand, is that my sum (let's call it $S$) is such that $S=k^2H_{k-1}^{(2)}-k$, where $H_{j}^{(2)}=\sum_{i=1}^j 1/j^2$.
What Mathematica/Maple finds (when you've done the appropriate simplifications as suggested by Andrew) is $S=k^2H_{k}^{(2)}-k$. For instance, with Maple, I type:
assume(k,posint): additionally(k>0):
I believe I get this discrepancy when I'm switching the sum on $j$ and the sum on $i$, but I don't understand what I'm doing wrong.
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2 Answers
Mathematica 7.0.1 answer for
Sum[(2 j + 2)*Sum[1/i^2, {i, 1, j}], {j, 0, k - 1}]
-EulerGamma - k + k HarmonicNumber[k, 2] + k^2 HarmonicNumber[k, 2] - PolyGamma[0, 1 + k]
I have verified that this compact formula yields, for $k=1,2,3,4$, the results $0,4,23/2, 403/18$, just like the explicit summation.
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Simplifying your answer FullSimplify[Sum[(2 j + 2)*Sum[1/i^2, {i, 1, j}], {j, 0, k - 1}],k > 0 && k [Element] Integers] gives $k \left((k+1) H_k^{(2)}-1\right)-H_k$. – Andrew Jul 9 '11 at 15:04
Thanks for looking into it: I've edited for details. – Jérémie Jul 10 '11 at 2:18
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Maple's answer is $ \left( 1/6\,k+1/6\,{k}^{2} \right) {\pi }^{2}-\Psi \left( k \right) + \left( -k-{k}^{2} \right) \Psi \left( 1,k \right) -\gamma+1-k$.
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Your Answer
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Also that He is the head of the Christian Church. That He likewise is King of God's people, agreeably with those words (in Matt, xx viii. 1 8), " All power is given Me in heaven and upon earth" and that man is saved by believ- ing, not by merely confessing with the mouth but with the^ ROMANS X. lo. 183 heart, thus consenting with the mind " tJiat God hath raised Rim from the dead," Where I understand St. Paul not to state that man should believe that Christ died, because this was notorious and manifest : but he states that man should believe that Christ rose from the dead, for this is what was called in question, and this it is which confirms Christ's authority ; for it is thus by His resurrection that He has illustrated the abjectness, the lowliness, and the poverty, in which He lived : and He has illustrated, too, the ignominy with which He died, since He is the first that has risen from the dead not to die again. Sere it is worthy of much consideration that St. Paul constitutes all Christian faith in man's belief in Christ's -r^esurrection ; and rightly so : for this believed, man easily submits himself to everything else, the resurrection being, GLS it were, a voucher for everything that Christ said and <ad throughout His life. In saying, " thou shalt be saved,'* he means, that raised ^igain thou shalt live the life eternal, even as thou be- lievest that Christ rose again, and that He lives. X. 10. — For with the heart man belie veth unto arighteousness, and with the mouth confession is anade unto salvation. Confirming that which has been sdi.ii,"thou shalt be saved,** I understand him to say that because it is thus that, by the JaiJth of the heart, man is justified before God, enjoying remission of sins and reconciliation with God ; by recog- nising the righteousness of God, he renounces his own; and submitting himself to the justice of God, he claims to be just, on account of that already executed upon Christ, understanding that God punished in Christ that which He had to punish in those whom He purposes to save. And this is the reason, why in order to obtain this salvation. 1 84 ROMANS X. lo. man should confess with his mouth the faith he has in his heart. / understand this confession to relate to baptism, so that this of St. Paul corresponds with that of Christ, where He says, ''He that shall believe and shall be baptized shall be saved" It is necessary that man should believe, and it is necessary that he should proclaim with his mouth the faith which he has in his heart, as well both for the Church, whose province it is to judge externally, as likewise for each individual severally, forasmuch as confession of the mouth increases the faith of the heart. And thus it is that there will be some, who believe rightly of Christ and the gospel, but feeling that it is a dangerous thing, and that it is despised and esteemed as vile by men, will not dare to confess it, lest they should suffer that danger and that shame ; and thus suppressing their faith, they will by degrees lose it. But if, not ashamed of Christ or of the gospel, they boldly confess with the mouth what they have in their hearts, it will be seen that their faith will increase in proportion as their confession shall be more fervent, more animated, and more efficacious. So that faith in the heart is that which is mainly necessary, whilst confession with the mouth is necessary likewise. But these words of St. Paul are not to be understood so re- strictedly as that it suffices to confess the Lord Jesus with the mouth, without entertaining Him in the heart ; nor that it suffices to believe with the heart in the resurrec- tion of Christ, without confessing Him with the mouth. Neither is it to be understood that confession with the mouth without heartfelt faith suffices to salvation. But it is to be understood that God requires both these things — the heart and the mouth : the heart, in order that man may believe ; and the mouth, in order that he may manifest what he believes. And by this faith and by this confes- sion, God gives man two things — justification, because he believes with the heart, and salvation, because, by confess- ing with the mouth what he believes, he thereby fortifies his faith and increases it. I mean to say that, by believ- ROMANS X. II. 185 ^ng, he enjoys justification, and by confessing, he enjoys salvation. It is indeed true that faith in the heart fuUy suffices both for salvation and justification ; but this is ni^hen there is no necessity for confession with the mouth, ^nd when a man cannot make it, from some impediment ^hat occurs to him, or from some other sufficient cause. And that this is so, clearly appears from what Christ said, "*' He that helieveth and is baptized shall he saved ; " and He added, " hut he that helieveth not shall he condemned!' Where, not having added, " and he that shall not be bap- tized," it seems to be perfectly understood that not all those who are unbaptized shall be condemned, but all un- believers and infidels shall be condemned. And / have already said that the confession of the mouth helongs to baptism, because such confession is demanded at baptism. I will even say this, that St. Paul having said, ** If thou shalt confess with thy mouth, and if thou shalt believe with thy heart" &c., as if to give to everything its part — to faith, righteousness ; and to confession, salvation — that the result is the same, for he that believes confesses, and he that is righteous obtains salvation. X. II. — For the Scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on Him shall not be ashamed. It appears that St. Paul aims by this authoritative pas- sage from Isaiah (xxviii. 16), to show that confession with ^he mouth is not difficult for the man that has faith in his i^eart. This will be seen by properly understanding that ^^pression, ''shall not be ashamed,'* by the mode in which ^fc is treated in the last words of the preceding chapter ; ^Xid by understanding, that (to say) ''he shall not be ^^^hamed^' is the same as though he should say, he shall ^ct remain deceived, so as to have occasion to feel ^^hamed of his faith ; we shall understand that St. Paul desires by these words of Isaiah to assure him, who be- lieves with the heart and who confesses with the mouth, x86 ROMANS X. 12, 13. that he shall not be put to confusion or to shame by his faith and by his confession ; for that will issue sure and true which God promises him, through faith and through confession, to wit, justification and salvation. Both these readings harmonise so well, that I should not know which to select as the better. But nevertheless I do prefer the former. X. 12, 13. — For there is no diflference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all, is rich unto all that call upon him. For who- .^. soever shall call on the name of the Lord shall J^M be saved. St. Paul avails' himself of the fact of his having stated JE> ^d " whosoever shall believe" to state that there is no difiference^^^^ce between Jew and Greek, since salvation is promised not^<:>.ot to those who work, but to those who believe ; and he sayasi "^^s that this equality exists, because Christ is Lord of both, -Mztcih, Jews and Greeks, He having by His obedience reconcilec> ^^.ed both with God, from the enmity which they entertainec>.^>-ted towards God, through Adam's disobedience, and througbf ^^-igh their own particular disobediences. So that by *' Lord,'* is to be understood Christ, whomctci^Da St. Paul says is " rich tinto all that call upon Him** Again, I understand them to invoke Christ, who, knowinj MiMi-i^Z the righteousness of God, and knowing their own unrighte^^^^-^*^" ousnesses, submit themselves to the righteousness of God-Ex^^^ > because since they seek to be justified through Christ'^*-*^*^^* and in Christ, they remit themselves to the justice of Go»<:>~S^^^ executed upon Christ, and they invoke Christ as ther^^-^^^^r Mediator. He likewise states, that the riches of Christ consist r: ^ i^ that He will save all who shall invoke His name, justify ^-'fy- ing them, raising them up again, giving them immortali y' Mitjr and life eternal. These are the riches of Christ whict^' h I ^ ROMANS X. 14, 15. X87 Tinderstand God to communicate to those who are members of Christ, as He communicates light through the sun to t;hose who have eyes clear enough to be able to see it. X. 14, 15. — How then shall they call on Him, in whom they have not believed ? And how shall they believe in Him, of whom they have not heard ? And how shall they hear, without a preacher ? And how shall they preach, except they be sent ? I understand by these words that St. Paul tries to remove the error into which human wisdom might fall, deceived by what he had said, " that every one who shall call on the name of Christ shall be saved*' persuading itself that this in- vocation is an easy thing to any one who may desire to do it, and that, therefore, the salvation of man depends upon him- self, and not on God. And, because this is directly contrary to what St. Paul has said in the preceding chapter, that it does not depend upon the will of man, but on the will of God ; he goes on to say, that man cannot call on Christ if he do not believe in Him, and that he cannot believe in Him, if he have not heard speak of Him. And that he cannot hear speak of Christ, if there be no one who preaches Christ to him ; and that no man upon earth can preach Christ , if he be not sent of God to preach Christ ; which is the same, as if he said, unless he be an Apostle. Paul infers from all this, that since it is true that no preaching is efficacious, if he 'Veho preaches be not sent of God to preach, and also that Xnan cannot hear without a preacher, nor can he believe if he be not told what he has to believe, nor can he invoke Christ if he do not first believe ; it will also be true that they only will invoke Christ, to whom God shall send preachers or Apostles, who shall preach Christ to them. So that a.11 the force of St. Paul's words consists in this, " eoixept ^hey he sent" And hence it is easy to understand why €mr preachers do not move the hearts of men to withdraw i88 ROMANS X. 15. t/vem from the world to God, and from tkcmsdves to ^:^q Christ, and further to make them wxtpt the grace of the gospel; the reason is, because they are not sent, because they are not Apostles; arid that may he affirmed of them, which God says by Jeremiah (xxiiL 21), "/ have not sent ^^ these prophets, yet they ran; I have not spoken to them, yet ^^st Jvave they prophesied** Here, likewise, it is to he understood ^^^d thai they who preach upon Christian topics, not heing^^^^^ Apostles of Christ, do not preax:h Christ, however ntueh they^^^jsy tnay use His name in the pulpit, Bui they preach them ^.^v selves, their own fancies arid imaginations, which imagine and. invent for themselves, taking Christ as iheii svhjed : in the same manner in which men, professing religions, tell their stories, each one taking as his subject founder of his own religion. To preach Christ, it is sary that the preacher be an Apostle, sent hy God to preat^'^^^zch Christ, he having accepted the righteousness of Christ, who have not accepted it, do not understand it; and understanding it, they are ill able to preach it, nor can the^^^^^^i^V make their hearers understand it ; on the contrary, all thei^^-^^ say will be opposed to it, because the human mind is itm^^^ i^*" capable of receiving it. X. i«5. — As it is written, How beautiful are tb.cJ'^^"^ feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, an^-c:^-^^"- bring glad tidings of good things. St. Paul here cites the authority of Isaiah to prove ho^^^>^^^ great is the dignity of those who are sent by God to preacfcl^^-^^|^ to announce, and to manifest anything good to man; imply^-'^^-S^ ^ ing that what Isaiah says, being true generally, how mucri:> -^-^ ^^ more is it so in regard to the preaching, annunciation, an-C*^-^ ^^ manifestation, of the gospel, being, as it is, the best new^^^^^^ that ever came to man ! Where he says " the feet,** he means the whole persoic^^^^^* meaning, that if the feet, which are the nethermost pa^^==y^^^ ROMANS X. i6, 17. 189 in man, be beautiful, how much more so will all the other parts of the man be. " To evangelise,'* is the same as to preach, to announce, tmd to manifest. By ** peace,** he means perfect felicity. As to the beauty, the dignity, and the glory of those who, being Apostles, preach the Gospel of peace, the recon- ciliation of man with God, I remit myself to what I have said (in my commentary) upon 2 Corinthians iii. 4, 5, for St. Paul there speaks of it. It seems that Isaiah speaks literally of the good news brought to the Hebrews of their liberation from the Baby- lonish captivity. And having stated that that captivity represents the time that the bodies of the just shall rest in the tomb, and that that liberation represents to me the time which the just shall be in body and soul in the life eternal, I now proceed to say that I think that St. Paul felt the same, and understood the same, when I consider how he avails himself of the words which, taken literally, appear spoken in relation to that, in order to prove this ; and I even hold it for certain that Isaiah meant this rather than that. X. 16, 17. — But they have not all obeyed the Gospel, for Isaiah saith, " Lord, who hath believed our report ? " So, then, faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. St. Paul means by this, that the feet of those who preach ^he Gospel do not cease to be beautiful, because all do not Jive credit to what is preached to them ; he means to say, ihat the incredulity of some does not derogate from the iignity of those who are sent by God to preach, since the purpose of God is, that those should believe to whom the good news is sent. This he proves from the authority of I90 ROMANS X. i6, 17. Isaiah, who also says, that not all those, who heard what he told them, on the part of God, believed it; but not on that account was his authority lessened. Whence I understand that St. Paul, taking occasion from the ex- pression, ** our report" (those who had heard us), goes on to infer that man cannot believe, unless he be told what it is he has to believe, and that the mere telling is inadequate, unless the individual telling him be inspired, moved, and sent by God to tell him it ; so that the whole transaction depends upon the mere will of God, who in- spires the speaker to speak, and disposes the hearer to hearken. I think that, by the expression, " the Word of Ood," St. Paul means by the word which I speak, being inspired by God to speak it, and not that which another has said, being inspired of God, which is, indeed, the word of God, inasmuch as he, who spoke it, spake inspired by God ; but it will not be the word of God if I speak it, not being inspired by God to speak it. Because, even as in order that it be the word of man, it is necessary that it should be spoken by man ; so, in order to be the word of God, it is necessary that it should be spoken by the Spirit of God, through the mouth of him who announces it. Hence, the Apostles and ministers of Christ are called, in the Holy Scriptures, the mouth of God, because God speaks by them, and in them. By this, one may under- stand well what God speaks by Isaiah (Iv. 11), " That the Word which shall go forth from His mouth shall not return unto Him void, hut it shall accomplish that which He pleases" And hence we may understand how necessary it always is, that following the advice which Christ gave to His dis- ciples, and which He gives to all of us, we should ask God — that He would send amongst us persons who shall speakr:^ the Words of God ; that they may speak under the inspi- ration of God, and not as the human spirit teaches, speak^ — ing by Divine experience, and not by human knowledge. ROMANS X. i8. 191 X. 18. — But I say, Have they not heard ? Yes, Terily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world. It appears to be St. Paul's aim to show that no one can excuse himself, by saying I do not believe because I have not heard, and he avails himself of this verse of David, Psalm xix. 4, meaning that Christ's Gospel, by means of which God shows His righteousness to those who believe it, and by those who believe in it, was as much published throughout the world, as is the report of the heavens and its harmony, by means of which God shows His omni- potence, His providence, and His wisdom, to those who consider it. So that St. Paul has quoted this verse of David as though he should say, N"ay, the Gospel is pub- lished to such an extent, that what David affirms of the heavens is properly attributed to them who preach it. I understand this thus, considering that David, in Psalm xix., clearly speaks of the heavens. When speaking " of their sound and of their words" he means those of the heavens. Whilst by their " words" he means the harmony and peculiar order which they keep, as God Himself has ordered it ; and with all this, if there were any one who 'V^ould fain say that St. Paul quotes this verse of David as a prophecy of what should come to pass at the time of tihe publication of the Gospel, I assuredly shall not con- tend with him, satisfying myself with the understanding that St. Paul pretends that no one can excuse himself by saying, I do not believe because I have not heard ; pro- "vided that the expression, " unto the ends of the world" be not rigorously held to the letter, but as a Hebraism, which says all the earth, when it but means a great part of it. And provided, too, this hearing now in question be not understood to be the same hearing as that of which he has spoken above, " and hearing hy the word of God; " be- 192 ROMANS X. 19. cause this hearing is general, which concerns both good and bad, whilst that previously mentioned is peculiar to and concerns only those, who are inspired to hear : the one hearing is only with the ears of the body, whilst the other hearing is with those of the body and with those of the mind. X. 19. — But I say, Did not Israel know ? First, Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you (Deut. xxxii. 21). It appears to be St. Paul's aim to prove by these words ^ that the call of the heathen to the grace of the Gospel xi was no new thing to those who professed Judaism, since ^ Moses, speaking in the person of God, had already pro- ^. phesied it, saying to the Hebrew nation : You have pro- -. voked Me, and you have angered Me, by worshipping -^ devils, and I, too, will provoke you, and I will anger you, ,^ by accepting as mine, a people who now, being alienated J from Me, are not a people, and not knowing Me, are ^ wholly without understanding. Now that in Gospel days these words are specifically fulfilled, the truth of this l:,xi appears from personal experience, which shows us how /iex-i greatly those who professed Judaism were indignant and angry at the call of the Gentiles to the grace of the GospeL So much so, that even to those, who had accepted the I S Gospel, and to the Apostles themselves, it appeared to be I ^15 most extraordinary that the Gentiles should be admitted I \4: to the grace of the Gospel. So that St. Paul thoroughly 1 5^^ proves by this authority that the call of the Gentiles to the grace of the Gospel had been prophesied in the Law itself. I p I apprehend that in saying, "Did not Israel know f" we I j^- are to understand the publication of the Gospel through- I ^ out the world, with the admission of the nations to parti- I ^ cipation in it. J ,., ROMANS X. 20. 193 The word "first " is understood of Moses in his relation to Isaiah, whom he names afterwards, so that he says that Moses spoke before Isaiah. " / will provoke" is equivalent to I will make angry : He means, I will irritate you, I will madden you, and I will make you growL " No people" is equivalent to a people without under- standing ; and such they virtually are, who are aliens to God. In saying, ** Hath not (Israel) knovmV* he may be understood to mean Christianity, the preaching of the gospel; and understanding it thus, St. PauFs meaning will be, that the Jews could not excuse themselves by saying that they had no knowledge of the Gospel, since it is evident that both Moses and Isaiah had knowledge of it, and that forasmuch as they had it, so they wrote it. If the words of Moses and Isaiah here could be re- ferred to this reading, it would better satisfy me than that which I have given, because it is more connected with what precedes it ; but, since it appears to me that it can hardly be referred to this, I adhere to my first expo- sition, which, although it appears to be disconnected, conforms more to the words of Moses and Isaiah, and, therefore, I shall adhere to it in what follows. X, 20. — But Isaiah is very bold, and saith, I Xvas found of them that sought me not; I was ^ade manifest unto them that asked not after Precisely the same that St. Paul has proved by the Authority of Moses, he now proceeds to prove by those Vrords which God speaks by Isaiah, chapter Ixv. [i, 2] '^hich are directly opposed to all that human wisdom Comprehends, to what it understands, and to what it V 194 ROMANS X. 20. teaches: it comprehends, understands, and teaches, that they who seek God find Him; and that they who ask after God come to know Him. Whilst here God says by Isaiah, that He allowed Himself to be found of those who sought not after Him, and that He allowed Himself to be known of those who did not set themselves to ask after Him, which virtually was accomplished in the call of the Gentiles to the grace of the gospel, what time God allowed Himself to be found of the Gentiles, who held no relations with Him, being at the time stupefied or rather befooled with their idols ; and He allowed Himself to be seen and known of these same Gentiles, who retained nought of God in their memory. And I understand that God is always doing this very thing, calling unto Himself some of the many who neither seek Him nor remember Him, whilst rejecting many, who pretend to seek Him and to remember Him. Nay, the Son of God Himself, our Lord Jesus Christ, manifestly did this same thing, as reported by St. Matthew, chapter viii. (19-21). He rejected the man, who spontaneously offered himself as one who would fain seek and follow, whilst He called as His follower one, who not only did not spontaneously offer himself, but who feigned an excuse for not following Him. These things ought to be weighed by those, who, puffed up by their reason and by their fleshly wisdom, pretend to know every- thing, and pretend to give the reason for everything, not only of what is written with human (wisdom), prudence, which is, indeed, their province, but likewise of what is written by the Holy Spirit, in which they have no juris- diction at all, and in which they are peculiarly like th blind, when they wish to give judgment in distinguishin colours. When he says, " is very bold/' he shows that it was bold ness to prophesy of the call of the Gentiles, whilst amo the Jews. I understand the expression, " / was found" to be equi- valent to I manifested myself ; whilst the expression^ ROMANS X. 21. 195 " ihem that sought me not" is equivalent, to them that asked not after me. So that it is but a repetition of the same sense. X. 21. — But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people. St. Paul, having stated what Isaiah says in favour of the Gentiles, proceeds to state what Isaiah himself says a little further on against the Jews, showing the paternal feelings that God had towards the people, and the perverse spirit that the people had towards God. In saying, " I have stretched forth my hands" he means, I have been bountiful, whilst the mode of expression he xises is peculiar to Holy Scripture. Whereupon I understand that God stretcheth forth His luands universally to all the nations upon earth, when 'Vdtli temporal blessings He gives them the fruits of the ^arth in great abundance ; and I understand that God stretched forth His hands to the Jewish nation in a pecu- Xiar manner, when He gave them things out of the course of nature, as water out of the rock, as the manna, and as "the quails, &c., and when He miraculously favoured them ^with wondrous signs in heaven and on earth. I likewise Tmderstand that God stretches forth His hands in a pecu- liar manner to a Christian nation, when He, either through ZHimself or through the agency of an individual, or of ^vers persons, members of the same nation, gives it abun- dance of spiritual gifts, increasing its faith by its know- ledge of Himself, and by the knowledge of Christ; and by increasing its love through the union that there is between it and God, whereby man comes to be all love and charity, just as God is all love and charity. Whilst forasmuch as this stretching forth of the hands is wholly inward, and is experienced within the soul, the gifts being inward too. 196 ROMANS X. 21. and that they make themselves to be felt, it comes to pass that a Christian nation is never incredulous, doubting as to God's promises, " neither is it rebellious : " opposing itself to the will of God ; nay, it is ever faithful and obedient, believing in God's promises and reliant upon them, and obedient in everything that it knows to be the will of God. They, who are not thus faithful and thus obedient to God, or who do not desire and strive to be so, they, not being Christ's, are not a Christian people, however mtlch they may pride themselves upon being so, and persuade themselves that they are so. And here 1 will add this, that just as when some of us men stretch forth our hands unto other men, by being liberal unto them, and aim thereby to attract them to follow us, and to love us : so likewise when God stretches forth His hands unto us, we ought to consider that He aims thereby to attract us unto Himself, in order that we may follow Him, that we may serve Him, that we may adore Him, and that we may love Him. They who do not consider this, when God stretches forth His hands unto them, are unbelieving, are infidels, are ungodly, and wholly blind. ROMANS XL 197 CHAPTEK XL XL 1. — I say then, Hath God cast away His J)eople? No; no. For I also am an Israelite, of "the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. Ood hath not cast away His people whom He had foreknown. Some one might have gathered from what St. Paul has stated in the former chapter, that God had cast away the Jewish nation and had elected the Gentiles. Now desirous of explaining himself on this point, he addresses to himself "the question, saying, " Has God peradventure," &c. Where l>y His people, he means the Jews. And he answers him- self, that God had not wholly cast them away, and he 3)roves it, by saying, " For I also am," &c., as though he should say, Since God has not cast me away, who am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, and of the tribe of Ben- jamin, it is clear that He has not rejected His people. By what he adds, " God hath not cast away His people whom He had forekriovml* I think him by His people to mean not the Jews, as previously indicated, but Jews and Gentiles, whom, in His divine providence. He had known, that they should be His people. So that it is all one as though he should say, Those whom God hath cast away, although they bore the name of people of God, were not the people of God ; for God hath not cast away those, who are truly the people of God, predestined to life eternal. He who prefers to understand by " His people " in both clauses, the Jewish people, may do so. In that case, the expression " This people whom He had foreknown^^ will be 198 ROMANS XL 2, 3. understood of that with whom God held peculiar relations, whom He recognised as His people, the people recognising Him as their God. XL 2, 3. — Wot ye not what the Scripture saith of Elijah ? how he pleadeth with God against Israel, saying, Lord, they have killed thy prophets, and they have digged down thine altars ; and I am left alone, and they seek my life." [i Kings xix. 10-18]. St. Paul means that just as in the time of Elijah, Elijah deceived himself in believing that he alone remained of all the Jewish nation, that had neither committed idolatry like the rest of the people, nor had been put to death like the rest of the prophets ; so too, that at that time, St. Paul would deceive himself, if he thought that he alone had received the grace of the gospel, all the rest remaining in their blindness; and that likewise any other person would deceive himself were he to think so. His reason for saying this appears to be, because he had alleged that he had not been rejected of God, in order to prove that God had not rejected His people. Whilst some one might say, I know it does not follow, because God hath not cast thee away that He hath not cast away His people, since it is very possible that He may not have cast thee away, and yet that He may have cast away His people. In saying, after the manner of Holy Scripture, " tJiey seek my life" he means they plot how to take away my life. XL 4. — But what saith the answer of God untor him ? I have reserved to myself seven thousancL men, who have not bowed the knee to BaaL ROMANS XL 4. 199 Where St. Paul's meaning is, that the same reply which Grod made to Elijah, in relation to the illusion under which he suflfered, they might take for theirs, who deceived them- selves, or who might deceive themselves, by believing that St. Paul alone, of the whole Jewish people, had been re- served for the gospel, or that at the least the reserved were but few in number, resting assured that just as God, in the days of Elijah, had reserved unto Himself seven thousand men, who had not committed idolatry, so likewise had God, in the days of St. Paul, reserved unto Himself an equal or greater number of men who had not fallen into the same blindness as the others. Where I understand that it becomes every one, justified by God's justice executed upon Christ, to rest assured that God has in the world many just and holy persons, who believe as he does, and who are in the same position as liiniself, although he neither knows them nor sees them; preserving himself from the error into which some fall, in saying, that there are now-a-days no just or holy persons \ipon earth, who do not see that they contradict themselves; on the one hand, they confess that faith will not be want- ing to the Church, and that there is a Church ; whilst on ^he other hand, they affirm that there are neither just nor lioly persons on the earth, as though there could be faith, or as though there could be a Church, in the absence of saints, in the absence of the just : wherein I, giving greater credit to what they affirm than to what they confess, hold lor certain that from the very fact of their not believing "that there are saints or just persons upon earth, they neither believe that there is faith, nor that there is a Church upon earth, or else they do not know what faith is, or what constitutes a Church. He that believes, as he has to believe, that there is faith, and that there is a Church, believes also that there are just persons, and that there are saints, feeling the effects of justification and the eflfects of sanctification within himself. In saying, " / have reserved unto myself" he means, that 200 ROMANS XI. 5, 6. there having been some, who had not committed idolatry, was assignable to no virtue in them, but to God's free grace ; just as in the days of the gospel, they, who have accepted and do accept Christ, do so, from no virtue in themselves, but from the election of God. '' Baal " is the name of an idol, which the Jewish nation worshipped in the days of Elijah. In sajring, " seven thoicaand" I understand him to put a finite number for an infinite, a definite for an indefinite. XL 5, 6. — Even so then, at this present time also, there is a remnant according to the election of grace. And if by grace, then is it no more of v^orks : otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then is it no more grace ; otherwise work is no more work. St. Paul understands precisely what we have stated, that just as in the days of Elijah, they, who had not com- mitted idolatry, were reserved by the peculiar favour of God : so likewise in the days of the gospel, the Jews, who were uuaflfected by blindness, were reserved by the pecu-* liar favour of God, who preserved them graciously and freely, without having the least regard to their personal merits. Understanding that had God had regard to man'a merits, there would not have been a single Jew free front idolatry in the days of Elijah, nor would there have been a man free from blindness in the days of the gospeL And taking occasion from the expression "election of gracel* which is the same as though he should say by gra- cious election, he proceeds to infer, that since election is of grace, works are excluded, and so likewise are merits ; since it is a fact that what is given on account of merit, neither can, nor ought to, be called grace, but reward; and forasmuch as this election is of grace, it evidently follows that it is not of merits. Tt pi ROMANS XI. 7. 201 St. Paul is ever demolishing man's works and merits, ^nd he is ever exalting the election and grace of God. Tley, who neither experience election, nor experience grace, exalt man's works and merits. Whilst they, who experience grace and election, abase merits and works, a.iid exalt election and grace ; for this is always so, that znen esteem and exalt, or they depreciate and abase, things, stccording to what they experience and attain to know of 'tlxeni. And in that clause, " htU if it he of works" &c., I think "fcliere is an error in the text, I mean to say, either some- "bliing is wanting, or something has been added : but it suffices that what St. Paul means by it be thoroughly xmderstood, which is precisely what we have declared. ^3ere what St. Paul felt in relation to grace and to works xnay be perfectly understood, XI. 7. — What then ? Israel hath not obtained 'Ihat which he sought for ; but the election hath <:>btained it, and the rest have been blinded. St. Paul asks himself the question, saying, " What 'thenV* as though he should say. Then, what do you mean Ijy this ? what is your design in these words ? And he ^Euiswers himself, by saying, " that which Israel sought** as tihough he should say, I mean that Israel has not obtained ^hat he sought : he sought justification before God and "has not obtained it, whilst " the election " has obtained it ; that is to say, those of the Jewish nation, who were elected of God to life eternal, for these have been admitted to the grace of the gospel, by which they have obtained the jus- tification which all the people of Israel sought, whilst the rest remained in blindness. Where it is forcible to say " Israel** for it is the name upon which the Jews most prided themselves. And it is forcible to say " election** for it excludes all vicious recurrence to merits: and it is 202 ROMANS XI. 8. worthy of consideration that he does not say that the rest of the people blinded themselves, but that they were blinded : meaning that just as the election of the chosen was God's gift through favour, so the blindness of the blinded was likewise God's rigorous chastisement. And just as the glory of God is illustrated in the favour of the former and in the chastisement of the latter, so likewise the favour shown to the one and the chastisement visited upon the other, redound to the edification of those who love God, who alone recognise God's mercy in both. XL 8. — According as it is written, God hath given them the spirit of bitterness, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear : unto this day. St. Paul means that the blindness with which the non- elect of the people of Isael were blinded corresponded with the blindness of which Isaiah speaks, chapter vi 9, 10, with which the Israelites of his time were blinded; and that which has been said upon the first chapter of this epistle, that God chastises some sins by others, is rendered perfectly intelligible by these very words of Isaiah. Whilst it is, moreover, to be understood that the design that God has in chastisement, is, that the chastised, by heaping sins upon sins, and depravity upon depravity, should augment and accumulate upon themselves greater and more terrible condemnation. A " ypirit of bitterness,*' is the same as an unquiet, dis- contented and restless one, which is found in those, who have an evil and corrupt conscience. In saying " eyes that they should not see*' he means that God has deprived them of the use of their senses, both internal and external, in order that they should not find out the way of salvation, and that thus they should not be saved. So that what has been stated above is correct. ROMANS XL 9, lo. 203 that the blindness of the blind is as much the work of God as is the election of the elect. XL 9, TO. — And David saith, Their table hath been made a snare, and a trap, and a stumbling- block, and a recompense unto them : Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see, and let their back alway be bowed down. Psl. Ixix. I, moreover, think that St. Paul means by these words, that these maledictions, with which David cursed the un- godly of his day, had fallen upon the Israelitish nation in general. David, in this place, understands by " the table** every- thing that God gives man to sustain life. And I under- stand these things then to be to men "a snare, a trap, and €t stumllingUockl* for all these terms are nearly identical, 'When men abuse them, oflfending God with them, and cor- irapting themselves : and so likewise, when men, without godliness, strive to attain them, considering how frequently it is seen that the wicked abound in them, whilst the godly suflfer from want of them, they, stumbling at them, csome to hold God as unjust, or to deny God's providence. " Let their eyes he darkened** I understand has to be re- :f erred to the inward ones, those with which God is known, ^nd this malediction is especially that which fell upon tihe Jewish nation in general, and falls too upon them, "who pretend to justify themselves by their works : and I understand that it was only for this that St. Paul quoted these verses. By the words " and let their hack he howed dovm** David meant that they are in hard and cruel slavery, ever bearing burdens on their backs. As to the remainder, I remit myself to what I have said (in my Commentary) upon this Psalm, which is the 1^: 204 ROMANS XI. ii. XL II. — I say then, Have they stumbled, that they should fall ? No ; no : but rather through their fall, salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'jundevaldscomme01boehgoog_10', 'collection': 'English-PD', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7297', 'token_count': '9423', '__index_level_0__': '390', 'original_id': 'bbc1df3a83709e0d0eeecacdacf289df96f7158a7c8b294449910e51afd2886d'} |
[Ecovariant differences of Escherichia coli strains with respect to colicinogenicity and colicin resistance].
The analysis of 173 Escherichia coli strains, isolated from different sources, for colicinogenicity and colicin resistance revealed that frequency of these signs increased in the following order: water in open reservoirs, intestine, extraintestinal localizations. In most cases resistance to 5 or more bacterial colicins was due to the absence of the corresponding receptors to colicins. Colicin resistance and colicinogenicity render E. coli selective advantages under the conditions of intestinal microbiocenosis. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0673d9f8c978de2fef1b95819f1e5aea7f909af698cb31a8b578804689206a7f'} |
Date,Open,High,Low,Close,Volume,OpenInt
2017-08-15,9.7,9.7,9.7,9.7,10082,0
2017-08-17,9.68,9.68,9.68,9.68,575000,0
2017-08-21,9.64,9.68,9.64,9.68,4400,0
2017-08-24,9.65,9.68,9.65,9.68,60718,0
2017-08-28,9.7,9.7,9.7,9.7,200,0
2017-08-30,9.7,9.7,9.7,9.7,105000,0
2017-08-31,9.7,9.74,9.7,9.74,5630,0
2017-09-06,9.78,9.78,9.78,9.78,300,0
2017-09-08,9.72,9.78,9.72,9.78,12300,0
2017-09-11,9.7,9.78,9.699,9.78,14100,0
2017-09-18,9.7,9.78,9.7,9.78,18300,0
2017-09-25,9.72,9.77,9.72,9.77,3595,0
2017-09-26,9.7,9.75,9.7,9.75,3370,0
2017-09-27,9.75,9.75,9.75,9.75,7200,0
2017-10-05,9.72,9.73,9.72,9.72,401100,0
2017-10-09,9.55,9.74,9.55,9.74,42700,0
2017-10-10,9.74,9.76,9.74,9.76,400,0
2017-10-11,9.75,9.76,9.75,9.76,11000,0
2017-10-16,9.76,9.9,9.76,9.85,15249,0
2017-10-17,9.69,9.7505,9.69,9.75,45017,0
2017-10-20,9.7499,9.7499,9.7499,9.7499,503,0
2017-10-23,9.75,9.75,9.75,9.75,500,0
2017-10-26,9.73,9.73,9.73,9.73,50000,0
2017-11-07,9.7,9.72,9.69,9.69,48700,0
2017-11-08,9.71,9.72,9.71,9.72,100301,0
2017-11-09,9.71,9.71,9.71,9.71,24300,0
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Tuesday, April 8, 2008
Faster Internet W/ Black Holes Included - LHC
I was reading an article today on how "The Grid" is going make the internet obsolete. The article was fluff but it got me digging deeper into "The Grid".
Being able to use "The Grid" for access to the internet was just an added benefit from the initial project. They built a machine over 16 miles long called a LHC (Large Hadron Collider). It is a particle accelerator designed to calculate an equation to prove the existence of a particle known as the Higgs Boson. The Higgs boson is a hypothesised particle which, if it exists, would give the mechanism by which particles acquire mass.
What the journalist from FOX forgot to mention is that in creating the LHC they may also be creating a black hole which could devoure the earth.
Listen to the BBC audio report here
Scientists will use the LHC to recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang created the universe by colliding two beams of protons traveling in opposite directions at close to the speed of light. Now that doesn't sound very safe to me...
There have some delays in launching the LHC due to some accidents, safety concerns, and legal battles but it appears that it will be switched on in a couple of months.
This summer, on the 'Red Button Day', scientists will turn on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), and also open "The Grid", which can send data online 10,000 times faster than current standards. Movies can be downloaded in 5 seconds, for example. "The Grid", according to experts, will transmit holographic data, revolutionize business, and lead to 'Cloud Computing'- where users store all data online. I think this is just one step below "The Matrix".
Lets keep our fingers crossed and hope our scientists have created something that will actually help humanity instead of destroying it.
Zac Richards said...
Research more before posting such folly. These "earth devouring black holes" dissipate in the fraction of a second, and have no hope whatsoever in devouring anything at all.
JDog said...
This doesn't sound like no hope at all to me... "Physicist Martin Rees is reported to have calculated, in his book Our Final Hour, that the probability of the Large Hadron Collider causing a global catastrophe or black hole is 1 in 50 million" | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '14', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9554898738861084}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '43282', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:B6XZRCKMM4BDHFATR4CLDCGUTCRTYN2K', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:08cff009-8795-4464-98f9-10ae8991f708>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 2, 53, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.15.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KEFLIQP3Q2D5VLQ4VZMOJV6RUBFS6UDN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:32d7cc61-643c-4060-a5ce-849d4bf55f44>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://thejdogblog.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-internet-may-create-black-hole.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:031e5d94-0270-43ec-91cc-93771e91f510>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '384', 'url': 'http://thejdogblog.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-internet-may-create-black-hole.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-97-181-44.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6421584486961365', 'original_id': 'ae99994f3c1c0260e24084944220dbef826aa0e5f737b3fc8ed62f8089bc01c3'} |
The power and efficacy of the longbow as a significant weapon of medieval warfare is evidenced most aptly in the infamous battles of the Hundred Years’ War; Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt being the most notable examples. However, its successful use in warfare, particularly by the English (and their Welsh subjects, whose involvement we shouldn’t forget), predates both the Hundred Years’ War itself, and significantly the Battle of Crécy within the war. The combination of archery and dismounted men-at-arms was not a revolutionary tactic in 1346. In fact, the function of infantry in defensive formations had been a proven tactic for decades. The English themselves had lost favour with the cavalry charge as a primary offensive tactic following their decimation at the hands of the Scots at Bannockburn in 1314. By deploying his now famous pikemen in defensive formations known as schiltrons, Robert the Bruce helped to forge a tactical blueprint that arguably paved the way for the successes of the English in the centuries that followed.
With these things in mind, it seems preposterous that the nature of the English tactics in the Battle of Crécy could have taken the French completely by surprise. This oddity becomes even more peculiar when we consider the fact that the French themselves had not only been witness to the influence of the longbow on a battle, but they were given front row seats by Henry of Grosmont and his men almost a year prior to Crécy; on October 21 1345. The Battle of Auberoche is justifiably not considered among the true triumphs of the longbow. In fact, the conflict not only features highly aggressive tactics in complete contrast to those of the aforementioned battles, but it also includes a true cavalry charge. Despite this, the Battle of Auberoche was a direct lesson in the nature of warfare the French would soon face, a lesson of which they did not take heed.
In addition to the efficacy of massed and highly disciplined longbowmen, the potency of the English forces in France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was largely due to their mobility. The Anglo-Scottish border wars that preceded the fighting in France demonstrated not only the need for a mobile force, but the military dominance that could be gained by a powerful force that could move rapidly. The fleetness of the English forces was most notably demonstrated by the chevauchées that wreaked havoc on the French countryside. On occasion however, such proficient mobility was made evident in direct military encounters; and this is the case with the Battle of Auberoche.
Setting the scene…
The castle of Auberoche, situated atop a rocky prominence overlooking a small river in a relatively unknown and secluded valley of Gascony, was in English hands in the summer of 1345. Shortly after arriving in Bordeaux, Henry of Grosmont, the earl of Derby, set about conquering upper Gascony. He had been given almost free rein in military terms, acting directly on behalf of the king, and was extremely successful in his first months in France. The previous French occupants of Auberoche had surrendered to Henry as he was setting to besiege the castle – a situation Henry was becoming accustomed to in his movements about the region. After capturing the castle, Henry left a sufficient garrison and continued on his travels – a tactic he matched in all castles deemed important to the control of Gascony. Fast forward to October 1345 and while the dominant English army, with Henry at the head, returned to their base at Bordeaux, the French began re-forming at La Réole under their commander, Count Bertrand de l’Isle-Jourdain (known as Count de l’Isle from this point onward). Upon hearing word of the English earl taking up residence in Bordeaux, Count de l’Isle considered it unlikely that Henry would undertake any more military excursions at such a late stage in the season. The Count called upon his men and requested that they meet him at Auberoche, for he sought to besiege the castle.
In his Chronicles, Jean Froissart recounts an almost fantastical tale of the siege, where not only are there verbal encounters between the besiegers and the besieged along the walls of the castle, particularly theatrical in their nature, but there is even the claim of an English messenger being captured by the French and launched back into the castle from one of the French siege engines (as shown in the feature image above). The reality is likely much less dramatic, but for the purposes of this article, all we need know is that the English garrison was suffering under a particularly tight and relentless siege, and that Henry was informed and, contrary to the beliefs of Count de l’Isle, he would ride to the aid of his men.
The English response…
Upon hearing word of the French siege of Auberoche, Henry hurriedly assembled a force somewhere in the range of 1000 men – believed to be well under 1000 by Froissart, but modern numbers estimate a force more likely around 1200 strong, with approximately 400 men-at-arms and 800 archers. In addition, the earl of Derby sent word to the earl of Pembroke, who was still on the march in the region, to meet him en route to Auberoche in order to bolster the numbers of the English and improve their chances of relieving the garrison. Henry and his men arrived at the suggested meeting point, but eager to relieve their countrymen, they opted not to wait longer than 24 hours for the earl of Pembroke and his men. After the time had passed, and the additional forces had failed to arrive, Henry continued onward. The English force paused again en route to Auberoche but once more their countrymen failed to join forces with them. Pushing on, they arrived near the castle on October 20. Such was the size and nature of the English relief force, they were able to approach within 2 miles of the French camp, and using the dense wood of the region as cover, had managed to entirely avoid alerting the enemy of their presence. After concealing themselves in the trees and alighting from their mounts, the English set themselves to now wait for the additional forces required to attack the besiegers. Secrecy was of the utmost importance in the English camp, especially as it became known that they were currently outnumbered, somewhere in the region or six or seven to one.
On the morning of October 21, the English awoke to find that the earl of Pembroke was still yet to join them, and as the day pressed on they would exhaust the food supplies they had carried with them. Foraging for food was not an option for Henry’s men as it would almost definitely lead to the loss of surprise which stood as their only hope of victory. As the day grew longer, Henry summoned a council of war and the decision to attack with the current force was made. As the leader of his men, and the person electing to attack, Henry took it upon himself to undertake a scouting expedition through the woods and was able to move unseen to a position only a few hundred yards from the French camp. From his position, Henry was able to ascertain the positioning of the vast majority of the French force, and more importantly, was able to notice that they were heavily distracted in preparing their evening meal. Henry returned to his camp and set about planning the attack.
The Battle of Auberoche…
The English would advance in secret, as close to the French as possible. They would do so in three distinct groupings. The archers, the infantry, and the cavalry, all approaching from different positions. The plan saw the archers hidden in the woods on the flanks of the French, and in range; the cavalry positioned approximately 200-300 yards from the French camp; and the infantry had made their way to the rear of the French forces, intent on crushing them as they fled from the cavalry charge.
Cries of Derby! rang out from the archers and they unleashed a wave of arrows onto the unsuspecting French – who were anticipating nothing but their dinner. Upon hearing the cries of their countrymen, the English cavalry charged from the cover of the trees. As the cavalry were joined by the infantry storming into the French camp, the archers were forced to halt their loosing. A scene of complete dismay and confusion fell upon the French camp. Small forces of French soldiers were able to band together around French officers who had managed to unfurl banners of their own, but this merely provided the English archers with ideal targets to continue their volleys. The battle was short and brutal, at one stage the French managed to group a reasonable force, but before they could make a stand, the English garrison within Auberoche seized their moment, charging out of the castle to completely overwhelm what was left of the besieging force.
The Battle of Auberoche was not only a catastrophe for the French in terms of the loss of men, it would also go down as one of the most profitable battles of the Hundred Years’ War for either side. The number of nobles captured by the English forced an incredible amount of total ransom to be paid by the losers. The English utilised shrewd tactics, leading to a small force obliterating the much larger French force. The battle may be different in general tactical nature to Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, but hindsight allows us to see the similarities, and in doing so, highlight the lessons that the French failed to learn. The changing nature of warfare seen in the first decades of the fourteenth century, and evidenced in the Hundred Years’ War battles prior to Crécy, was lost on the French. The reality is, for decades after Auberoche the French simply had no answer to the flexibility, mobility, and speed of the English forces expertly deploying the combination of disciplined longbowmen, and predominantly dismounted men-at-arms.
– Jamie
References
Feature image: The Battle of Auberoche, Anciennes chroniques d’Angleterre , Jean de Wavrin. BNF Français 76 f. 101 v Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Archer (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1985) Alfred H. Burne, The Crecy War: A Military History of the Hundred Years War from 1337 to the Peace of Bretigny in 1360 (Yorkshire: Frontline Books, 2016) Clifford J. Rogers, The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpreations (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999) Andrew Ayton and Sir Phillip Preston, ‘Topography and Archery: Further Reflections’, in The Battle of Crécy, 1346 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005) Richard Barber, Edward III and the Triumph of England (London: Penguin Books, 2013) Michael Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)
If you liked this post, follow this blog and/or read the following blog posts:
The Battle of Crécy and the Language of Froissart – Tactics and Etymology in Medieval Military History
Relighting the Fire of the First Crusade: Warriors, Priests, and the Holy Lance of Antioch
See our bibliography on The Hundred Years’ War | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd80f8f02fcae6d85aee219b3f11decde44f997e2b7b22b937611a19486585621'} |
8 ways to attend college for free
List of Gods : "Goddess Hima" - 8 records
Name ▲▼Origin ▲▼Description ▲▼
Goddess name
Semitic Goddess of the moon. Semitic
Goddess name
Chile moon goddess, wife of the Sun. Only Auchimalgen cares anything for the human race, all the rest of the gods being utterly malevolent. Auchimalgen wards off evil spirits and turns red when some important person is about to die. Chile
Goddess name
"Bhima (terrible)"
Goddess name
"Disa (the ten directions of space)"
Hindu / Epic / Puranic Goddess. Consort of SI IVA in his terrible aspect of BHIMA and mother of the minor god Sarga (creation)....
Goddess name
Hindu / Puranic River goddess. Guardian deity of the Ganges. The elder daughter of HIMAVAN and MENA, she is the sister of PARVATI and the consort of VIS'NU and AGNI. She is also the second consort of SIVA. Ganga is regarded as a symbol of purity and is frequently depicted with Brahma washing the raised foot of VIS'NU TRIVIKRAMA. According to tradition she was a heavenly river brought to earth and caught by Siva in his hair to soften the shock of her fall. She rides on a fish or water monster. Color:...
Goddess name
"Izanagi-No-Kami (his augustness the one who invites)"
Shinto / Japan Creator god. One of seventeen beings involved in creation. His consort is IZANAMI-NO-KAMI. They are strictly of Japanese origin with no Chinese or Buddhist influence. Jointly they are responsible to the other fifteen primordial deities to make, consolidate and give birth to this drifting land. The reference, in the Kojiki sacred text, is to the reed beds which were considered to float on the primal waters. The pair were granted a heavenly jeweled spear and they stood upon the floating bridge of heaven, stirring the waters with the spear. When the spear was pulled up, the brine which dripped from it created the island of Onogoro, the first dry land, believed to be the island of Nu-Shima on the southern coast of Awagi. According to mythology, the pair created two beings, a son HIRUKO and an island Ahaji. They generated the remaining fourteen islands which make up Japan and then set about creating the rest of the KAMI pantheon. Izanagi's most significant offspring include AMATERASU, the Sun goddess, born from his nose and SUSANOWO, the storm god, born from his left eye, who are the joint rulers of the universe. Also IzanagiNo-Mikoto....
Goddess name
"Kaya Nu Hima"
Japan Goddess of herbs Japan
Goddess name
Hindu mountain goddess. The consort of HIMAVAN and the mother of GANGA and PARVATI....
8 ways to attend college for free
1. Grants and scholarships
2. Give service to your country
3. Work for the school
4. Waive your costs
5. Become an apprentice
6. Have your employer pick up the costs
7. Be in demand
8. Choose a school that pays you | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '838', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9485185146331788}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '41300', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RBKC6P4W2X3WUBWD2AWVWAL3SP7TQ4CV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cd914209-cee1-4ea3-8985-0c6aaff5ab6b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 20, 21, 57, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '3.234.104.255', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JXJUACSXGZYVINJWOOY4RM7XCBEOZ4EG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1cb38e8f-eca5-4c24-9ced-82f126315c35>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://godfinder.org/index.html?q=Goddess%20Hima', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:696d6fbb-a175-4818-8be4-dde9447c72f0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1437', 'url': 'http://godfinder.org/index.html?q=Goddess%20Hima', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-32.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.28489816188812256', 'original_id': 'd7f5e94d959214600a147d4477575295c7cde58de40723a5ba92890186c84459'} |
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Yarn Weights
* This chart is a guideline only and reflects the most commonly used gauges and hook sizes for specific yarn categories.
*** Steel crochet hooks are sized differently from regular hooks — the higher the number, the smaller the hook, which is the reverse of regular hook sizing.
Source: Craft Yarn Council’s www.YarnStandards.com
View all categories
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Q:
My flyway scripts not rolling up
I'm following this tuttorial:
http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/howto-database-initialization.html#howto-execute-flyway-database-migrations-on-startup
I'm putting sql scripts in '${project}/src/main/resources/db/migration/v1.0.0__initialization.sql'
but got 'flyway schema is up to date. no migration necessary' message.
What am I doing wrong?
A:
Guess because you use '/' in your file path you are using unix/linux.
Unix-like systems are filename case-sensitive. Try to rename your script to '${project}/src/main/resources/db/migration/V1.0.0__initialization.sql'
Pay attention to big/capital V
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '39f8f7947ac5b4e24a5a905abd856d6cf80cb87be0eef719ccf97f4ff7e615b0'} |
My watch list
Water absorption
Water absorption is a phenomenon in the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a medium containing water molecules. Water molecules are excited by radiation at certain wavelengths and tend to selectively absorb portions of the spectrum while allowing the balance of the spectrum to be transmitted with minimal effect.
Strong water vapor absorption bands occur at wavelengths around 2500, 1950 and 1450 nanometers (nm),[1][2] with weaker absorption around 1200 and 970 nm,[3] and three additional sets of water-vapor absorption lines near 930, 820, and 730 nm,[4] all in the infrared spectrum. Water has a complex absorption spectum — the 2007 HITRAN spectroscopy database update lists more than 64,000 spectral lines corresponding to significant transitions of water vapor ranging from the microwave region to the visible spectrum.[5]
The liquid water absorption features are offset to longer wavelengths from the water vapor absorption features by about 60 nm.[6] In hexagonal ice, the features are shifted even further. In liquid water and ice the infrared and Raman spectra are far more complex than in the vapor.[7]
Atmospheric effects
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect.[8] It is also an important factor in multispectral imaging and hyperspectral imaging used in remote sensing[5] because water vapor absorbs radiation differently in different spectral bands. Its effects are also an important consideration in infrared astronomy and radio astronomy in the microwave or millimeter wave bands. The South Pole Telescope was constructed in Antarctica in part because the elevation and low temperatures there mean there is very little water vapor in the atmosphere.[9]
Similarly, carbon dioxide absorption bands occur around 1400, 1600 and 2000 nm,[10] but its presence in the Earth's atmosphere accounts for just 26% of the greenhouse effect.[8] Carbon dioxide gas absorbs energy in some small segments of the thermal infrared spectrum that water vapor misses. This extra absorption within the atmosphere causes the air to warm just a bit more and the warmer the atmosphere the greater its capacity to hold more water vapor. This extra water vapor absorption then further enhances the Earth’s greenhouse effect.[11]
Conversely, there is an atmospheric window between approximately 800 and 1400 nm, in the near-infrared spectrum where carbon dioxide and water absorption is weak.[12] This window allows most of the thermal radiation in this band to be radiated out to space, keeping the Earth's atmosphere from going into thermal runaway. This band is also used for remote sensing of the Earth from space, for example with VNIR imaging.
Technical explanation
The water vapor absorption bands are related to molecular vibrations involving different combinations of the water molecule's three fundamental vibrational transitions:
• V1: symmetric stretch mode
• V2: bending mode
• V3: asymmetric stretch mode
The absorption feature centered near 970 nm is attributed to a 2V1 + V3 combination, the one near 1200 nm to a V1 + V2 + V3 combination, the one near 1450 nm to a V1 + V3 combination, and the one near 1950 nm to a V2 + V3 combination.[3]
In liquid water, rotations tend to be restricted by hydrogen bonds, leading to librations, or rocking motions. Also stretching is shifted to a lower frequency while the bending frequency increased by hydrogen bonding.[7]
Three fundamental vibrations of the water molecule
Bending or
See also
1. ^ Carter, G.A.; McCain, D.C. (1993). "Relationship of leaf spectral reflectance to chloroplast water content determined using NMR microscopy". Remote Sensing of Environment 46 (3): 305-310. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. “Reflectance responses to leaf water content were greatest in the water absorption bands near 1450 nm, 1950 nm, and 2500 nm wavelengths”
2. ^ Rossel, R.A.V.; McBratney, A.B. (1998). "Laboratory evaluation of a proximal sensing technique for simultaneous measurement of soil clay and water content". Geoderma 85 (1): 19-39. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. “the strong absorption bands of OH groups in soil water at around 1450, 1950 and 2500 nm.”
3. ^ a b Jacquemoud, S.; Ustin, S.L. (2003). "Application of radiative transfer models to moisture content estimation and burned land mapping". Joint European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) and GOFC/GOLD-Fire Porgram, 4th Workshop on Forest Fires, University Ghent, Belgium 5--7 June 2003. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. “ the action spectrum of water the three main peaks near 1400, 1950, and 2500 nm, and two minor ones at 970 and 1200 nm,”
4. ^ Duarte, Edited (1995). Tunable Laser Applications. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 0824789288. “There are three sets of water-vapor absorption lines in the near-IR spectral region. Those near 730 and 820 nm are useful for lower tropo- spheric measurements, whereas those near 930 nm are useful for upper- tropospheric measurements...”
5. ^ a b Gordon, Iouli E.; Laurence S. Rothman, Robert R. Gamache, David Jacquemart, Chris Boone, Peter F. Bernathd, Mark W. Shephard, Jennifer S. Delamere, Shepard A. Clough (2007-06-24). Current updates of the water-vapor line list in HITRAN: A new ‘‘Diet’’ for air-broadened half-widths (pdf). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. “Water vapor is the principal absorber of longwave radiation in the terrestrial atmosphere and it has a profound effect on the atmospheric energy budget in many spectral regions. The HITRAN database lists more than 64,000 significant transitions of water vapor ranging from the microwave region to the visible, with intensities that cover many orders of magnitude. These transitions are used, or have to be accounted for, in various remote-sensing applications.”
6. ^ Toselli, F. (1992). Imaging Spectroscopy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0792315359. “The liquid water absorption features are offset to longer wavelengths from the water vapor absorption features by about 60 nm.”
7. ^ a b Chaplin, Martin (2007-10-28). Water Absorption Spectrum. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. “In the liquid, rotations tend to be restricted by hydrogen bonds, giving the librations. Also, spectral lines are broader causing overlap of many of the absorption peaks. The main stretching band in liquid water is shifted to a lower frequency and the bending frequency increased by hydrogen bonding.”
8. ^ a b Maurellis, Ahilleas (2003-05-01). The climatic effects of water vapour - Physics World. Institute of Physics. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
9. ^ South Pole Telescope: South Pole : Why is the telescope at the South Pole?. University of Chicago. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. “Quick Answer: Because the South Pole is probably the best place on Earth for this telescope. It is extremely dry, making the atmosphere exceptionally transparent for SPT.”
10. ^ Prieto-Blanco, Ana; Peter R. J. North , Nigel Fox , Michael J. Barnsley. Satellite estimation of surface/atmosphere parameters: a sensitivity study (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-10-31. “...water absorption bands (around 940nm, 1100nm, 1450nm, 1950nm and 2500nm) and carbon dioxide absorption bands (1400nm, 1600nm and 2000nm)...”
11. ^ EO Study: Does the Earth have an Iris Analog. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
12. ^ Cotton, William (2006). Human Impacts on Weather and Climate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521840864. “Little absorption is evident in the region called the atmospheric window between 8 and 14 μm”
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Water_absorption". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '234', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8300708532333374}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '67999', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RTGERYWCLPHSEI5VRBOFFBJFK3QDXUVV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:878e7a49-5c10-401c-8b72-50a774c6c7ee>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 6, 48, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '85.158.2.220', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WAHMU3GIC4OASXBUFGELZW462IYTRDCG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d2ffdf2-12f8-4c7f-8fe9-5ab7cb9f2027>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Water_absorption.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6f0dc82e-1b5f-45a0-bf57-2b76762ee5bd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1177', 'url': 'http://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Water_absorption.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-104-161.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15722888708114624', 'original_id': '75f7d019e0236395f369b7b4df6149003f0f5506947e31b2aa0f847851624824'} |
{% set pageId = 'input' %}
{% set title = 'Input bindings' %}
{% extends "_template.html" %}
{% block pageHeader %}
<div class="pageHeader">
<div class="pageHeader_innerLayout">
<div class="pageHeader_titleLayout">
<h1 class="pageHeader_title">{{ title }}</h1>
<p>For fine-tuning parameters, use <code>addInput()</code> of the pane to add components. Tweakpane checks specified parameter types and provides suitable components.</p>
</div>
<div class="pageHeader_paneLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-input></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h2 id="number">Number</h2>
<p>Tweakpane provides a text input for number parameters by default.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
speed: 0.5,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'speed');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-numbertext></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="number_range">Range</h3>
<p>You can specify a range of number by <code>min</code> and <code>max</code>. If you specify at least one of them, slider control will be created.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
speed: 50,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'speed', {
<strong>min</strong>: 0,
<strong>max</strong>: 100,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-slider></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="number_step">Step</h3>
<p><code>step</code> constraints step of changes.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
speed: 0.5,
count: 10,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'speed', {
<strong>step</strong>: 0.1,
});
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'count', {
<strong>step</strong>: 10,
min: 0,
max: 100,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-step></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="number_list">Number list</h3>
<p>If you want to choose a value from presets, use <code>options</code>.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
quality: 0,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'quality', {
<strong>options</strong>: {
low: 0,
medium: 50,
high: 100,
},
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-numberlist></div>
<div class="paneContainer paneContainer-console" data-pane-numberlistconsole></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="number_formatter">Formatter</h3>
<p>You can use a custom number formatter with <code>format</code>.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
k: 0,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'k', {
<strong>format</strong>: (v) => v.toFixed(6),
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-numberformatter></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="string">String</h2>
<p>For string parameters, text input will be provided by default.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
message: 'hello, world',
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'message');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-stringtext></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>String list</h3>
<p>Same as for number properties, <code>options</code> provides a list component.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
theme: '',
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'theme', {
<strong>options</strong>: {
none: '',
dark: 'dark-theme.json',
light: 'light-theme.json',
},
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-stringlist></div>
<div class="paneContainer paneContainer-console" data-pane-stringlistconsole></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="boolean">Boolean</h2>
<p>For boolean parameters, checkbox field component will be provided.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
hidden: true,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'hidden');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-checkbox></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="color">Color</h2>
<p>For object parameters that have components key <code>r</code>, <code>g</code>, and <code>b</code> (and optional <code>a</code>), text field with a color swatch will be provided. You can choose a color from a color picker by clicking the swatch.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
background: {r: 255, g: 0, b: 55},
tint: {r: 0, g: 255, b: 215, a: 0.5},
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'background');
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'tint');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-objectcolor></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>This field will also be provided for string parameters that can be parsed as a color.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
primary: '#f05',
secondary: 'rgb(0, 255, 214)',
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'primary');
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'secondary');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-stringcolor></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>If you want to regard a hex number (like <code>0x0088ff</code>) as a color, specify <code>{view: 'color'}</code> option, and <code>alpha: true</code> will add an alpha component.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
background: 0xff0055,
tint: 0x00ffd644,
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'background', {
<strong>view: 'color'</strong>,
});
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'tint', {
<strong>view: 'color'</strong>,
<strong>alpha: true</strong>,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-numbercolor></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Or, if you want to force a color-like string to be a string input, pass <code>view: 'text'</code> option.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
hex: '#0088ff',
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'hex', {
<strong>view: 'text'</strong>,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-inputstring></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code>picker</code> can change the layout of the picker.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
key: '#ff0055ff',
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'key', {
<strong>picker: 'inline'</strong>,
expanded: true,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-colorinline></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="point">Point</h2>
<h3 id="point2d">Point 2D</h3>
<p>For object parameters that have number properties <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, text fields and a picker will be provided.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
offset: {x: 50, y: 25},
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'offset');</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point2d></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Each dimension can be constrained with <code>step</code>, <code>min</code> and <code>max</code> parameters just like a numeric input.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
offset: {x: 20, y: 30},
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'offset', {
x: {<strong>step</strong>: 20},
y: {<strong>min</strong>: 0, <strong>max</strong>: 100},
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point2dParams></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code>inverted: true</code> inverts Y-axis.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
offset: {x: 50, y: 50},
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'offset', {
y: {<strong>inverted</strong>: true},
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point2dinvertedy></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code>picker</code> can change the layout of the picker.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
offset: {x: 50, y: 50},
};
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'offset', {
<strong>picker: 'inline'</strong>,
expanded: true,
});</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point2dinline></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="pointnd">Point 3D/4D</h3>
<p>Tweakpane also has a support for 3D and 4D vector object. You can constrain each axis same as Point 2D.</p>
<div class="main_mediaLayout">
<div class="demo">
<div class="demo_codeLayout">
<div class="codeBlock"><pre><code class="js">const PARAMS = {
source: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0},
camera: {x: 0, y: 20, z: -10},
color: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 1},
};
// 3d
const pane = new Pane();
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'source');
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'camera', {
y: {step: 10},
z: {max: 0},
});
// 4d
pane.addInput(PARAMS, 'color', {
x: {min: 0, max: 1},
y: {min: 0, max: 1},
z: {min: 0, max: 1},
w: {min: 0, max: 1},
});
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="demo_resultLayout">
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point3d></div>
<div class="paneContainer" data-pane-point4d></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% endblock %}
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3. Bellamy's laugh is an internet sensation
The lead singer's songs may have no humor, but Muse's little guy loves to laugh hard. He'll break into a long random cackle during interviews. His laugh is reminiscent of teenage laughter. Remember when you laughed so hard you couldn't breathe? Fans have cut together montages of him cracking up. The videos get hundreds of thousands of views on YouTube. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9233503937721252}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51495', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NE2DRAXC2LR3BHRLOATV42QTE4AD34JN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:babc7258-1f4d-4db2-ad3f-49530cfec605>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 30, 17, 1, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.15.7.105', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LCDNBQ4ZWQTV6W362X6GNN5ZIIOZERJT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e5fb6f14-8865-47ed-96dc-7940e4e443f6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/the-lighter-side-of-dark-music-muse_3.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:32e02839-feae-4fba-82de-3a4149cfacb1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '80', 'url': 'http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/the-lighter-side-of-dark-music-muse_3.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-30\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2016\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9945164322853088', 'original_id': 'aae7c3283245a64ab16a7f424709d840f6542355b2371fc8e0d451697716c48d'} |
<div class="leaf flex"><div class="inner justify"><p>Jurgis started. “I—I—” he stammered. “Is it Socialism? I didn't know. I want to know about what you spoke of—I want to help. I have been through all that.”</p><p>“Where do you live?” asked the other.</p><p>“I have no home,” said Jurgis, “I am out of work.”</p><p>“You are a foreigner, are you not?”</p><p>“Lithuanian, sir.”</p><p>The man thought for a moment, and then turned to his friend. “Who is there, Walters?” he asked. “There is Ostrinski—but he is a Pole—”</p></div> </div> | the_stack | {'hexsha': '36b8a1e565b33789fbfb3d0d8d5609bd8da6052f', 'size': '672', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'manuscript/page-998/body.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'marvindanig/the-jungle', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': 'e815719aa185110f3f1b844739f45347a44acd19', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['CECILL-B']", 'max_stars_count': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'manuscript/page-998/body.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'marvindanig/the-jungle', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': 'e815719aa185110f3f1b844739f45347a44acd19', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['CECILL-B']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'manuscript/page-998/body.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'marvindanig/the-jungle', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': 'e815719aa185110f3f1b844739f45347a44acd19', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['CECILL-B']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '672.0', 'max_line_length': '672', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.712797619', 'original_id': '7d00d6d7b31c9ccf52a5dfae2b4616c42818731d74aa9d7ec0b0a25cf8b2766a'} |
Measurement of the fetal mandible--feasibility and construction of a centile chart.
The prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia is usually based on a subjective impression of the size of the jaw when examining the fetal profile. We have constructed a centile chart for mandibular length between 12 and 27 post-menstrual weeks in a cross-sectional study of 184 fetuses. The application of this chart in clinical practice may permit a more objective diagnosis of micrognathia in the prenatal period. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '743530f5ffa636db63a7c7a571220f9ba5a785a57c50399703ca3891765b5fe3'} |
Pink Asks:
Jordyn Says:
Author Question: Police Officer DNA
Victoria Asks:
I am writing a book and hoping you could help me with a question I have. Would a cop’s DNA come up in the system if it is collected from a rape victim ?
Jordyn Says:
This is a very intriguing question you ask and I actually had to go to my brother (thanks, Karl!) who works in law enforcement as a detective for the answer.
What follows is his take.
When cops are hired their fingerprints are taken. If their DNA was needed to differentiate their DNA from another person’s at a crime scene they would do so, but it’s not a routine thing.
Lots of cops are former military and I would say in the last twenty years if you served then your DNA would be on file somewhere. I don’t think it would be part of CODIS (the Combined DNA Index System) though because that’s only a criminal database.
If a cop was suspected, I’m not sure there would be a backdoor way to get his DNA profile from one of those sources I mentioned (military or CODIS). Officers working the case could easily swab something like his patrol car, computer keyboard, or something else owned by the department because there’s no expectation of privacy there.
In the last ten years or so a lot of jurisdictions are collecting DNA from any person arrested on a felony. The court orders it. I’m sure there have been challenges and as far as I know it has been held up.
Also, anytime there’s a new submission to CODIS, the profile is automatically checked against unsolved crimes. When police take DNA from a crime scene with no suspect, they submit the profile to CODIS and it goes on record. Later, if someone is arrested for a felony and their DNA is submitted to CODIS, now matching a name to the profile, it could clear the older case.
Treatment for Amnesia
Marissa Asks:
How do doctors proceed if they suspect amnesia? In my novel, the patient was brought to emergency after being found on the side of the road (in the snow.) The patient shows signs of physical torture: multiple rapes, bruises, lacerations, glass embedded mainly in his hands, hypothermia, and a cold (because obviously my character needs to be ill on top of everything).
burnout-384086_1920The patient has just woken up and had a panic attack. Been settled down. You asked for his name and he seemed uncertain as he gave his first name. You asked for his last name and the patient shook his head. What next? I mean obviously the glass would have been removed from his hands and a drip put in for painkillers but what next? Who does the nurse call? Or what does she ask now? And if memory loss is confirmed, how do they find out it’s amnesia like which SPECIFIC tests do they do? Who is contacted and brought in to liase?
I just sort of need a timeline rundown because my character is going to be going through that.
Jordyn Says:
Thanks so much for sending me your question. First of all, it sounds like this patient has a period of time where he is unconscious in the ER. You make it sound like he wakes up on his own and not in response to an exam by a doctor.
So an unconscious patient found with these injuries would have a CT scan of his head. Hypothermia could be determined simply by taking the patient’s temperature and warming him up with something as simple as warm blankets to more complex as heated IV fluids. Regarding the IV drip for pain— this is actually unlikely in the ER. This is referred to as a PCA pump (patient controlled analgesia) and I’ve never seen them used in any ER setting. Would we treat the patient’s pain? Yes. But, you might be surprised that we may choose not to use a narcotic (for many reasons) and instead try something like Toradol which is an IV form of an NSAID (which is in the same drug class as Ibuprofen.)
The glass embedded in his hands would be removed. The wounds irrigated and stitched closed if necessary. The lacerations would be treated the same way. Keep in mind, not all lacerations can be stitched closed if they’ve been open too long due to the risk of infection.This patient would also receive a tetanus booster if he hasn’t had one in the last five years (even if he can’t remember the last time he had a shot.) If anything looks infected, he would receive IV antibiotics.
If the patient wakes up and doesn’t know who he is (and doesn’t have any form of identification on him) then we would involve the police. Likely, they are probably already involved considering the circumstances— that he was found unconscious and beaten. Plus, you mention that the character has been raped several times so a sexual assault kit should be collected, but the patient’s consent is required, so we’d ask him if he wants this when he’s awake. Yet another reason the police would be involved.
If the doctors think the amnesia is related to a brain injury from the beating, they may just see if it improves with time.
I think it’s reasonable to admit this patient to the hospital and I speak a lot here about how it is actually rare to admit a patient with concussion, but considering the amnesia (it sounds like you want it to persist), the beating, the rapes, the wounds to his hands (as well as additional lacerations), and the hypothermia then some watchful observation is warranted. The doctors could consider a neurological and/or some type of psychological evaluation considering the circumstances of the case to see if his memory loss has a non-medical cause. Neuro might request an MRI of his brain to look for additional injuries not as easily discerned via CT scan.
In the end, if he never remembers, there’s little treatment to “correct” amnesia. This is good for the writer because you have a lot of leeway in what you want to happen to the character. Your time frame can be what you wish.
I think if he were stable in the hospital for a few days and the neurological/psychological evaluation didn’t warrant anything that required further inpatient treatment, he could be discharged home even if the amnesia persists with outpatient neurological follow-up and perhaps outpatient therapy if he consents.
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Monday, January 3, 2011
Time to evacuate Arkansas?
You know about coalminers and canaries. Life for a bird in a coal mine might be short but it could be meaningful. Being sensitive to poisonous gases, canaries warn of dangerous levels - by falling down stone dead. As long as birds chirp happily, air in the mine is safe but a lifeless canary signals a need for immediate evacuation. However, one old hand advises to make sure the bird is dead before fleeing. Sometimes, the miner said, " 'e's uh,...he's restin'."
Arkansas is not big in coal mining but, in a scene resembling Hitchcock's The Birds, thousands of red-wing blackbirds mysteriously fell dead from the sky this weekend in the small city of Beebe. The mayor said speculation on the cause is not focusing on disease or poisoning but workers sent to cleanup wore protective suits and breathing apparatus.
Eerily, on the same day west of Beebe, tens of thousands of drum fish floated belly-up in the water and lined a 20-mile stretch of the Arkansas River. Authorities hope the events are unconnected but some worry the kills could be part of a plot to undermine skepticism of global warming to further Al Gore's plans for world domination.
More than three years has passed since a Little Rock Arkansas lawyer warned of possible effects from liberal congress members forcing a change in daylight savings time throughout most of America. Connie Meskimen provided her analysis to the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette in 2007. She wrote:
I've never been to Arkansas but the family has roots there, pioneer stock apparently. This is a photo of my great-great grandparents and assorted relatives. G-G Grandpa George Smith, a native of Knoxville TN, was a federal soldier for three years of the American Civil War.
Recommend this post
1. Norman, I am having difficulty believing this came from a lawyer. Isn't it a wee bit hard to become one? How is it possible to be so stupid and be a legit lawyer? Can you provide a link please?
2. OK, but don't tell anyone:
3. All one needs to do to pass the bar in Arkansas is walk down the street and go right on by "Bubba's Lounge an Nekid Wimin". ;o)
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Picking the right bat for you
When picking the right bat to you, there are a couple of things to consider. We'll be breaking them down one by one for you as we go along. Focusing on weight, length, material, drop, and feel.
A bat's weight has a bigger impact on your game than you'd think. The weight of your bat determines how fast you'll be able to swing the bat and what kind of power you'll be able to get from the bat. The general rule of thumb is, the higher the weight, the more home run power you're going to get, the lower the weight, the faster you'll be able to swing your bat and the more safe hits you'll get.
Generally higher weight bats will be chosen by your power hitters or your "stronger" players to get more reward for their risk, while lower weight bats will be chosen by your safe on base "faster" players.
Bats come in a wide variety of lengths, usually ranging from 24" (T-Ball) to 36" (Fungo Bats). The length determines how close or far you'll be from the plate. Usually once a player is comfortable with a length, they stick with that length for the remainder of their career.
Two of the ways to measure if the length of your bat is the correct size for you are as follows:
• Stand up straight with the bat against your side. The bat should reach your wrist to ensure a comfortable fit.
• Hold the bottom of the bat with your outstretched arm, and have the knob of the bat lay against your chest. The bat should be at the middle of your chest and you should be comfortably be able to grab the bottom of the bat.
Wooden bats have already been covered in our "Wooden baseball bat information" section, so we'll be focusing on alloy and composite bats.
Alloy Bats:
• Pros
• Lighter swing weight
• No break in period required
• Cost effective
• Wide sweet spot
• Cons
• Stiff compared to composite bats
• Tend to weaken as they get used
Composite Bats:
• Pros
• "Rolls Royce" of bats
• Little to no sting
• Better Performance
• Gets stronger as they get used
• Wide sweet spot
• Cons
• Unusable in very cold temperatures
• Expensive compared to alloy bats
• Break in period of at least 100 - 200 hits required
The word "drop" is a baseball/softball terminology that refers to the length of a bat minus the weight of the bat.
In baseball your most common drops are -9, -5, and -3.
In softball your most common drops are -10, -8, and -6.
Drops work opposite to the weight of a bat, where the higher the drop, the lighter the bat, and vice versa.
The higher drop bats are usually for your slap bunters or safe hitters that like sprinting around the bases, where the lower drops are usually for your home run hitters that enjoy nothing less but taking a leisurely stroll around the bases.
The most important part of a bat is how it feels in your hands or how it makes you feel on the field. Once you've found a bat that you like, you usually stick with the specs of that bat, if not that specific bat for the rest of your career.
Most players will stick with a certain turn model, weight, length, material, or even brand, throughout their whole career. The most important thing is that they feel comfortable with the bat that they chose and that the bat makes them feel good on the field of play. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9374643564224244}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '146598', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:67L7KXIERDO62SH4T7X2GZEWOH36YILM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:35322e47-7836-49c2-a224-86ba325a3a57>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 12, 8, 59, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.227.38.32', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7CGNHE75OG7P6QCQGCDB2AGIZLIJJTQ7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6a9553e3-9034-4549-8a75-133b3aaf67e0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://usasports.co.za/pages/copy-of-wooden-baseball-bat-information', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0105d559-eab1-452f-9582-8d118e4892c8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '583', 'url': 'https://usasports.co.za/pages/copy-of-wooden-baseball-bat-information', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-193.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03509819507598877', 'original_id': 'd0c9b104335a58e0f381a595336c487f44e6b57510d3c9969a1a85699627785e'} |
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Scientology library: “Police”
Tips: A blank year in one or both fields will result in an open-ended search. Keywords are matched against tags, titles, authors, publishers, types. Use uppercase 'OR' to search for items that match either expressions on each side of the 'OR' keyword.
A senior member of the Church of Scientology is due to appear in court in Australia on Thursday charged with perverting the course of justice. It is alleged that Jan Eastgate, 57, threatened and intimidated an 11-year-old girl into providing false statements to police. The case relates to an investigation into the alleged sexual assault of the girl in 1985 by her stepfather, a church member. The girl – who cannot be named for legal reasons – said on Australian television ...
Boston police have responded to a building at 1769 Washington St. for a report of bricks falling. They have cordoned off the area, and the fire department and city inspectors are taking a look at the building, said Officer Eddy Chrispin, a police spokesman. The report came in at 5:31 p.m., he said. The Globe reported in September that the Alexandra Hotel, which is at 1769 Washington, was slated for renovation as the Church of Scientology's new 45,000 square-foot headquarters. The ...
SAN BENITO — Renovation of the old Harlingen police station is the first step in opening a new facility to be called The Bridge Community Outreach Center, which will be a joint program operated by Cameron County, the city of Harlingen, Harlingen school district and a half dozen social service agencies. Programs to combat delinquency, school truancy, illegal drug use and gang activity will be offered at the center, said Tommy Ramirez Jr., executive director of the Cameron County Juvenile Justice ...
JERUSALEM — Israeli police suspect arson in a fire that damaged a building tapped to house the local headquarters of the Church of Scientology. Police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said Wednesday the fire a day earlier is still being investigated. But he said that recent protests against the church by Arab and Jewish residents point to possible wrongdoing. Church spokesman Sefi Fischler said the fact that fires started in several places also points to arson, though nothing will be known for sure ...
A controversial religion has gripped India with its business principles and self-help routine. NEW DELHI, India — In India, where the most popular psychology books include such titles as “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” and “Who Moved My Cheese,” there's a new self-help guru in town: Scientology. Founded in 1954 by United States science-fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, the Church of Scientology is the religion of Hollywood stars like Tom Cruise, John Travolta and Isaac Hayes, claiming a worldwide ...
During a nine-hour search of the offices, Carabinieri officers are said to have discovered a cache of files hidden in a basement behind a locked door. The files allegedly contained personal information relating to judges, magistrates, journalists and police who had reportedly been deemed hostile to the US-based Church of Scientology, Italian media reported. Police seized computers as well as handwritten files, which are also said to contain details of former members of the religious movement. The raid was ordered by ...
(ANSA) — Turin, May 20 - Police raided a local Scientology chapter here and discovered a hidden archive which contained not only information on the group's members but also on the sect's 'enemies', the Turin daily La Stampa reported on Thursday. Police were acting on a warrant issued by magistrates who have opened a probe into the religion which is suspected of violating laws governing the handling of personal information. According to La Stampa, police searched the chapter on Via Bersezio ...
An ex-police officer with close connections to the Church of Scientology, which opposes psychiatric medicine, served as a panel member in professional conduct cases held by the doctor's watchdog, the General Medical Council, which has lost its battle to cover up its handling of the affair. Between 2002 and 2004 former Detective Chief Superintendent Chris Brightmore sat on the GMC's professional conduct panel in 70 cases and more than 50 private hearings. The extent of Brightmore's work for the GMC was ...
NSW police are investigating allegations of abuse and bullying in the Church of Scientology made in a series of letters from former members tabled in Federal Parliament by independent senator Nick Xenophon. The most senior executive to defect from the church, US-based Marty Rathbun, has said the allegations, including coercion to have abortions and donate money, were unwritten church policy, dictated from its head office, according to a speech by Greens MP John Kaye in the NSW upper house. "My office ...
KEVIN Rudd raised concerns about the Church of Scientology yesterday, as NSW police began investigating complaints from seven former Scientologists. The Prime Minister said he intended to examine allegations against the church before deciding whether to back independent senator Nick Xenophon's demand for a Senate inquiry. Senator Xenophon told parliament on Tuesday that Scientology was a "criminal organisation" hiding behind religion. In response to that statement, Mr Rudd said the senator was making "grave allegations". "Many people in Australia have real ...
Union public schools will not participate in a crime prevention program due to its link to the Church of Scientology. Crime Free Missouri, founded by Union veterinarian Dr. Ava Frick, is an anti-drug campaign with the intent to "educate about the hazards and pitfalls and misconceptions around drugs; street drugs, alcohol, inhalants, and prescriptions." The program includes literature and drug take-back programs associated with Crime Free America. Union High School Principal Dennis Lottmann said Union Police school resource officers (SROs), and ...
This week, CP got a call from a Northern Liberties resident with an unusual story. He, and about 50 other NoLibs residents, had attended a police town hall meeting on September 8. On his way out, he happened to pick up some literature that had been placed on a table by the door – in particular, three pamphlets entitled, "The Truth about Marijuana," "The Truth About Pain Killers," and "The Truth About Drugs."
The pamphlets, he says, seemed ordinary enough at ...
Clearwater police Chief Sid Klein, who has been with the department since January 1981, announced today that he is retiring, effective Jan. 29.
"Without question, Chief Klein has positioned Clearwater as one of the finest police departments in the country," Mayor Frank Hibbard said in a news release. "His leadership has been a great asset to our city. We wish him the best in his retirement."
Klein integrated community policing more than 20 years ago.
In the 1990s, he established the ...
ENQUIRER WORLD EXCLUSIVE: John reveals son's tragic final moments in an official police statement. The ENQUIRER has obtained John Travolta's statement to police, which reveals for the first time, in his own words, how he bravely battled to save his dying 16-year-old son, Jett. The document is a dramatic never-before-seen minute-by-minute account of the crisis, in which the star appears to have done everything he could to bring his son back to life. In the three-page document signed by Travolta, the ...
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – A protest at the Church of Scientology in Nashville led to pushing, shoving, an arrest and the whole thing was caught on tape.
The tape, protesters said, proves they were assaulted and bullied by security guards for no reason.
A Middle Tennessee State University student doesn't want his name revealed after what happened on April 25 at Nashville's new Church of Scientology on Eighth Avenue. The man is in a group called Anonymous that protests Church of Scientology ...
CLEARWATER — Police investigated the role Scientology played in the suicide of a troubled young man two years ago, but did not conclude church members forced him off his antidepressant medication or contributed to his death. Last week, the mother of Kyle Brennan filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Scientology's Clearwater-based Flag Service Organization and three Scientologists, claiming they took away Brennan's medication. The suit names the boy's father, Thomas Brennan, as a defendant; along with Denise Gentile, who is the ...
A security guard who shot and killed a man wielding samurai swords on the grounds of a Scientology facility in Hollywood will not face criminal charges, the Los Angeles County district attorney's office said Wednesday.
The decision by prosecutors was in line with the conclusion of Los Angeles police detectives, who determined that the guard, a 64-year-old retired Seal Beach police officer, acted in defense of himself and other guards at the church's Celebrity Centre.
A former Scientologist, Mario Majorski, 48, ...
When he was a UCLA student 15 years ago, Mario Majorski was a committed enough Scientologist that he helped file a federal lawsuit against a professor who called the church a cult. On Sunday, Majorski stormed the church's Celebrity Centre in Hollywood with a sword in each hand. He was shot dead by a security guard who police say had every reason to fear for his life and the lives of hundreds of others gathered on the property. The reasons for ...
A PROTESTER has been charged with breach of the peace after carrying an "ambiguous" sign during a rally against the Church of Scientology. The 57-year-old was arrested after taking part in a protest at Hunter Square, near the controversial church's Scottish base on South Bridge. The protest was organised by campaign group Anonymous, which has been fighting for the right to describe the church as a cult. The protester who was arrested was wearing a Mexican wrestler's mask and carrying signs ...
The police force that issued a teenager with a court summons for calling Scientology a cult could face a judicial review over the legality of its policing guidelines. Although prosecutors last week declined to take the 16-year-old to court, freedom of speech campaigners are to ask City of London police to explain how the initial decision to issue the summons was made. Campaigners said they would call for a judicial review if it is found that the force's guidelines for policing ...
Anyone who thinks the police aren't interested in diversity will be amazed by the links they have built with Scientology Once again our great nation has entertained the world, putting on two stunning exhibition matches this week. First was the Champions League final, between the clubs who finished first and second in our very own Premier League. The second - and whether the parties were quite as closely matched as Manchester United and Chelsea will be for you to decide - ...
OREM, UTAH - Officer Terry Sparks says he feels like he was beaten with a sledgehammer. The pounding headache was bad enough, but the surging nausea made it almost unbearable. He gathered his energy and once again entered the nondescript clinic in this rural community south of Salt Lake City. The side effects of his treatment there are a price he is willing to pay to purge his body of toxins he believes have built up in his system after years ...
Ulyanovsk, April 18, Interfax - Law enforcement officers have searched the office of the Narconon Center of Promoting Healthy Lifestyle in the town of Dimitrovgrad in Ulyanovsk region. "The search of the building was carried out as part of the criminal case over illegal enterprise, launched by the investigative committee of the Dimitrovgrad police department," the regional police department said in a press statement on Friday. "Everything that was seized during the search, and the questioning of clients shows that Narconon ...
The daughter of a member of Norway's parliament committed suicide hours after she received what her family claims were "devastating" results from a personality test administered by the Church of Scientology. Police in France, where the young woman was studying, are investigating. Norwegian Broadcasting (NRK) reported Tuesday evening that French police are checking alleged links between the suicide of Kaja Bordevich Ballo, age 20, and the Scientologists. Ballo's father, Olav Gunnar Ballo, is a member of the Norwegian Parliament for the ...
THE CHURCH of Scientology in New Zealand has laid a complaint with police after allegedly receiving death and bomb threats from an internet-based protest group that has waged an online war against the religion. The group, calling itself Anonymous, held a worldwide action day yesterday, with about 20 people gathering at Britomart in downtown Auckland and in other centres, handing out fliers attacking Scientology as a dangerous cult "that scams members with pseudo science". The project was started in response to ...
[Picture / Caption: "A bomb squad robot heads into the alley behind the Dianetics & Scientology Life Improvement Center at 336 First Ave N in St. Petersburg after the Scientology headquarters in Clearwater received a bomb threat. A large suitcase found in the alley behind the office was found to contain clothing and a Bible. [Lara Cerri, Times]"] ST. PETERSBURG – When police opened the suspicious brown suitcase found behind a Scientology office downtown, it contained no bomb - just clothing, ...
In May 2008, Ron Sharp's hard work consisting of over 1260 FrontCite tagged articles were integrated with this library. There are more contributors to this library. This library currently contains over 6000 articles, and more added everyday from historical archives. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd8f8d55bdeaad042754694b479ad144b74d85864926b0b7adaa9ca6d6f7d053c'} |
June 30, 2011
Study Diary
Its conversations in Thames House, and the home office that is making this essay difficult. Bastard government everything is their fault you know. I studied the same essay that is referred to in the assignment question as part of my education. I got really into it, took on the big boys in arguments, felt comfortable with the whole mind/body problem, had it all sussed out. Was well proud. Of course its hard being reminded of whatever the fuck was going on there but I don't want it get in the way of my studies much more than it is currently. Will not ever EVER take on 2 courses at the same time again. Ug.
So one more time, an essay on whether or not AI can produce something like a human mind. This could be a turning point to returning some sort of regular study habit that I can't bear at the moment. I could do so well - do I care enough? I've written a plan for it and will start it tomorrow, 1. read essay. 2. take notes on essay... I got 30% for the last one so this one means do or die under in examination conditions later on in the year.
Anyway, at least I might be going to see Dolly Parton with a woman soon, I had two pints of Guinness yesterday in an actual old pub served by an old friend and its stopped raining.
Poetry and Politics
I'm a long term student of art and history and I history has shown art and politics as interdependant. Something to do with words, images, sounds and the things they symbolise that I can no longer articulate, means I'd rather read the work of modern African poets than try and decipher T.S. Eliot as beautiful as his work is. Eliot may has opened up my ideas about good writing but studying Okigbo and reading the poets in my The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry have changed my ideas about humans, culture and oppression. I want my Poems to have messages aimed at changing the readers understanding of something but I also want it to wow, to be considered 'good' art as well as having a voice that needs to be heard. I have 4-5 of them and its taken over a year. One of them is long though so that counts for something. I am getting so impatient waiting for replies from people waiting to see if work is accepted, I just want to get them out.
I've had parts of 'Anti matter' in my head for most of the last year, they never feel finished but I am starting to want to move on from these sorts of poems and go back to writing more prose. The comedy violence novel, it should only take a decade or two to get right..
In 'Anti Matter' I wanted to try and contain a strong reminder to readers about Haut de la Garenne and the investigations in Jersey. I wanted to make people wonder about how those teeth got there and the fact that somebody somewhere knows. I will never forget the day the excavations were announced, sitting on floor of our room with the new carpet, my son crawling and drooling behind me as I wept. Also wanted to convey I sense of the strength I got from doing every I could do to resist.
June 27, 2011
'safe' subjects
Trying to convince myself I can face studying tomorrow. I've been through all the mind body arguments, they were demonstated through the reactions of my flesh, in turning on and off and on of my genes. I exhausted the differing perspectives until my brain split, they broke my mind proving that the only thing that could survive was a computer. I don't want to go back to Descarte, I don't want to try and work through agruments based on definitions I know to be all wrong but can't prove. Using the flaccid tools of a crumbling langauge. I just don't have the heart.
Goddam noisy neighbour.
Feelin battered. Remembering how slaps and punches were sometimes regular events. Glasto remindin me of T in the park when my sister's boyfriend hit me and a barely noticed I was that shut down. I wonder if when I'm dead they will look at my skelton and say 'christ she was right, she was horribly abused.' The worst of the damage is in all the fleshy bits that will rot and look weird when there normal anyway.
Neighbour started her shit again, could do with out it. She slams doors so hard the whole building shakes and screams so high pitched you think its cats fighting. Didn't care first few nights here. I was almost soothing to here the rukus and not be involved. None of my business, not my family, not where I live. Progress = smugness
But I'm flinchy today. That pressure in my nose, like after youve been punched, remembering weekends when my parents were away. My sisters leaving them to it but they did try sometimes. I remeber being shocked at what my oldest sister who go through to try and get them to leave me alone. They forced me to smoke hash and swallow hash. I loved hash and felt it was a great loss when that to reminded me of them. Not sure how it ended, think I did a favour for someone with more contacts than the rapists, someone who had enough time for me to not want me to be treated like that. All I can really remember about their faces is the sneer, the nasty fake laugh and that cold practiced self conscious body language, like little boys being the bad guys from movies. Except they didn't play at the roles they took them to literal conclusions.
I hate feeling like this, more tea..
I haven't seriously believed in my writing for several days now, thats why I'm here, typying and listening to kool and the gang. I keep telling myself something will come up, but I can't imagine it. I don't push myself enough to be noticed. I feel too vunrable, too distanced and it's obvious, to damaged; to try and compete with people who have abused me at anything would be laughable. There is so much coherent writing, well strucutured pieces about ritual abuse 'Survivor to Thriver' stuff that I feel a bit unsophisticed and seriously uncool. Man, egos are bad enough but badly damaged ones -impossible. ;-)
I see them on their knees, scared and awake, talking to me as an equal.
People love stories but I don't feel able to share mine, although I still need them validated, still want people to like me even if I hold back on the only thing I have to offer - my stories.
Told gut from match.com how I felt about his hands. He phoned me. But I don't know what he said.
Mum gave me money from gran. Ordered fucking lovely office chair, but anything would be lovely compared to the backless, poop stained thing I sitting on at the moment. A good thing, a very good thing.
New books on their way to, for me and him, this is also a very good thing.
June 26, 2011
Humanistic Agnostic Evolutionist
I said I was an atheist, I'm not but part of me wishes I was.
Nothing makes me feel more otherworldly, so much in awe that 'religion' makes sense, as watching space physics programmes. The pictures of nebulae, the attempt to grasp everything within the human mind make me feel a sort spiritual humbleness. A need to pay respect to the beauty and vastness. Besides that surely its a natural response to question the purity of science after the Nazi's and their technologies. Likewise, scientific projects, institutions and companies paying for research have bottom lines the same as everyone else. Eroding the evils caused by ignorance is not usually a top priority. Science depends on theory in order to investigate and theory is subjective.
Like the first time I got barraged with bullshit I was only trying to suggest alternative ways of looking at things might be possible and not looking for a fight. It has raised on old fear of atheists. I was always interested in them, they were often outsiders. If I was going to get any real help then it seemed to me it was more likely to come from those on the fringes. But sometimes people are on the fringes because they are worse than everyone else, not better. I would wake up for them, hoping. There is probably anti-atheist conditioning to though of course. I was right about one or two though and learned to not love people because they were tortured for it.
Despite the effort put in to make me otherwise I'm not turned on by things that are shoved down my throat. Reminds me of the sort of preach to the converted feminists that puts people of feminism.
I believe in evolution. The older I get the more answers I find in the ideas of Dawkins and others that our behavior and choices are a result of genes being turned on and off and reacting to our environments. Brains are being made all the time, with different possibilities into environments that are changing. Social change are ideological revolutions are real and tangible. Hybrid vigour, survival of the quickest to adapt. Human institutions evolving to reflect new brain patterns, new ways of seeing.
Agnostic because of the awe of science and because I'm lucky enough to see a sunset from a beach, or look into the eyes of my son or think about the achievments of the human mind and feel absolutely certain that magic is real.
Ongoing family issue.
My mum phoned yesterday from her work. My 37 year old sister was intrusted with my mum's bank card and bought enough drink to drink herself into a stupor. My other sister was phoning, my 3 year old niece answered and said 'mummy's sleeping'. When my mum took my brother in law home after their shift the place was a mess and she was to drunk to speak. So moany sister got the kids the next day because my mum had to work. No more updates yet.
My mums moving on, taking her with her, granted but still putting herself first. Maybe thats not the best way to look at it, my sister has a diesise. We all have diseases but her's is arguable the worst. She's woman with a strugglying bloke. She can't go on benders and get away with like my working dad can. But on the other hand, how the fuck can she do that. We would take them, she could do what she liked for a day or two, a month or to without it risking the kids. My thoughts were just for the little one, hes such a smiley wee dude.
June 25, 2011
Better out than in.
I know how ridiculous this sounds.
Doesn't make me want to write this stuff. Some tidyin done, shelf up, bath panel undercoated. Beats making hits for whores. Beats.
My gran messing around with beetroot and liver showing how it was all made up. Messing up her spotless kitchen trying to turn what happened in something much more edible. Weaving words and levels of meaning as a poet. I played along but knew the differnece between old blood and new.
I'd seen him, others to but this one I knew. His name was Jake and naming him for them was academic, that was his name already I just shared it. Little people are made of such little parts, execpt their middles that go on and on. The longer it went on for the longer there was no way to escape it; it was my middles that were pulled out to.
Good Morning!
Making the most of the early morning. Wondering about the possibilities that a new psychiatrist will bring. Maybe they'll be worse, I have a feeling it will be a she, which is fine. I just hope she gives me chance, come on, deluisional disorder? No Post Traumatic Stress? No Aspberger's?. Give me chance here. The urge to discuss rich and famous as gone, wahay. Not daft you know much better to discuss, Sugarbabes, Tong, Beckham, McQueen and endless bloody footballers with police, social workers and charity staff no chance of it going on any pernament record there. You see, not daft me.
Got a tweet back from Trevor, had to tell him he was beauitiful.
First message on here from someone who isn't me. Thank you.
Feeling a lot cooler towards man from match.com. His mail about not wanting to start anything incase he moves away is on my mind whenever he talks about coming over. I'm not sure I can take anymore hours of being around those hands without holding them. Maybe I should tell him this? Hmmm.
Lovely, 6 music a break from shouty glasto coverage with Andrew Collins. Need to get into African music more, ace.
Smug and eclectic
Three new followers, @AllRacialJokes ('make fun of all'), @Unicornbooty ('Gay is good'), @Faithfullblogs (Christian) made extra lovely by the fact I hadn't followed them first. I feel all smog and eclectic. Its real democracy, out their in internet land, or least as close to 'people power' as has ever been achieved.
Makes up for friend whoes racism seem to get worse when I need him the most. Horrible.
June 24, 2011
I get by with a little help from my friends
In the end we all have to.
What a pishy day, started around 4:45. Unlikely to be a good start. Gave my best shot though, boiled eggs and scraped the last of the butter onto wholemeal. Took washing in and out. Got on of us showered and one of us dressed well before 10. Then went out and bought pies. Got very bored and tired and eat the post shrink donut. Eventually it was time to prise mini me from the puter and get him to nursery, at this point it started bucketing down. He loves it, I was cold and wet.
Walked to shrink, miserable, scared, vulnerable, Black Eye Peas on radio, mourning Fergie, legs sore, lungs weak. Man in waiting room on phone to his support 'Tell Dr whatever he's a liar, he said I'd get a CPN and (other visitors)' 'One guy came in and when I told him what I was doing to cope he just left' and best of all several time he says 'I took a lethal overdose in November' all in the tone of a business call. Made easier by the unexplained presence of a psychiatric nurse when I eventually go into his tiny, shabby office. Feeling like a window licker. Same questions, same answers. Dosage upped, and on the scales to make sure he was right about me putting on weight. He's leaving, new job, somewhere else.
More rain, supermarket, bananas, onion, garlic, wine, peperami, dodgy novel. Feel briefly better before its back into the rain, breif sunshine, collect gene carrier. Chatty, happy, strawberry smoothies. The storm above my head is unnerving as I make the spag bol but he's indifferent. I worry about the electricity. Eat too much spag bol, love it, during stories I am the wire from my bra start protruding into the edge of my boob. It's 8:30, 6 music stopped working and he's still awake. Tears, channel hoping, wine, friend eventually, and I enjoy Shameless USA, except for the sex stuff of course and the focus on the perspective of the handsome white educated young man because her life was just depressing before him...
Here, smoking, 6 music working. ;-) xxx
June 20, 2011
So far she hasn't shunned me yet...
for sending her an email about child sacrifice and my alcoholic father that was meant for someone. Well, its certainly an ice breaker, I don't need to worry about what she will think about it all.. I overuse disclosure as a way of testing strangers, not as bad as I used to but still have that urge. Especially in polite or formal situations. I start fantasting about talking about horrific injuries, who they treated children and the way it undermines everything that is upheld. Especially job interviews.
Lots of communications from the man from match.com. Hence the mistaken email, christ the things I do when I have no spliffage, scares me heaps. I'm definitely telling him a lot more about me than he is about him, but that might not be a bad thing. We share a lot in outlook, my scared brain worries that its dangerous because when things are going well, problems come out the blue at me.
I'm taking a break from studying after the philosophy exam. defo. In general I don't believe in the approaches taken by Western academia in regards to anything but don't have the energy or commitment at the moment to use their own arguments against them. Focus on typing the abuse, tweeting little a birdie in spring. Praying for disability allowance..
June 15, 2011
Reading 'Room' by Emma Donoghue
If I'm ever to make any serious attempt at writing me I need to know my genres. This is bastarding hard, considering my genres are ritual abuse survivor stories and lets face it the fucking tabloids. Not just all the cozy euphemistic long words of academia. I'm going to have to face up to all those books with the fake handwriting titles and cover shots of kids pulling the same poses I had to. What's the difference of someone taking a photograph of kid crying in order to distress the viewer and doing it to gratify? Part of the same system that uses children as a focus for our difficult emotions. Of course the cover shot kids will be treated differently, but how do they know? How do they know they are not photographing a kid who has made those same expressions but with even less clothes? How would they kid know the difference?
I never did and still don't. People who photographed anything professionally, might and did photograph me. It was pretty viral in some areas of some industries.
Any way there is no disturbing sepia photos of kids on Room thankfully. Any adult portrayal of children makes me uncomfortable but I am aware there is most likely partly my oversensitivity to the exploitation of other peoples misery for easy money. So I'm giving it a go. It is pretty compelling but to be honest the kid does start to grate after a while. It's written completely, so far anyway from his 5 year old perspective; in his voice, through his mind and that makes long reading hours pretty tricky. This annoys me a bit because I do like to get to the end of novels. I like to read for hours or not at all partly because my memory is rubbish and I will forget the beginning by the time I get to the end. Another reason is that if I can be bothered to read it means I am probably a bit overly emotionally involved in the subjects and I want it to be over so I can move on. Maybe the shorter reading sessions are working better in terms of not getting overly involved in a positive sense, I don't think it is going to give me any nightmares. The mother is too strong for me at times which stops the novel from being as challenging as I think it should be. The story is about how in some ways all the little boys fantasies have come true by being locked in with his amazing mum, still breastfeeding as any thing else so far.
I am lovely the feeling provided by their release though. Being stuck in a room like that, symbolic of the mind frames many people are trapped in. Especially me with the nature of my 'work' and 'gifts', 'privileges' and 'duties' in the scene. The mind sets I had to throw and weld together had to be strong and stepping out of them feels a bit like feeling real day light for the first time.
June 14, 2011
It eased off a lot today, gets me thinking its just going to keep getting better. I do have a tendancy to think that, about everything. I wasn't going to mention but then I remember I started this to share, even if no one is listening. Just whats its like day to day, when the truths of your life are denied official, privately, publicly. Of course there is very deep self censorship. At the end of the day who the fuck wants to die for their words. Let the wine talk .... So I am going to say that I am very, very proud that Yoko Ono is now following me on twitter. She is a proper feminist in my books and they are slim on the ground.
I am not going to make in jokes about her lending me a tenner or anything that would be bad taste, and undermine the meaning of being a 'ritual abuse survivor' who has found the world where nothing is denied without consideration. Even if they do turn out to be white dudes on the job. Any how wine gone, smokes low, back to bed,
June 13, 2011
Write the pain away
and listen to music until the room becomes home again. Some days its not possible but it has been today. Nerves soothed, bathroom sink cleaned. Look at books to see the shape and remember the sound of words but stop reading as soon as it hurts. Take the painkillers, enjoy the silence.
June 12, 2011
After the definition...
I'm really glad I've put those pages up, its like they were burning a whole in my brain, in my notes. It's so ingrained in me, the perception that I can never be a participant in Western thought, just a subject, that I would be classified and therefore could never classify. Ritual abuse is just colonial practice and colonialism is Westernism, much of it a lot more subtle than the acts described in the empire history course I had to quit because it was all to familiar.
But when I try and read over stuff, I get this feeling that I do have a voice and that I am an active member of meaningful society which means there is more to Westernism than slavery and mind control. If this is true then my dreams have already come true, so what do I do next?
lol I guess... xxx
Ancient Propaganda
Day of ouchies seriously brightened by being called a Satan worshipper on twitter. In not generally very secure, call me a whore, a slut, a lazy bitch or a junkie even bits of me flinch. Call me satan worshipper though and it all goes crystal clear. I'm good. I'm emphatic and its universal not in a way that is restricted to people that serve my interests. I have always gotten off on arguing with people who have restricted ideas about religion. Haven't had much opportunity for that recently but now I have twitter I am satisfied again. It's safe, controllable and I'm already losing my appetite for it. It's not particularly constructive telling people their beloved texts are ancient propaganda. I do feel like I know what I'm talking about though.
June 11, 2011
A relatively successful day
Then why do I feel so bumbed out? Because I flirted behind the back of a non boyfriend, because someone told me god is against gays, or because I stirred up stuff by rereading and posting pages from the past. Or because I'm a bit of a loner and no amount of time on twitter can undo the betrayals of the past. Or because I have no crisps.
Talking to gorgous bloke on match. Too gorgous, I started to feel awkward like I have an extra head. Too many attractive rapists to not feel freaked out when bowled over by someone's good looks, sad isn't it but it was always worse being raped by someone who I wanted to consent to. Made me feel even more worthless, my feelings of even less consquence. I opened up spam porn by accident that is probably got a lot to do with it to, nothing puts me back like accidently viewed porn.
I dont want to end the day on that note though. Still looking forward to our 1000 page view party, still a good way of but getting there. Still wanting to read other peoples memories or opinions of abuse and see what that brings up then handle writing about it. Feeling gay today, like all the flirting with blokes is faked, its deep programming. oh if only I had someone to share my life with things would be so much better... pish
My Friday night involved helping my mother with chronic broncitus push a paino up stairs.
Okay, it was an big electric organ but still it weighed a lot more then we do.
June 10, 2011
Wimping out because of pain
Wee man not in nursery, the ibuprofen wasn't working. Feel guilty now. He's been a nightmare recently about nursery. He's happy when I pick him up but resists most of the way there. As for the essay, it might even be a fail. Not that bothered, I've the time now literature is over and the next module, is 'Minds and Bodies', Descartes, bring it on.
Think I should give my self a break from the structured stuff and just read and write about whatever I want. Use here more, tackle the old notes. No forces by big square brain into round holes.
Feeling better now though, might even put the washing out, or at least out of the washing machine anyway.
The more I think about the more justified I feel in attempting to claim disability. With the lawyer dudes help I will have a chance, certainly didn't on that form on my own. How many depressed people are able to be truely honest about how it effects their day to day living? As with the compensation claim though I don't like thinking about how much differnece a bit more money would make to my ability to look after myself and be the best mom I can to the wee homie. It's not fair, I hate all that work hard and anyone can achieve anything bollox, so they were lucky thats all. Lucky enough to not mind licking the right boots, lucky enough to be able to put career uber alles. Lucky enough to not be locked up, shot, raped, drugged, electroculated to an extent where they are unable to work all the way to the very top of systems that almost virtualy them. While most of the money on the world is just numbers being passed around, or just sitting there of no use to anyone.
for christ sake leave Germaine Greer alone!
There is fuck all wrong with radicalism, you dumbfuck mainstream motherfuckers...
June 09, 2011
#Twitter & #6music & ## = #happiness
Up to 16 followers, I guess like wee man and his computer I will start to loose interest in a bit. Bit obsessed at the moment, couldn't give a fuck about essay. I will do what I can tomorrow and post it. Every act of academia counts...
Will be drinking with mother tomorrow night, another mother daughter flitting and bonding evening. I'm sure it will go great except for the back ache from the humfing crap about. I'm so glad there will be more distance between her and my sister. She's an energy vampire, a rubbish drunk and an insenstive boot. Where as my mother is just shit at dealing with shit.
As for the sister that is going with her the is no reason to presume the horrible spirit downing monster will not return. And as far the brother-in-law that acts like women are the only ones with any duty to physical care... The way he talks her sometimes has really spoiled a few days for me.
They made me name people, so I put little reminders in the names. Footsteps to the truth.
Been getting that burning cervix feeling again, the only real solution put forward by doctors is coil or hormonale injections... Think I will stick to the little round yellow pills and the painkillers for the moment. Shame poet friend is fading away, I think more time with him would have been very good for me. And we would of made beautiful babies.
Where are my communicatio skills?
I used to get good marks for 'communication' at school, now I don't have the will or the ability. To busy thinking I know it all wish I could be arsed to prove it like I did in my teens. Writing essay's is shit when you have done fuck all course work. I took me a while but I think of Social Darwism as liberating. Feminism is the genetic responses to the cultrual climate. We are all dorment, waiting for the right enviroment to show our true colours. There was a fair bit of it at the scientific end of Satanism. It's truma and stress that turns genes on or of. I argued education and safety would do the same but they weren't interested in the same genes I was. They were all about breaking bonds, I was about making more of them and making them stronger. Annoying now that the kids that followed them will have a lot more 'bonds' in their life than I do.
There was a tweet today about capitalist being really bad at capitalism. That was explained because the bottem line is not money, its oppression, its politics. 'Satanism is politics in its purest form', cause politics is all about making your voice louder than others. So cutting out tongues and damaging language centers is therefore rational. Of course they same stability arguments used to prop at Arab dictators was used to prop up white drug dealing, child killing, porn producers and to delete my police records.
'I dream in song again'
I do like my instrumental poetry even if I do suffer from the British over active cringe glad. It's about waking up after abuse and how there is a sense of loss (sometimes) towards the strength in survivor mode that you can't get when your getting over things. It's the sort of strength that makes women able to lift cars to free their kids, the sort of adaptability that makes men lactate. A sort of clarity of vision that sees everything because it is without prejudice, or preference. It's sublime, astounding but doesn't make for good pick up lines.
June 08, 2011
Twitter addict.
I'm just practicing at staying up late at the keyboard for the late shift I'm going to have to pull of tomorrow as I'm helping mum flit on Friday. Both things momentous in there own way. The essay should help me catch up enough to make a proper attempt at the next module and not just tap something together at the end. The move, well no more Christmases up there.
No more listening to that house rot as the graveyards on either side stretch to reach each other. The only thing getting in their way is a rat run. It was difficult to end a poem their but I think I did it. Maybe I should just put them up here, but I don't know it is a kind of publishing which can mean disqualification from some competitions. I think 'Anti Matter' is almost there, in a way. There was a specific mention to the Arab Spring that I've worked in better by taking it out but still haven't replaced it with the right sense of revolution in the air sentiment.
It might go back in again. Still want to go back 'Song' but still waiting for NFTU, starting to get impatient. Maybe they didn't even get it and all that sort of impatient fretting. Oh god plz plz print it! Don't me work to find a publisher I will if I have to..
Delusional writing: Satanism and words II
I always liked playing with words, chopping them up and putting them togther to see what would be turned up. It gives me insight into understanding how symbols work and makes for an excellent student of Satantism. The theory was pretty fascinating, I got access to some really old shit, failed on my praciticals though. Until more people started betting on me to win. This meant my winning and not my losing was a crucial cog in the whole economic and ideological machine. So I had to loose.
They would repeat ideas, words along with actions, trying to enforce a state where everything has literal symbolic meaning, like when your mad. The same power in the unseen as well. When I had my biggest breakdown I broke jars in my dads bedroom to release ghosts and went into my sister house to move some phones and a magnet that I believed were being used to trap a gold fish. I could here its pain and had to help. There was a lot of work to make symptoms of abuse the same as common psychiatric ideas about organic mental illnesses. To me the historical connections between psychology as means of enforcing white male middle class ideas of normal and right. It was already satanic in my view. Satanic, meaning totally wrong in every sense of the word.
There was so many differnet names for whoever I am thats why I stated saying just call me 'quean' it linked the state I was in the Scottish hordes as I called them then. Every name represented massive loss but also infinite possibilites (so and so can't handle this pain can you? Who could, tell me who could? - regular sometimes). Names from various mythologies or simply words from that language. Studying it woke me up, they wanted more theory so I was to study the sources. Had worse jobs. Names that translated would mean 'shit', 'doormat', 'blowjob' for the lower families or 'power' 'beauty' 'transcendence' if you were from a higher up one. Some years there would be seasons when roles were reversed and things got even uglier, or so it would seem. Quite a source of humour though if you were conscious enough to notice, as 'beauty' was always a fucked up stupid cow, 'power' a repressed homosexual (even more popular with satanists than spirited women) and 'transcendence' the basest individual you could ever meet. It was little things like that made me believe so strongly that somewhere high up in all this shit was people doing what they could to make it a little better, to introduce a crack or to here and there. There was of course, insyability amongst the ranks was much more entertaining than everyone obiently following assigned roles. We made up our own names to, thinking what a difference it would make.
My material spiritualism was there before they were and is both anchor and wings. Greater than the sum of the parts we know about, simples. All that talking backwards, looking at familiar objects and people turned upside down is suppose to liberate and in a way it would. It just made it all look like the cheap trick it was.
Not to take anything away from what sophisicated dehumanisation techniques can do to a soul, educated our otherwise but at the heart of it is the same impulse to abuse that is everywhere and in everyone.
Its pretty rare that we go out at this time of day but now we have to stay in for delivery I'm incredibly bored. Not enough to face essay just yet though.
The meds maybe are losing up my memories and its not all floods of incest and avalauches of pain. I'm remember ing other stuff, like good conversations, good sex and most importantly memories of being me with a memory. I find it so hard to imagine myself being able to discuss it properly without too much vagueness and total lack of clarity.
Was looking on match.com. None of them are the bloke whoes probably going home to Nigeria. Ach well I'm probably not ready anyway, but I never will be without trying.
June 07, 2011
Delusional writing: Satanism and words I
I want to go through my notebooks sometimes slashing line breaks and impaling full stops all over the place. Deleting, embellishing, cleaning up. With the old cliqued witch Virginia Woolf at my shoulder, smouldering away in her Victorian clobber. Vanishing if I dared turn my face from my writing habit.
It's different now though there is Twitter, and an Arab spring that no matter what the summer brings has unleashed feelings and thoughts that violence cant bottle up again.
I wish I could write pulp or proper academic standard literature, consistently. I am moving away from just aiming to rock the tiny minds of people with instrumental poetry about lost babies. I will always to do that but I also want to share the other stories.
Amazing stories, in stunning dramatic settings, with compelling people and triumph over severe adversity. Now I am in a position to build, to invest, to grow I can separate the language I use from what happened whilst admitting how much of an influenced it had in forming my ideas about words.
2 messages from lovable ppl better than 100 from people who arn't.
Even if one of them was saying in his beautiful manner that he may be 'relocating'. He writes so lovely I didn't care. I have spent a fair bit of today thinking about how much money I would have to spend to make it right anyway. All that shaving. Buying candels, wine, meal, chocolate can I afford it, can I be arsed? The answer as it so often is, 'no' and 'yes'. I don't want to just do it I'm not 14. Blacklisted someone from match.com so a very successful day interms of interaction with members of the species. Still not writing that essay though.
I can walk again soon..
Because tomorrow my new watch/mps player/phone will arrive. Mum says she can't walk without a dog, I think dogs are a hassle, give me music. It provides an essential soundtrack to whatever memory lane I end up triping down. I'm sure there was less to my theighs when I woke up this morning, either way its still bloody uncomfortable walking anywhere at any kind of pace and that is no good.
Exchange genial words with a women I used to speak to on pinksofa, proper dyke. I love proper dyke but not really like that though.
So my dad has made my mums move easier for her by belting her. The radio thing. I think I've been in similiar situations but it hasn't got that far, or since my teens anyway. If he's really really pissed of when he staggers upstairs gutted he turns his radio up extremly loud. It rattles the whole house, so a reasonable action is to turn it down or off. Giving him the excuse of getting up and starting something. He has definitly forced his way into my room and excused me of it when no one has been near his fucking radio. Harldy a suprise for me, although it has brought back memories of him admiting the incest and refusing to admit to anyone else about it. Asked 'what about my sister' but it was too open a question. I didn't know if he was reacting to me saying that I knew what he did to her or at me telling him she did me to. It was not long after I had moved back, when I had the tolerance for him to sit and listen to the drunken puddle of a man and try and take out of it whatever I could. Any admission, anything I might be able to say to him to make him a bit less of a useless ignorant cunt. And drink his wine, christ he took enough from me. It felt good to not be trying to be pure. I had a 4 month old asleep upstairs I will take what we need.
June 06, 2011
Money day tomorrow thank fuck..
Life is much more pleasant when I have bread though.
gave in and installed google spellchecker
I liked the automatic one that came with chrome better, being a lazy sort.
Sooooooo he hasn't been emailing but he phoned tonight. There was something different, flirty in his voice he wanted to discuss arrangements. Wording I didn't think I could ever associate with sexiness, until this evening. It's great not to over think something. Things start to actually physically look different. I can't put years of work, and years of putting long term health before short term, on the meds I've been on for a couple of weeks. I'm glad I did though, say no that is. Fought back knowing the sort of things that would happen as a result. It was selfish, extreme, psychotic even sometimes but it worked. I wanted to end up with nothing, or at least as little as possible that way I wasn't profiting, exploiting the all ready exploited. I knew I would have nothing left to start again and it broke my heart knowing I would never feel the boards under my feat, tinkle ivories, transform lives or just generaly rock. The men and women wouldn't be lined up, for me to pick and choose, get to know or ignore. It was all too much anyway, constant overstimulation. Too much happiness made the worst worse.
Thinking about the does gene machine Darwinism and sexual attitudes essay. Not quite ready to hack on with it though. Writing essays is like a tour of my brain and whatever theories, or faiths that make up the touring coach is exposed as bastard flimsy pretty early. I don't always walk away with a handfull of lovely holiday snaps but its so worth when I do.
askin for fags..
It wasn't an easy descision, to tap on her door. But it had to be done now as the later it got the less it became feasible. I figured this option was a lot easier than the others in terms of effort requiered by other people. My friend has already bought be milk, tea and donughts today and my mum is knackered and miles away. She looked terrified when she opened the door, it occured to me that because I had just had half a spliff she might take me for a murderer even though she's my neighbour and we chat whenever we see each other. The look threw me,I hate asking for anything from anyone, words failed me.
'What's the matter?' She said urgently, with that expression she used when she talked about people that pissed her off. It then occured to me she thought something horrific has happend to my son.
'I've ran out of fags.'
'Well go the shop and get some then.' She motioned with her thumb in the direction of the shops and smiled.
'He's in his bed.'
So I go two Spanish import Mayfair, considerably better than nothing.
June 05, 2011
I think they went in through my eye
I get jealous of the clarity in which other survivors write. They know what happened to them and how did it. No so many poeple want to talk about being handed about between hundreds of people over 20 years or so. And the the lights flickering as they took too much power and feeling nothing. I find sites but they're not current, guess I'm not looking hard enough. I would love just to speak to someone though, 'remember Jersey', 'remember all those castles' 'remember the antamoy lessons,' remember the philosophy, theology, diplomacy, weapons training and being sent to war zones'. I remember today being on the phone to someone from Thames house, I think, security services anyway. I said the rape just made me work harder. When it stops I see the sunshine, feel food in my belly and I don't want war. But with the rape, the manipulation of people I spent time with, the theft the murders made me need to dedicate myself to protecting myself and everything I love. He said it wasn't supposed to work like that and talked quite openly, about it all. Afterwards the phone rung it was an American I had agree to tap my calls, he couldn't believe it. Wanted me to give more specifics, but I wrote it all down, filmed it, and told other people so I wouldn't have to remember. Or shared it with someone before the washes that left me mentally and emotionaly about 2 years old. Making signs with my hands, speaking in symbols. Fuck knows where it all is now, destroyed or in a safe place at the end of the day, from my perspective its all the same, like the faked deaths.
Have seen that four year old painter? Amazing.
It's just made me hungrier though, for lots of things thats arn't available. Like toast, grass, chocolate and sex. Sleepy too, but mostly achy and hungry. I'm hardly starving, I've just ran out of bread for peanut butter toast.
June 04, 2011
emotional to fair
Lots of almost tears, first because I had no blow then because I got some and after that because of Tangled. I will get by with a little help from my friends. Put some shelves up today, need more books now.
Started looking for tweets about ritual abuse and mk ultra. Its making me feel quite positive, big world out there that I am not excluded from because of reasons I have no control over. Whatever I am, whatever I am supposed to be matters so much less when I can feel some sort of life in the present in the future. I have 5 followers, although 2 are businesess and one is a girl who tweets about anal. A share too far.
The guy I met has been emailing and wants to meet me again which is a bit of a suprise but very much needed as I am getting nowhere on pinksofa. Loads of smiles, a couple of messages, updated my profile, added some more pics, fuck all back. Any reply I do get is two words 'thank you' or some shit, hay I made an effort to make you smile there and all I get is a 'thank you' Bitches.
I definitly want to see him again but the formal learner english is getting a bit frustrating. If I don't see him a bit more relaxed next time I wont be so sure. Food and drink I suggested, but food, drink leading to possible sex is what I meant. The language barrier might not be such an issue there. Wouldn't it be great if it was great. Therapy. Of course if it was all abut awkward and unpleasant... He would have to be particulary awful for that. He's so polite, apologiesed when I coughed... Maybe that will make him very attentive, my god I could do with that. Lots of eye contact, holding himself back to wait for wee but controled, not in a manner that puts me off. Or he might ask if I okay all the time, thats pretty off putting to.
I couldn't stop staring at his hands, which is a bit of a clique for a white girl with a black man but they were beautiful, big and slender. ooh err. I was dieing to run my thumb down that line between black and white. I feel very conscious that a part the attraction is against every racist comment I've ever heard by people who are close to me.
It's interesting that I'm doing gene machine Darwinism at the moment as well. I found part of it quite liberating, although it was taught it out of context to try and ingrain determinism in me. I was too smart as many would have known, all part of the trials, to turn everything into something positive. Rape being good because it made it possible for me to murder, and murder could bring liberties, promotion. Anything vagualy cerebal or spirtitual I could argue against and truma made me black out. Black outs mean unlimited access to faculties and no conscious moral code. Horrid isn't it?
Back it feels like gene machine psychology is a good motivator to do what you want. Not just in the terms of sexual partner but in every decision I think about which would bring about improved conditions to reproduce and bring up healthy off spring. What I need to reproduce and rear successfully is pretty much, in my interpretation anyway, what I need to be happy i.e., health, safety, happiness, sanity, in touch with emotions, intellectualy enaged...
June 03, 2011
Do people need to know Ultra never ended?
The drive is always there, people need to know that their governments were involved in thr ritual torture and the development of trailored programes of rape, humilation and truama of babies, children and adults in order to produce killing machines. Most people probably already have their indifferent suspicions about governments and organised crime networks.
I think the fist time I heard about Mk Ultra was in a forest in the glen in the middle of the night. I think I was running from the incest, when someone from secret service sat me down and tried to explain it all. I didn't bother listening much, but I remember the trees against the sky when the moon wasn't covered with clouds and sitting on the pine needles in my pygamas. I hated nighties, rubbish for running away in. He was kind of distant, drugged probably, his words and eyes would drift of then come back like someone woke him up. The acutal words though, I think I keep them to my self because I know people are desperate to hear them even is they choose not to buy it. 'You have to give more details', 'Fuck of'.....
No reply for pac lookalike this the polite 'my mum says i have to say thanks for having me' email. Oh well, I was late, I forgot to clean my nails, I took him to Macdonalds. I think he tried but the language barrier and the single momhood got in the way. I would of been prepared to give it a bit more time. But he was very serious, didn't make to many jokes, didn't quite know how to go with flow, and maybe thought we were plebs... I'm glad he saw me truthfully, I be terrifeid if I got all dressed up and fronted up and wanted to know more. Being accepted as what you are thats a turn on.
Got a smile on pinksofa, wahay! She likes my profile, I tried not to sound too grateful but probably failed. I hate all that generic 'how r u' list of hobbies bullshit, so I try and show my sense of humout strainght away. Isn't working so far, but I've spent far more time with people I don't like that anyone can and still remain sane.
Saw the weather forecast last night and was all up for shaving my legs untill I tried to get into last years shorts. Long winter and those meds have contributed to me being 2 stone heavier than I was when I was working. The worst thing is none of my clothes fit anymore. I hate clothes shopping, no money and I'm rubbish at knowing what to buy. Things don't fit but I can't be arsed to take them back. Anyway, think theres more pizza left...
DaffodilRites Tweets
Was highly entertained my the #ghettospellingbee stuff, very, very amusing. The sun is truly out and I am inside childfree with a small blim and the Juno soundtrack, the kitchen has been defilthed and I can still see the bedroom carpet, mum's coming round with the essential shopping. The hours last night were much appreciated sleeping boy. Lawyer rescheduled untill Monday, after I dragged myself out of bed at 9 oclock and everything... gotta go say hi I will love you forever...
June 02, 2011
time to twitter?
I could help me strech my voice, little and often, keep chipping away one day you will wake up with a masterpiece... Or at least something approaching functional.
Boyz asleep, got up at 4 and had a busy day, chances of him making it through the night slim, very slim but I should be free at least until I start feeling knackered, he'll get up then, bless 'em.
Mas picking up her keys today, really glad their moving down here. It was totally obvious it didn't work for any of us up there. Sometimes you need to give up on changing yourself and just change your enviroment. It's much easier and will bring about some change.
Working on another poetry compition entry, back to my instrumentalism. No news about song, could be a wee while yet, I want to see it in print sooo much. I wasn't expecting it with the first 3 but with this one it's different, it's long a later draft of the 100 line submission for course, they gave me a distinction. It's got the line about there being a cornor in every Holliday in that will be 'forever me', I do lap up my WWI war poems but resent them, for being taken seriously. Their plight and their work. Someone will publish it I just really want it to be in notes from the underground. It was seeing that that on a bus when we went to london for the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party really that got me fasinated in being an underground writer. I couldn't stop daydreaming about it. I told Jordan from NKOTB about it in my head when they were on stage. I was sure he was dancing for me so I told him he was my favourite but would never say because he was Rose's favourtie and I could never agree with her because she was weird and probably a bit bad. He smiled from ear to ear.
Actualy typed up some notes from notebook, and found the novel chapter headings. They didn't make as much sense as they did...
Fuck it, Daffodil Tweets
June 01, 2011
my room is pretty again
no crisps crushed into carpet, still some poop stains on the chair to remove but I can do that when I scrub strawberry sauce and fuck knows what of the carpet. My dark blue carpet, and operation bedtime was successful, as far as I know. Really don't feel like hitting the essay though. It's not a subject I can hash on with, biological determinism. Little bits, could work out well and I had a go at the introduction earlier on. Not in the mood for poetry, too snotty for poetry. It doesn't work with a cold just sounds stupid. Like someone using floral language to tell you your saked.
I had an almost seriously thought about taking all my notes seriously, typing some up, organising them. So I can go back on work on them. If I'm to be a writer then that is what I have to do but something heavy and dark gets in the way, something thats becoming lighter and weaker like I could almost walk right through it.
I would be good stuff but thats not enought to get me to do it. Forget about selling it for now, organise it for myself then reasses. Will need new chair..
So I decided to take a break from studying
... then signed up for psychology. It's just a short introductry course. This assignment has gotten by interested in human sciences, but only a little. Wouldn't it be great though if I could get credibility as a reasercher and then start going on about everyone being a rapist and why I should be compensated. Joy Division, radio live transmittion. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '161', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9810245633125304}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '210936', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GRDK72K7NXXY5CNAUPI6YCAAFLZTWCF4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a38aee4b-06ec-4b40-9d8b-1b127ef7aa86>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 1, 52, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.9.193', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FIT2ZLZAASPVDY3RWN6LVEGPGCUDTYLI', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4b6fa312-1b4a-451c-a453-529f936652dd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://daffodilrites.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f732bbe-7c76-420b-8461-0acb0a62e3f6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '9502', 'url': 'http://daffodilrites.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-163-226.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06589734554290771', 'original_id': '1f51bd9b15c404377febaf35cfc284a4bb53e08a462dc67e16e6c18102ab56f3'} |
Scotland (17) 22
New Zealand (34) 51
The All Blacks stretched their unbeaten run against Scotland to 29 Tests with a comfortable win at Murrayfield, but the hosts can be proud of their efforts.
Scotland wing Tim Visser scored the first of his two tries early on as Andy Robinson's side made New Zealand sweat for periods of the first half.
But the All Blacks' superior cutting edge saw them kill the game with three quick-fire tries before half-time.
Man-of-the match Dan Carter had a hand in three of New Zealand's six tries.
Scotland, who have never beaten New Zealand in 107 years of matches between the two countries, managing only two draws in that time, also became the first side to score three tries against the All Blacks in 2012.
EXPERT ANALYSIS
"Dan Carter was imperious. The top players in any sport look they have time to spare. Scotland fell off a few tackles but his awareness and execution were outstanding. It was a pleasure to watch. He has not got a weakness in his game, and there are not many players you can say that about in international rugby. He influences a game more than any other player."
Robinson's side came into this fixture with three straight victories behind them, including one over Australia down under in June.
But while Scotland's defeat of the Wallabies was achieved in a near monsoon in Newcastle, blue skies in Edinburgh, and barely a breath of wind, provided the ideal platform for running, 15-man rugby, the All Blacks' stock in trade.
The vistors were on the scoreboard from their first attack, Carter popping over a penalty after Ross Rennie was penalised for hands in the ruck.
Carter, earning his 93rd international cap, had a chance to double his side's advantage on nine minutes after prop Geoff Cross collapsed a scrum but the All Blacks fly-half pushed his effort wide of the posts.
And shortly after Scotland were ahead, Matt Scott intercepting a pass from Carter and releasing giant Dutch-born winger Visser to score his third Test try.
However, it did not take long for Carter to make amends, unpicking the Scottish defence with an extravagant dummy and shrugging off a weak tackle before offloading to Israel Dagg to score New Zealand's first try.
But Scotland were a match for a disjointed New Zealand outfit for the first half an hour and were level when Greig Laidlaw landed a penalty from right in front.
Official match stats
Scotland
N Zealand
50%
Possession
50%
57%
Territory
43%
3 (2)
Scrums won (lost)
8 (0)
11 (4)
Line-outs won (lost)
7 (1)
8
Pens conceded
12
13
Turnovers conceded
13
74/82
Rucks won
75/79
20
Possession kicked
21
71 (21)
Tackles made (missed)
114 (11)
1
Offloads
14
2
Line breaks
7
(provided by Opta)
Centre Tamati Ellison very nearly fashioned a try when he carved through the Scottish defence, only for Carter's long pass to go awry, but Carter did restore the visitors' lead after Scott was penalised for not rolling away.
Julian Savea went over for the visitors' second try after a marauding run down the opposite wing by Victor Vito and some slick handling from the All Blacks' backs and, just like that, Scotland found themselves down by 10 points.
More sensational handling from the All Blacks three-quarters put Cory Jane over in the opposite corner, after an initial break by scrum-half Piri Weepu, and with six minutes to go in the first half the early optimism had receded.
The game was effectively over as a contest when Hore went barrelling over just before the break to make it three tries in eight minutes, although Scotland's spirit had not been extinguished.
Scott thought he had scored in added time only for the video referee to rule he had not touched the ball down but Scotland did get just reward for a period of sustained pressure when Cross burrowed over to reduce the deficit to 34-17 at half-time.
New Zealand flanker Adam Thomson was sin-binned shortly after the restart for standing on Alasdair Strokosch's head at a ruck and Visser went over for his second try after Ellison became isolated in his own 22 and Laidlaw booted the loose ball ahead at the breakdown.
Carter added another penalty before Thomson re-entered the fray but Scotland kept coming in waves, eschewing kicks at goal for kicks to the corner. But New Zealand stood firm in defence and Scotland were unable to find a way through.
In contrast, the first time Carter had the ball in an attacking position in the second half he made something happen, lolloping through a delightful cross-kick and finding Savea, who stepped inside Stuart Hogg before galloping home for his second try of the afternoon.
Centre Ben Smith scampered over for his second Test try with four minutes remaining and Carter's conversion from out wide - his ninth successful kick from 10 - saw the All Blacks pass the half-century, remarkable given they were below par for long periods.
Despite the defeat, Scotland will go into next Saturday's match against South Africa with much to be optimistic about and high hopes of causing an upset.
Steve Hansen's side, meanwhile, head to Italy, who could reap the whirlwind now that the All Blacks have shaken off any autumnal ring rust. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '394929ba1423b66e260e109c1cf65740711df0795f58dcb26ae7b6a4a3ec36b1'} |
We've learnt our lesson
On September 26th 2011, ProsePoint Express suffered its first major unscheduled outage.
An intermittently faulty disk caused the service to go down for 30 minutes. In the scramble that followed, we quickly restored the service without really knowing the root cause. After more investigation, we decided that ProsePoint Express couldn't continue operating uninterrupted with any degree of confidence. It was decided to conduct emergency maintenance to replace the faulty disk (Actually, we replaced the server containing the faulty disk, but the effect is the same). That resulted in an additional 50 minutes of unscheduled outage.
After the emergency maintenance, ProsePoint Express was restored back to normal.
This outage was a rude shock. Sure, it can happen to anyone - even Amazon and Google have had highly visible outages in the past. We just didn't think it'd happen to us. We have always prided ourselves on our uptime, so this came as an unwelcome surprise. It also exposed gaps in our recovery planning.
Before going further, I'd like to express my apologies to our ProsePoint Express users for the downtime. Please be assured your data was safe throughout the event.
In hindsight, it shouldn't have happened, but it did. It has. So we have to learn from it.
Since the event, we have been busy planning and taking measures to make sure it doesn't happen again. Now that we have a concrete plan, it's time to communicate it to our users (which is also why we've taken this long to write this up - because we weren't decided yet what to do).
ProsePoint Express currently runs out of a data centre in New Jersey. We will maintain a secondary service in a geographically diverse data centre (ie. some distance away) as a 'hot spare'. The secondary service will mirror the main data centre (albeit with a bit of delay). In the event of an outage to ProsePoint Express (whether due to scheduled maintenance, a hardware failure, or a denial-of-service attack), we will switch to the secondary service. Hence, all user sites will remain available and online whilst we work on recovery.
With this plan, user sites will be much more highly available. It doubles our hosting costs, but that's a price we're willing to pay. We can tolerate ProsePoint Express being down, but we can't have our user sites being down.
Over the next few days and weeks, we will be implementing the infrastructure for this. We do not want another outage affecting ProsePoint Express or our users again.
Thank you for reading,
Beng Tan
ProsePoint Express | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9588384032249452}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '9774', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4PEMKULELONYSPUUMQYDPH3KOAIKVEMF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:33d4514e-0417-4308-9463-9d2534a19a31>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 24, 19, 19, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '96.126.107.42', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RX7VBZPKRQGA2WI3OYSEEKF7YUQH4U7E', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8783834e-65d1-40d4-8c33-1ddc2638dd4f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.prosepoint.net/node/548', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:956dc8e1-8a1d-46ba-b2cc-67aae5671910>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '422', 'url': 'http://www.prosepoint.net/node/548', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.12270975112915039', 'original_id': '69d5eaddb2f5ce6b1467a09d4f1cf6a1a88f2654ebd961e7ec4ea11dceabdfbd'} |
Tag Archives: Bad Craziness
The Plane Crash Out My Window
I was talking to my boss on the phone when she stopped and said, “Someone said there’s a plane floating in the Hudson.” We ran over to the west facing offices. There was.
At first we thought it was a movie prop. A plane floating along with the outgoing tide. Then two people came by and said they actually saw it fly in low over the water as if it were landing on a runway; then the nose cone submerged and then it floated along.
Someone grabbed binoculars. Holy fucking shit! That’s a real plane. Those are real people standing on the wings. What the hell is going on here?
We could see the patrol cars and fire engines roll down the street over to the waterfront by the Intrepid Museum. Fast ferries rolled out from their dockages on both the New York and New Jersey sides. It looked like they were rescuing a lot of people. It looked like a lot of people made it.
Now we’re all sitting around listening to news reports that seemed to take forever to come in terms of instant media. [Reality: about five minutes.] The early reports are that the commercial Airbus A320 hit a flock of geese.
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Police & Sheriff Calls, Jan 6-9
Knock if Off Already: A 21-year-old man was cited for his third offense of operating without a drivers license following a single-vehicle crash on I-39 at mile market 159 at 5:32 AM.
Mean Old Man: A 71-year-old man called deputies at 11:53 AM to report he was being harassed by a 68-year-old man on the 4400 block of Bentley Rd. in Custer.
Unorthodox Hunter: A called reported that an unknown driver was trying to hit turkeys with his vehicle on the 600 block of Greenbriar a 2:59 PM.
Stuck Vehicle: Deputies responded when a 40-year-old woman reported her vehicle was stuck in the snow near Jackson Ave. and Birch Dr. at 6:24 PM.
Looking for Help: A 37-year-old woman called police at 1:17 AM to report someone was attempting to break into her John’s Dr. home. The person attempting entry turned out to be the woman’s daughter, who was fleeing a domestic violence situation at her own home. Police located the suspected abuser and jailed him.
Truancy: A 17-year-old high school student was cited for truancy at 7:59 AM. An 18-year-old woman with him was arrested on a charge of bail-jumping.
Tire Thief: A 30-year-old man called police at 10:10 AM to report someone had stolen his spare tire, valued at $100, which was in the roadway of Church and Heffron streets. It wasn’t immediately clear why the tire was in the road.
Jan. 7
Underage, Drunk and No Lights:Police arrested a 20-year-old man during a traffic stop at Clark and Rogers streets at 2:32 AM for operating under the influence, driving without headlights and underage drinking.
Jan. 8
Drunk Driver:A 34-year-old woman was arrested for her first offense of operating while under the influence following a traffic stop on the 3000 block of Jordan Rd. at 2:49 AM.
A War on Mailboxes: A total of nine callers from north Stevens Point and southern Mosinee reported damaged mailboxes between 10:13 AM and 2:57 PM. The culprit has yet to be found.
Girl Fight: Police were called to Glass Haus, 1343 Second St., at 12:56 PM after three woman there, ages 22 and 23, caused a disturbance.
Turn it Down: A 21-year-old man was cited under the city’s nuisance ordinance for playing his music too loudly at 1:51 AM on the 2900 block of Fifth Ave.
Jan. 9
Assault: Police arrested a 46-year-old man for charges of strangulation/suffocation, battery, domestic abuse and bail-jumping from a Bush St. home at 3:30 AM.
Crash: A single-vehicle crash was reported on Hwy. 54 near Wisconsin Rapids at 6:15 AM. The driver, a 25-year-old man, was cited for operating after suspension.
A Box Full of Needles:A 48-year-old woman called police to report a “suspicious container” near Elm and 95th streets at 1:26 PM. Deputies determined the container was filled with syringes and they later disposed of them properly. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'e618d1d40041cbeb0acc112961b2753b8bf61ab2ef39d351438817f87f5178bc'} |
Friday, April 28, 2017
President Trump Does Not Believe That Saudi Arabia Is Paying Its Fair Share For U.S. Defense
Reuters: Exclusive: Trump complains Saudis not paying fair share for U.S. defense
Read more ....
WNU Editor: He can tell them directly when he visits there in the coming weeks .... Possible Trump trip to Saudi Arabia being discussed: U.S. official (Reuters).
Aizino Smith said...
Best President Ever!
He is very consistent and very fair!
B.Poster said...
With all due respect doesn't it seem a bit early in POTUS's first term to be referring to him as the best ever.
Of course Saudi Arabia is not paying it's "fair" share for US defense. Part of the main goals of any nation state should be to ensure that it and its citizens have access to a reliable and reasonable priced supply of oil and oil related resources. Saudi Arabia has this in abundance. As such, it made good sense to try and establish good relations with them.
In the past, as a nation heavily dependent upon the import of oil and oil related resources, the US would have had little choice but to go along to get along with Saudi Arabia at whatever terms the Saudis wanted. Essentially if Saudi leadership told American leadership to "jump" all American leaders could have hoped to do was to jump and hope they got high enough!!
Post 9/11 I had stated that the US should develop all of its oil and gas reserves while investing in the refining capacity to process this in order to gain some leverage when dealing with the importers. The operative word here was "leverage" as complete independence of these people was literally a "pipe dream" along the lines of Cinderella and/or unicorns.
Now with the advent of fracking not only is energy independence a possibility but if done properly the US might even be able to become the go to country for oil and oil related products perhaps even allowing us to become the most powerful country in the world. So, of course Saudi Arabia needs to pay more for its defense and needs to properly compensate the Americans for their services AND with the advent of fracking we FINALLY have some power to actually negotiate.
When Saudi Arabia had the Americans "over a barrel" they bought influence with American leaders. There is just something about America and Americans that we seem to enjoy getting screwed over by foreigners. The less you like us the more we seem to enjoy being screwed over. Then along comes DJT who has the audacity to suggest that Saudi Arabia perhaps should pay a fair a price to its hired American security contractor, the United States military and the American people.
No wonder some people can't stand him!! Maybe, just maybe America is finally beginning to behave like a normal and rational country. We can always hope. In any event, it is WAY to early in his first term to make pronouncements like "best President ever."
Aizino Smith said...
Normally, I would agree.
It was an allusion to JabberJay's posts saying "best election evah"
It was an acknowledgement of Jabber's many non-contributions and a slap in the face.
Trump imposed a 20% tariffs on Canadian lumber. This was in the media. It probably was not mentioned in the party media such as CNN, NBC, or MSLSD in the proper context.
A lumber mill in Maine is adding a 2nd shift. That is jobs.
Trump is doing the right thing.
It is about $$$.
From milk to lumber to NATO, to Saudi Arabian defense, to South Korean defense, to renegotiating NAFTA.
In the campaign he would pace voters. He came on strong and then dialed it back some.
It is like negotiating. You open high and then dial it back some.
A professional once told me they made a bid that was immediately accepted. That professional immediately knew they had started too low.
Trump has said he would scrap NAFTA, then he said he would negotiate. The Mexican and Canadian leaders were mad and then dialed it back themselves. If they don't, bluffs are called and we let the chips fall.
Trump started a 232 investigation on aluminum. you better get with your overlords and look that up. Howe else are you going to propagandize?
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Q:
Riddle in an epitaph
A man was walking through a graveyard and saw the following words written on his father's tombstone:
be
I
me
was
will
you
What was the father's epitaph? You will need to know the correct order of the words, and the number of times that each word occurs.
A:
I was me
you will be you
It seems rather free form. I don't know how to judge if it is the right answer.
This means that your Dad whoever he was was himself and lived his own life. You (whoever you are reading this) should be who you are and live your own life as well.
In other words, "be yourself."
A:
I was me. Will you be?
The father made decisions best for himself. He wants those living to make their own choices in life and not simply repeat his
A:
This one seems to be a bit more on the open-ended side, but here's my go:
I was you
You will be me
Explanation:I (dead guy) was you (the person reading it -- who is alive) ... That is to say, the person who was once alive is now dead.
You (person reading -- alive) will be me (dead -- eventually)
... Which is to say, the person who is currently alive will at some time in the future be dead.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c0265ab593b075fb1aa9310f9a59752a71dec8855592dfb2aca4b8ae2983f31d'} |
It is known to form watch bezels at least partially made of synthetic sapphire in order to show, through transparency, a deposit plated in a recess underneath the bezel, for example, forming a scale or a brand name. This configuration has the advantage of protecting the deposit from any mechanical degradation by totally covering it with the sapphire part. However, this configuration may make it difficult to read the decoration because of the transmitted colouring of the deposit fades but also because of the lack of difference in colour between the sapphire and the deposit. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'bc9f7b74b29025652902806d601a82f811002465e6768504f4ac17af92351af5'} |
An Ablaberoides nitidulus in uska species han Coleoptera nga ginhulagway ni Moser hadton 1916. An Ablaberoides nitidulus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ablaberoides, ngan familia nga Melolonthidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Ablaberoides | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaberoides%20nitidulus', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Ablaberoides nitidulus', 'creator': 'https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ablaberoides nitidulus&action=history', 'language': 'Waray', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '35', 'token_count': '67', '__index_level_0__': '14345', 'original_id': 'f66431596444c8d9575302f2e25ad1f73e0b049906b11fc2e23c9b38dc104802'} |
08 November 2007
Think Happy Thoughts
I'm interviewing for a job.
I haven't done that before. EVER. The two jobs I had before I joined the military, I was the only applicant for the one, and there were more openings than applicants for the other. In both cases it was a "Welcome to the team, here's what you need to do," rather than an interview. I suppose I interviewed for the jobs I had in college, but really, college jobs... let's just say I don't recall the interviews and they weren't a big deal if there were any.
So anyway. Today at 2. Think happy thoughts about me, or at any rate think thoughts about me that don't involve me saying stupid things to interviewers. Lord knows I can say some mighty stupid things.
In other news... it's been a while since I posted anything of substance with any regularity, and I apologize for that. I'll try to do better.
Lucky Bob said...
Thinking about you and your interview. You and me both not posting. I'll try too.
Ayzair said...
So how did it go? I didn't get to think happy thoughts in time, but I'm sure you were fine. I would say how could you never have interviewed, but then I think I've really only had two.
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First day of School and Fall?
Today was my first day of classes, and that's pretty scary on it's own. But why on earth did it feel like october weather! I had to wear a jacket around campus today.
No complaints from me. My favorite seasons are spring and fall strictly because it's cool and warm at the same time. I can wear flippy flops and a sweatshirt! ultimate comfort.
Last 7 game stretch of the season starts tomorrow. Our team is now.... 2.5 games out (it seems to change everyday).
Hope you had a good August, I know I did, and I'll see you in September!
Rating queries and knocking on wood
After getting through an entire volume of Family Guy episodes and rating them down to each individual joke, I’ve become to see flaws in my method. I’ll have to come up with some weighted scale; is pop culture more important than original humor? Are quotes within the episode have a higher impact on its rewatchability than the story itself? These are things that will come into play as soon as I get into the next volume: start thinking about what is important and what isn’t.
It’s exciting to me sad how important this has become to me. But hey, there are worse things to occupy my time! ::knocks on wood::
And here’s something completely unrelated.
Why do people knock on wood? I understand the hopes that come out of it, but why specifically knocking on wood? You know how people throw a pinch of salt over their shoulder if they spill any on the table; that’s apparently because it’s warding off the devil. And saying, “bless you” after someone sneezes, same thing, to ward off the devil. But why knock on wood? My curiosity is going to claim most of my time today, but I’m sure I’ll end up looking it up within the next 24 hours.
I should note that all posts beginning with “Headphones” through this one are all written on the road without Internet. They are all posted within 10 minutes with different time stamps on them to show when they were actually written, Thursday night for Headphones, Friday for the next two, and Saturday for the next three. Hope everyone had a good weekend, and by the time you see this, I will have already arrived at school and have had a cold one.
Ever get really bored of doing the same things day in and day out? Getting tired of solitaire and minesweeper? Sporcle quizzes not doing it for you?
Try Windowsill. Is it a puzzle game if you can’t even figure out if it’s a puzzle game? Check it out; I know you could use the break.
Pretty Bubbles
Green Street Hooligans turned out to be one of the better movies I’ve seen in a while. And go figure, it’s about soccer. Or really it’s about “football” firms. But still, it’s about soccer.
You should give it a look if you haven’t seen it before, but I should warn you; Elijah Wood is the biggest wuss they could have picked to play his role. I spent the entire movie thinking how much better it would have been if they picked someone who wasn’t so blatantly pussified.
Check it out.
Little Caesars.
Oh Little Caesars, how I miss thee. Growing up, there were two kinds of pizza commercials on TV. Pizza Hut, and Little Caesars. Then, out of no where, this beautiful franchise disappeared from the northern Virginia area. No commercials, no locations down the street, no radio ads, nothing. So sad. I miss the little dude saying “Pizza Pizza!”
Now, being in North Western Pennsylvania, the Little Caesar life continues! I had my first slice tonight since I was under 10 years old. One regret I have from going to Richmond over the years was not eating Little Caesars. The only Virginia location that I am aware of is in Downtown Richmond.
Pizza Pizza!
Jerry Uht Park in Erie, PA
During my trip up to Erie Pennsylvania, I got to see an Erie Seawolves game. I must say, I was impressed with most aspects of the park, but disappointed by others. To the average fan, they did a fantastic job with the presentation. My only complaint as absolutely nothing to do with any part of the fan experience. The Concourse under the third base side was under utilized. There that’s it. Everything else was great. The store had great stuff, the food was ball park food, and every inch of the stadium was a spectacular view.
And as my experience has told me, you can’t go on a ballpark trip with out a tarp pull! The Erie crew was unfortunate enough to have a small dark red cell on the radar; which, of course, means waiting until the very last minute in hopes of the cell going around the ballpark. They waited and waited and the field got soaked until the umps made them put it on. At around the exact second the tarp got on the field, the rain halted.
And so ended my trip to Jerry Uht Park. Hope to go back again next year!
::check back for pictures later this evening. saturday, 6:51 pm::
There are many types, we all have our preference, mine are probably different than yours, and the same goes with yours to the next guy. But I’m sure we can agree that some of these types piss us off.
The Classics.
Remember when you had your first taped player? I do. I had a Sony Walkman before Walkman was synonymous with portable CD player. It was black, and the play button stuck, so every time I wanted to stop, pause, rewind, or fast-forward, I had to push super hard. The headphones were my favorite part. Black wire connecting to the Walkman, the wire splits about ¾ way up the set to each ear. It was the classic metal headband that goes over the head, not behind. On each ear was the speaker with thick and loosely attached foam pieces. I wish I still had these because, looking back, they were my favorite headphones.
Transition Period.
There was a time when everyone (this is where some “hip” people would say “and their mom” but I’m above such foolishness) had the plastic headphones that went around the back of the head. I believe they came with a lot of CD players in the early 00’s. I had a pair, I admit, but I wasn’t a huge fan of them.
During this same period there was also the headphones that instead of connecting to one another, they were two separate entities. They went behind and around the ear, which made the “ear bud” type a little less unbearable. We’ll get to them in a moment. This (we’ll call it wrap around) wrap around type was one of my favorites. They sounded good and you didn’t look like a complete doofus when you wore them. This type is still around; I can just never bring myself to buying them when the ear buds come with my phone and with my iPod.
Pretty much everyone and their mom has this kind because, as I said before, the ear buds come with everything. The difference is in the make and how they are worn.
Without cushion:
I prefer this. The cushion is nice, but my ears aren’t exactly wide gaping holes. There’s no room in there for the speaker and a soft pillow. I take this off the ear bud as soon as I get it or throw it away if they don’t come with the buds.
Gel caps:
This is relatively new, a few years now these things have been around. I like them. Fantastic if you can find em cheap. But going back to the “without cushion”, I can’t fit these big bastards in my ear! I have to jam em in there for them to NOT fall out. Luckily, they have optional sizes. Big mo-fos for Dumbo and his (or her, I can’t remember) dead mother, Medium sized one that fit probably everyone but myself and rodents, and small one’s for me and Minnie mouse.
Then there are the Lyle headphones. I’ll leave that one alone.
Pop Tarts
Who doesn't like pop-tarts? Of all the varieties now, you'd think that everyone enjoys at least one of the flavors. There are even the kind that you put in the freezer and eat it like a dessert! Weird man.
I personally have a few preferences. No desert dessert flavors for me, I like cherry the most. However, my ABSOLUTE favorite flavor is cherry with NO FROSTING. call me weird, but I'm not a fan of the frosting on pop tarts. perfect example: i like the blueberry flavor, without frosting. i do not, however, like the frosted blueberry at all. I mean I'll tolerate it when it's the only one in the pantry, but it's really not my go to.
You remember when they first came out with the wild berry flavor? It was around the same time that a lot of sports teams starting wearing this color scheme.
Speaking of flavors I enjoy, who else loves s'more? I fucking do. And the all chocolate one, that one was my favorite as a kid.
And let me tell you what grinds my shit. Why the hell does everyone like the brown sugar and cinnamon flavor? I hate that shit. It's so dry, and you can't eat it without having to drink milk, and nine times out of ten when i'm eating a pop-tart, i'm running out the door and don't have time for a delicious glass of milk!
If anyone finds a box of unfrosted cherry flavored pop tarts, kellog or no, let me know. i must have that shit.
Inglorious Basterds
First off, i was always under the impression that it was spelt "b-a-s-t-a-r-d-s," but i digress.
Saw the movie, loved it. don't worry i'm not going to go into details and ruin it for those of you who have yet to see it. It's funny. It's well done.
Tarantino's work has always done well in the box office (as far as i know) and this one has not proven to be an exception. Brad Pitt is phenomenal as a hate filled american looking to kill as many no-gooders as he can. However the film, as it would seem, isn't just centered around the 8 or 9 men who kill nazi's like it's a sport. I was taken in by more than just violence and witty quarks in a thick tennessee accent.
From the get-go, tarantino sets the scene well. Throughout the movie the dialogue astounds, and the direction and unique style of the film, of which i don't want to ruin for others, brings the audience in and keeps them entertained easily. The villian was my favorite of any tarantino film. Well done there too.
I personally hate getting up to go to the restroom during the middle of a film; for my sake and for everyone's around me, i feel it's best to keep still and not disturb what's going on within the massive screen. However I unfortnately had to use the facilities during this one, thankfully the film is a whopping 2 hours 40 some odd minutes long, or i would have missed something! Obviously my only complaint (and calling it a complaint is a stretch, i loved everything about this film) is that it ran too long. But that's like saying the great wall of china ran just a touch too high, it's a necessary touch to get the complete effect.
See the movie, let me know when you did, and we can talk about it.
5 scalps out of 5
Eye Doctor
What is it about eye doctors that makes me nervous. With the dentist, i know i'm nervous because i'm going to be spending about a half hour lieing to the hygenisist and dentist about flossing and brushing, but with the eye doctor.. It's not like i can be in trouble for something.
"..Paul.. have you been getting sleep in your eyes?"
"..yea. why? is that bad?"
"well you really need to make sure you clean that out of there as soon as you can."
"I mean i dont see what the big deal is.. I usually wipe it out before i even get dre-"
Or if the eye doctor gets a little too personal, that would be weird..
"So how are things? Seeing alotta pretty girls with those eyes of yours?"
"ugh.. i guess. why not."
"Good good.."
::long pause::
"any pretty boys?"
"i think i'm gonna go..."
And what's with the dark room.. you'd think they'd test my eyes when there's light to distract me, not when all i have to focus on is the E across the room and my vision is perfect.
What really bugs me about the eye doctor is all the choices he gives me. There are so many times that i'm sitting there trying to think of, let alone see a difference in the two lenses he presents to me. And why is the first guess always so terrible? the very first option he gives is comparing looking through a bottle of vinegar comapred to looking through a clean window pain. Narrow it down doc, i can handle a few less choices than what you're presenting me.
The rating has begun
I've started picking through each episode in my top 50 with a fine tooth comb. i don't know how many i'll be able to do in a day, given i'm back at school starting monday with games and work thrown in the mix, but i'm sure i'll have a defined list of my top 50 family guy episodes soon. This is turning out to be quite a fun project to do, and it helps for remembering where jokes are from. no longer do i search the memory banks for what episode had that one joke where such and such happened. it's almost instantaneous to me now!
New Song
This song has been really stuck in my head for a few days now, ever since i heard it leaked on the internet and on DC 101's Sunday New Music Mart.
It's not a video, but the song is amazing. video
Moved In
Earlier this evening I moved into my apartment at school. Im so excited to be living there, it's hard to describe. It's such a tremendous improvement from a year before. All I have left to do now is bring in the essentials, such as clothes and a toothbrush, but my stuff is all set up otherwise!
A small couch and chair with a breakfast table are in the main entrance, as well as a kitchen to the right. Ahead lies Rob and Chrispy's room, and down the hall is myself and August - adjacent to the large bathroom.
This is gonna be another great year at Mason, can't wait to get it goin!
Stewie Calls the Hillcats
Bill Kenney. Get your S together.
I haven't seen a new post on your site for a month. Let's get this rollin buddy.
Granted, you've been on vacation, and we had a lot of games at the beginning of this month. But you've had ample opportunity. I'm using this post to call you out sir.
That is all.
Tub of Hotness
it's gonna be sick.
Stewie Progression
It's funny to me how much the character of Stewie in family guy has changed over the span of the series. The once maniacal baby has become a "mature", yet somewhat androgynously hetero/homosexual. The voice comparison between the first few episodes in the series to the later episodes in the series show a distinct change in Stewie's intent. It seems he is no longer seeking to destroy anything in his path to world domination, but rather he is content with mocking Brian and enjoying his time being a baby. Take a look; I've put together a video to compare voices.
My first attempt at making a video on my computer, It's capable of better quality (i'm sure) but i'm not, yet. Also, note the good voice clips i found of stewie in the later episodes BOTH contained Brian. As early as the second season you see a lot of Peter-Brian dynamic and less Stewie-Brian. With the rise of the "Road to.." Episodes, there has been a rise in Stewie-Brian moments. Every episode now seems to have a few scenes involving exclusively these characters.
If I can find a good enough argument/theme, I might have Family Guy as a thesis topic.
Possible softball jerseys for next year
Alexandria Mariners?
Alexandria Dukes?
Potomac Cannons Hybrid with the current scheme and old logo?
mock-ups to come in the fall when I have free time to do it.
I don't know which i hate more
The fact that Chad JOHNSON goes by the name on this jersey.
The fact that Far.. Farvre.. Favre.. is wearing purple and not a hawaiian print shirt on some beach in dirty old mississippi.
The fact that Vick (the Michael variety) is playing for a team; not because of what he did but because that means 31 teams are going to have to figure out how to defend him again.
or The fact that Tom Brady is still playing in the league
and Matt Cassels is making $21.5 million a year (in KC) for doing nothing but manage a team in '08 full of phenomenal athletes in the same division as MIAMI, NY (jets), and BUFFALO.
The Blue Rocks play in Frawley Stadium in downtown Wilmington Delaware. Beautiful ballpark if i do say so myself, but you be the judge:
Yea it's legit like that: check out the field!
I was impressed all around by both parks, they know how to run a ball club.
The P-Nats won the game 4-3 in 10 innings, but of course when the Rocks score, Mr. Celery makes a visit!
Drive up to Exton, PA today. Day one includes a Double header in Reading PA.
The Trip up wasn't as long as i expected. about 3.5 hours as opposed to 4 that google maps promised.
And I tried to make the drive more exciting by taking pictures and listening to pandora on my phone.
that's the bridge right before the toll on 95N into Maryland. I almost ran into the car in front of me about 40 seconds later because i was looking over the edge of the overpass. But it was cool because right after that, we went into the Tunnel:
So when I got up there, we went to a Reading Phillies Double Header, It was a really nice park, I just wish the atmosphere that was there during the first game stayed for game two. it didnt help that the R-Phils were blanked in the second game.
It was pretty impressed by how they kept the park looking good after almost 60 years. Check out the outfield walkway:
And of course there was the fireworks after:Wilmington after!
Kickoff is 7:30 pm @ M&T Bank Stadium
The Skins are taking the field in their now annual scrimmage. For preview of the game, click on the title of this article.
A few game notes:
Portis will NOT play tonight; I can't blame him, we still have four other preseason games this year.
Campbell will be leading the team after an offseason of criticism and at least two attempts to trade or dump him for a "better" and certainly different QB. Will he step up to the plate (wrong sport) and perform, or will he crumble under the immense pressure his team and the media is putting on him?
LaRon Landry's brother - Dawan - is a player for the Baltimore Ravens. It's always fun to see brothers on the same field together, whether they are on the same team or not!
Devin Thomas, Malcolm Kelly, and Fred Davis were all selected in the 2nd round last year and none of them made anything resembling an impact. Who will step up, and who will be shipped out of town?
and finally;
How will the rookies perform? Brian Orakpo, Kevin Barnes, and many others play under the lights wearing the burgundy and gold for the first time. How will they play? Who's the surprise this year?
Should be fun to get back into the swing of things. Even though it is only an exhibition game (that really isnt even a game, more of a glorified practice), I'm glad the season is finally underway!
Laces Out
Fantasy Football Draft Tonight
Laces Out will be drafting tonight in a live draft of the league "Home Field Advantage"
I'll post my results later!
{7:09 pm}
I get first pick in the draft. Goin with Peterson, in a very small four team league, I'm going to be taking a QB second with the 8th overall pick.
More to come.
{8:21 pm}
Draft over, tarp on the field.
John Hughes
Pretty solid "obituary" or "tribute" or story about John Hughes here.
A miracle has happened!
For those of you who know me, this is a great day in Solitare.
Funny People
Movie Review Time!
Funny People (2009)
Main Stars:
Adam Sandler
Seth Rogen
Leslie Mann
First Reaction:
Quite a flick. I grew up watching Adam Sandler films (Happy Gilmore, Billy Madison, Big Daddy, Water Boy, etc.) and thinking what a funny actor he was. As time grew, his true skill came about. If you've ever seen Click, and walked away thinking of how Sandler did playing that role, you would agree that his greater talents shown bright at that time. Is "dippidy doos" seemed less stupid now that you realized he's not a complete moron and can actually act. Funny People was one of those movies. Even while watching this movie, I thought of his skill as an actor and how impressed I was by his abilities.
Comedic Actor and Stand up comic George Simmons (Sandler) discovers he has a Terminal Illness, and instead of telling his ex-lover Laura (Leslie Mann), he confides in a complete stranger who he hired as an assistant, Ira Wright (Seth Rogen).
After the word gets out about his illness, George learns the experimental treatment has worked, and he is cured of the disease, at least for now.
George and Laura fall back in love and Laura plans on leaving her husband, however has second thoughts and leaves Ira and George to fight of how it all went down.
I obviously recommend you see the movie to get the full effect, I wouldn't want some weak synopsis of my own to ruin the movie for you. Which brings me to my....
Really funny in some parts, but horribly bland in others, I wouldn't recommend buying this movie. To be honest with you, apart from Sandler's acting and some hilarious stand up, it was a pretty lame movie. After sitting through the movie for about an hour and a half, I said to myself, "This might be my favorite Sandler movie." Then 45 minutes later, I realized that it had been 45 minutes since I enjoyed this movie. Like most Judd Apatow movies, this one could have gone a little shorter.
I'll give it 6 deadly blood diseases out of 10.
Makes me wonder why I got into this profession
I've been thinking a lot about it lately, and i've begun reconsidering my current career path. I'm seriously considering a career change to something i feel more represents my needs intellectually and physically. I now work in Professional Baseball with sales and some marketing media experience with hope of gaining more PR background in the future. That's all fine and good, but what I really think i'd be good at doesn't require any of these things. In fact, with the more experience I have in these areas, the less likely I will be to succeed in my dream job. I, of course, am talking about picking my nose. Digging for nose gold has been my life long dream, and I don't want want "work" to get in the way of that.
I'm obviously dead serious.
You know you're "maturing" when..
...you walk through target and buy a lamp and a trash can instead of a video game and a candy bar. I spent 20 minutes looking for a dish rack when i could have spent 20 minutes trying out the wii or browsing the dvds. For what it's worth, i did buy an extension cord, but it's kinda of surreal to be shopping for what i always thought of as "adult" things when i had always been so used to staying in the electronics/toys sections until my parents dragged me along with them to look at sheets.
I mean i did purchase a clapper and a video game yesterday, so i guess i'm just evening things out at this point.
Yea, that's right. I have the Clapper.
Compare to the imfamous commercial of the 80's.
Brand New Twin Sized Patio
It's a new month but it's nearing the end of summer. By this time in 30 days, I'll be in school and the Baseball season will be wrapping up. So for today, I would like to show you what the Family has been doing this summer. Behold; the Patio.
It's not quite done but it's come quite a long way to get where it is today.
Here's what the stone looks like up close. The left side is completely finished and washed as well as sanded in between the cracks. The right side is yet to be finished as it has more leveling and washing/sanding to be done.
Tell me that doesn't look good. And do you think i can wait until the hot tub arrives? I can't wait. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.974274754524231}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '125540', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AZ5EKBZMUZDCBPHT5V7DY2MOK2K7JGT3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:de0d4c02-b29e-42c4-b4ba-d989f468bd87>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 13, 34, 59), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.129', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7IXHA4L4SBOQ3WRPA5Y6JKNHLXFQHB7V', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ec348c40-3e15-4dd0-8fd8-26ae8d872e26>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://bigtinypig.blogspot.com/2009/08/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:30d6c6f0-4d73-4660-b8d7-977b1c6c9a5a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '4294', 'url': 'http://bigtinypig.blogspot.com/2009/08/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-178-11-125.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.01878488063812256', 'original_id': '235881b4610a1dcd53d3da23d677531b8c22477860232a42a444ca21c322d059'} |
Math133 unit 2 individual project 2b algebra
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Is it normal that my child holds her breath to the point of passing out?
Some young children do have spells in which they stop breathing, sometimes until they pass out. This is called a breath holding spell or a breath holding attack. These incidents usually happen in response to pain, fear, frustration, anger, or surprise. Often trauma or injury is the trigger.
While these spells sometimes occur with tantrums, they're not willful. Your child is not holding her breath on purpose.
Once a spell starts, your child may turn blue from lack of oxygen and may make a few jerky movements like she's having a seizure before briefly losing consciousness. When she comes to, she'll likely inhale deeply and go back to normal breathing. She may be frightened and may not remember what she was upset about.
These attacks may happen as often as several times a day or only on rare occasions. They can start as early as 2 months of age or as late as 2 years.
Breath holding spells can be very distressing to parents, but they usually aren't a sign of a serious problem. Still, you should talk to your child's doctor about it the first time it happens.
(Also call the doctor any time your child jerks her limbs during an episode or has difficulty recovering, which are possible signs of a seizure or neurological disorder. If you can't reach the doctor right away after a possible seizure or if your child is unresponsive for more than a minute, call 911.)
The doctor will want to examine your child to rule out a physical cause for the breath holding. She may also order a blood test to check for anemia, since these spells are more common among children with iron deficiency.
Your child may also have a cardiac test (such as an EKG) to make sure her heart is not involved in the spells, or a test to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain (an EEG), to see whether she's had a seizure.
Children who have breath holding spells do not have epilepsy or brain damage. Even if your child has a seizure during a spell, it doesn't mean that she's more likely to have a seizure disorder.
You can try to prevent these spells by distracting your child when she seems to be getting upset, frustrated, or afraid. Sing a silly song or give her something else to do.
When your child starts holding her breath, make sure she's in a safe place where she won't be hurt if she falls. Then try to look the other way and ignore the breath holding. Stay calm and matter of fact before and after the spell. Getting upset or paying too much attention can reinforce some of the behaviors (such as tantrums) that lead to the breath holding spells.
Fortunately, most kids outgrow these spells by the time preschool rolls around, although some do continue up to age 8.
Follow your baby's amazing development
AAP. 2013. Difference between seizure and convulsion. American Academy of Pediatrics.
Carano N, et al. 2013. Glycopyrrolate and theophylline for the treatment of severe pallid breath-holding spells. Pediatrics 138(4):e1280-3.
MedlinePlus. 2011. Breath holding spell.
Nemours Foundation. 2013. Breath-holding spells.
UpToDate. 2012. Nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in infancy.
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Wildfire Prevention Plans
In 2013, wildfires charred more than 4 million acres of the United States. Nineteen firefighters were killed in a blaze in Arizona that shifted unexpectedly, thousands were evacuated across the state of Colorado to avoid fires that ravaged the Colorado Springs area, and people across the nation watched, and worried, about where fire would spark next.
Over the past two years, Colorado has endured some of the worst wildfires in the state’s history, says Paul Cooke, director of the Colorado Division of Fire Prevention and Control. It’s too early to tell if 2014 will be another catastrophic year for the state, but even in a normal year, Cooke says, Colorado can expect roughly 30 large wildfires that will destroy more than 100,000 acres and cost more than $41 million to suppress.
To address the problem, Colorado has set an ambitious goal to keep all fires within a 100-acre barrier this year “because once you cross that 100-acre barrier, then we’re looking at multiple days of fires, we’re starting to look at real dollars in terms of fire suppression costs, and every day that the fire burns there’s more of an opportunity for injuries, deaths, and property damage,” Cooke says. To help the state meet that goal, Colorado is adopting a variety of techniques ranging from mapping to educational programs designed to help prevent fires from starting and spreading.
Personal Prevention
A growing problem in Colorado is newly constructed homes and businesses near forests, structures that could quickly become fuel should a wildfire break out. These property owners are the first line of defense against wildfire, Cooke says, and need to take steps to prepare themselves and their property for wildfire. This has led to a campaign across the state to educate the population about the danger of wildfire and how individuals can mitigate the impact.
Cooke says the state is campaigning for “fire adaptive communities” that look beyond safeguarding individual properties and focus on building a “communitywide wildfire protection plan.” The strategy maps out buffer zones around the community, which ensures adequate ingress and egress for fire truck access and water supply. Colorado’s Division of Fire Prevention and Control has teamed up with the Colorado State Forest Service (CSFS) to create Community Wildfire Protection Plans, which bring together a local government authority, the local fire department, CSFS representatives, and nongovernmental partners to assess community risks and values, identify protection priorities, and establish fuel-treatment projects.
These community plans include a community risk analysis that considers fuel hazards, risk of wildfire, and community values to be protected both in the immediate vicinity and the surrounding area where potential fire spread poses a realistic threat. To provide further reference, these plans are made available to the public on the CSFS Web site to help them understand the risks to their area.
Along with the community plans, the CSFS has also created a Colorado Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal on its Web site. The tool was launched in March 2013 and allows the public to determine wildfire risk and where forest management actions can have the greatest impact at reducing that risk. It uses the geographic information system (GIS) to allow citizens to create maps of wildfire risk ratings for specific locations. (More on the GIS system later.)
Along with the public viewer, the portal also has a professional viewer available to planners for the state, Fire Protection Districts, and local government. This customized portal allows users to create maps and detailed risk summary reports that include risk statistics for defined project areas and maps, charts, tables, and photos that describe those areas.
All of these factors play into the emphasis on fire prevention in the state through community outreach, Cooke says. “We’re really focused on a significant effort to campaign to educate our population about the impacts of wildfire and what individuals can do to play their part and reduce the impact.”
Exploring Technology Options
Colorado is exploring technological options to detect wildfires earlier and provide accurate information to responders quickly. “Anywhere in the western states, you have a wildfire…you get a report of smoke and you spend a lot of time chasing smoke,” Cooke explains. “What we want to do is use technology so we can identify where that smoke’s coming from, what kind of fire you have, what’s the best way to get into it, and what resources you’re going to need to contain it so that you can make good decisions right from the get-go.”
One option on the table is using manned aircraft to fly over an area after a band of lightning has gone through to look for heat signals using infrared scanners. Traditionally, pilots have been sent out to look for signs of smoke, but with today’s technology they can look for signs of heat that could cause a wildfire and can quickly provide fire source information to the fire department for suppression.
Colorado had initially looked at using unmanned aircraft, or drones, but Cooke says there are still too many obstacles to that approach. “The FAA is still just researching how states and local governments can use them,” he explains, adding that he believes the United States is still a few years away from using that technology stateside.
Another possibility is a software solution that would allow Colorado to download information to the incident commanders on the ground so they can have real-time information about what the fire is doing, where the fuel is, and the rate of the fire’s spread. This would be done through GIS software, which has been adopted by fire departments and federal agencies for various purposes.
Stephen McElroy, head of the GIS program at American Sentinel University in Aurora, Colorado, describes GIS as a system that integrates multiple data sets, from hardware, software, and mapping information, to capture and analyze forms of geographically referenced information. He says that the most appealing aspect of GIS for emergency response is increased situational awareness.
“GIS is able to integrate data sources from a variety of data layers…and from a planning perspective you could use it to determine how we protect our resources,” he explains. Fire departments can use the software to determine where critical infrastructure is, where roads are, and where buildings are, so all information is accurate and updated in a timely manner. Fire departments can plug in information about wildfires as they occur and can also capture information from satellites to show where the fire is moving in real time.
One way GIS can help in a disaster scenario is by plugging it into a 911 system. If a disaster occurs, such as a wildfire, the user can identify where the fire began and establish a perimeter around that area, such as one mile, beyond which everyone must evacuate. “You could then identify all the property owners that have a parcel that touches that one-mile buffer, which could create a phone list from your 911 system to actually send an automated phone call to everybody that’s on that list” instructing them to evacuate, McElroy explains. Also, if the fire quickly spreads, that buffer zone can be automatically expanded and set off another round of evacuation calls to those on the pre-programmed list.
The Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service currently uses GIS to identify active wildfires in the nation, vegetation conditions after a wildfire, and areas for aerial fire-retardant avoidance. Esri is a company that specializes in employing GIS for various purposes, including fire prevention. Russ Johnson, Esri’s director of public safety solutions and a former fire chief, says that GIS can be used to help fire departments determine risk areas and how to handle those risks.
For instance, to contain a fire and keep it from spreading, fire departments usually need to be able to begin suppressing it before four minutes have passed. By plugging fire station data into GIS software, fire departments can determine how far they can travel in four minutes based on the time of day and traffic patterns.
If there’s an area that the fire department can’t get to in four minutes, the software will identify it, allowing users to decide whether they need to add a new fire station there, whether to require property owners to take additional fire prevention measures—such as installing a sprinkler system—or whether to increase fire prevention education in that area, Johnson explains.
When it comes to preventing wildfires, GIS can be used to map how a wildfire might spread given the weather conditions, the available fuel for the fire—such as brush and trees—and the terrain. For example, GIS could show that an incline of more than 20 percent that is covered with half-dead medium brush would create a “very intense fire.” Before GIS, fire departments would have had to make these determinations using static maps, but now, they can assess vulnerabilities almost immediately.
Once an incident has occurred, GIS can model how the fire will spread. “It will show me, based upon wind conditions, vegetation conditions, fuel moisture conditions, where that fire’s going to be and what period of time it’s going to be there,” Johnson explains.
Legislative Proposals
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Chinese History Digest
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Presenting a concise illustrated History of the Middle Kingdom
Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 AD)
The Northern Song Period (960 - 1127 AD)
Emperor Gong of Later Zhou
Emperor Gong of Later Zhou
In the year 960 AD, the Five Dynasties Period came to an end, when the military generals Zhao Kuangyin and his younger brother Zhao Kuangyi of the Later Zhou dynasty, the 5th and last of the 5 dynasty states that had succeeded one another after the fall of the Tang dynasty, used their army's strength to overthrow their emperor, the young boy emperor Gong (then 7 years old). Zhao Kuangyin proclaimed the Song dynasty (960 AD - 1279 AD), which he ruled as its first Emperor Taizu.
Emperor Taizu, founder of the Song dynasty
Emperor Taizu, founder of the Song dynasty
The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, the Northern Song and the Southern Song period. The Northern Song period (960 AD - 1127 AD) came first, since Emperor Taizu established his capital in the northern city of Bianjing (nowadays Kaifeng in Henan province).
During the next roughly two decades, the Song state launched a series of military campaigns against the smaller kingdoms that remained from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Through these military campaigns and intimidation tactics, most of China had been reunited by 976 AD under Song rule, the year when the founding Song emperor Taizu died.
Emperor Taizong of Song
Emperor Taizong of Song
His younger brother Zhao Kuangyi followed him then on the throne as the Song dynasty's second emperor Taizong. Under his leadership, the last renegade state - the Northern Han kingdom - was defeated and its territory incorporated in 979 AD as well. Emperor Taizong immediately afterwards attempted to regain the Sixteen Prefectures from the Khitan Liao dynasty in the north.
The Sixteen Prefectures, an agriculturally rich and densely populated area (by Chinese people), had been ceded to the Liao dynasty in 938 AD by the Later Jin dynasty, the 3rd of the five successive dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. The Song army enjoyed some initial successes in this attempt, but was eventually beaten back and forced to retreat.
The territory of the Song empire was substantially smaller than that of the Tang empire at its height and was comprised mainly of the agricultural heartland of China (with a population of about 100 million people). The subsequent Song emperors never managed to bring the former parts of the Tang empire in the North, Northeast, South and especially Northwest back under Chinese control.
the small yellow area in this map shows the Sixteen Prefectures
the small yellow area in this map shows the Sixteen Prefectures
After the Song dynasty had stabilized its power, it launched a major military campaign in 1004 AD with the aim of trying to recapture the prosperous Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty state, its northern neighbour. However, the Song army was defeated by the Khitan forces and the Song dynasty was forced to sign a humiliating treaty with the Liao dynasty, which stipulated the annual payment of subsidies (that were mostly paid in silver, silk and cotton cloth) to the Khitan emperors.
Another thorn in the side of the Song dynasty were the troublesome Tangut people, descendents of the Tuoba Turks, who had founded the Tuoba Wei dynasty (see Six Dynasties section) in the 4th century AD. They resisted further territorial expansion of the Song state in the Northwest (territory that they had won near the end of the Tang dynasty) even before they officially founded their own independent state, the Western Xia dynasty, in 1038 AD.
Map of the Song dynasty state during the Northern Song period in 1111 AD
Map of the Song dynasty state during the Northern Song period in 1111 AD. The green and dark-grey areas north of the Song territory show the Western Xia (Xi Xia) dynasty and Liao dynasty states. (Click on the image to see it larger)
Besides trying to expand their territory militarily, the Song rulers also took measures to stabilize and legitimize their hold on power (and to prevent the threat of losing their new empire again through military action by local military leaders, just like they had seized power for themselves) by establishing a stable civilian bureaucratic government, that relegated military power to a secondary role in the empire. However, they faced a problem that no previous dynasty had to deal with.
city gate of the Northern Song capital Bianjing
city gate of the Northern Song capital Bianjing (detail of Zhang Zeduan's famous painting "Along the River during the Qingming Festival")
Whereas previous civilian governments had recruited the educated sons (in the Confucian political tradition) of great aristocratic families into government, that possible course of action was not available anymore. The aristocratic elite had been nearly wiped out during the period of constant warfare and rebellions since the mid 9th century. Not only had many people and entire families of this formerly privileged class been killed, many documents that documented their land titles or genealogical records had been destroyed as well. Many documents of importance for the former aristocratic class, such as the genealogical registry of the great aristocratic families, had been lost during the preceding decades of warfare.
In order to find suitable talented individuals to staff government positions, the Song rulers decided to use the long established practice of holding imperial examinations as the predominant way of recruitment. These examinations had been secondary in importance until then and were only held occasionally during the Tang dynasty.
Song Dynasty governmental seal made of copper
Song Dynasty governmental seal made of copper (Remarks on its surfaces indicate the date and the office)
During the existence of the previous aristocratic order, most candidates had entered into government service through personal recommendation or the Yin privilege (the Shadow privilege). Members of the aristocratic elite and people who already worked for the government could recommend individuals, whom they thought suitable for government service. Government officials could also extend the privilege of government service to people in their "shadow", for example sons and even grandsons (according to Confucian ideology, no women were allowed to work in government service).
These ways to enter into government service continued to exist, but only minor positions could be obtained in this way from then on.
Nearly all truly influential government positions, whether in provincial administration or in the 6 imperial ministries, were from then on filled by individuals, who had passed the imperial exams. This recruitment system continued to function in this way until the end of the imperial order in the 20th century.
Palace Examination at Kaifeng during the Song Dynasty
Palace Examination at Kaifeng during the Song Dynasty
The imperial exams tested their takers' knowledge of historical texts, classical literature and Confucian writings. Test takers further had to recite texts from memory, compose original works of poetry and prove their aptitude to write in elegant literary style. They also had to prove their ability to apply their learned knowledge to deal with problems in government and administration.
At first, the imperial exams were organised on 2 different levels, locally and by the central imperial government. Later, a third provincial level was added in between. These 3 different exams were held in succession every 3 years (first locally, then at the provincial level and finally the imperial level at the capital).
Statistically on average, only about 10 percent of the test takers passed the exam successfully. For example in an average year, about 300.000 individuals would attempt to pass the exam at the local level. Possibly hundreds of thousands more individuals nationwide had tried to prepare for this first exam, but hadn't been able to pass a preliminary test, that was meant to weed out insufficiently educated individuals before the first local imperial exams. Of the ones that were admitted to the first exam, about 30.000 would make it to the next provincial level the following year. Yet another year later, the best 3.000 of those would try to pass the highest level at the capital. The best 300 would then be recruited into high government positions.
Imperial Civil Service Examination during the Song Dynasty
Imperial Civil Service Examination during the Song Dynasty (11th century illustration)
Even individuals who didn't pass the entry level test were nevertheless regarded as educated gentlemen in their local communities, simply by finding the time and devotion and financial resources to devote their lives to study. Even though theoretically eligible, few sons of artisans or peasants even attempted to prepare for these exams. The lives of most of these common families were still centered upon the generation of wealth for their survival.
Interestingly, merchants and their sons and grandsons (who could have afforded the costly exam preparations) were strictly banned from taking the imperial exams. Their class was not well regarded in Chinese society, since they didn't create any value of their own, but enriched themselves by trading the products that other people had created.
Merchant stalls along the road
Merchant stalls along the road (Close-up detail of the famous Song dynasty painting by Zhang Zeduan "Along the River during Qingming Festival")
A few other groups of society were excluded as well, most notably women (whose role in society was further constrained by legal changes in their disfavour and the emerging custom of foot binding), but also actors and people who worked with leather and those in contact with dead bodies.
Formerly, only members of the professional administrative elite were considered part of the shi class, that consisted almost exclusively of individuals of aristocratic descent (and membership of the aristocracy was hereditary). The shi class now became a kind of elite literati class with a shared literate culture to which all people were thought to belong, who had prepared for and taken the imperial examinations (even individuals who hadn't passed them).
detail of Song dynasty painting - An Elegant Party - showing a small Chinese banquet hosted by the emperor for scholar-officials
detail of painting "An Elegant Party" attributed to Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100 – 1125 AD), showing a small Chinese banquet hosted by the emperor for scholar-officials
In theory, almost every man (with the above mentioned exceptions) could attain the elite status of being regarded as an educated gentleman (belonging to the shi class) by virtue of taking the imperial examinations. Altogether, it is estimated that between 5 and 6 percent of the Chinese population (including the families of these educated gentlemen) belonged to this educated elite.
After the importance of the imperial examinations was raised during the early 11th century, they very quickly became the center of the cultural life of educated gentlemen, which would remain so until the early 20th century. The 11th century became a period of great intellectual ferment, when the class of the literati began to question and search for its proper role in government, society and culture.
Song dynasty painting by Yan Liben of scholars collating classic texts
Song dynasty painting by Yan Liben of scholars collating classic texts (Click on the image to see it larger)
After having passed the first level of the imperial exams, an individual would suddenly find himself in a leadership position at the local level. The power and influence that could be obtained by passing the highest imperial level was enormously greater. The few individuals who attained this highest level of scholarly achievement by passing the imperial level exam were henceforth regarded as jinshi ("presented gentlemen" or "presented scholar").
Taking the exams had several practical advantages too. After qualifying to sit for the first exam (by passing the preliminary test) and for as long as one was involved in exam taking or preparation, one was exempt from corporal punishment (even for serious crimes) and corvée labour (a tax that people were conscripted to pay with labour) that ordinary people had to perform in addition to their payment of taxes (that were usually paid in grain).
Most exam takers probably dreamt of an influential role in government, but even the individuals who didn't pass the first local exam could still benefit from their scholarly efforts by finding employment as teachers at private academies (that proliferated), private tutors at the homes of the wealthy or secretaries/clerks (privately or for the government).
Building of the Yuelu Academy of Classical Learning in Changsha, Hunan province that was founded in 976 AD during the early Song dynasty
The examination culture also began to shape public discourse through the intellectual debates that it triggered. Based on the analysis of the central themes of surviving documents of these intellectual exchanges among the educated gentlemen of the literati class during the Song dynasty, we can now in retrospect classify 3 groups of these scholarly gentlemen (even though no such divisions existed during the Song dynasty).
The first group - Wenren ("literary gentlemen") - saw the vast Chinese literary textual tradition (historic texts, Confucian classics, poems and prose etc.) as a repository of knowledge and values that could be drawn upon to inspire, educate or influence one's way of thinking. In the tradition of Confucian scholars, these wenren sought to find and follow the dao (the right way) to accumulate the qualities and values that a good gentleman should possess. They sought to cultivate the gentlemanly and proper way of writing as a microcosm of a properly ordered world.
Contemporary Drawing of Ouyang Xiu
Contemporary Drawing of Ouyang Xiu
Contemporary Painting of Su Shi
Contemporary Painting of Su Shi
Out of the group of wenren, two famous examples are Ouyang Xiu (1007 AD - 1072 AD) and Su Shi (1037 AD - 1101 AD) a.k.a. Su Dongpo, who got acquainted with each other through the system of imperial examinations. In fact, Ouyang Xiu was the chief official for the highest level of the imperial examinations in the capital in the year 1059 AD. As an imperial examiner, Ouyang Xiu preferred the clear and straightforward Guwen style of prose that Su Shi practiced in his essays. Unsurprisingly then, Su Shi passed the exam with very high marks to earn his jinshi degree. Su Shi had assimilated his learned literary knowledge to such a degree, that his writing flowed naturally in the Guwen style without having to copy stylistic elements from Guwen role models like Han Yu.
The 2nd group of scholarly gentlemen - jingshi ("ordering the world", commonly translated as statecraft thinkers) - was also strongly influenced by the literary culture wen, but had the more practical goal of using this accumulated literary knowledge to find solutions to current problems of government, administration and political affairs. Two famous representatives of this line of thinking were Sima Guang (1019 AD - 1086 AD) and Wang Anshi (1021 AD - 1086 AD).
Contemporary painting of Sima Guang
painting of Sima Guang
Contemporary painting of Wang Anshi
painting of Wang Anshi
When Wang Anshi was the chief minister of the imperial government at the Northern Song capital of Bianjing (nowadays Kaifeng in Henan province) during the late 1060's and early 1070's, he launched a major reform program that was named "The New Policies". As a manifestation of his belief that the state should actively intervene in society as an agent for the good, "The New Policies" included the establishment of state-sponsored schools (where the boys from every social class could study) and fair agricultural loans to farmers.
Northern Song dynasty coin
Coin of Chong Ning Tongbao, dated 1102 - 1106 during the Northern Song dynasty. The calligraphy is "Slender Gold style" of Emperor Huizong of Song
Previously, it had been private moneylenders or wealthy landowning families that had provided these loans and many farmers were stuck in a situation of dependency to these creditors. Sima Guang was openly against these policies (he had resigned from government service into temporary retirement at Luoyang when Wang Anshi had been appointed chief minister) and did his best to dismantle them again when he took over the position of chief minister in the late 1070's.
In his opinion, the state shouldn't intervene in society and leave it up to the people, who had emerged as the natural leaders of society, to deal with these affairs.
This position was kind of self-serving, since it was precisely the class of the literati (that Sima Guang belonged to) that had emerged as the new privileged (and leading) class of society. The class of the shi usually owned vast areas of land and could therefore spare its sons from farm work to let them study and hopefully obtain a government position later on. These conflicting interests of the shi as both agents of government (that are supposed to ameliorate problems of society) and powerful landowners (that benefit from the current system) are highlighted by comparing Wang Anshi's and Sima Guang's vastly different positions.
Furthermore, there was an emerging group of literati, especially in the northern areas of the Song empire, that based their moral values upon their understanding of the natural underlying patterns and principles of the universe instead of relying on wen - the literary repository of knowledge.
the philosopher Cheng Hao
the philosopher Cheng Hao
the philosopher Zhang Zai
the philosopher Zhang Zai
This group of thinkers saw the concept of li - patterns or principles that occur in nature - as a more suitable moral inspiration to solve the problems of society, than the humanly constructed (and therefore potentially incomplete and/or flawed) concept of wen. They believed (just like Confucian thinkers) that there is a naturally occurring proper order and proper way (dao) that should guide one's moral values and actions. Famous examples of this group of thinkers are Shao Yong (1011 AD - 1077 AD), Zhang Zai (1020 AD - 1077 AD) and the brothers Cheng Yi (1033 AD - 1107 AD) and Cheng Hao (1032 AD - 1085 AD).
the philosopher Cheng Yi, illustration from a book published in 1743 by Shangguan Zhou
the philosopher Shao Yong, illustration from a book published in 1743 by Shangguan Zhou
The preoccupation of scholarly gentlemen with finding the right way also led to a change in artistic expression during this period. This elite, whose members were often employed as officials in the imperial administration, also saw the artistic fields of literature, poetry, calligraphy and painting as a part of the realm of the educated gentleman. Especially the art of painting underwent profound changes during the late 10th and early 11th century.
Previously until the Tang dynasty, paintings were meant to illustrate and narrate the stories that were a part of the literary cultural tradition wen. These paintings also often contained some kind of moral judgement, but the art of painting as a whole was clearly subordinate in importance to the literary culture wen.
During the early part of the Song dynasty (the Northern Song), the painting of natural scenes and landscapes supplanted the narrative and illustrative paintings of earlier periods in importance and popularity. The landscape painters of the Northern Song dynasty carefully observed their surrounding natural environment in order to be able to derive an understanding of the natural patterns and order of things - li - from it. Understanding this natural order, in which people played just a small subordinate role, was seen as a prerequisite to finding the right way to build a well - ordered society.
The Northern Song painters showed the subordinate role of people within the vastness of nature in monumental landscape paintings, that were usually dominated by gargantuan mountain and rock formations in the background. A misty middle ground then transitioned to a more detailed foreground with paths leading through nature, trodden by seemingly minuscule people on the way to and from places of habitation. Fan Kuan's monumental landscape painting "Travellers among Mountains and Streams" can be seen as a prime example for this trend.
landscape painting Travellers among Mountains and Streams by Fan Kuan
"Travellers among Mountains and Streams" by Fan Kuan (Click on the image to see it larger)
Natural landscape paintings were not the only type of paintings that enjoyed considerable popularity during this period. Bird and flower paintings as well as the painting of palace scenes (depicting the daily life at court) were popular as well.
painting Pigeon on a peach branch by Emperor Huizong
"Pigeon on a peach branch" by Emperor Huizong, Northern Song Dynasty, 1108 or 1109 AD
Many of the paintings that were created during the Northern Song period were commissioned by the emperor and/or imperial court. The educated people of this privileged group used these paintings to decorate their homes, offices etc. When visiting historic sights in China, you will see many paintings of this kind (especially landscape, flower and bird paintings) hanging on the walls of these old mansions, pavilions etc.
The Song dynasty didn't fight any major wars against their northern neighbour, the Liao dynasty, after their defeat in 1004 AD. And so it was mostly due to the Liao state's internal failures, that its power began to wane during the late 11th and early 12th century.
The Khitan rulers of the Liao dynasty had over time adopted the luxurious lifestyle of the wealthy Chinese. That had led to an increasing alienation and tension between the Khitan rulers and ordinary Khitan people, most of which continued their traditional frugal semi-nomadic lifestyle.
part of the 10th century Liao dynasty painting Rest Stop for the Khan
part of the 10th century Liao dynasty painting "Rest Stop for the Khan"
Furthermore, the revenue of the Khitan state had begun to decline. The largest part of its revenue had come from the wealthy Sixteen Prefectures. Large parts of the land within the Sixteen Prefectures had been granted along with a tax-exempt status to loyal followers by the Khitan emperor. When the Chinese population of the Sixteen Prefectures started to revolt during the late 11th and the beginning of the12th century, these financial problems resulted in the Khitan rulers inability to pay their military forces.
the Jurchen Jin dynasty's 1st Emperor Taizu (Wanyan Aguda)
the Jurchen Jin dynasty's 1st Emperor Taizu (Wanyan Aguda)
Unwilling to launch further military attacks of their own against the Khitan, the Chinese Song empire formed an alliance with the Jurchen people in 1121 AD. The Jurchen people, who lived north of the Khitan's Liao state, were the ancestors of the Manchu people, who much later founded the Qing dynasty. The various tribes of the Jurchen people had been united by the chieftain Wanyan Aguda and had afterwards launched a successful rebellion against the Khitan. In 1115 AD, Wanyan Aguda (a.k.a. Emperor Taizu of Jin) had already founded the Jin dynasty. Just when the Jurchen started to launch military campaigns against the Khitan in the 1120's, the Chinese Song empire simultaneously stopped the payment of subsidies to the Khitan in an effort to weaken them further.
By the mid 1120's, the aggressive Jurchen had defeated the weakened Khitan and were in firm control of their former territory. However, a sizable group of the Khitan had managed to flee just before the Jurchen conquest. This remaining force of the Khitan founded the Western Liao state (1124 AD - 1218 AD), also known as the Kara-Khitan Khanate, in Central Asia.
After defeating the Khitan, the Jurchen reneged on their earlier promise to return the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song state. Subsequent negotiations to solve this issue failed and the Jurchen continued their military campaigns further South into Song territory. Vast areas of North China, including the agriculturally wealthy North China Plain fell under Jurchen control.
Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Huizong of Song
Emperor Huizong of Song
The Southern Song Period
Kaifeng (then called Bianjing), the imperial capital of the Northern Song empire, was besieged twice (first in 1126 AD and again the year after) and the Song Emperor Qinzong, his father - the previous Song Emperor Huizong - and the majority of the members of the imperial court were captured and carried back North in captivity, never to return. However, a small contingent of members of the Song imperial court managed to flee to the South and thereby evade captivity.
Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty
Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty
That event marks the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty (1127 AD - 1279 AD). Zhao Gou, another younger son of the previous Song emperor Huizong, was then put on the imperial throne of the Song. He reigned as Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song dynasty until 1162 AD. At first, the remainder of the Song imperial court had to flee from one temporary capital in the south to another by the advancing Jurchen army.
Eventually, the Song army managed to regain its strength by mobilizing new recruits in the South of China and the advance of the Jurchen army was stopped.
The Chinese Southern Song dynasty and the Jin dynasty of the Jurchen people henceforth coexisted with the line of demarcation halfway between the Yellow River in the North and the Yangtze River in the South. The seaside city of Lin'an (nowadays Hangzhou in Zhejiang province) became the new capital of the Southern Song dynasty since Bianjing (nowadays Kaifeng in Henan province) remained in the hands of the Jurchen. The Chinese referred to Lin'an as a temporary capital in the hope of eventually being able to regain control of the North.
Map of China during the Southern Song dynasty in 1142 AD
Map of China during the Southern Song dynasty in 1142 AD (Click on the image to see it larger)
The loss of the Northern territories to non-Chinese invaders influenced the field of art as well. Landscape paintings of the Southern Song period usually depict the large mountains in the background in a less detailed and more minimalist way. Through this change in style, the artists could express their sense of loss over losing a part of the Chinese homeland in a symbolic way (with the mountains in the top, "northern" part of the painting representing the lost lands of the north).
Southern Song hanging scroll landscape painting
Southern Song hanging scroll landscape painting (Click on the image to see it larger)
illustration of general Yue Fei in a book that was published in 1921
In 1140 AD, a promising attempt to regain the North by the military general Yue Fei of the Southern Song dynasty was halted by Emperor Gaozong's order to return to the Song capital. Yue Fei was betrayed and executed in 1142 AD, but his reputation among the people grew to that of a patriotic hero.
The Yue Fei Temple, that was built in his honor (original construction in 1221 AD and reconstructed several times since), is nowadays a popular tourist attraction in Hangzhou (the Southern Song capital) and is located near the shore of Hangzhou's West Lake, one of the most popular tourist sites of China.
No other attempt to regain the North was made by the Southern Song, even though it remained the official political goal of the Song rulers.
Statue of General Yue Fei at the Yue Fei Temple in Hangzhou
Yue Fei Temple
The Yue Fei Temple stands at the foot of a hill next to Hangzhou's West Lake. The tomb of General Yue Fei - the Yue Fei Mausoleum - is a part of the temple complex.
Click here to learn more!
Just like the Khitan people before them, the Jurchen people also used a system of dual administration in their territories. They were greatly outnumbered by the Chinese and it is estimated that there were only about 1 million Jurchen people within the 60 million or so population of the Jin dynasty state. Therefore it is not surprising that the Jin dynasty became more and more Chinese within a generation or two, just like the Tuoba Wei dynasty centuries earlier. Many of the previously semi-nomadic Jurchen people who moved South from their ancestral homelands blended into the mainstream of society fairly quickly by adopting Chinese lifestyles and settling down as landowners.
The Southern Song dynasty holds a special place in Chinese history, because it developed economic and social characteristics that had never before existed in China. Its population was considerably larger than that of its northern neighbour, the Jin dynasty state. About 60 percent of the entire Chinese population lived in the Southern Song state at that time.
Longjing tea planting area near Hangzhou
Tea bushes for the famous Longjing tea (Dragon Well Tea). The Dragon Well, after which the tea is named, is located near the village of Longjing, a short bus ride away from the famous West Lake in Hangzhou (Zhejiang province). The tea was named Longjing tea during the Song dynasty.
Whereas the economy of the northern Jin dynasty state remained agrarian based, the economy of the Southern Song state underwent significant changes, most notably a period of local economic specialization. Certain cities and even entire areas began to specialize in the production of certain products and commodities. In this way, certain agricultural areas in Zhejiang and Hunan specialized in the production of tea, for which they are famous even in present times.
Travelers who like Chinese tea and plan to visit the former Song dynasty capital of Hangzhou are recommended to visit the Longjing village, which is a short bus ride away from Hangzhou's West Lake. The famous Longjing tea is still grown in this area and the Longjing Imperial Tea Garden makes for a pleasant day trip.
Statue of a giant tea pot at the Longjing Imperial Tea Garden in Longjing village near Hangzhou
Longjing Imperial Tea Garden
The Longjing Imperial Tea Garden is located near Hangzhou's West Lake. Once a favourite spot of the Qianlong Emperor, it is now regarded as the most famous tea garden in Longjing village.
Click here to learn more!
Jingdezhen porcelain funerary figurine made in the Song dynasty
Jingdezhen porcelain funerary figurine made in the Song dynasty
The Jiangnan region along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River became famous for the production of cotton and silk and the city of Jingdezhen in nowadays Jiangxi province became an industrial center for the production of ceramics, which it still is today.
These products and many other local specialties were then sold all over China and some of them even in regions as far away as Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. However, to feed their growing population, these specialized economic regions had to henceforth import grain and other foods from other parts of the country.
The government of the Southern Song state tried to facilitate the growth of its commercial economy by greatly expanding the money supply of copper coins and silver. The Song coins were so widely accepted, that they were even commonly used in Korea and Japan. Paper currency was in circulation then as well and was only phased out after the end of the Southern Song dynasty.
Song Dynasty paper money
Song Dynasty paper money
Chinese wedding sedan chair, probably from the later Qing dynasty
Chinese wedding sedan chair
This economic expansion greatly benefited the merchant class in China. Traditionally on the lowest rung of society according to the Confucian ideology, they quickly emerged as the new elite alongside the class of the literati, especially in the Jiangnan region. Instead of contenting themselves with a lower status in society, the mercantile elite adopted a lavish lifestyle, that became more and more similar to that of the landowning literati class. They built expansive mansions, wore fine garments and had themselves carried around in public in sedan chairs. Exempt from taking the imperial examinations themselves, they nevertheless aspired to the high status of the literati and became patrons of literature and the fine arts as well by buying books (and establishing libraries), paintings and calligraphic masterpieces.
Wealthy merchants participated in public service activities, often alongside members of the literati, and donated money to charities and/or Buddhist monasteries. The distinction between the town or city-based merchant and landowning literati class began to blur even further, when many wealthy merchants began to buy land and moved out of the towns or cities (that had made them rich).
The North - South division of China during the periods of the Jin and Southern Song dynasty had profound psychological implications as well. Whereas most previous members of the literati elite saw themselves as Chinese first and residents of a certain area second, the educated elite's psychological focus on national unity now became increasingly secondary to regional affiliations, particularly in literati families in the Southern Song state.
Song dynasty map of Bianjing
Song dynasty map of Bianjing
That can be clearly seen in the way marriages were arranged between different literati families. Before the Jurchen invasion, the Song dynasty capital of Bianjing (nowadays Kaifeng in Henan province) had served as a kind of nationwide marriage market for literati families. Many literati families had maintained secondary residences there (government officials had to come to the imperial capital every 3 years for personal evaluation before reassignment) and often arranged marriages for their children (arranged marriages were the norm then!) during their extended visits with other literati families from all over the empire. During the Southern Song dynasty however, most marriages between literati families were arranged locally (often within the same local prefecture).
Model of Bianjing during the Song Dynasty
Model of Bianjing during the Song Dynasty
A further example for the predominantly local focus of the educated literati elite during the Southern Song dynasty was their increasing involvement in the affairs of their local society (e.g. the organisation of public works, local security, privately funded schools and academies).
The philosophical efforts by many thinkers during the Northern Song dynasty in the 11th century had continued and culminated during the Southern Song dynasty in the emergence of Neo-Confucianism (in China known as: Daoxue - the Learning of the Way, dao=way, xue=study or learning), which soon after became the dominant ideology of the Chinese empire.
the philosopher Zhu Xi
the philosopher Zhu Xi
The philosopher Zhu Xi (1130 AD - 1200 AD) was the leading figure in this development, in that he managed to create a coherent philosophy out of the many different ideas of the many cosmological thinkers during the Northern Song dynasty. His philosophy of Daoxue began to find major acceptance at the imperial level in the 1240's. Near the Song dynasty's end, it was already the dominant school of thought as the officially recognized version of Confucianism. The philosophy of Daoxue henceforth occupied a very prominent place in the intellectual (including the imperial examination system) and political culture of China's later imperial history.
Just like popular philosophies in previous times, Daoxue was concerned with creating a well-ordered world, populated with morally virtuous jun zi = gentlemen. It advocated a dual approach to achieve this goal. The study of wen (literary texts from the past) again played a prominent role with a clearly defined curriculum, but the observation of and interaction with li (natural patterns and principles) was seen as even more important as a base for deriving moral values.
Han dynasty mural painting of the mythical Emperor Shun
Han dynasty mural painting of the mythical Emperor Shun
Zhu Xi saw his philosophy of Daoxue as a return to the proper order of the ancient past, when the legendary (but probably mythological) emperors Yao and Shun had created their well-ordered world. He reminded his students, that the study of wen alone could never give them a full understanding of the wisdom and values of the ancient sages, but only serve as a useful approach to a full understanding, by studying how people in the past had understood these insights.
Song dynasty painting by Ma Lin of the mythical Emperor Yao
Song dynasty painting by Ma Lin of the mythical Emperor Yao
Zhu Xi saw the ancient knowledge (of Confucianism and the ancient sages) obscured by the common practice of interpreting and commenting upon these texts. He therefore advocated for the direct study of these texts and specifically selected four classic texts as the basis for his educational program and philosophy. The following four texts were thought to contain all the relevant basic ideas and concepts of Daoxue. However, Zhu Xi's students were certainly allowed to expand their study through supplemental reading, if they so desired.
1. The Analects of Confucius - in which his students had written down their master's sayings posthumously (Confucius hadn't written any books by himself and had taught his wisdom orally.)
2. The Book of Mencius - in which the famous sage had interpreted and expanded the ideas of Confucius
The 3rd and 4th book that Zhu Xi recommended were both a selection of chapters out of a larger text, the "Liji - The Record of Ritual Activity", which was a description of the ritual order of the early Zhou dynasty.
3. The Doctrine of the Mean
4. Daxue - The Great Learning - which refers to the ancient sage kings Yao and Shun and their desire to order the world properly around themselves. In its preface, it proclaims its goal of showing the right way - dao - of great learning in order to enable its students to become virtuous gentlemen, who act and behave properly in a virtuous world.
11th century Song dynasty painting showing a Chinese scholar in a meadow
11th century Song dynasty painting showing a Chinese scholar in a meadow
According to Zhu Xi, the educated gentleman - jun zi - had a prominent role to play in the betterment of the world through his constant quest to self-cultivate his own moral virtues. However, Zhu Xi didn't regard this concern with moral self-cultivation as only the prerogative of the educated upper classes of society. In his opinion, all people from all social classes should be constantly concerned with their own self - cultivation, but the gentlemen should serve as a kind of role model in this process.
Zhu Xi thought, that this ongoing process of self - cultivation would purify one's qi (both known as a life energy and what gives things their material existence), which would enable people to observe and understand the underlying natural patterns and principles - li - more clearly. Therefore, people could then conduct themselves in the proper way - dao - that is in harmony with these natural patterns and principles.
Zhu Xi's process of self - cultivation consists of several steps which should be undertaken constantly and simultaneously.
1. The thorough investigation of things - gewu - helps people to gain new knowledge and with this new information, the thinking process becomes clearer.
2. With a clearer awareness and consciousness, people can then work on the cultivation of their own moral qualities.
3. People will become more virtuous and will have an easier time bringing order (of a higher quality) to their families.
4. A society of properly ordered families was thought to bring order to the state/country and properly ordered states/countries bring order to the world.
painting by Vassily Maximov (1844-1911) - Mongols at the Walls of Vladimir
The Southern Song dynasty's last decades were spent trying to resist the increasing threat of Mongol invasion. Chinese History Digest's summary of China's history continues in the next section with the period of the Yuan dynasty. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '66', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9727502465248108}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '76842', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3PV65KSQHY65GIDWH7KOJIWZ3LCK7COJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7c6e73a1-89c7-47e9-a396-406727f5832a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 5, 54, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.156.59.2', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TDSIRTAECZ5XYZPO342AJDCJGOEZQ7II', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fee993e1-463d-4911-ab0d-d9f8dae15aff>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.chinesehistorydigest.com/song-dynasty/overview-song-dynasty', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d836fd4-64ee-4b05-8a8c-3a5be508ed05>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '6543', 'url': 'http://www.chinesehistorydigest.com/song-dynasty/overview-song-dynasty', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-100-67.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11038148403167725', 'original_id': 'eec3f8343a69f94c6ded678ea74828136b2f4264a560f785beb5c7519b4da037'} |
Why You Should Consider CBD Topicals
If you’re looking for a great way to help improve your skin, there is no better solution than using Balance CBD Topicals. These all-natural, non-toxic topical products are created based on the active plant compound, CBD. The benefits of this compound have been recognized by the medical community because it has shown signs of reducing seizures, reducing anxiety and improving moods.
Several topical preparations include CBD, but some use other plant extracts instead. Topical formulas typically contain several natural skin care ingredients, including essential oils, herbal extracts, vitamins, and other medicinal ingredients. But sometimes, manufacturers choose to substitute one or more of those ingredients for CBD. Why would they do that? There are several reasons.
In order for CBD topicals to work properly, they must contain the specific ingredients that make CBD “cannabis-incomplete.” CBD is a form of the medical compound THC, which is extracted from cannabis plants. However, the CBD is actually a plant compound in its purest form, without any of the extra chemicals that give marijuana its particular flavor and scent. So, for it to be effective as an anti-inflammatory, it needs to contain some of the same healing properties found in hemp plants, which include the compounds THC and CBD. However, when manufacturers substitute CBD for THCA (tetroheptocannabinoids), they are only making a half-hearted attempt to duplicate the benefits of CBD.
Another reason why manufacturers may try to shorten the name of their product is because they are cheaper to produce. That doesn’t mean they’re any less effective. In fact, CBD topicals have proven to be just as effective as most other topical creams and lotions. They are not necessarily better, though. On the contrary, they can be just as effective, if not more so.
So, do you really need CBD topicals? If you have an inflammation problem that has become chronic, you should definitely consider giving them a shot. You can even get them in lotion or cream form. But, if you’re looking for an immediate relief of pain, joint stiffness, migraines, inflammation, or just general discomfort, then you’re probably better off getting CBD creams and gels. They work faster than topical prescription pain relievers, and, again, they are a whole lot cheaper.
If you suffer from arthritis, eczema, psoriasis, joint pain, or any number of conditions that require topical application, then you shouldn’t ignore the potential benefits of CBD topicals. They might not be exactly the same as your prescription ointments and balms, but you’ll likely find that they work just as well and cost less. In fact, there are some great CBD lotions and balms on the market right now that can help you treat conditions that other pharmaceutical products might not be able to successfully treat. You simply have to keep your eyes open. As time goes on, more research is being done on CBD and it’s possible that the benefits of this little-known natural ingredient will explode over the next few years!
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The story of Butler, the tiny Indiana school whose men's basketball team waltzed in glass slippers to the NCAA championship game in 2010 and again in 2011, is already one of the sport's classic fairy tales. Another carriage awaits this March: The Bulldogs have been ranked in the top 25 since mid-December.
Guard Rotnei Clarke fouls St. Bonaventure's Charlon Kloof in Butler's 77-58 win on Feb. 6. Associated Press
But the twist here is that when you analyze the game tapes, Butler starts to look less like Cinderella and more like a gang of evil stepsisters—assuming those stepsisters had spent some time in the gym working out with the heavy bag.
The Butler Bulldogs are known as bullies. Butler's signature brand of defense—bumping cutters, fighting through screens and generally bruising their way around the court—is so physical that former players still get an earful from past victims. "People complained about it a little bit," said Utah Jazz forward Gordon Hayward, a Butler product.
How does Butler manage to sustain this style of play? Shelvin Mack, now in the NBA's Development League, explains it this way: "It's not like the ref is going to come down and call a foul every possession."
To be clear, this isn't some grand conspiracy hatched by Butler coach Brad Stevens from a hidden lair beneath Hinkle Fieldhouse. The last thing Stevens wants his players to do is send the other team to the free-throw line. "You have to play physical without fouling," he said, "and there's a fine line between the two."
As it turns out, Butler's vice is actually a virtue: The team has a well-deserved reputation for knowing how to foul without fouling.
In fact, few college teams have better defensive habits. Stevens preaches the tao of "getting low," which means Butler's guards defend with their chests and legs, not their hands. The result: referees are less likely to whistle them for fouls. Getting low also affords Butler's post players leverage in the paint. "The lower you are, in my opinion, the less it looks like you're fouling," said Ronald Nored, Butler's steals leader in 2010 and 2011.
The other thing Butler does so sneakily well on defense is even more basic. "They're as good as anybody in the country at getting into position," said ESPN analyst Dan Dakich. Stevens instructs his players to take their defensive spots early, hold them throughout the possession and always keep the ball in front of them. Instead of pressing for steals, Butler sets its half-court defense and prevents second-chance points by protecting the glass (Butler has ranked among the top 40 teams in defensive-rebounding percentage in each of the last five seasons, according to
This year's Butler team, which plays Virginia Commonwealth Saturday in a rematch of the 2011 national semifinal, is an anomaly: a team that's better on offense than defense. But Stevens, who is 62-16 in February and beyond, said it takes until roughly this point in the season for his players to fully grasp his defense.
Often, Butler seems to benefit from the fact that referees tend to swallow their whistles in big games, like during its Dec. 15 upset of No. 1 Indiana. Butler also stakes an advantage in games by dictating the style of play. "The refs always favor the more aggressive team," said Willie Veasley, a Butler starter in 2010. "We were always more aggressive."
What makes Butler's roughhousing especially fascinating is that it reflects the current state of college basketball. ESPN analyst Jay Bilas, a loud critic of college officiating, said referees defer to defenses by permitting too much contact. Unlike the NBA, he said, players on offense have a hard time cutting because those cuts are often disrupted. As for Butler's style, he said, "I don't blame any coach or any player for doing that."
By now, Butler's defense is its hallmark. In 2000, when Stevens joined Butler's staff as a volunteer, players already were wearing T-shirts stamped with the motto "the toughest team sets the rules." Stevens said he borrowed another phrase, "the game honors toughness," from a fellow coach in Indiana. "You have to have a defensive mind-set when things aren't going your way," he said. "You can't just make that up on the fly. It has to be ingrained."
Butler also practices playing through contact with scrimmages that can be vicious, "almost like a slugfest," said Matt Howard, Butler's leading scorer and rebounder in 2011. In those intrasquads, coaches aren't exactly quick with their whistles. "There were times when they would tell the other team to foul, hold, scratch, claw—anything you can do to simulate what it'll be like in a game," said Pete Campbell, a Butler guard in 2007 and 2008.
This vigorous style isn't exclusive to Butler, but other teams find it hard to replicate. Brandon Crone, who played for Butler from 2003 to 2007, tried bringing its play-on approach to Division-II Nova Southeastern University when he was hired as an assistant coach. "You get five or six guys crying about a call," Crone said. "We never saw that at Butler."
Butler is still called for more than its fair share of fouls. Stevens's teams have averaged 18.2 per game since the 2008 season. Among the 10 coaches with the most NCAA tournament games in that time, Stevens has heard the most whistles. Nored said he found one big difference between Butler's two runs to the national-title game. The first year, he said, "there was a lot of fouling I knew how to get away with." The next time, he said, officials had caught on. "I was getting all kinds of foul calls for doing the same stuff."
Write to Ben Cohen at | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.981786012649536}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '100796', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MY2NT2VX5SNNQ4R3TOHUDIHMXE3VFFGC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7068d0bf-6832-4c4a-88c0-82871018c726>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 1, 23, 17, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '205.203.132.65', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MD6AURRZGNJ4QEXCOM2XJWCTPXKE4U3A', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9ff19f2a-dd09-49af-8287-392aacfa4239>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323978104578332540900800374?mod=WSJ_article_MoreIn_SportsMain&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323978104578332540900800374.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_article_MoreIn_SportsMain', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d18a70c2-fe63-4835-9b63-a25e4fa8d2f9>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '929', 'url': 'http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323978104578332540900800374?mod=WSJ_article_MoreIn_SportsMain&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323978104578332540900800374.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_article_MoreIn_SportsMain', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0761263370513916', 'original_id': 'd4bb3e94a98c98ad279e25b839269f4a86b4f8cd8291d63876edd0f200d5e924'} |
What Inspires You To Create Content?
I wrote yesterday about doing work one loves.
I recently applied to become a SheKnows Expert (and I was accepted! Yay!) and one of the questions the application asked is, What inspires you to create content?
I hadn’t thought about it before, so I was glad for the question. There’s not a particular person or cause that pushes me to write or create something, but merely the feeling I get when I create something like a good post or article. I feel strong and energized, like I can do anything, and I like making things happen.
Why do you create things?
Okay, your turn.
WordPress.com Logo
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
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Chicago Apartment Rent Interview Tips and Questions Chicago Apartments
Five Interview Tips
• Get a headstart. Save time-and stand out in a crowd of applicants-by bringing a copy of your credit report and a completed rental application to your interviews.
• Don't miss the bus. It's better to arrive early than to be late for an interview appointment. As with job interviews, first impressions are often lasting.
• Let there be light. Visit prospective apartments in the daytime so you'll know how much natural light to expect and any problems will be easier to see. Drive through the neighborhood at night to see outdoor lighting and street culture.
• Measure up. Record the sizes of your big-ticket furniture, and bring a tape measure with you to measure apartment doors. If you find a great apartment but it's too small for all of your stuff, decide in advance what you'd be willing to sell, store or get rid of so you aren't held back by indecision.
• Sell yourself. Apartment searches aren't really the best time for club-kid duds, dark-angel Goth or bedhead casual. You'll be meeting prospective landlords, so however you dress, you want to give the impression that you'll be on time with your rent and you'll be a good caretaker of the apartment.
15 questions to potential landlords
Be sure that the answers to questions 1-12 are covered in or added to your rental agreement. And don't leave without a copy of any amendments-it's worth a detour to the local copy center.
1. When is the unit available?
If the move-in date is impractical for you, ask if it's negotiable so that you don't pay for unoccupied time. Is the apartment currently occupied? Will the landlord arrange for you to talk with the current occupant or other tenants?
2. Is the lease agreement month-to-month or year-to-year?
Most leases are the latter, but in college or military neighborhoods, or upon request, you may be able to negotiate for a month-to-month lease.
3. How much are rent and deposit fees, and when is rent due?
A typical deposit includes "first, last and security": You pay the first and last month's rent up front, as well as a security (damage) deposit that's partially or fully refundable after you move out. If there's a nonrefundable screening fee, is it negotiable if you bring your own credit report?
5. Is there a grace period after the monthly rental due date?
6. What are the terms for renewing the lease?
Can you move into an apartment you like better if one becomes vacant?
7. Are pets allowed?
If a landlord is skeptical about pets, offer to pay a nonrefundable pet deposit or discuss other compromises to help him or her feel comfortable. If a pet-deposit policy is in place, is it refundable if there's no pet damage when you move out?
8. Are any utilities included in your agreement?
What are typical bill amounts in different seasons?
Do you need to make your own arrangements for hookups?
It's preferable to have your own utility accounts rather than making payments to your landlord-you'll avoid "trust issues," and on-time payments will help your credit rating.
9. Are you allowed to have roommates?
What is the policy on subletting?
10. Can you paint the walls or make other decorating changes?
11. Are you allowed to run a home business from your apartment?
12. Will you be responsible for any property maintenance?
Is there an office onsite or a 24-hour phone number in case of emergency?
13. How is garbage removal handled? Is recycling available?
14. Who are the other building residents, especially those who share your walls or live above and below you?
15. How does the landlord handle noise violations?
Does the building tend to be quiet, or is it Party Central?
How about the neighborhood traffic, noise level and crime rate?
16. How close are the nearest public transportation, post office, grocery stores, banks and restaurants?
Written by Sally Anderson
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Morgan Wallen Shares Story Behind Eric Church's Song On New Album
Morgan Wallen's much-anticipated double album Dangerous dropped today. To celebrate the release, he stopped by The Bobby Bones Show to perform some of the songs on the album, talk about the Walmart leak, and share some stories behind some of the new songs.
There's been a lot of excitement around Wallen's double album. So much so that Walmart accidentally leaked his album days ahead of the official release. Ironically though, Wallen confessed that he thought about doing something like a leak on purpose, but obviously this situation wasn't on purpose. Also in talking about the new album, Wallen shared that he wrote around 100 songs over the course of about 2.5 years for this album. And right when quarantine started, he wrote 6 songs that he felt were worth recording for the album. His decision to do a double album instead of just putting out a normal record had to do with his fans and the pandemic. He feels that people want more music right now, even more than usual. Wallen confessed that a lot of his songs come from his personal experience whether it happened to him or he heard it during conversations with friends.
Wallen's song "More Than My Hometown" was written with fellow artist Hardy, who grew up in a similar hometown to Wallen. He grew up in Tennessee, spending a lot of time growing up in Sneedville and Knoxville. Sneedville actually wants to put up a "Hometown of Morgan Wallen" sign, but they're concerned about someone stealing it. He confessed that since putting his hometown sign as the cover for the single "More Than My Hometown," people have stolen just the city sign.
"Sand In My Boots" is one of Wallen's favorite songs on the album. But another one close to his heart is the song written by Eric Church, Luke Laird, and Josh Thompson called "Quittin' Time." Laird was out on the road and heard Wallen mention Church during one of his performances. So after the show, he played some of the songs he had written with Church. That's when Wallen heard "Quittin' Time" for the first time and immediately wanted to record it for his album. Also on the record, Wallen's mix of "Heartless." The song features more standard instruments rather than the more pop original version with Diplo. And already released, fan favorite "Somebody's Problem" barely made the record. Wallen confessed that he already recorded 31 songs and "Somebody's Problem" was the very last one he recorded. But he ended up loving the song, and shared that it seemed unique compared to the rest so he wanted to add it.
Fans can expect all the love songs on Side 1 of his album, and shared that they do all play from his past experiences. But he has nothing happening in his love life currently. As for the thoughts he has had over his career, Wallen shared that he never really had doubts about his career becoming successful. He never lets bad thoughts come into his mind when it comes to his career and it's worked out well for him so far.
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I have some minute-bar data which my professor suggested I resample to 5 minute bars and then separate it into timeseries per bar period. For example, I get one time series for 12:00, another one for 12:05 etc. Then a single timeseries would have changing date component but the time would be the same:
2019-12-02 12:05:00, 10.10
2019-12-03 12:05:00, 10.35
2019-12-04 12:05:00, 11.18
2019-12-05 12:05:00, 11.90
2019-12-06 12:05:00, 10.30
He then suggested I do a linear regression between these timeseries suggesting this would help me find patterns. Before I speak to him further about this, I would be interested to learn more on how one uses linear regression to uncover patterns.
You should come up with some relationship you want to explore. For example maybe you think that the t+1 observation depends linearly in some way on the last (t) observation. Then you would regress the t+1 observation on the t observation and examine the fit. Maybe you think that the sum of the last 5 observations has a relationship to the t+1 observation. Then you would regress the t+1 on the sum of the last 5, etc.
• 1
$\begingroup$ Hi: You should not use linear regression on prices. ( prices are far from stationary and regression assumes stationarity of the thing being predicted ). Assuming your professor is not aware of this, then you're probably better off speaking to someone who is more familiar with the field of pattern discovery in finance. $\endgroup$ – mark leeds Feb 15 '20 at 16:51
Your Answer
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Preventing Rust and Corrosion
Anytime there is metal involved in a project, there is a possibility of rust. This can present a challenge not only to appearance of the project, but also to the piece’s overall structural integrity. When iron is exposed to oxygen through air or water, rust and corrosion may start to take hold. There are a few ways to combat rust, but it is best to prevent it from forming in the first place.
Ways to Prevent Rust
Here are a few suggestions for how you can work to keep rust and corrosion from destroying your project.
Use Rust and Corrosion Resistant Alloys
There are certain metals, such as stainless steel, that are naturally resistant to rust because of their chemical makeup. For example, stainless steels have chromium added to them. The chromium combines with oxygen to form a passive layer which protects the steel from corrosion. What’s really great about this protective layer is that it can fix itself if damaged. However, this does not mean that stainless steel is completely impervious to corrosion as exposure to extreme environments (such as salt water) can still cause stainless steel to corrode. Before you begin a project, it is important to weigh your options as far as what metals and materials you will use and how they interact with the given environment in which they will exist.
Intelligent Design
Aside from choosing a corrosion resistant metal, a lot can be accomplished to combat rust through smart design. No matter the structure you are creating, make sure to limit the number of cavities and crevices in which water could easily collect. It is better to weld joints than to bolt them together as water can penetrate the spaces underneath bolts and washers and eventually cause them to fail. You should also prioritize making all spaces open to make future maintenance as easy as possible, so rust can be addressed as soon as it is discovered.
Painting is a great, low-cost way to protect against rust. The paint forms a protective barrier between the metal and corrosive elements. Oil-based paints are the best choice if you are trying to prevent water and oxygen from penetrating the metal and causing corrosion. Keep in mind that you will have to regularly monitor the quality of the paint. As soon as the paint chips or becomes damaged, the metal underneath will become more susceptible to corrosion.
Powder Coating
Another great option to protect your piece is to have it powder coated. This is the process of applying a dry powder via spraying and then heating it, so it forms a thin, protective film.
At Yarbrough Industries, we have experts to help you through the process to ensure your project lasts.
Make sure to contact us about any metal fabrication and machining questions you may have! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '221', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9528101086616516}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97917', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z67EBNVRYDU3AXGKIN7WLHSYMRRORTJD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:244332ed-8342-4d20-90ab-b67acd490a49>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 16, 1, 17, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.209.172.30', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RCM56MIZI3GSK6HHAMFRMKOXECXPCV2G', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ec17cc48-9bb5-4b48-8a6f-9402a1cd023e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.yarbroughindustries.com/tag/metal-projects/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:24941c87-c913-4937-aeb7-d358e8f8044a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '501', 'url': 'https://www.yarbroughindustries.com/tag/metal-projects/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-29\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-211.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06838667392730713', 'original_id': 'f07cacf8d0a4ee80ec1fe0492073e895c8bccd8db43669ca012713ef46bb46ff'} |
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Report Reveals South Korea's Elite Stash Billions in Tax Havens
An investigation by a group of independent journalists have discovered that a number of high-profile figures in South Korea, including the ex-president's son and major corporate moguls, are allegedly evading taxes through a paper-company scheme in offshore tax havens, such as the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean and the Cook Islands in the Pacific.
South Korean independent journalism site NewsTapa together with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJunveiled 245 names of South Koreans who allegedly have founded paper companies in the islands to avoid paying taxes. Among those listed are executives of Samsung Group and a former executive at conglomerate Daewoo Corp and the total amount of wealth hidden amounts to [ko] 870 trillion won (770 billion US dollars).
The latest report [ko], published on June 3, 2013 disclosed that the eldest son of former South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan is also suspected of tax evasion. Chun, who served as president from 1980 to 1988, is notorious for suppressing democracy and press freedom for over a decade and directing the Gwang-ju massacre. Chun famously said [ko] in 2003, when asked to pay massive fines associated with the multiple murder charges and bribery allegations he was facing, that all he had was 290,000 Korean won (about 260 US dollars) and a Korean Jindo dog.
Web users have flooded online venues calling for tough actions against those suspected of tax evasion and praising the investigative journalists who made this revelation possible.
Journalist @welovehani highlighted and summarised [ko] a part of the NewsTapa report:
@welovehani: 뉴스타파 “전두환 아들 전재국씨가 2004년 7월 28일 버진아일랜드에 페이퍼컴퍼니 설립. 이 때는 전두환 차남 전재용씨에 대한 검찰의 비자금 수사가 이뤄진 시기와 일치”
@welovehani: NewsTapa reported “Chun Doo-hwan's son Chun Jae-guk founded a paper company in the British Virgin Island on July 28, 2004. It is when the prosecutor's office investigation on the slush funds of Chun's younger son, Chun Jae-young was underway.”
Influential Twitter user @mettayoon‘s tweet [ko] has been retweeted more than 100 times:
@mettayoon: 뉴스타파 최승호 앵커의 클로징. “부디 정부가 전두환씨의 모든 재산을 찾아 추징하고 이땅에 정의가 살아있음을 보여주길 바랍니다.”
@mettayoon: This was NewsTapa anchor's closing comment: “The government needs to prove that justice is still alive in this country by unearthing all of Chun Doo-hwan's [hidden] property and charging taxes on them.
Net users have filed an online petition [ko] on Daum Agora, calling for severe punishment for those suspected of illegal tax evasion. More than 1,000 people have signed as of June 3, 2013:
재벌들은 세금을 안내도 버젓히 목에 힘주고 돌아다니는 이상한 나라! 버진아일랜드에 재벌들이 숨긴 870조를 국민의 손으로 환수합시다 [...] prairie 서명합니다. 떳떳하게 세금내는 사람만 바보가 되는 현실 바꿔 봅시다.
This is ridiculous that chaebol conglomerates, even after refusing to pay taxes, still roam free, holding their heads up high. We the people need to take back [the total of] 870 trillion Korean Won (770 billion US dollars) worth of chaebols hidden in the Virgin Islands. [...] [net user ID] prairie commented below: I signed this petition. We need to change this situation where people who pay their taxes as they should are being treated as idiots.
Lawyer Lee Jae-hwa (@jhohmylaw) [ko] wrote that authorities should not delay looking into the revelations:
@jhohmylaw: 뉴스타파가 조세피난처에 페이퍼컴퍼니를 설립한 명단을 공개했다. 조세포탈범행의 결정적 수사단서다. 검찰과 국세청은 더 이상 머뭇거리지 말고 뉴스타파가 공개한 대상기업과 임원의 조세포탈 및 국외재산도피죄에 대한 수사에 착수해야 한다.
@jhohmylaw: NewsTapa unveiled a list of names who built paper companies in a tax haven. This can be critical evidence in an investigation. The prosecutor's office and the National Tax Service should no longer be procrastinating and forge ahead investigating those companies and corporate executives suspected of tax evasion and check whether if the “offshore tax evasion charge” can be applied to them.
Twitter user @sinbi2010 slammed [ko] corporations for stashing their millions while ordinary people feel the economic pinch:
@sinbi2010: 뉴스타파 기사를 보면 조세피난처 버진아일랜드에 돈을 숨긴 약 245명의 870조 중 많은 부분이 IMF 금융위기 때 빼돌렸다. 국민은 금을 모아 나라를 살리고자 했으며 노동자들은 명퇴 조기퇴직 구조조정을 감수 해야 했다.재벌들은 돈을 꼼치고 있었다.
@sinbi2010: According to NewsTapa's article on the 245 people who hid 870 trillion won (770 billion US dollars) in a tax haven, they stashed that money in the haven during the IMF Crisis [note: the term refers to the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis during which South Korea was both rescued and supervised by the International Monetary Fund] While ordinary citizens sold their gold to help the country in crisis and laborers were forced to leave early and became victims of mass layoffs, corporations have hoarded and stashed the money.
Lavish praise has been heaped on NewsTapa, or Korea Center for Investigative Journalism, which is a non-profit, independent investigative journalism site founded by journalists dismissed from network TV for taking anti-government stances during the Lee Myung-bak's administration from 2008 to 2013.
NewsTapa Editor-in-Chief Kim Yong-jin (@kbsmuckrakertweeted [ko] after uploading its video report on YouTube:
@kbsmuckraker:뉴스타파 조세피난처 탐사리포트 유튜브에도 올렸습니다..기자 27년하면서 비밀기록 많이 봤지만 이런건 처음입니다. 많이 공유해 주시길.
@kbsmuckraker: I've uploaded NewsTapa's investigative reports on tax havens on YouTube. Even for me, who has seen numerous confidential documents while working as a journalist for 27 years, this is something I've never seen. Please share it with many others.
* NewsTapa Content contents are CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 protected. English subtitles are not yet unavailable.
Twitter user @ariul202 criticized the mainstream media [ko] for keeping silent while this revelation was made by a young, small news site:
@ariul202:비영리 독립언론 “뉴스타파”가 연일 조세피난처에 페이퍼컴퍼니를 운영한 파렴치한들 을 발표하건 만, 메이져 언론사란 작자들과, 국세청은 뭐하는가?[...]
@ariul202: While a non-profit, independent journalism site, “NewsTapa”, releases names of those bastards who run a paper company in a tax haven, where were the mainstream media and the National Tax Service? [...]
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No thanks, show me the site | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8442525267601013}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '138137', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZVT2KN5CRU63JA4PNMZZ7WRSTLK4TRPH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8f17381f-901f-4518-8e4d-bc924c10b555>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 30, 1, 37, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.249.186.50', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EZWLD7KOKOJEKLTAHQWIWHTJV36RP7CH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f6993304-87a9-40a3-b203-3e58a92d377e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/06/03/report-reveals-south-koreas-elite-stash-billions-in-tax-havens/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b3fc11a3-fe57-4481-aeed-af8b2521f144>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '930', 'url': 'http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/06/03/report-reveals-south-koreas-elite-stash-billions-in-tax-havens/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024915337562561035', 'original_id': '4a7c5bce19d238924ff65a5724e708960cd738b000caf759ce7ad546e29c9925'} |
KTEP - El Paso, Texas
Deep Ties Between Russia And The West Make Sanctions Risky
Mar 4, 2014
Originally published on March 4, 2014 4:31 pm
And I'm Melissa Block.
The United States is pledging a billion dollars in loan guarantees to Ukraine. It's part of a multinational effort to help stabilize the country's new government. Ukraine was facing deep economic troubles even before the current standoff with Russia. And we're going to spend a few minutes now unpacking the financial aspects of this story. We'll start the question of economic sanctions against Russia. President Obama has warned of possible sanctions if Russia keeps troops in Crimea.
But to have teeth, those sanctions would require the cooperation of European allies. And as NPR's Jim Zarroli reports, that might be hard to come by.
JIM ZARROLI, BYLINE: Russia's economy is heavily dependent on selling commodities such as oil, natural gas, nickel and plutonium, and much of it goes to the West, particularly to Europe.
Robert Kahn, of the Council on Foreign Relations, says that gives the West a certain leverage over Russia.
ROBERT KAHN: But, of course, that leverage is double-edged. We depend on them just as they depend on us.
ZARROLI: Russia may need Europe but Europe also badly needs Russia. And Russia has shown in the past that it's willing to play hardball when it comes to energy. Twice in the 1990s it cut off its gas pipelines to Ukraine, which temporarily affected shipments to Europe. A protracted conflict in Russia would also drive up energy prices.
Robbert van Batenburg, of the brokerage firm Newedge, says as a result Europe doesn't have much of an appetite for taking Russia on right now.
ROBBERT VAN BATENBURG: It primarily stems from their financial and economic vulnerability, and their very strong exposures towards Russia for a lot of the commodities, and particularly, natural gas and oil.
ZARROLI: As a result, European leaders such as Angela Merkel of Germany have been relatively muted in their criticism of Russia. And they've made clear they don't want to punish Russia too harshly.
BATENBURG: For the time being, I suspect that any kind of sanctions will just be more symbolic than anything else.
ZARROLI: But van Batenburg says there is a lot of public anger towards Russia in the world right now, and Western leaders are looking for ways to make their anger known without going too far. One idea that's been floated is to impose limited sanctions on Russia by, say, blocking Russians from getting visas or using Western banks.
Kahn says such measures would cause political headaches for President Putin, especially among the country's oligarchs.
KAHN: They invest in the West. They live in the West. They vacation in the West. And sanctions that really impact them, I think, can have a meaningful effect on Russia domestically in the domestic politics.
ZARROLI: But Stephen Myrow, of Beacon Policy Advisors, says Putin won't necessarily care all that much if a few oligarchs can't get visas.
STEPHEN MYROW: Putin doesn't have that great a relationship with the oligarchs in the first place.
ZARROLI: Myrow was the Treasury Department official when Russia invaded Georgia in 2008. He says Russia is a lot weaker economically than it was back then, and that gives the West an opportunity to affect Russia's behavior. For one thing, he says Europe needs to continue diversifying its energy sources so it's less dependent on Russia long-term.
MYROW: The question is how do you shape the Russian behavior and show them it's not OK to use energy exports as a weapon to try to accomplish your national security goals?
ZARROLI: Myrow says the West also needs to lessen Russia's dominance over Ukraine, by taking steps to shore up its shaky economy. Ukraine may still not be able to prevail against Russia militarily but it will have a better shot at preserving its independence.
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The 2010 Dawson City Music Festival in just a few seconds.
Carole and I are excited to be attending our my first Dawson City Music Festival this July: the tickets and room are bought and booked.
We then checked out the proposed slate of bands, and if you should happen to open all of the links on that page at once, something like the following will burst forth from your speakers:
Twenty-eight ungodly seconds of the 2010 DCMF (630KB MP3)
Listening to 'em all at once is a real time-saver.
Or, if you respond better to an overload of visual stimuli, here are all of the bands' glamour shots stacked one on top of another. Try to spot your faves:
This sort of thing would be much more common if the concept of time did not exist.
Oh, and why is it that every band has a MySpace page? I though the trend-setters had long ago moved to Facebook. Although, judging by some of the bands' websites, "trend-setting" is far from the correct term when it comes to Internet presence. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9442911148071288}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '13368', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CBSFSI3ABONGJXAWZOQE3E43H44QHNVD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6ad9d7fb-6275-453f-b3ca-19403549d11d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 22, 15, 48, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '165.227.35.39', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CQJ52AEDC4ZO364FOBZ7CSQLRMOZMJ2E', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d95d12e4-7fb5-4968-8b2d-f78e607fcc30>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://whathesaid.ca/2010/03/29/the-2010-dawson-city-music-festival-in-just-a-few-seconds/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:66d25de8-ccab-4fef-b8ee-372c5c4064f2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '176', 'url': 'https://whathesaid.ca/2010/03/29/the-2010-dawson-city-music-festival-in-just-a-few-seconds/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-27.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05253446102142334', 'original_id': 'b2f84f3916a3ba90ed94ef1c2be5e778fdf806372e4c78a647f8c1d67fe4cd18'} |
Who said Oregonians do not care for what happens millions of miles away, in Ethiopia, as Portland Oromos rally against killing
gidira By gidira The Oregonian
on May 10, 2014 at 10:41 AM
Martin Luther King once said injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Indeed injustice inflicted on Oromo students, thousands mile away, in Ethiopia, is affecting Portlanders here in Oregon. Organized by Portland Oromo community Association (POCA), hundreds of Portland Oromos held public rally in front of Federal Building in down town on Friday. “Stop killing Oromo students” the rallies chanted demanding Ethiopian government to stop massacring Oromos students. “It is an ethnic cleansing”, demonstrators accused government for selectively killing Oromo students throughout Oromia regional state.
The demonstrators expressed frustrations and concern about the safety and security of their family and relatives. “For the last four weeks”, a demonstrator expressed, “we have been receiving grueling news of killings, tortures and arrests of hundreds of Oromo students by Ethiopian military force”. Fueling the frustration is the shutdown of communication systems that has left Portlanders in a limbo. “We are very much frustrated” a woman in her forties stated. “I made many attempt to call my family and my relatives but no phone is working.” She stated that most communication systems are not working.
“We are here to share our concerns and frustration with the whole world in general and Oregonians in particular”, Portland Oromo Community leader expressed “we want Oregonians to become a voice for the voiceless students”. Letters were submitted to senate and local government representatives.
The rallies were nationwide. Oromos throughout united State are mobilized expressing their outrage by holding demonstrations. Throughout United State more than 20 demonstrations were held on Friday.
News media that have been reporting the atrocities continued to contradict with each other and with eye witnesses. The number of students reportedly killed by the government military force is significantly different between eye witness and government owned news channel. So far, Ethiopian government reported the killing of 11 students. On the other hand, staggering number of death was reported by eye witness and local news. In Ambo city only, 80km west of Addis Ababa, more than 47 students were killed with live bullets, eye witness reported. In Robe city, similarly, more than 3 students were killed. In Aromaya University, it was reported that a grenade claimed the life of several students.
Asked reasons behind the gap in the number of students reportedly killed, a volunteered demonstrator replied with shocking revelation. He alleged that many more people than what has been reported were killed. “It is a customary for Ethiopian government to lie”, he alleged, “We have heard from eye witness that dead bodies were found buried and some in rivers.” He stated that Ethiopian government is trying to silence people with its crimes. “Ethiopia is a dark hole when it come to journalism and free reporting” a demonstrator stated. The news reported about the situation so far is a version of government news channel and government agents reporting. No free and fair reporting has made. What is more saddening is the echoing of western news media like Associate Press (AP) to publish distorted report.
So far it has been reported that more than 78 students were killed and many more were wounded. The killing continues at this time. Despite these atrocious killings, many governments like the United State have given a deaf ear. Many Oromos blame the United State government for choosing diplomacy over humanity. “Shame on you, John Kerry!” a rally held in Seattle, WA, last Tuesday chanted against John Kerry, Secretary of State, recent visit to Ethiopia but failed to condemn the killings. During the same time John Kerry was in Addis Ababa, killings were taking place in less than 100km, in Ambo city.
The killings were condemned by Human right organization. Human Right Watch requested Ethiopian government to cease using excessive force immediately.
The problem begun when Ethiopian government announced "integrated development master plan" to expand Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia, at the beginning of last month. The plan, that increase 20 folds the current size of the city, is to include small cities and provinces around the outskirt of Addis Ababa, otherwise part of Oromia regional state. Ethnic Oromo students in all universities in Oromia regional state started to protest the plan, claiming that the plan is an extension of government agents and affiliates wide spread involvement in land grab and land sell under the pretext of privatization. Students protest the plan will displace millions of voiceless farmers under the disguised of development.
An overview of historical and political context will help understand the resistance of Oromo students to the integrated master plan. Addis Ababa was founded at the down of last century by emperor Menelik-‖ and his wife Taytu conquering the indigenous Oromo people. Precedent to its foundation, Addis Ababa was home to Oromos, one of the biggest ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Through time comes urbanization and industrialization whereby these indigenous people were pushed and replaced by new settlers. Robbed of their land, many of these people were fated to servitude and laborers. Oromo farmers and peasants have been treated like outsider on their own land and resources. Human Right Watch (HRW), Advocacy for Human Right (AHR) and many other human right organizations have reported how Oromos have been marginalized and discriminated by the Ethiopian government. (Please see the link below). Oromo people are not only losing their land but also their language and culture. Affaan Oromo, the Oromo language, and Oromo values and cultures have systematically been assimilated with the ruler’s language and culture. Close insight into Ethiopian political stability sustains around long poised questions of Oromos to regain their political and economic rights to their land.
Current Ethiopian government is ethnic based federalism with about 14 'autonomous' regional states. Per the country’s constitution, these autonomous regional states are to govern their respective regions. Addis Ababa is a federal administrative city with special constitutional and historical tie to Oromia regional state. Before forced relocation to Adama in 2001, Oromia regional government, Caffe Oromia, was residing in Addis Ababa. The tie between Oromia regional state and Addis Ababa city administration goes beyond constitutional and historical dependency. Addis Ababa city is entirely dependent on Oromia regional state for other services. Today almost all electric power, water supply and other infrastructural raw materials come from Oromia region. Ethiopian constitution states that Oromia regional state is to “take part” in the city administrative decisions although these legal rights were never been implemented.
In spite of these historical, constitutional and economic ties, many Oromos argue that the TPLF (Tigray People Libration Front) lead government is impotent in respecting interests of Oromia regional state. Also, owing to the fact that Ethiopia’s most fertile land located in Oromia regional state, government widespread land grab have affected Oromos farmers more severely. For the last two decades millions of hectares of land were sold to investors displacing farmers without sufficient compensations. Many Ethnic Oromo household, farmers and peasants have displaced from their home and left to beggars and laborers. Few government agents and affiliate become rich over night while farmers left to destitute.
This is the driving force for the university students to protest the plan. Following government announcement of the plan, thousands of students at Jimma, Ambo, Aromaya, Wollaga, Mada Walabu, Adama and many other universities peacefully protested the plan. Despite peaceful protest, eye witness reported that government military force opened live bullets killing several students. In Ambo city only, eye witness reported that more than 47 students were killed and many more were wounded by military force. Outrage spread to the rest of the region. Parents, men and women joined University students in protesting the government, more so in killing students who have done nothing but exercised their constitutionally given rights.
Ethiopia has long track record of human right abuse, including but not limited to killing, harassing and imprisoning journalists. It is a country so famous on cracking down on free speech and opposition parties, the only source of news is government controlled television, ETV. There is no independent party that can report the atrocities inflicted in citizens. Any journalists and news media that function in the country is either government agents or government affiliated news source. Evidently, today, government has engaged in distorting its crime while silencing the citizen. In Ambo city, for instance, government down played the number of people that were killed. In televised statement on the issue, government reported the killing of only 7 people while Staggering number of killings was reported on BBC Africa news. It is expected death toll rises as government continues to crack down on students in the region.
Frustrations mount among Portlanders as more grueling news of human right abuse surface on social media. More frustrating is the lack of awareness on the severity of the abuse and the killings owing to the absence of independent reporting.
Again “injustice anywhere is a treat to justice everywhere” | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '195', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9668371677398682}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '79884', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DKMWRGZDXGYOC4I575BR3RXMW4ZRSOVD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7a4d56cb-5ca6-43e5-9bce-17741c144e73>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 16, 48, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.62.6.51', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:M7FH7NGDWEEUEC5THY7RMEXGHLIZM7IE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:11b64fd2-b68f-4b37-a325-fae23b3c5edf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blog.oregonlive.com/my-portland/2014/05/who_said_oregonians_do_not_car.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c135b7c-1bd0-4ca3-8cea-dbe96a4c6469>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1481', 'url': 'http://blog.oregonlive.com/my-portland/2014/05/who_said_oregonians_do_not_car.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06880229711532593', 'original_id': '63f6a3753b3998a6edda01120a338305f36cf03636accaf4434b3c1566f42717'} |
Decaf Coffee
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How is Coffee Decaffeinated?
We have recently added decaffeinated coffee to our small but very select range of speciality coffees that we offer. We cannot discriminate against those who have to make those decisions and why should we, therefore we will continue to stock a single estate decaf for those that love the coffee but without the caffeine. Now that we have added decaf coffee to our list of coffees that are available then naturally we are being asked about the process. How is the caffeine removed? There have been so many documentaries... Read More | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9629986882209778}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '179506', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5I5QAYB6XCOCWWSCCDZJTW3WLAKHKBET', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b43fafcd-ec15-4756-ad5b-6942c31b5509>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 18, 28, 12), 'WARC-IP-Address': '81.29.73.233', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RKTMHFI7YSNRIQ4XV44SUWVCRJZF573Q', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3d405627-39a1-464f-a957-4014bd1aea18>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.rountoncoffee.co.uk/blog/category/decaf-coffee/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:23702127-6a00-499d-bd85-562bad3e1c35>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '99', 'url': 'https://www.rountoncoffee.co.uk/blog/category/decaf-coffee/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-35\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-38.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04957318305969238', 'original_id': 'd98af353d1e857f14a9d90860ad5f73aaee061902cc04a0a3fa96bd6f5a28721'} |
Double-orifice mitral valve with intact atrioventricular septum: an echocardiographic study with anatomic and functional considerations.
We identified 18 patients with double-orifice mitral valve (DOMV) and intact atrioventricular (AV) septum out of 40,179 echocardiographic studies performed between 1997 and 2002 at Children's Hospital, Denver, CO. In this study we describe (1) the anatomic characteristics of the DOMV in the absence of AV septal defect, (2) the function of the mitral valve by spectral and color Doppler flow mapping, and (3) associated lesions. The topographic location of the orifices in the leaflets suggests possible embryologic mechanisms of DOMV. In this series, DOMV was most commonly associated with left-sided obstructive lesions (in 39% of patients). Spectral and color Doppler interrogation demonstrated a normal flow profile in most cases; only 2 patients had significant mitral regurgitation or stenosis. Therefore, due to the uncertain natural history of this lesion and the potential need for endocarditis prophylaxis, careful imaging of the mitral valve is recommended, particularly in the presence of left-sided obstructive lesions. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '1954212d1901b96830f5897b86b141b535e25f67975d1f2dbc8f43a19d4d6769'} |
Singin’ in the Rain (1952)
Directed by Gene Kelly, Stanley Donen
I’m not a fan of musicals, in general, but that’s also what a lot of people say. It’s not fair to write off an entire genre of movies due to personal tastes (though the same can’t be said for country music). And maybe it’s because La La Land is still fresh in my mind and it’s definitely partially because of Debbie Reynolds that I decided to watch this film.
What I like about it, beyond the iconic moments and songs, is how funny and witty the dialogue is. For a movie now 65 years old, this feels surprisingly modern and even a little fresh. I think I’ve said in a past write up that a lot of films not set in modern day culture (rather period pieces or futuristic stories) take place in a time when something is beginning or ending.
Singin’ in the Rain takes place when Hollywood made the leap from silent pictures to “talkies.” This is difficult for everyone involved in the process as they have to get used to microphones and dialogue where before they might’ve just said whatever they wanted sine the words wouldn’t be heard. Gene Kelly plays Don Lockwood, a dreamy Hollywood A-lister alongside his frequent collaborator, Lina Lamont (Jean Hagen). They are rumored to be a couple, but this isn’t the case. Despite Lina’s expectations that they are in fact a couple (she believes the gossip columns), Don is repulsed by her. He instead has his eyes set on a young actress whom he meets by chance, Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds).
Don and Kathy later meet when she is picked to be in his next film. The main plot is the struggle to make Don’s and Lina’s newest picture, The Dueling Cavalier into a talkie. Lina’s voice is horrendously grating, and after a test preview, it’s clear the film is doomed to fail. The audience laughs though the film, intended to be dramatic. There are microphone problems, the dialogue is forced and Lina’s voice is like nails on a chalkboard.
Throughout Singin’ in the Rain, we see a handful of impressive song and dance numbers, and it’s not until about halfway through the film that Kathy suggests to Don that they make The Dueling Cavalier into a musical. They do and it works out wonderfully, once they decide that Kathy should provide the voice for Lina, dubbing over her lines. At the film’s premiere, Don orchestrates a plan to reveal that Kathy is the real star of the film.
The plot is ripe for broad comedy, and it’s executed well. It’s neatly structured with a clearly stated conflict and resolution. What I think is especially interesting about this film is the way it dissects the movie industry, pealing back the layers to show us what goes on underneath.
Musicals have always felt to me like make believe in the sense that it pulls you further away from reality (escapism, right?) rather than bringing you closer to it. But with Singin’ in the Rain, the story deconstructs the way Hollywood films are made. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen poke fun at the concept of tabloid-driven relationships (again, with Lina believing the gossip over what she sees with her own eyes), the ways films are made, the insecurities and vanity of an actor and the disillusionment of many involved in the filmmaking process. It’s just another job.
Yet as it does this, the film pulls you in with songs that are firmly entrenched in pop culture and impressive, even acrobatic dance sequences. The biggest dance number is one from The Dueling Cavalier, played out onscreen as Don pitches it to the studio head. We’re pulled into this fictional story within a fictional story, at its most climactic moment, and we buy in because of the scale of the production. Then we’re pulled right out when Don asks the studio head what he thinks of the pitch.
The film is about filmmaking, clearly, and the work that goes into manufacturing a dreamlike setting such as the ones we see in films. It’s a story of escapism (after all the guy gets the girl, the girl gets the recognition, the character we dislike gets her comeuppance, the friend is always quick with a joke and even the studio head gets involved and dances in the end), but it’s about the stitching together of something that seems so seamless.
The movie buys into itself. It’s a affirmation of Hollywood’s charm by Hollywood itself. It’s been said by a lot of people, perhaps everyone, that Hollywood loves movies about Hollywood and the filmmaking process. It’s like renewing your vows. I don’t know what kind of trends Singin’ in the Rain may have created or how much it’s simply following the musicals that came before it, but it feels like a turning point. It feels like a remix of the movie musical, and it still feels brand new.
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Beef Bourguignon
Holiday.Cook's picture
Butter/Margarine 4 Tablespoon
Boneless beef chuck 5 Pound, cut into 1 1/2-inch cubes
Brandy 6 Tablespoon
White onions 1 Pound, peeled (24 Small Sized Ones)
Small mushrooms 1 Pound
Potato flour 1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
Meat extract paste 5 Teaspoon
Tomato paste 1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
Burgundy 3 Cup (48 tbs)
Dry sherry 1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
Ruby port 1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
Canned condensed beef broth 10 1⁄2 Ounce, undiluted (1 Can)
Pepper 1⁄4 Teaspoon
Bay leaves 5
New potatoes 24 Small
Chopped parsley 1 Tablespoon
1. Preheat oven to 350°F before baking.
2. Take an 8 quart Dutch oven that has a tight fitting lid. Place on slow heat, add 4 tbsp butter, heat it. Increase the heat to high, add beef cubes, a quarter each to cover oven bottom, and allow to evenly brown. Add more butter if required and repeat till all the beef is browned. Place all the browned beef in Dutch oven.
3. Take a small saucepan, add 4 tbsp brandy and heat till it starts vaporizing. Ignite the brandy and add the brown beef. Take out the beef and keep aside with dying flame.
4. Add butter, about 2 tbsp to the Dutch oven and heat a little. Stir in onions, cover and on low heat, cook to mildly brown onions. Stir in mushrooms and cook for 3 minutes.
5. Take off from heat, mix meat extract paste, tomato paste and flour well with the mushroom mixture. Add sherry, Burgundy, beef broth and port to the mixture, place on heat, bring the mixture to boil. As it starts boil, take off from heat and stir in 2 bay leaves, pepper and beef.
6. Cover Dutch oven with waxed paper and then with the lid and bake the mixture, stirring now and then for about 45 minutes, slowly adding rest of the brandy occasionally. Throw away the liquid collected on paper top.
7. While the mixture bakes, scrub the potatoes keeping the skin intact. Add to saucepan, cover and cook for 10 minutes in boiling mild salted water. Drain, add to baked beef mixture, topping potatoes with the liquid.
8. Allow to cool, cover and refrigerate overnight.
9. Take out from the refrigerator, cover and heat for 1 hour. Add wine, if require to make the sauce thin.
10. Garnish with 3 bay leaves and chopped parsley and serve.
1. The dish should be baked the previous day and allowed to chill overnight.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:
Bit Difficult
Side Dish
Preparation Time:
10 Minutes
Rate It
Your rating: None
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/**
* Provides an interface for data set classes that hold animation data for use in animator classes.
*
* @see away3d.animators.IAnimator
*/
package away3d.animators;
import away3d.core.managers.Stage3DProxy;
import flash.Vector;
import away3d.materials.passes.MaterialPassBase;
import away3d.animators.nodes.AnimationNodeBase;
interface IAnimationSet {
var usesCPU(get_usesCPU, never):Bool;
/**
* Check to determine whether a state is registered in the animation set under the given name.
*
* @param stateName The name of the animation state object to be checked.
*/
function hasAnimation(name:String):Bool;
/**
* Retrieves the animation state object registered in the animation data set under the given name.
*
* @param stateName The name of the animation state object to be retrieved.
*/
function getAnimation(name:String):AnimationNodeBase;
/**
* Indicates whether the properties of the animation data contained within the set combined with
* the vertex registers aslready in use on shading materials allows the animation data to utilise
* GPU calls.
*/
function get_usesCPU():Bool;
/**
* Called by the material to reset the GPU indicator before testing whether register space in the shader
* is available for running GPU-based animation code.
*
* @private
*/
function resetGPUCompatibility():Void;
/**
* Called by the animator to void the GPU indicator when register space in the shader
* is no longer available for running GPU-based animation code.
*
* @private
*/
function cancelGPUCompatibility():Void;
/**
* Generates the AGAL Vertex code for the animation, tailored to the material pass's requirements.
*
* @param pass The MaterialPassBase object to whose vertex code the animation's code will be prepended.
* @sourceRegisters The animatable attribute registers of the material pass.
* @targetRegisters The animatable target registers of the material pass.
* @return The AGAL Vertex code that animates the vertex data.
*
* @private
*/
function getAGALVertexCode(pass:MaterialPassBase, sourceRegisters:Vector<String>, targetRegisters:Vector<String>, profile:String):String;
/**
* Generates the AGAL Fragment code for the animation, tailored to the material pass's requirements.
*
* @param pass The MaterialPassBase object to whose vertex code the animation's code will be prepended.
* @return The AGAL Vertex code that animates the vertex data.
*
* @private
*/
function getAGALFragmentCode(pass:MaterialPassBase, shadedTarget:String, profile:String):String;
/**
* Generates the extra AGAL Fragment code for the animation when UVs are required, tailored to the material pass's requirements.
*
* @param pass The MaterialPassBase object to whose vertex code the animation's code will be prepended.
* @param UVSource String representing the UV source register.
* @param UVTarget String representing the UV target register.
* @return The AGAL UV code that animates the UV data.
*
* @private
*/
function getAGALUVCode(pass:MaterialPassBase, UVSource:String, UVTarget:String):String;
/**
* Resets any constants used in the creation of AGAL for the vertex and fragment shaders.
*
* @param pass The material pass currently being used to render the geometry.
*
* @private
*/
function doneAGALCode(pass:MaterialPassBase):Void;
/**
* Sets the GPU render state required by the animation that is independent of the rendered mesh.
*
* @param stage3DProxy The proxy currently performing the rendering.
* @param pass The material pass currently being used to render the geometry.
*
* @private
*/
function activate(stage3DProxy:Stage3DProxy, pass:MaterialPassBase):Void;
function deactivate(stage3DProxy:Stage3DProxy, pass:MaterialPassBase):Void;
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/longde123/away3d-openfl/blob/master/away3d/animators/IAnimationSet.hx', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'Apache-2.0', 'date': '2015.0', 'title': 'away3d-openfl', 'creator': 'longde123', 'language': 'Haxe', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '501', 'token_count': '1024', '__index_level_0__': '19181', 'original_id': 'dead5a2d7038333931a4cc198dcb3ef5118a9cab78b2f8539160a8270ed2ce8a'} |
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(Jane Tyska/Bay Area News Group)
(Jane Tyska/Bay Area News Group)
NEW YORK — This city never sleeps. This city also dreams. Its latest wish: Kevin Durant in a Knicks uniform next season when he plans to become an unrestricted free agent. There is even a billboard outside of Madison Square Garden saying so.
The Warriors are laughing it off, but they do not want to lose Durant for obvious reasons. They already won two NBA titles with him, and have a good shot at adding a third this season. Will they keep him?
Warriors fans obviously want to know leading into when the Warriors (4-1) play the Knicks (1-4) at MSG on Friday. They have sent questions for our mailbag about it. Send more for future Warriors mailbags to me on Twitter or by following our coverage via our free email newsletter, Warriors HQ. Also, sign up for my text messaging service here and you can get around-the-clock updates and answers to your Warriors questions sent directly to your phone.
Before I open the inbox, here are some answers. Durant does not make much of the Knicks billboards. Durant talked to me plenty about his time with the Warriors and how everything has become good even through potential controversies with his high-volume shooting in the West Finals vs. Houston and winning Finals MVP over Steph Curry.
Now to the mailbox….
I have noticed that, and it partly explains why I would be surprised if Durant leaves the Warriors. (The championship hardware helps, too). Granted, Durant has every right to do whatever he wants. He has earned it. But I noticed the Warriors’ collaborative nature making Durant want to offer the same thing. Before the playoffs started last season,Durant spoke to me about the importance in having that encouraging leadership style because it both buys him credibility and helps his teammates.
If Durant leaves, I believe the Warriors will pay a little bit more to Klay to make sure he stays and save a little more for Draymond in 2020. But it’s not like the Warriors can use the money saved for Durant for someone else. They can exceed the cap to pay the max on Durant’s potential five-year, $221 million deal because they own his Bird Rights.
But after that, it’s about keeping cap space open for the following year so the Warriors can either make a trade or go free-agent hunting in 2020. Short term, that means the Warriors might look to see what value they can get by not guaranteeing Shaun Livingston and trading Andre Iguodala for younger wing players. For now, though, the Warriors are obviously set on re-signing Durant and going from there.
If anything, I think that entices the Warriors to keep the core together. After all, they won an NBA championship in 2015 before KD arrived. I spoke with Warriors majority owner Joe Lacob for a story last season on this topic. He remains intent on keeping the core so long as they keep winning and are healthy. Once that stops, then he will consider making moves.
Durant’s simple logic: he’s pretty good at it. Warriors coach Steve Kerr has stated that KD, Steph and Klay have the “neon green light” to take any shot they want. Durant conceded he needs to take and make more 3-pointers. He has only gone 4-of-16 from beyond the arc. But Durant has remained more efficient with that mid-range (52-of-90). Durant’s philosophy mirrors the Warriors’ philosophy. As much as they embrace the 3-point shot, they hold a higher value in taking whichever shot is most open.
Kerr has often said it’s simply a matchup issue. That answer explains why Damian Jones has started at center so far. That does not explain, though, why Kevon Looney is ahead of Bell on the depth chart. The reason: Kerr trusts Looney a whole lot more than Bell with his consistency, preparation and decision making. The Warriors believe Bell has matured with his work habits, but he still needs to improve.
Not right now. Check back leading into the Feb. 7 trade deadline. It might be quiet then, too, though. After all, the Warriors have five All-Stars.
The latest on McCaw: the same as it has ever been. He hasn’t accepted the Warriors’ two-year, $5.2 million offer. The Warriors are publicly saying they would welcome McCaw back. But they are speaking more from a practical standpoint. They do not consider McCaw special, or they would have negotiated more. But they don’t need to that. They can match any offer McCaw has received (since July, he has had none). The Warriors don’t need to worry about Alfonzo McKinnie’s contract becoming guaranteed until Jan. 10. And, sure, the Warriors would gladly add another young wing player if McCaw wants to accept the deal they proposed.
Despite the Warriors’ public stance, though, I feel skeptical McCaw returns. The longer McCaw does not accept the offer, the more it suggests McCaw’s issues go beyond wanting more money or a longer deal. And if I am one of McCaw’s former Warriors teammate, I would have a hard time welcoming him back. He tried to exert leverage he did not have at the team’s expense during training camp and to open the regular season.
HA! Pinning Klay’s beard for the reason for his poor shooting numbers is just as wrong as blaming it on his mechanics. Both reasons are wrong. Small sample size. My prediction: Klay will start hitting the shots. And he’ll keep the beard, too!
I love the leading, either-or construct of the question. 🙂 Steph is not the best player ever. I’ll give that nod to Michael Jordan. Steph is not the best player in the league, either. I’ll give that nod to LeBron James. That’s not a knock on Steph, though. That’s more of a compliment to MJ and LeBron. That being said, Steph is the best shooter ever. He also has a good shot at winning MVP because of the unique skills he brings as both as shooter, leader and with his gravity.
Some pretty smart questions on Draymond! Short term, the Warriors believe they are fine. Draymond has overcome his early-season conditioning issues after missing three preseason games with a sore left knee. Draymond said his left knee feels fine, as well as the ailments that hurt him throughout last season (right shoulder, left index finger, elbows, knees). Still, the Warriors are both curious how those hold up over time. They are keeping a watchful eye on it.
Yes and no.
Steph has his bases covered, obviously. He has made 33 3-pointers so far in what is a record for most 3’s made through the first five games of an NBA season, according to Elias Sports Bureau. The Warriors need more 3’s from Klay (a combined 4-of-27) and KD (a combined 4-of-16). Lastly, the Warriors need a combined outside shooting threat among Andre Iguodala (0-of-5), Jonas Jerebko (5-of-11), Alfonzo McKinnie (2-of-5) and Quinn Cook (3-of-7).
But the Warriors need to stay true in taking the best shot available. The ironic part about any new trend in all industries, including the increased use of the 3-point shot: parties become so consumed with something innovative that it no longer remains innovative. It’s always best to remain flexible to view conventional or new methods simply as tools for certain situations. As long as the Warriors pass the ball, cut hard and defend well, they will receive plenty of open looks both from 2 and 3.
The Warriors should be more alarmed if Steph suddenly stops taking and making 3’s, and Klay and KD continue to stay cold from the outside. But those numbers should even out, and their flexibility with scoring from other parts of the court only makes the Warriors’ potent offense even more dangerous.
The latest on Boogie’s progress is reflected both here and here. The Warriors are always open about buyout candidates. It explains why they left their last roster spot open. They also wanted to save some money.
Love it. DJ needs to figure out how to stop fouling so much. Other than that, Jones has all the tools to become a great big man. He has the perfect attitude it takes to develop those skills with time.
It’s so early to say. The Warriors drafted Evans at No. 28 this year mostly because of his defense and partly because of his outside shooting potential. He hasn’t shown much defensively (neither good nor bad), and his shot needs a lot of work. I’m more and more convinced we will see Evans spending some time with the Warriors’ G-League team in Santa Cruz this season. That being said, Kerr gives everyone on the roster a shot. So there will be games Evans will play because of teammates needing to sit with injuries or to rest. How Evans handles those opportunities will largely dictate whether he receives a bigger role.
I don’t think it’s gotten to the point Nick Young will receive his ring in the mail. I could see the guy they call “Swaggy P” sign with an NBA team after the Jimmy Butler saga ends (lots of moving parts on that one). Or he will sign with a team leading into the Feb. 7 trade deadline. If those moments pass, I see Young exploring overseas opportunities. But he will bide his time for now, enjoy living in L.A. and talk trash on Twitter. If Young signs with an NBA team, he will receive his ring when that team plays the Warriors at Oracle Arena.
As for as the current Warriors, their most glaring weakness involves their defense. I’m not putting too much stock into yet, though. It’s early in the season. And all NBA teams are adjusting to the way officials are following the new points of emphasis. That has resulted in a ridiculous amount of foul calls during pick-and-rolls and post-ups and has prompted teams to score without much defense.
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Estonia operetta lyricizes economic austerity
Monday - 4/8/2013, 5:24am ET
Conductor Risto Joost, rear left, and soprano Iris Oja rehearse the operetta "Nostra Culpa" in Tallinn, Estonia, Thursday, April 4, 2013. Inspired by a lively social media exchange between Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman, the two expats, composer Eugene Birman and Scott Diel, who wrote the lyrics, have composed an operetta that soars across the merits and pitfalls of austerity _ an ever more prominent reality in Europe’s struggling economy. (AP Photo/Liis Treimann)
Associated Press
TALLINN, Estonia (AP) -- Tired of grumbling about economic austerity? Maybe it's time to sing about it.
So say two Americans living in Estonia.
Inspired by a lively social media exchange between Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman, the two expats have composed an operetta that offers point and counterpoint on the value of austerity -- an ever more prominent reality in Europe's struggling economy.
The English language operetta's title "Nostra Culpa" -- "Our Fault" in Latin -- is taken from one of Ilves' sarcastic tweets: "But yes, what do we know? We're just dumb and silly East Europeans. Unenlightened. Someday we too will understand. Nostra culpa."
In another tweet, Ilves suggested that the dispute boiled down to "a Princeton vs. Columbia thing" -- a reference to Krugman's professorship at Princeton University and Ilves' degree from Columbia University.
With Cyprus joining the increasingly long list of European countries forced to swallow the bitter prescription of austerity -- steep budget cuts that trigger joblessness and social angst -- the theme hasn't lost its timeliness.
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My brave mother
Personligt SBK_2500.jpg
It was in the middle of the summer between fifth and sixth grade when dramatic things happened. I was eleven years old and I was in an interrogation with the police in Stockholm. The leader of my sports club and my teacher as well was suspected for sexual abuse of young boys.
Yes, we had been taken "down there", as the female police and the interrogator asked me to say instead of dick or penis. Certainly only from outside of my pants, or through the pants pockets, but it had been very painful when he squeezed the testicles I told the big microphone in front of me during the interrogation. A terrible pain almost made me sick. Yes, that happened a number of times. It had begun in fourth grade when we were ten years old, and as ten years small boys we did not understand anything. Why did he do that to us? I It took some time before we realized that it was about sexual acts. suddenly it was clear in the middle of the street on my way home from school. He pinches us on our dicks because he gets horny on little boys! I froze in the middle of my step. I took my way straight home and told my mother. She couldn´t believe what she heard. The teacher was a nice gentleman that all the parents liked. My dear mom chose to listen and believed what I told her. Then she lift the big telephone and call around other parents, however, they did not want to talk about it and hang up. Mother sat on the couch and put down the phone with a worried face, turned to me and said that then we have to go to the police alone. As we stepped up through the wide marble stairways in the Kungsholmen police station, my loss of control was total. What have I done, and what was I going to do? My heart pumped hard and the brain fluttered when I was placed on a big chair in front of a giant microphone besides a tape recorder, and my tiny legs was dangling high above solid ground.
Me and my closest friends had done well in comparison to others we understand. There were others who had suffered significantly worse. The process led to a conviction for our teacher and sports leader. When the prison gates closed behind him, the gates were also closed for our sports club, Solberga IF. My proud moments in the club dress had barely begun before they were over. But I had once got a gold medal in a football tournament, as I sat and in front of the black and white TV in my home I squeezed the medal warmly in my hand.
Maybe it was my longing for having a real football dress again, pretending I was a pro that made me suddenly say the crucial words that afternoon; "We have to start a new club so we can play for real." Perhaps it seemed that I felt guilty that the club was have to close down after my testimony. Maybe I could make up for everything by starting a new club? I remember we thought there was a good bunch of guys in school and our classmates that could be the beginning of the beginning and form the new team. We brought together those who wanted to join us and sign up for a tournament as a team we reasoned. Time pass by and for a couple of weeks ago we celebrated the club's fifty-year anniversary! A successful story that made thousands of us having a wonderful time together throughout the years with our sport club Solberga BK!
My brave mother listened and acted when necessary, what no other adult had courage to do at that time. It took another five decades before it became public awareness to dare to act. For me it became a turning point in life. Adults listened and believed me. My teacher, the highest authority in my life. lost against med and got his punishment. Already then, as eleven years old, I was stopped by angry parents on the street yelling at me because I had revealed and exposed what our the powerful man’s wrongdoing. It would turn out to be a pattern that should followed the rest of my life.
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Why Europe Needs Two Euros, Not One
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Yves here. We remarked recently how the readings we’ve been getting from people who have senior contacts in Europe are increasingly of the view that the economic crisis in Europe is morphing into a sufficiently severe political crisis that the unthinkable – a breakup of the eurozone – is looking like a serious possibility.
One indicator is the article featured below. VoxEU has policy reach in Europe, and this post represents an effort to come up with better economic arrangements within Europe while preserving at least some of the benefits of monetary union. And it is hardly the first to recognize that one of the big problems with the Eurozone is that it put together too many disparate economies without enough in the way of fiscal transfers to buffer the differences. If the Eurozone can’t move towards more economic integration, the next-best remedy might be a structure where more homogenous countries each had their own currency.
By Jacques Melitz, Professor emeritus, Heriot-Watt University, and CEPR Research Fellow. Originally published at VoxEU
As the Eurozone cautiously implements stabilising reforms, Germany is forced to go further with concessions than it would prefer. This column suggests that it would be beneficial for discontented members to consider the formation of a second monetary union. The second euro can be constructed better than the first, bringing the discontented members exchange-rate adjustments relative to Germany, and avoiding competitive devaluations.
One basic feature of the sickly situation in the Eurozone today is that the system does not clearly bear any essential flaw from the standpoint of Germany. All things considered, the country has not done badly since the Great Recession of 2008-2010. And as the Eurozone moves forward gingerly with necessary reforms in order to avoid a break-up of the system, it is evident that Germany is constantly under pressure to go further with concessions than it would prefer.
In these circumstances, it may be time for radically new thinking. I would like to propose that the discontented members would do well to consider seriously the formation of a second euro. Such proposals have been made (Dobbs and Spence 2012), but the lingering unsatisfactory macroeconomic conditions seems to call for a rethink.
Three Advantages of a Second Euro
A second euro would have three fundamental advantages.
• First, the second euro could be constructed in a better manner than the previous euro from the discontented members’ point of view. There is no need to repeat the errors of the past.
• The second argument comes in two parts.
First, the creation of a separate monetary union by the discontented members would bring them exchange rate adjustment relative to Germany, which is the single most important exchange rate adjustment that they need.
Second, by forming a second monetary union rather than reverting to separate currencies, they would still avoid the problem of competitive devaluations that hounded the earlier EU after the breakdown of Bretton-Woods and up to the appearance of the Maastricht Treaty as a possibility on the horizon in 1986 (when the Single European Act came).
• Thirdly, there are strong indications that the discontented members of the Eurozone will get a worse deal from the movement towards reforms of the system that is now proceeding with grudging German approval than they would by forming a second euro.
Every German concession faces major political opposition at home, to say nothing of an occasional legal challenge. Furthermore, these roadblocks are probably in Germany’s true interests.
Of course, these three basic arguments for a second common European currency pave the road to one more.
• A second euro could serve as a bargaining tool in negotiations with Germany.
But I would like to rest the case for a second euro strictly on its own merits and, therefore, strictly focus on the first three arguments.
One issue I shall disregard is the costs of the transition, which prominently include the interpretation of outstanding debts in euros. It is important, however, that the status quo could fall apart in the Eurozone in any event, and if only for this reason, it is a good idea to entertain the best of the alternatives. Furthermore, if the only serious argument against two euros is really that ‘it is better to stick to a bad marriage than to go through the costs of a divorce,’ it would seem good to know it and to behave accordingly.
First Advantage of a Second Common Currency
Any optimal design of a new social regime with broad distributive consequences should be done in ‘the veil of ignorance’ about where the chips will fall in the future, and from this point of view, the Eurozone contained two spectacular flaws.
• First, a monetary union should provide monetary control by the central bank. But the rules of the Maastricht Treaty violated this condition.
They made monetary control by the ECB contingent on the willingness of commercial banks to lend to individual firms and households. The ECB was not free to buy and sell in open market operations. The term ‘open market operations’ surrounding the ECB describes certain kinds of refinancing transactions with banks and, since 2010 – first, under the ‘Securities Market Program’ and, more recently, under the program of ‘Outright Monetary Transactions’ – purchases of bonds of member government that are under financial stress with effects on the monetary base that must be sterilised. These are not open market operations in the true sense. It is a fact that a number of the central banks in Europe that preceded the ECB operated for decades in the manner that the ECB was allowed to do without any problem, and under ordinary circumstances the ECB would have been able to do the same. However, constitutions must allow for conditions that are only likely to happen once every half a century or more.
In the face of the situation that arose in 2010-2012, where member banks of the Eurozone preferred to rebuild their balance sheets than to lend to their customers, and where the official intervention rate on the interbank market approached the zero interest rate floor, once the ECB had exploited a few loopholes, the new constitution left it powerless to increase the money supply at all without engaging in legally questionable actions or emergency measures that required bending the rules.
• Second, in a monetary union any threat to the payment system resulting from insolvency of the banking sector in any political region of the system is a collective problem to be shared by all. This condition was also not met.
Unlike the situation in the US following the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s and 1990s, the Irish paid for the insolvency of their banking sector, the Spanish paid for theirs, and in Cyprus, it even looked for a while that small bank depositors would have to contribute heavily to pay for theirs. Help from the rest of the Eurozone in these cases came late, haltingly, and moderately, and came to the national governments who avoided the meltdown of their banks (on terms that Spain has never accepted).
Repairing both these problems, of course, is simple. As regards to open market operations, there must be some designated securities that the central bank can buy and sell. To avoid partiality to any private interests, the purchasable securities should be public or semi-public, so that the beneficiaries are essentially taxpayers. To avoid partiality to any country, an international mix of debts is necessary. Avoiding moral hazard is also easy. The central bank should only be able to buy securities that have aged sufficiently. For example, suppose that the required ageing is three years. Then, the outstanding stock of government securities that would be eligible for purchase by the central bank would be enormous and, yet, no new issues could be monetised until the lapse of a significant time.
The euro-nomics group (Brunnermeier et al. 2012) has recently made an interesting suggestion that would permit the central bank to buy a ready-made assortment of securities with different maturity dates satisfying my condition. The group proposes creating a new intermediary (which they call the ‘European Debt Agency’) that would hold an imposed combination of government securities (in fixed, irreversible weights) against which the intermediary would issue new securities (which they term ‘European Safe Bonds’) to the public that the central bank could subsequently buy and sell. This would help but it is not essential.
Joint responsibility for the solvency of the banking sector in any political region of the monetary union also requires some preconditions that are fully manageable. If risks of insolvency are to be borne collectively, evidently all the member banks must be subject to uniform prudential rules and a collective supervisory authority.
Further, in case of a meltdown of the financial sector in a member country, the costs of compensating the depositors or creating new bank capital, or both, must be borne collectively. There has been a move toward some form of banking union (29 June, 2012) and therefore the satisfaction of the first precondition, but little advance toward the second one, which is equally basic (for a good, detailed discussion of the required degree of fiscal union, see Pisani-Ferry et al. 2012). Of major note, the needed degree of fiscal union is quite limited. Even joint insurance of all demand deposits may be going too far. Something like the Single Bank Resolution Fund (as distinct from the Single Resolution Mechanism) that has been mentioned but is nowhere in sight, could well suffice.
Second Advantage
A repeated question about the Eurozone is whether the members form an optimal currency area. But another question – which is actually closer to Mundell’s original contribution (Mundell 1961) – is whether the right number of currencies in the Eurozone is as high as 18, the number of member countries in the system. If the right number is neither 1 nor 18, then 2 may be far, far better than either extreme.
Let me begin by recalling the reasons why 18 would be too many. First, some of the members are probably small enough to have no scope for using monetary or exchange rate policy as a tool of economic stabilisation over the business cycle (McKinnon 1963). Next, the 18 members do form an economically integrated group of geographical neighbours, and therefore their mutual efforts to use monetary and exchange rate policy to their advantage could easily lead them to enter into non-cooperative games with costly Nash consequences. Finally, national monetary policy can mean Treasury-dominated monetary policy, which can lead to very poor outcomes apart from strategic games with any foreigners, near and far.
If 18 is wrong, there are a couple of reasons to veer toward 2, if not all the way. First, studies of the question whether the Eurozone is an optimal currency area generally tended to show no more than one major possible fault line in a single monetary policy for the 12 initial members (including Greece, which entered in 2001, but excluding the UK and Denmark) – roughly between north and south (see, e.g., Bayoumi and Eichengreen 1992). Subsequent events since the crisis of 2008-2010 have underlined this fault line. In particular, the under-pricing of German goods relative to southern European ones in the current debacle in the Eurozone is too well-known to require new development. The recessionary and deflationary consequences also need not be rehearsed. My main point, though, is that judging from past studies of synchronisation of business cycles and asymmetries in economic performance in the Eurozone (and therefore excluding the UK and Denmark), two currencies may be enough – one including Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria, and another comprising the countries bordering the Mediterranean and stretching to Portugal.
Next, history provides an important reason for 2 instead of 18 in the case that 1 is wrong. The only experience with freely floating exchange rates in the EC – the EU’s predecessor – was short-lived and unfortunate. It followed the breakdown of Bretton-Woods in 1971. Soon after this experience, the members of the EC tried to return to some semblance of exchange rate stability, and in any scenario of a break-up of the Eurozone, it is difficult to imagine that the members would tolerate general floating. The strategic game aspects, if nothing else, weigh too heavily against this alternative. Yet, the past also teaches us that no system of fixed exchange rates ever worked in the EC. The main effort to bolster exchange rate stability after the ineffectual ‘snake,’ the European Monetary System (EMS), led to major realignments every nine months in 1983-1985. It is highly questionable that the EMS was dynamically stable and would have survived much longer despite major capital controls, had not the prospect of Eurozone come to save it. Thus, a further reason to envisage a second euro is that neither floating nor fixed exchange rates would work in the event of a break-up of the Eurozone. On the other hand, having three major currencies in the EU seems tolerable. The floating of the British pound relative to the euro has raised no difficulty, even though it means having two major currencies in the system. The Common Agricultural Policy also now depends heavily on direct subsidies rather than price controls, so that exchange rate movements cannot wreak the havoc in agriculture that was possible in the 1970s and 1980s. Two euros would be a far cry from return to separate liras, pesetas, francs, escudos, drachmas, etc.
Third Advantage
We are now living through a veritable tragicomedy in the Eurozone. Faced with a situation where Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian governments were forced to borrow at unsustainable interest rate premiums, the ECB was compelled to step in to lower the interest rates in order to prevent defaults that would have spread to the banking system and forced some countries out of the Eurozone. But at every step along the way, the question raised in Germany, and that has now come up twice before the German Constitutional Court, is whether the ECB is acting within its mandate. And the tragicomic aspect is that the ECB probably is not and the Court of Karlsruhe thinks so but simply forestalls crises for political reasons. However, in its most recent decision (7 February 2014), the Court has left little room for future manoeuvre by explicitly dismissing the ECB’s argument that the Outright Monetary Transactions program is legitimate on grounds that it ensures the proper functioning of monetary policy and avoids the breakup of the Eurozone. Therefore, the scope for expansionary monetary policy in the future in the Eurozone is now more circumscribed than ever.2
Is this then a game that the large section of the Eurozone membership with grave need for expansionary monetary policy has an interest in continuing to play? It would be easy to write a new set of rules that would impose tough inflation targets on another central bank, yet still allow expansionary monetary policy in deep recessions, and provide the central bank the ability to engage in selective aid measures in circumstances that threaten the very survival of the monetary union without inviting such circumstances to arise. Very significantly, no joint bonds backed by ‘joint and several’ guarantees of the member governments would be called for. Let us remember too that the Eurozone courted some of its current problems by announcing early on that the whole system hinged on the Stability and Growth Pact despite the no-bail-out rule, instead of warning markets that government defaults remained possible (despite the Pact), and the organisation would only intervene to insure the safety of the banking sector and the payment system.
The prospects for banking union are admittedly better than those for adequate monetary control. Yet, as mentioned before, the fiscal implications of banking union have not received the attention they need. The Single Bank Resolution Fund that has been mentioned will require a separate treaty and remains only a vague possibility.3 However, without a mechanism assuring the collective bearing of the costs of a major insolvency, there is no reason to expect that we can avoid a repetition of the experience since 2010 with ‘the diabolic loop’, as the euro-nomics group (Brunnermeier et al. 2012) terms it between bank risk and government bond risk (Ireland, Spain, and Greece, see also Shambraugh 2012.)
Germany was unquestionably the leader in the pre-euro European Monetary System. It was never clear when Eurozone got started why the country agreed to renounce its monetary independence. The question ‘What’s in it for Germany?’ never got a satisfactory answer. But, in compensation, the country did obtain virtually free rein to set the rules in the Eurozone. At first supporters of a single currency (including the present author) vaguely expected that the constitutional problems that might arise would be ironed out as they appeared. But this overly sanguine expectation has proven false. In these circumstances, isn’t it time to give some serious thought to a second euro?
See original post for references
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1. paul
What did Germany gain? It put a ceiling on the deutschmark and locked in its patiently built commercial advantages, and they got to set all the rules, even the moral tone of the euroborus. Poor old German elites, wasn’t that enough?
1. Lafayette
You seem to have forgot why Germany feels it has a right to “instruct” others.
When Schroeder was leaving office (permanently) he brought about some very difficult reformations as regards German labor-laws. They are were harmful to the vested-interests of German unions that had ensconced themselves in a “never-change” attitude. One of “worker gains are not negotiable”.
Worker gains, in terms of government taxation (healthcare, unemployment benefits, reemployment training) were making German labor inflexible and expensive. Germany went through 2 years of hell swallowing the medicine – but now is the most prosperous of the European countries. Too many Germans live near or below the poverty line, which has a threshold equivalent to that of the US – about 15%.
Still, it is in a far better position than it was before.
If Renzi in Italy wants to destroy the fashion of government to be in the hands of a select coterie of politicians, it is high-time for Italy to do so.
In a word, there is nothing wrong with the Euro that a general economic reprise cannot cure. But abandoning the Euro to return to the pre-euro currencies would be a fate worse than death for Europe. People who suggest it have either forgot or never understood how Europe functioned before badly, despite the economic post-war growth. Neither do they understand that about 60% of all EU-exports is to other EU-countries, facilitated by a common currency.
The post-war growth was over and done with in the early 1990s – there is no going back. To return to the Deutschemark, Lira and Franc would be foolish, to say the least. Since its inception, Europe has had to suffer from the fact that it has one currency but 27 heads of state sitting on that one currency. It needs badly a central government, one that would reduce Prime Ministers to the level of state governors. Just like in the US. (Which would be an insult to a great many men’s pride … )
Unfortunately, too many Europeans can’t see the judiciousness of that evolution at present. But, in time they will … till then, there is no disaster on the horizon threatening economic disaster. Even financial …
1. Pepsi Girl
Where the hell did you get this bag of bullshit? The cure for the Euro is an even stronger 4th Reich? Are you serious?
2. BigRed
but now is the most prosperous of the European countries
So, in your opinion, the solution for achieving prosperity is not to improve one’s own population’s standard of living but instead to undermine those of others? This is precisely the same argument that’s currently being made in favor of reducing work benefits because workers in low-salary countries don’t have any. In fact, you make this argument yourself when you decry that the average German had it too good.
A decade of real income stagnation hasn’t done anything to make the German population prosperous but vastly increased corporate profits. And now you suggest this as the solution for the rest of the Eurozone. Should you not even give the appearance of giving a shit about people?
2. The Dork of Cork
Two Trojan horses rather then one ??
Its a diabolical currency – used to inject a second American materialist revolution with predictable catastrophic results.
So you decide to pick a more gentle trajectory into the abyss………….
All EU trade is a artifact of a extreme scarce money ecosystem. (you must export or drive around in circles to gain enough fiat to exist which causes extreme shortages of basic goods as almost all energy is used to “add value” to goods which don’t need such absurd devices.)
Talk of more balanced trade is beside the point.
The village & market town – the very core of real interactions between people is no more in Europe
The very nature of trade within the EU entrepot is of course highly destructive.
It was designed as such.
3. Jim Haygood
‘The second euro could be constructed in a better manner than the previous euro. There is no need to repeat the errors of the past.’
Nor is there any need to reinvent the wheel:
How much silver does the German euro contain?
4. John
Breaking up the euro is a different animal than breaking up the eurozone. A eurozone breakup I would have thought possible at some point, is just not going to happen anytime soon. Recall the ousters of Papandreou and Berlusconni. They tried the unforgivable sin of putting legislation through referendum, to the angst of Germany. Ms Merkel had them forced out. You see, what sounds good on paper will not work politically — even it means curtailing democratic processes.
Even introducing another currency is questionable. When Greece quitely uttered the words of a national currency, they were threatened with expulsion. Never mind that was the sensible thing to do. Politics over-rides the economic well-being of a nation. What people must understand is creditors have a lot riding on seeing national governments squeezed. The thought of another euro currency would smack of hypocrisy since Greece was forced to swallow the awful euro elixer.
But herein lies concerns. Treaties would need to be amended to accommodate the new currency. From what I can see governance will cause it to fail right from the outset. Smart money would be on national currencies. They can then measure and respond to conditions much better than the ECB.
I see lots of studies from think tanks on possibilities — it is just the political elite are hard core tone-deaf federalists and change is just not in the cards for these folks even when it means millions are unemployed, or loss of health-care, cuts to social programs like education, etc… The bottom-line is kleptocrats see huge potential on getting state assets on the cheap. Any doubts? Take a look at Greece. Think tanks seem not to factor the unflappability of federalists running the show in Brussels.
A banking union is another problem. People the world over thought Europe was some kind of warm, get along collective until they witnessed the elections of May. What they saw was a growing body of ultra-right wing parties win EP seats. These right-wingers are anti-foreign — meaning people not originating in the country — want these people gone. On the other hand Germany has made it clear they are not in favor of spending any of their tax money on the those lazy people in the south. They have a deep cultural bias against such a thing. The trust is not there for a banking union.
For the political elite, it is status quo. Nothing to see here.
5. William C
What did West Germany (as it then was) gain ? As I recall, the deal was that France agreed to German reunification in exchange for monetary union. The French were fed up with the Bundesbank calling all the shots with the ERM (all other ERM countries had to move their interest rates in lockstep with the Germans to maintain their fixed exchange rates), France wanted a say in monetary policy. I am not sure they feel they have much more say now but you would have to ask them.
The mainland Europeans have long failed to share the Anglo-American enthusiasm for floating exchange rates – look back to the 1970s and the so-called ‘snake’. They like the certainty of fixed exchange rates – essential really if you are going to build a proper single market.
Mrs Thatcher lost the diplomatic manouevring, being deserted by Mitterand – who had hitherto shared her opposition to German reunification – as he achieved this deal. And indeed that was the immediate spark that led to her downfall following her famous declaration of ‘No,No,No’ to monetary union.
I have heard it said Mitterand had little understanding of economics.
1. digi_owl
“I have heard it said Mitterand had little understanding of economics.”
Then again, so does few economists…
2. BigRed
Well, rumor has it that he used the Maastricht criteria to deny his ministers financing – so at least he thought he knew his politics.
6. craazyman
we were talking about this in the peanut gallery years ago.
Imagine sitting in a sports bar in Rome spending a Euro-lite on a Bud-lite before heading to McDonald’s for a burger & fries then wandering around aimlessly on the streets looking at employed Italians. The only thing missing in this scene is ketchup. What’s not to like?
If I want to see a statue I’ll look at pictures in a book.
1. susan the other
That’s not to imply i do not condone their sense of social equality… lately screwed up by us somewhat. I mean regardless of ketchup.
7. Rodger Malcolm Mitchell
The nations adopting the euro surrendered the single most valuable asset any nation ever has: Its Monetary Sovereignty. That nation, like all cities, counties and American states, all businesses and all individuals, requires continual input of money from outside its borders.
It cannot, independently, create money, to survive long-term.
Though long-term, all euro nations require this continual input of money, i.e. a positive balance of payments, not all can have this positive balance long-term.
Mathematically, many, if not most, euro nations always will teeter on the edge of financial disaster.
I predicted this back in 2005, when in a speech at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, I said, “Because of the Euro, no euro nation can control its own money supply. The Euro is the worst economic idea since the recession-era, Smoot-Hawley Tariff. The economies of European nations are doomed by the euro.”
There are two, and only two, solutions to the ongoing euro crisis — a crisis that cannot be cured or even ameliorated, by austerity measures or by loans:
1. Each nation return to Monetary Sovereignty by re-adopting its own sovereign currency
2. Form a United States of Europe, in which the EU supplies each nation with money, as needed.
There are no other solutions.
All other attempts will devolve into Rube Goldberesque machinations, leading nowhere.
1. BigRed
And which they don’t have to play along with because as issuers of their own currency there’s no need for them to “borrow” it.
8. Gibby the Fifth
I remember an article in the FT, about 2 years ago I think, discussing the split of the Euro into 2 separate currencies. The first currency, for the Northern countries, would naturally be called the Neuro. The second, for the peripheral countries, could inevitably be the Pseudo.
Joking apart, the experience of the UK at various stages in trying to shadow or maintain parity with European currencies, shows how difficult it is for very different economies at different stages of “development” to try to have the same currency and interest rates. Just ask people in Hong Kong, whose property market is perpetually subservient to US interest rate policy for further evidence.
My latest preference is simple: just detach Germany,let them run their own affairs in the way they think fit, and allow everybody else to do what they want, or their electorates dictate or will swallow.
9. H. Alexander Ivey
Mighty nice of them to admit to their failure: “(including the present author) vaguely expected that the constitutional problems that might arise would be ironed out as they appeared.”
But, again, they show their ignorance on how politics is played. As noted by Matt Stoller in earlier NC posts (links), the powerful in politics will fight over power and money. At present, with a mix of weak and strong countries in one house, the strong can, and do, beat up the weak. But if you make two houses, one of the strong and the other weak, the members of the strong house, rather than cross the street to the weak house, will start to fight each other. But with no weak ones to easily intimidate, their in-house fighting will only wreak havoc on themselves. And then, the weak house may find strength in numbers and further barricade the street against the strong house.
It’s rather telling that the authors don’t list out who would be in the two Euro zones.
10. Alberto
If the euro will last for more than 5 more years it will be the least of the problems. Europe imports 40% of its oil from Russia and there are 4 big problems 1) russian fields have peaked and will start to decline within this decade 2) russians are moving for a closer integration with asians countries very fast (not just China, Japan too will sign energy deals with them in the near future) 3) OPEC oil peaked in 2006 and even Saudi will not be able to export a drop of oil after 2035 4) european are cutting investments on anything so there is no green economy coming. How far is 2035 ? If you are 70 years old it’s too far, but from any other point of view is very close. We’re going back to 1900, some countries will walk back faster than others, that’s all.
11. Mike
The idea that a country with a huge trade surplus can share the same currency with countries that have a huge trade deficit, and have nothing terrible happen is a pipe dream. The people who setup the Euro knew very well what the outcome would be: one of the largest wealth transfers in human history.
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A travel app that helps to plan more enjoyable trips with a lot of fun activities. All the excitement and none of the stress of logistics and planning.
UI design
User research
There is a lot of travel websites and apps but none of them give users their time back when already on a trip. While travelling in itself is a great experience and most people have positive memories from their trips, planning and logistics can cause a lot of stress. Multiple sources for finding sights make the decision-making process take a lot of the precious relaxation time. Travello was developed to fill in that gap in order to once and for all make travelling a purely pleasurable experience.
Design an app that address users' needs with regards to travel planning. Based on requirements gathered during user interviews and through affinity mapping, focus on reducing the stress of travelling and time spent on logistics.
While various stages of user interviews, card sorting, paper prototyping exercises, wireframes, and final designs revealed useful insights, some of users' confusion was caused by low-fidelity nature of the assets. Hence, the process required a constant heuristic cross-evaluation. This approach enabled a more holistic design approach while keeping it user-centric.
An app that is made for users being on the go. It facilitates a quick glance at what comes next in the travel itinerary. The hypothesis has been confirmed. Travelers that have visibility into how much time the day plan is anticipated to take, distances from one place to another, closure times as well as priority of sights, feel more at ease. Through personas, user flows, and storyboarding, the main scenario task of adding a new place to an existing itinerary was defined. Making this task the most intuitive it could be was the main focus for iterative prototyping, and later on, usability testing. Additional insights like adding a toggle between the map and the list views to allow a quick and easy orientation in a visited place were also implemented.
The next sprint for the project would explore sharing and collaboration flows. Options for creation and plan sharing will ensure that no friend is left behind with wishes.
My Impact
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HMF Multi-Strain
Multistrain probiotic formula promotes gastrointestinal health*
• Supports a healthy gut microflora*
• Provides 15 billion CFU per capsule from a combination of 16 strains
Servings Per Container: 60
Adults, Adolescents and Children (6 years and older): Take one capsule daily, at least two to three hours before or after taking antibiotics, or as recommended by your healthcare practitioner.
Serving Size: 1 Capsule
Amount Per Serving
Probiotic Consortium ... 15 billion CFU
Lactobacillus acidophilus (CUL-60); Lactobacillus acidophilus (CUL-21); CONTAINS
Bifidobacterium bifidum (CUL-20); Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (CUL-34); Lactobacillus salivarius (CUL-61); Lactobacillus paracasei (CUL-08); Lactobacillus plantarum (CUL-66); Lactobacillus casei (CUL-06); Lactobacillus fermentum (CUL-67); Lactobacillus gasseri (CUL-09); Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (CUL-62); Bifidobacterium breve (CUL-74); Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (CUL-68); Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFM™); Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (HN019); Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001)
Other Ingredient: Hypromellose, cellulose, silica
Guaranteed to contain no added wheat, starch, gluten, soy, artifical coloring or flavoring, antimicrobial preservatives, dairy or animal products. Ideal for vegans.
Customer Reviews
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OpEdNews Op Eds
I Really Want to Make a Point Here
By Follow Me on Twitter Message Timothy V. Gatto Permalink
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The twenty first century has not started off well. I believed that Nixon was the worst President I would ever see, and then along comes Bush. It's no accident that both Bush and Nixon are Republicans. I don't see how we could have gotten a Democrat that would be so bad. I'm not saying that there aren't bad Democrats out there, look at Joe Lieberman, but I don't believe that they would ever capture the primaries. Chicken hawk Joe might have been Vice-President if not for a stolen election, but he's not.
I sense a high degree of fatalism in the Progressive ranks. There is so much doom and gloom out there, that I'm cautious about reading too much of it, less it ruins my day. I try to take it with a grain of salt. There are a few of you out there that really might as well go and kill yourselves just to end the misery that you seem to be feeling. I'd be the first to admit that this world is in a pretty tight place right now, but I don't see it self-destructing anytime soon. I could be wrong, but seriously, lighten up on the rhetoric just a little if you can. I don't really want repeats of Columbine because some young progressives have been reading articles on the web and taking it all to heart.
It's really amazing how everyone jumped on that 2% of the people have most of the wealth. How does anyone really know that? Every once in a while we all have to step back once in a while and take a reality check. It's a good statement, and you can get a lot of mileage out of it, but is it really true? How could anyone really, really know? It doesn't do anyone any good to be seen as just another "liberal" or "progressive", using the same rhetoric as the rest of them. One good way to not set yourself up for a comment or an accusation like that is to give the source of the statement. According to "so and so" is good way. Sometimes we end up sounding exactly like the right wing crowd with all the buzzwords. Believe me when I say I'm as guilty as anyone on this. I'm just thinking out loud here. I believe what I am trying to get at is to try to engage these people. Try to write "for" them instead of "about" them. We really do need everyone we can get to support the things we're working for, the issues are so damn important we can't afford to alienate everyone. We are going to need everyone, especially the people that are interested enough to read articles on a progressive site such as OpEdNews.com. Something brought them here. Even if we prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that we're right as rain about an issue, people will tune us out and go into a defensive mode and just concentrate on the things they don't like, such as buzzwords and tired old phrases.
Once someone is stereotyped, they become less effective. I had always thought of Al Sharpton as a bigmouth suit that was always looking for the spotlight, until I read an article about him from someone in the African-American community. She said that when a person of color is in trouble, Al Sharpton is there. She asked how many white people can claim that? Whether it is true or not, it started to make me think about the things he was saying and noticing how many times he pops up. My tired old opinion of Sharpton changed by reading an article. That's what we need to do. We have to present things in a way that gets them thinking. When I was in the Army, I had a reputation of being well liked by the troops under me. I was promoted when I was just 18 years old. The other Sergeants were always asking me how I got the guys in my section to like me. It was true, I could get my guys to do anything. It was simple to answer; I told them that I talk TO them instead of AT them. Some guys got it, some didn't.
The object of writing political articles is to get someone to believe in what you are saying. Anyone can write an article, that's easy. All you have to do is state your facts and then go ahead and give your opinions. That isn't all though. Writing an Op-Ed is really like having a one way argument. You have to be thinking about what your reader will be thinking when he or she is reading your stuff. What I do is that I always assume that the person reading my article is a right wing neocon. That's my target audience 90% of the time. If I wasn't trying to reach those people, if I'm writing for my fellow Progressives, I'm preaching to the choir. I don't want to put all this time and effort into something just to validate things that my audience already knows. That's no fun. I want to make a point. I want to change somebody's mind. I'm trying to get people on my side. Unless I'm talking about something that I consider news, or a fresh perspective on something, I'm always trying to make a point. Sometimes I can read a long drawn out article, and when I'm finished with it, I still don't know what the hell the point of the article was. I'm sure it's happened to you,... doesn't it piss you off? You wish the person responsible for writing it was right in front of you so you could say; "So...what the hell is your point?"
I've been doing a lot of thinking. I've been by myself twelve hours a day, with absolutely nothing to do except surf the web, think and write, because of my job. Some of the things that I'm reading make me believe that the way everything's shaping up, has gotten me more than a little nervous. I don't believe that Bush gives a rat's ass about the elections. I really don't. I think that he believes he has two years on his term, and that he can do and say anything he pleases. I don't belive that he thinks that anything he has done since he became President was in any way wrong. He may believe that his timing was wrong, or that someone screwed something up, but I think the man believes with all his heart, that he has seen everything correctly and that the people who are against him are just plain wrong. This is just about the worst possible thing that our nation could be faced with; that we have a sitting President that is a megalomaniac and who is very close to being a sociopath, if he isn't already a full blown sociopath.
This is why we have to step it up a bit. This guy is out to change the world so that it fits into his definition of how the world should be. He is not dealing in reality. He's seeing things as good and bad, as black and white. He isn't following any reasonable path, and to convieniantly shape him into someone that conforms to some neocon political theory is dangerous. He isn't in my opinion, following any type of preordained plan or theory. I believe that Bush has even got the neocons a little worried. This is a person that is unpredictable and thoroughly convinced that he can and will defeat all of America's enemies and put everything right, and make his family proud. I think this guy believes he can bring the United States to the same mindset of what it was in 1957, a nation that goes to church every Sunday, and all the citizen's believe that America is some kind of Camelot, and that there is no homosexuality, abortion or dissent, and if he can't achieve that then he'll die trying.
We need to get this guy out of the White House. We don't have all the time in the world, and it's going to take everyone working together. That's the point of this article. I wish I could convince Congress that we really have an emergancy here.
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Arranging the Deck Chairs While Death Comes from Japan
The Fix is In. The Revolution is Coming.
Interview with Finian Cunningham: Bahrain and the U.S. Role
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Is Venmo right for your club?
Even if you could get approved as a business, think again.
You’re probably here because some Board Member (possibly you) had the bright idea to collect dues through Venmo because somehow it’s magically FREEEEEE!!! Meaning there aren’t any fees associated to sending or receiving money (like there is with Paypal). It’s a utopia of transactions. So why aren’t businesses using it for EVERYTHING!?
Paypal owns Venmo (twist!)
And they didn’t buy Venmo to cannibalize their core business. Keep in mind, Paypal already had a free way for friends and family to send money to each other for free when they bought Venmo, but their way wasn’t as “social”.
And that’s what Venmo is: a Social Commerce Platform. Their words not mine.
Venmo is a vapor-trail of money
My actual transaction data for what was paid for. Note one row was just empty. Imagine sending this to the IRS.
I’ve heard from neighbors that pay their after-school help through Venmo that couldn’t prove it at the end of the year for their Tax returns. I found this hard to believe, so I went back through my own Venmo transaction history.
Logging in through their website I was only able to get 90 days of my transaction history to export out to CSV. Aside from not having a full year’s worth of data (or multiple years in case of an IRS audit), Venmo leaves it up to the sender to categorize what was actually paid for. So expect to see a lot of Swim Emoji icons for everything from Family memberships to concessions when members pay. If you are reading this as your club’s accountant, you should be feeling queasy right now.
Venmo does have fees
Thought Venmo was totally free. They do have fees. So for example, if a Member funds their transaction with a credit card, they get stuck paying 3%. That’ll likely never come up for small purchase items, but it will for the larger membership payments. So what will likely happen is members will try to create their own installment plans based on what is currently in their Venmo account.
“Yo, I only paid $90 because thats what I had in my account, I’ll send more when this guy on NextDoor buys my kid’s old bike.”
This will happen because people treat Venmo like Venmo. It’s fun-bucks for most people. But by introducing play-money into your otherwise serious revenue stream, you’ve now given members a reason to treat the club like their bro, “Dude, just let me swim this weekend and I’ll get ya those dues later”.
Venmo is literally telling you to get off their website
If you’ve ever used Venmo, you already know its deeply tied to your mobile phone. For fun, try deleting the app and reinstalling it. Unlike most apps you won’t be asked to log back in. Venmo is that sticky. It’s like you never deleted it.
They really don’t want users relying on their website for much of anything. At the time of this article, the picture below was front and center when I logged in…
This is another bad sign for anyone that wants to treat Venmo seriously as a revenue-collecting tool. Imagine on-boarding a new Treasurer and explaining to them their phone now gets to be the lucky device with the club’s Venmo account installed. Just hope they weren’t planning on using their own Venmo account for a few years.
This is how clubs lose their non-profit status
Digging through a box of old Board Member documents recently, I discovered my home club had temporarily lost their non-profit status due to a rather minor accounting mistake. So if you’re sweating 2.2% in Paypal fees, imagine having to pay taxes as a for-profit business.
If the IRS lines up 5 clubs in a row, and has their choice of one to audit, and 4 of them have bullet-proof accounting records via a single source of money received, and 1 of them is taking in dues all over the place: Venmo, Paypal, checks, cash, etc, guess who gets the audit.
The first thing the IRS will want to check is money going back out the same way it came in. Refunds via Paypal are pretty straight forward. The transaction can simply be refunded, and there’s a clear paper trail linking the original order and the refund.
Imagine what a refund would look like in Venmo. It would look like the club is paying money back out to members.
Mixing in a social commerce app into the revenue stream of any business pulling in hundreds of thousands is going to be a red flag.
It’s so easy to do things right…
The 2.9% in processing fees are just part of doing business. And Paypal will actually knock those down to 2.2% if you simply get in touch with them and prove you are indeed a non-profit (you don’t need to be a charitable non-profit either).
If you become a PoolDues client, your shopping cart will send all orders through to Paypal and log them every step of the way. So when the order completes, Paypal sends a message back to the website to switch the transaction from Pending to Completed and logs that payment FOREVER in the system. Potentially storing transactions for decades! Pending orders are also noted, so for example, a member might say “But I thought I paid,” and you could search back to see indeed they did put something in the shopping cart, but never completed the transaction. Members get distracted during the payment and trust me this will happen. But it’s far easier to track down than someone claiming they mailed a check that never arrived.
Paypal can simultaneously send data to QuickBooks Online. So in terms of rock-solid accounting, you’ll have 3 sets of the same exportable transaction history. The PoolDues backend, Paypal, and QuickBooks Online. All of which will be in sync.
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9521288275718688}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '106902', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GJ7W2XHYYF35DRTDHVS5GBUNHZNFDWFP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:255132d0-b1d5-4368-a508-31bee96578a2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 16, 0, 28, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.208.236.30', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SH44DWGO2L7J5ADRFKSHUJ6MOPIS3KSO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:578858e6-80a1-42ba-b54e-463f0d7ac23b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://pooldues.com/think-your-swim-tennis-club-can-take-venmo-for-dues-think-again/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f2d9256d-a87e-4c20-a32e-e1caf3b8e873>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1004', 'url': 'https://pooldues.com/think-your-swim-tennis-club-can-take-venmo-for-dues-think-again/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-206.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.19817739725112915', 'original_id': 'e76510169c4f1997ba472a4e28047e5d87ba5a69333faa9af30cd14e214a6db8'} |
#
# Copyright 2019 Xilinx, Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
MK_PATH := $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))
CUR_DIR := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(MK_PATH)))
XF_PROJ_ROOT ?= $(shell bash -c 'export MK_PATH=$(MK_PATH); echo $${MK_PATH%L1/tests/*}')
# MK_INC_BEGIN hls_common.mk
.PHONY: help
help::
@echo ""
@echo "Makefile Usage:"
@echo ""
@echo " make run CSIM=1 CSYNTH=1 COSIM=1 DEVICE=<FPGA platform> PLATFORM_REPO_PATHS=<path to platform directories>"
@echo " Command to run the selected tasks for specified device."
@echo ""
@echo " Valid tasks are CSIM, CSYNTH, COSIM, VIVADO_SYN, VIVADO_IMPL"
@echo ""
@echo " DEVICE is case-insensitive and support awk regex."
@echo " For example, \`make run DEVICE='u200.*xdma' COSIM=1\`"
@echo " It can also be an absolute path to platform file."
@echo ""
@echo " PLATFORM_REPO_PATHS variable is used to specify the paths in which the platform files will be"
@echo " searched for."
@echo ""
@echo " make run CSIM=1 CSYNTH=1 COSIM=1 XPART=<FPGA part name>"
@echo " Alternatively, the FPGA part can be speficied via XPART."
@echo " For example, \`make run XPART='xcu200-fsgd2104-2-e' COSIM=1\`"
@echo " When XPART is set, DEVICE will be ignored."
@echo ""
@echo " make clean "
@echo " Command to remove the generated files."
@echo ""
# MK_INC_END hls_common.mk
# MK_INC_BEGIN vivado.mk
TOOL_VERSION ?= 2019.2
ifeq (,$(XILINX_VIVADO))
XILINX_VIVADO = /opt/xilinx/Vivado/$(TOOL_VERSION)
endif
export XILINX_VIVADO
.PHONY: check_vivado
check_vivado:
ifeq (,$(wildcard $(XILINX_VIVADO)/bin/vivado))
@echo "Cannot locate Vivado installation. Please set XILINX_VIVADO variable." && false
endif
export PATH := $(XILINX_VIVADO)/bin:$(PATH)
# MK_INC_END vivado.mk
DEVICE ?= u200
# MK_INC_BEGIN vitis_set_part.mk
.PHONY: check_part
ifeq (,$(XPART))
# MK_INC_BEGIN vitis.mk
TOOL_VERSION ?= 2019.2
ifeq (,$(XILINX_VITIS))
XILINX_VITIS = /opt/xilinx/Vitis/$(TOOL_VERSION)
endif
export XILINX_VITIS
.PHONY: check_vpp
check_vpp:
ifeq (,$(wildcard $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin/v++))
@echo "Cannot locate Vitis installation. Please set XILINX_VITIS variable." && false
endif
ifeq (,$(XILINX_XRT))
XILINX_XRT = /opt/xilinx/xrt
endif
export XILINX_XRT
.PHONY: check_xrt
check_xrt:
ifeq (,$(wildcard $(XILINX_XRT)/lib/libxilinxopencl.so))
@echo "Cannot locate XRT installation. Please set XILINX_XRT variable." && false
endif
export PATH := $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin:$(XILINX_XRT)/bin:$(PATH)
ifeq (,$(LD_LIBRARY_PATH))
LD_LIBRARY_PATH := $(XILINX_XRT)/lib
else
LD_LIBRARY_PATH := $(XILINX_XRT)/lib:$(LD_LIBRARY_PATH)
endif
ifneq (,$(wildcard $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin/ldlibpath.sh))
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH := $(shell $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin/ldlibpath.sh $(XILINX_VITIS)/lib/lnx64.o):$(LD_LIBRARY_PATH)
endif
# MK_INC_END vitis.mk
# MK_INC_BEGIN vitis_set_platform.mk
ifneq (,$(wildcard $(DEVICE)))
# Use DEVICE as a file path
XPLATFORM := $(DEVICE)
else
# Use DEVICE as a file name pattern
DEVICE_L := $(shell echo $(DEVICE) | tr A-Z a-z)
# Match the name
ifneq (,$(PLATFORM_REPO_PATHS))
XPLATFORMS := $(foreach p, $(subst :, ,$(PLATFORM_REPO_PATHS)), $(wildcard $(p)/*/*.xpfm))
XPLATFORM := $(strip $(foreach p, $(XPLATFORMS), $(shell echo $(p) | awk '$$1 ~ /$(DEVICE_L)/')))
endif
ifeq (,$(XPLATFORM))
XPLATFORMS := $(wildcard $(XILINX_VITIS)/platforms/*/*.xpfm)
XPLATFORM := $(strip $(foreach p, $(XPLATFORMS), $(shell echo $(p) | awk '$$1 ~ /$(DEVICE_L)/')))
endif
ifeq (,$(XPLATFORM))
XPLATFORMS := $(wildcard /opt/xilinx/platforms/*/*.xpfm)
XPLATFORM := $(strip $(foreach p, $(XPLATFORMS), $(shell echo $(p) | awk '$$1 ~ /$(DEVICE_L)/')))
endif
endif
define MSG_PLATFORM
No platform matched pattern '$(DEVICE)'.
Available platforms are: $(XPLATFORMS)
To add more platform directories, set the PLATFORM_REPO_PATHS variable.
endef
export MSG_PLATFORM
define MSG_DEVICE
More than one platform matched: $(XPLATFORM)
Please set DEVICE variable more accurately to select only one platform file. For example: DEVICE='u200.*xdma'
endef
export MSG_DEVICE
.PHONY: check_platform
check_platform:
ifeq (,$(XPLATFORM))
@echo "$${MSG_PLATFORM}" && false
endif
ifneq (,$(word 2,$(XPLATFORM)))
@echo "$${MSG_DEVICE}" && false
endif
XDEVICE := $(basename $(notdir $(firstword $(XPLATFORM))))
# MK_INC_END vitis_set_platform.mk
ifeq (1, $(words $(XPLATFORM)))
# Query the part name of device
ifneq (,$(wildcard $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin/platforminfo))
override XPART := $(shell $(XILINX_VITIS)/bin/platforminfo --json="hardwarePlatform.board.part" --platform $(firstword $(XPLATFORM)))
endif
endif
check_part: check_platform check_vpp
ifeq (,$(XPART))
@echo "XPART is not set and cannot be inferred. Please run \`make help\` for usage info." && false
endif
else # XPART
check_part:
@echo "XPART is directly set to $(XPART)"
endif # XPART
# MK_INC_END vitis_set_part.mk
# MK_INC_BEGIN hls_test_rules.mk
.PHONY: run setup runhls clean cleanall check
# Alias to run, for legacy test script
check: run
CSIM ?= 0
CSYNTH ?= 0
COSIM ?= 0
VIVADO_SYN ?= 0
VIVADO_IMPL ?= 0
QOR_CHECK ?= 0
# at least RTL synthesis before check QoR
ifeq (1,$(QOR_CHECK))
ifeq (0,$(VIVADO_IMPL))
override VIVADO_SYN := 1
endif
endif
# need synthesis before cosim or vivado
ifeq (1,$(VIVADO_IMPL))
override CSYNTH := 1
endif
ifeq (1,$(VIVADO_SYN))
override CSYNTH := 1
endif
ifeq (1,$(COSIM))
override CSYNTH := 1
endif
run: setup runhls
setup: | check_part
@rm -f ./settings.tcl
@if [ -n "$$CLKP" ]; then echo 'set CLKP $(CLKP)' >> ./settings.tcl ; fi
@echo 'set XPART $(XPART)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set CSIM $(CSIM)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set CSYNTH $(CSYNTH)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set COSIM $(COSIM)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set VIVADO_SYN $(VIVADO_SYN)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set VIVADO_IMPL $(VIVADO_IMPL)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set QOR_CHECK $(QOR_CHECK)' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo 'set XF_PROJ_ROOT "$(XF_PROJ_ROOT)"' >> ./settings.tcl
@echo "Configured: settings.tcl"
@echo "----"
@cat ./settings.tcl
@echo "----"
HLS ?= vitis_hls
runhls: setup | check_vivado
$(HLS) -f run_hls.tcl;
clean:
rm -rf settings.tcl *_hls.log prj_ssr_fft_reg_test_r8_l128.prj
# Used by Jenkins test
cleanall: clean
# MK_INC_END hls_test_rules.mk
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '9cf17efd26e1e21917efcbf69f43fd3a9237b5f52dd4397015cf40e87d70a5d7'} |
look up any word, like fellated:
To send a text message while taking a dump.
I was sitting in my office, diligently working yesterday, when suddenly Adam shittertexted me. How disgusting!
by Joe in Colorado November 28, 2007
Words related to shittertext
bathroom cell dump message phone shit text
this is when you are taking a shit and really bored you go thru you phone and mass text message a whole lot of people " whats up" " how are you" ect just to keep you occupied
brian sorry i didnt get back to you when you texted me " whats up", no its cool, i was shitter texting
by uncle steve from miami January 24, 2009 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9511404633522034}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45977', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZFNEH2IUM5RJXH4XWGPTIZQA4TRWT6UV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:92255bd7-d69f-4039-a441-26d4202afe92>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 7, 24, 15, 19, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.235.46.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:W5J5MWYKK3TZ4TDG5BPA3NSAGYHSIDBH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0c7da984-1908-404a-b507-72b1b4d18460>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=shittertext&defid=2715136', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ed7ff0f5-98a3-4131-aac1-e5b279b16519>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '116', 'url': 'http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=shittertext&defid=2715136', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9013303518295288', 'original_id': '1fe4579a614865936cfe30cd06fa3498c35b07d7bfa8b4b4f339a267d45efa11'} |
RNN fail with CUDA but runs on CPU
Problem with RNN and CUDA.
I want to run a RNN (https://fluxml.ai/Flux.jl/stable/models/recurrence/) on the GPU, using the explicit (https://fluxml.ai/Flux.jl/stable/training/training/#Implicit-or-Explicit?) gradients.
This seems to work fine one CPU, but fails on the GPU with the message pointing to the last statement in the loss function, called from gradient:
ERROR: CUDA error: an illegal memory access was encountered (code 700, ERROR_ILLEGAL_ADDRESS)
Stacktrace:
[1] throw_api_error(res::CUDA.cudaError_enum)
@ CUDA C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\libcuda.jl:27
[2] isdone
@ C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\stream.jl:111 [inlined]
[3] spinning_synchronization(f::typeof(CUDA.isdone), obj::CuStream)
@ CUDA C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\synchronization.jl:79
[4] device_synchronize(; blocking::Bool, spin::Bool)
@ CUDA C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\synchronization.jl:171
[5] device_synchronize()
@ CUDA C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\synchronization.jl:169
[6] top-level scope
@ C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\src\initialization.jl:210
caused by: CUDA error: an illegal memory access was encountered (code 700, ERROR_ILLEGAL_ADDRESS)
Stacktrace:
[1] throw_api_error(res::CUDA.cudaError_enum)
@ CUDA C:\Users\XXX\.julia\packages\CUDA\nIZkq\lib\cudadrv\libcuda.jl:27
Since I am dealing with a RNN, the history must be available for the gradient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation_through_time). The recurrence documentation for Flux specifies that the input should be structured as a vector (over time steps) of vectors (over features).
Code below is simplified to expose the problem, the training loop is stripped away.
using Flux
using ChainRulesCore
using CUDA
dev=gpu # cpu is working fine
m = Chain(RNN(2 => 5), Dense(5 => 1)) |> dev
x = [rand(Float32, 2) for i = 1:3] |> dev;
y = [rand(Float32, 1) for i=1:1] |> dev
[m(xi) for xi in x]
using Flux.Losses: mse
function loss(m, x, y)
@ignore_derivatives Flux.reset!(m)
m(x[1]) # ignores the output but updates the hidden states
m(x[2]) # ignore second output
mse(m(x[3]),y[1])
end
loss(m, x, y)
grads = Flux.gradient(m, x, y) do m,x,y
loss(m, x, y)
end
optim = Flux.setup(Flux.Adam(), m)
Flux.update!(optim, m, grads[1])
I am wondering if RNN is fully supported on CUDA in the new versions using explicit style?
Versions (in clean environment):
Julia 1.9.3
CUDA v5.1.0
ChainRulesCore v1.18.0
Flux v0.14.6
This looks like it could be a bug. I also encountered something similar recently. Could you update CUDA.jl to the most recent version and see if it's still there? If it really is a bug, it's better to post it directly on GitHub.
Right! I updated to a clean and newest environment. This changes the behavior, but I still get a (new kind of) error message. The original question have been updated according (and withgradient have been changed to gradient to provide as simple an example as possible).
https://github.com/FluxML/Flux.jl/issues/2352
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77449054', 'collection': 'StackExchange', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Stack Exchange', 'creator': 'abj, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4717097, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8209058, max xilian', 'language': 'Sardinian', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '382', 'token_count': '1101', '__index_level_0__': '25934', 'original_id': '1d300e0d3b9a7886311d8ef83f422198584cf607a70162cff921eb426ccac7ab'} |
Your Ego is NOT the Enemy...
Your Ego is NOT The Enemy.
The word “ego” has such a variety of definitions these days, and nearly all have a negative connotation.
But if we strip it down to the true original meaning, “I” in Latin (& how Freud originally translated it, though actually rarely used in his writing), “ego” essentially means the ‘self’ where “I” witness or perceive from in existence of reality.
Going from this definition, we can develop ‘unhealthy’ ego that appears like arrogance, self-centeredness, narcissism, grandiosity etc.
We can also develop ‘healthy’ ego that may appear like self-awareness, embodied presence, compassion, empathy, kindness, healthy boundaries etc.
Or any mixture of any qualities of personality.
So then, if our ego is not the enemy, how do we develop healthy ego?
Well, a lot of our ego is essentially built from unconscious programming that we’ve inherited - from society, our family, ancestry, epigenetics etc.
When we become aware of qualities of personality we don’t necessarily want to embody, we must make choices to re-habit ourselves with qualities we DO want to embody more of.
This conscious creating of personality is especially important for those who have bought into the spiritual and psychological jargon that our ego is bad and it must be gotten rid of.
Yes, You. Reading This.
Yes, we are also all One.. ultimately. and Yes it’s beautiful to be altruistic and compassionate and empathetic.
But if that’s ALL you are, you have LOST YOURSELF.
And this is especially challenging for women as we’ve been conditioned for millennia to prioritize the other (as it should be for mother’s of small children).
But in our modern world, we no longer need to ego-identify our existence (our worth) to perceiving and care-taking the needs of others. This is what we now pervasively view as people-pleasing, co-dependency, enmeshment etc.
It’s not abnormal. It’s not wrong.
But it is a hold-over of programming that no longer serves most of us, most of the time.
So, here is to developing healthy ego-identity as whomever your deepest heart desires you to be.
I KNOW you exist. Tell me who YOU are.
Tell me who you CHOOSE to be. Xo
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Skip survey header
DNA Testing Can Protect Consumers and Producers Alike
1. On a scale of 1-10, how interesting was this article to you? (10 = very interesting, 1 = not interesting) *This question is required.
Why was this article uninteresting?
What was your favorite part of the article?
2. What parts of the article could use improvement?
This question requires a valid email address. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9500842094421388}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '78439', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BTJXJ7BSRE37RLLIRF3GWLGUYEXSPYN6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ec8e4ba9-156f-4fe5-8cc0-e12c68a00ab7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 0, 16, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.192.36.247', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:F6ABWHKDLHSMZKA7Z55LNPIJJ4SEUYAH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:eb336b57-063e-4aab-b016-d8e173fff287>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/4265374/DNA-Testing-Can-Protect-Consumers-and-Producers-Alike', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:759afe6d-c7be-4e81-888a-3c8c7d48519c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '63', 'url': 'http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/4265374/DNA-Testing-Can-Protect-Consumers-and-Producers-Alike', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-37-160-190.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9999927282333374', 'original_id': '8c1b7c39d6b3794c5e53d66672cf3981da855c003b161ccedf643b4e89916108'} |
Game To Nominate: Can you name the Nike slogan as it would be used by each profession?
Why? (optional):
You must be logged in to nominate a quiz. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '24', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9463743567466736}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14679', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OFZCMOZZVBKHCZUSEDRGNHON7I5SUWCY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cd2b9715-862b-4266-841c-6625d1397373>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 10, 15, 35, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.23.135.105', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ONXOB43MY4UOS5WRL25KBJWP7WEMBVJX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9a9f9a23-f4e9-4451-abcd-0005d20f2538>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.sporcle.com/games/MSUKent/just-do-it-by-profession/nominate', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d3a510f-3f73-4fcc-9b22-8ce6610980cc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '61', 'url': 'http://www.sporcle.com/games/MSUKent/just-do-it-by-profession/nominate', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9454448819160461', 'original_id': '736a49dd481e01dd9e4bdd80ce4e0debf10aa959ddd6f2d936a45329d47bfd50'} |
Small Penises Can Still Please Women
For some reason, there is a big misconception in the sexual community that it takes a huge penis to please a woman anymore. The porn industry does not help matters because it seems every tape released has women climaxing over and over because of the ten inch penises inside them. You do not need a large penis to hit a woman’s G spot, and with the right techniques, you might actually be able to use a lack in size to your advantage. Here is a look at the options available for men with small members.
One of the first things you need to realize is what is considered a “small” penis. The average size of a male penis is 5.5 inches, though that number will vary depending on the source you work with. Some places say as small as 4 inches is the average male penis size when fully erect. These are “average” numbers, meaning that the bulk of the male population fit in that range. A part of the population may be bigger, but an equally sized part is smaller. Take pride in the size of your penis because ultimately, you can please the G spot.
The G spot is only two or three inches inside of a woman’s vagina. Most men assume that it is deep inside, but that is another sensitive area entirely. The G spot itself is not very far into the body at all, so even small men can deliver stimulation to it. When you think about it, a woman should be able to masturbate with her fingers. Your penis is likely much longer than your partner’s fingers, which just goes to show that it does not take much in length to please a woman.
If you want to make sure that you please the G spot, focus a length of time on foreplay. This will make your partner aroused and will hopefully get her G spot very sensitive. The spot will swell up, and then you will have a better chance at targeting it during sex. You can still play with the clitoris in the midst of the intercourse, but realize that your rhythmic movements can please the G spot on its own. Feel free to let your woman be on top for the intercourse so she can take over the movements. That will lead to a great orgasm for both of you in the end.
Leave a Reply | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9651395082473756}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34554', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FRWB3D7EOORMIXMR5U27TUHMYGZSTH5F', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:37271692-1ef8-455b-b015-27cf5de657d1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 21, 20, 14, 23), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.196.199.244', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DEC6AIOQYGU62JKG5FH5T3WKPL6UNSTT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dccf73c7-dfe1-448d-9de4-d0dde16057f4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.gspot101.com/small-penises-can-still-please-women/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4972beb4-b2a7-4144-8bd9-7c5a8c265911>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '409', 'url': 'https://www.gspot101.com/small-penises-can-still-please-women/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02181541919708252', 'original_id': '3840bb61b8b9e1309eb21e2d49bac9217daeda913025b0a3a54eb6c14fb786f9'} |
ALLEN PARK, Mich. -- One stepped off the field feeling like the NFL was somewhat close to his college experience and the other walked off probably wishing he could head back to college.
This is life when there are two men fighting for one spot on an NFL roster, especially at kicker, where rookie Nate Freese and veteran Giorgio Tavecchio are battling to become the Detroit Lions' starting kicker -- and likely only kicker on the roster.
Freese made his field goals Tuesday during the first day of mandatory minicamp. Tavecchio had a rougher day, shanking one field goal and missing at least one other. Tavecchio, who spent last training camp with the Green Bay Packers before getting cut, had been working on angle techniques. He thought it would work well.
It didn't.
"I just, a couple thoughts about angle of foot at contact was something I was working on," Tavecchio said after practice Tuesday. "Warm-up was fine, but it didn't translate well, like I said.
"I'm furious, because that was probably my worst day in my professional life, but, but, the show must go on. Keep working and keep moving forward."
That's how Tavecchio -- and Freese -- have to think. Earlier this spring, Freese had a rough day while Tavecchio was perfect. It has led to a fairly close contest thus far, one that likely won't be decided until training camp in August.
Other than Tuesday, Tavecchio was happy with how his offseason was going. He felt he was striking the ball well and making good contact. In open practices, he has displayed more leg strength than Freese, who the Lions selected in the seventh round of May's draft.
While Tavecchio has been through offseasons in the NFL and training camps before -- although he's never kicked in a regular-season game -- it is Freese who seems at least equally as comfortable. He even compared it more to his experience at Boston College.
"I figured I'd be a little bit intimidated by all these guys," Freese said. "But everyone has been so great and helpful and always trying to help me out. It's been awesome."
Freese said long snapper Don Muhlbach and punter Sam Martin, who was a rookie a season ago, told him to focus on his steps and his form and to not worry about anything else. Freese, who did not miss a field goal his senior year with the Eagles, said that helped.
It might also help that since the Lions invested a draft pick in Freese, Tavecchio might have to be markedly better than him to win the job, although he admitted it was "devastating" to have a rough day in the middle of what appears to be a tight competition.
He knows if he wants a shot at the gig, though, he can't let it bother him. He just needs to keep kicking how he was before Tuesday.
"I can't speak to what the coaches expect, but I can only speak to the way I approach everything and I take it as if every day is a challenge," Tavecchio said. "Every day is an opportunity to go out there and compete and that's what I do to the best of my abilities.
"(Tuesday) there was no lack of preparation. I was confident. I was prepared. It was just a bit of an off day. Keep moving forward." | mini_pile | {'original_id': '88f13d4950150a39406ae9c6671ed80e7f8d3446ec616d63ae1c1af73fc394dd'} |
Isawa no Shiba Shinnosuke
Shinnosuke, Isawa Shugenja (IR 1; Insight 130)
Rings/Traits: Air 3 (Awareness 3, Reflexes 3), Earth 2 (Stamina 2, Willpower 3), Fire 3 (Agility 3, Intelligence 3), Water 2 (Perception 2, Strength 2), Void 2
Skills: Calligraphy (Keigo) 2, Etiquette 3, Divination 2, Iaijutsu 3, Kenjutsu 3, Oratory 2, Politics 2, Renkinjutsu (Fire, Maho) 4, Theology (Fortunism) 3
Qualities: Balance (ignore any modifiers to Honor Rolls or Contested Awareness and Willpower Rolls; can Focus a number of times equal to Void Ring + Earth Ring), Innate Ability (Fires of Purity) (may cast Fires of Purity as a single Action with a Renkinjutsu/Fire Roll, TN 5), Sensei (Minor) (Isawa no Asako Tousen, Rank 3 Isawa Shugenja); Ascetic (Minor), Bad Reputation (Minor) (-1k0 penalty to all Social Rolls; other samurai gain a +1k0 bonus to recognition rolls), Home in Ashes (Minor)
Glory: 1; Honor: 3; Initiative: 2k2; TN to Be Hit: 15 (no armor)
Discipline Ranks: Isawa Shugenja 1 (Isawa’s Gift: when making prayer rolls or Renkinjutsu Skill Rolls, may spend as many Void Points as wished to gain bonus dice, and may add Discipline Rank to Void when determining maximum Raises)
Outfit: Wakizashi, katana, ofuda satchel (Reversal of Fortunes, Bind Shikigami, Katana of Void; Jade Strike; Extinguish), book describing basic kenjutsu forms (but not Okuden) of the Shiba Ryuu, 1 kimono, traveling pack (blanket, bottle of water, bowl, chopsticks, coin purse, finger of jade, straw hat).
Fires of Purity (Fire): The prayer’s target becomes wreathed in flames. Anyone attacking the target in melee suffers a -2k0 penalty to attack rolls, and on a successful hit (except when using weapons with long reach, such as spears or naginata), also suffers 2k2 Wounds. The target also gains a +1k1 bonus to melee damage rolls, whether unarmed or with a weapon.
Area: 0, Distance: 1, Duration: 1, Magnitude: 1
It is said that twins are two halves of one soul, that they share a bond noone else can understand. Sometimes, however, that bond is not one of love, but of hatred.
Shinnosuke’s story began when a Shiba samurai married a shugenja of the Isawa clan. Nine months later, she gave birth to twins who would one day choose the names Shinnosuke and Takashi. When tested for magical ability, to their father’s great disappointment, both were shown to have a strong affinity with the fire kami, strong enough to warrant their apprenticeship as shugenja.
Their childhood was normal enough. Both studied the ways of the kami in the Isawa Shuha and, whenever they were at home, learned the basics of swordsmanship under their father. However, while Shinnosuke was a calm and serious boy, Takashi was angry and unfocused; though he had a keen mind, he never paid enough attention to his lessons, feeling he would never progress as fast as he wanted as a shugenja if he only did what he was told. Their sensei frequently berated and punished Takashi for his lack of patience and humility. Seeing how Shinnosuke was well-regarded among the teachers, while all he received were scoldings, sparked in Takashi ever-greater feelings of jealousy and inadequacy, until he finally ran away and disappeared, only a few years away from their gempukku.
Shamed by his weakness, Shinnosuke’s parents disowned Takashi and forgot about him. That, however, was a grave mistake, as he came back years later, a few months before Shinnosuke’s gempukku. During the years he had been away, Takashi embraced forbidden teachings and progressed quickly as a maho-tsukai. Returning home unnoticed, he murdered his own parents and left a message in their blood for his brother; he wanted Shinnosuke to know the same feelings of failure Takashi once felt.
It worked, but not in the way Takashi expected. Instead of having his spirit crushed, Shinnosuke instead vowed to bring his brother, and all those like him, to justice. He would be like the fire of Sanbou Koujin-no-Kami, burning the wicked and bringing light and warmth for the innocent.
He still maintains a close relationship with his former sensei, Isawa no Asako Tousen, who offers him what aid and counsel he can. Tousen is one of the few allies Shinnosuke has, however, for he must bear the shame of having a maho-tsukai as a brother and an unfulfilled vendetta.
Isawa no Shiba Shinnosuke
Hachigoku Kormak | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '40', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.947201132774353}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '20320', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KPUCPZCJAXLKXFCX46LM4NURAWDVYHHQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bf4d180a-7ab8-4bfb-9285-470e86c0773f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 22, 2, 28, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.243.119.21', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VJOFDPQITXWHOIY7OCFNMQWPXIMFCWC4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:05a72ba4-c9aa-46c4-a985-79e7e35bb9c4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://hachigoku.obsidianportal.com/characters/isawa-no-shiba-shinnosuke', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e0deca45-de95-4514-9b8f-9b6ad2fd96a9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '700', 'url': 'http://hachigoku.obsidianportal.com/characters/isawa-no-shiba-shinnosuke', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-185-151.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03939920663833618', 'original_id': '71637c91642b40101e42c017e7b4f54f20ee93cbb2ba9ab6ff7b9a47c80b925c'} |
An Englishman's home is supposed to be his castle - so why has the coalition failed so miserably to defeat the small army of council officials who are legally entitled to invade yours?
This was supposed to be the government committed to rolling back the boundaries of the state and restoring citizens' civil liberties. Which is why today's revelations from Big Brother Watch that nearly 20,000 local authority staff are empowered to enter homes without a warrant are such an indictment of their failure.
On average 45 people per local authority have legally permitted powers of entry, its campaign of freedom of information requests has revealed. Those unfortunate enough to live in Northumberland in Leeds must deal with over 500 empowered officers. They are legally permitted to enter "defined premises" in order to carry out "specific purposes" like "undertaking an inspection, dealing with an emergency or searching for evidence during an investigation".
It doesn't sound great, does it? As a general rule, returning home to find your home has been invaded by hordes of council staff is not a vote-winner. This is why the Conservatives included a commitment to deal with the problem in their 2010 manifesto. They pledged to "protect people from unwarranted intrusion by the state" in all sorts of ways - including by "cutting back intrusive powers of entry into homes". With the Liberal Democrats committed to "a full programme of measures to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties and roll back state intrusion", the stage was set for real progress.
Fast-forward five depressing years, and what has the government achieved? The answer is: not much.
Great cartoon in the Daily Mail today on the @bbw1984 report http://t.co/B6ye8rUvqC pic.twitter.com/rlqnN04PWR — Emma Carr (@EmmaFrancesCarr) January 16, 2015
The number of powers of entry has fallen from 1,237 to 912, leaving three-quarters of those previously in place untouched or consolidated.
Running an eye down the list of local authority staff with powers of entry, we find three licensing officials in Barnet; 19 staff empowered to deal with noise and pollution in Islington; 22 trading standards bods in Buckinghamshire; one accredited financial investigator in Norfolk; a contaminated land officer in Blackpool; 31 mental health professionals in Cornwall; and about 19,000 others lurking elsewhere.
This, in the view of Big Brother Watch's Emma Carr, is a bit of a let-down.
"Few people would expect that public officials would have the power to enter your home or business, often without a warrant or police escort. The general public have been left high and dry, at the mercy of an army of pen-pushers who can enter our homes as they please... the coalition has had almost five years to rectify this and all we have seen is handwringing and bureaucracy."
How did it happen? The usual civil service blocking machine seems to have been unusually effective, that's how. After the government passed the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, the Home Office asked each department to ask whether its powers were still required. Should powers have any further safeguards to them? Could they be consolidated with other powers?
As Lord Vinson put it, this approach was having as much effect as "allowing a druggie to prescribe his own dose".
The Home Office hadn't got very far by January 2013, the time of the first progress report. Six months later it was becoming clear that departments weren't at all interested in repealing many powers. The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs decided it couldn't repeal any of its 59 powers relating to animal health, for example.
This was awkward, and the final reports made for depressing reading. "Ministers of each department have now concluded their reviews and prepared reports which will be laid before parliament today," minister James Brokenshire informed MPs. This wasn't quite right: four public bodies, including three government departments, hadn't even bothered publishing their reports at all. "Government is proposing a significant reduction in the overall number of powers," Brokenshire added, "which will leave a total of 912. But when you add at least 153 powers which Big Brother Watch says fall outside the scope of the review, you end up with a total that remains over 1,000.
It is a legacy libertarian-minded Tories should be deeply disappointed by. "Oppressive law leads directly to problems of enforcement; the Labour government has found itself deeply embroiled in trying to pass legislation which threatened personal liberty and the privacy of family and home," two Conservatives wrote while in opposition. They weren't David Davis or Dominic Grieve, though; this was none other than Geoffrey Howe and Keith Joseph writing about James Callaghan's government in 1977. Nearly four decades later, the problem has only grown bigger. And it's the Tories in government who have been letting ordinary people down. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '6a02ced833371586f5d5b6884c773b7497ef11f810d69c8258d6d0104dceaed2'} |
Become an expert in how to spur change to meet college completion goals and improve equity in student postsecondary outcomes. Learn to strengthen the role of higher education as well as create environments that are conducive to student success. The Higher Education program emphasizes urban issues and themes of equity and access in postsecondary education.
Academic Programs
Program Context
Public colleges and universities are increasingly being called upon by state and federal government to make significant improvements in retention and graduation rates. Simultaneously they are being asked to make significant cuts in spending, to find ever greater efficiencies in operations, and to comply with increasingly complex accountability and reporting requirements. At the same time, college and universities are finding that their undergraduate students are becoming both fewer in number and more diverse—the 21st century college student is more likely than ever to come from racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups who have been traditionally poorly served in mainstream higher education. In sum, colleges must find a way to be more effective at lower cost for students who require greater academic and social support.
The context in which colleges and universities operate today requires a highly professionalized and skilled administrative workforce. Administrators need to be innovative in using technology to generate efficiency in the planning, delivery, and assessment of education; skilled at using data to understand and address barriers to student success; able to think systemically and manage culture change; and disciplined about developing inclusive, equitable, and culturally responsive campus policies and practices.
Temple’s Higher Education program is the only one in the region with a core focus on issues of access and equity diffused throughout the curriculum.
Program Contact
Joseph Paris, assistant professor, is the faculty contact for the Higher Education program.
Phone: 215-204-2810 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.954472541809082}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '116594', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UW4WIGSYCN5WBVMLNQ273SCHHLL2KC2V', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:34988f16-ec26-4e55-a80c-2774286e05a9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 22, 11, 5, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '155.247.166.60', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZTB44EYJ5YTXJ5GYMJCR32NQPV7X66BJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fe80365b-641d-4dc8-b876-5942d8b4692d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://education.temple.edu/highered', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d3f39219-ae4c-49c8-b205-01ee9bc25508>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '289', 'url': 'https://education.temple.edu/highered', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-25\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-242.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04193824529647827', 'original_id': '712aba87f5c5904dad77ed04a21c45947ef9aea425f9d3a5f3857c534d310160'} |
Learn More
Jonathan Platt
I Am The Sponge
I think of happiness as a pool of water,
And into it, I will plunge.
I think of happiness as a pool of water,
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