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10 Direct flights from India, that you may not have known about!
My days of being a full-time wanderer, are behind me for now. Now that I am back in a corporate job, I try to find exciting vacations, while saving up for my next long travel. And one important factor when taking these vacations, is time. I do want to travel cheap, but I also want to maximise the time in any new place. So logically, the best option is to take a direct flight. Thus minimizing any transit time, and maximising your vacation period.
Wondering where to go with an Indian passport? Click here to check out my list of top 10 countries where we dont need to apply for an advance visa!
While AirIndia flies a lot of direct flights to both Europe and United States, there is nothing unique about these destinations. On the other hand, I did a little research and found some really exotic destinations, where a direct flight is available from India. Some of them are so unique, that I can guarantee you will be searching for them on google maps.
1. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Direct flight from: Amritsar (2hr 40m), New Delhi (3hr 40m)
Airline carriers: Turkmenistan Airlines
Ash, whatt?? Well, you may be shocked to know that a flight from Amritsar or Delhi takes just 3 hours to reach Ashgabat, the capital city of the Central Asian country of Turkmenistan. Thats 30 minutes faster than the time taken to reach Colombo, which is our neighbouring country! Why aren’t we visiting this place yet?!
Why visit?
Ashgabat is magnificently architectural. There was no attempt to hide the fact that the capital was designed to showcase the achievements and glory of Turkmenistan, while making comparison from nearby Astana in Kazakhstan. And the city is home to some very unique architectural buildings.
fountain shopping mall ashgabat
Fountain shopping mall, is actually one of the largest water fountains in the world. Picture credit: Gizmodo
2. Kunming, China
Direct flight from: Kolkata (2hr 45m)
Airline carriersChina Eastern
There are plenty of direct flights from India to Beijing and Shanghai. But Kunming? Well, only Kolkata gets that honour for now, with a direct flight to the “city of eternal spring”
Why visit?
At an altitude of 6600 ft, Kunming may not be the warmest city in China. But it is a great hub to explore the majestic province of Yunnan. Yunnan borders Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, apart from being a gateway to Tibet.
Apart from a few historical temples (Tanhua and Yangtong), Kunming is also home to the Kunming flower market, the Guandu old town and the magnificent Dianchi lake which is still home to the traditional fishing boats. But yes, avoid the winters here, as it tends to get a lot of snow.
Dianchi lake kunming China
Stroll along the beautiful Dianchi lake in Kunming. Source: CNTO
3. St. Denis, Reunion Island (France)
Direct flight from: Chennai (6hr 10m)
Airline carriers: Air Austral
So, in case you are one of those nut jobs who want to experience France, without ever stepping foot in France, this is for you. France has a few overseas territories, scattered around the world, and Reunion is one of them, with St. Denis as it’s capital.
Note: While Reunion is considered as part of the Eurozone, note that they are not part of the Schengen Area. So, you need a special visa to go to Reunion. The application procedure, fees etc, are the same as a normal Schengen visa, but the entry port is only Reunion. I just completed my application for one of these visas myself, so will write a post about that soon.
Why visit?
A perfect mix of islands and beaches, Reunion is a bliss in itself. And St. Denis is a great entry point to the rest of the island. Make your way to St. Gilles on the west side to get all the beach action.
reunion island beach
Toast to a lot of green, and a lot of blue. Image courtesy: Travelnewsdigest
4. Almaty, Kazakhstan
Direct flight from: New Delhi (3hr 50m)
Airline carriers: Air Astana
Borat may have given quite a bad rep to Kazakhstan, but the world’s largest land-locked country, perfectly sandwiched between 2 massive continents, is anything but boring. While the capital may be in Astana, Almaty being the largest city is the gateway to discover this mysterious country.
Why visit?
To search for Borat. No, wait. I am kidding, of course. Almaty is becoming a great skiing destination, thanks to the ski resorts in Chimbulak and Tabagan. Within the city itself, one can check out the presidential palace gardens, or the blue-roofed national museum.
holy cross church almaty kazakhstan
The holy cross church in Almaty. Photo courtesy: About Kazakhstan
5. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Direct flight from: Mumbai (5hr 5m), New Delhi (6hr 30m)
Airline carriersEthiopian Airlines
Widely considered to be the place where the homo sapiens started migrating to the rest of the world, Ethiopia is older than time. And the human connection is not lost on it, as it has eventually become the second most populated country in Africa, and the most populated landlocked country in the world. Yep, it is landlocked, I had to take a closer look on google maps to confirm that.
Why visit?
Addis Ababa itself is not fascinating. But it is a gateway to the historic wonders of Ethiopia. You could take buses going to the north, to visit the ancient tombs of Aksum. Or head east to visit Harar, an ancient walled city. Or head to nearby Adama, just 100 kms away, which is the weekend destination for the people of Addis Ababa, and climb some of the local mountains. Or for a completely colourful experience, you could head to Omo Valley to click the many tribes, who have become part of many-a-facebook shares over the years thanks to some of the amazing photographs taken there.
omo valley ethiopia children
Colours and joy abound in the Omo Valley. Photo Courtesy: Massimo Rumi
6. Manchester, United Kingdom
Direct flight from: Goa (11hr)
Airline carriersThomas Cook Airlines
Ok, so United Kingdom would not be a choice that I would have originally expected in this list. I mean, there are multiple direct flights from almost all the major cities in India to London. And there is even a direct AirIndia flight from New Delhi to Birmingham. But Manchester? How did we get a direct flight to “the capital of the North”? (I know, that makes it sounds like a Game of Thrones line). And that too from Goa, and not any of the other metros?! The answer lies in an often-mistaken airline company called Thomas Cook Airlines.
Based in Birmingham, Thomas Cook Airlines serves leisure destinations around the world. And their only destination in India, is in Goa. Most people in India think of Thomas Cook Airlines as a chartered airlines. But the fact is, any customer can do a direct booking on their website. And you have to look at their fleet to believe that they have much more than Chartered flights.
Why visit?
Lets assume that you are not visiting Manchester because you are a fan of ManU, ManCity, or you just want to relive the cricketing glory of Old Trafford. (Who am I kidding? If you are an Indian, you are definitely heading there for one of these!) But ignore the sporting opportunities, and you will find that Manchester also has plenty of historical and cultural sights to visit. Like the castle field, a well-preserved Roman settlement. Or the colourful Gay Village, which is open to anybody regardless of their orientation. Or if you are a typical Indian, the 800-metre long Curry Mile street, full of Indian restaurants and jewellery/Sari shops.
Manchester united
‘Nuff Said!
7. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Direct flight from: Amritsar (2hr 30m), New Delhi (3hr)
Airline carriers: Uzbekistan Airways
Seriously, we have all these direct flights to so many Stan countries? (And Bishkek in Kyrgyztan came honourably close to getting on this list). And why do so many of them fly to Amritsar? Can anybody shed any light on the Punjab connection here?
Why visit?
Imagine the silk road influences hitting against soviet socialism and related architecture? That sums up Tashkent for you. Moderate islamism merging with a changing global lifestyle, can also explain it. But culturally, the old town in Tashkent has plenty to offer for tourists. This includes many bazaars, mosques and museums.
Kazrat i imam mosque tashkent.
The Kazrat i imam complex is actually a series of mosques. Photo courtesy: Visit Uzbekistan
8. Yangon, Myanmar
Direct flight from: Gaya (2hr 15m), Kolkata (2hr)
Airline carriers: MAI, AirIndia
Myanmar? Seriously? I mean, it is our neighbouring country, so there should be direct flights from Mumbai and New Delhi, right? Wrong! There are only 2 cities in India which fly direct to anywhere in Myanmar. Kolkata, and surprisingly Gaya international airport (which also has a direct flight to Colombo in Srilanka). And only to Yangon.
Why visit?
Myanmar just opened itself to the outside world a few years ago, and it is a fascinating country to visit. Yangon is just the entry point. Soak yourself in the many temples that dot the landscape of Bagan. Or visit the charming Inle Lake for some old-school fishing techniques.
Click here to read my post about visiting the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon.
Shwedagon pagoda in Yangon
Visit Myanmar, especially Bagan, NOW. Before it becomes all commercialized like the rest of South East Asia.
9. Tehran
Direct flight from: Mumbai (3hr 45m), New Delhi (3hr 30m)
Airline carriers: IranAir, Mahan Air
You’d think that there would be many direct flights between India and Iran, given that Iran gave us the most positive rating among all the countries in the world in a 2005 BBC world service poll. But nope. There are only 2 direct flights between Iran and India. One from Mumbai via Iran Air, and another from new delhi via Mahan Air, a private airline company in Iran. (Mahan Air used to fly Tehran-to-Amritsar before, but that route seems to have been terminated)
Why visit?
Iran is a fascinating country, and Tehran is only an entry point for you to start exploring it. Make no mistake, Tehran is definitely a beautiful capital city. But like all capital cities, it is subjected to some heavy pollution and traffic. So, head to other parts of the country to enjoy a little more breathing space. Like to the south, where Isfahan proudly showcases why it is considered to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Or further south, to Yazd, an ancient city dating back to 200 AD. Or even further south, to Shiraz, a previous capital of Persia, or the current cultural capital as many call it.
vakil mosque shiraz iran
Vakil mosque in Shiraz, has architecture that looks like its almost alive. Source: Wikicommons
10. Mahe, Seychelles
Direct flight from: Mumbai (4hr 30m)
Airline carriers: Air Seychelles
This was the most surprising entry for me on this list. Given the geographical location, I had expected that there would be a direct flight from Seychelles to one of the Southern Metros of India, like Chennai or Bangalore. Or to the national capital. But no, Air Seychelles, chose Mumbai to be the destination of their only direct flight to India.
Why visit?
You gotta be kidding me!! Are you wondering why to visit to visit Seychelles? I got 3 words for you.
Life’s a beach!!
(Actually, I have much more than 3. I wrote an entire poem for Seychelles!)
sunsets at mahe seychelles beach
Sunsets at Mahe’s beaches, are a feast for the eyes. Source: Wikicommons
Did I miss any other obvious ones in my list? Comment below – or on my facebook -, and let me know
About Abhi Surendran
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Shape Perceptions With Brand Messaging Framework
When you don't have a clear brand message, this can create havoc with your internal and external teams as you are not succinctly communicating who you are, what you do, and why you are different in a consistent framework.
I'm going to take you through the elements of a brand messaging framework. By the end of this article, you should come away with a brand messaging framework that you can implement for your brand.
Brand Messaging Framework
A brand messaging framework is the foundation for all of your brand messaging. It's a collection of your branding documents, statements, and materials that will help your teams (internal and external) represent and communicate your brand to your audience. Here is a brand messaging framework template to utilize.
A Vision is "what" a company aims to achieve for its future.
A Mission is "how" we are currently taking action against our vision.
Brand Promise
Source: YouTube
A brand promise tells customers what they can expect from your brand in a concise, compelling, and memorable way. A company needs a brand promise to communicate their customer expectations to everyone across the organization so that consistent customer experiences are delivered both internally and externally. If you're consistent in delivering on your brand promise, you'll have loyal customers, ready to spread the word to family and friends about how great you are.
Successful brand promises feature the following key components:
Simple. Credible. Memorable. Unique. Measurable.
• A Brand Promise Is Simple: A brand promise should be simple. Try to stick to 10 words or less.
• A Brand Promise Is Credible: A credible brand promise is when your customers experience consistency every single time they interact with your company.
• A Brand Promise Is Memorable: A brand promise must be memorable enough to compel employees to use during customer interactions with your brand and for customers to engage with your brand.
• A Brand Promise Is Unique: Your brand most likely competes against numerous competitors. Therefore, it's important to identify what makes your brand different in order to build your brand promise to stand out from the crowd.
• A Brand Promise Is Measurable: For your brand promise to be effective, it needs to be measurable. If you can't define it, you can't measure it, and if you can't measure it, you can't manage it.
Here is a guide on how to develop your brand promise.
Value Proposition
A value proposition is a simple statement that summarizes a promise of value to be delivered to customers should they choose to buy your product or service.
The Value Proposition Canvas tool is a great place to begin mapping your value proposition by identifying and validating the makeup of your product and why people buy it.
Here are some questions to help you move through the Value Proposition Canvas:
• How does your product work?
• What does your product do for your customers?
• What does it feel like to use your product?
• What are the rational drivers of purchasing?
• What are the emotional drivers of purchasing?
• What are your customers' hidden needs?
• What do people currently do instead?
Once you've pulled this information together from the Value Proposition Canvas tool, the next step is to distill these insights into your value proposition statement. An easy way to articulate this is with Steve Blank's (entrepreneurship professor at Stanford & Columbia University) XYZ template.
We help (X) do (Y) by doing (Z).
Target Audience
A target audience is the demographic of people most likely interested in your product or service. Defining your target audience allows for a more intentional and personal outreach to those likely to purchase your product or service.
To define your target audience, you should analyze your market segmentation. Here is an article on how to conduct a market segmentation. Your goal is to boil this information down into a simple target market statement: Our target market is (gender), aged (age range), who live in (place or type of place), and like to (activity).Keep in mind that this is just a guide to use; don't feel like you need to stick to these identifiers (i.e., gender) if they are not relevant to your business. And of course, if you offer multiple products or services, you will need to create target market statements for each product (or product category).
Here is a guide on how to develop your target audience.
A tagline is a catchphrase that summarizes what your brand is all about. Keep in mind that a tagline is different from a slogan. A slogan is usually for a specific campaign or product while a tagline speaks to a company's values as a whole. Here are three steps to creating a tagline.
• Identify Business Goals: Your tagline should reflect your business goals.
• Identify Brand Emotions: Identify what emotions you want your customers to feel when they interact with your brand? Here's Plutchik's Emotion Wheel to identify various types of emotions.
• Brainstorm: Brainstorm tagline ideas with key stakeholders throughout your organization. Select the one that best fits your company.
Brand Essence
It's the intangible attribute that captures the soul of your brand. It's typically a one to five-word statement expressing the essence of your brand and most importantly felt by your customers. Here are a few brand essence examples:
• Apple = Simplicity and Innovative
• Coca-Cola = Happiness
• Walt Disney = Magical
• Volvo = Safety
Brand Personality
When someone has a great personality, we are drawn to them. We want to be with them because they make us feel good. A brand's personality works the same way. Your brand personality is essentially human characteristics associated with your brand. It's communicated through tone of voice, visuals, and even policies. They're expressed as adjectives that convey how you want people to perceive your brand (i.e., smart, sophisticated, funny, etc.). Here is a template of over 200 adjectives to get you started thinking about if your brand was a person, who would they be?
A strong brand personality can positively impact brand loyalty, word-of-mouth, active engagement, and willingness to pay more. Source
Here are three approaches on how to find your brand personality; use the one that best fits your needs.
1. Dimensions of Brand Personality (by Jennifer Aaker) is a model that measures the five brand personality dimensions
• Competence (reliable, intelligent, successful)
• Sophistication (upper class, charming)
• Ruggedness (outdoorsy, tough)
• Here are three steps to develop your brand personality under this model:
• Brainstorm: Begin by brainstorming a list of personality traits (here's a list of adjectives to get you started) that best represent your brand. Group these traits under one of the five brand personality dimensions. For example, adventure, exploration, self-discovery represent Patagonia and fall under Ruggedness.
• Rate: Rate each brand personality trait on a scale from one to five. One being the least descriptive and five being the most descriptive of your brand. This process helps determine which of the brand personality traits represents your brand the most.
• Organize: Organize your findings to see where your brand rates are high or low. Determine where your brand should focus within the five brand personality dimensions.
2. Brand Archetypes Framework (by Carl Jung). Carl Jung believed that archetypes were models of people, behaviors, or personalities, thus making them more recognizable and relatable to target audiences. Jung identified 12 archetypes. The idea is that any brand can relate to one of the 12 archetypes that help define the brand.
12 jungian archetypes map
3. Combo Brand Archetypes & Brand Personality: This model combines the Brand Archetypes Framework and the Dimensions of Brand Personality.
Archetypes and brand personality
Brand Pillars
Brand pillars are values and characteristics that make up your brand. Your brand should be about how you communicate your message to the world. Brand pillars help you do that by defining the fundamental points that set your company apart from your competitors. Source Brand pillars can be your core brand values, important strengths, or aspects of a brand that support or add dimension to the brand's core idea of "Who are you?" These can be anything that your customers feel is important to them—convenience, innovation, quality, safety, etc. They should become the focus of your marketing strategies and reference tools to be used for guidance. As an example, Toyota's brand pillars are innovative, exciting, and inspiring.
Once you have your brand messaging framework in place, everyone you interact with, especially your customers, will be clear on who you are, what you do, and where you stand. Start building your leadership brand today. You've got this!
Get Some Leverage
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The Volunteers (8-2) extended their winning streak to four after losing to North Carolina in the NIT Season Tip-Off over Thanksgiving. Tennessee had 10 days off since their previous game, a win over Memphis when Lofton scored a career-high 34 points.
The Hilltoppers (8-3) came close to beating a second Southeastern Conference team this season, but they could not sustain a rally.
Western Kentucky, which won at Georgia but lost to Florida, cut it to 64-60 on Ty Rogers' 3 with 7:51 remaining.
Lofton scored to start a 7-0 run and finished it with a three-point play that put Tennessee up by 11 with 5:54 left. The Vols continued to pull away in the final minutes.
Meanwhile, Western Kentucky's top scorer, Courtney Lee was on the bench with four fouls.
He led the Hilltoppers with 17 points while Jeremy Evans added 13 and Benson Callier had 10.
Lofton finished 11-of-15 from the field, including 5-of-9 from beyond the arc. JaJuan Smith was 5-of-11 in 3-point shooting and tied a career high in points.
Lee came into the game averaging 19.1 points a game, but he was hampered early in both halves with fouls.
The Hilltoppers had the rebounding edge 38-27, and the Vols had trouble scoring in the post.
Western Kentucky chipped away at the lead throughout the game.
The Hilltoppers had a 7-0 spurt early in the second half that trimmed it to 52-47, and Tennessee coach Bruce Pearl immediately called a timeout. Lofton hit a wide-open 3 when played resumed, and the Vols were up by eight with 15:52 to go.
Tennessee forced two straight shot clock violations, and Lofton scored four more points to push the lead to 61-49.
Western Kentucky's last lead came at 21-20 midway through the first half, but Tennessee reeled off a 9-0 run. Duke Crews started it with a one-handed slam, and Lofton had two 3-pointers.
The Vols stretched their lead to as many as 10 afterward, but the Hilltoppers battled back and had it down to 40-36 with 2:04 left before halftime. Tennessee scored the final seven points of the half to go up 47-36 at the break. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '70a6c99cef528b872d36803051c5aee7b3a5ac65a912a78854f18b6903f5ccfc'} |
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WHAT:
For one day, the Valley’s best chefs convene to share a variety of vibrant ingredients combined into the tastiest dishes that intrigue the pallet, enhance your culinary experience and benefit Banner Children’s. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b034bb5b0d05229d322416c524af5396443b079ebe53027715c7199998060c9d'} |
/*
tests/test_pytypes.cpp -- Python type casters
Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
TEST_SUBMODULE(pytypes, m) {
// test_list
m.def("get_list", []() {
py::list list;
list.append("value");
py::print("Entry at position 0:", list[0]);
list[0] = py::str("overwritten");
list.insert(0, "inserted-0");
list.insert(2, "inserted-2");
return list;
});
m.def("print_list", [](py::list list) {
int index = 0;
for (auto item : list)
py::print("list item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
});
// test_set
m.def("get_set", []() {
py::set set;
set.add(py::str("key1"));
set.add("key2");
set.add(std::string("key3"));
return set;
});
m.def("print_set", [](py::set set) {
for (auto item : set)
py::print("key:", item);
});
m.def("set_contains", [](py::set set, py::object key) {
return set.contains(key);
});
m.def("set_contains", [](py::set set, const char* key) {
return set.contains(key);
});
// test_dict
m.def("get_dict", []() { return py::dict("key"_a="value"); });
m.def("print_dict", [](py::dict dict) {
for (auto item : dict)
py::print("key: {}, value={}"_s.format(item.first, item.second));
});
m.def("dict_keyword_constructor", []() {
auto d1 = py::dict("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2);
auto d2 = py::dict("z"_a=3, **d1);
return d2;
});
m.def("dict_contains", [](py::dict dict, py::object val) {
return dict.contains(val);
});
m.def("dict_contains", [](py::dict dict, const char* val) {
return dict.contains(val);
});
// test_str
m.def("str_from_string", []() { return py::str(std::string("baz")); });
m.def("str_from_bytes", []() { return py::str(py::bytes("boo", 3)); });
m.def("str_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::str(obj); });
m.def("repr_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::repr(obj); });
m.def("str_format", []() {
auto s1 = "{} + {} = {}"_s.format(1, 2, 3);
auto s2 = "{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a=1, "b"_a=2, "c"_a=3);
return py::make_tuple(s1, s2);
});
// test_bytes
m.def("bytes_from_string", []() { return py::bytes(std::string("foo")); });
m.def("bytes_from_str", []() { return py::bytes(py::str("bar", 3)); });
// test_capsule
m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor", []() {
py::print("creating capsule");
return py::capsule([]() {
py::print("destructing capsule");
});
});
m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor_2", []() {
py::print("creating capsule");
return py::capsule((void *) 1234, [](void *ptr) {
py::print("destructing capsule: {}"_s.format((size_t) ptr));
});
});
m.def("return_capsule_with_name_and_destructor", []() {
auto capsule = py::capsule((void *) 1234, "pointer type description", [](PyObject *ptr) {
if (ptr) {
auto name = PyCapsule_GetName(ptr);
py::print("destructing capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format(
(size_t) PyCapsule_GetPointer(ptr, name), name
));
}
});
void *contents = capsule;
py::print("created capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format((size_t) contents, capsule.name()));
return capsule;
});
// test_accessors
m.def("accessor_api", [](py::object o) {
auto d = py::dict();
d["basic_attr"] = o.attr("basic_attr");
auto l = py::list();
for (const auto &item : o.attr("begin_end")) {
l.append(item);
}
d["begin_end"] = l;
d["operator[object]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[object]"_s];
d["operator[char *]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[char *]"];
d["attr(object)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_obj");
d["attr(char *)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_char");
try {
o.attr("sub").attr("missing").ptr();
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
d["missing_attr_ptr"] = "raised"_s;
}
try {
o.attr("missing").attr("doesn't matter");
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
d["missing_attr_chain"] = "raised"_s;
}
d["is_none"] = o.attr("basic_attr").is_none();
d["operator()"] = o.attr("func")(1);
d["operator*"] = o.attr("func")(*o.attr("begin_end"));
// Test implicit conversion
py::list implicit_list = o.attr("begin_end");
d["implicit_list"] = implicit_list;
py::dict implicit_dict = o.attr("__dict__");
d["implicit_dict"] = implicit_dict;
return d;
});
m.def("tuple_accessor", [](py::tuple existing_t) {
try {
existing_t[0] = 1;
} catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
// --> Python system error
// Only new tuples (refcount == 1) are mutable
auto new_t = py::tuple(3);
for (size_t i = 0; i < new_t.size(); ++i) {
new_t[i] = i;
}
return new_t;
}
return py::tuple();
});
m.def("accessor_assignment", []() {
auto l = py::list(1);
l[0] = 0;
auto d = py::dict();
d["get"] = l[0];
auto var = l[0];
d["deferred_get"] = var;
l[0] = 1;
d["set"] = l[0];
var = 99; // this assignment should not overwrite l[0]
d["deferred_set"] = l[0];
d["var"] = var;
return d;
});
// test_constructors
m.def("default_constructors", []() {
return py::dict(
"str"_a=py::str(),
"bool"_a=py::bool_(),
"int"_a=py::int_(),
"float"_a=py::float_(),
"tuple"_a=py::tuple(),
"list"_a=py::list(),
"dict"_a=py::dict(),
"set"_a=py::set()
);
});
m.def("converting_constructors", [](py::dict d) {
return py::dict(
"str"_a=py::str(d["str"]),
"bool"_a=py::bool_(d["bool"]),
"int"_a=py::int_(d["int"]),
"float"_a=py::float_(d["float"]),
"tuple"_a=py::tuple(d["tuple"]),
"list"_a=py::list(d["list"]),
"dict"_a=py::dict(d["dict"]),
"set"_a=py::set(d["set"]),
"memoryview"_a=py::memoryview(d["memoryview"])
);
});
m.def("cast_functions", [](py::dict d) {
// When converting between Python types, obj.cast<T>() should be the same as T(obj)
return py::dict(
"str"_a=d["str"].cast<py::str>(),
"bool"_a=d["bool"].cast<py::bool_>(),
"int"_a=d["int"].cast<py::int_>(),
"float"_a=d["float"].cast<py::float_>(),
"tuple"_a=d["tuple"].cast<py::tuple>(),
"list"_a=d["list"].cast<py::list>(),
"dict"_a=d["dict"].cast<py::dict>(),
"set"_a=d["set"].cast<py::set>(),
"memoryview"_a=d["memoryview"].cast<py::memoryview>()
);
});
m.def("get_implicit_casting", []() {
py::dict d;
d["char*_i1"] = "abc";
const char *c2 = "abc";
d["char*_i2"] = c2;
d["char*_e"] = py::cast(c2);
d["char*_p"] = py::str(c2);
d["int_i1"] = 42;
int i = 42;
d["int_i2"] = i;
i++;
d["int_e"] = py::cast(i);
i++;
d["int_p"] = py::int_(i);
d["str_i1"] = std::string("str");
std::string s2("str1");
d["str_i2"] = s2;
s2[3] = '2';
d["str_e"] = py::cast(s2);
s2[3] = '3';
d["str_p"] = py::str(s2);
py::list l(2);
l[0] = 3;
l[1] = py::cast(6);
l.append(9);
l.append(py::cast(12));
l.append(py::int_(15));
return py::dict(
"d"_a=d,
"l"_a=l
);
});
// test_print
m.def("print_function", []() {
py::print("Hello, World!");
py::print(1, 2.0, "three", true, std::string("-- multiple args"));
auto args = py::make_tuple("and", "a", "custom", "separator");
py::print("*args", *args, "sep"_a="-");
py::print("no new line here", "end"_a=" -- ");
py::print("next print");
auto py_stderr = py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr");
py::print("this goes to stderr", "file"_a=py_stderr);
py::print("flush", "flush"_a=true);
py::print("{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a="py::print", "b"_a="str.format", "c"_a="this"));
});
m.def("print_failure", []() { py::print(42, UnregisteredType()); });
m.def("hash_function", [](py::object obj) { return py::hash(obj); });
m.def("test_number_protocol", [](py::object a, py::object b) {
py::list l;
l.append(a.equal(b));
l.append(a.not_equal(b));
l.append(a < b);
l.append(a <= b);
l.append(a > b);
l.append(a >= b);
l.append(a + b);
l.append(a - b);
l.append(a * b);
l.append(a / b);
l.append(a | b);
l.append(a & b);
l.append(a ^ b);
l.append(a >> b);
l.append(a << b);
return l;
});
m.def("test_list_slicing", [](py::list a) {
return a[py::slice(0, -1, 2)];
});
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '13cd7453ecfd93708518ac7862ead251b4552a701ac30ddf6eef399bf0a12c5f'} |
Throughout history, many heinous crimes have been committed by many evil, troubled men and women. Some of the stories have survived through the centuries while others have been all but forgotten and left behind. The story of the Demon Tailor, also known as the Werewolf of Chalons, is one such case. Historically, people believed in a thing known as Damnatio memoriae, which is a Latin phrase that means “damnation of memory”. This was the ultimate dishonor to criminals, that they would essentially be erased from history. In ancient times, this was much easier because there was less documentation but as time went on, it became a much more complex process and by association, a much lesser used tool in convicting and sentencing criminals.
In the 1500s in France, this unnamed man owned a tailor shop in the heart of Paris. According to historical records, he would lure children into his shop unsuspectingly, where he would then torture, rape, and eventually kill them by slitting their throats. In the form of a butcher, he would dismember and dress the bodies, consuming the remains and disposing of the bones by bleaching them and hiding them in barrels. It was also reported that he would scour the woods looking for victims, purportedly in wolf’s form, where he supposedly killed several dozen more victims. The total number of murders in this case is still unknown but it was definitely a heinous case and he definitely was a serial killer in a time when such a term might not have existed in common language yet.
In December of 1598, the man was arraigned on multiple murder charges. He was convicted quickly and easily, likely because of the superstitious nature of the case. Sentenced to burning at the stake, the man never showed a single ounce of remorse or asked for forgiveness. Even as his body burned, he simply cursed to the very end. The interesting part of this case is definitely the reported werewolf element, but it’s even more interesting that he was convicted with such a lack of proven evidence. Although the bones were presumed to be human, he never confessed and it’s not clear whether officials determined the species or if they were just superstitious and acting on fear or assumptions.
After the Werewolf of Chalons was executed, every single record of his trial, crimes, and his very existence were destroyed. The state decided it wanted no memory of this heinous criminal and the things that he did. For serial killers, after all, the fame and notoriety is what it’s all about. Even in death, remembering and revisiting serial killers and their crimes is giving them exactly what they wanted. Back then, officials considered it very important to dishonor their names by eliminating them -as much as possible – from history.
Mystical Madness in the Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages in Europe, witches, werewolves, vampires, and other supernatural beings were very common and often caught and burned at the stake. It was a standard solution for these types of fiends, who may or may not have actually been criminals or have supernatural powers. Rather than relying on evidence and trying to get the facts, law enforcement and other officials simply relied on their superstition and word of mouth to find and kill all of the offenders that claimed to be any type of werewolf, witch, or other supernatural being.
In that regard, the Demon Tailor wasn’t really all that unique. Of course, the fact that he killed as many as 50 people (the exact body count is unknown), puts him on a much higher level than other offenders. Another thing working against him is the fact that his sister, brother, and two children all were tried the same year for murder, as supposed werewolves and witches that killed children. All of them were convicted and burned at the stake. The sister was the only one who’d committed any crimes but they were all executed because of their claims of supernatural abilities and the fear that such a claim inflicted on the general public. France was just one of the many countries in Europe that was affected by the mystical, potentially mythical creatures of the Middle Ages. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9887633323669434}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '49907', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ASKM5PTWL3UJR7IQHN6GTQTKIJJEMMVJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0235e787-e2ea-4d00-936d-c9b877cec9a8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 3, 22, 8, 4, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.246.117.26', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TRJ6QBPCDL7NFTCXKC2PJ3ZAWI7NDZ3E', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:aee037e5-afe2-451e-887a-c4b0058a9185>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://swordandscale.com/the-demon-tailor/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6c5c785b-ce07-4157-9629-dfc14577f112>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '700', 'url': 'http://swordandscale.com/the-demon-tailor/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-13\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-140-190-246.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0717242956161499', 'original_id': 'f1ea78cbf9ca871b32b7497da88df523ed82b895d9cb0d92bdf6b482ae91c1c0'} |
Are we losing our sense of humour?
President Obama’s interview with Jay Leno has attracted a great deal of comment, mostly favourable, with the exception of his ability to bowl. He made the cardinal error of saying that he felt like a participant in the paralympics, when he was talking about his bowling skills. He was making fun of himself not any handicapped athlete. His ability to crack a joke at himself should be counted as high sense of humour, but the press and many others have gone overboard with criticism of his gaffe.
President G W Bush either said or heard or observed something funny and winked at Queen Elizabeth and the media went berserk! Her Royal Highness has not said a word about it, but everyone else and his uncle have blasted the man for being whatever. He was the President of the USA, elected by the people of the USA, the biggest, the best and whatever else superlatives that one can call and he was just being playful and expressed his amusement by that wink. A natural thing that a lot of my friends use as do I.
In a recent community meeting, I was unable to understand something that a neighbor was explaining and requested her to elaborate and added that I suffered from arthritis of the brain, to make the situation less serious and to put her at ease. Another lady in the meeting took serious objection to my using the word arthritis in such a ‘nasty’ way and accused me of being insensitive to the pain and discomfort of people with arthritis. The same lady had cracked an ethnic joke at my expense just a couple of days earlier. I had laughed and enjoyed it as much as the others there.
Now what is going on here? Are we beginning to lose our sense of humour? Being politically correct and saying inane things like visually handicapped for a blind person, mentally challenged for a lunatic etc does not fool anyone, and why persist with these things?
Or, am I from the wrong side of the tracks?
Future kid/parent conversation:
“Mommy, can I have my implant, PLEEEEEZE”
“No dear,not until you’re 16″
“But Mommy, Britney Kowalski has hers, and she’s ony 10″
“Yes dear, but she’s also got tattoos, and she lives in a trailer park. They’re not nice people dear”.
If it is alright to crack such ethnic jokes such as these, why can we not just be natural and use ordinary funny words and phrases to convey humour?
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9765520095825196}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35572', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XXADYVI5LANIEYY6GGLO2NMFS3FZ4PGN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4004a435-f986-47e6-a41b-5eac6a22b213>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 5, 48, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.24.180', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KCB5YRIB6GSW7EB72XRRPXL7DRVHRG2C', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9b0f3d85-572a-4c7e-9c94-b9790d7780e8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.rummuser.com/are-we-losing-our-sense-of-humour/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:49f441ae-c169-464d-b52c-53d88ba0cabe>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '429', 'url': 'http://www.rummuser.com/are-we-losing-our-sense-of-humour/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-141-34-30.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.30640101432800293', 'original_id': '3ae6a9ab7789b5ceee6517d23b4229e2d943cea3d5d2e06b6c6b1e1d86e9d6b7'} |
tagNovels and NovellasMy Son's Best Friend Ch. 04
My Son's Best Friend Ch. 04
I slept late the next morning, feeling almost drugged from the intensity of the previous night's encounter. My legs were sticky with his semen, and I rubbed my fingers over them and licked them before getting into the shower.
I took my time over a leisurely breakfast of yogurt and berries and a cup of cinnamon tea with lots of cream in it at the little table on the porch. I smiled to myself for no reason, hugged my arms, rubbing their soft skin with my hands, listened to the birds going crazy in the tree next to me.
"Oh, darlin', please believe me...I'll never do you no wro-hong..."
The radio was playing a medley of Beatles tunes. "...All ya' need is love; ba-pa ba-papa; all ya' need is love; doo-too doo-doo-doo..."
"Somethin' in the way she moves, attracts me like no other lover..."
I closed my eyes and twirled in a circle to that one.
"...Straw-ber-ry fi-elds for-ev-er-r-r..."
Then I switched the radio off, and snatches of the songs played in my head all day long.
I sat in the sun and stared at my garden, watching it grow.
"I need to thin those carrots," I thought to myself. "I should transplant that chard."
But I just sat, too lazy to get up.
I closed my eyes, and I could feel Jonah inside me again, like an explosion. I thought back to the way he had pushed me against the wall, devouring me. Oh God! He was so amazing. I had had no idea what I was starting that day in my truck.
Like an unwitting camper, I had put a few sticks together and lit a match, and now the dry grass around it had caught and a nearby weed was going up, and the fire was spreading...
I took a deep breath and quenched it. Okay. Okay. Save it for later. Keep the lid on. Maybe I could see him tonight.
The day wore on slowly. I was just waiting for it to end. I had an idea. My breasts were swollen, my nipples hard, my cunt steaming with anticipation. I couldn't wait till it got dark.
I watched the four-o'clocks open their petals with minute movements and smelled their sweet fragrance, and looked at the delicate inner parts of white and fuscia, with their tiny hair-like projections in the center. I watched the sun set over the mountains, and waited for the shadows to darken. Then the moon rose in its glorious roundness, and I knew it was the perfect night.
I said goodnight to Paul and went into my bedroom. I looked in my closet, wondering what would be just right. I couldn't decide. Nothing struck me in particular.
I pulled off the top and shorts I had put on in the morning, then the underwear. I stood naked, loving the way it felt. Then I made my decision. Out in the country here, there probably wouldn't be anyone around, and the shadows of the night would cover me. I could duck behind a tree if I needed to.
I grabbed the afghan off my bed and threw it over my shoulders against the cool night air, slipped into some sturdy shoes, and climbed out the window. I laughed quietly to myself, relishing the rush of excitement that suddenly flooded me.
Jonah's house was a few miles away - not that far. He had walked to my house that day. I could walk to his.
I took a route through the hills along the river and avoided the highway. The moon lit my path easily, and I loved the feeling of freedom I had, alone with the crickets. An occasional dog barked in the distance, and some coyotes howled, but I didn't pass close enough to any houses to be seen.
Whenever I thought of Jonah, a lightening jolt shot through my clit and my belly. I was scared and elated, and both were making my body electric with apprehension.
I held the afghan up above my shoes, trying to keep it out of the way of the burrs and stickers that invariably stuck to it.
There were other houses on Jonah's road, and the bright lights shining from their windows startled me. I had to walk by the highway now, but I stayed down in the ravine, and ducked by trees when one or two cars drove by with their blinding headlights.
Then I saw his house. It was dimly lit, and I couldn't tell if anyone was home. Luckily, I knew Jonah's bedroom was a freestanding building in the back - I think it had been a garage; and I didn't think they had a dog.
Walking gingerly around the edge of the yard, I saw a light in his front window, dimmed by the tweed curtain hung over it.
My heart was in my throat now and pounding like it wanted out. Was he really there? Did I have the guts to pull this off?
Well, I couldn't even think about going home without seeing him now. So I went to his side window and looked in. He was lying on the bed, loud music blaring, his eyes closed.
Oh God. I didn't want to startle him too much. I tapped on the windowpane. No response. I tapped a little harder. A little harder. A little harder.
I rapped sharply with my knuckles. Then I banged!
His head flew up from his pillow and his body contorted into some awkward karate-like position. I would have laughed out loud if I hadn't been so scared - that his mother would hear me, or that he would come after me with a baseball bat, thinking I was an intruder!
His dilated eyes looked through the window without recognition, and I pressed my face close, hoping he could see enough of it in the diffused light. Then he did a double-take, and his mouth dropped open.
Looking around the room to make sure he was alone (I felt so paranoid - it was already obvious no one was there), I pulled the afghan open with my arms, raised from the squatting position I had been in to show him my face, and pressed my nipples and belly against the cold windowpane, like a strange pair of goggle eyes.
He went to the door then, threw it open, and came around to where I was standing.
"What the...?" he exclaimed. Then he laughed.
"What the hell are you doing here?" he said, fingering the fringe of the afghan which I had folded around me again.
I drew the curtain, displaying myself in all my naked beauty. His eyes wandered up and down my contours.
"God, woman..."
I didn't want to break the spell, but I had to know. "Is your mother home?"
"Yeah, she's in there watching TV. You wanna come in?" he motioned toward the door to his bedroom.
"No. I want you to come out." I made a sweeping gesture to nowhere in particular. He looked at me and laughed.
"Do you know somewhere we could go?"
"Hell, yeah!"
"Grab a blanket."
He pulled the comforter off the bed and looked at me expectantly. I moved to leave, and we left the lights and music on behind the door as he closed it. Taking my arm, he steered me toward the hill to the east.
"Where are we going?" I asked, rounding a big juniper and picking my way through the dry grass, narrowly avoiding a cactus plant.
He didn't answer.
My breathing became noisy as the music faded into the background and the crickets could be heard again. Its metronome increased tempo as the terrain got steeper and more arduous. I was beginning to sweat under the afghan, so I took it off and carried it in a bundle.
Jonah looked at me walking next to him, then stopped, staring. So I stopped.
He motioned me forward, so I started walking again. He stood still, watching me. Then he ran past me, up the hill a ways, turned around and stood again as I climbed slowly up the incline. Hills were not as easy for me to take as they used to be.
His eyes were riveted on my white form in the moonlight, so I put the afghan behind me.
I watched his face while he watched my body, moving toward him up the hill. His look was like worship: devout, rapt, entranced. And ravenous. His eyes drew me toward him like an invisible line reeling me in.
When I reached him, he put his arm around my shoulder. I was dwarfed by his height, and his arm was so long, he could easily play with my breast as his hand dangled above it.
He brushed my nipple with his thumb a few times, then took it lightly between his thumb and finger and twisted gently. I stopped and drew in a sharp breath that didn't want to come out again. My clit was immediately sparked, and I felt like sinking to the ground.
"Oh," I moaned, panting. "You keep doing that, I'll never make it up this hill."
He stopped then, and we trudged the last few meters to the top.
He lay the blanket on the ground and invited me to recline, plopping down next to me. We took our clunky shoes off and set them by the blanket. The moon shone like a spotlight on my white skin, and he took his fingertips and traced patterns over it.
"Don't you want to take your clothes off?" I prompted.
"I like the contrast," he muttered. "The juxtaposition."
Wow, an artist.
But I wanted to see him. I wanted to feel him inside me again. Enough of this preamble.
"Come on," I cajoled, grabbing his shirt in my fist.
All at once, he climbed on top of me, sliding his hand up my side, sucking my neck, pushing his erection against the depression of my thighs.
"Ow. Those jeans are rough. I told you you should take your clothes off," I lectured, rocking with his movements against me.
He relented then, and I impatiently jerked at his jeans and polo shirt, only making it take longer because I was in such a hurry.
"That's more like it," I exhaled as his skin met mine, dancing over me, writhing, trying to get in.
"You want me, don't you," I teased.
The insistent rhythm of his body answered me.
"But I'm not ready," I lied, taking his hand and sliding it over my labia.
"Make me ready."
He thrust his fingers into the succulent opening and found the bud of my clit, thumbing it back and forth.
I grabbed his erection, squeezing it with my hand, moving it into that piston action that would result in superconductivity and a high-power fuel-injection system!
Hell, I didn't know what that meant, but it sure sounded sexy in my head.
His thumb and my fist were doing a duet, or a duel, depending on how you wanted to look at it, and we were about to climax, so I brought his cock to my cunt, and without breaking stride, he pierced me through and continued the cadence.
We built it higher and higher, and then backed off right at the edge.
I was panting, trying to catch my breath, adrenaline flowing as if I had really just almost gone over a cliff.
"Oh, don't stop, don't stop!"
So he started the rhythm again, driving deeper, harder. "Oh yes!" I cried, climbing, clawing, scratching, scrambling, clambering to the edge again. We teetered momentarily.
The we went over, and there was no stopping. With a mighty rush, the waterfall pounded down the precipice, dashing its streams against the rocks below, breaking into a million pieces, which leapt up and evaporated into mist, fogging us into that place of complete, absolute, total exhaustion.
We slept, his erection still rigid for a while, then finally deflating slowly. He was sprawled on top of me, his flaccid penis still inside.
He got heavy, and I pushed at him. Reluctantly, he slid out of me and rolled onto his back, groaning sleepily.
I cuddled up to his side, and he folded me under his arm. I pulled the afghan over us.
"I wanna sleep with you," I murmured.
I closed my eyes and was gone.
My eyes felt sore, and I squeezed them tightly, then opened them a crack and squinted at the moon. It was like a big flood lamp in the dark sky, only somebody had moved it.
I was shivering, the wet spot under my bottom icy, and I tried to burrow close to Jonah, but it was no use.
"Jonah," I began, then stopped, suddenly noticing how good it felt to say that out loud, to him.
His voice was surprisingly alert when he answered. "We better go down, huh."
This scenario wasn't nearly as romantic as it had been earlier. It was just plain cold!
Shivering, he put his pants on and I his shirt. We put both covers over us and tried to walk holding on to each-other.
But it was too awkward, downhill, with the size difference. So he gave me the comforter and he took the afghan, and after a while, with the exertion, we were a little warmer, and getting into the stride.
We got closer to his house, and I didn't want to go home. But I didn't know if I could sleep in his bed, knowing his mother was right next door.
"So, what're the chances of me staying over?" I ventured.
"Sure," was his monosyllabic reply.
"What about your mother?"
"She sleeps in. She's busy with her girlfriend."
"She doesn't come to wake you up, or see what you're doing?" I questioned.
"She doesn't want to know what I'm doing," he replied tersely.
So he shut off the light when we got inside, and we took off the shirt and pants and crawled into his bed. I curled up next to him, breathing in all the smells of him in his room. He kissed my mouth.
"I love you Jonah."
The words hung in the moonlit grey, unanswered, and I didn't know what he thought of them. But I didn't care. I just wanted him to know.
Then we went to sleep.
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Select new user avatar: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '44', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9879854917526244}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45824', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:X3HOOHFAOMQTDJKBD2OCWRQQLVIT6SBJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:31f8860d-1f02-4c27-b062-5eab8250b00e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 0, 50, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.150.65.200', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:V5A5S222ACLUI7ZBYVZGUJTVIHXDPCC6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:daf8506f-3644-4690-aecc-d780e9095b7a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.literotica.com/s/my-sons-best-friend-ch-04', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f062645-a989-4dac-a09f-99ea7fc12727>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '2505', 'url': 'http://www.literotica.com/s/my-sons-best-friend-ch-04', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02425980567932129', 'original_id': '1d68441871ffe43ce1e3c4dc857ec79af98225d76cc4008d02a4c5fb3c949d67'} |
Tuition & Fee Breakdown
At the time of registration, we will require a $25.00 registration fee ($15.00 for additional family members). There is also a $50.00 incidental fee per dancer required for all competitive dancers to alleviate the extra administrative costs associated with ordering costumes, registering dancers in competitions, etc. These fees are non-refundable.
For competitive dancers, there is a $50.00 per dance costume deposit due October 1st or 15th. There is a $40.00 per dance competition fee deposit due November 1st or 15th. All costume and competition fees are non-refundable once paid.
For recreational dancers, we do not collect costume deposits until we hear from the teacher on whether they would like to use a seamstress, order online, or have dancers provide their own costume pieces. Whenever possible, we like to keep costs down and may request that dancers provide certain pieces of their costumes (for example, black leggings). This way, you can determine how much you want to spend on your costume! This information becomes available in March/April.
We have a professional photographer who takes our dance photos in May, and costs range from $25.00-$65.00 per family, depending on number of classes enrolled in and how many kids are in your family. This fee is due in May.
We require all families to leave a credit card or VOID cheque on file with us so fees can be charged to your account. We will NEVER charge any amount to your account without your permission.
Tuition is paid monthly, but is evenly divided among the 10 months of instruction, as some months may have more classes than others. Tuition can be paid for on the 1st or 15th of each month. Tuition can be paid a few ways:
-by leaving a credit card or debit account information on file (most preferred)
-leaving post-dated cheques
We also offer a Family Discount for those families who just love to dance! For families with two sibling dancers, you save 10% off your monthly tuition. Families with 3+ dancers save 15%.
We do require one month’s notice to cancel fees.
Discount Amount Class Length Monthly Cost
(prices include gst)
30 minutes $25.20
45 minutes $37.80
1 hour $50.40
1 hour 15 minutes $63.00
1 hour 30 minutes $75.60
1 hour 45 minutes $88.20
5% 2 hours $95.76
2 hours 15 minutes $107.73
2 hours 30 minutes $119.70
2 hours 45 minutes $131.67
10% 3 hours $136.08
3 hours 15 minutes $147.32
3 hours 30 minutes $158.76
3 hours 45 minutes $170.10
15% 4 hours $171.36
4 hours 15 minutes $182.07
4 hours 30 minutes $192.78
4 hours 45 minutes $203.49
20% 5 hours $201.60
5 hours 15 minutes $211.68
5 hours 30 minutes $221.76
5 hours 45 minutes $231.84
25% 6 hours $226.80
6 hours 15 minutes $236.25
6 hours 30 minutes $245.70
6 hours 45 minutes $255.15
30% 7 hours $246.96
7 hours 15 minutes $255.78
7 hours 30 minutes $264.60
7 hours 45 minutes $273.42
35% 8 hours $262.08
8 hours 15 minutes $270.27
8 hours 30 minutes $278.46
8 hours 45 minutes $286.65
9 hours + $295.00
All promos are only valid when registering before September 1st. Please note that promos are only applicable to a single student, and cannot be combined with other dancers in the family.
Dancers exclusively in the mini competitive program can take all 4 classes offered (jazz, hip hop, lyrical, and ballet) for only $150.00 per month. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9270431399345398}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '70855', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L2WWZMCPKFMJPMDDRUKT64WJKXLL7ANI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e87bdeaf-d76b-42e7-b9d4-b395a39720e8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 16, 51, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '68.66.197.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DL5UL3ZAWAXSDWBNB63TRUV7KW75GP6D', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6160b617-20ba-4962-99b7-ba0add2b80be>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://danceworxstudio.ca/index.php/tuition-fees/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b2346e0d-4189-4b4a-bbc3-70f3bf54298a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '525', 'url': 'http://danceworxstudio.ca/index.php/tuition-fees/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-43-187-176.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03445619344711304', 'original_id': 'd0af9adbdb7b1084f33800d129390528712840cad7924929194409670baf8cd4'} |
PEORIA, Ariz. -- Adversity wasn't something Cla Meredith had to concern himself with last season, though the 23-year-old reliever is certainly getting a heaping dose this spring.
Meredith, who set the National League on its collective ear a year ago, took a 12.00 ERA into Wednesday's Cactus League game against Milwaukee at the Peoria Sports Complex.
Meredith struck out a pair of Brewers, but gave up a pair of hits and an unearned run in one inning. The sidearmer has now allowed nine runs -- eight earned -- on 14 hits in seven official appearances, and opposing batters are hitting .432 against him. Just twice has Meredith escaped an outing unscathed.
No, this isn't how Meredith figured his first Spring Training with San Diego would go -- not after a rookie season that saw him pitch a franchise-record 33 2/3 consecutive innings without allowing a run and post a scant 1.07 ERA.
So what's the problem? According to Meredith and the Padres' staff, there's isn't much of a problem at all.
"The first thing that I wondered was that I must be doing something wrong," Meredith said. "But the coaches have been great with me, coming up to me after an outing and telling me that I am doing all right. I'm staying true to my stuff."
Meredith, a sidearm pitcher who specializes in throwing a nasty sinkerball, has probably been affected most by the warm, Arizona air than most of his teammates, said manager Bud Black.
"He hasn't had the results you want, but I can see why this guy put together the streak that he did last year," Black said. "This guy has a lot of confidence. I don't think it's affecting his mind-set. The ball just isn't sinking here like it will during the regular season."
But Meredith isn't prepared to pin everything that's troubled him this spring on the climate.
"The ball does jump here, that's for sure," Meredith said. "I haven't had much success out here, but I'll be the first to not blame it on the elements. I've heard the rumors about how the ball doesn't sink here, but you just have to roll with it and not let it frustrate you."
That hasn't always been easy. He has allowed six runs in his last two innings, including a blown save on Friday against the Rangers. Walks haven't hurt him (he's walked two) and it's not the long ball either (one home run allowed). Where Meredith has been hurt the most is when his pitches are elevated coming through the strike zone.
Spring Training
News and features:
• Kouzmanoff says club is ready: 350K
• Padres game highlights, March 31: 350K
• Bud Black interview: 350K
• Padres highlights: 350K
• Peavy on starting Opening Day: 350K
• Padres game highlights, March 29: 350K
Spring Training info: coverage | Schedule | Ballpark | Tickets
Meredith has resisted the urge to change anything mechanically, trusting that what he's doing now is what made him so successful last season after he and catcher Josh Bard came over from the Red Sox in May in the Doug Mirabelli deal.
"It's very tough because you don't want to do different things [mechanically] just for the next few weeks," Meredith said. "Then you leave the elements here and go to a normal climate and you might not be able to go right back to yourself. As long as you feel like the things you're doing on the mound are the things you're supposed to be doing, then you'll be fine."
But on those occasions when self-doubt starts to creep in, Meredith remains vigilant in that what he's doing is the right thing. If he needs a reminder, all Meredith has to do is think back to last season.
Meredith didn't allow a run over 28 consecutive appearances from July 18-Sept. 12. The streak eclipsed Randy Jones' 30-inning scoreless streak in 1980. Meredith also led the National League in ERA (1.07) and opposing batting average (.170).
In some ways, the 2006 season was a blur for Meredith -- albeit a good blur. The trade from the Red Sox gave him a new lease on his career, and he's forever grateful that his teammates made the adjustment easy for him.
"Honestly, it's still a little surreal," Meredith said. "It's probably something I won't really realize until further down the road. But regardless of the streak, it was important for me to be around these guys. They took care of me.
"Not only did I appreciate it, but it helped me on the field. There's no way I could have been that successful if I wasn't comfortable around the boys." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9840521812438964}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '68659', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FLW6BG2BA5OKM53BYQMTSZB2WG75X6NM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:da98c993-b4f9-48b0-bdd5-c79cf6fe758c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 14, 25, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.51.126.51', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IXTTRZKTO4SDU4CSB7XKLTIQM4B73KRG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1fc75ebe-8b33-4d5a-a3fe-58a05655ea58>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070321&content_id=1853197&vkey=spt2007news&fext=.jsp', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:92b42a04-19bd-4b0f-9501-968e088bcec4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '736', 'url': 'http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070321&content_id=1853197&vkey=spt2007news&fext=.jsp', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021761775016784668', 'original_id': 'ee51a5542512b2a8bc25888f005ea8db00b8d25962b69f8cb8332833f47c875e'} |
Hourly rates RNB and Nash
Hourly Rates in Budgeted Costs: Where are we after RNB and Nash?
Does a reduction in hourly rates for incurred costs mean a reduction will of necessity follow for budgeted costs too at assessment?
‘Yes’ or ‘No’ seems to be the answer at the moment, as there have been decisions either way, all at first instance.
In August last year Deputy Master Campbell in the case of RNB v London Borough of Newham gave an affirmative answer to the question posed above.
The position in RNB was that;
1. The Claimant’s costs which were payable by the Defendant pursuant to a Consent Order, had had the hourly expense rate for costs incurred before the date of a Costs Management Order, reduced on a detailed assessment.
2. Therefore to what extent, if at all, should that reduction be reflected in the costs between the parties or approved by the court for costs incurred after that date, in the Claimant’s costs budget ie ‘budgeted costs’?
The Defendants case – the hourly rates allowed for the incurred costs should be applied to the Claimant’s budgeted costs, thereby reducing the amount claimed in the bill.
The Claimants case – The budget should be left untouched and that the rates allowed for the incurred costs should not apply to the budgeted costs.
Both parties agreed that the Defendant’s argument could only have any chance of succeeding if it could satisfy the court that the reduction in the hourly rates claimed, was a ‘good reason’ to depart from the figures in the Claimant’s budget. (At the time of giving his judgment in RNB, Master Campbell had had the benefit of having available to him, the judgment in ‘Harrison’ which established that where there is an approved budget, that figure will be awarded upon assessment unless there is ‘good reason to depart from it.’)
Counsel for the Defendant submitted that it was irrelevant that the judge at the CCMC had not made any comment about the incurred costs. The fact was that the rates had not been approved or agreed by anyone until the detailed assessment. An adjustment to the hourly rate, as had happened here, was a ‘good reason’ to depart from the budget, since rates had not been assessed at the CCMC and the assessment was thus the only opportunity that a paying party would have to challenge them.
Counsel for the Claimant’s view was that when a costs budget is put under judicial scrutiny, a figure is set for the work done in each of the phases identified in Precedent H. What the court is not doing is fixing hourly rates and the number of hours to be spent doing the work.
In finding for the Defendant, Master Campbell stated that;
‘At the assessment hearing, I made reductions to the hourly rate claimed for the incurred costs to a level which has meant that the overall recovery by the Claimant for the period of work before the CMO has been reduced by significant amounts. Were that not to be reflected in the budgeted costs, that would mean that the Claimant will appear to recover an hourly rate as set out in Precedent H for the budgeted stage, at a level that significantly exceeds the figure I consider to be reasonable for the pre-budget stage.’
He also accepted the contention of Counsel for the Defendant that it is only on assessment that a paying party has the opportunity to challenge the rate and therefore, that was a ‘good reason’ to depart from the costs allowed in the Claimants last approved budget.
However more recently we had the opposite view from District Judge Lumb in Bains v Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust. Although an apparently still unreported matter, helpfully the solicitor acting for the Claimant has made known the important points laid down by DJ Lumb and it would appear that he was concerned that if he were to reduce the hourly charging rates for budgeted costs to the same levels as those allowed for the incurred costs, he would be second guessing the thought process of the costs managing judge, thereby imputing a risk of ‘double jeopardy’ into the detailed assessment. DJ Lumb made the point that the ‘good reason’ bar was a ‘high one.’
Within the past month, a detailed judgment on the same facts has been handed down by Master Nagalingam in an SCCO matter, Nash v Ministry of Defence. Again the basic points are almost identical to those in the matters above.
1. The Claimant’s budget was agreed prior to a CCMC.
2. On assessment the Master reduced the hourly rates in respect of the incurred costs.
3. The Defendant argued through Counsel that the fact that the Master had reduced the hourly rates for incurred costs was a ‘good reason’ why the same reduced rates should be applied to the budgeted costs.
4. The Defendant relied on the fact that the budget was agreed and that as a result the budget for future costs had never been assessed or subject to the scrutiny that would have been required had the budget for future costs not been agreed, which would have required submissions by the parties to be decided upon by the case managing Judge.
5. Accordingly, the Defendant contended, the fact that the agreed budget had merely needed ‘recording’ as such, meant that it did not hold the same status as a costs management order where budgets had not first been agreed.
6. The Defendant sought to advance the argument that although the budget had been agreed that agreement related to the phase totals for budgeted costs, save for the hourly rates.
Master Nagalingam decided that;
• A reduction in hourly rates of the incurred costs was not a good reason to depart from the budget in respect of future costs.
• To follow the Defendant’s arguments would expose the receiving parties to double jeopardy.
• Hourly rates hold no special status and are not to be given any elevated status on an assessment of costs with regard to estimated costs subject to a costs management order.
• He too referred to setting a ‘high bar’ with respect to what constitutes good reason.
• Given the wording of CPR 3.18 (2016 or 2017 versions), a costs management order holds the same status regardless of whether that order came about as a result of a budget being agreed in full, or whether it was approved following revisions by the case management court.
• Helpfully the Master took the opportunity to highlight the importance of parties, when agreeing budgets, to do so in clear and unambiguous terms and ensuring that case managing courts are fully informed of the terms of any agreement so that the extent of agreement may be correctly recorded in the costs management order.
The Judgment in Nash runs to 97 paragraphs and is certainly well set out. Nevertheless, it too is a first instance decision like RNB and Bains. As detailed and well-reasoned as the judgment in Nash is, a higher court decision is needed as soon as possible. We might well have had one to discuss here, as the RNB appeal was due to be heard in the High Court only a matter of weeks ago. However the case settled when the Defendants made a much improved offer a few days before the hearing and it was accepted. In the meantime, it is a matter of ‘watch this space.’ | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9788120985031128}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '56221', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RK6NGRS3I7PDFSNEYNFQENHU6U3XZA3T', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9da11270-e6bf-4eb0-8a47-96e6e1567ef1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 23, 19, 30, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '5.134.12.239', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:S37MLXRSDUSC567T25QT2DJKKZQ2XYRU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:43829e1c-482b-4737-9fd1-f0faf942cd1b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.rcostings.co.uk/hourly-rates-budgeted-costs-rnb-nash/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1ae45ffc-70b3-4046-ba90-46791b3650b2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1219', 'url': 'https://www.rcostings.co.uk/hourly-rates-budgeted-costs-rnb-nash/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-137-170-67.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03793829679489136', 'original_id': 'd6f16a77a5deb48eda3992c03d2b8bdb5c9d67c339049ba3ed56cd9ad779427a'} |
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Christine Hallquist made history on Tuesday night, when she won the Democratic nomination for governor of Vermont, a victory that made her the first transgender candidate selected by a major party to bid for an American governorship. Hallquist also won as a visionary progressive who sees Vermont as “a beacon of hope for the rest of the country” that can serve as an innovative laboratory of democracy for a country that needs a new politics. Ad Policy
To that end, along with other high-profile primary winners on Tuesday such as congressional candidates Randy Bryce in Wisconsin and Ilhan Omar in Minnesota, Hallquist ran as a Justice Democrat, committed to health care for all, a $15-an-hour minimum wage, investing in tuition-free college, and a making renewable-energy investments to address climate change.
“I’m a proud and out transgendered leader,” says Hallquist, who swept to victory in a four-way primary with almost 50 percent of the vote. That win positioned her as a serious contender to be the nation’s first transgender governor. Before the primary, Hallquist acknowledged that “For some Vermonters, I think my being transgender may be an issue. I think it’s going to be a small minority. I think Vermonters are going to vote for me because of what I’m going to do for Vermont.”
The primary results signaled that Hallquist was right to be confident. She carried urban and rural regions of the state and earned high praise from Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, who tweeted:
Congratulations to @christineforvt for her Democratic primary win for Governor of Vermont tonight. Let’s continue making history and win this November! —Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) August 15, 2018
A veteran of the cooperative movement who served for many years as CEO of the Vermont Electric Coop, which she helped transform into a leader in using renewable sources of electricity production to combat climate change, Hallquist was not active in partisan politics until after the 2016 election. Current Issue View our current issue
“November 9, 2016, changed everything for me. America elected Trump and Vermont elected a Republican governor because he was a ‘nice guy,’” Hallquist told the New England LGBTQ newspaper Rainbow Times after launching her bid earlier this year.
“I knew right away Donald Trump would attack the LGBT community as he simply does not like anyone who is different than him. I was depressed for a few months and then joined 650,000 for the Women’s March in DC the day after Trump’s inauguration. I then went to DC for the climate march. I did a lot of marching over the next year. However, things have only gone from bad to worse. In January of this year, I made a decision. It was similar to decisions made by generations before me. I would give up everything for our future.”
Now, Hallquist will face Governor Phil Scott, a Republican who has tried to position himself as a somewhat more moderate figure than many national Republicans. Though Vermont sends an old-school liberal Democrat, Patrick Leahy, and a democratic socialist, Sanders, to the Senate, the state has a long history of competitive races for the governorship, many of which have been won by Republicans. So Hallquist faces a serious race, with no guarantees but lots of possibilities.
A recent Morning Consult “Governor Approval Rankings” survey reported on “bad news for one of those governors: Phil Scott of Vermont.”
“The first-term governor, who was elected in 2016 and is facing a primary challenge, saw his stock plummet between the first and second quarters of the year. His approval among Vermonters fell 18 points to 47 percent while his disapproval doubled to 42 percent,” explained a review of the survey results, which noted that this “net 38 point drop is the biggest quarterly shift since Morning Consult began polling the subject in May 2016.”
Scott’s dwindling numbers will help to draw national media attention to the Vermont race. There will much discussion of Hallquist’s history-making bid. “Obviously, nationwide it’s significant, the first transgender governor,” she says, “It is pioneering.” But the Democratic nominee suggests that “Vermonters are going to elect me on the platform.”
The platform is strikingly progressive in its focus on specifics, with proposals to “Address racial disparities in Vermont’s criminal justice system,” “Protect collective bargaining and worker rights,” “Finish progress made on marijuana legalization by taxing and regulating,” and “Connect every home and business in Vermont with fiber optic cable utilizing proven rural cooperative models.” Hallquist is also determined to resist “the negative headwinds from Washington through bold leadership and vision.”
Like many of the savviest progressives who are running this year, Hallquist recognizes that the point is not merely to oppose Donald Trump—though that’s important—but also to present an alternative vision. So it is that this proud Town Meeting Day moderator from Hyde Park (population 2,954, according to the 2000 Census) offers a vision for assuring that—no matter what happens in Washington—Vermont will be “the little state that can show the rest of the country how well democracy can work.” | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'dc4d02a0854ed5c6c7cb3db52075efb8f654ed727c1a9a1b421ff12f4efce495'} |
Moments When You Should Sense DANGER in Chess:
Posted: 21/07/2013 by Ian in Club News
1. There has been a change in the pawn structure. Your opponent has 8 and you don’t have any.
2. Your opponent begins to throw pawns at your eyes.
3. You have a postion won but your opponent has a gun.
4. The Director tells you not to bother turning in your scoresheet after the game.
5. Before game begins you notice your opponents 1st initials are ‘GM’.
6. After completing your development you sense your opponent playing the endgame.
7. Just as you make your opening move your opponent announces mate in 11.
8. You don’t control any squares at all.
9. Your draw offer sends all the people watching your game into uncontrollable laughter.
10. Your opponent has 3 bishops
Comments are closed. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9400521516799928}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '76569', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z3O6SKFILQQNE2U2RUIYCJLRUA2C2ETO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:da4a3ea0-2003-41c7-92ed-fc7f70cb64c8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 23, 17, 22, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:E2Q5UCYDAWAOQHFGTHSBKXJM5IALKQ5K', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f419c88-296d-4971-9ff7-7920d29f5ad5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://hamiltonchess.net/2013/07/21/moments-when-you-should-sense-danger-in-chess/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eca1c727-2198-4a8a-af08-d6f6880224e4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '138', 'url': 'https://hamiltonchess.net/2013/07/21/moments-when-you-should-sense-danger-in-chess/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-246.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1935408115386963', 'original_id': '94e525f8bae920a08a4f2f997c2904ad1cb8eab288dd506c48df9bc443524db8'} |
/*
* (C) Copyright 2010
* Texas Instruments, <www.ti.com>
*
* Author :
* Mansoor Ahamed <mansoor.ahamed@ti.com>
*
* Initial Code from:
* Manikandan Pillai <mani.pillai@ti.com>
* Richard Woodruff <r-woodruff2@ti.com>
* Syed Mohammed Khasim <khasim@ti.com>
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
*/
#include <common.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/arch/cpu.h>
#include <asm/arch/mem.h>
#include <asm/arch/sys_proto.h>
#include <command.h>
struct gpmc *gpmc_cfg;
void enable_gpmc_cs_config(const u32 *gpmc_config, struct gpmc_cs *cs, u32 base,
u32 size)
{
writel(0, &cs->config7);
sdelay(1000);
/* Delay for settling */
writel(gpmc_config[0], &cs->config1);
writel(gpmc_config[1], &cs->config2);
writel(gpmc_config[2], &cs->config3);
writel(gpmc_config[3], &cs->config4);
writel(gpmc_config[4], &cs->config5);
writel(gpmc_config[5], &cs->config6);
/* Enable the config */
writel((((size & 0xF) << 8) | ((base >> 24) & 0x3F) |
(1 << 6)), &cs->config7);
sdelay(2000);
}
/*****************************************************
* gpmc_init(): init gpmc bus
* Init GPMC for x16, MuxMode (SDRAM in x32).
* This code can only be executed from SRAM or SDRAM.
*****************************************************/
void gpmc_init(void)
{
/* putting a blanket check on GPMC based on ZeBu for now */
gpmc_cfg = (struct gpmc *)GPMC_BASE;
#if defined(CONFIG_NOR)
/* configure GPMC for NOR */
const u32 gpmc_regs[GPMC_MAX_REG] = { STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG1,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG2,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG3,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG4,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG5,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG6,
STNOR_GPMC_CONFIG7
};
u32 size = GPMC_SIZE_16M;
u32 base = CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_BASE;
#elif defined(CONFIG_NAND)
/* configure GPMC for NAND */
const u32 gpmc_regs[GPMC_MAX_REG] = { M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG1,
M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG2,
M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG3,
M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG4,
M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG5,
M_NAND_GPMC_CONFIG6,
0
};
u32 size = GPMC_SIZE_256M;
u32 base = CONFIG_SYS_NAND_BASE;
#else
const u32 gpmc_regs[GPMC_MAX_REG] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
u32 size = 0;
u32 base = 0;
#endif
/* global settings */
writel(0x00000008, &gpmc_cfg->sysconfig);
writel(0x00000000, &gpmc_cfg->irqstatus);
writel(0x00000000, &gpmc_cfg->irqenable);
#ifdef CONFIG_NOR
writel(0x00000200, &gpmc_cfg->config);
#else
writel(0x00000012, &gpmc_cfg->config);
#endif
/*
* Disable the GPMC0 config set by ROM code
*/
writel(0, &gpmc_cfg->cs[0].config7);
sdelay(1000);
/* enable chip-select specific configurations */
enable_gpmc_cs_config(gpmc_regs, &gpmc_cfg->cs[0], base, size);
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '398167983b71cce5eb5279e3d80c67fb21e7f8ec0b6235289cc8c3972115277f'} |
Cool Gift: Adopt a Sea Creature
Via The Daily Green: If you’re looking for a non-commercial gift idea for a loved one who worships the sea, consider adopting a sea creature with Oceana, a non-profit organization that fights to protect the ocean and its inhabitants. The recipient of your gift gets a cookie cutter or stuffed animal as a token and Oceana uses donations to fight the good fight in protecting dolphins, sea turtles, penguins, and more.–Stef McDonald | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.872046947479248}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '103737', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CNGYRHXL4TV4FXHEAQYT74BZAMXDM2DA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c31eb2bc-c95d-44c3-a10e-f936bf3638f5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 24, 13, 11, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.25', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:W2V6WQTJ3MSTF62P2WA5QY6ABCSYEEFD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:de229724-6a8f-4441-828a-2a019968131d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://stefmcdonald.com/2009/12/21/cool-gift-adopt-a-sea-creature/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:50fd3657-253f-4d71-a10d-0ab98a9cc781>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '77', 'url': 'https://stefmcdonald.com/2009/12/21/cool-gift-adopt-a-sea-creature/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-54\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.039424121379852295', 'original_id': '440fc9278cd113460b39b7180653dbce12766ba48a906e370b20eecaf79273bc'} |
ESXi Deployment Solution - the beginning
I posted a small preview about a new ESXi Deployment Solution.
First question I would like to answer is why?
1. Why is a Deployment solution needed for ESXi?
2. Why is it any different to Deploying the full ESX version?
So the answers were:
1. VMware has announced multiple times that ESXi will be the platform of choice for the next version of ESX. They are moving away from the Service Console for a multitude of reasons.
The same way that you as a Virtualization Administrator would like to prepare a standard installation configuration for all your ESX Hosts, I am sure that you would like to deploy a standard ESXi across your environment.
2. ESX you can deploy with a kickstart script. This is fully supported by VMware. At present there are two Virtual Appliances that you can use to deploy ESX, namely the UDA and the EDA. Personally I prefer using the UDA, just came more naturally to me. With the customization of kickstart script you can practically do what you would like - anything that can be run from the command line.
Back to ESXi. At present there is no way to mass deploy - at least not any officially supported by VMware method. There are one or two mentions of how to do this. I do suppose (or so I am told) that this functionality will be available before we are all moved off of the Service Console.
Next Question is - what?
1. What can you do with this deployment solution?
2. What components will I need for this solution?
And the Answers:
1. Anything you can do with the API, you can configure through this solution. Including adding the host to a cluster, patching, the options are almost endless
2. a. PowerCLI
b. PUTTY (or ssh client of your choice)
c. One of the above mentioned deployment appliances (NOT compulsory) or a CD burner to create an
And now for the open topic questions:
1. Can this be used as a replacement for Host Profiles (which is only available in Enterprise Plus)?
2. Will this be customizable - Can I make changes to suit my environment?
3. Does this contain any proprietary code or compiled executables?
4. How is this different to the mentions above of how to deploy ESXi?
The Answers:
1. Host Profiles deals (at least the way I see it) with two different issues.
a. Initial Configuration
b. Compliance to a Baseline
This solution will deal with the initial configuration only - it will not track to the compliance to a baseline thereafter.
2. Yes and yes. The changes you will make will be limited only by what the vSphere API can do, and what changes you would like to put into the configuration script.
3. Nope. All Powershell and Python - taken from example freely available on the internet.
4. The idea is basically the same. There is the same kind of client/server framework. The ESXi host is deployed and when completed it notifies (client) a Powershell script (server) of its existence. The script then performs the configuration steps that you define on the new host. I was not satisfied with the results I was getting from the ideas that were posted above. There are some flaws in the process (at least from my point of view) and the flexibility of being able to make changes was minimal. I find that this new approach simplifies things for me and allows for greater flexibility.
So when will we see how this works?
I will be posting in the next upcoming posts, the process of setting up this system.
Comments and questions are always welcome. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.939221978187561}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97227', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:R7KZUVQK3GGNCYLSKEFAYNWVLIWUSMJV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a05a320a-b535-494a-a7ab-495c43d99da1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 21, 18, 16, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.15.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5PRC2MFBMLVP5TEIY6C3PA7YH5ZRN2PP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c627f6c1-398d-48d6-bb17-747d05eb91c3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://technodrone.blogspot.com/2010/04/esxi-deployment-solution-beginning.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4b50a6dd-89e0-4860-b822-fcdee8da0d1b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '607', 'url': 'https://technodrone.blogspot.com/2010/04/esxi-deployment-solution-beginning.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-47-161.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.45333999395370483', 'original_id': 'a8fef1f4ac80b0bc223e80622cd12d82b728556396575f27c5bcbf2007893a18'} |
Approximating the Noise Floor
In the center of an otherwise dark room is an all white overhead projector on a black A.V. cart. An unknown number of blank transparencies sit on its glass surface, stacked until they hit the lens. Due to the noise floor of the medium of transparencies, they consume and contain the available light. By the time the stack hits the top, the lens is blocked and prevented from projecting forward. The floor becomes the ceiling. The mirror, which usually bounces the image outward, now only gazes back at the viewer blankly. Contact microphones, which are moved and manipulated during the performance, are attached to different parts of the body of the projector with sticky tack, which acts as both an adhesive and a conduit. The sound is sent through a looping pedal and mixer, which splits the signals between multiple speakers around the exterior of the space, pointing inward, back towards the center and source. The sound is all consuming in its volume and describes the space as it fills it. The system is self-contained and all encompassing.
In sonic terms, the noise floor is the unwanted sound produced by the medium itself and the accumulation of devices used for recording. It’s the hiss of a cassette, or a record, a microphone, a set of television speakers, and even the hum of the room you’re recording in. It’s what masks any sounds that fall below it, and something you must rise above for your signal to register. This piece is a physical and sonic manifestation of that phenomenon, expanded into 4 dimensions.
This video is an excerpt of a performance, but also documentation of the piece in its other form–as an autonomous installation sans-performer.
Overhead projector, A.V. cart, blank transparencies, sticky tack, contact microphones, looping pedal, mixer, speakers.
More Projects
Ⓒ E. Aaron Ross 2019 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9295101165771484}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '93736', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MUHLHDAAQT6XWW47Z7SQNGRQUOR53GRZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c90ab506-a866-4ac6-b4ed-66a9eb55c298>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 23, 3, 35, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '160.153.91.40', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RCEJNJFRB546MZ6VLLEBGOXPYLBT3O2R', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6b1da199-eb3a-430c-bce4-a50b86c7e7cf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://eaaronross.com/visuals/approximating-the-noise-floor/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2e8a88e4-1d2c-4d3a-8d97-e775567e0eb0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '309', 'url': 'http://eaaronross.com/visuals/approximating-the-noise-floor/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-113-197-177.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.033995211124420166', 'original_id': '25b3ea064d9ee65879d73c59bcc98169a2df28eed13e7262b499dd80dc6b93ef'} |
Apologies if you got mass emails today from the site...that was the server burping loudly
If you have 'get notified for new replies to your comment' turned on, and you got mass emails today from the server (aka Onigiribot) for old comments, it was a technical glitch. My apologies! Short version: the database burped. Long version: I had to restart the database server, and somehow all 'anonymous' comments got unpublished. So, I was publishing them 20 rows at a time, before I realized that that would cause new notifications to go out again! (Massive thanks to Lyvvie for letting me know before I spammed more people!) Then I remembered the power of command line MySQL. Whew! So anyway, I'm really sorry if you did get tons of emails!
And...have a great weekend! ^_^;
Filed under: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9575571417808532}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '28584', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XDHNQ7RFAIXBHYXASZ7GCVAR7STM6KYR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0622f12a-2721-489c-964f-2af41cc1c235>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 19, 9, 42, 50), 'WARC-IP-Address': '209.59.142.48', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:C74AVRLAWUCQUZ46BQGDQWVVZZE2SO4H', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ba212712-93cc-4f47-8554-e9dafd0dbfce>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.justbento.com/apologies-if-you-got-mass-emails-today-site', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9d2c0f61-a1b4-4af8-b714-0f7a41bb3b58>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '145', 'url': 'http://www.justbento.com/apologies-if-you-got-mass-emails-today-site', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-89-8.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-17\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.12911063432693481', 'original_id': '18010a2c22271746717a7e6f0bc718ed14fb37e49641a5aba739a7a842bda95d'} |
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Member Since 06 Jul 2009
Offline Last Active Dec 18 2013 01:05 AM
Topics I've Started
Many to one relation in an SQLite database
14 December 2013 - 12:45 PM
I am converting a spreadsheet of game notes into a database.
I have a table of character Classes for an RPG (fighter, mage, etc)
One of the columns shows the Races that a Class can be in a comma seperated list:
ClassId ClassName Race
1 Rogue Man
2 Mage Man,Elf
3 Warrior Man,Dwarf,Elf
I'm new to SQL and not sure how to translate this into a database file.
Here is what I'm thinking:
1. I make a 3rd table that holds the relation.
I think this is the most proper solution. The drawback for me are that I would have to create and manage an extra table. Also, to me the comma separated list like seen above is the preferable way for me to display the data and I'm not sure what other ways there would be to display the three possible Races together on one row (I don't think SQL/SQLite has syntax to concatenate strings or build lists?)
2. I make a column for each race and use a boolean 0 or 1 value
This could be pretty clear. The only disadvantage I see is that I would have to create new columns whenever adding new races.
3. I just leave the Race column as a comma seperated value
I could still query the column with statements like
select * from Class where Race like '%Elf%';
But I think this would make it hard to put any kind of constraints on the field (like a FOREIGN KEY constraint to make sure the Race exists in the Race table).
Thoughts or suggestions are appreciated.
Continuous Collision Detection of 3-dimensional Convex Hulls with Rotation and Translation
19 October 2013 - 10:41 PM
I am looking for methods that take into account rotation as well as translation for continuous collision detection.
My broad phase algorithm uses swept maximal bounding spheres returning a start time when the objects will be within their maximum radius.
I have two ideas how to handle the next phase of collision detection:
1 ignore rotation:
A simplified collision I am considering is to ignore rotation from the beginning of the narrow phase and use a GJK representation to raycast the relative motion of the objects to the origin. This should give an intersection time by a raycast against a convex hull. This method will result in colliding objects to stop rotating for a portion of the time step, and can miss collision due to rotation over the timestep.
2 bisection search:
Doing a bisection search of instantaneous GJK tests at increasingly smaller intervals, presumably down to a fixed size. If a collision is detected then only earlier points in the bisection need be considered (reducing the search space), but to rule out collision completely the full space needs to be searched. This seems fairly expensive and can still miss collisions where the periodicity of motion is between the test points.
I have found some indication that dual numbers or dual quaternions + screw theory may have some application but it seems like an advanced topic and so far the only game-related application I have found is in mesh deformation, not collision detection. Screw theory seems promising, but I'm not sure it applies to situations where the axis of rotation is not the same as the axis of translation, or if that is just a sub-set of certain screw motions.
Some possible resources:
Applying Player Movement to Velocity Vectors
10 August 2013 - 06:16 PM
In my initial code I had player movement applied directly as offsets to the position and orientation data.
My idea was to try and change that, so that player movement and rotation was instead applied once to the player's velocity or angular velocity vectors.
With simple translation this is easy. However, when the player rotates, the translation vector needs to change direction. This means subtracting the old vector and adding the new one. To complicate things further, the same is true of the 'up' vector if the player is pitching downwards.
So before each physics update the old vectors are subtracted, a new orientation matrix is calculated for the next frame, and the velocity vectors are re-applied in the proper directions.
This worked for either translation or rotation alone, but when moving and rotating simultaneously I ended up with residual velocity (around 0.02-0.07 units/sec, compared to a movement speed of around 1.6-8.0 units/sec). It's small enough that it seems like it could possibly be a rounding error but also not so small that there could be some small error in my algorithm, or else the method described above is just not possible.
I wanted just one set of velocity and angular velocity vectors, so that during the physics update step all collision could be handled in one step. Otherwise I will have to make a second collision step if I simulate player movement separately. This seems undesirable since my player is just an instance of a mobile game entity which I will be adding later, so all these objects would add more overhead to the movement step.
Oriented Bounding Box or Bounding Rhombohedron?
07 July 2013 - 03:46 AM
When defining an Oriented Bounding Box by the 3 ortho-normal sides of the box, I wondered what would the consequences be of letting those three edges be at any arbitrary angle?
The first question is if any 3 arbitrary edges do not always perfectly define a rhombohedron (ie the combination of edge lengths and angles doesn't work out right). This is an assumption on my part that any 3 edges joined at a common point will form one of the opposite corners of the rhombohedron. If this is not the case then I will definitely stick with an ortho-box.
The second problem is the containment test which I think should be the same. I'm assuming 6 dot products; 1 for each edge of the opposing corners.
Main loop, stuck in inner game logic loop
18 June 2013 - 02:09 PM
My main loop looks like this:
while( is_running )
while( check_time() )
So, the game logic is in the 'do_step()' function, and it is called whenever enough time has accumulated. Each iteration of the 'do_step()' function simulates the game by some fixed amount (eg 10ms).
The problem occurred when I tried to profile my program in valgrind. The program appeared to be frozen, and I found that it was stuck in the while( check_time ) loop, apparently because the do_step() function was taking so much time that it could never simulate enough steps to run the accumulated timer down below the step time (10ms) and break out of the loop.
One solution I am considering is changing the do_step() function from a fixed time-step, to take a variable time argument. The problem with this I think is that over large time-steps certain parts of the physical simulation would become very innacurate. At any rate, the simulation would behave differently depending on how large the time steps are, something I would like to avoid. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '26', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9173969030380248}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '77539', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BRJZOXGEBLA6OC4ESQEEREJEN7D43J5O', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b4dd8df3-2bc4-4ca0-bf79-19ef3cdbbe9d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 20, 9, 47, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '64.91.255.13', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4TGCBRSS2ATG2VB52J5VVC2LKVDZWQEL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:698db48c-0a7a-4456-be94-c704b2e2fa4c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.gamedev.net/user/156846-prestochung/?tab=topics', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3fda1256-b54d-4467-a285-d2d87c8d9e92>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1196', 'url': 'http://www.gamedev.net/user/156846-prestochung/?tab=topics', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.025550901889801025', 'original_id': 'baf53b69bc6c99e94541d0b34d0f10322ff93fc29eee53bb81882c9f5048352c'} |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Http\Resources\Wiki\Resource;
use App\Http\Api\Query\ReadQuery;
use App\Http\Resources\BaseResource;
use App\Http\Resources\Wiki\Anime\Theme\Collection\EntryCollection;
use App\Models\BaseModel;
use App\Models\Wiki\Video;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Resources\MissingValue;
/**
* Class VideoResource.
*
* @mixin Video
*/
class VideoResource extends BaseResource
{
final public const ATTRIBUTE_LINK = 'link';
/**
* The "data" wrapper that should be applied.
*
* @var string|null
*/
public static $wrap = 'video';
/**
* Create a new resource instance.
*
* @param Video | MissingValue | null $video
* @param ReadQuery $query
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(Video|MissingValue|null $video, ReadQuery $query)
{
parent::__construct($video, $query);
}
/**
* Transform the resource into an array.
*
* @param Request $request
* @return array
*
* @noinspection PhpMissingParentCallCommonInspection
*/
public function toArray($request): array
{
$result = [];
if ($this->isAllowedField(BaseResource::ATTRIBUTE_ID)) {
$result[BaseResource::ATTRIBUTE_ID] = $this->getKey();
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_BASENAME)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_BASENAME] = $this->basename;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_FILENAME)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_FILENAME] = $this->filename;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_PATH)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_PATH] = $this->path;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_SIZE)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_SIZE] = $this->size;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_MIMETYPE)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_MIMETYPE] = $this->mimetype;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_RESOLUTION)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_RESOLUTION] = $this->resolution;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_NC)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_NC] = $this->nc;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_SUBBED)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_SUBBED] = $this->subbed;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_LYRICS)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_LYRICS] = $this->lyrics;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_UNCEN)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_UNCEN] = $this->uncen;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_SOURCE)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_SOURCE] = $this->source?->description;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_OVERLAP)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_OVERLAP] = $this->overlap->description;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_CREATED_AT)) {
$result[BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_CREATED_AT] = $this->created_at;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_UPDATED_AT)) {
$result[BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_UPDATED_AT] = $this->updated_at;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_DELETED_AT)) {
$result[BaseModel::ATTRIBUTE_DELETED_AT] = $this->deleted_at;
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(Video::ATTRIBUTE_TAGS)) {
$result[Video::ATTRIBUTE_TAGS] = implode('', $this->tags);
}
if ($this->isAllowedField(VideoResource::ATTRIBUTE_LINK)) {
$result[VideoResource::ATTRIBUTE_LINK] = route('video.show', $this);
}
$result[Video::RELATION_ANIMETHEMEENTRIES] = new EntryCollection($this->whenLoaded(Video::RELATION_ANIMETHEMEENTRIES), $this->query);
return $result;
}
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/paranarimasu/AnimeThemes/blob/master/app/Http/Resources/Wiki/Resource/VideoResource.php', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'AnimeThemes', 'creator': 'paranarimasu', 'language': 'PHP', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '257', 'token_count': '1293', '__index_level_0__': '42532', 'original_id': 'da3dccc724f89adbcacf452668446aeaeab24c9b405d7c3afd4f17498433d0f0'} |
Tea Length
I have a water boiler machine thing in my kitchen. I think it holds 2L of water at a consistently hot temperature all the time. This means I don’t have to “put the kettle on” when I want tea. Hot water is readily available in my kitchen.
Readily available. No need to wait, often there’s not even a process to go through to get it, it’s just there.
While I was filling up the boiler machine, I started thinking about other things that are readily available to me. By the time my tea was made, I decided that pretty much everything is available within minutes.
Take something simple, like music. I hear a new song or someone is talking about a new song, or a song is playing at Starbucks and I want it. I can search the song, or even partial lyrics of the song, on Google. I also use Spotify which is an app that listens to the song playing and tells me what it is. I can go on iTunes and hear part of the song to make sure that’s the one I want, buy it and have it, own it, within minutes.
Everything is instant, or pretty close. All entertainment is streaming or downloading and if I only want to see a clip of something, there’s YouTube. If I want shoes or clothes, or french milled soap from France, I can go online, order it and if I’m willing to pay, sometimes I can have it the very next day.
Vacation photos can be shared while on vacation, letters/videos/hand drawn squiggles can all be sent and received within seconds. If I miss my children, if they are at school or even out of the country, they can Snapchat me, post something on Instagram or update their Facebook page and I can see them, they can even send me video of them and I can hear them.
If I want to pretend to be a pirate, or city dweller or a soldier. If I want to shoot zombies or hang glide, know what Tibet looks like, or how to make mozzarella cheese, all of it can be done almost instantly. Readily available, instant gratification.
Convenient, but with little or no effort. What does all of this do to me as a human being? Over time, how will the quick fix change me?
I have no idea, but it’s all part of me now. I can certainly live without modern convenience, but I don’t often choose to. I do work to balance the chill of modern with warmth, people, contact. But it’s all great, right? Technology, ease, it makes me more efficient, productive. It’s even fun.
So why lately do I find myself wanting to do things by hand, marveling at fire or running water, longing for my tea kettle?
My thoughts from the laundry room. Internal alarm.
balance life music technology thoughts
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Why jump to recursion? I don't see any reason for it in your post. Personally, I'd use a queue for this:
my @queue = (1, 2, 3, 4); while (@queue) { my $current = shift @queue; next unless subA($current); push @queue, subB($current); }
(And don't get in the habit of prefixing your sub calls with &. It's not required in Perl 5+ and has side-effects that you probably don't expect.)
In reply to Re: Recursive loops by dsheroh
in thread Recursive loops by reaper9187
and: <code> code here </code>
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Results (376 votes). Check out past polls. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '153', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8467929363250732}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '20973', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LVZQLMRXDIFJ6ZDIF7OMZYMQDLJXV6VG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6d764062-7f39-4899-9d13-54fdcd3e7e50>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 26, 18, 29, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.92.34.251', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QJVV3USGYOSZVSAMZCZXKGGY3YIOYZ2S', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3853db47-537f-49a4-a9ef-f5ac4114fb52>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?parent=1008241;node_id=3333', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3cff2d4-21b8-4d12-be5f-6250066615ef>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '328', 'url': 'http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?parent=1008241;node_id=3333', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0334208607673645', 'original_id': '4692631aaaebadc893728af821971a8adb04a3dfb50d319a91f8137717471d12'} |
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Spectre exploits in the "wild"
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<div class="date" title="2021-03-01T11:00:00+01:00">
Mon 01 March 2021 — <a class="source" href="https://dustri.org/b/spectre-exploits-in-the-wild.markdown">download</a><br>
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<p>Someone was silly enough to upload a
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/6461d0988c835e91eb534757a9fa3ab35afe010bec7d5406d4dfb30ea767a62c">working spectre (CVE-2017-5753) exploit</a>
for Linux (there is also a
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/ecc0f2aa29b102bf8d67b7d7173e8698c0341ddfdf9757be17595460fbf1791a">Windows one</a> with symbols that I didn't look at.)
on VirusTotal last month, so here is my quick Sunday afternoon lazy analysis.</p>
<p>The binary has its <code>-h</code> option stripped, likely behind a <code>#define</code> to avoid
detection, but some of its parameters are obvious, like specifying
what file to leak, or the kernel base address. The authors didn't check (or care)
that the logging function hasn't been entirely optimized out, leaving a bunch
of strings helping in the reversing process.</p>
<p>The exploit works in four stages:</p>
<ol>
<li>Find the <a href="https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/inode-objects.html">superblock</a>,</li>
<li>Find the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode">inode</a> of the file to dump</li>
<li>Find the corresponding page address</li>
<li>Dumps the content of the file.</li>
</ol>
<p>In the case of <code>/etc/shadow</code>, the default option, the content of the
file is shoved in memory by running the following command in the
background: <code>return system("echo \"whatever\n\" | su - 2> /dev/null")</code>.
In my lab, on a vulnerable Fedora, the exploit is successfully dumping <code>/etc/shadow</code> in a couple of minutes.
Interestingly, there are checks to detect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor_Mode_Access_Prevention">SMAP</a>
and abort if it's present. I didn't manage to understand why the exploit was
failing in its presence.</p>
<p>edit: <a href="https://github.com/andyhhp">Andrew Cooper</a> from Citrix was kind enough to reach out and solve the riddle:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The covert channel is presumably a userspace pointer which is accessed
speculatively in kernel context, causing a cacheline fill, and recovered
later by timing the reload. SMAP prevents supervisor code from
accessing user memory operands outside of explicitly permitted areas.
This is enough to prevent the cacheline fill (of a userspace pointer)
and break the covert channel. A more sophisticated attack could use a
supervisor pointer, e.g. the directmap mapping, or or one of a multitude
of other covert channels to transmit the same data, which is a higher
barrier, but definitely not impossible.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The crux of the exploit is at <code>0x4092f0</code>, using <code>cpuid</code> as a serializing
instruction, <code>rdtsc</code> for timing, and <code>mfence</code>/<code>lfence</code> as barrier, as
documented in the paper. It's also using some tricks to minimize the amount of
readings, like type-specific functions, for example a kernel address has a
specific <em>format</em>.
Thanks to <a href="https://twitter.com/spendergrsec">spender</a> for confirming that the gadget used is likely <code>get_user()</code> in the <code>FIOASYNC ioctl</code>,
which was <a href="https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/kernel-hardening/patch/20180209133935.811950747@linuxfoundation.org/">fixed in 2018</a></p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASLR">KASLR</a> is bypassed when present either by
looking at <code>/proc/kallsyms</code> when available to unprivileged users like it used
to be the case on Fedora until ~recently, or by using the generic
bypass from the <a href="https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf">prefetch side-channel</a> by Gruss and al.
originating from a library called <code>libkaslr</code>. Amusingly, this method is still
working on an up to date Linux, proving again that <a href="https://grsecurity.net/kaslr_an_exercise_in_cargo_cult_security">KASLR is useless at
best</a>.
For systems that don't have the <code>/proc/kallsym</code> file accessible, the exploit
relies on hardcoded offsets, and while only Fedora, ArchLinux and Ubuntu are currently
supported, there are functions to check for Debian and CentOS. It's a bit
surprising to see hardcoded offsets in an exploit with arbitrary read in
2021.</p>
<p>Unsurprisingly, it had a
<a href="https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/6461d0988c835e91eb534757a9fa3ab35afe010bec7d5406d4dfb30ea767a62c/detection">0 detection</a>
rate before I published this blogpost.</p>
<p>Attribution is trivial and left as an exercise to the reader.</p>
</div>
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| 05/30/18
World a lot wealthier keeping warming to 1.5C rather than 2C
The world will be a lot wealthier by the end of this century if the international community manages to keep global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial temperatures, the Paris Agreement’s aspirational climate change mitigation goal, rather than the formal target of 2C. However, not every country would benefit from this lower temperature. Canada is one of a handful of northern nations that would enjoy greater GDP growth at 2C compared to 1.5C.
These findings appearing in Nature last week, echoing those of a 2017 analysis by the International Monetary Fund, come with a number of caveats that militate against Canadians now being able to cheer on climate change.
The researchers found that if the temperature increase by 2100 is limited to 1.5C, global GDP would likely be roughly three percent higher than it would be at 2C, equivalent to about US$30 trillion, and about 5-10 percent higher than at 3C.
They calculated this by looking at the historical relationship between annual average temperatures and GDP growth per capita from 165 countries from 1960 to 2010, and isolating this relationship from other factors that might influence economic expansion.
In essence, they find that there is a ‘goldilocks’ temperature for GDP: if things get too hot or too cold, both human and agricultural productivity suffer. It turns out that the optimum temperature for GDP growth is 13.1C.
For 71 percent of countries representing 90 percent of the global population, the current temperature is already on the hotter side of this optimum, particularly in developing countries but also some of the world’s largest economies, including the US, China and Japan. So any temperature increases at all push them further away from the goldilocks temperature, with an accompanying negative impact on GDP.
But there are a small number of states that are on the other side of the temperature optimum. This club of countries where the average temperature is too cool are those high-latitude northern lands including Russia, Canada and the Nordic nations. For these states, 2C of warming gets them closer to the temperature optimum than 1.5C.
However, the study is intended not as a guide for individual nations, but to compare how much the global economy stands to gain even compared to the substantial costs of emissions mitigation. They conclude that the higher global GDP from a 1.5 scenario easily dwarfs the costs incurred to limit warming to that temperature, and that this temperature achieves greater reductions in global inequality.
In addition, the study concedes that GDP, which is simply a tallying of the total value of goods and services a country produces over the course of a year, can be a crude measure of progress. A flood actually can count as a boost to GDP because of the increased economic activity resulting from the clean up and reconstruction efforts. But was that flood genuinely an advance for the affected community?
There is also considerable uncertainty around the temperature optimum, largely due to uncertainty in economic parameters.
The researchers add that their analysis does not include so-called tipping point events, where there is a radical change in the Earth system such as large-scale loss of ice sheets and their associated substantial and rapid increase in sea levels.
But perhaps most important, the category of ‘country’ is a highly variable one, given that both tiny Luxembourg and continent-spanning Russia are countries. How this impacts the analysis can be seen most clearly comparing how Canada fares compared to Alaska in the paper. All of Canada appears to do better off under the 2C scenario, but because Alaska is part of the United States, it is described as worse off at that temperature, even though the American state straddles much of the same far north latitudes that Canada’s territories do.
And this then prompts another caveat: Canada also is a continent-straddling nation. While the country may overall be predicted to enjoy an economic benefit, the Canadian Arctic is already experiencing temperature increases well above 2C, and suffering from, amongst other impacts, a thawing of the permafrost, a process that results in buckling of roads and destabilization of buildings. Not all Canadians are equally likely to enjoy the same ‘benefit’ from warming.
In depth
Climate news and analysis that's relevant for you, every week. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '28', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9443124532699584}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35911', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HYLPKUWFKWV3PPPVNFS3IOZ5NL6DQ3VH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bf5e4cc8-b91c-4e74-bece-09f84a0626a2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 16, 23, 40, 19), 'WARC-IP-Address': '142.104.197.70', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7DR5AJV7NMPZMURZX2HECN6SPHACCYKO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9328a32e-309f-45e6-a416-81d35ecfecac>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://theclimateexaminer.ca/2018/05/30/world-a-lot-wealthier-keeping-warming-to-1-5c-rather-than-2c/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:423558c2-1094-4b31-a8fc-a9a1c2937c99>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '789', 'url': 'http://theclimateexaminer.ca/2018/05/30/world-a-lot-wealthier-keeping-warming-to-1-5c-rather-than-2c/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-30-126-152.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.23661768436431885', 'original_id': 'c50aaceaec0f1bb532adc52f031c9f7cf74ed36706bfad016a8f5f796f8c5d7b'} |
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What Identify Thieves Do With Your Stolen Identity
identity theftWhen you think of identity thieves, you may conjure up images of master criminals stealing large sums of money or selling information on the black market. The truth is that while there are larger crime rings that do this type of theft, your average identity thief is looking for something a bit smaller. However this theft can still hurt and affect your credit score negatively.
To help you stay informed, here are some ways identity thieves could be using your information.
To gain employment
If a personal has a criminal history or bad credit, a stolen identity may be the ticket to better employment. It’s not easy to get a job when these issues ensue. If you notice a place of employment on your credit report that you have never worked, there’s a good chance your identity has been compromised.
To gain medical services
Medical identity theft is a real crime and it happens more than you would think. It can happen to help someone receive health care, Medicare benefits and even to pose as a doctor to get paid for services. This can go by undetected, especially if the thief keeps up with co-payments. To detect this type of theft, you would need to look at medical records and/or receive confirmation or bills for services you have not received.
To gain access to government documents
You need a social security number to obtain many crucial government documents, including your birth certificate, driver’s license and passport. Stealing an identity allows illegal immigrants to obtain these documents and work undetected. Checking your credit report for any additional accounts or employment would help uncover this type of fraud.
To commit crime
With states like California having a three-strike law, using a fake identity when booked for a crime can keep a person out of jail. Law enforcement may not cross-check identity paperwork and an arrest warrant could be issued to the stolen identity.
These are only a few of the ways your identity could be used falsely. As you can see, it’s important to keep tabs on your credit and what’s happening with your personal finances. That way, if your identity is stolen, you can hopefully do something about it before it becomes a larger issue.
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Testimony on "H.R. 2631, the Nuclear Forensics and Attribution Act" before the House Committee on Homeland Security
Congressional Testimony
Oct 10, 2007
Testimony on "H.R. 2631, the Nuclear Forensics and Attribution Act" before the House Committee on Homeland SecurityDeputy Undersecretary Dr. Steven Aoki
Chairman Langevin, Representative McCaul, members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss nuclear terrorism and, in particular, the Department of Energy’s efforts to sustain and improve our nation’s capabilities to attribute threats involving nuclear weapons or weapons-usable nuclear materials introduced covertly into our country. I will begin by briefly addressing the specifics of the nuclear terrorism threat, the components of a national strategy to counter that threat, and the specific role that technical nuclear forensics and attribution can play in that strategy. I conclude by describing DOE’s efforts to work with its interagency partners to strengthen national nuclear technical forensics and attribution capabilities.
Countering Terrorist Nuclear Weapons Threats to the Homeland
In this post-Cold War world, nuclear terrorism may be the single most catastrophic threat that this nation faces—we must do everything we can to ensure against its occurrence. The focus of my testimony today involves covert delivery by sub-national terrorist groups, either at the bidding of a state sponsor supplying the nuclear warhead or on their own via purchasing or stealing a warhead. There are three main threat variants identified below in decreasing order of likelihood, but increasing order of consequence in terms of deaths, injuries, cleanup costs, etc.:
• terrorists could acquire radioactive materials and construct devices for dispersal—so called radioactive dispersal devices (RDDs) or "dirty bombs",
• terrorists could acquire special nuclear materials (SNM)—plutonium or highly-enriched uranium (HEU)—and build an improvised nuclear device (IND),
• terrorists could acquire a nuclear weapon from a nuclear weapons state.
The overall strategy to protect the United States from terrorist nuclear weapons threats has six components:
• Determine terrorists’ intentions, capabilities, and plans to develop or acquire nuclear weapons
• Deny terrorists access to the nuclear materials, expertise, and other enabling capabilities required to develop a nuclear device
• Deter terrorists from employing nuclear devices
• Detect and disrupt terrorists’ attempted movement of nuclear-related materials, weapons, and personnel
• Prevent and respond to a nuclear terrorism attack
• Define the nature and source of a terrorist-employed nuclear device
Although the focus of today’s hearing is nuclear forensics and attribution, I must reiterate that our number one priority is to keep key fissile materials—plutonium or highly-enriched uranium—out of the hands of terrorists. Absent access to sufficient quantities of such materials there can be no bomb. We cannot overstate the importance of this point. Making a sophisticated nuclear weapon small enough to fit on a modern ballistic missile is difficult. Making a crude and inefficient one delivered by a rental truck may not be. We cannot be certain that we have controlled knowledge; thus we must control materials.
We are working hard to prevent terrorist acquisition of nuclear devices and fissile materials by:
• Strengthening physical security of U.S. nuclear weapons and weapons usable materials,
• Providing assistance to Russia to strengthen protection, control, and accounting of its nuclear weapons and materials,
• Working with friends and allies to secure weapons-usable nuclear materials worldwide, and to strengthen security at civil nuclear facilities,
• Taking more aggressive steps to interdict illicit trafficking in weapons-usable nuclear materials and related technologies via strengthened export controls, cooperation with other countries through DOE’s Second Line of Defense and MegaPorts programs, and the Proliferation Security Initiative.
In July 2006, at the G-8 summit, Presidents Bush and Putin announced that they would create a Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism to strengthen cooperation worldwide on nuclear materials security and prevention of terrorist acts involving nuclear or radioactive substances. Keeping nuclear materials out of the hands of terrorists—and where possible, eliminating potentially vulnerable weapons-usable materials—is the most effective means of prevention. Paired with UNSCR 1540, we now have both the legal mandate and practical means necessary for concrete actions to secure nuclear material against the procurement efforts of terrorists.
Barriers to acquisition also provide an important element of deterrence. If terrorists believe that it will be extremely risky, or impossible, to acquire weapons or materials, they may be deterred from seeking them, or perhaps seek other avenues of attack. While we, of course, want to prevent all types of terrorism, deterring a devastating nuclear detonation has particular urgency.
Nuclear Forensics and Attribution
Attribution—a capability to rapidly characterize and identify the source of a nuclear warhead or weapons usable nuclear materials either before or after an attack—is a key component of an overall strategy to deter nuclear terrorism. States will not provide nuclear weapons to terrorists if they know that we will find out and, under certain conditions (e.g., a witting transfer from a state sponsor to terrorists), retaliate. Moreover, post-attack attribution would provide critical information to help prevent follow-on attacks.
Attribution involves the rapid fusion of information obtained via three sources: domestic law enforcement investigations of nuclear terrorist threats, associated collateral foreign intelligence received about those threats, and the technical analysis of the nuclear device or materials interdicted prior to detonation, or the debris and signals that result from a detonation. This latter source of information is called technical nuclear forensics. The elements of a nuclear forensics capability involve (1) collection of technical forensics data from the device or event, (2) lab analysis and reporting including comparison of collected data with a materials data base, and (3) interpretation and evaluation coupled with appropriate technical peer review.
The types of questions that we want to answer in technical nuclear forensics and, more broadly via the attribution process include: What material is it? Is it U.S. material? If not, where did it come from and how did it get here? How, when and where was it produced? For nuclear devices: Was it an RDD or a nuclear explosive device? What fissile materials were used? What was the yield? What was the design?
Post-detonation nuclear event forensics can provide key information about both the design and sophistication of a warhead, and about the origin of its fissile materials. During the period of nuclear testing, we gained much experience and critical information evaluating radioactive debris from Soviet above-ground nuclear tests, and from our own underground tests in Nevada. Covert delivery by terrorists presents a different challenge. For this challenge, a comprehensive international fissile materials data base would assist nuclear forensics efforts to correlate debris data with a particular reactor or enrichment facility that produced the material. It should be in every nation’s interest to contribute to such a data base, both to help deter nuclear terrorism worldwide and to build confidence that it is a responsible steward of weapons usable fissile materials.
One point I want to emphasize: during the Cold War, post-detonation analysis was carried out over a period of several months—it was important but not time-urgent to complete it. We recognize that a nuclear detonation in a U.S. city would create enormous pressures to get solid information out in the shortest possible timeframe. As a result, our efforts to sustain and improve nuclear forensics capabilities include substantial efforts to shorten analytical timelines.
DOE contributions to technical nuclear forensics
The United States recently has made important progress, both in policy and technology, towards establishing a national technical nuclear forensics capability. As pointed out in Vayl Oxford’s testimony, roles and responsibilities for various U.S. government agencies were established by the President last August and are being implemented. DHS is working to coordinate efforts among agencies, and identify capability gaps, in national technical nuclear forensics capabilities. This includes close coordination with the law enforcement and intelligence communities. At the initiative of the DoD, a national capability for post-detonation forensics became operational at the end of 2005. DHS is working to develop a concept of operations and to advance and ensure appropriate capabilities related to forensic analysis of interdicted nuclear materials. DOE has responsibility to develop a concept of operations and ensure appropriate capabilities to assess an interdicted nuclear device.
DOE has been engaged in a wide range of activities in support of this interagency effort. It plays a key role because most, if not all, of the capabilities that the nation draws upon for technical nuclear forensics reside at DOE’s national laboratories. To date, forensics capabilities relating to such areas as nuclear weapons device modeling, nuclear materials production, radiochemistry and associated specialized facilities, advanced computations and simulations, and the physics and chemistry of fissile materials have been sustained in large part by leveraging off activities carried out in NNSA’s nuclear weapons program. In the following discussion, we address some of the details of DOE’s efforts in support of technical nuclear forensics. Pre-and Post-Detonation Nuclear Device Missions
NNSA’s Office of Emergency Operations provides operational capabilities and support in the following areas in addition to its direct support to the Attorney General in the render safe mission for interdicted nuclear devices in the United States:
• Develop and sustain pre-detonation nuclear device forensics concept of operations and associated capabilities.
• Take custody of the rendered safe nuclear explosive devices and support the collection of material samples and other forensic data from such devices.
• As part of the DoD-developed concept of operations for the post-detonation mission, support ground sample collection after a nuclear detonation or dispersion of nuclear material within the United States. This includes providing a reliable capability to deploy, support domestic ground sample collection, and deliver post-detonation nuclear debris samples for shipment to designated laboratories.
Nuclear Forensics R&D—Post-detonation analysis
NNSA’s Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN) organization is sponsoring advanced R&D activities at our national laboratories to improve techniques for radiochemical analysis of bomb debris and has also sponsored ground-breaking work on other diagnostics tools. It is developing the next generation of post-nuclear detonation ground based forensics capabilities. Emphasis is on reducing timelines for producing analytical results. This work includes advanced sampling technology and collection tools for rapid, safe, precise post-detonation nuclear sample collection and analysis. It also includes nuclear event modeling to predict activation and entrainment of contaminants, deposition pattern of debris, remote sample collection/recovery concepts and rapid in-field analytical capabilities.
Nuclear Forensics R&D—Prompt output diagnostics measurements
DNN is also sponsoring work to improve capabilities to determine nuclear device information directly through collection and analysis of the prompt radiation diagnostics from a detonation. Hi-fidelity, near-field, prompt diagnostics capabilities are being developed that will provide greater sensitivity and thus greater insight into a terrorist nuclear device design than the current suite of satellite and seismic sensors used for world-wide nuclear event reporting, attack assessment and treaty monitoring.
Nuclear Counterterrorism Design Support
NNSA’s Nuclear Counterterrorism Design Support (NCDS) program is focusing the talent, capabilities, and resources of our nuclear weapons program on the threat of nuclear terrorism. In place since 2000, the NCDS program provides an essential element of technical support to our nation’s efforts to prevent the detonation of a terrorist nuclear device. Under NCDS, weapons designers at our national laboratories analyze and model potential IND designs, drawing on computational tools, experimental data, and expertise originally developed in the nuclear weapons program. The knowledge gained is applied to nuclear search and detection, forensic analysis, nuclear device render-safe, nuclear facility security, and intelligence assessments. NCDS analysis is drawn on extensively by other DOE components as well as by other United States government agencies with associated responsibilities.
Nuclear Forensics R&D—Calculation of IND output and rad-chem signatures
In addition to its NCDS work, NNSA’s Defense Programs organization is carrying related work in the following areas:
• Via device modeling studies of INDs, identification and characterization of signatures that discriminate various IND designs from traditional U.S. and foreign warheads.
• For pre-detonation forensics work, assessment of signatures associated with plutonium and HEU samples derived from domestic and foreign sources. Work currently includes physical and chemical analysis to associate materials processing knowledge to product material signatures.
• Support to attribution and forensics communities by providing IND experts to participate in exercises, more accurately identify the range of threats, and provide education on IND design.
Defense Programs, including through its Science Campaign, is seeking to improve capabilities to calculate and assess weapon outputs—both prompt (gamma rays, neutrons, x-rays, and debris kinetic energy) and long-lived radionuclide debris—released from a nuclear detonation. The Advanced Simulation and Computations (ASC) program is improving computer simulation capabilities for technical nuclear forensics. Improved physics models will enable the ASC codes to be applied more reliably to model the breadth of threats, including low-technology INDs, and provide predictions regarding the post-explosion radionuclide debris isotopes. This work facilitates more timely and responsive nuclear forensics capabilities.
Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP)
Last year, the President established the Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP)—an interagency effort managed by DOE’s Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence to:
• Develop an integrated system of information from all sources concerning worldwide nuclear material holdings and their security status;
• As part of this effort, collect signatures of nuclear materials to support forensics and attribution assessments; and
• Identify opportunities to work with international partners directly to share information on nuclear materials characteristics and security.
International Cooperation
Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation is advancing international nuclear forensics cooperation in Central Asia, which remains a focus of engagement due to the region’s integral role in the former Soviet weapons complex and the willingness of the current governments to work with NNSA and U.S. laboratory personnel. This international collaboration focuses on joint collection and characterization of uranium ore, ore concentrate and tailings, which expands the U.S. knowledge base and contributes to the overall nuclear counterterrorism effort. To date, work has focused on uranium mining and milling sites in the Central Asian nations of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. NNSA coordinates its Central Asia work closely with the DHS, which is conducting similar international outreach activity in Kazakhstan.
Search and Render Safe
Should we detect nuclear materials or a suspected nuclear device, the DOE—through its national laboratory system—deploys highly-trained teams of experts to search for clandestine nuclear materials or warheads and, if necessary, to disarm and dispose of a terrorist nuclear device. These teams work in close partnership with the DoD, DHS and the FBI in managing our national response to nuclear terrorism. The DOE has a robust research program to support its nuclear search and render-safe mission and a complementary technology integration program that develops tools for use by its emergency response teams in the field.
Sustaining Key Capabilities
A key challenge is to ensure that we sustain and strengthen nuclear forensics capabilities in support of nuclear counterterrorism in an era when our nuclear weapons program is undergoing substantial change. This includes sustaining the people at our national laboratories involved in these efforts and the specialized laboratory facilities and experimental and analytical tools that they employ to carry out their job. Along these lines, in coordination with DHS and DOD, the DOE has initiated a study to be conducted by the National Academy of Science to examine the nation’s nuclear forensics capabilities and provide findings and recommendations to sustain and improve them including technical, infrastructure, and human resource elements, and international collaboration, cooperation and information sharing.
Finally, while we have made great progress over the past several years, more remains to be done in fleshing out the technical and policy dimensions of nuclear forensics and attribution.
Thank you for your attention; I would be happy to take questions. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9153102040290833}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '41377', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DV5X4IHNYCOY67DW2GK2YLEXKLCGOVUX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:da54a148-5bfd-465b-bc61-9e266366fab6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 6, 30, 19, 45, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '205.254.131.150', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RKJHBUPLCU77Q5ZHQENGD2IEB3REP224', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:aac777f9-d693-4bc3-adb2-d3a11bdee3e8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/congressionaltestimony/10.10.07', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b2789214-69e4-48aa-9236-325746127553>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '2521', 'url': 'http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/congressionaltestimony/10.10.07', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-27\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04186350107192993', 'original_id': '5565d0c041a10ab27669b9ad8e8d1dd11c5dd4f902f09371a8f37ba764ebe2dd'} |
Murray, Cantwell, Hastings Staff Offer Help With Federal Funding
Meeting at White Salmon Pioneer Center
Representatives from three powerful congressional offices came to White Salmon's Pioneer Center on Dec. 5 in an effort to boost the economic viability of Klickitat County, which typically has one of the highest unemployment rates in the state.
Top staff members of U.S. Sen. Patty Murray, U.S. Sen. Maria Cantwell, and U.S. Rep. Doc Hastings all were present for the two-hour meeting, which was sponsored by the Klickitat County Economic Development Department and moderated by County Commissioner Don Struck.
Miland Walling, who serves as a consultant for the county's Economic Development Department, organized the session.
"I invited the state director from Sen. Murray's office, John Engber, and we had staff members from Sen. Cantwell's and Congressman Hastings' office as well," Walling said. "They were there for an overall view of projects we're working on in Klickitat County. We had a real good meeting."
Walling said this was an excellent time to meet with key members of the state's congressional delegation.
"With the changing of power in Congress, our two U.S. Senators will have more clout and more power," Walling explained.
There were several high-profile regional projects discussed at the meeting. Among them:
The city of White Salmon needs upgrades in its water source, storage, and distribution facilities. City Public Works Director Wil Keyser explained that the current water hookup moratorium is unlikely to be resolved until additional water rights are acquired on either a temporary or long-term basis. Keyser noted that the tribal fish processing plant is set to open in the spring. Keyser projected a total of a $12 million gap in the city's ability to fund the water and wastewater requirements of the city.
The effort to replace the Hood River Toll Bridge is continuing. The draft Environmental Impact Study has been completed, and an additional $1 million is needed to fund the final EIS and preliminary engineering.
The county Emergency Services agency and Sheriff's Office need to upgrade the current communications systems. Nine new communication towers will be required, and there is a $3 million gap in financing for the project.
The Dallesport Regional Airport seeks to improve airport and runway infrastructure to accommodate larger and heavier aircraft. Among the specifics the airport team, headed by Jim Lehman, is shooting for are: A fence for the airport's perimeter; building a fire station at the airport; water and wastewater system improvements; and extension of and improvements to Runway 25/7. Total costs for all of these four projects: $23 million.
The Port of Klickitat reported that it needs about $780,000 to maintain the Port's roads; about $350,000 for an underpass under the BNSF tracks to access Bingen Point; and another $1.3 million to loop water systems at the Port's industrial parks.
SDS Lumber Co. President Jason Spadaro discussed the Broughton Landing (near Underwood) development proposal, noting that the Columbia River Gorge Commission will be asked to amend the Management Plan in order to allow the project to move forward.
"I hope we can get Klickitat County on appropriations requests for whatever projects we have," Walling said.
Mayor Brian Prigel was among the local political leaders at the meeting. Prigel said he made a presentation about efforts to replace the interstate bridge between Hood River and Bingen-White Salmon, and also brought up water and wastewater issues.
"It was an opportunity to express to them the challenges facing this community, and a lot of it has to do with not having enough money to do certain projects," Prigel said. "We're trying to get federal money for these projects. But the representatives pointed out that the federal budget is not too good, and there is not much money available."
Prigel said he supported upgrading the regional airport in Dallesport to allow scheduled commuter service.
"That would benefit Google, Cardinal Glass, and Insitu," Prigel said.
Prigel offered a somewhat irreverent take on the meeting.
"It was a cross between sitting on Santa's lap and a dog-and-pony show," Prigel said. "It's always good to have representatives from all three offices here at once, but we'll see whether it results in any additional funding and help."
White Salmon City Council member Timi Keene noted that there were a lot of requests for funding being aired.
"Each local jurisdiction was represented. All had their hands out asking for money. Some had both hands out," Keene joked.
White Salmon council member Brad Roberts, who also attended the Pioneer Center session, said he was hopeful in the aftermath of the visit by the congressional staffers.
"We had a good meeting. Wil [Keyser] did a good job of asking for the water-sewer improvements we're looking for," said Roberts.
Walling said the meeting could bring positive results, but there were other factors in play.
"They [congressional staffers] thought it was a very good meeting. Everybody did," Walling said. "But they did say at the end of the meeting that the federal budget is still tight."
Walling pointed out that the congressional representatives cautioned that the federal budget will continue to be "lean," and that the new Congress will have a philosophy of "pay as you go" instead of the "add to the debt" approach evident in Congress in recent years.
Walling added that he will go to Washington, D.C., in February or March to directly lobby the Washington state's delegation in Congress.
"To make things happen, we'll have to stay in touch with their offices and follow up," Walling said. "We'll work on a number of these issues. There are no promises. We will continue working with their staffs and go from here." | mini_pile | {'original_id': '678e55220b846e9ec391474a54cfbca35a41c941e51e1821ca2e7fa1129ed742'} |
Scientist from the University of Wisconsin-Madison are working towards making more powerful computers a reality. To that end, they have devised a method to grow tiny ribbons of graphene directly on top of silicon wafers. Graphene ribbons have a special advantage over graphene sheets - they become excellent semiconductors.
Graphene ribbons grown on silicon achieved by U of WM team imageGraphene nanoribbons on silicon wafers could help lead the way toward super fast computer chips. Image courtesy of Mike Arnold
“Compared to current technology, this could enable faster, low power devices,” says Vivek Saraswat, a PhD student in materials science and engineering at UW-Madison. “It could help you pack in more transistors onto chips and continue Moore’s law into the future”. The advance could enable graphene-based integrated circuits, with much improved performance over today’s silicon chips.
“The main advantage of graphene nanoribbons is that electrons can travel faster through them, compared to silicon so you can make faster chips that use less energy,” says Mike Arnold, a professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison and a world expert in graphene growth.
Arnold is pioneer of a strategy to lay down long, thin strips of graphene—structures known as nanoribbons—on top a material called germanium. That’s useful in many ways. However, since germanium isn’t a widely used semiconductor, it can’t form the basis for computer chips.
Meanwhile, other researchers have not been able to overcome a major barrier in layering graphene nanoribbons onto silicon. Graphene reacts with silicon to form an inert and less useful compound called silicon carbide. Arnold’s group has developed an innovative method to avoid that obstacle.
By laying down a thin protective layer of germanium before applying graphene, the researchers could successfully grow graphene nanoribbons on top of silicon wafers. The thin germanium layers protected graphene from reacting with silicon, yet didn’t interfere with the nanoribbons’ semiconducting capabilities.
It’s an important first step toward creating graphene-based integrated circuits. And because the base layer is composed of silicon, the graphene nanoribbon technology can be easily integrated into existing electronic/computing components. “Our vision is to integrate graphene with existing devices,” says Arnold.
The scientists have patented their technology through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. One advantage of their synthesis approach is that it takes advantage of a scalable, industry-compatible chemical vapor deposition technique. Now, they’re working to improve the precision with which they lay down their nanoribbons so that they can achieve the complex patterns found in modern computer chips.
“We are using a few strategies to control the thickness and the orientation for the nanoribbons,” says Arnold. “We have a few really cool ideas.” | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9337614178657532}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '128480', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TT6LXP4U5JWEUQWESCUMF3T2MZ5OBZJR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f662822b-353f-4344-abcf-7b4073fdf144>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 11, 49, 33), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.16.245.123', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:H5DFL2GJT576EQHBQA5MBUQNVKZE5VKL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a711ca0d-c69c-4a10-8e2a-7dbbb87f6eb4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://mail.graphene-info.com/researchers-manage-grow-gnrs-directly-top-silicon-wafers', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d40c3f6f-f529-47fe-8231-1271e98d5159>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '431', 'url': 'https://mail.graphene-info.com/researchers-manage-grow-gnrs-directly-top-silicon-wafers', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-14.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020440518856048584', 'original_id': '77654fb72803f4b319915f107ea704d591f29bf27a4fae1653f2275bc548f044'} |
What Temperature Is Too Cold For your Cats?
As a concerned cat owner, you are probably aware that any sub-freezing cold front is harmful to your cat.
But do you know what temperature is too cold for your cats that may cause health and wellness issues
Anything to its extreme is harmful, and the same applies to weather like cold, hot, windy or wet, related to your cats. In general, the following variable circumstances play significant roles:
1. Regular access to food and water
2. Overall health
3. Access to an appropriate shelter
4. Familiarity with surroundings
If your cat is healthy, well-fed and lives in the crawl space of your Coral Gables home, any temperature of 20 or 100 degrees won’t affect her much.
But if she lives on your porch and takes shelter in the bushes under your window, she may react uncomfortably even when the temperature drops below fifty.
This implies that no specific mark of mercury touching on the thermometric scale can say what temperature is too cold for your cats. As a rule of thumb, if the temperature goes below 32 degrees, you should be concerned about severe hypothermia or frostbite.
As a responsible cat owner, it becomes your humane responsibility to provide adequate shelter free from harsh weather and temperatures. To know if the weather is too cold for your cat, you need to know the fur thickness and length and the body mass of your cat.
If that’s not possible, you should know that a cat not acclimated to cold weather, should not be exposed to a temperature below 45 degreesF. However, if kept outdoors during winter weather, be sure that she possesses a well-insulated large structure to curl up and to maintain her body temperature by herself.
Besides a well-insulated structure, you need to make provision for the following:
• Making your cat to drink water sufficiently
• Heated water buckets to keep her hydrated
• Increase her calorie intake throughout the season
• Sweaters which should not be too large to hang loosely and create gaps for the cold wind to creep in
• Sweater should also not be too tight to cause problems of blood circulation
• Keep full attention while your cat is with clothing so that she does not get caught on numerous things and pull it off
You should follow the following guidelines for protecting your cat from ‘harshness’ of this winter.
• Cats may take shelter under the warmth of a dead engine. Therefore, before starting your engine, thump the hood of your car to endure that there is no ‘furring refugee’ there.
• Anti-freeze is deadly if ingested by cats, even in small amount. Clean up the slightest mark of such spill.
• Similarly, compounds used for melting ice can be irritating to the mouth and skin of your cat and can cause drooling and vomiting of your cat.
• It is usual to use pet poisons during winter to stop the invasion of rats and rodents. Make sure; yourcat does not have any access to the poison.
If in spite of all your precautions, your cats ingest any poison and if you are unsure of the use of a particular product, you must consult a vet.
Tips to Keep Your Furry Friend Safe from the Cold
Check your thermometer: Although the warm coat of your coat can protect he from downward temperature during winter, you should take special care for her if mercury of your thermometer goes below 323 degrees.
• Be alert if the temperature goes below the freezing point of 0 degrees because your cat might get affected by hypothermia or frostbite which may be life-threatening. Normal cat temperature is 100.5 to 102.5 degree F. Frostbite affects the toes, tails, and tips of their ears. It damages the tissue which if untreated will die. It takes few days to notice the effects of frostbite. Your cat’s pregnancy stage is most vulnerable to this health hazard.
• If your cats live outdoors, you must regularly watch the rise and fall of temperature and take immediate remedial measures once you find it harmful to them.
• Even it adds to your energy bill; you need to move to move your thermostat up, particularly for an unhealthy or sick cast.
• For an indoor-living cat, you can provide a snuggly fleece bed to keep your cat warm. For the outdoor-living cats, you can provide a building shelter or a warm space in barn or garage. At the same time, keep the food ready for them because a well-nourished cat has few chances of getting adversely affected by cold temperature.
Whether your cats are indoor-living or outdoor, you should take the extra step to make provision for them to ensure that they are protected properly and fed appropriately during the winter season and be assured that it is not too cold for your cat.
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Israel Must Reform Its Supreme Court
By Kobi Erez - 06/16/2020
The idea that Israel’s current high court defends democracy is a facade.
When world crises the likes of Covid-19 strike, it is inevitable that people will seek out a scapegoat. In the case of Israeli politics, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has been accused of abusing his authority, using the current pandemic to retain his seat in office and forming a government (after three elections) at a time of national insecurity. NGOs like the New Israel Fund are demanding that the Israeli Supreme Court overturn the most recent elections, claiming PM Netanyahu is ineligible for reelection because he is currently facing criminal charges.
According to Israeli law, a Prime Minister who is charged with a criminal offense can continue to serve his term until he is found guilty in the court of law. This law prevents a majority-elected Prime Minister from being ousted by high powered officials in the justice system and police. Imagine a similar scenario in the United States: If it wasn’t for this law, the Supreme Court could essentially override election results and hinder the democratic process simply because they disagree with an elected person’s polices. Or perhaps they feel that they know better than the average voter. Alan Dershowitz, who studied the allegations against Netanyahu, recently said, “To bring down a duly elected prime minister on the basis of an unprecedented application of a broad and expandable criminal statute endangers democracy.”
This is certainly not the first time that the ethics of the Israeli Supreme Court have been called into question. Israel’s Supreme Court is by far the most powerful among the western democracies. Only in Israel do Supreme Court judges elect their own successors. This means that the same small group of judges decide year after year and decade after decade who will make the laws for the country. As you might imagine, Supreme Court judges elect other judges who share their same agenda. Those qualified individuals whose opinions differ drastically have no chance of serving on the bench. Aharon Barak, past Judge and President of the Supreme Court summarized it perfectly: “The Supreme Court is family, you can’t bring someone in from outside the family”. This undemocratic way of electing judges has historically resulted in a Supreme Court that maintains a left wing agenda at all costs – even when that agenda is so different from the current majority-elected government. The Supreme Court holds so much power, in fact, a common saying in Israel is “Why go vote if the Supreme Court runs the show anyway?”
With its ability to overturn any decision made by the Knesset, the Supreme Court wields power over all aspects of Israeli society. The Supreme Court overruled the Knesset’s decision on the location of Israel’s security wall, which protects Israelis from Palestinian terrorists. The Court allowed the wall, but shrunk the borders, thus ceding more Israeli land and taking it into their own hands to determine the country’s boundaries.
The Supreme Court also has the final say on who enters the country. When the Knesset passed a law to ban leaders of the anti-Israel Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement (BDS) leaders from entering Israel, the Supreme Court reversed the decision, allowing them to enter freely.
The Supreme Court also dictates Israel’s ability to defend itself. In the early 2000s, during the Second Intifada, when Palestinians were murdering Israelis on a daily basis, the IDF requested the State to allow the army to seal off (for a hefty compensation) buildings belonging to suspected Palestinian terrorists in Gaza. These particular buildings overlooked main Israeli roads and served as a convenient place to shoot from.
The Knesset approved the IDF’s request, but the Supreme Court overturned the decision. Not long after, a pregnant Israeli mother by the name of Tali Chatoel and her four daughters were murdered in their car by Palestinians sniping from those very buildings the Supreme Court insisted stay open. And it is a sad irony that soon after the murder, eight thousand Jews, including Tali Chatoel’s husband, pleaded to the Supreme Court to reverse the government’s decision to uproot them from their homes during the disengagement from Gush Katif. The Supreme Court dismissed their request, another instance of the court negating the basic human rights of Israeli Jews.
The idea that the Supreme Court defends democracy is such a façade that even publicly criticizing the Court is risky: It was recently discovered that the Supreme Court had been keeping a secret log of its critics on social media.
Of course, an independent Supreme Court is necessary for a democracy to thrive, but in Israel, the Supreme Court has been abusing its power to the point that the core democratic value of electing officials to represent the will of the people has become obsolete. Israel must reform its Supreme Court to resemble those in the United States and other western democracies. Supreme Court judges should not have the power to elect their own successors and a law should be passed that allows the final decision on Israel’s policies to be placed in the hands of the seven million Israeli voters. Benjamin Netanyahu, whether you like him or not, was fairly elected by the majority of Israeli voters. The people have spoken and fifteen judges representing the minority opinion should not have the right to overturn the will of the people.
Kobi Erez is the Executive Director of the Zionist Organization of America-Michigan Region
Join Our Mailing List | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.96394020318985}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '189310', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VVCEF72G5YPOJMPJXTN32BUVLVPOASWQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d0026cf6-40a1-4cfe-8875-f8d5cbc05abe>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 21, 21, 54, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '185.230.60.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LSV45IEWHEWMPRNMY2AQIGCE25XPEP4D', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:acfc99e6-e6e2-49dd-a06e-ccd86afc4191>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mizoa.org/media-1', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f46a8df-56a7-4c81-bf9e-b14ab9650de4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '906', 'url': 'https://www.mizoa.org/media-1', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-103.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07525426149368286', 'original_id': 'abe754adee5d3f8daaf4f4d7f6f343b78023c651c9e84c320952e95a33844736'} |
Escape Route: Top 5 Disney-inspired Escape Rooms
in Disney, Immersive, Star Wars
Escape the room experiences have exploded across the nation and around the globe. These puzzle solving, beat the clock adventures are a nice diversion for an hour (average puzzle time) and make great family/friend outing or company team building events.
It should come as no surprise that the Walt Disney Company has even jumped on the escape the room sensation. Unfortunately Disney’s version is only available for special events; their puzzle solving challenges are not available to the general public. In light of this, ITM has gathered a collection of five escape rooms centered on a Disney inspired theme that anyone can enjoy today.
1. Riddle Me Out, a “high tech” escape room company in New York City, traps players within the realm of Wonderland. 2-8 participants have an hour to find their way back to reality by solving the riddle.
2. The Escape South Florida (Palm Beach Gardens) has players joining Alice in the whimsical world of Wonderland. Navigation a challenge, as all is not what it seems, making it more difficult to help Alice escape before it’s too late.
3. Newark, Delaware’s Axiom Escape Rooms challenges players to find their way out of the pirate’s cove “digging through” the various clues and searching the treasure found within. This treasure hunt accommodates up to six salty sea fans.
4. Europe’s largest escape room, The Mindtrap, in Athens Greece, uses actors to enhance their experiences. Trapped in the captain’s cabin, aboard the pirate ship “Black Diamond,” the team must manage to find hidden treasure and their way out.
5, In a Galaxy Far Far Away, a Star Wars inspired adventure at Great Escape Delaware challenges players to find the hand of a space knight hidden within the lair of an infamous bounty hunter. The team must make it out before the bounty hunter returns.
While Disney has yet to venture beyond special event options in the popular escape the room phenomenon, there are at least 5 other ways to enjoy a Disney inspired escape room experience.
What Disney attraction, movie or character would you like to see turned into an escape room adventure? Place your preferred puzzle plan in the comments below.
Source and Images: Room Escape Artist, Riddle Me Out, Escape Room South Florida, Great Escape Delaware, The Mindtrap, Axiom Escape Rooms
1. Fan
I think your #3 website is just an escape room aggregator. The actual company is Axxiom Escape rooms with the pirates room.
1. Michael Gavin
Thanks for the clarification. Info has been updated.
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Q:
Is Python static typed?
I know Python is dynamic typed, duck typed and is also strong. In some cases, we have to make sure it is declare as a list or a dictionary beforehand in order to use them... so can I say Python is also statically typed language?
A:
No, Python is not statically typed.
In static typing names are bound to both a type and an object (or value), in Python names are only bound to objects. At any time you can reassign a name to an object of a different type, which you cannot do in statically typed languages.
I'm not sure what you mean by needing declaring your variables beforehand, but my guess is that you are actually just creating an empty list or dictionary and assigning it to a name.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '371067695c15565bb466539b0fbf7507c4872068380f31548ac09e30c01056cc'} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Anthropogenic emissions of particulate matters from urban and industrial areas are a critical environmental problem. High concentrations of particulate matter (PM) emissions are attributed to combustion from multiple sources, such as household fuel use, industrial activities, open burnings (such as agricultural and e-waste burnings), and transportation-related emissions. After an instance of extremely severe pollution occurred in 2011 in China, PM2.5 pollution has attracted considerable attention not only from scientists but also from the general public and from governments around the world. PM is a compound pollutant characterized by a complex chemical composition. To provide a scientific view for improving air quality, identifying the source(s) of the emitted PMs is of great importance. The results of chemical analyses performed on PMs provide an indication of the identity of the source(s). For example, the presence of K in aerosol samples can be attributed to biomass emissions \[[@CR1]\]; that of Si and Ca can be attributed to soil, road, and construction dust; Fe, Mn, and Cu found together can be attributed to minerals used in industrial productions and processes \[[@CR2]\]; and the presence of Pb can be associated with emissions from motor vehicles \[[@CR3]\]. Hg, which has caused a great deal of concern due to the toxicity of its methylated derivative, is also known to be emitted as a result of coal combustion and the production of cement or steel \[[@CR4]\]. Hg exists in three chemical forms in the atmosphere. The dominant form (\> 95% of the total amount of Hg in the lower atmosphere) is the gaseous elemental Hg (GEM, Hg^0^~(g)~). The other two chemical species, gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM, Hg^2+^~(g)~) and particulate-bound Hg (PBM, Hg~(p)~), are relatively reactive and are efficiently removed from the atmosphere through wet and dry depositions. The atmospheric residence time of GEM is relatively long (\~ 1 year) and allows regional and global transportation from emission sources. During such transportation, GEM is converted to GOM and PBM via atmospheric reactions. PBM can be derived from direct anthropogenic sources or produced via atmospheric transformations, and depleted by either photoreduction or deposition. The global median values at rural sites and high-elevation sites were 4.6--11.0 pg/m^3^ \[[@CR5]\]; however, Beijing, a megacity, demonstrated considerably higher Hg mass fractions in the collected PM (263 ± 246 pg/m^3^ at daytime and 280 ± 383 pg/m^3^ at nighttime \[[@CR6]\]).
Based on measurement data, alternative approaches help to understand the nature of the source/transport/receptor relationships, and provide accurate assessment of air quality problems as well as the most effective and efficient approaches to improve the air quality. The Tekran^®^ 2537/1130/1135 system (Tekran Instrument Corp., Canada) has been widely used to measure atmospheric Hg under various environments. The Tekran^®^ 2537 module measures GEM or TGM (total gaseous Hg, TGM = GEM + GOM), and the 1130 and 1135 components measure GOM and PBM, respectively. This instrument has high temporal resolution (typically, 5 min for GEM and 1--2 h for GOM and PBM). Recent advancements in stable Hg isotope analysis provide unique insights into the sources (anthropogenic vs. natural) and processes of Hg in the environment. Mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) and mass-independent fraction (MIF) of Hg isotopes were observed in geological and biological materials (summalized in Blum et al. \[[@CR7]\]). The MDF of Hg isotopes can be induced by many natural processes (such as reduction and oxidation, methylation and demethylation, sorption, evaporation, and volatilization), whereas the large MIF of Hg isotopes is primarily produced by photochemical reactions (discussed in detail in Blum et al. \[[@CR7]\]). Previously, studies suggest that determining Hg isotope ratios may be used to distinguish between background atmospheric pool and emission sources \[[@CR8]--[@CR11]\]. Xu et al. demonstrated that the values of δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg in PM2.5 were different among aerosol samples collected in three cities in China (Beijing, Changchun, and Chengdu) \[[@CR12]\]. According to their data, the mean δ^202^Hg value in PM2.5 became higher in the order of Changchun, Beijing, and Chengdu, and the variation trend of Δ^199^Hg was decoupled from that of δ^202^Hg. These results indicate that the relative contributions of the emission sources might significantly differ between provinces or cities.
Combining these different strands of evidence would provide a better view and understanding of the complex issue of the origin and fate of PM in the environment. To identify the emission source(s) of PMs, an appropriate certified reference material (CRM) that provides the means for obtaining accurate analytical data is necessary. Aerosol CRMs for elemental analysis have been produced by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, SRM 1648a Urban Particulate Matter), and the European Commission Joint Research Centre--Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC--IPMM, ERM-CZ120 Fine Dust (PM10-like)). The Hg mass fraction has been determined for NIST SRM 1648a (1.323 ± 0.064 mg/kg), but Hg isotopic compositions have not been reported yet for any urban particulate reference material. In this study, NIES CRM No. 28, collected in Beijing, was selected to determine the Hg isotopic reference values of aerosol referenced materials. Because south and north Asia are areas of major concern in terms of the atmospheric pollution problem, NIES CRM No. 28 will be an appropriate CRM to use when attempting to identify the sources of PM emissions.
As an interlaboratory study on the CRM, isotopic composition was measured at the NIES and at the Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM) using cold vapor generation coupled to multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV-MC-ICP-MS). Moreover, the total Hg (THg) mass fraction was also determined by four organizations using atomic absorption spectrometry.
Materials and methods {#Sec2}
=====================
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols {#Sec3}
------------------------------
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols was produced to evaluate the analytical accuracy of the determination of the mass fraction of selected elements. Material preparation, analytical protocols, and 18 certified and 14 reference values, expressed as mass fraction \[[@CR13]\], have been reported \[[@CR14]\] (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The original PM was collected from the filters of a central ventilating system of a building located in Beijing city center from 1996 to 2005. The PM was recovered from the filters by mechanical vibration and sieved to remove coarse particles. The diameters of the particles were measured, and the results indicated that 99% of them were \< 10 μm. Thus, 2 kg of the collected PM was subdivided into 1031 prewashed amber glass bottles. Then, multi-element analysis was performed on 12 bottles randomly selected among the mentioned 1031 bottles. The values for the between- and within-bottle standard deviations for each element were \< 3%; therefore, the evidence confirmed that the prepared material was sufficiently homogeneous to be used as a CRM.Table 1Certified and reference values of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban AerosolsElementUnitMass fractionCertified valuesNa%0.796 ± 0.065Mg%1.40 ± 0.06Al%5.04 ± 0.10K%1.37 ± 0.06Ca%6.69 ± 0.24Ti%0.292 ± 0.033Fe%2.92 ± 0.17Zn%0.114 ± 0.010Vmg/kg73.2 ± 7.0Mnmg/kg686 ± 42Nimg/kg63.8 ± 3.4Cumg/kg104 ± 12Asmg/kg90.2 ± 10.7Srmg/kg469 ± 16Cdmg/kg5.60 ± 0.43Bamg/kg874 ± 65Pbmg/kg403 ± 32Umg/kg4.33 ± 0.26Reference valuesSi%14.9P%0.145S%3.91Cl%0.807Scmg/kg10.7Comg/kg22.0Semg/kg14.4Rbmg/kg64.1Ymg/kg21.9Momg/kg28.4Snmg/kg21.5Sbmg/kg20.1Lamg/kg32.7Thmg/kg11.1
Reagents for Hg isotopic analysis {#Sec4}
---------------------------------
NIST SRM 3133 (an Hg isotopic standard solution) was used as primary standard, and NIST SRM 997 (thallium isotopic standard solution) was used to conduct an internal mass bias correction for the Hg isotope analysis. To ensure the validity of the analyses, NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden, Hg isotopic standard solution) and BCR-176R (Fly Ash) were used as secondary standards.
### IPREM {#FPar11}
HCl and HNO~3~ for sample preparation and dilutions were BAKER INSTRA-ANALYZED Reagent (JT Baker, USA), and H~2~O~2~ was an optima grade from Fisher Chemical (UK). Ultrapure HNO~3~ (Ultrex II grade, JT Baker, USA) was used for Tl solution preparation. Tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl~2~·2H~2~O) was of reagent grade from Scharlau (Spain). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18 MΩ, Millipore, USA).
### NIES {#FPar12}
Ultrapure-100 grade HCl and HNO~3~, and reagent-grade tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl~2~·2H~2~O) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Japan). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18 MΩ, Millipore, USA).
Sample preparation {#Sec5}
------------------
As the between-bottle and within-bottle homogeneities of Hg have not been verified, we randomly selected four bottles for analysis to assess between-bottle variation. Note that \~ 0.3 g of the three subsamples of CRM (bottle no. 581, 901, and 990) was decomposed using HNO~3~, HCl, and H~2~O~2~ in HotBlock® (TJ Environmental, The Netherlands), which was maintained at 85 °C for 24 h (v/v = 3:1:1), using the method described in Foucher et al. \[[@CR15]\] and Guedron et al. \[[@CR16]\]. Moreover, we used two different digestion methods to ensure the stability of analytical values. Three subsamples (0.05 g for each) collected from bottle no. 960 were digested for 3 h by HNO~3~ and HCl (v/v = 1:3) in a digestion bomb that was maintained at 130 °C at the University of Tokyo. Three subsamples, weighing \~ 0.3 g each, were collected from each of two bottles (no. 581 and 990) and digested by HNO~3~ and HCl (v/v = 3:1) using a microwave system (UltraWave, Milestone, Italy) at 230 °C for 25 min at IPREM. To manage the analytical accuracy of our method, Hg isotopic measurement of the secondary reference, BCR-176R Fly Ash \[[@CR17]\], was performed using the same methods. Hg mass fractions of all dissolved samples were then measured using CV-MC-ICP-MS by sample-standard bracketing method and adjusted to 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL at IPREM and NIES, respectively. The acid composition of the final solutions are 10% HNO~3~ and 2% HCl (v/v) for IPREM and 2% HNO~3~ and 8% HCl (v/v) for NIES. Note that, to monitor the instrument's stability, Hg isotopic composition was analyzed at least twice on different days.
Hg isotopic measurements {#Sec6}
------------------------
Hg isotopic measurements were conducted by CV-MC-ICP-MS, using a Nu Plasma II instrument at NIES and a Nu Plasma instrument at IPREM (both from Nu Instruments, UK). In particular, Nu Plasma II was interfaced with an Aridus II desolvating nebulizer for Tl introduction and an HGX-200 cold vapor (CV) system (both from Teledyne CETAC Technologies, USA) for Hg^0^ generation at NIES, whereas Nu Plasma was interfaced with a DSN-100 desolvating nebulizer (Nu Instruments, UK) and a home-made CV system at IPREM. Hg^0^ and Tl dry aerosols (introduced Tl concentration = 15 μg/L) were mixed at the outlet of the CV generation system before they were introduced into the plasma. Sample and standard solutions were diluted to appropriate Hg and acid concentrations (\~ 10% HNO~3~ and \~ 2% HCl, v/v), and Hg^2+^ was reduced online with 3% SnCl~2~ in \~ 10% HCl. Hg and Tl isotopes were monitored simultaneously, and a value of 2.38714 for the ^205^Tl/^203^Tl isotope ratio for NIST SRM 997 was used for instrumental mass bias correction applying an exponential law.
In this study, the mass numbers of 198 (Hg), 199 (Hg), 200 (Hg), 201 (Hg), 202 (Hg), 203 (Tl), 204 (Hg, Pb), 205 (Tl), and 206 (Pb) were detected by individual Faraday cups. The preamplifier gains associated with each Faraday cup were calibrated daily. Instrumental parameters were then tuned each day prior to the analysis in order to obtain maximum signal intensity and stability.
### Details of the procedure implemented at IPREM {#FPar13}
From each sample and standard, 30 cycles were collected at 10 s integrations per scan. Between sample analyses, the system was washed with 10% HNO~3~ + 2% HCl to reduce the signal intensity for the CV system to the background level. The solution uptake rate was adjusted to 0.625 mL/min. The size of the bracketing standard was kept the same as that of the sample (0.5 ng/g). The typical intensity of ^202^Hg was \~ 0.8 V, and signal intensities observed for the blank samples were typically \< 1% of those observed for the test samples.
### Details of the procedure implemented at NIES {#FPar14}
From each sample and standard, 50 cycles were collected at 10 s integrations per scan. Between sample analyses, the system was washed with 5% HCl to reduce the signal intensity for the CV system to the background level. The solution uptake rate was adjusted to 0.65 mL/min. The size of the bracketing standard was kept the same as that of the sample (1 ng/g). The typical intensity of ^202^Hg was \~ 0.6 V. Signal intensities observed for the blank samples were typically \< 1% of those observed for the test samples.
The general settings used at IPREM and NIES are presented in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2Settings of the cold vapor generation system coupled to a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrumentInstrumentation*IPREM (Nu Plasma)NIES (Nu Plasma II)*Monitored isotopes\*198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206Radio frequency power1300 W1300 WPlasma gas13.0 L/min13.0 L/minAuxiliary0.80 L/min0.80 L/minNebulization1.0 L/min1.0 L/minIntegration time10 s10 sSample uptake0.625 mL/min0.65 mL/minNumber of cycles per block30 cycles/block50 cycles/blockNumber of blocks11Concentration (^202^Hg) of sample and standard0.5 ng/g1.0 ng/gIntensity (^202^Hg) of sample and standard\~ 0.8 V\~ 0.6 V*IPREM* Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, *NIES* National Institute for Environmental Studies\*Atomic masses of 203 and 205 are those of Tl and 206 is that of Pb
The following raw isotopic ratios, ^199^Hg/^198^Hg, ^200^Hg/^198^Hg, ^201^Hg/^198^Hg, ^202^Hg/^198^Hg, and ^204^Hg/^198^Hg, were corrected for instrumental mass bias using the measured ^205^Tl/^203^Tl isotope ratios and its reference value (2.38714). The errors for these ratios were calculated by determining twice the standard deviation (2SD) of the sample and the bracketing standard measurement mean (2*σ*). Any ratio with a value greater than twice the population SD was rejected.
Generally, Hg isotope ratios are reported as actual ratios or *δ* values, which represent deviations in an isotope ratio in parts per thousand (denoted as ‰) from that of a standard. All sample analyses were bracketed by analysis of an Hg isotopic standard solution, NIST SRM 3133, and Hg isotopic ratios were calculated relative to the mean of the bracketing standards using the following equation \[[@CR18]\]:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}\left({\mbox{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char104}} \right)=\left[{\left({}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}/{}^{198}\mathrm{Hg}\right)}_{\mathrm{sample}}/{\left({}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}/{}^{198}\mathrm{Hg}\right)}_{\mathrm{NISTSRM}3133}-1\right]\times 1000 $$\end{document}$$where \*\*\* represents one of the five other possible isotopic mass numbers for Hg (199, 200, 201, 202, and 204). In this study, the MIF factor is reported using the capital delta notation (Δ) as the difference between the measured *δ*^\*\*\*^Hg and the same parameter's theoretically predicted value using the following relationship:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\Delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}\left({\mbox{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char104}} \right)={\delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}-\left(\beta \times {\delta}^{202}\mathrm{Hg}\right) $$\end{document}$$where *β* represents the equilibrium MDF factor, which is equal to 0.252, 0.502, 0.752, and 1.493 for ^199^Hg, ^200^Hg, ^201^Hg, and ^204^Hg, respectively \[[@CR18]\].
Total Hg mass fraction {#Sec7}
----------------------
A collaborative analysis for THg involving four organizations was undertaken: IPREM (AMA 254, ALTEC), NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd. (MA-2000, Nippon Instruments Co.), MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd. (SP-3D, Nippon Instruments Co.), and IDEA Consultants, Inc. (Hg-201, Sanso Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). The two bottles were sent to each organization (bottle numbers are shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Acid pretreatment using methods the Mercury Analysis Method \[[@CR19]\] and Soil Analysis Method \[[@CR20]\] from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, were used by IDEA Consultants, Inc. and MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd., respectively, and a direct powder measurement was applied by IPREM and NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd.Table 3THg mass fraction of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban AerosolsOrganizationInstrumentationDigestionBottle no.Number of subsamplingHg2SDmg/kgIPREMThermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (TD-AAS), AMA254direct powder measurement (no acid digestion)06631.220.0358131.240.07Mean1.230.05NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd.Thermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (TD-AAS), MA-2000direct powder measurement (no acid digestion)34331.230.0984731.250.05Mean1.240.07MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd.Cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS), SP-3DHNO~3~-H~2~SO~4~-KMnO~4~24931.160.0698531.170.03Mean1.160.05IDEA Consultants, Inc.Cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS), Hg-201HNO~3~-HClO~4~-H~2~SO~4~34331.100.0384731.140.10Mean1.120.08Mean2SD2RSD%All1.190.129.94
Results {#Sec8}
=======
To describe data, two precision indicators, repeatability and reproducibility, are generally used. Repeatability represents variation that occurs when repeated measurements are made of the same item under absolutely identical conditions. Reproducibility represents variation that results when different conditions are used to make the measurements. The details are described in ISO 21748:2017 \[[@CR21]\].
Total Hg mass fraction {#Sec9}
----------------------
The repeatability and reproducibility of the THg mass fraction of NIES CRM No. 28 are reported in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}. After all of the data were combined, the THg mass fraction is determined to be 1.19 ± 0.12 mg/kg (2SD, *n* = 24) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). The THg mass fraction of the secondary reference, NIES CRM No. 33 (Landfill Cover Soil), was determined by three laboratories using the same methods. The reported value of the material was 0.31 mg/kg (<http://www.nies.go.jp/labo/crm-e/Landfillcoversoil.html>), while NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd., MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd., and IDEA Consultants, Inc. showed the THg of 0.32, 0.373, and 0.318 mg/kg, respectively.
Hg isotopic compositions {#Sec10}
------------------------
NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden) was used as a secondary standard and measured relative to NIST SRM 3133 several times within each analysis session. To report the analytical uncertainty of an unknown sample analysis, it is recommended to use an external reproducibility of the 2 standard error (SE) of replicate analyses unless it is smaller than the 2SD external reproducibility of the method using the in-house secondary standard \[[@CR18]\]. In this study, the 2SD values of NIST RM 8610 (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}) were used for the analytical uncertainty of the measurement. To validate the analytical stability of our operating conditions, the repeatability of the Hg isotopic compositions of the secondary reference standard, NIST RM 8610, adjusted to the value of 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL at IPREM and NIES, respectively, was monitored during the study period (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Drifting of Hg isotopic ratios may occur during a day-long analysis because of Ar gas flow instability, cone and slit degradation, and/or cup aging. To overcome these potential problems, all sample analyses were bracketed by the results of the analysis of the relevant standard, NIST SRM 3133, and the Hg isotopic values of the sample were calculated relative to the mean values of the corresponding parameters for the bracketing standard. Applying the standard-sample bracketing method, the deviations of the isotopic ratios measured for NIST RM 8610 were \< 0.3‰ (*n* = 15), in the case of 0.5 ng/mL solutions, and our results showed in agreement with published data of Estrade et al. \[[@CR22]\]. Hg isotopic measurements of a secondary reference material, BCR-176R, were also performed using the same dissolution and measurement methods (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Note that BCR-176R was analyzed at least twice on different days to monitor instrument stability. According to these measurements, the values for δ^202^Hg were − 1.05 ± 0.10‰ (*n* = 4), − 1.23 ± 0.10‰ (*n* = 4) and − 1.07 ± 0.15‰ (*n* = 4), and those for Δ^199^Hg were − 0.09 ± 0.08‰ (*n* = 4), − 0.10 ± 0.09‰ (*n* = 4) and − 0.07 ± 0.07‰ (*n* = 4) using digestion methods of HotBlock®, microwave, and digestion bomb, respectively. These values were identical (within an acceptable error) to their literature counterparts (δ^202^Hg = − 1.03 ± 0.15‰, Δ^199^Hg = − 0.06 ± 0.07‰, *n* = 8, Estrade et al. \[[@CR17]\]).Table 4Hg isotopic compositions of NIST RM 8610 and BCR-176RSampleReferencesδ^199^Hgδ^200^Hgδ^201^Hgδ^202^Hgδ^204^HgΔ^199^HgΔ^200^HgΔ^201^HgΔ^204^Hg‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden)IPREMMean− 0.17− 0.28− 0.45− 0.55− 0.81− 0.020.01− 0.03− 0.01 *n* = 152SD0.060.100.160.200.310.060.100.070.14NIESMean− 0.11− 0.22− 0.40− 0.49− 0.730.020.03− 0.030.01 *n* = 42SD0.080.110.170.100.070.070.090.100.13Estrade et al., \[[@CR22]\]Mean− 0.18− 0.32− 0.48− 0.61− 0.94− 0.03− 0.02− 0.02− 0.03 *n* = 52SD0.030.010.070.140.230.020.060.030.10BCR-176R (Fly Ash)IPREM (HotBlock®)Mean− 0.36− 0.53− 0.90− 1.05− 1.57− 0.09− 0.01− 0.12− 0.01 *n* = 42SD0.100.070.140.100.190.080.080.080.14IPREM (microwave)Mean− 0.41− 0.62− 1.00− 1.23− 1.82− 0.100.00− 0.070.01 *n* = 42SD0.120.120.110.100.340.090.070.050.30NIES (digestion bomb)Mean− 0.34− 0.53− 0.86− 1.07− 1.61− 0.070.00− 0.06− 0.02 *n* = 42SD0.100.090.130.150.120.070.020.030.12Estrade et al., \[[@CR17]\]Mean− 0.32− 0.51− 0.83− 1.03− 0.060.00− 0.06 *n* = 82SD0.090.100.110.150.070.060.04
NIES CRM No. 28 was digested using three different methods (see Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Based on the CRM's THg value, recovery yields measured after implementation of the three digestion methods were \~ 80%, \~ 90%, and \~ 100% for digestion bomb, microwave, and HotBlock®, respectively. Our repeated measurements showed δ^199^Hg = − 0.55 ± 0.07‰, δ^200^Hg = − 0.62 ± 0.13‰, δ^201^Hg = − 1.17 ± 0.13‰, δ^202^Hg = − 1.26 ± 0.17‰, and δ^204^Hg = − 1.90 ± 0.22‰, and Δ^199^Hg = − 0.23 ± 0.06‰, Δ^200^Hg = 0.01 ± 0.07‰, Δ^201^Hg = − 0.22 ± 0.09‰, and Δ^204^Hg = − 0.02 ± 0.21‰ (2SD, *n* = 18) for samples using HotBlock® (Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}). The uncertainty of the Hg isotopic values is an expanded uncertainty determined using a coverage factor *k* = 2, which corresponds to the confidence interval of \~ 95%; the type B uncertainty and uncertainty in the bias of the methods are not included. The possibilities of the lower recovery yields for digestion bomb and microwave are incomplete dissolution or Hg loss with sorption or evaporation. Even if those may have happened, all analysis results across methods were consistent with each other, and variations were reported to be equivalent to those of the repeated measurements of NIST RM 8610 (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} and Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Table 5Hg isotopic compositions of subsamples of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols measured using different sample digestion methodsInstrumentationDigestionBottle no.Number of subsamplingNumber of measurements for each subsampleδ^199^Hg2SDδ^200^Hg2SDδ^201^Hg2SDδ^202^Hg2SDδ^204^Hg2SDΔ^199^Hg2SDΔ^200^Hg2SDΔ^201^Hg2SDΔ^204^Hg2SD‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰Nu PlasmaHotBlock®58132− 0.580.07− 0.640.12− 1.230.13− 1.300.17− 1.970.33− 0.250.050.010.04− 0.250.05− 0.030.2290132− 0.530.06− 0.590.10− 1.120.08− 1.230.17− 1.820.23− 0.220.060.030.07− 0.190.130.010.1699032− 0.540.09− 0.630.19− 1.150.17− 1.260.16− 1.910.10− 0.220.060.010.11− 0.210.07− 0.030.26Mean− 0.550.07− 0.620.13− 1.170.13− 1.260.17− 1.900.22− 0.230.060.010.07− 0.220.09− 0.020.21Nu Plasmamicrowave58132− 0.540.06− 0.680.07− 1.260.16− 1.420.08− 2.090.19− 0.190.050.040.03− 0.200.130.020.2499032− 0.510.09− 0.650.07− 1.190.09− 1.330.14− 2.090.15− 0.170.080.020.03− 0.190.08− 0.110.19Mean− 0.520.08− 0.660.07− 1.230.12− 1.370.11− 2.090.17− 0.180.070.030.03− 0.190.11− 0.040.21Nu Plasma IIdigestion bomb96032− 0.480.08− 0.580.10− 1.070.16− 1.210.13− 1.830.26− 0.180.070.020.08− 0.160.09− 0.030.08Fig. 1Hg isotopic compositions of NIES CRM No. 28. Three digestion methods were implemented in this study (digestion bomb: black circle; microwave: green square; and HotBlock®: orange triangle). The error bars on the CRM represent 2SD of Hg isotope heterogeneity from Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}. IPREM, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux; NIES, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Discussion {#Sec11}
==========
Homogeneity {#Sec12}
-----------
The δ^202^Hg values using HotBlock® were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate the homogeneity of isotopic results in the CRM (Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"}). The between-bottle variation evaluated by one-way ANOVA did not show any statistically significant difference (*p* \> 0.05 and *F*~calculated\ value~ \< *F*~critical\ value~). Therefore, the CRM is homogeneous between 0.05 and 0.3 g when applied to the Hg isotopic values, as presented in this paper.Table 6ANOVA data from the homogeneity study for the Hg isotope*F* value*p* value*F* critical value*S*~bb~*U*~bb~Hg isotope (δ^202^Hg)1.0670.36873.6820.7%2.1%*S*~*bb*~ between-bottle variance, *U*~*bb*~ between-bottle variance incorporating the influence of analytical variation
Sample digestion for Hg isotopic measurement {#Sec13}
--------------------------------------------
To test the bias of sample digestion methods, we applied three digestion methods. Using the preliminary data of the THg mass fraction of the CRM, the recovery yields were higher in HotBlock®, followed by those in a microwave and in a digestion bomb. This observation may be attributed to an insufficient sample dissolution in a microwave and a digestion bomb. To ensure the complete recovery of the sample, a mixture of HNO~3~/HCl/HF is generally used for the elemental analysis of geological samples (e.g., soils and sediments). HF is essential in dissolving silica matrices via the reaction HF + SiO~2~ → H~2~SiF~6~ + H~2~O. After the sample decomposition using HF, HF must be evaporated by heating before analysis. However, Hg will be partially evaporated during heating, which may result in Hg isotope fractionation. Therefore, HF was not used for most Hg studies, and concentrated HNO~3~ combined with HCl \[[@CR23]\] or H~2~SO~4~ \[[@CR22]\] was used to determine the THg mass fraction. The decomposition method using HNO~3~/HCl/H~2~O~2~ with HotBlock® was also applied for an extended period of time to perform the Hg isotopic analysis of soil and sediment \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]. Another possibility for lowering Hg concentration may be Hg loss with sorption or evaporation during acid decomposition using digestion bomb and microwave. Hg loss may also occur during the preservation of dissolved samples,but the digested samples were stored, without dilution, in a refrigerator before measurements. Despite the incomplete Hg dissolution or the Hg loss during/after bomb and microwave digestions, the analysis results for all methods used here were consistent with each other, and the variations were reported to be equivalent to those of the imprecision of the CV-MC-ICP-MS measurement. Thus, NIES CRM No. 28 is isotopically homogeneous for subsamples of weights ranging between 0.05 and 0.3 g.
Comparisons between NIES CRM No. 28 and plausible Hg emission sources, and aerosols collected in China {#Sec14}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to previous reports \[[@CR24]--[@CR26]\], coal combustion, non-ferrous metal smelting, and cement production were major emission sources of Hg found in PMs in China during the period when the CRM was collected (1995--2005). The Hg isotopic compositions of NIES CRM No. 28, Chinese coals \[[@CR11]\], non-ferrous metal ores \[[@CR27]\], limestones (for cement production) \[[@CR28]\], and cinnabars (for industrial uses) \[[@CR29]\] are shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}. Hg isotopic compositions of PM2.5 samples analyzed at the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing were previously reported. In particular, Xu et al. \[[@CR12]\] collected PM2.5 samples from December 2013 to January 2014 and found the average values of δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg to be − 1.10 ± 0.26‰ and − 0.36 ± 0.43‰ (1σ, *n* = 18), respectively. The δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg values for the CRM overlap with the previously reported Hg isotopic variation ranges (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Previously, studies demonstrated that industrial or combustion processing of source materials causes significant MDF, but not for MIF \[[@CR11], [@CR29]--[@CR32]\]. The major Hg emission source(s) might not have substantially changed during the sampling period in the study area. Samples derived from ores, limestones, and cinnabars were characterized by negative δ^202^Hg values and by Δ^199^Hg values of \~ 0. Because the CRM and Beijing PM2.5 were characterized by negative Δ^199^Hg values, results from this study may point to the existence of additional, different Hg emission sources (e.g., the biomass burning of foliate/litter and lichens, wood fire heating and cooking).Fig. 2Values for Δ^201^Hg versus those for Δ^199^Hg measured for NIES CRM No. 28 (filled black circle), PM2.5 from Beijing (open black squares for individual data and filled black square for the average), and plausible source materials (coals: open black triangle; ores/cinnabars: open black inverted triangle; limestones: open black diamond; foliage/litter: open black left-pointing triangle; and lichens: open black right-pointing triangle). The error bars on source materials and PM2.5 sample average represent SD of Hg isotope heterogeneity, while NIES CRM No. 28 represent 2SD
Conclusions {#Sec15}
===========
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols was originally prepared for certifying the mass fractions of major and minor elements. In this study, the Hg isotopic composition of the CRM was determined to provide an appropriate quality assurance/quality control tool for the Hg isotopic analysis of PMs. To validate and ensure the accuracy of our method, analytical uncertainty was estimated based on replication of the NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden) standard solution. According to our results with respect to within- and between-bottle variations of subsamples of the CRM using a conventional dissolution method using a HNO~3~/HCl/H~2~O~2~ mixture with HotBlock®, the CRM is sufficiently homogenous to be used in Hg isotopic measurements. Two different digestion methods were applied in this study. Although two other methods showed a lower Hg recovery yield than that of the conventional method, all Hg isotopic compositions were equivalent. Our isotopic analysis results may contribute to quality assurance in environmental monitoring studies of aerosols.
Electronic supplementary material
=================================
{#Sec16}
######
(PDF 78 kb)
**Publisher's note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This work is a contribution toward the European MercOx project (EMPIR EURAMET, Grant Number 16ENV01) and the CRM project in NIES. We acknowledge Dr. M. Nishikawa, M. Ukachi, and K. Ohnishi of NIES and Dr. K. Yamashita of Okayama University for the helpful discussions. We especially thank three anonymous reviewers for the thoughtful and constructive comments and Dr. Stephen Wise for the efficient editorial handling of this paper. We would also like to thank Enago ([www.enago.jp](http://www.enago.jp)) for the English-language review.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '7c2c3d50c802f7bcb540eebead90c59498c75e047c2e0ea4a9043de8fee0a94d'} |
What came first, the fruit or the colour, turns out the orange colour is the only colour on the spectrum that gets its name from an object. The citrus fruit got its name first.
Orange is a secondary colour. When you mix equal amounts of yellow with red you create orange. It is the complimentary colour of blue. If you were to mix blue and orange together you create the neutral colour brown.
FullSizeRender copyIn design, orange can be used to draw attention.
Orange is a warm colour, but it is not as aggressive as red. For me, orange brings to mind images of pumpkins, halloween, autumn, leaves falling to the ground, and sunsets. Generally, it is associated with joy, enthusiasm, happiness, creativity, determination, success and encouragement. Obviously it is a safe pleasing colour that all the other colours want to be friends with.
That said, with orange being the popular kid in class I’m going to sit back and let her get all the attention. Enjoy the eye candy.
1DSC_0663 2
IMG_0232 copy1DSC_2018
1DSC_8530 copyIMG_0236 copyDSC_0355 copyDSC_4358 copy
Let us know what orange looks like in your corner of the world and use the #itsanorangeworld on Instagram to share your images with us. Orange you inspired?
One thought on “Orange
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Connecting to %s | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8423001766204834}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '107086', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3M554DDVNEUI7E2UGVAY535DNQFCPIDZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6e0047ea-b9af-4323-9b2b-f214e58595eb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 28, 7, 44, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VDPLEFVYVFL6DSNTU3AUOJ4IFEE2Y4XM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:66771529-d2a3-48ed-93f9-850a356abee9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://itsacolourfulworld.com/2017/04/05/orange/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9144eff8-9de0-40ee-8a72-55d3ac92f81d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '269', 'url': 'https://itsacolourfulworld.com/2017/04/05/orange/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-99.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.036761462688446045', 'original_id': 'b8b0046141217e68d943fcffc5468b97cae507709570f0e365215f3000a97c7f'} |
Bloat in dogs - Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus
What is meant by the term "bloat" in dogs?
This is a term that is synonymous with the more scientific term Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus (GDV). Dilatation means that the stomach is distended with air, but it is located in the abdomen in its correct place. Volvulus means that the distension is associated with a twisting of the stomach on its longitudinal axis. GDV is a rare but very serious disease that frequently causes death.
How or why does it occur?
We are not sure how or why this condition occurs. Original theories suggested that it occurred when a dog ate a large meal of dry food and then drank a lot of water. Although this is the most common explanation given, there is no scientific evidence to support this theory. In most dogs experiencing GDV, the stomach is not excessively full of dry food and the dog has not recently engaged in strenuous exercise. The most current theory is that the stomach's contractions lose their regular rhythm and trap air in the stomach; this can cause the twisting event. However, in most cases, there is no explanation as to why the condition occurs.
How is it diagnosed?
The first step in diagnosis concerns breed disposition. The condition almost always occurs in deep-chested dogs of giant or large breeds. Some of the more commonly affected breeds include Great Danes, Irish Setters, German Shepherds, Afghan Hounds and Basset Hounds.
The next step is to establish that the stomach is distended with air. An enlarged stomach will cause the body wall to protrude prominently, especially on the dog's left side. The swelling will be very firm and obvious enough to see across the room. Occasionally, this distension is not very apparent. This occurs in dogs that have a large portion of the stomach up under the rib cage. In most cases, however, the owner is able to detect the distension.
A dog that experiences significant pain will be very depressed. It may lie in what is commonly called a "praying position" with the front legs drawn fully forward. This should occur quickly, within two to three hours at the most.
The presence of a rapidly developing distended abdomen in a large breed dog is enough evidence to make a tentative diagnosis of GDV. A radiograph (x-ray) is used to confirm the diagnosis of dilatation. It can also identify the presence of volvulus, in most cases.
What happens when the stomach is distended with air?
When the stomach is distended, digestion stops. This results in the accumulation of toxins that are normally removed from the intestinal tract. These are absorbed into the circulation. These toxins activate several chemicals that cause inflammation. This causes problems with the blood clotting factors so that inappropriate clotting occurs within blood vessels. This is called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and is usually fatal.
What is done to save the dog's life?
There are several important steps that must be taken quickly.
1. Shock must be treated with administration of large quantities of intravenous fluids. They must be given quickly some dogs require more than one intravenous line.
2. Pressure must be removed from within the stomach. This may be done with a tube that is passed from the mouth to the stomach. Another method is to insert a large bore needle through the skin into the stomach. A third method is to make an incision through the skin into the stomach and to temporarily suture the opened stomach to the skin. The last method is usually done when the dog's condition is so grave that anaesthesia and abdominal surgery is not possible.
4. The stomach wall must be inspected for areas that may have lost blood supply. Although this is a very bad prognostic sign, the devitalised area(s) of the stomach should be surgically removed.
5. The stomach must be attached to the abdominal wall (gastropexy) to prevent recurrence of GDV. Although this is not always successful, this procedure greatly reduces the likelihood of recurrence.
What is the survival rate?
The severity of the distension, the degree of shock, how quickly treatment is begun, and the presence of other diseases, especially those involving the heart, will largely determine this. Approximately 60 to 70% of dogs will survive if treatment is instigated early.
What can be done to prevent it from occurring again?
The most effective means of prevention is gastropexy, the surgical attachment of the stomach to the body wall. This will not prevent dilatation (bloat), but it will prevent volvulus in most cases. Various dietary and exercise restrictions may also be used. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '558', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.938186526298523}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37272', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:U7OQ2ZKXQUH4K4DM3MGZ2C7SJONSKZFQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:de6aac87-81c2-45a7-838e-af51007a9f29>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 19, 11, 31, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.24.98.7', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KNPBBSGMRUE23GVBQN4DZOXCXCBAK3ED', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:61a98040-3943-4932-8cba-dca3af85fb18>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://fitzroyvet.com.au/pet-library/bloat-in-dogs-gastric-dilatationvolvulus', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0aecf39e-c6e8-45df-af00-f823cac605d3>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '945', 'url': 'http://fitzroyvet.com.au/pet-library/bloat-in-dogs-gastric-dilatationvolvulus', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-228-193-233.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-17\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7657202482223511', 'original_id': 'f997f27657cc1937905fc43c99c03068b2a6843ac854479ca447bef10cf2adde'} |
Sunday, March 7, 2010
Trend Alert!
I love it when you trip accross something very simple,
yet unique.
Pantone Mugs!
You know, Pantone? ..... or more commonly known as those numbers next to the colors that you find on a paint swatch from Home Depot for example? You could get an assortment like this, or you can choose some to match your dishes, or your kitchen! Very cool!
Here are a few links where you can find them.....
Let's take this idea to another level...
How about a Pantone clock?
Pantone Toys?
How about a Pantone Bag....
Or Pantone Note Pads?....
Are you seeing a trend here?
For a designer... it's almost enough to drive you crazy because you are already surrounded by Pantone this and Pantone that- all day long.... but ingenious that designers are now taking their tools (pantone swatches) and just using them (the swatches)to decorate everyday items we all use. It's kind of like they are saying "This is what I deal with all day long.....welcome to my world.... now incorporate it into yours!" haha.
And we like it!
I LOVE it actually! Especially the mugs!
(but I am a designer so maybe I don't count). hahah.
Cummon, who doesn't love a little color!
Fun, Fun, Fun!
1 comment:
Lila Tueller said...
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Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Weston Drain.
Suba ang Weston Drain sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Lenawee County ug estado sa Michigan, sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Weston Drain mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa St. Lawrence River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
St. Lawrence River (suba sa Québec) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Michigan (estado) | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston%20Drain%20%28suba%29', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Weston Drain (suba)', 'creator': 'https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weston Drain (suba)&action=history', 'language': 'Cebuano', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '76', 'token_count': '119', '__index_level_0__': '48471', 'original_id': 'db35333e5788311ed7ad51344036da0137f3aa2c194099f7842a280518e73942'} |
Risk and Fraud
Make payments more secure with APIs that can help catch fraud in real time or give customers more control over their cards.
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Example 7.16 'Case-control study' in Cox, Principles of Statistical Inference
When reading Cox's Principles of Statistical Inference (CUP, 2006), I'm struggling with the case-control study example (Example 7.16, pp. 154ff.) in §7.6.6 on pseudo-likelihood.
Set-up:
Random variables $Y,Z,W$ are modelled by $P(Y=1|W=w,Z=z)=L(\alpha+\beta^Tz+\gamma^Tw)$ (7.65) in which $L$ is the logistic function.
‘Individuals with $y = 1$ will be called cases and those with $y = 0$ controls. The variables $w$ are to be regarded as describing the intrinsic nature oft the individuals, whereas $z$ are treatments or risk factors whose effect on $y$ is studied’.
Inclusion in the case-control sample $\mathcal{D}$ is introduced with $P(\mathcal{D}|Y=y,Z=z,W=w)=p_y(w)$.
Now consider ‘the variable $y$ is fixed for each individual and the observed random variable is $Z$’, and the likelihood $f_{Z|D,Y,W}=f_{Y|D,Z,W}f_{Z|D,W}/f_{Y|D,W}$ (7.71).
Question: what I don't understand is the justification provided when ignoring the term $f_{Z|D,W}$:
It is followed by a discussion (p. 157) that ‘if $f_Z(z)$ completely known [...] it seems unlikely that it would be wise to use it.’
I tried to follow the references to Prentice and Pyke (1979) and Farewell (1979) in the notes, as well as his later book Case-Control Studies (coauthored with Ruth H. Keogh, CUP, 2014) in which §4.8 look relevant, but am unable to get a clearer idea. Any help with clarifying this is much appreciated.
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WCW Thunder 3/26/1998
Written by: Kevin Kindelberger
WCW Thunder 3/26/98
Bischoff is in the back not wanting a videotape shown. He does not care who told the video guy to show a tape of the nWo. Bischoff claims he is the producer, and it is not Doug Dillinger. Dillinger comes into the video productions truck and escorts EB out. The video is shown from Nitro: Nash and Hogan having a tiff!
Eddie and Chavo come out, and Eddie has the mic and once again forces Chavo to admit that he has to do what Eddie says and he is still disappointing the family. He needs more seasoning and so instead of facing Booker T for the TV title tonight he has to face Benoit and Eddie will take his place in the title shot.
Match 1: Chavo Guerrero v. Chris Benoit
Benoit does not mess around and chops Chavo, and goes after a fleeing Eddie. Benoit stomps a hole in poor Chavo. Rick and EB take over the announce table. Benoit is still working over Chavo, and chops his chest off in the corner. Benoit gives him a backbreaker and stomps on Chavo, another backbreaker and another one. Chavo is able to duck a chop and take Benoit down. Now it is Chavo’s turn to stomp away. He sends him into the ropes and dropkicks Benoit, but the second whip attempt is reversed and down goes Chavo courtesy of a knee lift. He front suplexes him onto the top rope and Chavo escapes with a shoulder block, slingshots over the top and rolls him up for two. However, right after Benoit hops up and puts him in the Crossface and Chavo immediately taps.
**1/2 Could have been a lot longer but Chavo is still being portrayed as green….
Here comes Hogan and Bischoff. EB was whining about injustices via WCW and particularly Piper. EB starts that it does not take a college education to understand that Hogan has disciples all over the world. Also, that JJ Dillon and WCW is trying to create controversy. Hogan agrees and that WCW wants to create problems in the nWo that do not exist. They can show all the footage they want as it does not matter as there are no rifts within the nWo. He and his giant (Nash) are like brothers and then blames WCW for putting them in matches. However they laid waste to Sting and Savage and the Giant. Savage is nowhere around here and is probably hiding. He and Nash are teaming up at the PPV and he loves him like he loves himself. Here comes Nash. HOgan and EB point toward him. Nash gets quite the pop. Nash has the mic and since they are airing their dirty laundry, everybody knows who is pulling the strings around here, and in his best David Copperfield he shows that no one is pulling his strings. Hogan comes out as the self proclaimed leader of the nWo and claiming he is the man. But everyone knows the heart and soul of the nWo is the Wolfpac. He wants to know if Hogan is the leader then why doesn’t Syxx have a job or why isn’t Hall on live TV or is it because he is considered too dangerous for live TV (um he is on every week). Hogan answers that as for his little friend goes it is not his fault that he could not cut mustard and run with the nWo. Nash seemingly agrees with that. Hogan does not now where Hall is at and thought Nash knew. Nash does not. Hogan continues that they have more problems to deal with such as the PPV and that it is Savage who has caused all the issues. Nash replies that there are trust issues. Hogan responds that it does not matter who they beat up first as long as they get the job done. Hogan proclaims that he would partner with Nash anytime and be back to back with him and do so tonight. Nash mocking responds that it would be an honor “brother” and leaves a baffled and upset Hogan and EB behind.
Match 2: La Parka v. Prince Iaukea
Parka dances around and then slaps Iaukea; he charges right into a boot but Prince charges right into a powerslam, and Parka follows up with a rolling kick. La Parka is caught and sent to the floor, Prince leaps off the apron and nails him, rolls him back into the ring and telegraphs the back drop eating a knee. Parka covers him and gets two. He leg whips Parka, dumps him back into a Northern Lights suplex and gets the win.
*1/2 Huh? Prince is on a random winning streak….fodder for Jericho perhaps?
Schiavone brings out Lex Luger who has not done too much as of late. Tony claims that Lex gets better every time he gets in the ring (yeah right). Lex is giddy about the “love” shown between Nash and Hogan. He got real excited when Nash and Hogan wanted to team up, so he and his partner who is now busy getting his game face on, Sting are ready to accept the challenge.
Match 3: Disco Inferno v. Chris Jericho (c) for WCW Cruiserweight Title
Here we go and the crowd shouts in unison that “Jericho sucks.” They lock up and Jericho puts him in a side headlock, and off the shove off Disco is run over but he returns the favor and then clotheslines him. Disco kicks and stomps him in the corner. He snaps Jericho over, goes up to the middle rope and drills him with his fist getting two. Jericho counters by tripping him into the bottom rope, and then kicks him in the ribs and back. He pulls him up and it is vertical suplex time. Jericho gets two, jaws at the ref and Disco sends him into the corner, but he runs into a boot. Jericho charges at him and is spiked and given an atomic drop. He gets two and then follows up with a swinging neckbreaker for another two count. Jericho comes right back with a double underhook backbreaker, softens up the back and quickly finishes him with the Liontamer.
** Jericho continues his winning streak and soon will run out of Cruiserweights!
Jericho takes Disco’s headband as a trophy!
Match 4: Jerry Flynn v. Goldberg
Flynn gives him a little shove and gets hucked into the corner and then tossed with a belly to belly release! Flynn grabs the leg and Goldberg turns it around and has him in an ankle lock, Flynn grabs the ropes. Goldberg whips him and then back drops him. Flynn grabs him and has the arm but Goldberg picks him up and slams him. Flynn tries to hit him but is taken down and put in a cross armbreaker and Flynn counters and gets to the ropes. Goldberg misses the charge in the corner, Flynn kicks him and then sends him into the other corner where he spinkicks him. Flynn turns around and is speared and after the Jackhammer it is over.
**1/2 Squash but they showed off some more of Goldberg’s moves.
Match 5: Kidman v. Psychosis
Right at the bell Kidman blindsides him in the corner. Psychosis stumbles into the opposite corner with Kidman stalking him. Psychosis ducks two blows off the whip but is finally caught and nailed in the back with a couple of forearms. Kidman whips him and Psyschosis ducks and sends Kidman to the floor with a knee. Psychosis goes up top but Kidman shoves him off, and now Kidman tears into Psychosis, and after a series of moves nails him with a spinebuster and gets two. He puts him in a chinlock, Psychosis is up and Kidman goes for the powerbomb but Psychosis flips behind, and now he gets two after a clothesline. Kidman makes a comeback but stands on the ropes and stares at the crowd and this allows Psychosis to belt him from behind. Kidman is hung up on the ropes and given a guillotine legdrop and he gets a near fall. Psychosis takes him down again and goes up top but Kidman tosses him off. Sick Boy is on the apron and springboard’s in and Psychosis ducks and Kidman is nailed. Psychosis knocks Sick Boy to the floor and he goes back up top and this time connects with the guillotine legdrop and gets the win.
*** Not bad.
Schiavone is in the ring and out comes DDP. Schiavone gushes about DDP’s title match on Nitro. But he wants his feelings about Raven. DDP responds that he got a fax from JJ (fax!) and he claimed that WCW would do whatever it takes to get the belt back from Raven: DDP thanks him but wants to do it himself as that would be more fun. He stumbles talking about who helped train him and it was not Raven but Jake. He is sick to death of Raven’s incessant whining. Raven is at the bottom of the list of people he feels sorry for, but at the top of the list to get “Banged.”
Match 6: British Bulldog and Jim Neidhart v. Curt Hennig and Brian Adams
The four square off. Rude boots Marshall off the headset and takes his place. Davey and Adams start off. They lock up and Adams headbutts him twice but misses the boot, Davey drops down on him and gets a two count. Jim is tagged in and he works over the arm, bodyslams him, but he gets chopped in the throat. Hennig gets the tag and he works over the back, sends him into the ropes and Jim ducks a blow and runs over Hennig. Davey is tagged in and Hennig runs off with Davey giving chase. Brian decks him from behind, rolls him back into the ring and punches him a few times. Davey blocks and pops him in the head and then tags in Jim. Jim is sent into the corner where he is whacked by Curt and he stumbles into a piledriver and Brian gets two. Adams makes the tag and they double clothesline Jim but allow him to make the tag and Davey goes off on Curt. He mounts and pounds him and Adams comes into the ring and so does Jim and now all four are going at it. Davey falls over and Adams grabs the leg. Curt heads to the floor and Jim gives chase. Adams is dragging Davey to the back and they are brawling by the entrance.
** Um, that was a random ending as two were outside the ring when the bell rang and it could not have been a countout yet or a DQ. Someone fucked up there.
Match 7: Saturn v. DDP (c) for WCW US Title
DDP slides into the ring and is greeted with a knee to the back. Saturn telegraphs the backdrop and DDP goes for the sunset flip, but Saturns sits on him. DDP counters with a couple of roll ups, but is grabbed and is grabbed and dumped over Saturn’s head and he gets a two count. Saturn has him in an ab stretch and uses the ropes right in front of the ref! The ref finally notices and he knocks the hand off and this allows DDP to toss Saturn over and now he has the ab stretch hooked. Saturn counters right away and suplexes into a bridge and Saturn gets two. Saturn puts him in a rear chinlock, DDP is laid out and manages to get to his knees but is laid back down again. DDP starts to get his second wind and flails to his feet, and elbows free and they tussle for a move and DDP wins out with a belly to belly but Saturn is up first and he hits DDP. Saturn argues with the ref and DDP grabs him and shoves him into the corner and then clotheslines him. DDP goes over, grabs him and Saturn counters with a jawbreaker. Saturn goes up top and DDP falls into the ropes Saturn is crotched. Raven comes out and tells Page to come get the belt. Saturn leaps and is Diamond Cutted…..DDP does not cover him and runs after Raven.
**1/2 Why not keep Saturn strong and have DDP run off before the Diamond Cutter.
Match 8: Eddie Guerrero v. Booker T (c) for WCW TV Title
Booker has the mic and tells Chavo he had the chance to become TV champ. He tells Eddie to shut up, and Booker wants to know what is on his mind. Eddie takes the mic away and tells Booker that this is family business. Booker keeps telling Chavo he is going to show him how to deal with bullies. Eddie has knucks and Booker will not listen to Chavo’s warnings. Chavo leaves the ring and Booker turns right into a punch to the head and Eddie makes the cover but Booker kicks out. Chavo grabs the knucks and tosses them at Eddie and this causes a DQ and Eddie upset and makes Chavo use the knucks on Booker and then put the boots to him. Benoit runs down and forces the Guerrero’s to flee.
Angle advancement.
Match 9: Scott Norton v. Rick Steiner
Rick swats at Buff and Norton assaults him from behind. He uses his knee to choke him out. Norton runs him into the corner and Rick counters with a belly to belly suplex and goes after the leg and knee. Norton gets to his feet, and whips him into the ropes and Rick goes for an elbow and bounces off of him. Norton stomps on him and Rick bites his calf! Norton scoots away and stomps him. Norton chokes him out on the ropes, lures the ref away and Buff chokes him out until DiBiase walks towards him. Norton telegraphs the back drop and is kicked and given another belly to belly. Norton is clotheslined and Scotty comes down and tosses his dog collar into the ring and there is a cluster on trying to use it as they stop in mid swing. Norton goes for a back suplex and Rick uses the dog collar on the way down and gets the win and then chases off his brother.
*1/2 Nothing much.
Match 10: Kevin Nash and Hulk Hogan v. Lex Luger and Sting (c)
Hogan and Sting start off. They lock up and Hogan pushes him into the corner but Sting blocks the punch and sends Hogan reeling after a few punches. Sting puts him in a side headlock, runs over Hogan after being pushed off into the ropes. They lock up again and Hogan knees him twice, hits him twice more and then sandwiches him in the corner. Sting comes back and mounts and pounds him in the corner five times and then winds up and clotheslines him. Here comes Luger with a series of forearms; he bodyslams Hogan and then nails him with a hard right. He runs Hogan into the corner and he is thumbed in the eye. Hogan whips him into the ropes and then clotheslines him. He tags in a smiling Nash who is still wearing jeans. He does his typical offense in the corner, whips him into the other corner, sandwiches him and tags Hogan back into the ring. Hogan chokes him out and tags Nash back in. Hogan holds Luger for Nash who goes for the big boot and Lex ducks and down goes Hogan! Nash stares at him and turns into a running forearm. Luger makes the tag and he ducks a blow from Nash and unloads on him and gives him a Stinger Splash. Macho runs into the ring and attacks Sting from behind and tosses out the ref. Luger goes for the Rack on Nash but Savage kicks him. Hogan comes back into the ring and goes after Savage. Hogan and Nash push each other and argue and the rest of the nWo run down and they get cleared out of the ring. Hogan and Nash are arguing on the floor and Nash tells him he is right here and Hogan warns him.
** Angle advancement.
*** Decent show. Just basically continuing what happened on Nitro, which is what Thunder should do. There were a couple of decent matches. But more than anything else it expanded on the storylines, and now there are tensions with Nash and Hogan. Hopefully they do not spend months teasing it out as I said earlier something needs to happen within the next month or so.
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How To Make Popcorn Without A Microwave and DC Shorts Film Festival
Movies and popcorn go hand in hand, right?
But what about making popcorn at home? Have you tried it? I'm not talking about those sealed packets filled with artificial butter and flavorings. I'm talking about buying corn kernels and then using a deep skillet or a wok to pop them.
Trust me, the process is incredibly easy. Not only will you be able to make the exact amount of popcorn you want, but you will have full control over what flavor your popcorn will be.
What does this have to do with movies?
I'll tell you!
Earlier last month I was invited to a preview lunch for the DC Shorts Film Festival. The festival will take place in multiple locations in DC area from September 6th through September 16th. Lucky for all of you local food lovers, there is a big food theme this year.
"Selected films have been paired with local chefs who have prepared small plates for audience members."
If you happen not to be interested in food related short films {who are you!?}, there are still plenty of choices: in its 9th year, the DC Shorts Film Festival will show 140 films from 27 countries. I hope you like subtitles as much as I do!
I already bought my ticket and I hope you get yours soon too! There are also parties, screenplay competition and workshops to consider.
And now, let's talk about popcorn.
How To Make Popcorn Without A Microwave
Smoked Paprika, Black Pepper & Parmesan Popcorn
2 teaspoons olive oil
5 teaspoons dry corn kernels***
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1 teaspoon smoked paprika
shaved Parmesan, to taste {just use a vegetable peeler to achieve this}
1. Heat a large deep skillet or a wok with a tight fitting lead. Add oil and allow it to heat.
2. Drop one corn kernel and wait until the oil around it starts to sizzle. Drop the rest of the corn kernels. Cover and shake the pan. You'll start hearing the kernels popping. Continue to shake the pan. Once the popping slows down, you are done. {It's better to have some kernels remain un-popped than to burn them.}
3. Transfer the popcorn to a large bowl, mix in black pepper and paprika and top with Parmesan. Serve immediately.
***Note: I had 3 tablespoons of corn kernels remain whole. Not quite sure why it happened, but I still had 3.5 cups of popcorn to consume. Next time I'll just use 2 tablespoons to make this recipe, and hopefully all will be popped.
Have you made your own popcorn? What flavors do you prefer?
Disclaimer: I was invited to a lunch preview of the DC Shorts Film Festival at Matchbox and also received a copy of the films to preview. Nonetheless, I purchased my own ticket to one of the showcases and was under no obligation to write about the festival. I received no compensation for this post. I just love movies and wanted to share this information with you :)
Belinda @zomppa said...
I'll take your popcorn ay day! LOVE the flavors...far better than any movie popcorn.
DeliciousDish said...
In the past, yes, but not in a long time. I love salty, buttery popcorn best of all... a little cheese doesn't hurt either.
Stacey Viera said...
No need for a microwave is right! Microwave-free since 2008!
This is how I make popcorn, except that during the popping, I shake the covered pot a few times to try and get the popped kernels moving and not browning/burning on the bottom of the pot.
Olga @ MangoTomato said...
I shake mine too! Was that not clear in the directions? {I did write them late at night}
Laura @MotherWouldKnow said...
Definitely use the wok (if you have one) instead of a pan because then popcorn making does double duty - seasons your wok while you make delicious treat. Learned all about it from Grace Young, who is the true wok-master of our age. (See Stir Frying to the Sky's Edge, her newest book.) Here is a post on her reasoning & method. http://leitesculinaria.com/43869/recipes-perfect-popcorn.html
Dannii @Hungry Healthy Happy said...
I'm definitely going to have to make this!
discojing said...
I love the sprinkled corn kernels in the background :)
H Chang said...
Just wanted to link you to another way to make stovetop popcorn (and reduce the number of unpopped kernels)! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9389902949333192}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '118442', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MP6QYSKHVXBZ6WVTTRUXET73ZYVUBVYN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3d5b449a-32da-45be-ab42-5c3657e0ecee>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 15, 0, 47, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.9.211', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:P7EGN2SU4GTVE7OYAI65NTTYC7OV5QY7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7e6e2e5f-9118-4677-b4b4-7aee99b08c62>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mangotomato.com/2012/09/how-to-make-popcorn-without-microwave.html?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=YEARLY-1388552400000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1346472000000', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d41f466b-9e0e-45e2-9d6f-c6950ebb49dd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '729', 'url': 'https://www.mangotomato.com/2012/09/how-to-make-popcorn-without-microwave.html?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=YEARLY-1388552400000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1346472000000', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-188.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022885620594024658', 'original_id': '0c9610becbd27a31560284a5a7c511abfc753a101d21b494231c09cb72f55289'} |
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FAQs About Goldfish Disease/Health 5
Goldfish Disease by "Types", Causes:
Floaty Bloaty Goldfish
Nutritional (Second Largest)
Eye Troubles
Lumps/Bumps/Growths (including idiopathic tumors)
Viral and Bacterial, Fungal Infectious
Goldfish Swim Bladder Problems
Anomalous (Misc., Injuries, etc.)
New Print and eBook on Amazon
Goldfish Success
What it takes to keep goldfish healthy long-term
by Robert (Bob) Fenner
Regarding Fantails I was just wondering is it normal for my Fantails to lay upside down. I find them like that once in a while and when I get close they take off. Thanks Mike <<Dear Mike; It is not normal, but it happens quite a lot with fantails and other fancy goldfish. I highly recommend doing some reading up on goldfish care. Use your search engine to look up "goldfish constipation" and "swim bladder disease" because these are things they are most prone to getting sick with internally. External problems are usually Finrot (due to bad water quality) and bacterial infections. Every goldfish owner should be aware of the symptoms for these problems, so you can see them coming and head them off with the proper care. One thing I will tell you is to TEST your water with ammonia, nitrite and nitrate test kits on a weekly basis, until you are confident that your water quality is consistently excellent. This is THE most important thing when it comes to keeping fish healthy...all fish! :) -Gwen>>
Goldfish Emergency I have a goldfish I have had for a very long time but just recently it has started to get very bloated and all of his scales have fallen of in that area please help. Thank you <<Hello. I will repeat to you something I just told another person: I highly recommend that you do some reading up on goldfish care. Use your search engine to look up "goldfish constipation" and "swim bladder disease" because these are things they are most prone to getting sick with internally. External problems are usually Finrot (due to bad water quality) and bacterial infections. Every goldfish owner should be aware of the symptoms for these problems, so you can see them coming and head them off with the proper care. One thing I will tell you is to TEST your water with ammonia, nitrite and nitrate test kits on a weekly basis, until you are confident that your water quality is consistently excellent. This is THE most important thing when it comes to keeping fish healthy. :) Best of luck. -Gwen>>
Striped Fantail Tale Hi just a quickie. I have just bought a new tank as well as a new calico looking fantail to go with my other two older fantails. Unfortunately one has been hammered by the new fish and his tail is really stripped. I have put the new fish in another tank but the victim is on his death bed. Will he recover? Do the tail's eventually heal? He just lies in the one spot all the time and looks very depressed. Is there hope for him/her? can you tell the sex of a goldfish??? Anyway, any info would be much appreciated. *Sarah* <<Sarah, you can try to save him. Keep the water in good shape by doing regular water changes. Test your ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels, and hopefully he is still eating? If he isn't, he may not survive. Goldfish can recuperate well if given good care. You must keep him separate from the others, though, until he has fully healed. Fish will pick on weaker individuals, so chances are he was not healthy when you brought him home. Do a web search on goldfish care, and hopefully he will pull through. I would keep him in his own tank for at least a month, so he can become strong enough to take care of himself when you finally return him to the main tank. It's hard to sex goldfish unless they are actively spawning, or if you have bred them before and know what to look for. You may as well just guess, you have a fifty-fifty chance of being right :) -Gwen>> Goldfish Problems Hi again Gwen, Still need your opinion. Well I have to tell you my fishy (Stripes) is not doing very well. His body has bloated so bad, it looks like it is about to explode (still upside-down). Sometimes in the morning his body is so skinny, it looks like he's waste finally came out of his little body and he becomes a sinker instead (but that only happened a few times). So I put him in a small floating container tonight, in the tank, so he can still see the other fishies and to keep in the good water. I read in a book not to feed him for four whole days because it would clean his whole system. So I decided to feed him peas maybe just once a day for four days to try to help him, or maybe every two days. Nothing else worked. Would this kill my fishy if I didn't feed him at all for four days? I'm so heart broken for him, he's just a baby. I really want him to get better, do you think this would work? W.Leger <<Hi Wanda, I'm sorry to hear about Stripes. I assume he is eating still? As long as he is eating, there is hope. Keep his water clean, as you know. Not feeding him for four days at this point seems cruel, this is NOT an ordinary constipation problem, so the "normal" rules (like withholding food for four days) don't apply. Instead, I would feed him some frozen daphnia, but I don't recall if you had trouble finding this at your LFS. The problem with being on vacation (as I am at this moment) is that I am using someone else's computer, and don't have access to my previous emails with you. At any rate, keep up the struggle, and hopefully he will show improvement soon. Hang in there! You are doing a great job so far; sometimes though, it is up to nature and sheer luck...-Gwen>>
Black Moor and Eye-fluid Hey there! I sent this a while ago and I'm resending it after reading your FAQ on FAQs :) Thanks! Hello! I love your website and all of the information available, it's definitely helpful in a tight spot. I have a black moor "Hagen" (who has been completely bright orange for the past few months) 1 year old. He lived in a 12 gallon tank with another black moor until just recently and now they live in a 46 gallon bow-front with three mystery snails. The quality of their water has been great (until now, because their tank is still cycling the ammonia is 0, but the nitrites are .03), and I do water changes to keep it under control. However, for a few months now he's had these fluid-filled sacks around his googley eyes. (He had it in the 12 gallon with great water quality). One of his eyes is worse than the other and sometimes the donut shaped bags get puffier. I've tried adding salt to make the swelling go down, but I'm cautious not to add too much because it will shock my snails. Do you have any idea what might cause these water-sacks? Could it just be a genetic defect? Also, my other black moor Hämma has kinks in her tail fins, making them really wavy (not to mention the bites that Hagen took out of them a while back leaving V shapes in the ends). The kinks were there when I got her about 6 months ago, but seem to have gotten worse and multiplied over time. Do you have any idea what may cause this kind of deformity? Thanks. <<Hello. The kinks in the tail are usually a deformity, not much you can do about it, really. I believe it is due to inbreeding. As for the sacks, please tell me what your water parameters are, exactly. A nitrite level of .03 is not perfect, and can cause stress. Black moors are extremely sensitive at levels that most other fish can tolerate quite well, so even low levels can create problems. Also, how high did the ammonia levels get during this cycle? While the fish were in the 12 gallon, what did the nitrAtes measure at? Were there any problems with ammonia or nitrite in that tank? Once we have eliminated water quality problems (Sorry, I need to ask for specific levels, many people test only two of the three levels, since most master test kits leave out the nitrAtes....) The problem could be aggression from the tankmate (whether or not you have seen any indication of it, it can still be there..), or some form of physical eye trauma. Moors are prone to eye problems, firstly because they tend to "bonk" into things in the tank, especially small tanks, and especially since many of them suffer various degrees of swim bladder problems, making them ungainly at the best of times. The best thing to do is keep up with the testing and the water changes, and hope the moor pulls through. A mild antibacterial like Melafix may help, but it also may wipe out what few nitrifying bacteria you have already cultivated. You may have to move him back into the 12 gallon tank, all alone and with no decorations to bonk into, and treat him there instead. Separating him from the other goldfish may also help him heal faster. -Gwen>>
Re: Black Moor and Eye-Fluid
I just tested the NitrAtes. I followed the directions exactly and came out with 10ppm. This seems low. What else could it be? Should I just wait a couple days, see if he gets better, and if not, put him in a hospital tank with some salt and MelaFix? <<Hmmm. This could mean that the tank isn't quite cycled. What happens is that the ammonia become nitrite, which then becomes nitrate. Ammonia starts low and increases, then the nitrifying bacteria reproduce until they can consume the amount of ammonia being produced. Then the same thing happens with nitrite. However, if the bacterial colony is being disrupted (like say, by using Melafix, among other things) then the bacteria never get the chance to reproduce enough to control the amounts being produced, and your tests will show small amounts of ammonia and nitrite, as in your case. So...you need to keep testing regularly so the levels of ammonia/nitrite stay at around .25 ppm (by doing water changes). Stop using Melafix for now, until you have zero ammonia, zero nitrites, and your nitrates are all that is left to test for. In the meantime, yes, you can move him to a hospital tank, and leave his tankmate in the main tank. You need to realize that the bacteria will only colonize enough to handle the ammonia being produced by the one fish, so when you re-add the Moor later on, you may want to double- check the ammonia levels to be sure that the bacteria is handling the new bio-load. It sounds more complicated than it is...and most people go thru this without testing at all, and without detriment to their fish, but in your case, it is better to know exactly what is going on in your tank so you can prevent further stress to your pretty black Moor. Hang tight, things will improve. Oh, and test the hospital tank, too. Both salt AND Melafix can adversely affect nitrifying bacteria. Salt will do so at higher levels than I would recommend you use, but it's not easy to measure the salinity at low levels, so just be sure to measure out your salt precisely, and keep track of how much you need to re-add when doing water changes. It can creep up to high levels over time, which is one reason I tell people to only use salt to treat with, temporarily. Some people love to keep their fish in salted water all the time, they don't realize their tanks can approach brackish conditions over time. This WILL affect biological filtration, since the nitrifying bacteria in saltwater and freshwater are not the same. -Gwen>>
Re: Black Moor and Eye-Fluid
The ammonia levels didn't get high at all. When I took them out of their 12 gallon, I transferred the old gravel and the old bio-wheel, and had been adding Cycle to the water. I checked ammonia and it never got above .3. The Nitrites were .03 for a bit, but never got higher than that, and have been 0 for the past few days. <<While the fish were in the 12 gallon, what did the nitrAtes measure at?>> I never tested NitrAtes. As you say below, my master test kit didn't include a NitrAte test. I'll be sure to pick one up. However, there are and have been live plants in the tank and very good aeration if that makes a difference. I left the lid-flap off to keep the water cool and when it evaporated, I removed 10% of the water and replaced it to top it off. So water changes were small, but done regularly. <<Okay, you will need to test nitrates. Grab yourself a test kit for it at your LFS, I imagine the levels are extremely high. You would most likely need to do weekly 50% water changes to keep it at an acceptable level. If you use your nitrate test kit regularly, it will tell you how often you need to do them. Please do NOT rely on a few plants to use up the nitrates, it's not going to happen. Test it and see.>> <<Were there any problems with ammonia or nitrite in that tank?>> Nope, The moor with the eye problem lived in that tank for a year, from the time he was less than 1" big. He never showed any problems and I was very consistent on minor water-changes and cleaning the whole system out. <<Again, you must test for nitrates.>> Now that you mention it, his tank-mate was being a jerk yesterday and chasing him around, trying to bite him in the butt. But I haven't seen this behavior before, and his eyes have had the bags around them for months. <<All fish will pick on weakened tankmates. You need to separate them>> <<Moors are prone to eye problems, firstly because they tend to "bonk" into things in the tank, especially small tanks, and especially since many of them suffer various degrees of swim bladder problems, making them ungainly at the best of times. The best thing to do is keep up with the testing and the water changes, and hope the moor pulls through. A mild antibacterial like Melafix may help, but it also may wipe out what few nitrifying bacteria you have already cultivated.>> I've added Melafix to his water many times before, mostly for minor fin-tears or possible tail-rot. Everything has cleared up within a couple of days. I added Melafix yesterday as well, because his eye-bags were especially puffy. However, I also measured the water, Ammonia was below .3, Nitrites were 0. KH is 7, Ph is consistently 7.8. In the old tank, the water was the same over a long period of time. <<Ammonia/nitrite at any level will stress your fish. And Moors, as I mentioned (and this varies from fish to fish), cannot tolerate ANY levels of ammonia or nitrite. Melafix can interrupt biological filtration, so perhaps you should not use this until your nitrifying colonies become more well-established, say another month or so. Ammonia MUST be at zero for your fish to heal properly.>> And nitrates must be kept low, as well. Please heed this, I can guarantee this information from my own personal experience with these fish. Yes, there are times when goldfish are tough enough to be resilient, but not all goldfish are created equal, and Moors are fragile. Some Moors more so than others.>> Thanks! I'll be sure to check the NitrAtes as soon as I can get a test kit. <<Good luck! Be sure to let me know how it goes. Happy Fishkeeping! -Gwen>>
Bloaty Goldie - More Info, Please - 08/19/2004 I have a goldfish that we have had for a long time but just recently its started to get very bloated and its scales have come off in that area. <We'll need more info to be able to be of much help - how big is his tank? Any other fish with him (how many, what are they)? Do you test for pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate? If so, what are the readings? What have you been feeding the fish? When you say he's gotten very bloated, is he just very, very fat looking, or are his scales sticking out, like a pinecone? Has he been pooping? If so, what color is it?> I will do any thing to sort this out. Please help, thank you. <Without details, the best I can do is recommend that you make sure his diet is appropriate (lots of greens - Anacharis/elodea/Egeria or other water plants available for him to munch on, blanched zucchini/cucumber, frozen/thawed peas with the shell removed, spinach....) and be VERY cautious NOT to overfeed him. Offer him only foods of high roughage content while he's bloated; peas, daphnia, and adult brine shrimp are some options, here. Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) added to the water at 1 tablespoon per 10 gallons will help him pass any blockage in his gut. Wishing you and your goldfish well, -Sabrina>
Sick Goldfish 12 Aug 2004 <Hi Brenda, MacL here with you today.> we have a gold fish that has a bulge on the outside of its body . it looks white, could you tell me what this is please. <It could be several different things Brenda and without seeing it I can't be sure. Please take a look at this site and see if anything looks similar. http://www.wetwebmedia.com/FWSubWebIndex/parasitcdisovr.htm, I'd be glad to look at a picture if you could provide one of them as well.>
Goldfish Health We recently set up a 155 gal tank in my home, about 8 weeks ago.. We have 4 goldfish (fancy gold, black moor, fancy spotted and albino) ranging from about 1 1/2 inch to 3 inches and 2 tiny Cory catfish. 2 of the goldfish (the black moor and the fancy gold are the oldest and were transferred from a 5 gallon tank along with the Cory cats). Unfortunately, I don't know the sex of any of the fish. All has been well until a few nights ago when I noticed the largest of the gold fish (fancy gold) sticks close to the bottom of the tank, with lots of mouth movement and not socializing as usual (this gold fish and the black moor typically spend a lot of time swimming together and chasing one another), and eats less than normal. There are no apparent problems with the appearance of this fish. Their doesn't seem to be any problems with the water or the other fish. Can you offer any advice? <<Hello. Do you test for ammonia, nitrite and nitrates? It seems unlikely in such a short time and in such a large tank that any of these could reach toxic levels, however I really do advise getting all three tested ASAP. That done, and if everything looks all right, it could be something else...Do you have adequate aeration and circulation? This will help your fish breathe easier, and keep the temperature more stable. In such a large tank it is easy to have warm spots and cold spots, you must keep the water well circulated. Especially during warmer summer months when the tank temp can climb into the 90's if unmonitored. Normally, fish lacking oxygen will gasp at the surface, so your problem may be a parasitic one. Your fish may have gill flukes, easily remedied by adding an anti-parasitic medication to the tank, such as Quick Cure or Maracide. Ask at your LFS to see what they have in stock. I would wait a few days before adding meds, just to be sure it is indeed gill flukes, it's hard for me to tell without actually seeing your fish, so you will have to use your best judgment. If the heavy breathing doesn't go away AFTER you check the temp and circulation, then by all means, add the medication. Remember to remove your carbon while medicating, as carbon removes meds. -Gwen>>
Ick Black Moor Hi, <Hi, Mike D here> I have a variety of different goldfish. They have all been fine till now. Our Black Moor is sick. The last couple of days he has hid at the bottom of the fish tank in the corner. Looks like he is having problems swimming. He keeps tipping to his side and even upside down.<This could be a congenital problem with just the one fish, as many have "defects" from the centuries of line breeding and inbreeding, or it could be a symptom of poor water quality with this one just the first to show symptoms> I caught another fish attacking him yesterday so I have taken him out and put him is a small bowl.<Wise choice. While it seems cruel, sick fish are often attacked and killed by the healthy ones> I went home at lunchtime today and thought he was dead but he wasn't. He is only just moving. What should I do?<My first suggestion would be to purchase a basic test kit to check water ammonia and nitrogen compound levels in your main tank, and then increase water changes as needed to keep everything in line.> I read up on one of the forums that he could be constipated and to give him peas???<This sometimes helps, adding fibre and roughage to the flake diet. Another remedy used with some success is to add 1 tspn per gallon of Epsom salts to the container with the ailing fish. You truly don't have enough information for anything but general remedies for this one individual, and sadly, it sounds like it may already be too late> We do regular water changes and feed the fish flakes.<Water changes are good, but only if enough is being changed to keep water conditions stable, with roughly 25% per month the minimum suggested. If the tank is regularly overfed, the water changes need to be increased or feeding adjusted. I suggest feeding only enough so that it's completely gone within 5-10 minutes. Even several times per day is fine, as long as there's no excess accumulation left to decompose. As to food, it never hurts to very their diet as all foods are not created equal and some brands barely adequate to sustain life.> Please help.<Get your test kit and try to monitor the ammonia/nitrogen levels in your main tank to prevent anyone else getting sick and keep your ill guys bowl as clean as possible with the peas and Epsom salt for now and keep your fingers crossed> Kind Regards Tanya
Black Moor Eye Problem Hi, <Hi! Mike D here> Recently (with in the last week) I noticed that my black moor has what appears to be blood in the bubble of his eye. It originally started as a small spot of blood and went away, but today, I noticed that the blood has come back and pooled at the bottom of the eye.<If it was a one tome occurrence I wouldn't attach any significance to it, but since it has returned it may be noteworthy> He lives in a 10 gallon tank with a filter. The only other fish in the tank is a Pleco who is about 3 inches long. Other than the "blood" in his eye, he seems to be fine, and has a healthy appetite. Any help would be appreciated<The causes could be many, from something as simple as a weak blood vessel in that area that's just a chronic irritation to something more severe, such as a reaction to ammonia or nitrogen compounds that build in the tank. Purchasing a basic test kit would probably be a good start so you'll know if this is the area causing the problem. Increasing the frequency of water changes can often solve problems such as this all by itself, which improves the overall water chemistry. One last thing, of course, is to watch and make sure that you aren't having a fighting issue between the two fish....many Plecostomus species have a little "mace" type spiny club along either side of their jaw line that they use to drive away fish that insist on getting too close, with an occasional rare specimen known to turn homicidal and begin eliminating tank mates.> Concerned Owner
"Quick Cure" for Goldfish With Ick <Hi, Mike D here> I have been treating my goldfish for Ick for almost a week now and he still seems to have the parasite. His tail is drooping and he stays on the bottom of the bowl
<looking poorly is not the same thing as "still having a parasite">.
I have live plants in the tank, should I take them out during treatment?<You don't say how large a tank he's in, but the ingredients in this medication are definitely not conducive to healthy plant growth> I'm using QuickCure
<Actually, this is one of my personal medications of choice and is a pretty decent product>, it claims to work in 2 days.<OK, while it's a pretty fair product, this IS definitely a bit of an exaggeration> Is there anything else I can do?<Without knowing anything about your tank size, filtration, etc., it's difficult to say. I, personally would have transferred him to a special treatment tank as I NEVER treat my main tanks themselves. A few things you'll want to do for sure are 1) some partial water changes ASAP as the tank MAY have a build up of formalin and Methylene blue (both very lethal in overdose amounts), as well as any excess ammonia and nitrites that may have already been present in your tank. 2) I'd suggest getting some basic test kits and a treatment bowl for future outbreaks, and 3) I'd continue treatment for 7-10 days minimum WITH partial water changes every other day until done. Without knowing any of your tank parameters, I strongly suspect that he's now suffering from poisoning from at least the four previously mentioned chemicals, so the water changes (up to 50% if need be) will have the fastest immediate visible beneficial effects> thanks so much<Your very welcome and good luck>
Another Bloaty Goldie? - 08/10/2004 Hi Crew. <Ahoy thar! Sabrina with you, this evening.> I recently adopted a friend's Black Moor and 38 gallon tank. "Blackie" is a fairly big fish, and seems to be an awkward swimmer (I'm not that familiar with how a fish like this should look in the water - all my other fish, in a separate tank, are tropicals, and good swimmers). <"Fancy" goldfish are most all funky swimmers. If you're concerned about the fish's behaviour, I urge you to observe the fancy goldies at any local fish stores - look for healthy specimens, and watch their movements; it'll help to familiarize yourself with what's normal and not.> Anyways, sometimes, Blackie seems to get turned over when he's grazing on the bottom of the tank. He usually rights himself eventually, but a couple of times I've found him in the corner, nose down, or upside-down, and I have to move his plant or decorative rock out of the way so that he can turn around. Is he just getting stuck, or is he sick? <Upside down doesn't really sound good.... Do you find the fish to be "floaty"? What is its diet? If he's on strictly dry prepared foods, I'd recommend giving him some good greens (blanched zucchini, cucumber, peas, also a hearty offering of live Anacharis/elodea/Egeria plants available in the tank). It could be that the fish is constipated. Getting him on a better diet will help to clear him of any blockage and will prevent him getting in this state again. There are other possibilities here, as well.... I'm assuming you know what to look for in generally 'sick-looking' fish?> Another thing, yesterday I added our other goldfish (a common goldfish that we purchased when we were cycling our first aquarium a couple of years ago) <Might want to look into some fishless cycling options, if you haven't already.> to the 38 gallon tank as a companion for Blackie. But "Goldie" seems aggressive towards Blackie - he chases him around, and looks like he's trying to nibble on him. <The fact that regular/common/comet goldfish are not malformed makes them poor candidates for tankmates with "fancy" goldies; the comets tend to outcompete the fancies for food, and can tend to pick on their more cumbersome counterparts.> Is he trying to mate? <I somewhat doubt this, but it is possible.> How can I tell their sex? <During breeding season, mature males will develop small whitish bumps on the operculum.> Or is he picking on Blackie because he's sick? <Entirely possible - but I'm not completely convinced that Blackie's sick, yet. Can you describe Blackie's condition in a little greater detail? Is the fish very lethargic? Clamping its fins? Exhibit any abnormalities (red streaks, eroded fins, strange bumps/lumps/marks, anything at all out of the norm)? Are you keeping an eye on ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate?> I'd appreciate any insights you can offer into the behaviour of these goldfish. <Again, fancy goldies are very much poor swimmers in general, but I urge you to go observe lots of others so you have a base to compare Blackie's actions to.> Thanks! <You bet! Please let us know if we can be of further assistance. Wishing you and Blackie well, -Sabrina>
Bloated comet Hi Bob I have a comet that is approx. six years old about seven inches long in my garden pond. It is quite bloated. Could this fish be egg bound, as I've had happen with aquarium fish or could it be dropsy. The fish is quite active, eating ok and otherwise appears to be healthy. Is there anything I should do? < If the fish is eating then it is not dropsy but it still could an internal bacterial infection. I would isolate the fish and treat with Metronidazole as per the recommendations on the package.-Chuck> Bernie
Fancy Goldfish Ails and Aggression 8/2/04 Brian, Hello, I am seeking help with my 2 new bubble-eyed goldfish. Actually I have 1 fantail, 2 medium sized black moors, 1 small black moor and 1 red cap Oranda, that I purchased all on the same day (Sunday) and have them in a 25 gallon tank. This is my first time ever having fish and figured they were all part of the same family and being community fish I shouldn't have any major problems. But much to my carelessness of no research, this is where my problem comes in, one of the fishes a bubble-eyed goldfish got its bubble sac stuck in the filter, it got out right away and I have now covered the filter with nylon. Since that happened my kids and I tried to keep a close eye on it and noticed that the bubble slowly became deflated. Then to add more grief I noticed that my other 2 medium sized black moors were picking on it, by sucking on it thinking it's food I'm assuming or just being bullies and just this evening I was watching them just before going to bed and noticed that one of the black moors went right after the bubble-eyed (previously injured in the filter) sucked on his bubble sac and caused it's eye to turn completely red and is bleeding??? which it was previously black in color and it's sac is busted. The other bubble-eyed fish is also showing red veins in its bubble sacs from the moor's sucking on them and one has slowly deflated. After the bleeding incident I immediately took both bubble-eyed fish out and have now separated them in a bowl, they seem to be doing fine. I feel so horrible, I hope this will not kill them or blind my poor bubba. I am planning on switching them to my son's 10 gallon tank keeping them separated. I am so new to all this and had no idea how much care fish in general actually needed until my daughter started reading into it on the internet and found this website where we can hopefully get some quick help. What should I do? <Keep the bubble eye isolated and keep the tank clean. Watch for bacterial infections with red streaks or for fungus infections that show a white fussy cottony growth. Treat with Furanace for both. If you cannot find it then use Maracyn. After the sac heals it may reinflate but I don't think it will as nice as the original.-Chuck> Thanks so much, Shirley Goldfish Question 8/2/04 I have 1 fantail and 1 black moor in a 10 gallon. The black moor had 2 anchor worms and I removed them and then treated the water with tank buddies for parasites and now with Melafix for his wound. I already took the fantail out because I know parasites are contagious. However, it has been about 4 days now. There is no filter in because it says to remove the filter. I tested my water and I have high nitrates, nitrites, hardness of water and the test was just bad. I am going to do more than a 50% water change because of the medication and all this other stuff then put back the fantail into the tank. Any suggestions? <<Hello. There is no need to remove the entire filter, just remove the carbon from the filter, and let the filter run as usual. Carbon removes chemicals, like medication, and you don't want to remove the product you just added, so... Removing carbon varies from filter to filter. If you have a BioWheel filter, (e.g. a Penguin) with a cartridge, you can use scissors to cut the blue padding on the cartridge, and shake the carbon out of the cartridge. If you have an Aquaclear, just remove the carbon bag. Same with a Fluval, or other canister filter, just remove the bags of carbon. If your carbon is still relatively new, you can just let it dry on a paper towel on your kitchen countertop, then re-install it back into the filter after the treatment is done. It is great to hear that you are testing your water, keep up the good work :) -Gwen>>
Ailing Goldfish 8/2/04 <Hi, Mike D here> Thanks very much for your reply. We took "Sunny" the sick goldfish out of the tank and after a day or so he started to come around. His tail is actually growing back now too. <as would be expected> He's doing something different now though. He's now swimming in a vertical position with his head pointing towards the bottom of the bowl <not good, as this sounds like air in the intestines...was he gulping at the top before he started this?> and he has black marks, they look almost like ink, on his lower body and tail. What can we do for him? <I'd keep the water clean for now and keep feeding him. Don't be surprised to see a "fishy fart, bubble and all, and he might be fine. Trust me, it happens> Thanks, Michelle
EXTREMELY sick black moor I searched through your FAQs about goldfish & couldn't find anything related to our problem. I found bits and pieces, but nothing quite like this. I bought my son a black moor several months ago. He lives w/ a sucker fish in a 5 gallon tank. The tank has always appeared to be clean. By that, I mean the water is clear. In the beginning he had Ick & I treated him for that. Later he had something else (I forget the exact problem) & I treated him for fungus. Otherwise, he has gotten along quite fine. He eats flakes & is quite the pig (I just read about the peas?). Ok, now the problem: last week he developed a lump under his eye. It was black just like him & looked as though it would soft. It was no larger than his eye. We had to live for two days & upon our return I found him in the absolute worst condition I have ever seen! One of his eyes is popped. The other is bloody & cloudy. One side of his body is completely white. The scales look as though they're still there. It's like he turned white? There are white areas on the other side of his body. His tail fins literally look like they're disappearing. The other fins are close to his body. When I found him, he was sitting on the bottom of the tank. Now he has been at the top. I'm sure he is going to die. As I look at him now he his close to the surface & looks as though he's struggling. Sometimes he lays there at the top still, sometimes he's shaking. I'm not sure what to do. I guess basically I want to know what happened to him. Do I try to fix him or let him go. If I have to let him go, do I just let him die on his own? I've never seen a fish look like this. I am so glad my son is w/ his grandparents so he doesn't have to see him. I seriously think he would have nightmares. Btw, the sucker fish looks absolutely fine. Thank you for any help. Donielle <<Hello. Your fish has fin rot and an eye infection. You need to test your water for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrates. As you read our FAQ's, you know that water quality is important, and is 90% of the problem. In order to save him, you will need to go to your LFS, get your water tested, and buy an internal antibiotic to feed him, assuming he is still eating. Even if he is not, you can add an antibiotic to the water, too, for the fin rot (and remove your carbon). Ask your LFS what they have in stock to sell you for this problem: fin rot, and a bacterial eye infection. I hope it is not too late, but I think your moor is beyond hope by this point. And, for future reference, PLEASE USE PROPER GRAMMAR when you email us. Even though this is a professional website, we are all volunteers here, and most of us answer these emails late at night after a long work day. So, please try to make our jobs a bit easier. Thanks. -Gwen>>
Re: Sick Black Moor
Gwen; Thank you for your feedback. The fish did indeed die. If I decide to keep fish again I will be sure to keep the water #1 priority. I believe he also had internal parasites, though. I remember long orange 'poop' in the beginning along with white. Lastly, I cannot believe your final comments. The website appears to be friendly & a good place to go for feedback. Here you are 'yelling' at me to "USE PROPER GRAMMAR." What in the world?! I cannot figure out what you thought the big deal was. I tried to be as thorough as possible. I found a spelling error, I said "btw" instead of "by the way," and I may not have capitalized. I find this to be absolutely ridiculous that I write for help for my 5 year old son's fish & I get accused of not using proper grammar! For your future reference, you might want to be more considerate to those who ask for help! I know I was trying to be considerate by being as detailed about the situation as I knew how. I am not an expert. P.S. I do still consider it a wonderful thing that you take time out of your day to volunteer for this site, but for crying out loud. Show some respect <<Donielle; I am sorry to hear about your fish. As to "respect"... I spent a good deal of time re-typing your email so that all the "i"s were capitalized before I sent it back to you. All our emails go directly onto the website "as is", so if I don't correct it for you, my only other option is to send it back to you, unanswered, but with the request that YOU retype your query and send it back to us again. I decided to simply do it for you, and ask that next time, you don't send me all "i"s. You would not believe the amount of time correcting all these emails consumes, for all of us here, and it adds up. It's really quite frustrating. It may not be a "big deal" to you, but for us, it certainly is, after we have spent untold hours of time correcting grammar that could have gone towards answering more emails from people who need help, like you. My apologies for coming off as yelling, I was not, but I WAS trying to convey my point. Respect? We deserve it, too. Please don't force us to return emails, it wastes valuable time that your fish may not have. You also must remember that this email is not private. Other people are reading this. My intention is to make sure folks understand WHY we are returning their emails...it is not personal: it is necessary. -Gwen>> Bulge in Body Hi, I have a Shubunkin which is about 3" in body length with good colouring and no fin damage. It shares a tank with two other fish, one a "normal" goldfish (21/2" body length) & the other a fantail (31/2" body length). All have been very well until we noticed a bulge in the shubunkin's body just behind the left hand gill. There are no surface marks or lesions. The fish does not appear distressed or unwell and it feeds & reacts to me at the tank glass. The tank has a charcoal filter and a Fluval filter as well. (Tank is 24" X 12" X 12"). Please advise on treatment, if any and any other advice you think relevant would be helpful. Regards, Phil Dorking <<Dear Phil; The fish you have now are overstocked, and require weekly, if not bi-weekly, water changes, a specific diet, and quite possibly, a bigger tank. I am sure you already know this, but it never hurts to read a bit more. Here is a link to some websites you may find interesting: http://www.fishlinkcentral.com/links/Freshwater/Goldfish/ The bulge could simply be a benign tumor, a cyst, or an indicator of a problematic internal disorder. Stress levels need to be lower in this tank, so please, read up! Good water quality is half the battle: I will need more info in order to diagnose him properly. Do you test your tank? Ammonia and nitrite should be zero, and your nitrates kept as low as possible with water changes. Can you tell me your test results? Please test your water regularly. In the meantime, you can add aquarium salt (found at your LFS) to help his condition, and try feeding him some Pepso Food, also found at your LFS. Good luck. -Gwen>>
Infection 7/29/04 I have read your questions but none seem quite the same as this. I have recently received a fish tank that is 135L (Australian) It has plenty of live underwater plants and they are fed twice daily with goldfish food. In it there are 6 fantails (2 red caps, 2 pearl scales 2 black ones) Also we had 12 minnows. Over the past 2 weeks 7 have died. They have been found surrounded in white fuzzy stuff. One of the still alive fish has some of this white stuff on it and I am worried that it might kill all of the fish in the tank. Please tell me what it is and how I can fix and prevent it. <White clouds can handle cooler water like goldfish. I would catch the remaining white clouds and place them in a hospital tank for treatment. I don't think you have a fungus because a fungus is usually found on dead fish or on damaged areas. I think you have a bacteria infection. I would treat with Furanace in the hospital tank. If you don't have one then I would treat with Maracyn in the main tank. Do a 30% water change and service the filter before treating. I think the nitrates in the tank got high and weakened the minnows.-Chuck> Thanks Kelsey
Heaven Bound Celestial Eye (continued)
Anchor Worm? My son had two gorgeous goldfish and recently purchased another (huge) goldfish for his tank. All seemed well for months but then all three developed red spots. The larger fish spends most of the time now on the bottom near the filter tube; however, the other two seem to "feel" fine. They seem to act normally. Anyway, today when I went to look at them, the two smaller ones have white spikes growing out of them now with black tips. What is this and where did he go wrong? Can it be cured? We may not have much time. Thanks, Ruth H. Lancaster <<Hello. It is very important to do regular, partial water changes on goldfish tanks, generally once a week, if not more. What size is the tank, and how often are water changes being done? Please ensure good water quality, it really makes ALL the difference. That said, it sounds like an anchor worm problem. The red spots can be treated with water changes and Furan or Melafix (found at your LFS) but the anchor worm needs an anti-parasitic, Dimilin works well. Please treat the red spots first, since adding a medication to treat the anchor worm can irritate those spots and make them worse, so let the fish heal first, THEN add the Dimilin afterwards. It shouldn't take longer than a week with the Melafix, and then another four days with the Dimilin. Good luck. -Gwen>>
Goldfish and Salt Hi Jess here, My goldfish is laying at the bottom of its bowl and its not moving I'm using sea salt that I got at A.C Moore, does that effect my goldfish? <<Yes, salt affects goldfish: it can help them swim, it can help treat Ich and fungus. Don't add too much though, too much can cause problems. I recommend simply doing your water changes more often, perhaps everyday until the fish improves. -Gwen>>
Ailing Goldfish Hi,<Hi, MikeD here> We have two goldfish in a 40 gallon tank. They've been very happy, getting along for about 6 months now
<It's refreshing to see a tank not loaded to it's maximum capacity>.
Yesterday we noticed the one's tail is all chewed up and pieces of it are in the filter. We assumed he got caught in the filter cause we've never seen them fight at all
<Logical. Goldfish aren't noted for fighting>.
We cleaned out the whole tank and put them back in. This morning the fish with the chewed tail is on his side at the top of the tank. He's still swimming but only in one spot and he's on his side. He looks so sad. Is there anything we can do to help him?<About the only thing I can truly think of would to remove him to a separate hospital tank and treat with an antibiotic, such as Maracyn. Normally I wouldn't suggest treating without knowing exactly what's being treated for, but with the damage you imply and obvious stress it sounds like this guy is a prime candidate to be taken out by a secondary bacterial infection> Michelle<Good luck to you>
Black Speckled Goldfish Hello. Hopefully you can help me out. I have two Sarasa comet goldfish who are normally very healthy and active. Recently, I noticed my bigger goldfish hovering horizontally at the bottom corner of my 10 gal. tank. I also noticed that he appears to have black "freckles" on parts of his body, (which were otherwise pure white), as well as a black line along the outer edge of his tail. I did an ammonia test (as I thought they may be ammonia burns) but the levels were ok. My other fish is still healthy and showing no signs of being sick. I am confused because occasionally he will "get up" and venture normally about the tank, playing with his "brother" and swimming in and out of the fake plants. Sometimes he'll even swim to the top where his feeding ring is, to look for food. These episodes last for maybe 5 minutes then he will return back to the same corner and just hover there. His fins (aside from the black parts) are still healthy and fanned out save for the dorsal fin which has drooped down but only a little. When he stays at the bottom of the tank his breathing is rapid but not gasping. So far I have administered two tablespoons of aquarium salt, added a double dose of Cycle, and just today added a teaspoon of aquarium tea tree antibiotic solution. So far nothing's changed. What's wrong with my little guy? What do you recommend I do? Any advice or information you have would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Sincerely, Andrea I also wanted to mention that I have a Whisper Filtration system as well as an air bubbler for extra oxygen. <<Hello. I recommend you test for nitrite and nitrate, not just ammonia. The level of ammonia in any established tank should be zero...since it is being turned into nitrites, then into nitrates. Test for these, they are most likely the culprits. I also recommend many frequent, partial water changes, until you get ALL the above things down to the proper levels. Two Sarasas in a 10g will require water changes twice a week, more if the levels remain high. You may want to think about getting a larger tank soon. -Gwen>>
GOLDFISH PROBLEMS 7/21/04 Hi, <Hi Sonia, MacL here> We've recently become first time fish owners with two small Fantails. We've had them for a few days and they seem to be swimming around a fair bit and generally seem quite happy. We have them in a 10 litre bowl with an under gravel filter and we've been feeding them a small amount of flakes 2 times per day. <Way too much food, please only feed them once a day or possibly once ever other day.> We just have a few concerns with them though that we're hoping you can help with. One fish is particularly bloated near it's rear end and constantly has poo hanging out behind it - this fish also eats about 70% of the food compared to the other. <Way to much to eat.> As this one seems to be constantly pooing, there is a fair amount of waste amongst the gravel. <And I'm sure a large amount of ammonia in the tank which can make them sick.> And lastly, they both constantly hover around the top of the bowl swallowing the air bubbles. <Definitely ammonia in the tank. Please do a water change and cut way back on the food, Don't worry all of us have over fed at one time or another!> Hoping you can help with these questions! Thanks - much appreciated. Sonia
Septicemia in Goldfish III - the Update! Hi WWM Crew! <Hi back! MikeD here> Just thought I'd let you know that all my fish are on the mend thanks to your excellent website and advice.<It's always better to hear of the advice that worked!**grin**> The red cap is still in the QT with tetracycline, but has gone from lying motionless on the bottom to constantly swimming around and begging for food!<Now THAT sounds like a normal Oranda! Well done, Madam> Melissa
Ailing <Poisoned> Goldfish hi <Hi, MikeD here> all of a sudden my goldfish stopped eating.<That's not good> it was always so active but ever since I noticed pieces of its skin shedding away from the back near its tail it doesn't move or anything not even eat<That's really not good!>. its been 3 days and I was advised to give it Melafix but yet no luck it stays to the top of the water well in an awkward position its head up and the rest of the body at a slant about a 60 degree angle. please help and thanks in advance! <A couple of questions...is this fish in a bowl, an aquarium or a pond? If #1 or #2, my first suggestion is a partial water change, not forgetting to dechlorinate the new water before adding and go from there. That's often all that's needed.> well its in a bowl I use the water from the tap so there should be some level chlorine in there.<It's a miracle this fish is alive! All city water contains enough chlorine to prove immediately fatal. In some cases, simply allowing the water to stand for 24 hours will allow the chlorine to evaporate, but in others a commercial dechlorinator is needed, usually requiring 1 drop to 1 teaspoon per gallon, depending on the brand used.> how can I dechlorinate the water and a partial water change meaning how much?<I'd suggest ALL of it, immediately if using a dechlorinator, in 24 hours if you just let it stand.>
Goldfish Eyes hi <Hi, Mike D here> I have bought a few more goldfish and one of them is a fantail that has a mixture of colours - gold, silver, black, blue and it looks great, almost tropical. However, while one eye appear normal and has a black pupil and a white outer rim, the other is completely black. Could this just be a marking<yep, sure could>, like some goldfish have their white bit coloured orange, this one may just have it coloured black. Or do you think there may be a problem with it. it doesn't protrude or anything and I can also see the puil within it if I look closely enough.<You just answered your own question. If you can see a pupil then the eye is likely just pigmented black and you have an unusual appearing specimen.> Could it be blind in that eye<That too, is always a possibility. All goldfish are the same fish species (a carp!) with all of the different appearances achieved through in-breeding, line-breeding and any other technique you can think of, so technically all of the unusual forms could all be looked at as birth defects and you would be correct there as well.> or am I over-reacting and this appearance is normal<Yep, you're over-reacting a tad too! **grin**>. Thanks a lot and I'll look forward to your reply as I need reassuring.<Consider yourself reassured and you're welcome.**grin**> Yours sincerely Liam
Ammonia in Goldfish tank 7/16/04 Hi, I read your site quite often and have learned much of what I know about aquariums from it, thank you. <Thanks, Pufferpunk here> I am currently having a problem I can seem to find the answer to anywhere. The ammonia level in my tank is high (1.2 mg/I) and I cannot seem to bring it down. The PH is a little low but not too low. I have a 51 gallon tank with 5 goldfish in it (3 comets, 1 black more, 1 fantail). I do weekly 25% water changes. I have 2 aqua clear filters - 1 300 gallons/hr and 1 500 gallons/hr operating at all times. The tank is about 1 year old and had me thinking that having fish was the easiest hobby in the world for the first 10 months. About 2 months ago I noticed my place's stopped eating and water tests reveal ammonia in the water. One place died and I took the others back to the fish store so they wouldn't die as well. I cut down on the food I was giving the fish, although I am quite sure I wasn't over feeding. I feed them twice a day and they take less than 1 minute to eat it. The aquarium is a planted aquarium and the plants are growing much faster than the goldfish can eat them (even with the ammonia problem). Are they getting too much food from the plants? Any suggestion as to what I can do to lower the ammonia levels would be appreciated. I don't like the idea chemicals as the goldfish seem to be tolerating the current environment. I would hate to make the problem worse in the long run. <Goldfish are high ammonia/waste producers. The pH is low (acid), from goldfish pee. You didn't mention how large your fish are, but at around 5-6", they'll need about 20g/fish. Many serious long-term goldfish keepers do weekly 90% water changes, to keep their goldfish healthy & long-lived (over 20 years). Since you've only been doing 25%, I'd work my way up to larger changes by doing 30% 3x in the 1st week & then your fish won't be shocked by the large change in water quality. Make sure to clean the gravel & clean one filter/week, leaving the other filter for the next week. Make sure to gently agitate the plants with your siphon to release any debris/uneaten food. Clean under all decor too. Most folks consider goldfish as good "beginner" fish, but actually they're pretty high maintenance. BTW, what's a "place"? ~PP>-
Fantail Help Hi Mike! <<Gwen will do nicely :)>> I need some desperate advice. I've had my 4 fantail gold fish for 2 1/2 months now. They are fine except for one. He has been floating a lot at the top of the water and ending up upside down. Lately it has been more frequent. I know that it is caused by his swim bladder. I have quarantined him, I give them peas every night and vegetable flakes, check there water quality regularly and water change when time is due. Everything is good except him. I have tried everything. The pet store said that there was no cure for this. Is it true? If not, what else can I do? It is heartbreaking to see him like that. When he does get a little better, he gets so excited that he can swim with the other fishies. Please help. Thanks, W. Leger <<Is this fish still eating? You can feed him a medicated flake food, which you may or may not find at your LFS...they seem to think he is beyond help at this point, so maybe they do not know about or do not stock medicated flake food, or any medication for Internal bacterial infections. Ask them, anyways. If they have it, use it, follow directions on the package. Do so for a good three weeks. As long as the fish doesn't exhibit signs of dropsy, there is a chance to help him. Dropsy is when the scales stick out, and the fish resembles a pine cone. Usually fatal, but can be cured if caught at the beginning and treated for a few weeks. Best luck, Gwen>>
Fantail Help III Thanks for the tip. What do you think about Maracyn-two? <<Go for it. Should help, it's a good product. Just follow the instructions to the letter, as with all medications, they are only as good as their user :) Make sure you buy the freshwater version. -Gwen>>
Fantail Help IV
Thanks Gwen, I have started treatment today. The fish that is the floater (I call him stripes) has a lump on his right side on his buttocks. It is round and seams like it is were his waste goes because when he eats you can see thru the skin the color of the food or peas. I bought him that way. Would you know what that could be. At the pet store they said it could be an accident that happened when he was a baby (when being shipped). I have to tell you it sure is great to have someone to talk to who knows what they are talking about. Thanks a lot. I'm trying to learn more about them as much as I can to keep them well. Thanks again for the great help. I am little bit less apprehensive. PS: I gave your e-mail address to my brothers fiancé, she has two tanks (20 and 25). She is having problems lately with her fish to. I'm not sure if she will e-mail you but I thought I'd let you know that I gave it to her. I told her that you were a lot more help than the pet store. Thanks a million. W. Leger <<Wanda, it's a pleasure:) and you are most welcome. Your bumpy fish could have been that way from birth, yes. It's hard to say without seeing the fishes growth over time. At any rate, I'm sure he will be just fine. IF he is eating well, you can also supplement the Maracyn II with Pepso Food (from Jungle), this should help his little insides, too. I hope your fishy recuperates soon. Let me know how it's going. Tell your brothers fiancé to mention my name in her email, otherwise her email will be put into someone else's inbox here at WWM. -Gwen>>
Fantail Help V
Hey Gwen, I have another kinda silly question. What about bran cereal (the kind that are like string). Would that be bad for the gold fish. I would pre-soak them to make them soft. They say Goldfish eat anything. So would this be a bad idea? He still is not better, the medicine did not work. <<Wanda, sorry to hear. This could take some time, patience is required. Don't forget, he was pretty much near death, it will be something indeed if he recuperates at all, never mind quickly. Please keep up with water changes, and hopefully he will pull through. It could take a couple more weeks, and as long as he is alive, there is a chance. Good luck. -Gwen>>
Fantail Help VI
Hey Gwen, But what do you think of bran cereal. Is it a bad idea? <<Ah, sorry I forgot to answer that part! I'm not sure about bran cereal...I don't see a problem as long as the flakes do not turn to mush and deteriorate the water quality. Why would you use them? They can not be considered a food staple, but perhaps as temporary attempt at treating minor constipation. I've no idea if they would even work for that. One thing I do know is that it can take WEEKS for a medication to completely cure a fish, and in NO way can bran flakes replace an antibiotic as an effective treatment for an internal bacterial infection. -Gwen>>
Fantail Help Thanks VII
Cool, thanks again and I will tell her to put her name and I will certainly let you know how my fishy is doing. Wish me luck and take care. PS: I put you in my address book, just incase, LOL. W. Leger <<Wanda, it's always a pleasure to help. Tank care! :P Gwen>>
Fantail Help VIII
Thanks Gwen, I just needed to know if it could be a good thing. well my little guy is always upside down now, I guess I'll just have to wait it out. Thanks again for all your help and tips. I'll keep in touch. Take care. W.Leger <<Anytime :) -Gwen>>
ANOTHER GOLDFISH PROBLEM Hi I sent an email a month ago regarding a fantail goldfish who appeared to have an internal blockage or parasite. I did everything for the little guy including feeding peas, aquarium salt, changing food, treating with medication, water changes, hospital tank...etc. But, in the end he didn't make it. I only had three fantails in a 55 gal. tank with an Emperor filtration system and a large air stone. The nitrates and ammonia were 0. Anyway, all has been fine and my remaining 2 fish have been happy and appeared to be healthy. I continue to do frequent water changes and everything else. Now, I have noticed that one of the fantails is exhibiting the same behaviors as the last one that died. He is laboring in his breathing, lethargic and sitting on the bottom. His poop is clear, with very little color and is in a long string. His head currently seems to have the beginning of Ich with two very small white spots on it. And, along one side of his body, he has red small pin-head sized dots in a perfect line going from his gill down his body and ending at the tail. And, his head seems to be constricting. This happened to the first one where his head became emaciated looking? I need help and fast. I have successfully raised goldfish for many years with no problems. I moved into a new home and started up a new tank. It cycled and everything and now, it has been problem after problem and I am frustrated. Should he die like the first one....will the others go too? Even after being so healthy? Healthy one day, and then the next....this is what I get. What can it be and what can I do to make it go away forever? I do water changes frequently and everything. Sinking flakes, live plants, etc., etc., etc. <<Hello. Check your LFS...I would recommend treating him with a medicated food like Pepso, and if possible, remove him to a hospital tank where you can also treat him with Maracyn II, a broad spectrum antibiotic that is absorbed thru the skin. These meds should help, and the sooner you can begin either or both treatments, the better.-Gwen>> <THEY to as fish the and are they aquarium. your of than wallet contents with concerned more much seems shop this care, Use juveniles. these but pairs, in live do can because both sell trying size surviving. actually them considering not now referring grow! will have you forget, Don't now. capacity over or at you're opinion, my last most lucky,>
Goldfish Problem
Thank you for your information, but he died before I received it. Now, I wonder how I can ensure that none of the other fish get ill? This is the 2nd one that has died. The first one died a month ago and then this one just one day started looking ill and never recovered. Do you know what this might be and if/how I can prevent the other 2 remaining fish from getting it? Thank you. <<Hi. The best way is by prevention...keep the water clean!! That means testing regularly for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels, and keeping them all low with regular partial water changes. I usually recommend weekly water changes with goldfish, they produce a great deal of waste, which builds up quickly. The smaller the tank, the harder it is to keep the levels low. Also, you can do a web search for water chemistry, to help understand the nitrifying process, and also goldfish health, both which should help you immensely. -Gwen>>
Goldfish I Hi, three days ago, I changed the water in my tank. I have a ten gallon with two fancy goldfish. They are both about five years old. I noticed the one fish" Treasure" had a bubble on his side, it was clear. I spent time on the net and thought it might be gas bubble disease, so I bought Melafix antibacterial meds and added more air to the tank. Today he is upside down at the bottom of the tank, breathing heavily. What more can I do? The other fish "Squirm" has not shown any signs of illness. Help soon,!-Karla S. <<Karla, Good job with the aeration and Melafix. How often do you normally do water changes? Did you use dechlorinator? Perhaps the pH from the tap water is radically different from the tank water? Test both to be sure they are the same. Also, test for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrates. Something is not right, and the only way to figure it out is to test the water for all the above. Let me know how it goes. -Gwen>>
Goldfish II
Hi Gwen, I have been writing to you about "Treasure", my fancy goldfish. I have treated him with Furan the last four days, feeding him peas and Tubifex worms. He is still unable to swim properly. I returned him to the main tank, all levels are now safe, except nitrates. I continue to do 25% water changes, but he sits on the bottom of the tank. I have to hold him when I feed him. He has lost parts of his tail and continues to breathe heavily. I still have hope, but need advice. Thanks, Karla Hi Gwen, here's the latest on Treasure. Thanks for all of your help. I am holding and feeding him a pea a day, as much as he'll swallow and not spit out. I am also feeding him brine shrimp daily. The ph is now safe, but I still have stress level nitrate. I am continuing water changes, as suggested. I put Treasure back in the main tank, but he is in a breeder net, my other goldfish tends to be aggressive. I started using Furan-2 yesterday instead of Melafix. He tried to flip over last night and today, but without success, he is still upside down. Your thoughts? -Karla <<Karla, I'm sorry to hear he is not recuperating quickly. There may still be a chance, I recommend you do not overmedicate him, though. Perhaps after this Furan treatment you should simply keep his water changes going, and let him be...it may take some time for a full recuperation. Patience, and clean water. Hopefully this will be enough. I hope he struggles on! Congrats on getting this far, Karla, you have done your best, and that is all we can ever do. Keep me informed. -Gwen>>
Goldfish III
Thanks Gwen, I'll keep you posted. I held Treasure and fed him a pea. I'm out to get the kits now. Thanks again.-Karla and Treas <<You are welcome :) -Gwen>>
Goldfish IV
Well, I tested the water and all levels were toxic. So, I changed the water, but the nitrate is still high. Treasure is still floating and breathing, except he is upside down, the bubbles are much smaller. I have hope. What's next? -Karla <<Next is, keep testing, keep changing water, re-add Melafix, keep praying. Is there any way you can take some of the filter media from the ten gallon tank's filter to add to the filter on the hospital tank? Adding some media with nitrifying bacteria would help, but you still need to be careful, Melafix can harm that bacteria if the colony is not large and well-established. Your best bet is to keep changing the water till the fish improves, then put him back into the main tank, and keep that water clean, too.. -Gwen>>
Goldfish V
Hi Gwen, thank you so much for all of your help. I stopped medicating and fed Treasure sinking food and Tubifex worms. Unfortunately, we lost him on Wednesday. He was a great fish and survived five years plus. We buried him next to our rose bush :-(. I learned a lot about goldfish diseases and proper care. Thanks again, Karla <<Karla, so sorry to hear about Treasure. But at least you are better prepared now for keeping future goldfish. I wish you all the best with your next "treasure". I hope you will call him Treasure, Too :) Chin up! You did a great job, but sometimes we lose fish no matter how much we do. It happens to all of us. -Gwen>>
Goldie, Goldfish Tank: Small 1 gallon bowl with blue stones on bottom and one fake plant in the middle at the bottom. There are no other fish. Hi, We were away for 4 days and when we returned our goldfish had a large red blotch on her head with some white cloudy stuff over it. It also looks like it's protruding. She is darting about and spitting out her food. There were some teenagers in our home while we were away and a cleaning woman. I'm having trouble diagnosing because it looks like either ammonia or trauma. We cleaned the water twice and it is ammonia free. (We couldn't check the ammonia before we cleaned the bowl because we didn't have the means). I saw something in the tank that looked one long thread of a spider web. I hope you can help. Thank you, Lorin and my children, Jennifer and David < Could be trauma and the fish smacked his head on a rock or the side of the tank. The white stuff is fungus feeding on the dead tissue. Treat the fish with Furanace and that will get rid of the fungus and treat any bacteria that has infected the fish. Next time you change the water use a conditioner with some wound control.-Chuck> Thank you for your advice and quick response. Just one more question. She is in a plastic bowl and I noticed that the antibiotics are set up for dosing 10 gal tanks. (I think one said 1 teaspoon). Do I put one drop in the water while the fish is in the bowl? < Place the fish in a clean 5 gallon bucket and cut the dosage in half.-Chuck>
Goldfish ills Hi, I have a goldfish, which I have had for nearly 4 years, he has been through quite a bit in this time, has been sick a few times and always recovered. About 2 years ago, the other fish who was in the bowl with him passed away, and his stomach got very bloated and black in colour, this disappeared, but he has always remained quite bloated. For the first 3 years, I used tap water and drops, he recently had red scaling over his body, and we were advised this was stress and to put him in filtered water, he seems to have been okay with this for the past few months. The other day, I cleaned the bowl and noticed white specks everywhere, which again I was told was stress related, I cleaned the bowl again and he seemed okay. I went away for 3 days, when I returned, I noticed that he doesn't seem well, and under his tail is very red and swollen and there are a few white specks (that seem a little hard to touch) on the bottom of the bowl. Are you able to tell me what the red swollen problem is around his bottom, do fish get constipated? < Yes but I don't think this is the problem. I think you have a bacterial infection. Clean the bowl and then treat with Furanace. Follow the directions on the package. If the white spots are on the fish then you need to treat for Ich. Make sure that the water doesn't get too warm during the summer months.-Chuck> Leisa
Injured Bubble Eye Hi, sorry, I am really frantic now. My bubble eye is now in a critical condition. I came back home to find the bubble eye's "bubble" stuck to one of the pipes of the filter. Now although we freed it, but the bubble eye appears to be highly injured, with the bubble deflated, and there seems to be red and white pus-like items within the injured bubble. As there are other goldfishes within the tank, 2 orange/white Pearlscale and 2 red Lionheads, so I decided to put it in another separate tank. That's all I can do for the moment, however, is there anything else I can do??? I am really worried, please try to guide me. Do you need a picture of it? I can take it and send you as soon as possible. Please reply me AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. THANKS. Best Regards, Caroline <<Caroline, Since the fish is already in another tank, all you need to do is add a bit of Melafix to the water, and pray :) You can also buy a medicated food at your LFS, which should help as well. Injuries like this are not life-threatening, but the fish may not regain the use of the eye, and the bubble may not grow back the way it used to be. It depends on the extent of the damage. In the meantime, keep the water quality high with regular water changes, your nitrates should be low in order to control secondary infections. Also, test the water in the main tank. This fish would have had to have been already weakened in order to get "stuck" to an intake, normal fish do not get stuck to intakes...so you really should test all tanks for ammonia, (should be zero), nitrites (should be zero) and nitrates (should be around 20-40ppm). -Gwen>>
Goldfish Query Hello, I am not sure if my Oranda has got dropsy or egg compaction. I'm not sure of its sex. It's got a swollen abdomen (it has always been slightly rounder than my other fish but not so much as it is now) and its scales are protruding a little also its eyes are a little bulged, this concerns me because I know its a symptom of dropsy. It's behaviour seems normal, maybe a little quiet and lethargic and its vent seems a tad more noticeable than usual. I'd be very grateful for your reply. Thank you, Justine <<Justine; Raised scales always signify dropsy. If it has just started, you might save the fish. If the fish is still eating, you can go to your LFS and buy some medicated food for internal bacterial infections. It might take a few weeks to recover. If he recuperates, make sure you feed your goldfish a high fibre diet: a good quality Spirulina flake, frozen daphnia, and skinned peas. Also, keep the water clean with regular partial water changes. Nitrates should be as low as possible, 20ppm is a good level to aim for. -Gwen>>
Sick Goldfish I have a question about my goldfishes, I recently bought them from Petco and transferred them into my tank. Things were going fine, until today when I discovered that there were little white particles attached to the fins of the fishes, it looked like water bubbles at first, but then when I took a closer look I realized it wasn't, what is it? And is it normal? Also, the three that I bought like to lay on top of the rocks middle of the night, sometimes in the afternoon as well, are they sleeping or is there something wrong? Please reply as soon as you can, thanks. <<Hello. Sounds like they have Ich, a parasite. You will need to go back to Petco and buy some Ich medication. Read the label, and follow the instructions carefully. Also, you might want to take along a sample of your tank water, so they can test your water for you. -Gwen>>
Septicemia in Goldfish Hi, <Hi, MikeD here> I have a 40 gallon tank with four goldfish in it (6 inch comet, 5 inch red cap, 1.5 inch black/gold fantail, 1.5 inch orange comet). I had another pearl scale, but it just died with red streaks in all its fins and obvious internal bleeding, appearing as bruises, and also in the eyes. Now, the two big fish have started showing streaks in their fins and redness in the joints. I guess it might be septicemia<that sounds like an accurate assessment>, but I can't get Maracyn 2 in Australia (I've ordered it but since the pearl scale took just two days to die, I don't think I should wait).<Wise as it's obviously advanced> I added Triple Sulfa about 6 hours ago. It didn't dissolve quickly - the fish are so well trained they started eating some!<no problem, in fact that's actually good> So I'm not sure if they ate too much or anything - the two big ones are gulping air a lot now. Did I poison them?<not with the medication> Should I add Tetracycline as well?<too much is a BAD thing, use one at a time> HELP!!<If you were to check your water, I suspect it has elevated levels of ammonia in it. Goldfish are notoriously dirty and this is very common. You don't say anything about any type of filtration, but my FIRST action would be to do a 25% water change, followed by another 25% and THEN start medicating> Melissa
Goldfish Rupture We have a 3 year old comet goldfish that has been healthy until a couple of weeks ago. After a tank water change, he became very inactive and stayed on the bottom of the tank. At that time, I noticed that his abdomen had become a little swollen. I read that they can sometimes have constipation or indigestion which makes them inactive, so we did not give him any food (fish flakes) for a few days. <<After a few days of not-feeding, you need to give the fish some help in the form of a high-fibre diet. Goldfish are herbivores and need a good Spirulina flake on a daily basis, some frozen peas that you cook for 5 minutes and remove the skins on a bi-weekly basis, and the occasional frozen daphnia, to help keep the intestines clear.>> However, that didn't improve the situation, a few days later, we noticed that something white was protruding out from his bottom right side, which was more swollen than before, with the scales being raised a little. The next morning, we saw a brown trail about an inch long coming out from that spot. It didn't look like a parasite, as it was about a millimeter in width, and an inch long, but we tried the salt bath to try and get it off, in case it was a worm. It did come off, but it looked more like fish poop than anything else. <<Yep. Indicating intestinal constipation problems.>> Anyway, since then, the fish is back in his tank, and the side has reduced in swelling somewhat, but it's still raised a little and you can see it's a little brown underneath. He's more active, swimming around the tank, but he doesn't use his tail fins, and it looks like he's being pulled up by his tail, and he seems to be struggling against floating to the top. We haven't really tried to feed him too much since the rupture, although he seems a little hungry, picking things off the gravel and, and acting a little more normally. I haven't seen him poop either. <<Not much will come out if you are not feeding him. Start feeding the fish! Make sure it is in the form of peas ONLY for the first few days. Goldfish are sensitive to changes in their diets, so be careful in the future when changing foods, and don't feed the wrong foods..>> What could be the matter with him, as I can't find anything online that remotely sounds like what he's gone through? <<Intestinal blockage, leading to swim bladder disorder, which you will find information on in any decent goldfish website. Here are a couple of links for you to read: http://www.petlibrary.com/goldfish/symptoms.htm, http://www.goldfishconnection.com/articles/details.php?articleId=83&parentId=8, http://www.netpets.com/fish/reference/freshref/swimbldr.html >> Thank you for your advice! This fish is special because he was a prize to my son for getting potty-trained! We hate the thought of putting him out of his misery, but also don't want him to suffer! Esther <<Please do regular partial water changes to prevent this problem from worsening. Buy yourself some test kits for ammonia (should be zero), nitrites (should be zero) and nitrates (keep nitrates at a low level, between 20ppm and 60ppm). And do some more reading! -Gwen>>
Goldfish Rupture II
Thank you for your response! I will try the peas diet right away. The goldfish did have some more stuff coming out from the side a few days ago (second time), and we fed him a couple of times with the same fish flakes (couldn't bear the thought of starving him), and now he's a little inactive again. Do fish ever have intestinal ruptures like that and still survive? Is it worth trying to prolong his life? Thanks again, Esther <<Esther; He should be fine, as long as you can get him onto a high fibre diet, and keep his water quality as good as possible. Buy him some peas, get those test kits, and do some water changes, and he should start to perk up within a few days :) -Gwen>>
Goldfish low activity Hello- <Hi there.> I'm new to keeping an aquarium. Everything is going pretty good so far. I have two goldfish, an Oranda, and a fancy tail bubble eye. Yesterday the bubble eye has started resting on the bottom of the tank, this is the first time he's done this since I got him. The water has been checked, <by checked I'm assuming you mean the standard Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, etc... testing.> I don't dump any unnecessary chemicals in the tank. <Very good practice to keep.> I've added some aquarium salt, but that is it. Is it normal behavior, or something else? <I'm not sure how large this tank is. My thoughts are that this is due to an increase in the temperature do to summer. So, you need to check your water temperature. Goldfish require cooler water, and many owners have difficulties with goldfish as the weather gets warmer. So, monitor your tank, if it is getting to warm then try to keep the lights off of it, or if it is in the direct sunlight to move it out of it. Also, I would consider (if you don't have one already) to place in an airstone/air pump to help oxygenate the water. As the water warms it has less diffused air for the fish to breath. This should help the fish. Also, four goldfish can produce quite a bit of waste and unless kept in a tank that can comfortably fit them you run the risk of having sick fish. Monitor your fish and keep an eye to make sure the fish doesn't have any other health issues starting (spots on the skin, fin rot, etc.) things that could happen to a fish when it's immune system is not at it's peak. If you start to notice extern problems you can treat with medicines such as Mardel's Maracide. But, try not to treat your fish unless you see that they are sick. Medicine in the water will only help decrease the oxygen levels, and if the fish really isn't sick it won't help.> Thanks, Kevin <Good luck with the fish. -Magnus>
Pearlscale with Swimbladder Problems Hello Gwen thanks for the reply but we unfortunately lost the fish two days after I sent the email, we had transferred him to a separate tank and were trying him on frozen daphnia but to no avail. I think that the water quality is ok we've bought and used the test sticks and all the other fish including our other Pearlscale look healthy enough. The sick fish had been inactive since we bought him two weeks previously but had always been lively around food. He was even feeding vigorously on the day he died. So who knows? I don't know whether to buy another Pearlscale or something more hardy ?Is swimbladder common in Pearlscale's or were we just unlucky? many thanks, Jenny <<Dear Jenny; sorry to hear :( But to answer your question, most fancy goldfish can fall victim to swimbladder problems, it depends on genetics and environment. Since we cannot change the fishes genetics, all we can do is provide them with the best environment possible, including clean water (low nitrates) and a healthy vegetarian diet. You can find a great deal of info on fancy goldfish using your search engine, to help you keep your fat, sassy goldfish alive and kicking for many many years :) -Gwen>> Swim bladder Problems Hello can anyone offer advice, we have two Pearlscale which we've had for 2 weeks, today the fatter and less active of the two started swimming on one side and may have a possible swimbladder problem to add to this he appears to have a small gash on his side and is being chased and nipped at by our two small fancy fantails who nip his bottom and fins. Would it be best to treat him in the tank which he shares with our other Pearlscale ,two small fancy fantails, and two small telescopic fish? Or to separate & treat him? What is the best treatment for swimbladder problems. Many thanks, Jenny
My Sister's Fishes are Acting Weird... >My sister's goldfish are acting very strangely. We have 2 goldfish. One is orange and one is gray/black colored. The orange one has been lying on it's side on the floor for about a month. The orange one also is kind of crooked. It's body posture is like a V. It started getting fat and it's eyes are strangely starting to....grow (like.. budge out). and it doesn't eat. But today, we saw that the black one was "picking (or eating?)" the orange one. The black one is like sucking on the orange one's eyes, fin, body, and etc. my sister has been feeding them in the morning and at night. We've had four fish in the beginning. Two of them died. So. we've had these fish for over 2 years.. What's wrong with them? ><<Sounds like you need to take a sample of your tank water to your Local Fish Store and have them test it for you. Chances are good the water quality has deteriorated over time, the nitrates are probably wayy high. You should be doing weekly partial water changes! I think your orange goldfish may be beyond help, pop-eye is a sign of internal bacterial infection. Treatment is necessary to save him, but unless you can get your water quality back in shape, there isn't much hope. The other goldfish may survive, but again, you will need to get busy with those water changes in order to prevent him from developing the same problem. Make sure the water is the same temperature, and use a good dechlorinator (water conditioner), which you can buy at your local pet store. -Gwen>> > Thank You! <<You are most welcome. -Gwen>>
Goldfish on Bottom of Tank Hi, A few days ago I sent a question regarding my large egg shaped goldfish who has been sinking (uniformly) to the bottom of the tank. You had suggested it was swim bladder and suggested not feeding them for a few days. This does not seem to be working. I have checked the water and the ammonia and nitrates are 0. I have also added aquarium salt. He was eating peas for several days before. He is one of three goldfish (he is the biggest) in a 55 gal. tank. I have live plants and an apple snail. The filtration system is an Emperor and there is a large airstone on the other side. The other two fish appear to be doing well. What I have noticed is that he has long strings of clear poop trailing behind him. It is thin and it looks like an encasing with nothing in it. He is now beginning to swim less and less. When he swims, he swims normal. When he sinks, he sinks belly first - no abnormal swimming. No outward signs of distress. Could this be something else? An intestinal parasite? What can I do? He was fine for several months. It has now been about 3 weeks of this behavior. Thanks so much for your help. < Your fish has an internal blockage in its gut and requires medication. Metronidazole will treat the anaerobic bacteria building up in the gut of your fish. The trick is to catch it early for a complete recovery. Follow the directions on the package and watch for ammonia spikes because the medication may affect the good bacteria that break down the fish waste.-Chuck>
Goldfish with dissimilar size eyes hi! my name is Karen I have a question concerning a bubble eye goldfish, he is in a tank with 3 other goldfish. we have had him for about 5 months and today his one eye as in the pupil is a lot smaller than the other? Is this a genetic thing? can that happen over night? the eye sacs are still the same size? < I suspect that your goldfish is blind in that eye. Sometimes in is genetic. Other times it may have been damaged during handling. Run a net by your fish on that side and see if he responds. There is no way to reverse the damage.-Chuck>
Another sick goldfish! Hey WWM, My goldfish has bubbles and white spots on their fins. What is wrong with them? < Probably Ich, a protozoa infection. This is easily cured with rid-Ich or some other Formalin-malachite green formulation. It takes about 3 days to cure, longer in cooler water. Check for ammonia spikes during and after treatment. Follow the directions on the bottle carefully.-Chuck>
Swimbladder Problems Hello can anyone offer advice, we have two Pearlscale which we've had for 2 weeks, today the fatter and less active of the two started swimming on one side and may have a possible swimbladder problem to add to this he appears to have a small gash on his side and is being chased and nipped at by our two small fancy fantails who nip his bottom and fins. Would it be best to treat him in the tank which he shares with our other Pearlscale ,two small fancy fantails, and two small telescopic fish? Or to separate & treat him? What is the best treatment for swimbladder problems. Many thanks, Jenny <<Dear Jenny; You may remove him to another bowl or small tank for treatment. Make sure to test your water frequently, both in a hospital tank and in the main tank. Water quality can deteriorate quickly when keeping goldfish, it's important to have your own test kits and use them to keep your water quality top notch: Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate test kits are all available at your LFS. Sometimes swimbladder can be cured by simply improving water quality, and by changing the fishes diet to spirulina flake, shelled green peas (buy frozen ones, but cook them for a few minutes to soften them) frozen daphnia, and pre-soaked Hikari pellets. More advanced cases may require medicated food. Here is a link to a website that can give you some good info on goldfish diseases: http://www.goldfishinfo.com/diagram.htm and another: http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/goldfish/info/diseases.htm also, if you need more info, do an Internet search for swimbladder disease. -Gwen>>
Sick Goldfish Hello........ Please can you help me..... I have 2 big Veiltails, Both female. One of them is fine, the other one, 1st, she started to clamp her dorsal fin, and now she hangs to the water's surface. She still eats well. When I feed them, she will swim to the bottom to get the food. I have been doing water changes, and I do use a tap conditioner. What else can I do ? Thanks very much < The clamped fins could mean a couple of things. Either a protozoa or bacterial infection. I would try some rid-Ich first for treating Protozoans. It takes at least three days to see if it is working. If you don't see any improvement then I would use Furanace to treat the bacterial infection. Follow the directions carefully and watch for ammonia spikes because these medications will affect the bacteria bed.-Chuck.> Rachel.
Red Red Everywhere I have three goldfish (2 celestial and one Oranda) in a temporary 10 gallon tank with a filter. Recently they have begun to show red streaks in their fins and around their gills, especially the Oranda. I thought it was fin rot but then the red around the gills of the Oranda threw me off. Could it still be? The Oranda looks terrible but is acting fine. The other two look a bit better, but have droopy fins and are less active than usual. Help? <<Hello. Please do some water changes! Also, you can add one teaspoon of salt per three gallons of water. Do you have any test kits for ammonia, nitrite or nitrates? Perhaps your LFS can test your water for you. Melafix can also help. It is an herbal product with great results. The red streaks are a sign of bad water quality. Depending on the severity of the problem, the water changes, Melafix, and salt should be enough. If you see the problem does not begin to improve within the next few days or so, you may need an antibiotic. See your LFS for what they have in stock to treat external bacterial infections. And please do more frequent partial water changes! -Gwen>>
Sedentary Goldfish my goldfish stays on the bottom in the corner of my 55 gallon tank, why < If your goldfish has been exposed to poor water quality like dirty water and the ammonia or nitrite levels have gotten very high and stressed your fish , then he may have picked up a swim bladder infection. The air bladder in the fish helps keep it buoyant. Sometimes bacteria attack the opening to the bladder and the fish can no longer control the amount of air going in or out. The fish then becomes a belly slider and scoots along the bottom of the tank. Cleaner water may help but there really is no treatment that is very effective.-Chuck>
Fantail Sick Hi. NEED HELP.. I have a fantail goldfish for about a year. It is constantly having scales fall off, so I got this distinct-m medicine. Everything was fine until this morning, I notice there was a white little bump on the side of the body it is as small as a scale. It looks like the scale is going to fall off but is still partially stuck on. It is eating fine, and swimming around. Is it Dropsy, but it is not bloated or anything. Thank you very much. <<Hi Melody; dropsy is a symptom that is easily recognized by viewing the fish from above...looking down on the fish you will see the scales are all sticking out uniformly, the body resembles a pinecone. Therefore, one lone scale sticking out due to a cyst should not be a problem. Scales falling off is usually related to aggression from other fish. I can't really tell you what the fish's problem is, so I will ask you to get your water tested at your LFS for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrates, and let me know the results. Also, if you could give some more info, it would help. How big is the tank, is the fish eating well, what other tankmates, how many times a month do you do water changes and how often you clean your filter media (never in tapwater! use old tank-water to clean filter media, as the chlorine in tapwater will kill off quantities of your nitrifying bacteria), and how long have you been using this medication? I am not familiar with Distinct-M, what does it treat, and what are the ingredients listed on the box?-Gwen>>
Goldfish on Tank Bottom <Hi Kim> I am hoping you can help me. <I'll give it a shot.> I have a 55 Gallon tank. It has an Emperor filtration system and I also have a large airstone on the opposite side of the tank. I have one (3 inch) orange fan tail gold fish, one small pearl scale (2 inches) and one 3-4 inch gold, egg shaped (I don't know the name) goldfish that has the beginning of a lion style head. And, one apple snail. All of the fish get along. I have live plants in the tank and have tested the water. The water quality is good with no ammonia. I have been feeding the fish floating pellets, but have now replaced them with peas for about 1 1/2 weeks. <Why did you switch to the peas? Because of the sick fish? Do you mind me asking how long since you checked the ammonia? Do you have any bottom feeders to clean up what the fish don't eat besides the snail?> Here is my problem: For the past three weeks, my largest egg-shaped fish has been laying on the bottom. He swims when he wants, but always retreats back to the bottom. He seems to have something in his belly that weighs him down. <Sounds like a possible swim bladder problem.> He can swim, but if he tries to float, he sinks. He sinks slowly and evenly. I have tested the water and it is fine. I have replaced his food with peas. <Actually very smart. Either him eating the peas or possibly having him go without food for two or three days.> The other fish are swimming around fine and healthy. There are no outward signs of distress or illness. He seems to be breathing ok, but I have noticed that after he swims, his breathing is more rapid as soon as he retreats/falls to the bottom and then it slows to a regular pace. He does eat, but he cannot eat well from the bottom, because it seems that his belly is too heavy to give him the buoyancy he needs. I have also added salt and done a water change (not in that order). He's a pretty wide and fat looking fish with a short tail. <Unfortunately the ornate goldfish, as I understand it have a predisposition to this problem. No one really knows what causes it. There are several different possibilities. Viruses, bacteria (like in an infection, body shape, and or what's he's eating.> Before, he enjoyed eating everything and swimming. <Sounds like a lovely fish. Might I ask? Do you soak your food before you feed it? This can be helpful as it prevents the food from swelling up within him. Very helpful for this type of fish.> Could he be constipated? <Its a possibility.> And, wouldn't the peas have helped that by now? <Depends on how fast he is digesting and if he has any other problems going on.> Or, has he grown too big and his short tail can't support him? He used to have long trails of poop following him. I haven't seen that in awhile. <Sounds like he might have a problem. In all honesty I believe it is with his swim bladder. I would suggest not feeding the tank for a few days and seeing if it resolves itself on its own. Very difficult I know for a lovely caretaker. There is another method that can be done where you basically stick a pin in the swim bladder but since you are new at this I would not recommend that you do this. If he doesn't get better in a few days you might consult a knowledgeable vet who knows how to do this.> <I'm so sorry he's not well. I wish I had more answers for you on this. His particular body shape does make him more prone to this type of thing happening. Keeping his tank as clean as you have been doing, helps more than anything. Please keep me updated and let me know how he is doing. The only thing you might try is an antibiotic that's gentle on the chance that the swimbladder problem is an infection of some sort. Should you try this, you'll need to watch your tank closely to make sure it doesn't affect your good bacteria in your filter system. Please keep me up-to-date Kim. Mac> Thank you, Kim
Goldfish Parasite? <Hey Kendra, MacL here> I have a question about parasites on goldfish. I have a 29 gallon goldfish tank, and I just recently added a Pearlscale to it. A few days after the addition, I noticed that another one of the fish (A red Oranda) has what looks to be a parasite attached to its tail. The parasite is ~.5cm long, is white with black spots on it, and is surrounded by what looks like a ring of green. <I'm very much afraid you have been attacked by anchor worms. That sounds very similar to the worms I had to pull out of a friends pond and off the fish. A picture would be extremely helpful.> I have been treating the tank with Melafix for the last several days but have not seen any improvement. The afflicted fish seems otherwise fine, is still eating and has no noticeable problems. <That's very good. The problem is that the worms will multiply and attack the other fish.> I have read the information on parasites but nothing I read sounds remotely similar to what I'm seeing on the fish. What is this, and what can I do. <If it is anchor worms, they need to be manually pulled out with tweezers. Then you'd continue treatment with the MelaFix or another antibiotic to prevent infection. A picture really would help to make this more accurate. Good luck.>
Dead Fish? My house pet goldfish, which I won from a carnival on Wednesday night has just sunk to the bottom of the tank & he is not moving around. I'm pretty sure he is dead but I just wanted to make sure. Thank You. <<Can you touch him? if so, he might move. If he doesn't, he is dead, if he moves, I recommend a full water change to see if he perks up. -Gwen>>
Bloody Sores Hi, I have 2 goldfish in a 30 gal. tank. I know that is not big enough at all. They are waiting for our pond to be built. I'm looking to get a 125 gal. tank for them while they are waiting because this 30 gal. does not seem to be working for them. One of my goldfish is 11 inches, the other is 9 inches. My problem fish is the 11 inch (2 & 1/2 year old comet). He has red sores that just showed up yesterday. One is right behind his left fin (almost in his armpit/fin pit), the other is underneath between the two fins. The spots are blood red and the one behind his left fin is red with a whitish gray in the center. He sits on the bottom of the tank all day. When I feed them twice a day he comes up and eats. He also spits out of the top of the tank when I open the lid. I started treating with Melafix yesterday after I did a 90% water change. I do 90% water changes once a week. I know I should probably do that more often. I clean their filters every other day. One is a 20 gallon whisper filter and the other is a 30 gallon penguin filter with BioWheel. Any help you can give will be greatly appreciated. I really love this fish. I got him right after my dad passed away 2 years ago. I want to do everything I can to get him healthy again. Thanks for your help, Jennifer <<Dear Jennifer; Your fish seem to have a bacterial infection. Are you vacuuming the gravel? You didn't mention it, so I had to ask. Doing so will help keep the toxins down. Also, you may want to do two water changes a week instead of one, the BEST way to know how often to do water changes is to buy yourself some test kits. Get the Master Test Kit from Aquarium Pharmaceuticals, the new version comes with ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, and pH tests. Test them all on a regular basis. From the number of times you are cleaning your filters, you may be having some ammonia or nitrite problems. Go to your LFS and ask them for a decent antibiotic to fight septicemia. Remove the carbon from your filter when using this, or any meds. Please let me know how it goes. -Gwen>>
Goldfish illness Hello Again, Sorry to be asking this many questions in a row- <No problem. We are here to help> I have read your site and searched for answers but this is one I cannot find here.. How can you tell if a telescope eye goldfish has Popeye affecting just one eye- or if it is just a deformity? No redness, no signs of stress or illness. <Usually there is a redness or other physical signs, but it still is very hard in telescopes and celestial goldfish. Keep an eye on the fish and monitor it.> Would a fish with Popeye seem ill? <Sometimes yes, sometimes no. Popeye typically is caused by water conditions not being as good as they can be. sometimes it's caused by other bacterial infections. But, just keep up with the water changes and monitor your fish. I have seen goldfish with sever pop eye and they were swimming quite happy aside from the swollen eyes. Other goldfish are sitting on the bottom. > The fish is acting just fine, and his eye was like this when I got him a week ago (he is still small), however it appears it has gotten a bit bigger (or I'm just noticing it more). <Sometimes your brain can tell you it's looking bigger. My girlfriend was sure he one telescope had Popeye.. the fishes eye to me never got larger. after a month of this she finally believed me. But, not to say that the fish isn't sick. You might want to consider adding a broad based medicine. Mardel company offers some nice medicines. Since Popeye is bacterial infection you can always treat with Maracyn.> Water is PH 7.6-7.8, ammonia .25-.5 (detoxed, values are from the tap), nitrites 0, nitrates 20ppm (tap). I had seen an entry about slightly uneven eyes in a moor, but this is very noticeable. Thanks again for all your info! <Just keep an eye on it. Remember the fish you see in the stores are just the ones that look good enough to sell. If you ever try to breed goldfish you will see how many of them are not up to breeding/selling standards. I've seen telescopes born with only one larger eye. And have seen some that have one eye facing up.. and another down. So, perhaps your fish just has a slight genetic abnormality. But, please keep a close watch on the fish. Keep up with the water changes, and treat if the condition worsens.> -Jo <Good luck. -Magnus>
What am I doing wrong? Goldfish systems and losses Hello <Hello there.> I know that you can help me. <I will sure try!> I have been trying to start a freshwater tank for some time. I have been doing everything that the pet store has advised, but I can't get my goldfish to live longer than a week! <yikes.. that's not good.> I've let the water in the new tank run for at least a week before introducing the fish, <Try letting the tank run longer. Set the tank up and let it run for at least two weeks. During this time add a small amount of the flake food to the tank (with no fish in it), the flake food will break down and feed the bacteria needed to promote a healthy tank.> I've treated the water with a conditioner recommended to me, and the 10 gallon tank is properly aerated. <A 10 gallon tank is small for goldfish, you will only be able to keep one maybe two small ones in there. They are very messy fish. You will also need to have a filtration system on the tank not just something to aerate the water. Small Hang on back filters like "Whisper" are very inexpensive and are needed on this tank.> The goldfish develop white spots and eventually their fins begin to rot. They get very weak and soon die. I've treated for Ich and fin rot, and I've brought a sick fish to the pet store for advice. Nothing is working and I am getting very frustrated. I have thrown out all of the rocks and plants and I would like to try again, but I am scared of losing another fish. please help! Tiffany <Well Tiffany, was this tank used for anything else in the past? Perhaps it was exposed to chemicals or something, even cleaning solvents can remain in a tank that will kill fish. You can always tear down the tank and rinse it out with very hot water and start fresh. Set up the tank, gravel and decor inside it. Fill with water, and turn the filters on. Let it run for two weeks at least, during this time place in a few flakes. Maybe once every three days. break them up to fine powder, this increases the surface area and they break down faster. I suggest you also invest in test kits for Ammonia, Nitrites, and Nitrates. Test you water and when these are at zero parts per million then it will be safe to put in goldfish. There are many good books on the topic of starting a freshwater tank, I suggest you going to your local library and getting some out. Also look over the articles and forum on WetWebMedia.com, there you are sure to find some great info. Best of luck to you and your future fish family! -Magnus>
Goldfish Woes Hi my favorite goldfish Gilbert has this strange thing wrong with his mouth. Its very swollen and it looks really red almost bloody. And when I look to the side you can see a big red vein in his mouth. He keeps hiding behind a statue in the tank. What's wrong with him. Please help me save him he is my favorite. <<Hello. This sounds like mouth rot, though goldfish don't normally get this. Are his fins normal? Any body sores? How big is his tank? Is he still eating? Are there other fish in there with him? How often do you do partial water changes? Do you test your water? If not, your local fish store should provide this service, take a jar of your tank water to them to be tested for ammonia (should be zero), nitrite (should be zero), and nitrates (should be low, around 20-40ppm). Most fish illnesses are a direct result of these toxins being too high.. water changes performed more frequently are usually required. While you are at the fish store getting your water tested, ask them for a good medication for him. An antibiotic for mouth and fin rot should do the trick. Follow the instructions on the package. And always remove the carbon from your filter when treating with any medication. -Gwen>>
Goldfish Woes II
My goldfish is a LITTLE bit better. The guy at my fish store said that he has mouth rot. And to treat him and so I'm giving him two kinds of medicine. But he seems to be getting a little better. But he doesn't eat, he doesn't swim, he kinda just sits there. There are 2 other fish in a ten gallon. I haven't gotten my water tested but they told to bring the water in and they could do it. I looked at his mouth and its a round hole (where his mouth is) and he has a tiny hole the size of a push pin to breath through. I looked at the bottom and when he breaths it's a big hole. Thank you so much for replying tome. Julie <<Hello Julie, great to hear that you are treating them, and that you have access to a decent LFS. I hope your goldfish recuperates :) -Gwen>>
Goldie's turning whitie >Hello I wondered if you could help me. >>You must be psychic, I wonder, too. >I have 2 goldfish and mash has recently turned white over past week or so. They are a pair of really old men I've had them for 5 years now, I guess it's to do with their age. >>Five years is less than half their lifespan. However, fancy goldies are known to change color. It's rather unpredictable when or how it will happen. >But I would like to know if there is anything I can do to help them, or is it just a age thing. >>Not so much an age thing as a genetics and time thing. Not to worry, as long as the fish is still fat, happy, and healthy. Marina >they seem happy enough I just worry he's sick. thank you Hannah
Funky Fins? - 06/07/2004 Overnight my Oranda lost most of her tail fins. I thought it was fin rot although the other Oranda was doing fine and still is as well as Koi all in a 165 gallon tank. <It is quite possible for only one fish to be affected by an illness; if you get the sick fish out, that will reduce the chance of spreading. Also, in an established system, fin rot usually only comes about with a decline in water quality - have you tested for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate? What were your readings?> I took out the Oranda and put her in a hospital tank and started observation and then the ends of the injured fins became black and the dorsal fin has the orange color of her back going up the fin. <Sounds perfectly normal. The black edging of the fins is likely the wounds beginning to heal, though it could be a simple change in color, as well. The orange color extending into the fin is quite possibly just a natural color change. If it is reddish, or if you see red lines/veins, it may be damage from poor water quality - again, test ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate - fix with water changes if ammonia or nitrite are above zero, or if nitrate is above 20ppm.> I thought it might be caused by flukes so I treated with Quick Cure-the formalin/Malachite green combination for 3 days and there is no improvement, <Whew, yikes! No indication of flukes, here, that I see. If you haven't already, I would recommend that you discontinue this medication - I don't see anything in what you've written so far that would indicate parasites at all. Medicating when unnecessary, or for something that the fish doesn't have, can cause the fish further problems.> the black color is still on all the edges of her tail fin. <Again, this is likely just the site of the wound left by the damage to the fin. It can also indicate ammonia burns - pay close attention to ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, this is crucial. The fish cannot heal well if there is *any* ammonia or nitrite in the water. Again, do water changes to remove any ammonia or nitrite.> I checked the water and the ammonia level is OK because I do water changes. <By 'ok' I do hope you mean zero.> What do you think the black coloration is? <As above, likely the site of injury, or ammonia burns.> I did search with Google first and found other web sites that a few other people have noticed the same problem with their goldfish <I did a few Google searches, as well, and all the descriptions I found, in particular one that was very detailed that the person believed to be some mysterious "black smudge" disease, all were concurrent with ammonia burns, or natural color changes. I have seen nothing to convince me otherwise.> but there was no answer on the sites except change water which the people said they did and no improvement just as I have done. <More important than just a single simple water change is that you monitor ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, and *maintain* optimum water quality. This is crucial. Keep ammonia and nitrite at zero, nitrate less than 20ppm, and do so with water changes, not through chemical means.> Please help with any suggestions. Thank you <I do hope this has been of some help. If you have any further questions, or have anything else to add, please feel free to write back. Also, do keep in mind, a picture is worth a thousand words - if you have a digital pic of your goldfish's condition, do please send it along in email. Wishing you and your Oranda well, -Sabrina>
Goldfish losing fins hi, I recently bought two fantail fish and both were in the same tank, I have one fantail who has really long fins, but when I woke up this morning half of his tail is gone like it had been ripped off. the fish didn't have any problems before... they actually get along great.. will he be fine? any info would be great.. < You need to determine if the tail has been ripped off by the other fish, caught and torn off by catching it on a rock or branch, or actually being eaten away by bacteria. I would isolate the fish and see if it gets worse. If it does get worse then you need to treat with Furanace to kill the bacteria because you have tail rot. If it gets no worse then you know either a fish tore it or it got caught on something. Check the water quality. I am betting that you have tail rot and that your nitrates are high. A water change and cleaning the filter will help too. -Chuck> thanks Fawn
Blistered Goldie <Hi there, Magnus here to help> I looked over a lot of your stuff, but didn't find anything specific to my question, <that's why we are here to help with emails.> I have a 10 year old goldfish, do not know what breed, it was a feeder I bought when I first got my aquarium, with in the last 6 months a large white blister with some red tinge developed on its head above its eyes, <blister, does it seem to be a bulge deep beneath the skin, or does it seem to be right on the outer layer of skin? Reason I'm asking you this is that other goldfish owner have written in with similar descriptions and the conditions ranged from Ich to tumors.> it popped a few months ago and a second one grew and became very large. There are some white spots around its head, but they do not resemble sugar, the fish does dart and seem lethargic at times, any suggestions would be greatly appreciated, if a picture is desired I can email one, and if it may be better to go into a pet shop I can easily to that too, Thank You <a rupture to the blister doesn't sound like Ich, I'm afraid that it might have a skin tumor. But, it's hard to say without actually seeing the fish. It might have a secondary fungus infection around the area which could explain the spots after it "popped". I suggest you look at some of the pictures and links at http://www.goldfishinfo.com/ they have some good photos and suggestions. I would at least be treating with a broad based anti-biotic to make sure the fish doesn't get sick from secondary infections around the head area. Many of the medicines from Mardel Company have worked very nicely on my goldfish.> Tessa Miller <Good luck, and hopefully that link will offer some help to you. -Magnus>
The Lowdown on Dropsy - 05/31/2004 Hi, my name is Julie. <Hi, Julie, Sabrina here, today.> I need some advice please... feel blessed having owned my four goldfish (1fantail, 1 blue Lionhead, 2 x black mores) for nearly five years with no disease problems. <Wonderful.> I went to town with my daughter to buy some new weed, <Uhm, I assume you mean plants - for the goldfish - yes? Kudos for giving the goldies their greens.> and she struck up a friendship with a very cheeky speckled Lionhead in the store which I consequently purchased ($20). First problem was all my fish developed Ich within a week of purchase which I treated successfully. <Whew. Please consider employing a quarantine tank for new arrivals!> It's now a couple of weeks later and I have just spent three days nursing 'chops' (the new fish) until his death this morning. <Oh, so sorry to hear that.> Having read a zillion web pages on goldfish diseases it was very apparent to me yesterday that 'chops' had Dropsy. <I always feel like a broken record for this, but - dropsy is not an illness. It is a symptom of illness, just like sneezing is. You sneeze, maybe you're allergic to something, maybe you have the flu, whatever - but the sneezing is just a symptom of it. Dropsy is similar. There are a number of bacterial illnesses that afflict the liver or kidneys that cause dropsical conditions, but even simple constipation can make a fish bloat up. Allergies can cause similar results, too. Though, all boiled down, if its scales were sticking out, pinecone-fashion, it is likely that he had a bacterial infection.> I had noticed his scales sticking out about two weeks ago - it looked like he had Goosebumps, but he seemed quite ok up until a few days ago when he became very subdued, scales sticking out. I isolated him, added appropriate salt and he did eat some green peas but as per general advice death was swift. <Good job on isolating him. I'm sorry he didn't make it, but at least don't beat yourself up about it; fish seldom survive once you see their scales sticking out like that. If caught early, sometimes treating with antibiotics in food can help, but not always even then.> My problem being - now I'm very anxious about my fish. My blue Lionhead has been darting around the tank which is unusual for him, banging into things and one of my black mores has his face in the stones, tail up doing very little. <Have you tested ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate? Ammonia and nitrite should be zero - anything above that should be considered toxic. After medicating for Ich, I'm sure your tank is going through a cycle, and you'll need to do water changes - perhaps even up to 50% every day - to keep ammonia and nitrite at zero. I would hazard a guess that this is why your fish are stressing.> Is there anything preventative that I can do before symptoms appear? <Some hefty water changes will not hurt, that's for sure. Be sure to vacuum the gravel well, get any decaying material out of there, and monitor your water conditions closely. Good husbandry is the best preventative of disease.> Is Dropsy contagious??? <Well, the bacteria that cause dropsical conditions can be, yes; if you removed the fish from the tank before he died (you said you isolated him, I assume you mean in a separate tank?), that would have significantly decreased the possibility of the illness spreading.> Is there a gestation period for Dropsy??? <The infections that cause this symptom can be very, very long and slow in development. It could take a very long time to surface. If the remaining fish are kept healthy and in healthy conditions (test water, as mentioned above), they should not contract it.> Many thanks for your help, Julie <Any time, Julie. My fingers are crossed for your fishums. -Sabrina>
Goldfish head rot Hi, The head of the goldfish having a small cut of roughly 10cm <2.54 cm =1 inch, 4 inch cut?> and is start to rot. What can I do to prevent it to get worst and cure it? < Service the filter and do a 30% water change. The parasitic bacteria thrive in water high in nitrogenous wastes. It also stress the fish and makes them more susceptible to diseases. Isolate the fish in a separate quarantine tank and treat with Kanamycin or Furanace until cured as per the directions on the package.-Chuck> Thank a lot! Best Wishes Chwee Leong
Goldfish head rot - II
Hi, The head of the goldfish having a small cut of roughly 10cm and is start to rot. What can I do to prevent it to get worst and cure it? < Cuts and scrapes on fish should be treated in a separate isolation tank. Kanamycin and Furanace work well on general bacteria problems. Treat the water with a conditioner with wound control in it.-Chuck> Thank a lot! Best Wishes Chwee Leong
Fish laying on the bottom all day Hi Wet Web Media crew, I have been and read your useful site in hope of some answers to my fish's mysterious illness. I have a beautiful orange fantail and his name is Quasar. He has been with us for a year, and is living with a red cap in a 26 litre tank (6.85 gallons) We have been doing exactly the same thing all this time - changing water every two weeks, feeding them frozen (then defrosted) brine shrimp in the morning and 2 floating pellets each for dinner. They have also have a plant, which they did not eat in there. Quasar is resting on the bottom of the tank all day, and only comes up for food. His lower tail looks a bit split and stringy, which we suspected is fin rot, though there is no sign of an infection. This behaviour and the tail thing happened on Friday. The aquarium shop said it may be because he is laying on the bottom, and bacteria is able to attack his tail more readily. We have treated him with MelaFix (on Sunday), a tea tree derived 'natural' medicine that helps to cure fin rot, whether it is or not - I'm not convinced. The carbon has been removed whilst treatment is taking place. Our water was tested on the weekend, and everything is fine. A water change has been made and that has tested fine too. The red cap seems unaffected by this, though hovers around his friend to give him support. My fish seem to recognise food time, when I turn off the pump so their food doesn't go everywhere, and the spread is minimal. Quasar then comes up for food,( which I have minimized for him), and swims around hunting for more, then settles back down to rest, when the pump is turned back on (a sign feeding is over). This may be unrelated, but we have noticed his vision seems to have deteriorated over the last month as he seems to miss sea monkeys as they fall almost in front of him, and he seems to be guided by smell to eat them. Short sighted like his owners. He is quite young still, body length 5cm, and he used to be so efficient and sharp. We wonder if he has injured himself, as there is a small brown mole like mark that is seen on the top of his head through his translucent skin. So here are as many facts as possible. Aquarium workers may know some, but I am confused, and their answers are inconclusive. Could he be constipated. We have replaced the plant he doesn't eat with one he does yesterday (Sunday). As you can tell, we love him very very much. Please shed some light on his mystery illness, and give us some hope for his fighting chance. He is strong and healthy when he does swim and the most lovable fish. < You fish sounds like it may have come down with an internal swim bladder infection. The swim bladder helps the fish keep its buoyancy. When it becomes infected the fish sometimes lose this ability and rest on the bottom as they try and swim around they seem to bump into every thing. They often injure themselves as they move around and get bruised up an torn fins. I would put him in a breeder net for now to minimize the physical damage and treat with Metronidazole for the internal infection. This medication may affect the good bacteria so check for ammonia. Do not feed during the treatment.-Chuck> Please answer soon. Vonda, from Melbourne.
Goldfish losing scales and frantic swimming My 8" Shubunkin and 3" goldfish were in my garden pond for about a month where they absolutely thrived and grew. Worried about the summer heat I bought a 30 gallon aquarium with 2 Top Fin filters and added a bubble stone strip. While the Shubunkin was in the pond I noticed it was swimming slightly on its side occasionally and the goldfish kept rubbing the sides of the Shubunkin and following it around constantly. At that time I thought it was a mating procedure, but now I'm not so sure. Since the transfer (2 weeks ago) the Shubunkin has gotten worse. It is loosing scales, swimming more on its side, and swims around the tank frantically as if it is trying to get out. My 3" goldfish continues to rub the sides of the Shubunkin and follow it around constantly. My first thought was the goldfish was rubbing the scales off the Shubunkin, but the scale loss is mostly on the top at the sides. Is there something I am doing wrong? Do you think my Shubunkin is ill? If so, what can I do to save her? I'm REALLY worried that I'm going to loose her. I did a 1/2 water change today and still can not seem to keep my water clear. I have cleaned, sterilized sand in the bottom instead of gravel because I was told that it was easier to keep a tank clean with sand. Should I switch to gravel or is the sand okay? Please, please, help! < Goldfish are messy feeders. The excess food and fish waste generates ammonia. Ammonia creates grey cloudy water that stinks. It is very toxic to fish. If it does not kill them outright then it stresses them to a point that they come down with all kinds of weird bacteria problems like what you are encountering now. By sterilizing the sand you have killed off all the good bacteria needed to convert the deadly ammonia to less toxic nitrite and then to even less toxic nitrate. First clean the filter. Do not feed the fish. Get an ammonia test kit and get the ammonia under control by water changes or by chemicals that will absorb it. Remove any carbon and treat the tank with Kanamycin. When the fish is cured you can start feeding again but check the water for ammonia and treat accordingly until the tank gets its nitrifying bacteria going.-Chuck> Donna
Goldfish losing scales and frantic swimming - II
Thank you so much, Chuck! I do so much appreciate your help! What kind of test kit should I buy? < If your local fish store does water testing then I would ask them for a recommendation because they are familiar with the test kits they use and can answer your questions as far as interpreting the results.> How often should I test the water and what are acceptable levels? < Zero ammonia and zero nitrites. The nitrates should be no higher than 25 ppm. If ammonia/nitrate/nitrite levels are too high will a water change be sufficient or should I add something to the tank to lower them? < Ammonia and nitrites should be controlled with good nitrifying bacteria. The bacteria live in the sand, on a BioWheel or on a wet dry filter tray. Check the levels first and try the water changes and see what happens. If the levels are still too high then we need to look at other things. I try not to add chemicals if possible. This creates a wide variation in water chemistry that fish don't like.> How often do I treat the tank with Kanamycin? <This is a powerful antibiotic and should not be overused. WE need to build up the fishes resistance to disease first with clean water. The bad bacteria use the nitrogen to help them feed on your fish. Follow the directions on the bottle. If the fish are still sick after two treatments then we are on the wrong track and need to make adjustments. I do not feed the fish the whole time they are being treated? < The treatments should only last a few days. Fish can easily go for a week without eating.> Should I remove the fish that are not ill before treatment? < I would remove the sick fish to an isolation tank and then clean up the main tank.> If I introduce the Kanamycin to the tank will it kill off good bacteria as well as bad? < Some medications affect the good bacteria in different ways. I am afraid that this one will definitely kill off some if not all the good bacteria.> If so, should I add something to the tank to replace the natural flora back to the tank?. < Before treatment I would remove some of the sand and keep it wet. After the treatment is over you could put the old sand back in with the good bacteria in it to reintroduce it to the tank.> So many questions, I know. But I have so much to learn. This is my first aquarium and I do, so much, want healthy happy fish. < I would recommend that you get a general aquarium book for some future reference. The ones from Barron's are usually pretty good and not expensive. Once you have gone through it then you will have a better understanding of how an aquarium really functions and you will have fewer problems. -Chuck> < Goldfish are messy feeders. The excess food and fish waste generates ammonia. Ammonia creates grey cloudy water that stinks. It is very toxic to fish. If it does not kill them outright then it stresses them to a point that they come down with all kinds of weird bacteria problems like what you are encountering now. By sterilizing the sand you have killed off all the good bacteria needed to convert the deadly ammonia to less toxic nitrite and then to even less toxic nitrate. First clean the filter. Do not feed the fish. Get an ammonia test kit and get the ammonia under control by water changes or by chemicals that will absorb it. Remove any carbon and treat the tank with Kanamycin. When the fish is cured you can start feeding again but check the water for ammonia and treat accordingly until the tank gets its nitrifying bacteria going.-Chuck>
Swollen Shubunkin Hi I have a goldfish and a Shubunkin in a 10 gallon tank with an under gravel filter. They are about 9 years old, and until now have never had any problems. They are fed on flake food, aquarium weeds and thawed bloodworms/brine shrimps/etc. During the last few weeks the Shubunkin has become bloated, slightly more on the right side than the left. At first I convinced myself it was the colour (it is partly black on one side) that made it look lopsided. I have occasionally thought that in the past, but suddenly, about 10 days ago, it got very much worse. It is still feeding normally, swimming normally despite its shape, and is its usual cheerful self. No scales are sticking up, there is no redness, its fins are fine and the goldfish is not hounding it. I wondered if it could be: a. egg bound (I don't know if it is a female) b. constipation, although I wouldn't be so cheerful if I were that constipated! c. parasites, but there's nothing visible externally, and I did a general parasite treatment when I first suspected a problem d. dropsy, although no scales are raised, e. a tumour (but would it be behaving normally with a tumour that big?) or f. something completely different. Can you suggest anything? I'd like to anything I reasonably can for it! Eliza. <<Dear Eliza; Please read any FAQ's you can find here that deal with goldfish. I will repeat what I tell everyone who has goldfish in too small a tank: test your water for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates. Ammonia should be zero, nitrites should be zero, nitrates should be low, say between 20-40ppm. Higher means doing water changes until it reaches that reading. Vacuum and do twice-weekly partial water changes. Please let me know your water test results. Two goldfish in a 10g for nine years means these fish are stunted, unless you have been doing daily 50% water changes... Goldfish require at LEAST 10g per fish in order to grow to their full adult size: 12 inches long for Shubunkins, and baseball-sized for fancies. They may not survive much longer unless you move them into a larger tank and improve the water quality. -Gwen>>
Swollen Shubunkin II
Hi Gwen Sorry - I got the tank size wrong. It's 24x12x15, so it's still too small but not that bad! I think that makes it somewhere between 15 and 18 gallons, allowing for gravel and filter which take up about 2.5 inches. There's not much in it apart from some plastic plants, fresh weeds which they eat, and 2 smallish, bottomless pots which they seem to like sleeping in. Having read your other advice sections, I have given them each the middles of a couple of small peas (thawed and squashed) and some Epsom salts. There is some Aqualibrium in the tank, about 1g per litre. Bearing this in mind, how much Epsom salt can I use? I have erred on the side of caution, I hope, with 1.5 tablespoons so far. I found some pea-coloured poos; I think they came from the goldfish but there was a bit of something stringy from the Shubunkin as well, so something's moving! I have tested occasionally for nitrites, and never had a problem. The testing kit is ancient now, so I don't trust it any more. I assumed that if nitrites were OK, and the fish were OK, and the tank was clean, things couldn't be too far out - they're hardly exotic, after all! I also use Safe Guard and Safe Water. What suitable (i.e. hardy, attractive and not too big) cold water fish would you recommend for a tank of this size? If I were to go up to a 30x12x16 tank (there's no space for anything bigger), I think the pump would cope, but what about the filter? Does it have to be the same size as the tank floor, or could I get away with using the same one - 6 inches short? Eliza <<Dear Eliza, the first thing I need to mention is that nitrites should always be zero, as I already mentioned. Because they are being converted to nitrates. You really need to test for NITRATES in your tank water in order to know the level of fish waste. You should prolly buy a new test kit, and start using it to ascertain how often to do water changes. Keep the nitrate level at 20-40ppm...higher means water changes! Your tank sounds like it could easily house some white clouds, platies, maybe some nice tetras if you add a heater. Move your goldfish into a 33g or 40g, they will be happy there for a while. Water testing will let you know when they are too big for a tank. Also, be careful with the undergravel filter. They do require being maintained properly. That means tearing the damn tank down and cleaning beneath the filter plates every 3-6 months. A pain to do, perhaps your budget will allow you to purchase an HOB filter such as an AquaClear, Penguin or Whisper. Easier to maintain by a long shot, with the added bonus that you can change out carbon and cartridges in seconds. You should look into that. IF you decide to remove your undergravel filter, or clean it, PLEASE re-email me regarding precautions to follow so your fish survive the ordeal. UG filters can harbor some nasty stuff. Removing the fish while you clean the tank may be in order. I can explain the why's and how's if you need me to.. -Gwen>>
Sick Goldfish I have had Lloyd the comet goldfish for almost 8 months now. He has always been healthy, and I have never had any problems out of him. But just three days ago, I discovered that a lump has formed on his side. In fact, it projects about 1/2 cm from his body. It is right behind his left gill. The lump is the same color as his body, and he doesn't seem to experience any pain from it. He is in a ten gallon aquarium with three other comets, one angelfish, one Betta, and two snails. They all get along well and I have never ran into any problems until now. Just yesterday, the lump began to put a white, pasty discharge into the water>Will you please email me back information about what you may speculate is wrong with Lloyd. I am very worried about him, and I would deeply appreciate any information about his condition. He is my favorite fish, because he offers the most personality to the aquarium. I would hate to loose him Stefanie R. Baker Why aren't the other fish getting lumps, and should I treat them? What can cure this? <<Dear Stephanie, just like us, sometimes I can catch a cold, but you won't...it's about each fishes' resistance level to disease, and that is directly related to stress. The weakest fish get sick first. And, first thing is that a ten gallon tank is too small for all of these fish species. The goldfish should have a lot more space (if you test your water for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, you will see how quickly the water becomes polluted) The angelfish should have a HEATER and a larger tank, their fins become stunted when kept in too-small tanks. The only fish you own that can live in that 10g for any amount of time is the Betta. This lump is probably just the beginning of any number of diseases that will affect your fish if you continue to keep them in this tiny tank. At any rate, weekly water changes are required, along with some dosing with Melafix to help control whichever bacteria being released into the tank from the goldfish's pasty discharge. Please test your water for the above things! Let me know what your test results are. -Gwen>>
Sick Goldfish I wrote to you a few months ago about a sick fantail(?) goldfish who had been upside down for months. Unfortunately, he died a few days later. His tankmate (Blacklip) seemed ok, so after his death, I disinfected the whole tank and filters and basically started over. The biofilter finally straightened out after about a month or so. During the cycling process, I changed the water for Blacklip twice a day to keep the water quality halfway decent. She never seemed stressed out during this time. Shortly after the water was ok, she developed these strange bumps on her pectoral and pelvic fins. They are sort of pinkish in color and look almost like warts. She also has some flat white spots on her dorsal and caudal fins. She has had them for months now (since February), but they don't seem to bother her. She is eating fine, but she does occasionally dart around the tank and swim sideways close to the bottom--scratching?? She lives in a 20 gallon long tank with a canister filter that pumps 180 gallons/hour and an airstone. I had not really had any water quality problems for years and siphon the gravel and change the water at least once per month, checking water quality (ammonia, nitrites, and pH) weekly between water changes just to make sure everything's ok. I also rinse the filters weekly. The water quality is fine right now--no ammonia, nitrites, pH 7.3 or so. Normally, she eats flake food, some floating and sinking pellets, peas and occasionally some spinach (spinach usually 3X/week). She has been eating several thawed peas (pulled out of their skins) each night in addition to flake and pellets for a couple years now. <<HELLO. WHAT DO YOUR NITRATES MEASURE? The spots on her fins sound like Lymphocystis, a viral disease caused by stress. Most likely due to bad water quality.>> When the spots first appeared, I tried adding salt to the water (in February), about 1 tablespoon/ gallon. After about a month and no change, I slowly eliminated the salt by many water changes. Around the end of February, she started to develop a red spot on her back at the base of her dorsal fin and also more wart-like bumps on her dorsal fin. I treated with Kanacyn and that cleared up the red spot, but the wart-like bumps stayed the same. A few weeks later, the red spots returned, so I treated with Maracyn-two, Maroxy, and CopperSafe by Mardel. Again, the red spots disappeared, the wart-like bumps did seem to get a little smaller this time. I kept the CopperSafe in the water a few weeks longer, until the wart-like bumps came back just as before. Then I figured it wasn't doing much, so with water changes, it, too was removed. A few days later, again, the red spots returned. I have noticed that the spots and bumps seem to come and go. At first, I thought they disappeared with many water changes, but I'm not so sure. Even without water changes, they seem to come and go. The wart-like bumps never disappear entirely, but they do seem to get smaller when the red spots disappear. The red spots completely disappear for a few days and then they come back for several more days than they were gone. Over the last few weeks, she has developed more of the red spots--on the side of her face and some just under her operculum. These spots come and go as well. I wonder if this could mean some type of parasites??? If they go through a cyst stage the spots are evident and when they "hatch' the spots go away for a few days or so until the cycle starts over. She never seems stressed at all or breathes fast (her gills look fine as far as I can tell). I borrowed a digital camera and got some pictures of her wart-like bumps (on her anal fins) and some of the red spots--on her face and dorsal fin. The pictures aren't great, but I'm hoping they will help with a diagnosis. I really don't know what to try next--salt and copper seemed to have no effect. I have also looked at some of the "junk" siphoned out of her gravel and saw what could be some kind of fluke (looks like a worm with attachment hooks at one end and a big mouth at the other end. There are also tons of little round creatures darting all around--fluke larval stages???), but I'm no expert--just comparing to pictures in an aquarium book I have. Plus, I looked at the "junk" in my African frog tank and those same worm-like creatures are there, too. Maybe they are just insect larvae. According to some of my books, the bumps could also be Epistylis. I should also mention, occasionally, she seems to have trouble keeping her tail down--it will float up and she will flip over for a second and then dart around the tank--possible internal infection associated with parasites or just gulping too much air ?? She does also occasionally swim around the top of the tank and gulps air. When she does this, she looks like she is just playing, not gasping for air or stressed. I haven't treated her with anything for about six weeks or so. I'm thinking of trying either Rid-Ich by Kordon or Parasite Clear by Jungle Labs or maybe Clout by Aquarium Products. There are so many medicines out there. I would appreciate any suggestions--I hate to just keep trying different medicines, not really knowing what the problem is. <<Your problem is bad water quality. Please test your NITRATES>> Lastly, how would she have gotten parasites or whatever ? I had her and the other goldfish in the same aquarium for three years with no problems until last September when her mate got sick. Has she always had them and all of a sudden they decided to attack? Thanks for reading this rather lengthy note and I appreciate any suggestions you might have. I really enjoy your website--it's very informative. Georgi <<Georgi; PLEASE TEST FOR NITRATES. Ammonia and nitrite should be zero in any established tank, because they are turned into NITRATES. Please test your nitrate level. Please do MANY more frequent partial water changes, and vacuum the tank WEEKLY. Nitrates should be kept around 20ppm. Higher means doing many water changes to lower it. Your goldfish needs weekly water changes or she may not recover from the next round of whatever disease hits her. Please stop adding medications and do some water changes. I hope your fish recovers. -Gwen>>
Goldfish laying eggs Greetings. Have spent hours trying to learn about goldfish laying eggs...couldn't find what I wanted...so am writing. Thank you in advance. We have 4 goldfish in a 25 gallon tank. Water is great, they are healthy. The bubble-cheeked fish has been hanging upside down in a plastic plant for days. I do not believe she has eaten...barely moves at all. Is she laying eggs? What the heck should we do? Will the bigger, more aggressive Molly bother her/them? Please respond if you can...I'll try the library in the meantime. Thanks again! < Unfortunately I don't think your goldfish is laying eggs. When fish are stressed from things like poor water quality, old food or too high a temp, then their resistance to disease starts to break down. Some of these break downs occur externally, but many of the break downs occur internally. I am afraid your goldfish has a case of bloat/dropsy. It has an internal pocket of gas that won't let it swim normally and so you find it swimming oddly and caught in the floating plants. I would recommend treating the fish with Metronidazole with a 30% water change every other day until the fish begins to eat again. If you medicate the main tank then you will need to watch for ammonia spikes because the good bacteria that break down the fish waste may be affected.-Chuck> Cindy
Another Sick Goldfish! Dear Bob Fenner, Hello. I have a question concerning my goldfish. I have a Bubble-eye goldfish and recently (maybe about 1 or 2 days now) he has had very veiny bubbles. Also, his scales by his back fin and his back fin have blood on them. I was wondering if you knew anyway I can help it. Thank you for your time. <Sounds like a bacteria infection. Isolate your fish in a separate tank and treat with Furanace as per the directions on the package. Watch the water changes in the future. Tanks that are high in nitrogenous wastes tend to lead to weak fish an bacteria infections. Don't treat in the main tank or the medicine can kill the "good" bacteria that help break down the waste products.-Chuck>
Black Moor with Cloudy Eye I have a black moor goldfish and one of her eyes appears to be deflated, no abnormal behaviors have been observed. The entire eye is cloudy. Is there anything that we can do to help heal the eye. Thanks, Colleen <<Dear Colleen, yes, test your tank to make sure your water quality is excellent: no ammonia, no nitrite, low nitrates (20ppm) and add a teaspoon of salt per three gallons of water, gradually. Dissolve the salt before you add it to the tank. The cloudiness might go away on its own after a few days, if it was caused by rough handling or some other external injury. If it doesn't begin to show signs of clearing up after three or four days, you may need to treat her with a stronger medication. Check your LFS to see what they have in stock for bacterial eye infections. Don't forget to test your water! -Gwen>>
Goldfish weird behavior I have a goldfish that's about a year old now and for the last month and a half has been floating at the bottom of the tank on its right side. It does occasionally swim around to one side or the other, and it will eat as long as I drop down some sinking food. But, whenever I try to push it back upright, it just sinks back down to laying on its side. I think its also affecting the other fish because they no longer swim around...they just kind of float there. I've separated the fish and put it in a 'hospital' tank and gave it meds for both a bacterial and fungal infection (not at the same time) and neither did anything to improve the condition. The best way to describe it is its as if the fish had a stroke. and its one side is just not working. its breathing normally but none of the fins on the right side seem to move (then again.. could be cause its laying on em). Any ideas? < Service the filter and change 30% of the water. That should get something moving . If not. Check the ammonia (0ppm), nitrite(0ppm) and nitrate(<25ppm) levels. If all of these check out then watch the amount of food you are giving your fish. Give them only enough that they will eat it all in a couple of minutes. Vacuum the excess out. If they are not eating then they have an internal problem and need to be treated. Use Metronidazole at 250 mg per 10 gallons of water with a 30% water change every other day until they are eating. If the tank is sick then the medications will not help or be effective on the fish.-Chuck> Thanks!! Christie
Sick black moor Hi, I purchased a black moor (my first fish) just under two weeks ago. I noticed white spot about three days ago so I've put some Interpret Anti-White Spot plus in the tank (32 liter bowl) but it doesn't seem to have done any good so far. < Ich can only be killed when it is in the free swimming stage away from the host. It takes three or four days depending on the temp.> Also, this morning I have noticed his eyes seem to have some sort of fungus around them, white and fluffy. he looks really sorry for himself and spends a lot of time 'resting' near the bottom of the tank. He also does a lot of floating around at weird angles, what can I do ? Thanks for your help. < Follow the directions on the bottle and do a 30% water change every other day. Use a water conditioner with a slime additive too. Make sure there is no carbon in the filter because it will remove the medication. The slime you see may be a natural response from the fish to build up a slime coat. Watch for ammonia spikes because the medication may affect the good bacteria.-Chuck> Pauline
2 very sick Orandas Hi, I'm hoping you could help me out with this problem I'm having with my Orandas I had 3 Orandas in my 20 gal tank I know stretching the rule my water param.s are ammonia 0,nitrite 0,ph 7.2 one of my blue Orandas passed away the other day it came on all of a sudden in the morning he was stuck in the plant and his fins and tail were frayed so I read the charts on my Mardel products and figured out it was dropsy? so I picked up some Maracyn two and treated him in the hospital tank he lasted only an hour, so I checked on the other blue Oranda and my black Oranda he was very swollen and pine Coney looking so I treated with the Maracyn and 1/8 teas. of Epsom's salt per 5 gal. also have been feeding them tetra "anti-bacteria" medicated food they eat it fine but, so Monday is there last treatment and there still the same way sluggish, some activity but I read on my Mardel instructions use with copper safe, should I have used that do I need to treat another 5 days with the Maracyn 2 & copper safe? I also was thinking of a salt dip but there stressed already and my water is very cloudy but I didn't want to do a partial water change because of the meds. please help. thanks ~Shauna~ < In treating this disease you need to realize that it is brought on by stress. Either the wrong food ,dirty water, temp too high, etc... I would recommend that you service the filter and do a 30% water change for starters. Treat with 250 mg of Metronidazole per 10 gallons of water. Remove any carbon in the filter. Add the salt just like you have been doing. Repeat the water changes and the medication every other day. Treat with an Ich cure too. It seems to make the cure faster. The antibacterial food is fine if they are eating. See if the antibacterial food has the Metronidazole in it. They make two different kinds but only one has the Met. in it. These medications may have an affect on the good bacteria in the tank so watch for ammonia spikes. This disease seems to affect algae eating cichlids too and is called bloat.-Chuck>
Re: 2 very sick Orandas 2
thank you for the reply but my black Oranda is deteriorating now scales coming off ragged fins I keep adding the salt and took my carbon out of the filter and used TriSulfa for now because the guy at the fish store suspected they may be suffocating by to much aqua plus so I did a 3 rd of a water change and doing the meds but I think today is my fishies last day from how the patterns are going < I suspect that the medications have killed off all the good bacteria in your tank and the ammonia is building up and now burning your fishes gills and flesh. Get some Kent ammonia de-tox now. Stop medicating! Continue with the water changes at about 30% per day. Sounds like your tank may be crashing.( the pH has dropped dramatically.) Wait and see what happens.-Chuck>
Goldfish changing color? I had 2 gold fish in a 30 gallon tank, they seemed to have been doing well, eating well, usually just flake and pellet food, then NEMO (daughters choice) started getting black spots all over usually small to medium spots, I thought maybe he was just changing color, but then it seems his gill area was turning a little red in color.. it just looked as if he was deteriorating. he has since passed on. does this sound like anything familiar to you? I have been trying to do my best with these fish but apparently I didn't < It sounds like ammonia burn. If the water builds up too much waste from overfeeding or a lack of water changes then the elevated waste levels become breeding grounds for disease. Check on the ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels. If there are any readings of ammonia or nitrite then it stress the fish and they get sick. The nitrates should be less than 25 ppm. Keep us in mine next time and we will get you through it. -Chuck>
Sick fantail Dear WWM crew, My fantail is sick. He was lying on the bottom, not moving very much and not going after food as usual. I think it could be swim bladder disease, but I'm not sure. Constipation? Now he is just floating around. I think it may be too late. I gave him floating flakes and more recently some bloodworms, which also floated. Hence the swim bladder disease conclusion. Any advice/medication or is it too late? I isolated him in a shallow tank. All water chemistry is good. Thanks for your help < Wow, It seems like we have gotten a lot of questions on this problem lately. Two common problems occur when the water quality declines and fish get either overfed or fed the wrong foods. If your fish is floating it usually means that a bacterial infection that has infected the gut. As the bacteria increase they produce gas and this causes the fish to bloat and float to the surface. The other problem is when the disease attracts the swim bladder and the fish cannot get up off the bottom of the tank because it is no longer buoyant. It is probably too late but you can try Metronidazole according to the directions on the package. A 30% water change every other day and a teaspoon of rock salt per 5 gallons of water might help too.-Chuck> Scott
Goldfish Illness - Need Help Hi, I have a goldfish, his name is 'The Rock' who for the last 4 or five days hasn't been swimming around at all. He just lays on he's left side most of the time motionless except for breathing. I removed him from the tank and kept him on his own for the past 3 days, I cleaned the water each day and I also added some Epsom salts to the water as I'd read on some of the other advice given on your FAQs page. The Epsom salts seemed to stimulate him a little, for the first while and he seemed to have much more movement with his front fins, however still his top fin and two underneath rear fins don't appear to be fanned out as much as healthy fish. When I say much more movement, it is in spurts, It's like he tries like crazy to swim, makes a very small distance and then is to tired to keep going and sinks to the bottom again on his side. My goldfish is spending all it's time at the bottom by the way. I didn't feed it for 2 days, then just gave a very small amount of peas and broccoli, he also doesn't seem that interested in eating. To help I have attached some photographs I'm hoping you may be able to suggest what I can do to help him get better. < Sounds like his swim bladder has become infected and lost all of his buoyancy. Without it he becomes too tired to swim and stays on the bottom, too tired to move. Usually fish stressed by a history of poor water quality develop these weird internal conditions. I don't think you fish can be saved. Some things you can try, cool clean water can't hurt. The salt will help too. In an isolation tank you could try a shotgun technique with a broad spectrum antibiotic like Kanamycin. The medicine will probably cost more than the fish is worth though. Good luck.-Chuck> Fred Leduc
Another Sick Goldie Hello - I was hoping you could help as one of my goldfish seems to have taken ill. I noticed him swimming a bit strangely a couple of weeks ago - he seemed to be making jerky movements instead of swimming smoothly - and thought it might be a swim bladder problem so changed his food to a solid, sinkable type instead of a floating one. Also I fed him some defrosted shelled peas. There are 2 goldfish in the tank and the other one seems fine. Both are less than a year old. Anyway he seems to have got worse as now he is spending most of the time laying down in an ornamental cave that's in the tank, and when he does come out (quite seldom) he is still doing the jerky swimming thing. He doesn't even come out when I put food in the tank, although I have seen him eating a little bit today. I've noticed his tail seems bent in a funny way where it connects to his body (sorry - don't know any technical terms) and was wondering whether that might be something to do with it? It could be a bit swollen compared to normal but I cant really tell. I cant see any abnormal colouring anywhere on him or any other signs of damage. What do you think the problem could be and what should I do about it? Any advice would be very gratefully received. Katy Donnelly < I think you are correct in your assessment of your fishes problem. Usually a history of poor water quality is at least partially responsible for these weird internal problems. These are very difficult to successfully treat. Try cool, clean water with some rock salt and a shotgun treatment of Kanamycin. I think you fish will not get any better but may stabilize after treatment.-Chuck>
Fantail's not so Fantastic I have been searching the web to find out what may be wrong with my fantail and have not identified it. The fish has a small white protrusion on its side. There is no redness on the fish and the one bump is just white. Seems to be eating and swimming fine. The other goldfish all appear to be ok. No new fish, plants, etc recently. No change in diet. I have put the fish in a hospital tank (4 gallons). Any suggestions or ideas? Thanks for any info you can give me. I've had this fish about 4 years. Peg <Could be a scratch that has become infected and already healed over. Watch for fungus and treat if needed. If there are no other problems then I would put it back in a couple of weeks.-Chuck>
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Goldfish Success
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by Robert (Bob) Fenner
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Cause and Effect Essay Example: Climate Change & Hurricanes
• Last Edited: December 19, 2018
cause and effect essay example
Writing doesn’t have to be a chore.
To prove it, here’s a cause and effect essay example that gets down and dirty with a semi-controversial issue that polarizes a lot of people (no pun intended): yes, we’re talking about climate change.
This topic has been in the news for a good long while.
Climate Change
There have been movies made about it, conferences held about it, and many works of scholarly and not-so-scholarly literature written about it.
So let’s take a look at how to turn this subject into the main topic of a cause and effect essay.
We’ll start off with a title, give you the hook, underline the thesis, and highlight some important parts for you to consider.
Best of all, we’ll show you how to have fun with your essay. Let’s go!
I. Intro
a. Hook
b. Did climate change cause Harvey et al.?
c. No—and here’s why.
II. Body
a. Defining terms
b. History
c. Is it Really Change?
d. What Pollutes?
e. The Big Point
III. Conclusion
a. Re-state main idea
b. Outro
“Is Climate Change Causing Hurricanes to be More Hurricaney?”
Notice that word at the end of the title? It’s not just made-up word, it’s a goofy-sounding made-up word. But that’s okay!
Sure, you might think Dr. Seuss had written it—so why did we use it?
Because it’s fun—and it gets to the heart of what this essay is all about: the essay’s main point is that hurricanes are going to hurricane—regardless of whether climate change or global warming are (or are not) occurring.
Now look at the first line of the essay below: that’s the hook sentence.
Notice what grabs the reader’s attention?
That’s right—that’s the name of an Academy Award-winning actress right there.
You want a hook? We just gave you one.
And that, ladies and gentlemen, is how you lead into an essay.
Who said weather papers have to be boring?
Jennifer Lawrence and other celebrities caused a jump on social media (as well as traditional media) when they laid the blame for recent hurricanes—Harvey, Irma and Maria—on global warming and climate change. But they weren’t the only ones. The Bay Area in California even went so far as to sue several oil companies operating in the region for their alleged role in making this year’s hurricane season worse than any in recent memory (Slav, 2017). On top of all that, Pope Francis himself condemned climate change skeptics after seeing Hurricane Irma’s destruction (BBC, 2017). The problem with this knee-jerk reaction that one saw across the board, however, is that there is actually little scientific or historical evidence indicating that climate change is caused by anything the oil companies are doing—or that it is even really happening at all. The fact of the matter is that climate change is still very much up for debate. It is an issue that has been highly politicized—and not even for environmental reasons but rather for business purposes (the Paris Agreement is just one example of this: it is easier for larger multinational corporations to crush their competitors by getting governments to pass legislation with which the smaller guys cannot possibly afford to comply). And when one considers that the weather and the complex array of variables that go into forming weather patterns is far more difficult to predict than certain pundits would have an ill-informed public believe, it is not so easy to ascribe weather aberrations to a suspect and highly dubious cause like climate change. First off, what does climate change even mean? Change is, after all, a part of nature—which is not static. So of course climates change. What is implied in the term climate change (typically used in association with global warming) is that mankind is responsible for effecting the change and that the change is unusual, unnatural and very damaging to the planet. This paper will examine each of those claims and show that, as of today, no one has been able to identify a manmade cause of global warming that could possibly cause the type of phenomena so often attributed to it.
Okay, let’s pause a minute from the essay.
Take a look at the last line of the first paragraph. That’s our thesis.
It says plainly exactly what this essay is going to do. (Have a look at this article to learn more about writing a thesis statement). [link to how to write thesis statement article].
Now the rest of the paper is going to have to support that thesis.
That means each paragraph should reach back to it and say, see, I’m addressing this part of the thesis!
Get back to reading and see how well we did.
Defining Terms and Parameters
First, it is important to define terms. What is meant by climate change? What is meant by global warming? Essentially, the two terms are interchangeable because both refer to the process by which pollutants impact the environment in a negative way, which results in more greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, melting of the ice caps, warming of the oceans, and the loss of all kinds of habitats and life on the planet. The loss of life and property that resulted from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2017 is viewed by some as the consequence of climate change—and, because people can be quick to place blame before they understand the facts, those who are identified in the media as notorious polluters are called out for being responsible for the loss of life and property that followed in the wakes of Harvey, Irma and Maria. In other words, the usual suspects—Exxon, Chevron, BP, and so on—are called upon to shoulder the blame for Mother Nature doing what Mother Nature does from time to time, which is wreak the occasional havoc upon civilization.
To better understand the point, it is helpful to take a look at what causes hurricanes in the first place. Hurricanes feed on warm water. When temperatures are high, sea-water evaporates more rapidly and a storm system can develop over that warm water. This is what happened in the cases of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria. However, once the hurricanes move out of the warm zone or come into contact with land, they lose some of their force—mainly because their source of energy is depleted—i.e., the warm water regions that are fanning the flames of the storm system’s brute strength. So, yes, warmer waters will make conditions for stronger hurricanes more likely. Weather patterns also play a part in whether a hurricane marches towards the mainland or whether it spirals out to sea—but the point here is that temperature has a lot to do with it. In other words, there is nothing unusual or unnatural about what spawned Hurricanes Harvey, Irma or Maria. That was nature doing what nature does.
The History of Hurricanes
Moreover, just because “warm” is used to describe the conditions necessary for begetting hurricanes, it does not mean that global warming (in terms of a quickly approaching, fast escalating existential threat to mankind) is here to destroy the earth. One could be excused from thinking such by monitoring social media in the days following the landfall of Hurricane Harvey in Houston or Irma in Florida. Nonetheless, one swallow does not a summer make. Do you know how many tropical storms and hurricanes there were during the Atlantic hurricane season of 1806? 8—including the Great Coastal Hurricane and Hurricane San Vicente. Guess how many there were in 1837 season. 11—including the Antigua-Florida Hurricane, the Calypso Hurricane, the Apalachee Bay Storm, the Bahamas Hurricane and Racer’s Hurricane. In 1886, there were 12 tropical storms and 10 hurricanes—4 of which were major and 7 of which struck the United States (the most in one year ever). A year later, there were 19 tropical storms and 11 hurricanes. And then in 1890? 4 tropical storms and 2 hurricanes—one of which was major. So what does that show? It shows that there are ups and downs in nature—cycles of activity in which there are both extreme and mild conditions. It means nothing more than that there are cycles to nature—just like there are cycles to markets and just like there are cycles to life.
how to write a cause and effect essay
How Quickly is Our World Really Changing?
Yet the circle of life does not prevent people from making exaggerated claims about the end of the world and about death by climate change. Indeed, some analysts are quick to point out that sea levels are rising—all because ice caps are melting—and that ice caps are melting because the globe is getting hotter—and that the globe is getting hotter because of climate change—aka global warming. The argument is bolstered by the sensational aspect of it all. For instance, the Greenland ice sheet could melt and raise the sea level by 21 and a half feet. The West Antarctica ice sheet could melt and raise the sea level by an additional 26 and a half feet. If the East Antarctica ice sheet melted, sea levels would rise by more than 210 feet (Poore, Williams, Tracey, 2000). In short, virtually every coastal region in the world would disappear—surely a major catastrophe and problem for the whole of mankind since a lot of these regions are responsible for producing large numbers of the planet’s agricultural crops.
Still, pointing out what-if scenarios like this does not mean that climate change in terms of the kind of ecological disaster described above is actually happening. Indeed, at the current rate at which the Greenland ice sheet has been measured to be disappearing, it would take, very likely, another 1000 years at least for it to melt (NASA, 2015). The ice sheets in Antarctica would require even more time. And a lot of other factors could change what happens to the world between now and the next millennium—such as the eruption of a super-volcano like the one in Yellowstone (which would in effect cause a nuclear winter that would surely snap any and all ice cap melting in a heartbeat). In short, the ice caps are not melting at a rate that will severely impact this generation or the next or the one after that. It cannot even be determined that the ice caps would stop melting at their current rate were Exxon, Chevron, and every other oil company in the world to pack it up and go out of business tomorrow. (More on that in a moment). The world (including the state of California) would still require energy, and coal would still have to be burned to generate the energy needed to supply everyone’s home with the necessary juice to run the appliances consumers in the modern world so love to buy and turn on. The ire of the public in the aftermath of Harvey, Irma and Maria has less to do with how energy is actually produced and consumed and how the waste products of that process impact the planet than it has to do with people’s own personal and/or ideological preferences for casting blame. It is popular among the PC-generation to abhor the politics of oil and give thumbs up to Elon Musk and the electric car. The same generation seems to forget that most electricity is not produced by “green” methods. In other words, they are participating in the contamination and pollution of the planet by driving their electric cars just as much as someone who drives a non-hybrid pick-up truck is doing—if not more.
Who are the Biggest Polluters?
Yet, that’s not even the kicker. The fact of the matter is that Big Oil is not even really to blame. That’s right—it cannot even be said that the burning of fossil fuels is what causes the most pollution to the atmosphere. What causes the most pollution is actually farm animals—yes, you heard that right: cow “emissions” are more dangerous and toxic to the environment than emissions from tail pipes (Lean, 2006). All the cows in the world, letting gas out, are actually more harmful to the atmosphere than the tail pipes of all the SUVs barreling down American interstates. If you want to blame something for the severity of Harvey, Irma and Maria, you can start by blaming the cows.
So why weren’t more people on social media lamenting cow gas in the wake of Hurricane Harvey or blaming the catastrophe in the Virgin Islands caused by Hurricane Irma on heifers in the Midwest or in India? The answer is simple is that because doing so would just be silly. The better answer is that cows as a species have not been politicized in the same manner that the oil industry has been politicized—nor have people been conditioned by the media to resent cows for the pollution they cause to the planet.
Getting to the Point
None of this should be taken as a defense of Big Oil. Surely that industry has a multitude of sins that it will one day have to pay for—but that is not the point of this essay. The point has been to determine whether global warming and climate change are leading to more powerful and destructive hurricanes. So let’s be honest: climate change due to cow emissions is a real thing—cow emissions do impact the atmosphere. Does that mean there is a direct connection between that phenomenon and hurricane formation? No. Nature is much more complex than that. Just ask the good people at HAARP: they’ve been studying the ionosphere for many years now. Indeed, if people are looking to raise an eyebrow or two at the weather, they might want to start by looking at what military scientists are doing in terms of conducting weather modification. Ever heard of Operation Popeye? It was a five-year cloud seeding operation (1967-1972) conducted by the U.S. during the Vietnam War—the aim being to extend the Monsoon season. How did they do it? Silver and lead iodide (United States Senate, 1974). Why did they do it? The objectives of the U.S. were, quite literally, to cause destruction: washed-out roads and crossings, landslides, and over-saturated fields—all to bog down, hurt, hinder and demoralize the enemy. Quite refreshing to know, isn’t it?
Now let’s move back to the Atlantic and Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria. Did Big Oil cause them or make them more powerful than they might otherwise have been? What might-have-beens do not make for good science—so, no—and no one has or will be able to prove such a claim. The etiology of a hurricane may be easier to determine than the etiology of Zika—but that doesn’t mean it’s possible to say that SUVs and cow emissions colluded to produce unusually warm waters in 2017 and that those waters colluded with weather patterns to produce strong hurricanes.
If people really want to point fingers and blame someone or something, they could at least get creative about it. Indeed, since we live in a world where everything gets politicized, why not ask what motive would someone have to conduct weather modification over the Atlantic? Is there a benefit in wreaking havoc along the Eastern seaboard? Where do the billions of dollars promised in aid by Congress go? Whose pocket gets to receive those Federal Reserve notes? Perhaps the weather modifiers thought it would be a good way to jumpstart certain sectors of the economy. Or perhaps asking such questions is as unfair as saying that this year’s hurricanes were stronger and more powerful than last year’s because of fuel emissions—or cow emissions—or whatever it is that people claim is causing climate change to be the harbinger of doom that it so wants to be. The fact is: climate change is a part of nature—it’s a part of history—it’s a part of life (Bell, 2012). The world is always changing—and just as the seasons come and go and come again, so too does the weather move in patterns, swirling in a cycle from mild to extreme to mild again. We do not see hurricanes like Harvey, Irma and Maria every year—but if the claims about man-made climate change were true, we very certainly would—and they would get worse and worse and worse. If you like, tune in next year to see whether that has been the case.
BBC. (2017). Hurricane Irma: Pope Francis condemns climate change skeptics. Retrieved from
Bell, L. (2012). Global warming? No, natural, predictable climate change. Retrieved from
Lean, G. (2006). Cow ‘emissions’ more damaging to planet than CO2 from cars. Independent. Retrieved from
NASA. (2015). Warming seas and melting ice sheets. Retrieved from
Poore, R.Z., Williams, R.S., Jr., and Tracey, C. (2000). Sea level and climate: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 002–00, 2. Retrieved from
Slav, I. (2017). Bay Area sues big oil for billions. Retrieved from
United States Senate. (1974). Weather modification. Retrieved from
This cause and effect essay example should show you how to take a topic, examine it, turn it around and around, and make a judgment on its inputs and outputs.
It starts off with a hook, moves to the thesis, builds on the main point by supplying a solid body that supports the thesis, and closes out with a good conclusion.
If you’d like more information on how to write a cause and effect essay, take a look at this article. It’ll give you a lot of helpful hints that will definitely spruce up your writing.
If you’d like to see other cause and effect essay topics, take a look at these.
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Stay strong, keep writing, and keep tuning in for further essay-penning answers to your essay-penning questions. See you next time!
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1. Make your essay fun: if you’re not having fun, why are you writing?
2. Use that hook to get your reader interested.
3. Don’t forget to tie it all back in to your thesis.
4. Support your thesis with good points throughout the body of your essay.
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Introduction {#s1}
============
The proper regulation of programmed cell death or apoptosis is critical to normal development, tissue homeostasis, and immune function [@pone.0095210-Cory1]. Consequently, dysregulated apoptosis contributes to multiple disease states, including conditions associated with excessive cell death such as degenerative conditions, sepsis, and post-ischemic injuries, as well as impaired death such as autoimmune disease and cancer [@pone.0095210-Hotchkiss1]. Both extracellular and intracellular signals contribute to the regulation of apoptosis, which in both instances results in the activation of certain proteases, known as caspases, that bring about cell destruction. Apoptosis mediated by the intracellular pathway (also known as the mitochondrial pathway) is orchestrated by members of the B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins. The BCL2 family includes both pro- and anti-apoptotic members which, via their relative levels of expression, determine whether a cell will live or die [@pone.0095210-Strasser1].
One prominent pro-apoptotic BCL2 family member, the BCL2-like 11 protein (also known as BIM, BCL2-Interacting Mediator of cell death), has been intensively studied because of its pivotal role in promoting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis under both physiological and pathological conditions. Physiologically, BIM induces apoptosis by opposing the pro-survival members of the family such as BCL2, or by directly binding to and activating pro-apoptotic effectors such as BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) [@pone.0095210-Youle1]. Pathologically, alterations in BIM expression are associated with several diseases. For example, BIM is commonly downregulated in cancer, while its upregulation is necessary for sensitivity to cancer therapy-induced apoptosis [@pone.0095210-Essafi1]--[@pone.0095210-Cragg1]. Furthermore, increased BIM expression has been shown to contribute to increased cardiomyocyte and neuronal cell death following ischemia [@pone.0095210-Qian1], [@pone.0095210-Ness1], as well as neuronal cell death in Alzheimer\'s disease [@pone.0095210-Biswas1], while decreased BIM expression confers protection from viral-induced hepatitis and sepsis-related mortality [@pone.0095210-Lauer1], [@pone.0095210-Chang1]. Accordingly, there has been intense interest to understand how BIM expression and function are physiologically regulated, and how these processes might be therapeutically modulated to enhance or attenuate BIM-mediated cell death.
In addition to transcriptional and post-translational regulation of BIM, recent work has highlighted important contributions from epigenetic regulation [@pone.0095210-MestreEscorihuela1] as well as alternative splicing [@pone.0095210-MestreEscorihuela1], [@pone.0095210-Ng1]--[@pone.0095210-Gagne1]. Alternative splicing is the process by which precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) are spliced differentially, leading to distinct mRNA and protein isoforms, thus increasing the diversity of the human transcriptome and proteome [@pone.0095210-Nilsen1]. Often the protein isoforms generated by alternative splicing have considerable functional differences, and many such isoforms can contribute to human disease, including cancer [@pone.0095210-Ward1]. Alternative splicing is regulated by *cis*-acting elements within pre-mRNAs and *trans*-acting factors. The essential *cis*-acting elements are the 5′ splice site, the 3′ splice site, as well as the branchpoint sequence, which conform to partially conserved motifs that are recognized by cognate *trans*-acting factors [@pone.0095210-Sheth1]. Additional *cis*-acting elements that regulate alternative splicing include exonic or intronic splicing enhancers and silencers (ESEs, ISEs, ESSs, ISSs), which respectively activate or repress use of particular splice sites or exon inclusion [@pone.0095210-Wang1], [@pone.0095210-Black1]. *Trans*-acting factors regulate alternative splicing by associating with *cis*-acting elements, and include serine/arginine (SR)-rich proteins as well as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) [@pone.0095210-Black1], [@pone.0095210-Zhou1].
As mentioned, *BIM* alternative splicing provides another level of control over BIM function. Mechanistically, the alternative inclusion of either *BIM* exons 3 or 4 gives rise to two distinct groups of mRNA isoforms. Exons 3 and 4 cannot be spliced together because exon 3 contains a functional polyadenylation (pA) signal and lacks a bona-fide 5′ splice site. Exon 3-containing splice variants are not pro-apoptotic because they lack the BH3 domain encoded in exon 4, which is required for interacting and antagonizing the pro-survival members of the BCL2 family [@pone.0095210-Ng1], [@pone.0095210-Anczukow1], [@pone.0095210-OConnor1]. Both *cis*-acting elements and *trans*-acting factors contribute to *BIM* splicing. For example, recent work suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within *BIM* influence its splicing in *cis*. Specifically, a C\>T SNP (rs724710) in *BIM* exon 4 has been shown to affect the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3, and may contribute to drug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [@pone.0095210-Gagne1]. Aberrant *BIM* splicing has also been observed in breast tumors driven by the splicing factor SRSF1. Here, SRSF1 overexpression promotes the inclusion of exon 3 over exon 4, which in turn favors the expression of non-apoptotic splice variants of *BIM* [@pone.0095210-Anczukow1]. Accordingly, *BIM* alternative splicing is emerging as an important mediator of dysregulated cell death in human disease.
In our studies aimed at identifying genetic causes for resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), we discovered a 2,903-bp deletion polymorphism within *BIM* intron 2 that was strongly associated with this resistance. We experimentally demonstrated that the deletion biased *BIM* splicing toward exon 3 instead of exon 4, which impaired BIM-dependent cell death upon TKI treatment [@pone.0095210-Ng1]. These observations suggested the presence of functionally important *cis*-acting elements within the 2,903-nt fragment that repress *BIM* exon 3 splicing. In this current study, we set out to identify *cis*-acting elements and *trans*-acting factors involved in *BIM* alternative splicing, to better understand *BIM* regulation in the context of TKI-resistance and other physiopathological conditions. Intriguingly, we found that the polymorphic fragment contains multiple *cis*-acting elements that limit exon 3 inclusion. Despite a high level of redundancy, we were able to identify a 23-nt ISS at the 3′ end of the polymorphic fragment that is important for excluding exon 3. Further, we found that a GGGG motif and two poly-U tracts within the 23-nt ISS plays a critical role in silencing exon 3. We also identified *trans*-acting factors that repress inclusion of endogenous *BIM* exon 3, thereby protecting cells from therapy-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings provide important insights into how functionally relevant *BIM* isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, and also suggest approaches by which BIM-mediated cell death might be modulated for therapeutic gain. Such approaches include the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that bind to and inhibit the activity of *cis*-acting elements, as well as drugs that modulate the expression of splicing factors to alter *BIM* splicing.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Cell culture {#s2a}
------------
The CML cell lines, K562 and KCL22, were obtained from the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. These cell lines were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (Gibco) supplemented with penicillin/streptomycin (Hyclone*)*, glutamine (Hyclone), 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone), and were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO~2~.
Minigene plasmids construction {#s2b}
------------------------------
Overlap extension PCR was performed to generate PCR products with 5′ and 3′ restriction sites for EcoRV and ClaI, respectively (primer sequences available on request). The previously described WT minigene [@pone.0095210-Ng1] served as a template to generate PCR products harboring deletions and inversions within the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment described in [Figure 1](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}. The Δ10, Δ10E or Δ10F minigene was used as the template to generate PCR products harboring deletions, inversions or mutations within +2,582 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment described in [Figures 2](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}--[8](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}. PCR products were purified using QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen) and cloned into EcoRV- and ClaI-digested WT minigene.
{#pone-0095210-g001}
{#pone-0095210-g002}
{#pone-0095210-g003}
{#pone-0095210-g004}
{#pone-0095210-g005}
{#pone-0095210-g006}
{#pone-0095210-g007}
{#pone-0095210-g008}
Real-time RT-PCR {#s2c}
----------------
Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). RNA was reverse transcribed using Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen) at a volume of 20 µl. Quantification of endogenous and minigene transcripts was assessed using the iQ5 Multicolor Real-Time Detection System (Bio-rad) with a reaction volume of 25 µl. Primers were annealed at 59°C for 20 seconds and the amplicon was extended at 72°C for 30 seconds, for 40 cycles. Transcript levels of β-actin or the adenovirus exonic sequence (U) were used to normalize endogenous and minigene transcripts, respectively. The following primers were used: hnRNP F (forward: 5′-AATTGTGCCAAACGGGATCAC-3′; reverse: 5′-GTGTTTCCCTAGAGCCTTCTC-A-3′), hnRNP H (forward: 5′-ATTCAAAATGGGGCTCAAGGTAT-3′; reverse: 5′-GTGTCAGG-
ACTATTTGGACCAG-3′). Primer sequences to amplify endogenous exon 3- and exon 4- containing *BIM* transcripts, β-actin and minigene transcripts (U-E3 and U-E4) have been described previously [@pone.0095210-Ng1].
Nucleofection {#s2d}
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1×10^6^ K562 or KCL22 cells were transiently nucleofected with 1 µg of each minigene using the Cell Line Nucleofector Kit V (Lonza). RNA was extracted from these cells after 24 hours. For knockdown studies, siRNAs were synthesized either from Integrated DNA Technologies or from Ambion. The siRNA sequences were: control siRNA (5′-GGUCCGGCUCCC-CCAAAUC-3′) [@pone.0095210-Wagner1], PTBP1 siRNA 1 (5′-CUUCCAUCAUUCCAGAGAA-3′) [@pone.0095210-Wagner1],
PTBP1 siRNA 2 (5′- CAAAGCCUCUUUAUUCUUU-3′), PTBP1 siRNA 3 (5′-CAGUUUACCU-GUUUUUAAA-3′) hnRNP H (siH1: 5′-GAAGCAUACUGGUCCAAAU-3′; siH2: 5′-GGAUUU-GGGUCAGAUAGAU-3′), hnRNP F (siF1: 5′-GCAGCACAGAUAUAUAGAA-3′; siF2: 5′-CGA-CCGAGAACGACAUUUA-3′) and hnRNP C (siC1: 5′-CAACGGGACUAUUAUGAUA-3′;
siC2: 5′-GAUGAAGAAUGAUAAGUCA-3′; siC3: 5′-ACACUCUUGUGGUCAAGAA). Knockdowns were performed using siRNAs at 100 nM concentration on 1×10^6^ K562 cells using the Cell Line Nucleofector Kit V (Lonza).
Western blot {#s2e}
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Whole cell lysates were obtained using RIPA lysis buffer (Millipore). Lysis was performed on ice for 20 minutes in the presence of protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Roche). Protein concentration was estimated using the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The samples were resolved by electrophoresis in a 11% polyacrylamide gel. Once electrophoresis was completed, the gel was rinsed in water before the proteins were electro-blotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Subsequently, the blot was blocked for one hour in 5% (w/v) non-fat milk in Tris buffered saline-Tween (TBST) (100 mM Tris-base, 154 mM NaCl, 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 7.4). The following primary antibodies were used to probe the membrane: β-actin (\#AC-15, Sigma), PTBP1 (32-5000, Invitrogen), hnRNP H (ab10374, Abcam), hnRNP C (ab10294, Abcam), BIM (Cell Signaling Technology, \#2819), caspase 3 (Cell Signaling Technology, \#9662), PARP (Cell Signaling Technology, \#9542) and GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology \#2118). All primary antibodies were diluted at 1∶1000 except for β-actin (1∶5000) in TBST with 5% (w/v) non-fat milk. Three washes in TBST were performed after primary antibody incubation before the appropriate horse radish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a dilution of 1∶5000 were used to probe the membrane. The membrane was visualized using the Western Lightning chemiluminescence reagent (PerkinElmer).
Computational analysis to predict *cis*-acting elements that regulate *BIM* splicing {#s2f}
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Prediction of *cis*-regulatory elements for splicing of *BIM* exon 3 was performed by using Sfmap [@pone.0095210-Paz1], PESX [@pone.0095210-Zhang1], Human Splicing Finder [@pone.0095210-Desmet1] and Spliceaid [@pone.0095210-Piva1]. Regulatory elements that were predicted by more than one program were selected for further functional analysis.
Results {#s3}
=======
The 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment within intron 2 of *BIM* contains multiple redundant *cis*-acting elements that repress *BIM* exon 3 splicing {#s3a}
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To assess whether the 2,903-nt fragment contains regulatory elements that repress splicing of *BIM* exon 3, we previously created two *BIM* minigenes with (WT) and without (DEL) the polymorphic fragment fused to adenovirus exonic sequences U and D ([Fig. 1A and 1E](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). The DEL minigene strongly favored the inclusion of exon 3 over exon 4 when compared to WT, thereby recapitulating the splicing of endogenous *BIM* transcripts [@pone.0095210-Ng1]. Therefore, we were able to use the WT minigene to identify intronic splicing silencers (ISSs) within the 2,903-nt fragment that repress exon 3 inclusion.
To define these regulatory elements, we generated a series of forward sequential deletions in the 2,903-nt fragment in the context of the WT minigene ([Fig. 1A](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}, Δ1--Δ11). K562 cells were nucleofected with these constructs, and the ratio of U-E3 to U-E4-D transcripts was determined using real-time RT-PCR. Remarkably, all forward deletions removing most of the 2,903-nt failed to cause a substantial increase in exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 1B](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). The inclusion of exon 3 over exon 4 remained low even in the Δ10 minigene, which consist of only the last 322-nt from +2,582 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment. A very pronounced increase in exon 3 inclusion was observed in Δ11, as the last 322-nt were removed ([Fig. 1B](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). To exclude the possibility that excessive shortening of the intron in Δ11 caused the significant increase in exon 3 inclusion, we created a size-matched control of Δ10 by substituting +2,582 to +2,903 of the deletion with an inversion of this sequence ([Fig. 1C](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). This inversion (Δ10inv) led to an increase in exon 3 inclusion to almost the same extent as that of Δ11 ([Fig. 1D](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, the large increase in exon 3 inclusion in Δ11 is not a result of an excessive truncation of the intron. These results also suggest that the +2,582 to +2,903 segment contains specific ISS(s) that repress exon 3 splicing.
We also analyzed a panel of reverse deletion constructs ([Fig. 1E](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}, REV1-REV4). Intriguingly, removing the last 322-nt in REV1 only resulted in a modest increase in exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 1F](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Removing an additional 680-nt in REV2 failed to cause a significant change in exon 3 inclusion when compared to REV1. However, a greater increase in exon 3 inclusion was observed with additional reverse deletions (REV3, REV4 and DEL, [Fig. 1F](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, these results suggest that the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment contains multiple redundant *cis*-acting elements that repress inclusion of exon 3, and that these elements are distributed throughout the fragment. In addition, the data also indicate that the last 322-nt, comprising +2,582 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment, contain ISS(s) that are sufficient but not necessary for repressing exon 3. Despite this extensive redundancy, we sought to further elucidate the *cis*-regulatory elements within the polymorphic fragment. To this end, we focused on the elements within the +2,582 to +2,903 segment at the 3′ end of the deletion fragment.
+2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment contain most of the splicing silencers at the 3′ end of the deletion that repress *BIM* exon 3 {#s3b}
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To characterize the ISS(s) within +2,582 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment, we introduced internal deletions within this region of approximately 64-nt in the context of the Δ10 minigene ([Fig. 2A](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, most of these internal deletions resulted in a very modest increase in exon 3 inclusion when compared with Δ11 (which lacks any sequence from the polymorphic fragment) ([Fig. 2B](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, removing +2,774 to +2,837 of the polymorphic fragment (MUT4) did not lead to an increase in exon 3 inclusion. These results suggest that there are also multiple elements within +2,582 to +2,903 that limit inclusion of exon 3.
Because the internal deletions described above failed to result in a striking increase in exon 3 inclusion, we generated another panel of minigenes harboring larger deletions of at least 160-nt in the context of Δ10 ([Fig. 2C](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Consistent with the earlier results, removing half of the sequence on either end of the remaining 322-nt (Δ10A and Δ10B) resulted in an increase in exon 3 inclusion, further indicating that multiple elements that repress splicing of exon 3 are found along the +2,582 to +2,903 segment ([Fig. 2D](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Remarkably, removing the first and last 81-nt from the remaining 322-nt (Δ10C), while retaining +2,663 to +2,822 of the deletion, resulted in a greater increase in exon 3 inclusion which was the closest to the inclusion levels in Δ11 ([Fig. 2D](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). The increase in exon 3 inclusion was lower when +2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment were retained in the minigene (Δ10D) when compared to the Δ10A and the Δ10B minigenes ([Fig. 2D](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Collectively, these observations indicate that +2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment -- the first and last 81 nts -- contain most, but not all, of the ISS(s) at the 3′ end of the polymorphic fragment that repress exon 3. Consistent with this observation, inclusion of exon 3 remained low when either +2,582 to +2,662 or +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment (Δ10E and Δ10F) was retained in the minigene ([Fig. 2D](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}).
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) silences *BIM* exon 3 but not via the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment {#s3c}
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To further define elements within +2,582 to +2,662 of the polymorphic fragment that repress inclusion of *BIM* exon 3, we adopted a computational approach to predict splicing silencers. The +2,582 to +2,662 fragment contained three putative binding sites for PTBP1 ([Fig. 3A](#pone-0095210-g003){ref-type="fig"}), which is a well-known splicing repressor [@pone.0095210-Carstens1]--[@pone.0095210-Mulligan1]. Therefore, we hypothesized that PTBP1 may repress the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3, and that it might do so via these three sites. To test these possibilities, we downregulated PTBP1 using three different siRNA duplexes. Western blotting showed that PTBP1 protein levels were greatly reduced upon siRNA knockdown ([Fig. 3B](#pone-0095210-g003){ref-type="fig"}). When PTBP1 expression was silenced, analysis of the endogenous *BIM* transcripts revealed that there was a 2-fold increase in the ratio of exon 3- to exon 4-containing transcripts ([Fig. 3C](#pone-0095210-g003){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicate that PTBP1 is a repressor of exon 3 inclusion.
To address whether the three putative PTBP1 binding sites within the +2,582 to +2,662 fragment are important for repressing exon 3 inclusion, we deleted them in the context of Δ10E, and predicted an increase in exon 3 splicing ([Fig. 4A](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Removing only one of the predicted PTBP1 binding sites (Δ10E1 and Δ10E2) did not result in a significant increase in exon 3 inclusion when compared to Δ10E ([Fig. 4B](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Unexpectedly, removing the third predicted PTBP1 binding site in the Δ10E3 minigene led to a modest decrease in exon 3 inclusion when compared to Δ10E ([Fig. 4B](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Because the putative PTBP1 binding sites may act redundantly, we generated the Δ10E4 minigene with all three binding sites removed ([Fig. 4A](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). However, only a modest increase in exon 3 inclusion with respect to Δ10E was observed when K562 cells were nucleofected with Δ10E4 ([Fig. 4B](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Collectively, these results strongly suggest that the three predicted PTBP1 binding sites within +2,582 to +2,662 of the polymorphic fragment do not play a role in repressing exon 3 inclusion.
To further address whether PTBP1 regulates the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 via the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment, we silenced PTBP1 in K562 cells using siRNAs and nucleofected these cells with the WT, Δ10, Δ10E or Δ11 minigenes. In all constructs, silencing of PTBP1 failed to change exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 4C](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicate that PTBP1 does not regulate inclusion of exon 3 via +2,582 to +2,662 of the polymorphic fragment, which is consistent with the previous observation that removal of the three putative PTBP1 binding sites did not significantly change exon 3 inclusion. In addition, knockdown of PTBP1 did not significantly increase exon 3 inclusion in the WT minigene with an intact 2,903-nt fragment ([Fig. 4C](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). From these results, we concluded that PTBP1 does not regulate inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 via the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment. Because our minigenes do not contain all the sequences in introns 2 and 3, our results suggest that PTBP1 represses exon 3 via other *BIM* sequences, or that this regulation is indirect (see [Discussion](#s4){ref-type="sec"}).
+2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment contains a 23-nt silencer that represses exon 3 inclusion {#s3d}
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We next sought to identify the ISS(s) within +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment. *In silico* predictions suggested that there were three putative silencer regions within this fragment ([Fig. 5A](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). To investigate whether these predicted silencer regions play a role in excluding exon 3, we removed them in the context of the Δ10F minigene (Δ10F1-3, [Fig. 5A](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). Remarkably, removing a 23-nt sequence closest to the 3′ end of the deletion (Δ10F3) resulted in a dramatic increase in exon 3 inclusion when compared with Δ10F, an increase that was almost equivalent to that produced by Δ11 ([Fig. 5B](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, comparatively small splicing changes were detected when the other two predicted silencer regions (Δ10F1 and Δ10F2) were removed ([Fig. 5B](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). To exclude the possibility that the increase in exon 3 inclusion in Δ10F3 was due to excessive shortening of the intron, we created a size-matched control (Δ10F3inv) with an inversion of the 23-nt putative silencer region ([Fig. 5C](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). Strikingly, an inversion of the putative 23-nt silencer (Δ10F3inv) led to a similar or slightly higher increase in exon 3 inclusion than that of Δ10F3 in both K562 and KCL22 cells ([Fig. 5D](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). The consistent results between these two cell lines exclude the possibility of cell line-specific effects. From these results, we conclude that +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment contains a 23-nt ISS, or more likely multiple ISSs, that is/are critical for repressing exon 3 inclusion. Furthermore, the 23-nt ISS does not appear to be specific to a particular cell line.
Mutating the GGGG motif and the poly-U tracts within the 23-nt ISS enhance exon 3 inclusion {#s3e}
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To further characterize the 23-nt ISS, we searched for the presence of binding motifs of splicing repressor proteins. The 23-nt ISS contains two poly-U tracts and a GGGG motif ([Fig. 6A](#pone-0095210-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Previous studies have shown that hnRNP C (among other proteins) associates with poly-U tracts [@pone.0095210-Konig1], whereas hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins that bind G tracts [@pone.0095210-Han1]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the 23-nt ISS may repress the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 through the involvement of the poly-U tracts and the GGGG motif. To test this, we introduced mutations to disrupt these two elements within the 23-nt ISS (Δ10F4) and assessed whether these mutations have any effect on exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 6A](#pone-0095210-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Remarkably, an increase in exon 3 inclusion was observed in the Δ10F4 minigene with mutated poly-U tracts and the GGGG motif, when compared to Δ10F. Crucially, the extent of exon 3 inclusion was similar when compared to the Δ10F3 minigene, which has the 23-nt ISS removed ([Fig. 6B](#pone-0095210-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Collectively, these observations suggest that the poly-U tracts and the GGGG motif are essential elements within the 23-nt ISS that limit inclusion of exon 3.
HnRNP H and hnRNP F do not regulate inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 {#s3f}
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We next investigated whether hnRNP H and hnRNP F were involved in repressing the inclusion of exon 3 via the GGGG motif. We used at least two different siRNA duplexes to downregulate each protein individually or both proteins simultaneously. Successful reduction of hnRNP H and F transcript levels was confirmed using real-time RT-PCR ([Fig. 7A and 7B](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Western blotting also verified the downregulation of hnRNP H protein levels upon siRNA treatment ([Fig. 7C](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Intriguingly, one of the siRNAs targeting hnRNP F (siF2) led to a 2-fold upregulation of hnRNP H transcripts, which suggest that knockdown of hnRNP F may cause a compensatory increase in hnRNP H levels ([Fig. 7A](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}). An increase in endogenous *BIM* exon 3 inclusion was not detected when either hnRNP H or F was depleted ([Fig. 7D](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Surprisingly, a modest decrease in exon 3 inclusion was observed when hnRNP H and F were depleted together when compared to control siRNA ([Fig. 7D](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, these observations strongly suggest that hnRNP H and F do not repress inclusion of *BIM* exon 3.
Knockdown of hnRNP C enhances the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 irrespective of the GGGG motif and the poly-U tracts within the 23-nt ISS {#s3g}
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To determine whether hnRNP C is involved in repressing *BIM* exon 3 inclusion, we downregulated this protein using three different siRNA duplexes. Western blotting showed that all three siRNA duplexes substantially reduced the levels of the two major isoforms of hnRNP C ([Fig. 8A](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, we observed a significant increase in inclusion of endogenous *BIM* exon 3 upon hnRNP C knockdown ([Fig. 8B](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}). These results show that hnRNP C functions as a repressor of *BIM* exon 3.
We next sought to elucidate whether hnRNP C represses *BIM* exon 3 via the poly-U tracts and the GGGG motif within the 23-nt ISS that we have identified earlier. To this end, we silenced hnRNP C using siRNAs and then nucleofected K562 cells with either Δ10F or Δ10F4 ([Fig. 8C](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}). Upon hnRNP C knockdown, inclusion of exon 3 was increased by at least 10-fold when K562 cells were nucleofected with the Δ10F minigene when compared to cells nucleofected with control siRNA ([Fig. 8D](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}). However, this effect was not significantly reduced when hnRNP C-depleted K562 cells were nucleofected with the Δ10F4 minigene. Collectively, we conclude that the repression of *BIM* exon 3 inclusion by hnRNP C is not mediated by the GGGG motif and the poly-U tracts within the 23-nt ISS.
Downregulation of PTBP1, but not hnRNP C, inhibits imatinib-induced apoptosis {#s3h}
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Since downregulation of either PTBP1 or hnRNP C promoted the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3, which does not encode for the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain, we hypothesized that downregulation of either protein could suppress induction of BH3-containing BIM proteins, such as BIM~EL~, BIM~L~ and BIM~S~, and impair induction of apoptosis by TKIs such as imatinib. Consistent with our hypothesis, the downregulation of PTBP1 diminished imatinib-induced apoptosis in the K562 CML cell line, as indicated by the reduced expression of apoptotic markers like cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspase 3 ([Fig. 9A](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, downregulation of PTBP1 also impaired the upregulation of BIM~L~ and BIM~S~ ([Fig. 9A](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}), which are more potent inducers of apoptosis than BIM~EL~ [@pone.0095210-OConnor1]. Interestingly, impaired induction of BIM~EL~ was not observed consistently when we used two different siRNA duplexes to knockdown PTBP1 ([Fig. 9A](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0095210-g009}
The effects of downregulating hnRNP C on imatinib-induced apoptosis were also investigated. However, unlike PTBP1, siRNA-mediated knockdown of hnRNP C promoted the induction of imatinib-induced apoptosis as indicated by the increased expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 when compared to K562 cells that were nucleofected with control siRNA ([Fig. 9B](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}). Intriguingly, downregulation of hnRNP C slightly increased the induction of BIM~L~ and BIM~S~ upon treating K562 cells with increasing doses of imatinib ([Fig. 9B](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Our earlier work demonstrated that a 2,903-bp deletion polymorphism within intron 2 of the *BIM* gene promotes the inclusion of exon 3 over exon 4, leading to a greater expression of BIM isoforms lacking the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain [@pone.0095210-Ng1]. These results suggest that the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment harbors *cis*-acting elements that regulate *BIM* pre-mRNA splicing by repressing inclusion of *BIM* exon 3. In this study, we describe some of the *cis*-acting elements within the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment that repress inclusion of exon 3, as well as identify two splicing factors that regulate inclusion of *BIM* exon 3. To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify *cis*-acting elements that regulate *BIM* splicing. Our deletion analysis reveals that there are numerous redundant elements along the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment that repress exon 3 inclusion. In addition, we could also define a minimal sequence that is sufficient but not necessary for repressing exon 3 inclusion to the last 322-nt comprising +2,582 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment ([Fig. 1](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"}). From these results, we propose that the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment contains multiple binding sites for splicing repressors, forming a silencing zone upstream of exon 3 that represses inclusion of the exon. The possibility of a long-range secondary structure within the 2,903-nt fragment that represses exon 3 is not supported by our findings, since large deletions on either side of the fragment do not significantly affect exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 2](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Pending the identification of all individual ISSs within the 2,903-nt region, this fragment is the largest region with net splicing silencing activity described so far.
Regulation of exon inclusion can also be mediated by a mechanism which consists of splicing silencers juxtaposing or overlapping with splicing enhancers, or counteracting enhancers from a distance [@pone.0095210-Zhu1], [@pone.0095210-Pagani1]. This mechanism of splicing regulation has been described in fibroblast growth receptor 2 (*FGFR2*), human immunodeficiency virus and bovine papillomavirus transcripts, and human immunodeficiency virus tat exon 3, to name a few [@pone.0095210-Zhu1], [@pone.0095210-Mauger1]--[@pone.0095210-Zheng1]. In these systems, it has been proposed that the association of splicing repressors with the silencers represses exon inclusion by directly antagonizing the enhancers. However, we found no evidence that the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment utilizes this mechanism to repress exon 3 inclusion, because our deletion analyses did not reveal any significant enhancer activity ([Fig. 1](#pone-0095210-g001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}).
There is growing evidence demonstrating that SNPs can modulate pre-mRNA splicing [@pone.0095210-Lalonde1]--[@pone.0095210-Roca1]. It has been estimated that allele-specific splicing affects the expression of around 20% of alternatively spliced genes [@pone.0095210-Nembaware1]. The dbSNP at UCSC Genome Browser shows at least 13 SNPs within the 2,903-nt polymorphic fragment. Our finding of numerous redundant *cis*-acting elements along the 2,903-nt fragment that repress *BIM* exon 3 suggests that each individual SNP may not play a significant role in the regulation of exon 3 inclusion.
Detailed analysis of the last 322-nt of the polymorphic fragment revealed two regions (+2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903) that account for most of its silencing activity ([Fig. 2](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}). It has been shown that RNA secondary structure may cause *cis*-acting elements to become inaccessible to splicing factors thereby promoting exon skipping [@pone.0095210-Goguel1]. Since +2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903 are close to each other and to the 3′ splice site of exon 3, it could be possible that these two segments form a secondary structure that impairs inclusion of this exon. If this were true, removing +2,582 to +2,662 *or* +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment from the Δ10 minigene should abolish the structure and hence, lead to a greater inclusion of exon 3. However, partial and complete removal of +2,582 to +2,662 or +2,823 to +2,903 ([Fig. 2](#pone-0095210-g002){ref-type="fig"}, MUT1 and MUT5, Δ10A and Δ10B) failed to increase exon 3 inclusion as compared to Δ10C. These observations argue against the notion that +2,582 to +2,662 and +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment form a secondary structure that represses inclusion of exon 3, and is consistent with the presence of ISSs that act separately via binding of splicing repressors.
Computational analyses predicted three putative binding sites for PTBP1 within +2,582 to +2,662 of the polymorphic fragment, suggesting that PTBP1 could repress inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 by binding to these sites. Indeed, downregulation of PTBP1 using siRNAs led to a significant increase in the ratio of endogenous *BIM* transcripts containing exon 3 over exon 4 ([Fig. 3](#pone-0095210-g003){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that PTBP1 indeed functions as a repressor of exon 3. Here, removing the three putative PTBP1 binding sites from +2,582 to +2,662 did not significantly increase splicing of exon 3 ([Fig. 4B](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, silencing of PTBP1 had no effect on splicing of *BIM* minigenes with or without the polymorphic fragment ([Fig. 4C](#pone-0095210-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Collectively, our results suggest that PTBP1 does not act via the polymorphic fragment to repress exon 3 inclusion. Since our minigenes do not contain all the sequences in introns 2 and 3, it is possible that PTBP1 may bind other *cis*-acting elements within *BIM* to repress exon 3 inclusion. Of note, PTBP1 has also been implicated in the regulation of cap-independent translation mediated by the internal ribosomal entry site [@pone.0095210-Cornelis1], [@pone.0095210-Mitchell1], as well as in the splicing regulation of transcripts encoding other splicing factors [@pone.0095210-CoutinhoMansfield1]. Therefore, it is also possible that PTBP1 represses exon 3 inclusion indirectly by changing the expression of other splicing factors.
In this study, we have identified a 23-nt ISS within +2,823 to +2,903 of the polymorphic fragment ([Fig. 5](#pone-0095210-g005){ref-type="fig"}). Mutational analysis revealed that the two poly-U tracts and a GGGG motif are critical elements within the ISS that repress the inclusion of *BIM* exon 3 ([Fig. 6](#pone-0095210-g006){ref-type="fig"}). HnRNP H and hnRNP F are two similar proteins that bind G-rich sequence motifs. Depending on the location of the G-rich motifs, hnRNP H either promotes or represses exon inclusion. If the G-rich motifs are located within exons or within intronic elements upstream of the 3′ splice site, then hnRNP H represses exon inclusion [@pone.0095210-Lefave1]--[@pone.0095210-Masuda1]. In contrast, hnRNP H enhances exon inclusion if it binds to G-rich motifs downstream of the 5′ splice site [@pone.0095210-Caputi1]--[@pone.0095210-Wang2]. As the GGGG motif within the 23-nt ISS is relatively close to the 3′ splice site of *BIM* exon 3 (120 nts), we asked whether hnRNP H and hnRNP F played a role in repressing exon 3 inclusion. However, downregulation of hnRNP H and hnRNP F failed to significantly increase endogenous *BIM* exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 7D](#pone-0095210-g007){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that other splicing regulators bind to the GGGG motif within the 23-nt ISS. We also addressed whether hnRNP C regulates *BIM* exon 3 inclusion via the poly-U tracts within the 23-nt region [@pone.0095210-Konig1]. We found that hnRNP C functions as a repressor of endogenous *BIM* exon 3 inclusion ([Fig. 8B](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}), but this repression was not dependent on the poly-U tracts ([Fig. 8D](#pone-0095210-g008){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, similarly to PTBP1, hnRNP C represses *BIM* exon 3 inclusion directly by binding to other sequences of the *BIM* transcript, or indirectly by regulating other factors.
The identification of PTBP1 and hnRNP C as repressors of *BIM* exon 3, although not acting via the polymorphic fragment, has potential clinical relevance. Our findings indicate that decreased expression of PTBP1 and hnRNP C could promote the expression of exon 3-containing BIM isoforms that lack the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain, thereby impairing the induction of BH3-containing BIM isoforms. Therefore, reduced expression of PTBP1 and hnRNP C could contribute to inferior responses to anticancer agents that rely on BIM expression, such as TKIs [@pone.0095210-Cragg2]. Indeed, when we used siRNAs to downregulate PTBP1, we observed diminished induction of imatinib-induced apoptosis in CML cells, as well as impaired induction of BIM isoforms that harbor the BH3 domain encoded in exon 4 (BIM~L~ and BIM~S~) ([Fig. 9A](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, impaired induction of BIM~EL~ was not observed consistently when we knockdown PTBP1. One possible explanation could be that, unlike BIM~L~ and BIM~S~, BIM~EL~ is rapidly degraded by the proteasome pathway as a result of phosphorylation by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2) [@pone.0095210-Wiggins1]--[@pone.0095210-Hubner1]. Therefore, even when the induction of exon 4-containing *BIM* transcripts is suppressed by the downregulation of PTBP1, the inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling by imatinib can still increase BIM~EL~ protein levels by suppressing BIM~EL~ turnover. Interestingly, a recent report showed that downregulation of PTBP1 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as carboplatin or paclitaxel [@pone.0095210-He1]. These findings appear contradictory to what we observed when we downregulated PTBP1 in CML cells. These conflicting observations could be accounted for by tissue-specific expression of their target transcripts or other splicing factors [@pone.0095210-Ke1]. Therefore, downregulation of PTBP1 in ovarian cancer cells may not lead to changes in the splicing of *BIM* exons 3 and 4. Unexpectedly, downregulation of hnRNP C enhanced imatinib-induced apoptosis and promoted the induction of BIM~L~ and BIM~S~ ([Fig. 9B](#pone-0095210-g009){ref-type="fig"}). Because hnRNP C regulates the splicing of numerous other pre-mRNAs [@pone.0095210-Konig1], we speculate that hnRNP C downregulation could promote the expression of splice variants in other transcripts that sensitize CML cells to imatinib-induced apoptosis.
Our deletion analyses of the *BIM* polymorphic fragment presented here depict a "coarse map" of the splicing silencers within this region, as a first step towards a deeper understanding of *BIM* exon 3 splicing. The identification of these regulatory elements is crucial for the development of ASOs that bind to and inhibit *cis*-acting elements to alter *BIM* splicing for therapeutic purposes. Increased BIM expression has been shown to contribute to increased cardiomyocyte and neuronal cell death following ischemia [@pone.0095210-Qian1], [@pone.0095210-Ness1]. Therefore, a potential therapeutic approach to reduce cell death is to decrease the expression of exon 4-containing *BIM* transcripts. This can be done by employing ASOs that bind to splicing silencers of exon 3. However, our findings suggest that ASOs targeting ISSs within the polymorphic fragment would have little or no effects on *BIM* splicing because of the silencer redundancy within this region. Instead, it may be more appropriate to design ASOs that bind to splicing enhancers of exon 4 to repress its inclusion. ASOs can also be used to promote the inclusion of *BIM* exon 4 to enhance the cell-killing effects of anticancer agents. However, the 2,903-nt fragment is not an ASO drug target for cancers because our deletion analyses did not reveal any significant enhancer activity. Instead, exon 4 inclusion could be increased by ASOs targeting enhancer sequences within or flanking exon 3. Increasing PTBP1 expression is another possible approach to enhance exon 4 inclusion. In any event, it is important to note that modulating the expression of a splicing factor will affect the splicing of numerous transcripts in both tumor and non-diseased cells. Therefore, the global effects of PTBP1 upregulation should be carefully assessed before PTBP1 could be considered a drug target to induce tumor-cell death. Finally, future studies should reveal the fine location of the ISSs within the polymorphic fragment, as well as more splicing factors that regulate *BIM* exon 3 splicing.
We are very grateful for insightful conversations regarding this study with David Virshup and Axel Hillmer. We also thank Jun Liu and Malini Bhadra for technical assistance in some of the experimental procedures.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**I have read the journal\'s policy and have the following conflicts: WCJ and STO hold a National University of Singapore, Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore patent (BRC/P/06094/01/PCT) for a method to detect resistance to cancer therapy and guide therapy to overcome resistance. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: WCJ XR STO. Performed the experiments: WCJ. Analyzed the data: WCJ XR STO. Wrote the paper: WCJ XR STO.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '08f6832c6b7c666e7fef9a7e856634d24cbb730e7714ab2af3fc2c2b5b76840b'} |
Relationships: From beginning to end
Monday
Nov 4, 2013 at 12:20 AMNov 4, 2013 at 12:48 AM
I know itís hard to be the younger one, the one who watches from the doorway as older kids leave for friendsí houses. With sisters 12 and 14 years older than me, Iíve been there. Thatís why it struck such a chord with me when Benjamin said he wanted to go somewhere that I couldnít […]
I know itís hard to be the younger one, the one who watches from the doorway as older kids leave for friendsí houses. With sisters 12 and 14 years older than me, Iíve been there. Thatís why it struck such a chord with me when Benjamin said he wanted to go somewhere that I couldnít see him.
He wanted to leave the house without Mom and Dad. He wanted to be big, and at 4, his options were limited.
Then, it struck me: He could play on our enclosed front porch while I sat mere feet away in the living room. He could have the sense of playing just out of reach, and I could know he was safe because I could see him through the window.
He was beside himself when he heard the news. He raced around gathering up the supplies he would need to entertain himself. A write-on wipe-off board. A Bible. An imagination that somehow always finds its way back to Star Wars or Justice League heroes.
I could see him sipping from his mug, arranging things on the rustic coffee table and settling into the cushions on his favorite outdoor chair. He was proud of himself. You could tell it in the way he carried himself.
Within minutes he poked his head back inside the door.
ďIím reading chapter one,Ē he said, carrying his Bible. ďIt tells all about friendshipsÖ and relationships.Ē
I started to explain how chapter one is about creation, but I stopped myself just in time for the reality of what he had said to sink in.
From start to finish, it is about relationships. Even the story of creation tells us God created man in his own image and then made woman, so they would not be alone. Then, God walked with them in the garden and delighted in their company.
And after the fall? Well, God still wanted relationship Ė thatís what the rest of the book is about. The whole thing summarized. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '91d1294bb7eecf4d003e17aded4d197712a8676e4defd0aeadb2bc40f81b859f'} |
It wasn’t worth wasting any time, but the sheer BS prompted me to respond. Then, the plan for the evening had changed and I could easily multitask on something unimportant while watching TV, so I decided to respond to a dork on a stupid article.
You can read the article at the link below. I would strongly suggest not to unless you have suicidal tendencies and consider this article as one of the ways to kill yourself. Below the link is my response to that worthless article:
Dear Mahal,
After reading half of your article I knew that you know nothing about the subject you are talking about. I would still not call it BS because that would be insulting the manure. I did not have to read the complete article because in order to check whether the curry is ready or not, you just have to taste (test) few drops of it! Please read my comments below:
“I understand that this is a very strong statement and I’m definitely not trying to insult anyone; so apologies in advance.”
You do not need to apologize, I am sure you have no idea about testing. The statement is ‘not’ a very strong statement, as we testers have to deal with ignoramuses everyday and we do that with tact, as would be visible in my response to you (hopefully).
Yes, you are trying to insult your colleagues; and possibly because one of those smart testers has found defects in your code. Right? You can be honest with us, Mahal.
“I’m trying to challenge the belief that testing is mandatory and that there should be one testing resource for every two developers.”
Where did you get that belief from? Do yo have any statistics to support that? I know you don’t. If your belief is based on biases, then you do need to recollect that data and base that on facts, not biases.
“Quality development is about quality assurance and zero defects not about having testing departments.”
This statement actually does not make any sense as there is no such thing as zero defect.
“Quality Assurance (QA) is about making a positive statement about product quality. QA is about positive assurance, which is stating, “We are certain that there are few, if any, defects in this product.”
I have to repeat it many time and I have no hesitation in doing that. After all that’s my job as a tester. QA and testing are not just about ‘making’ positive or negative statements. Would you accept the ‘positive assurance’ from the QA group if it says, “We are certain that there are few, if any, defects in the product. BTW, those few may all be high severity defects.”
You have no idea of QA too, isn’t it? I know I am wasting my time, but showing the mirror is my job. Now it is up to the OP to either break the mirror or accept the defect. Another choice is killing the messenger. Up to you!.
“Airplanes are a product with quality assured, the manufacturers will stand by their quality and the statistics back them up. Contrast this with this article or this article which wonders what would happen if Microsoft made airplanes — would you fly in them?”
Aha!! You got my attention here. I love those machines. I ‘test’ the software on them; and I ‘QA’ the hardware changes on some; and I ‘test’ the integration with avionics on them and sometimes I also review (static ‘testing’ like inspection) the manufacturer’s work. There is a lot more I do as a ‘tester’ on the airplanes. But, as I said before, you have no idea what you are talking about and you will have no idea what I am talking about too.
Let me ask you a question. When, where & how did you get the quality assurance statement from an aircraft manufacturer to be assured of the quality of their product? Are you confusing aircraft manufacturers with airlines? And are you seriously referring us to those two articles? One written by a former manager at KPMG and other one by a nobody. Both have no background or understanding of airline industry. It is easy to say anything, right? But is hard to compare a $300 computer with a $300 million airplane. and it is NOT easy to compare both of those with a single life. Do you want me to spend similar effort on testing your notepad application because some nube somewhere could not access notepad on his laptop? Are you seriously serious? Hey Mahal, do you dope dude?
“he reality is that most testing departments simply discover defects and forward them back to the engineering department to fix. By the time the software product gets released we are basically saying, “We got rid of as many defects as we could find before management forced us to release this product, however, we really have no idea how many other defects are in the code”. This is not assuring quality; at best you get negative assurance out of this.”
Nah, the reality is that you have no idea what testing is, how it should be performed and what testers actually do. You need to wake up, learn more about things you talk about even before you think of writing a single word. That’s a different story if you get paid for writing non-sense. I won’t question that then.
Now it is my turn to apologize. I read your article up to the point mentioned above. The reason being, it wasn’t worth wasting any more time. You know, testing is a cognitive process and a tester has more creative things to do. If you wish to learn more about testing or airplanes, please do not contact me. I am known for losing my patience with a specific species. Please also think twice contacting James Bach because he also belongs to the same category and he is fiercer than I am. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9708858132362366}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51169', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2ABPMFF2XZ2XXMMFNQBVLVX6I4VUBIA3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:53922171-ad76-4748-ba90-1466419cc9b5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 2, 52, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '37.60.246.77', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LZ6L7B7CD6CR2764CJLIXAYTSOYGTMHL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2a898a9a-97d0-476c-a65e-bee6395ce549>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.dogmatictesting.com/what-an-idiot-testing-departments-are-for-losers/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4c4c4fce-45b6-4b5d-aff3-7686c7a94c0e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '962', 'url': 'http://www.dogmatictesting.com/what-an-idiot-testing-departments-are-for-losers/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-179-45-39.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02351367473602295', 'original_id': '9704d0beeadbfe26d5302ecd12c27c4ac8ad6daf7f1099acbfc8c0c569ae204e'} |
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
xvg_plot.py
Python script to plot XVG line charts produced by GROMACS analysis tools.
Requires:
* python2.7+
* matplotlib
* numpy
"""
from __future__ import print_function, division
__author__ = 'Joao Rodrigues'
__email__ = 'j.p.g.l.m.rodrigues@gmail.com'
import os
import re
import shlex
import sys
try:
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
except ImportError as e:
print('[!] The required Python libraries could not be imported:', file=sys.stderr)
print('\t{0}'.format(e))
sys.exit(1)
##
def parse_xvg(fname, sel_columns='all'):
"""Parses XVG file legends and data"""
_ignored = set(('legend', 'view'))
_re_series = re.compile('s[0-9]+$')
_re_xyaxis = re.compile('[xy]axis$')
metadata = {}
num_data = []
metadata['labels'] = {}
metadata['labels']['series'] = []
ff_path = os.path.abspath(fname)
if not os.path.isfile(ff_path):
raise IOError('File not readable: {0}'.format(ff_path))
with open(ff_path, 'r') as fhandle:
for line in fhandle:
line = line.strip()
if line.startswith('@'):
tokens = shlex.split(line[1:])
if tokens[0] in _ignored:
continue
elif tokens[0] == 'TYPE':
if tokens[1] != 'xy':
raise ValueError('Chart type unsupported: \'{0}\'. Must be \'xy\''.format(tokens[1]))
elif _re_series.match(tokens[0]):
metadata['labels']['series'].append(tokens[-1])
elif _re_xyaxis.match(tokens[0]):
metadata['labels'][tokens[0]] = tokens[-1]
elif len(tokens) == 2:
metadata[tokens[0]] = tokens[1]
else:
print('Unsupported entry: {0} - ignoring'.format(tokens[0]), file=sys.stderr)
elif line[0].isdigit():
num_data.append(map(float, line.split()))
num_data = zip(*num_data)
if not metadata['labels']['series']:
for series in range(len(num_data) - 1):
metadata['labels']['series'].append('')
# Column selection if asked
if sel_columns != 'all':
sel_columns = map(int, sel_columns)
x_axis = num_data[0]
num_data = [x_axis] + [num_data[col] for col in sel_columns]
metadata['labels']['series'] = [metadata['labels']['series'][col - 1] for col in sel_columns]
return metadata, num_data
def running_average(data, metadata, window=10):
"""
Performs a running average calculation over all series in data.
Assumes the first series is the x-axis.
Appends the series and a new label to the original data and label arrays.
"""
weights = np.repeat(1.0, window)/window
s_labels = metadata['labels']['series']
for n_series, series in enumerate(data[1:]):
series_rav = np.convolve(series, weights, 'valid')
s_labels.append('{0} (Av)'.format(s_labels[n_series]))
data.append(series_rav)
return metadata, data
def plot_data(data, metadata, window=1, interactive=True, outfile=None,
colormap='Set1', bg_color='lightgray'):
"""
Plotting function.
"""
n_series = len(data) - 1
f = plt.figure()
ax = plt.gca()
color_map = getattr(plt.cm, colormap)
color_list = color_map(np.linspace(0, 1, n_series))
for i, series in enumerate(data[1:]):
label = metadata['labels']['series'][i]
# Adjust x-axis for running average series
if label.endswith('(Av)'):
x_step = (data[0][1] - data[0][0])
x_window = (window * x_step) / 2
x_start = data[0][0] + x_window - x_step
x_end = data[0][-1] - x_window + x_step
x_data = np.arange(x_start, x_end, x_step)
else:
x_data = data[0]
ax.plot(x_data, series, c=color_list[i], label=label)
# Formatting Labels & Appearance
ax.set_xlabel(metadata['labels'].get('xaxis', ''))
ax.set_ylabel(metadata['labels'].get('yaxis', ''))
ax.set_title(metadata.get('title', ''))
ax.set_axis_bgcolor(bg_color)
ax.grid('on')
try:
legend = ax.legend()
frame = legend.get_frame()
frame.set_facecolor(bg_color)
except AttributeError as e:
# No legend, likely because no labels
pass
if outfile:
plt.savefig(outfile)
if interactive:
plt.show()
return
##
if __name__ == '__main__':
import argparse
from argparse import RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
ap.add_argument('xvg_f', type=str, help='XVG input file', metavar='XVG input file')
io_group = ap.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
io_group.add_argument('-o', '--output', type=str, help='PDF output file')
io_group.add_argument('-i', '--interactive', action='store_true',
help='Launches an interactive matplotlib session')
ana_group = ap.add_argument_group('Data Analysis')
ana_group.add_argument('-s', '--selection', type=str, default='all', nargs='+',
help='Selects particular data series from xvg file.')
ana_group.add_argument('-a', '--average', action='store_true',
help='Smoothes each series using a running average')
ana_group.add_argument('-w', '--window', type=int, default=10,
help='Window size for the running average calculation [Default: 10]')
ot_group = ap.add_argument_group('Other Options')
ot_group.add_argument('-c', '--colormap', default='Set1',
help='Range of colors used for each series in the plot. For a list of all\
available colormaps refer to \
matplotlib.org/examples/color/colormaps_reference.html')
ot_group.add_argument('-b', '--background-color', default='lightgray',
help='Background color used in the plot. For a list of all available \
colors refer to \
matplotlib.org/examples/color/named_colors.html')
cmd = ap.parse_args()
metadata, data = parse_xvg(cmd.xvg_f, cmd.selection)
n_series = len(data[1:])
n_elements = sum(map(len, data[1:]))
print('[+] Read {0} series of data ({1} elements)'.format(n_series, n_elements))
if cmd.average:
print('[+] Calculating Running Averages (window size = {0})'.format(cmd.window))
metadata, data = running_average(data, metadata, window=cmd.window)
plot_data(data, metadata,
window=cmd.window,
interactive=cmd.interactive, outfile=cmd.output,
colormap=cmd.colormap, bg_color=cmd.background_color)
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/JoaoRodrigues/gmx-tools/blob/master/xvg_plot.py', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2022.0', 'title': 'gmx-tools', 'creator': 'JoaoRodrigues', 'language': 'Python', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '591', 'token_count': '2144', '__index_level_0__': '13091', 'original_id': 'bd03769cf1313a795350629b4517b767642ce7603c3f4f65a141506da3d21bbd'} |
Вилађо дел Пино-Ле Ђинестре је насеље у Италији у округу Катанија, региону Сицилија.
Према процени из 2011. у насељу је живело 1980 становника. Насеље се налази на надморској висини од 546 м.
Види још
Покрајине Италије
Италијани
Референце
Литература
Спољашње везе
Насеља у округу Катанија
Википројект географија/Насеља у Италији | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%BE%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9B%D0%B5%20%D0%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Вилађо дел Пино-Ле Ђинестре', 'creator': 'https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Вилађо дел Пино-Ле Ђинестре&action=history', 'language': 'Serbian', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '49', 'token_count': '158', '__index_level_0__': '50837', 'original_id': '69b6fce14bd52502dcb71473eb82d789fa824972caa8a94b3b69f5bb6e5e5ff0'} |
Legal Affairs
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Debate Club
Do Journalists Need a Better Shield?
Paul McMasters and Geoffrey R. Stone debate.
This Wednesday, Time magazine journalist Matthew Cooper and New York Times reporter Judith Miller go to trial in Washington, D.C. for refusing to reveal confidential sources. They are the first of several journalists who could face lengthy prison sentences because of charges related to the July 2003 revelation that Valerie Plame was a covert operative of the CIA.
Similar cases abound. Last month a Rhode Island reporter was found guilty of contempt for refusing to reveal a source and the invasion-of-privacy case of Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee may bring other journalists to trial. While 31 states and the District of Columbia have shield laws designed to protect journalists from being forced to reveal their sources, no such federal law exists.
Do journalists need more protection from prosecution?
Paul McMasters is the First Amendment Ombudsman at the First Amendment Center and writes a column distributed to 200 newspapers. Geoffrey R. Stone is Harry Kalven, Jr. Distinguished Service Professor of Law at the University of Chicago and author of Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime.
McMasters: 12/6/04, 11:55 AM
I have always thought that the best protection for journalists who needed to protect their confidential sources was the First Amendment, common law, and common sense. And if those didn't work, the Justice Department's own guidelines would kick in.
I am no longer confident, however, that those are sufficient to provide balance when the inevitable conflicts arise between journalists doing their jobs and prosecutors doing their jobs. In the last couple of years, federal prosecutors have seemed far too willing to attempt coercing journalists into becoming part of their investigative teams. Compounding the problem: Courts have seemed far too dismissive of the public's stake in the press's ability to resist these efforts.
On Wednesday, reporters for Time magazine and The New York Times will find out whether they will be going to jail for up to 18 months. Sentencing is set for Thursday for a television correspondent in Providence, R.I. who may go to jail for up to six months. More than a dozen other journalists face similar fates, all for refusing to give up their sources to federal prosecutors.
The sources are not the only things sought in these forays into reporting practices and newsroom procedures. Federal officials also have gone after telephone records and reporters' notes and reportedly have tried to enlist journalists as informants, get certain information from being reported and forced reporters off of stories they have covered for months or years.
The uneasy balance between reporters and federal officials began to tip as far back as 2001 when Houston free-lance writer Vanessa Leggett was sent off to prison for not handing over interview tapes to federal officials. Not long after, the Justice Department secretly subpoenaed the telephone records of Associated Press reporter John Solomon; officials wanted to know who Solomon was talking to in his reporting on then-U.S. Senator Robert Torricelli, a New Jersey Democrat. A little more than a year later, Solomon, this time working on an investigative project about the war on terrorism, again was targeted by federal officials, who intercepted and held for several weeks a package containing an unclassified FBI report mailed to him from the Philippines by a fellow A.P. correspondent.
Then came the deluge. Now we have a number of criminal and civil investigations ensnaring journalists, forcing them and the news organizations they work for to incur huge legal fees and fines. More importantly, these acts have seriously compromised the ability of the press to inform the public about urgent matters of public policy and government actions.
All of this unfolds in a governmental environment that prizes secrecy and information control far more than the public's right to know. The classification of government information reaches historic records each year. The Freedom of Information Act is being interpreted much more narrowly. Massive amounts of unclassified information have been labeled "sensitive," thus putting such material beyond the reach of the public and press. More than four million government officials—local, state, and federal—will be subject to signing non-disclosure agreements, violation of which comes with harsh penalties, including jail time.
Under such circumstances, the press's ability to protect sources becomes even more vital than ever. That's why there must be a vigorous and sustained dialogue about whether a federal shield law for reporters is needed to restore some balance to this dangerously out-of-kilter dynamic between the press and prosecutors.
Perhaps the discussion and debate alone will temper Justice's aggressiveness. More importantly, it should help the public to understand that this is first and foremost an issue of free speech in general and dissent in particular. It is about the ability of those with information vital to the public and inconvenient to some government officials to get that word to the public through the press. Then, it should become apparent that a federal shield law is not a special privilege for journalists but a special protection for the public.
Stone: 12/6/04, 05:55 PM
I certainly agree that this is an important issue. But it may be useful to put it into its larger context. In many of the current disputes, the press has claimed the mantle of the First Amendment in arguing that reporters have a constitutional right not to disclose "confidential" information to a grand jury. The essence of the argument is as follows: (1) The press has a First Amendment right (and responsibility) to inform the public. (2) In order to gather information, reporters often have to promise their sources confidentiality. (3) If reporters are compelled to disclose the identity of their sources, the sources will dry up. (4) Therefore, for the government to require a reporter to reveal a source in the course of a grand jury investigation violates the First Amendment.
This is all very logical. Nevertheless, in 1972 the Supreme Court rejected precisely this argument in a closely-divided decision. In Branzburg v. Hayes, the majority of the Court conceded that grand jury subpoenas could plausibly have some impact on the willingness of sources to provide information to the press, but it concluded that there was no proof that the effect of such subpoenas would be significant. Moreover, the majority noted that if it recognized a First Amendment privilege for journalists, it would then have to decide as a matter of constitutional law who is and who is not a "journalist." Could this new privilege be claimed by a reporter for a school newspaper? By a blogger? By a person writing a book, even if she's never written one before? The majority explained that it would be very harmful for the Court to undertake such an inquiry, because it would be the equivalent of "licensing" the press, something that has always been anathema to the First Amendment.
In light of the decision in Branzburg, why does the press continue to howl that grand jury subpoenas of reporters violate the First Amendment? There are two reasons (apart from the obvious one that it sounds good). First, Justice Powell wrote a stunningly opaque concurring opinion in Branzburg that seemed to leave some wiggle room for a very narrowly-drawn constitutional privilege. Second, any citizen is always free to argue that a Supreme Court decision is wrong and should be overruled. In light of the recent rash of grand jury subpoenas to reporters, perhaps the current Court will overrule Branzburg (though that seems unlikely).
But there is a more intriguing problem here, and it goes to the question of journalistic integrity. After Branzburg, many states enacted statutory shield laws that provide a privilege for journalists. Indeed, 31 states now have such laws, in one form or another. But 19 states and the federal government have not enacted such laws.
Suppose you are a journalist in Washington, D.C., and you know that there is (under current constitutional law) no First Amendment privilege and no statutory privilege governing your conduct. A source tells you "I won't reveal the information you want unless you promise me confidentiality." What should you do? There are at least three options: (1) You can try to persuade the source to disclose the information without a promise of confidentiality. If she refuses, you can close up shop and go home. (2) You can promise confidentiality "to the extent allowed by law" (perhaps hoping that, if push comes to shove, you can get the Court to overrule Branzburg). (3) You can promise confidentiality.
The nub of the problem at the moment is that too many reporters are arrogantly taking it upon themselves to choose option (3). By so doing, they are either lying to the source or placing themselves above the law. Neither is acceptable or ethical. So, Paul, I'd like to focus for the moment on that question: Is it ethical for a journalist to promise a source confidentiality when the only way she can keep that promise is by violating the law and going to jail?
McMasters: 12/7/04, 12:21 PM
You are right, Geoffrey. There is no doubt that some journalists grant confidentiality all too casually. But most news organizations have procedures in place to make sure that there is a thorough discussion among reporters and editors about whether (1) the information is of significant public interest, (2) there are any other ways to get the information, and (3) going with the confidential sources is worth the risk. Further, there is no way of knowing at the time the confidentiality is granted that a question of legality will arise; in fact, that is rare. That is why the present situation warrants our attention.
But, to be fair, your question provokes another: Are federal prosecutors these days too casually and too quickly making the decision to use their power to fine and jail to get journalists to compromise their ethics?
As for Branzburg v. Hayes, I don't believe the majority opinion is immutable to interpretation more favorable to the First Amendment argument; in fact, a federal judge in good conscience can find a way to recognize the First Amendment dimensions of this conflict. U.S. District Judge Charles Ritchey set that remarkable example less than two years after Branzburg came down by quashing subpoenas seeking the identity of "Deep Throat," the confidential source that Woodward and Bernstein relied on for investigative reporting into Watergate that led to the resignation of President Nixon.
As for the press claiming the mantle of the First Amendment, I think it is important to keep in mind that there are First Amendment rights involved in this matter beyond those of journalists, namely the free speech and dissent rights of government employees (or private sector employees). Anonymous speech, especially about political matters, is a hallmark of First Amendment jurisprudence. Finally, the First Amendment rights of citizens who cannot engage in informed discourse without a press free to convey important information from confidential sources should be paramount when judges sit down to sort out the conflicts between prosecutors seeking sources and journalists protecting them.
Surely there is a better way out of this quagmire than a choice between a parade of journalists going to federal prison or citizens contenting themselves with a daily portion of news that comes only from official sources.
Stone: 12/7/04, 05:25 PM
Certainly, the citizens of a self-governing society need a free press to help inform them about public affairs. For this reason, the First Amendment grants the press a broad right to publish almost anything it chooses, free of government restraint.
But the issue of newsgathering is trickier. Suppose a reporter thinks a congressman has taken a bribe. May the reporter break into the congressman's home and rummage through his desk to try to find evidence of the bribe? May the reporter tap the congressman's telephone? The answer, of course, is "no." Even though reporters would be able to do a better job of informing the public if they were allowed to commit burglary and violate laws against wiretapping, the law ordinarily does not grant them exemptions from such laws. Thus, although the press would be free to publish information accusing the congressman of bribery, and although that information may be important to public discourse, the press does not have a right to commit crimes in order to get the information.
The issue is similar in the context of the journalist-source privilege. In general, all citizens have a legal obligation to answer questions posed to them by a grand jury. If a grand jury is investigating an alleged bribe of a congressman, friends, neighbors, employees, and family members of the congressman can be called before the grand jury and compelled to provide relevant information. Journalists, however, demand a special exemption from this obligation. They argue that they need this exemption because if they are compelled to testify they will have a harder time gathering information for the public. Surely, to some extent, this is so. But is it really different from the burglary and wiretap examples?
Actually, Paul, I strongly support the enactment of a federal statute that would create a journalist-source privilege. We recognize many privileges in the law. The most common is the attorney-client privilege. Many states also recognize privileges of one sort or another for doctor-patient, priest-penitent, husband-wife, psychotherapist-patient, and so on. The purpose of these privileges is to encourage clients, patients, penitents, and spouses to speak openly with lawyers, doctors, psychotherapists, priests, and spouses.
When such privileges exist, a grand jury or court of law ordinarily cannot compel either party to the conversation to disclose its contents.
The underlying judgment is that preservation of the confidentiality of such relationships is more important to society than making the contents of the communication available to a court of law, even if the consequences is that a guilty person goes free or an innocent person goes to jail. If we're willing to do this for these other relationships, why not for the journalist-source relationship as well? I take it, then, that we agree that such a privilege would be salutary. The next question, I suppose, is when it should apply.
McMasters: 12/8/04, 11:23 AM
Journalists should not have an unfettered right to commit crimes in the pursuit of a story, but I don't think we can compare the granting of confidentiality to a source generally, or even specifically, to a burglary or wiretap. I certainly agree that journalists are not above the laws of general applicability, nor should they be. That's why I don't know personally of any journalists or their advocates who are demanding an absolute privilege. I do think most would like to see recognition on the part of government officials, judges, and the public that journalists must have some leeway when reporting on matters of public concern that in some ways parallel the privilege for the relationships that you cited.
Like you, Geoffrey, I have come to the conclusion that there may be no way to achieve that leeway without state and federal shield laws for reporters. The drafting of such a federal law is most challenging, of course, but I think more than three decades of experience with state shield laws demonstrates that it is not impossible. Indeed that experience could be quite instructive. The public debate that the proposal of such a law provokes also may well serve to ameliorate the situation we find ourselves in right now.
At the moment—with an appeals hearing today on the possible jailing of reporters Judith Miller and Matt Cooper, and sentencing set for Jim Taricani tomorrow—most discussion is case-specific, focusing on tracking down and plugging government leaks. What should give us all pause is how many stories may have been abandoned, or how many sources may have been given up, by news organizations without the resources or the will to fight federal prosecutors. Even if there were only one instance of that, it would be a significant public loss. But I think we can safely assume that there are more.
Stone: 12/8/04, 05:46 PM
I don't see why you're more concerned about the loss of information caused by the absence of a source-journalist privilege than by the absence of a journalist privilege to commit burglary or to wiretap. If there's a "significant public loss" when a source doesn't disclose information to a reporter because she's not certain the reporter will be able to keep her confidence, then there's also a "significant public loss" when a reporter can't wiretap a newsworthy telephone call or commit a burglary to obtain a newsworthy document. Is it that giving reporters the power to wiretap or burgle harms privacy, whereas giving reporters the power to withhold information from a grand jury merely lets guilty people go free and causes innocent people go to jail?
Be that as it may, we agree that there should be at least a statutory privilege for confidential source-journalist communications. You say it shouldn't be an "absolute" privilege. I'm not quite sure what that means. Those who favor a "non-absolute" privilege in this context usually mean that the grand jury can demand the information if it can show that it is relevant to the investigation, there is no other way the grand jury can obtain it, and the information is of great importance to the enforcement of the law. Those who favor an "absolute" privilege mean that the grand jury cannot compel the reporter to disclose the information even if those conditions exist. Which of these versions, if either, do you advocate?
You mention the Judith Miller and Matt Cooper cases. These are interesting. The judge found that all of the conditions I mentioned above were satisfied. Do you think, Paul, that Miller and Cooper should be able to refuse to disclose the information even in light of those findings?
Even more intriguing to me is the arguable inapplicability of even an "absolute" privilege in this situation. The purpose of the source-journalist privilege is not to protect the journalist, but to protect the source. It is the source who is being encouraged to rely on the confidentiality of the communication. Thus, just as in the attorney-client, doctor-patient, and priest-penitent privileges, the source-journalist privilege "belongs" to the source. If the source doesn't care about confidentiality, the reporter has no right to insist upon it.
Moreover, because the privilege is designed to encourage the source to disclose the information to the reporter, we have to ask whether on the facts of the Miller and Cooper cases the public interest actually supports encouraging White House officials to disclose the identity of a secret CIA operative in order to make political hay. How can that be, given the fact that the disclosure by such officials itself is a crime? Doesn't that seem self-contradictory?
McMasters: 12/9/04, 09:05 AM
Let's start with the presumption of criminality, in motive and/or action, on the part of journalists who are approached by confidential sources or who decline to divulge such a source in a grand jury proceeding.
First, the vast majority of confidential sources are violating no laws by going to the press. Second, even those who act contrary to the law in leaking information are very seldom run to the ground and clapped in irons by authorities, so why would it follow that journalists (1) be required to determine whether a law is being broken before talking to a source and (2) be marched off to jail if unable or unwilling to make that determination? This goes even for most grand jury leaks and leaks of classified materials. The lion's share of this fraction of instances, in fact, most usually is loudly decried, then forgotten.
In the somewhat rarified atmosphere of the nation's capital, especially, this sort of process has become what passes for democracy in action. Official channels of communication, whether in the administration or in the Congress, have become so managed, manipulated, self-serving, or ossified that leaks, authorized as well as unauthorized, have become the lingua franca. A growing and pervasive governmental secrecy aggravates this condition.
This brings us to the case involving Matt Cooper and Judith Miller. Most assuredly I do not believe that they should go to jail. I believe, rather, that they and their employers should never have been hauled into court to spend time, resources, and money on defending themselves from a sideshow staged by the special prosecutor.
Cooper did not expose the name of the CIA operative; he only wrote about it after columnist Robert Novak did. And Miller not only did not expose the name of the operative, she did not even write about the situation.
Neither did Cooper refuse to cooperate with the special prosecutor. He agreed to meet with Patrick Fitzgerald and answer questions within the constraints of his professional ethics. Rather than appreciating that, Fitzgerald used his answers to fashion yet another subpoena.
As for whether the court was on firm ground in finding that the prosecutor had met all the conditions required by his professional ethics, we have to take the judge's word for that because the prosecutor was allowed to file secret submissions, not even available to defense counsel.
As for sources waiving confidentiality, how can such waivers be voluntary? Even if they are, that does not relieve the journalists of their pledges of confidentiality, which are made not just to the sources but to the profession.
Finally, there is a very real possibility that the sources of this leak will never be determined. And even if they were, the chances are next to nil that they would be convicted under the very narrow conditions set down by the law allegedly violated. Thus we confront the irony of as many as eight journalists, perhaps more, who did not solicit the information in the first place, did not write about it until a commentator wrote about it, and yet may go to jail while the targets of the special prosecutor's long and expensive investigation go free.
Stone: 12/9/04, 04:11 PM
It seems we're leaping from a situation where no source-journalist privilege exists under federal law to fashioning one that far exceeds any of other privilege in scope. Because these privileges exist to encourage clients, patients, penitents, and (perhaps) sources to be forthright in their discussions with lawyers, doctors, priests, and (perhaps) journalists, the privileges apply only insofar as the communication actually promotes the interests the privilege is designed to serve.
If a client reveals information to an attorney, not to get legal advice, but to learn how to commit a crime, the attorney-client privilege does not apply. If a patient discloses information to a doctor, not to get medical treatment, but to figure out how to defraud an insurance company, the doctor-patient privilege does not apply. In such circumstances, the attorney or the doctor can be compelled to disclose the "confidential" communication, even if he promised confidentiality, because the client or patient has forfeited any right to the privilege.
Even if we accept a broad source-journalist privilege, the Valerie Plame situation falls squarely within this principle. In this instance, the source was not engaged in whistle-blowing: he was not disclosing that a congressman took a bribe, or that the Vice President lied about his dealings with the energy companies, or that the President knew there were no weapons of mass destruction. Those would all be appropriate circumstances for the protection of a source-journalist privilege because the disclosure would have served a legitimate public interest. But in the Valerie Plame situation, the source was outing a confidential CIA agent (and thus damaging the national security and jeopardizing Plame's safety) in order to serve partisan political interests. There is no legitimate public interest in promoting this sort of communication, and thus no reason to give the source the protection of the privilege.
In these circumstances, even under the broadest version of the source-journalist privilege, Judith Miller and Matt Cooper had no right or power to give this source an enforceable guarantee of confidentiality, and they have no "professional" interest in honoring a promise of confidentiality that was induced by the source in order to enable him to use them to commit a federal crime. This is no different from the client who discloses information to a lawyer in order to commit a crime or the patient who discloses information to a doctor in order to defraud the insurance company. The privilege doesn't protect such communication, whether or not the doctor or attorney misguidedly promised confidentiality.
And, of course, it doesn't matter at all that Miller didn't print the story. This has nothing to do with publishing the information. Rather, Paul, it has to do with determining who within the White House (if anyone) violated federal law in an especially crude and egregious manner. When this story first broke, the press was (rightly) all over the government to investigate this scandal aggressively. Now, suddenly, it's much ado about nothing. But it's not much ado about nothing. What's at stake here is a serious instance of illegal conduct for purely political purposes in which the press was manipulated by White House officials at the height of a presidential campaign. One would think the press might care about getting to the bottom of this. How do they expect the government to solve such a crime without asking the reporters who committed the leak?
McMasters: 12/10/04, 01:17 PM
You make very helpful points about most evidentiary privilege relationships and their purposes, Geoffrey. But those differ somewhat from source-journalist relationships in the sense that they serve a much narrower interest, almost exclusively between the two parties, and that any public interest served is not nearly so direct, immediate or publicly useful as the source-journalist privilege.
The public interest argument in the Plame leak instance (if one stipulates that retaliation and partisan politics were the motives of the leakers) is a difficult one to make but it must be made. There are valid reasons for giving reporters latitude in protecting the sources.
For example, it assures that other sources, with better motives and real abuse of power to reveal, will not be afraid to come forward, and that the information made available may serve a greater good than the punishment of journalists who may have intentionally put themselves in the service of someone with bad motives.
Which brings us to the Catch 22 in all of this. The insistence that protecting confidential sources is a criminal act for which journalists should not be "above the law" rises out of the functional equivalent of an ex post facto kind of law. In other words, a journalist committed no crime when receiving information from a source and promising confidentiality. But unfortunately judges can elect to treat that journalist like a criminal when a prosecutor issues a subpoena that he knows the journalist has no choice but to resist.
And what unfolded yesterday in Providence brings into sharp relief just how abusive and wrong-headed this process can be when there is no recognition of a journalists' need to protect confidential sources. U.S. District Judge Ernest C. Torres sentenced television reporter Jim Taricani to six months of confinement at home for his refusal to name the person who gave him a surveillance tape showing a public official taking a bribe. The source, by the way, already had come forward.
The sentence could have been worse. But not much. Taricani, a heart-transplant survivor who requires special medical care, could have been sent to a nearby federal prison, where two of the people convicted in the official corruption case he had been covering are incarcerated. But the judge laid down harsh restrictions "designed to mirror as closely as possible the conditions in prison."
And during an hour-long harangue from the bench, Judge Torres castigated those who raised the First Amendment as a concern in the case. Ironically, he sentenced Taricani to silence. The journalist can not work as a journalist, can not speak about his sentence, can not make media appearances and can not even use the Internet.
Here we have a case where no grand jury proceedings were violated, where no national security was breached, where no crime was committed by the journalist receiving leaked material and where the source of the leak is now known. But in the eyes of today's law, Jim Taricani is a convicted criminal, all for doing his professional best to bring information of real significance to the public. And the First Amendment, common law, and common sense could not halt this affront to the principles of an open society.
Now, with nearly a dozen other American journalists facing the same sort of fate, this pre-eminent democracy plunges further on the index of world press freedom and joins the relative few nations that send journalists to prison when they find them or their reporting inconvenient.
What better argument can there be for a federal law that gives journalists more protection in protecting their sources?
Stone: 12/10/04, 05:12 PM
It's important to see the internal tensions that are sometimes present in these source-journalist situations. Consider two variations. In situation (1) the journalist receives information from a person who has a constitutional right to give the information to the journalist. In situation (2) the journalist receives information from a person who has no constitutional right to give the information to the journalist. Situation (1) would exist, for example, when a government employee reveals to a journalist that a congressman has accepted a bribe. In this situation, the source could not constitutionally be punished for revealing the information, and the privilege should clearly apply.
Situation (2) would exist in both the Miller case and Taricani cases. In both of these cases, it's clear that the source has no constitutional right to disclose the information. To the contrary, in both of these situations the source clearly could be criminally punished for violating constitutionally permissible rules of confidentiality. That being so, why should they be able to claim a source-journalist privilege? You argue, Paul, that the privilege is necessary because the information may be of public interest and we don't want to deter the source from disclosing the information. But that makes no sense unless we are prepared to give the source himself immunity from prosecution. If we're willing to prosecute the source for an unlawful leak, how can we then say that the public interest in the information justifies giving him the benefit of the privilege? I don't quite see how we can have it both ways. (This is quite separate, by the way, from the question whether the press may publish the information.)
Moreover, it overstates the case, Paul, to say that denial or limitation of the source-journalist privilege sends journalists to prison when the government finds "their reporting inconvenient." If a reporter goes to prison in these circumstances, it is because he has arrogantly decided to play martyr. It is undoubtedly great drama. But where does a reporter get off insisting that he is above the law, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the Constitution?
Let me be clear. I support a source-journalist privilege. But unless and until that privilege is recognized, journalists must comply with the law no less than anyone else. If a journalist refuses to comply with a lawful and constitutional court order, he is no more entitled to our respect than anyone else who places himself above the law. There is a time and a place for "civil disobedience." In my view, civil disobedience is appropriate when there is a legitimate case to be made that the legal and judicial systems are in some fundamental sense dysfunctional. In this situation, the only argument the journalist can make is that lawmakers and judges don't agree with him. That's not a good enough justification for taking the law into one's own hands.
You suggest that journalists are different because they serve a "greater good." Terrorists also believe that they serve a "greater good." But we do not permit them to decide this for themselves. Of course, journalists serve a "greater good." And the law and the Constitution provide for that. But in our constitutional system they are not the ones who get to decide what their rights are. That's why we have courts, legislatures, and a Constitution.
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Fanaticism of Japanese airmen pitted against American Naval forces was described today by Secretary of Navy James Forrestal in an account of how two US Destroyers with supporting planes downed 92 enemy aircraft in a sea-air duel off 0kinawa. May 11th. Forrestal said: “Destroyers Hadley and Evans were at General Quarters throughout the night of May 10th and 11th which means no one had a nights rest due to attacks by severa1 enemy planes which harassed their formation during darkness. Shortly before eight o’clock on the morning of the 11th a low flying seaplane attempted a suicide attack on the Had1ey and was shot down. Pontoons of this Japanese ship were apparently fired with explosives, were seen to explode as the plane hit the water. Soon after several formations of enemy planes totaling about 150 aircraft in all were immediately attacked by cur fighters but many of them broke through and attacked the Hadley and the Evans. For the next hour and a half, the two Destroyers maneuvering at high speed, firing all their guns, were under continuous attack by the suicide Japanese. In the ensuing melee Navy fighter planes shot down about 50 enemy planes and the two Destroyers accomplished the amazing feat of destroying 42 enemy planes between them, the Hadley 23 and the Evans 19. Toward the end of the battle as our Navy fighters ran out of ammunition there were several cases in which our pilots actually rode enemy planes into the water flying closer and closer above the Japanese until he was forced into the sea. In two instances a heroic Marine pilot interposed his plane between the Hadley and an attacker suicide plane forcing the Japanese aircraft to break off it’s attack. Both these gallant Destroyers were hit before the Japanese attack was repelled. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.983817994594574}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37444', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3WWGIL5N77MDMNBO4LR74AZQNIURIV46', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:52e29390-e54d-4f41-942e-0b89cf9e01d2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 19, 15, 49, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '166.62.115.254', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TYNZG6PMTVX5W7RQE2EQHRVZDC5WK7PX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:03213be5-5c3a-43bf-abd1-796b2404be56>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://usshadley.net/history/8/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4bc289e1-0f2d-4259-a602-075c523b0b81>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '312', 'url': 'https://usshadley.net/history/8/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-250.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05715930461883545', 'original_id': 'a9fd809d89ccc3c388fa4a4e1869513975f4eb19c6e3ccead39a55f8aace5365'} |
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The Great Panathenaia
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Alexandra Ashcraft
on 6 May 2013
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Transcript of The Great Panathenaia
THE GREAT PANATHENAIA The 'All-Athenian' Religious and Civic Festival Compiled by: Alexandra Ashcraft For the ancient Greeks, religion was a cornerstone of daily life. The Athenian calendar was structured around the numerous festivals celebrated in honor of various deities. Each year in the month of Hekatombaion, the Athenians celebrated the Panathenaia, one of the most important festivals in ancient times. The Panathenaia, or “All-Athenian,” was held in honor of Athena, the patron goddess of the city. The Great Panathenaia was a weeklong celebration that included several different activities, namely athletic contests, musical competitions, sacrifices, as well as a great procession to the Acropolis. The Great Panathenaia The Panathenaia was first celebrated as a religious festival as early as the eighth century BC. Each year, Athena was entitled to a new ‘peplos,’ or sacred ritual garment. The Panathenaia was developed as the appropriate presentation of the peplos to the statue of Athena in the Parthenon, and included a procession and ritual sacrifice on the Acropolis.
The simpler religious celebration, now referred to as the Lesser Panathenaia, was transformed in the year 566/5 BC by Peisistratos, who was responsible for starting the tradition of hosting various athletic competitions as part of the festivities. The Panathenaic Games evolved into a weeklong religious and civic festival held every four years in the fashion of the popular games at Olympia and Pythia. The celebrations included athletic and musical contests, processions, sacrifices, and remarkable prizes, and it soon became wildly popular throughout Attica. These festivities were known as the Great Panathenaia, to distinguish them from the annual religious festival held in the off years. The Sacred Peplos The creation of the sacred peplos As primarily a religious celebration, great significance and effort was given to the creation of Athena’s sacred peplos. Its production, steeped in ritual and tradition, appropriately began during the festival of the Chalkeia, or craftsmen, a whole nine months before the Panathenaia. To officially begin the weaving of the peplos, the task of setting up the loom was given to the priestesses and the Arrephoroi. The Arrephoroi were little girls, between the ages of seven and eleven years old, who were dedicated to the cult of Athena and were responsible for performing various ceremonial duties. The peplos was actually woven and decorated by the Ergastinai, a team of young girls who were chosen for this important task from the aristocratic families in Athens. What did the peplos look like? A peplos was a long, draped garment that was the typical attire of Greek women in antiquity. The peplos was woven from wool, the traditional fabric of Greek clothing, and was gathered at the waist, pinned at the shoulders, and open on one side of the body. While the peplos typical of Athenian women was plain, the sacred peplos of Athena was fantastically decorated and woven with bright colors for an overall striking effect. The subject most often depicted on the peplos was Athena’s triumph over the giant Enceladus in the Gigantomachy, the great battle between the gods and the giants for control of the cosmos. In the beginning of the history of the Panathenaia, the garment was normal-sized, but by the end of the fifth century BC, Athena’s peplos was so large that it was brought to the Acropolis as a sail on the model of a ship. What was the Panathenaia? 8th Century BC Presumed beginning of the religious festival 566/5 BC The beginnings of the Great Panathenaia Although the religious festival dates back to the 8th century BC, the founding of the Great Panathenaia is recognized as 566/5 BC, during Hippocleides’ reign as chief magistrate. At this time, there were several political rivalries between the ten tribes of Athens, and it is not unreasonable to infer that the Games, modeled after the Olympic Games, were created as a means to relieve the tensions and bring the tribes of Attica together. Friendly athletic competitions, feasting, and religious celebration were surely seen as a means to appease the people and achieve some sort of peace. The ten tribes of Athens Official founding of the Panathenaic Games Late 6th Century BC Rhapsodes' Homer recitations introduced Historic Timeline of the Great Panathenaia 435 BC Construction of Pericles' Odeon of Athens Pericles' contributions to music Pericles, the famous Athenian statesmen, was selected in 442 BC as an athlothetes, a official supervisor of the contests. He was very interested in making the musical competitions a more prominent part of the festival, and is credited with building the Odeon of Athens, a concert hall, next to the Theater of Dionysus on the southern slope of the Acropolis in 435 BC. An artist's rendering of Pericles' Odeon of Athens, situated by the Theater of Dionysus Who participated in the Great Panathenaia? The Great Panathenaia was remarkable for a multitude of reasons, one of them being that the prestige and allure of the Games attracted a wide variety of participants and spectators from the far reaches of the Mediterranean. Inscriptions that list the winners of the various events reveal that royalty from Pergamon and Egypt competed in the equestrian events. Ambassadors for the Games, called spondophoroi, traveled to all of the Greek states on the mainland as well as on the Italian peninsula, sometimes traveling as far as North Africa and the Persian Gulf in order to announce the upcoming Panathenaic Games. Athenians of all ages and social classes, both male and female were invited to participate and spectate too. The Panathenaia was truly an ‘All-Athenian’ affair. ATHENS A possible schedule of the musical and athletic events during the week of the Great Panathenaia have been reconstructed thanks to inscriptions that have been found carved into stone tablets, or stelai. It appears that the first few days of the program were dedicated to the musical events, while the latter half of the week was when the athletic events leading up to the procession and religious ceremony took place. The events proceeded from place to place within the city, eventually ending at the Acropolis. Days 1-8 Recitations of Homer's 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' The festival was further embellished in the late 6th century BC when Hipparchos, the son of Athenian tyrant Peisistratos, began the tradition of the recitation of ‘The Iliad’ and ‘The Odyssey’ by rhapsodes, professional performers of epic poetry. The celebration of Homer’s epic masterpieces cemented their status as a national treasure and ensured that they would be preserved until modern times. The location of these recitations is unknown, but one theory is that they took place on the Pnyx, the hill in central Athens where the Athenians gathered for popular assemblies. Rhapsodes depicted in Greek art are oftentimes shown carrying a staff and wearing the trademark cloak. Days 1-3 Musical and Dramatic Competitions In the Odeon of Athens: Artistic rendering of the interior of the Odeon -the kitharodes (singing and playing the kithara)
-aulodes (singing to a double-pipe accompaniment)
-solo kithara playing
-solo double-pipe playing Depiction of a man playing the kithara in musical competition on a Panathenaic amphora The caliber of the musical competitions was outstanding. The prestige of the festival, as well as the value of the prizes, attracted the most acclaimed musical performers throughout the Mediterranean. The competitions were usually divided into two categories: a competition for the boys, and one for the men. Days 4-7 Athletic Competitions The athletic competitions of the Panathenaic Games, usually held in the stadium, were divided into three age groups. The first age group to compete were the boys, followed by the ageneioi ('unbearded youths'), and then the men. List of Events Boys Ageneioi Men -long race
-200 m race
-400 m race
-pankration (combination of wresting and boxing) -200 m race
-pankration -long race
-200 m race
-400 m race
-800 m race (hippios)
-400 m race in armor (the hoplites) The Panathenaic Stadium The Panathenaic Procession The ritual sacrifice and presentation of the peplos was the most important event of the entire Panathenaic festival. The peplos was presented with a procession that began at the Dipylon Gate at the edge of the city, near the Kerameikos cemetery. The procession continued down the Panathenaic Way through the agora, where stands were set up for spectators. The procession ended at the Acropolis. Prizes at the Panathenaia The popularity and prestige of the Great Panathenaia can largely be attributed to the incredible prizes handed out to the victors of each of the events. While other Panhellenic Games distributed crown wreaths made from various leaves to the winners, the prizes at the Panathenaia had not only high monetary value, but astonishing religious significance. The most iconic prize was olive oil from the sacred olive trees of Athens, rumored to have descended from the original olive tree given to the city by Athena in her competition with Poseidon for the role of patron deity. The amphorae in which the prized olive oil was stored were decorated with a representation of a warrior Athena with the inscription 'from the games at Athens' on the front, and a depiction of the particular contest on the back. It has been suggested that approximately 1,400 amphorae were commissioned for each Great Panathenaia, and much of our archaeological evidence for the events of the Panathenaia can be attributed to amphorae that have been discovered by archaeologists in modern times. The value and significance of the Panathenaic amphora helped to make it the emblem of the festival. Panathenaic Amphorae The Panathenaic amphorae were the prizes for most of the competitions. The victor would receive the most, followed by the runner up, and then the third place competitor would receive a smaller number of amphorae. Other prizes were crowns made of gold, and monetary prizes of varying amounts of drachmas. The stadium in Athens was built around 566 BC for the purpose of hosting the many athletic and equestrian events of the Great Panathenaia. In 329 BC, Lycurgus, the archon of Athens, rebuilt the stadium, transforming the seats from wood into marble. Later, in 140 AD, Herodes Atticus increased the seating capacity of the stadium to 50,000 people. Towards the end of the 19th century, private funds were used to reconstruct the ruins of the ancient structure for the revival of the Olympic Games of 1870 and 1875. The stadium is still in use today. 5th Century, AD Pagan ceremonies decreed illegal, and the celebrations of the Great Panathenaia festival were outlawed. Equestrian Events Training for the competition Days 6-7 Day 8 Although the athletic events were open to anyone who wanted to compete, the contests were usually dominated by the top professional athletes who used the Panathenaic games as a way to make a living and garner more attention for themselves. In order to win, many athletes sought out esteemed coaches and embarked on a rigorous training schedule and diet. A kylix, or drinking cup, depicting a trainer coaching his athlete.
The trainers are usually depicted with a staff, and wearing a cloak. Athletes were usually shown training nude. The Pentathlon "Pentathletes are the most beautiful; they are naturally adapted both for exertion of body and swiftness of foot."
-Aristotle Comprised of five events, the footrace, javelin, discus, long jump, and wrestling, the pentathlon required a great deal of skill and athletic ability. In order to be the overall winner of the pentathlon, it is believed that a competitor had to win at least three of the events outright. Unfortunately, there are no records of the rules and methods of scorekeeping for the pentathlon. The Pankration The competition became particularly fierce during the pankration, a violent event that combined wrestling and boxing that only ended when one of the participants gave up (usually by raising an index finger) or was incapacitated. While biting and gouging were prohibited from the fight, it was not unusual for combatants to suffer broken fingers, choking, and blows to the genitals. Because there were no weight classes and most of the blows were aimed at an opponent's head, the pankration was a dangerous event in which only the strongest, bravest, and physically fit men dared to participate. Torch Race The final day of the Panathenaia was the religious procession and the formal presentation of the peplos on the Acropolis. The night before the procession, a torch race was incorporated into the festivities to bring fire from the altar of Prometheus from outside the city to the altar of Athena on the Acropolis. Who participated in the procession? The Importance of the Sacrifice Another demonstration of athletic prowess in the Games were the equestrian competitions. The prizes for these events were the most prestigious of all, most likely due to the expense associated with owning and preparing horses for competition. This inevitably led to participation limited to the wealthy upper The equestrian events either took place in the agora, or in the Panathenaic stadium. They were divided into two parts, events that were open to all, and events that were restricted to just Athenians. Interestingly, the events open to the Athenians were often related in some way to military exercises, such as throwing a javelin at a target from horseback. The open events included thoroughbred racing, a two-horse sulky race, and a four-horse chariot race called the tethrippon. The Anthippasia The increase in military strength and capabilities had an impact on the Great Panathenaia, as evidenced by the inclusion of an event called the anthippasia. Two squadrons of five regiments each, representing the ten tribes of Athens, faced each other in a mock cavalry battle. This is just one of the many unique tribal events of the Panathenaic Games. Tribal Competitions Compared to other Panhellenic festivals, the Great Panathenaia was unique because the athletic events included contests restricted to the members of the ten tribes of Athens, which were created in Cleisthenes' democratic reforms in 508 BC. Events called upon the boys, ‘unbearded youths,’ and the men to perform a cavalry display, and to perform the pyrrhike, a dance that, according to legend, Athena performed after her victory over the giants with a shield and spear. A unique contest was that of ‘Manly Excellence,’ or the evandria. There is not much information regarding the actual events of the evandria, although it seems to be an ancient form of a beauty, size, and strength competition. What was the purpose of tribal competition? Athens had a lot to gain by encouraging friendly competition between the tribes. The sense of competition led to tribal pride, which created an identity for the members of the tribes to rally behind. As a result, solidarity between the members was increased, which was beneficial for the young men as they joined the tribal militaries. By strengthening its individual units, Athens as a whole grew stronger and more powerful. From each of Athens' ten tribes, four runners had to bring the lit torch across the 2,500m distance without extinguishing the flame. The Athenians believed that the sacrifice required fresh fire for the burning of the sacrificial animals. This event tied the notion of competition to the religious ritual. Much of what is known about the religious procession of the Panathenaia is from a large section of the Parthenon's frieze. It is evident that a great effort was made for men and women, and people of all ages and social classes to be included. To honor them for their work on the peplos design, the Ergastinai headed the procession. They were followed by the Kanephoroi, young girls chosen from noble families who carried baskets on their head with offerings and sacrificial instruments. Equally notable are the Thallophoroi, notably handsome old men who carried boughs, most likely from Athena's olive trees. Even non-Athenians and freed slaves were allowed to participate. The procession also included soldiers on horseback, followed by other military units and equestrians, and lastly the participants in the Games. To many Athenians, the sacrificial offering was the most important part of the entire festival. After the presentation of the sacred peplos, the hundred oxen who had been herded through the city were sacrificed. Since the Mediterranean diet did not contain very much meat, the sacrifice was an opportunity for everyone to partake in a feast together at the city's expense. The feast led to an increase in popularity for the Festival, which perpetuated its grandness and splendor in the following years. One hundred oxen were in the procession, and they were led up to the sacrificial altar in front of the Parthenon where the sacrifice would take place. How did Athens pay for such a lavish festival? The Athenian empire expected not only all Athenians to participate in the festival, but also any Greeks who were under an obligation to the city. Athenian colonies and overseas citizens had to send a cow and a suit of armor each year as their contribution. Athens also set aside public land as an endowment for the Panathenaia. The income that came from the lease was used to buy the sacrificial cattle. Why is it important to study the Great Panathenaia? class, since they were the only ones who could afford to compete. Despite the fact that it was the competitor who faced the challenges and the dangers of the events, oftentimes the prizes were awarded to the owners of the horses. Sometimes, the owners of the horses were foreign leaders, and even occasionally women. Glossary of Terms ACROPOLIS-an ancient citadel located at the highest point of Athens that contained several buildings of historical and cultural significance from antiquity, namely the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, the Propylaia, and the Temple of Athena Nike. AGENEIOI-Greek word for ‘beardless,’ referring to an intermediate age group of males between young boys and menAMPHORA-a large ceramic vessel used as a storage jar with the distinctive form of a narrow neck, pointed bottom, and two handles. In the Great Panathenaia, amphoras filled with sacred olive oil were given as prizes to the champions of various contests.
ANTHIPPASIA-a simulated cavalry battle between two opposing teams
ARCHON-the chief magistrate in a Greek polis
ARREPHOROI-a young girl, usually between the ages of seven and eleven, chosen to perform ceremonial duties in the cult of Athena Polias on the Athenian Acropolis
ATHENA-the Greek goddess of wisdom, courage, justice, warfare, and the crafts. She was the patron deity of the city of Athens, named in her honor, and the Panathenaia was held annually to pay homage to her. ATHLOTHETES-officers who are selected to supervise the contests of the Panathenaic Games. When Pericles was selected to be an athlothete in 442 B.C., he enhanced the musical offerings of the festival and built the famous Odeon of Pericles (also known as the Odeon of Athens), a concert hall for performances.
ATTICA-the historical region of Greece that extends throughout the Attic Peninsula. After Peisistratos’ tyranny and Cleisthenes’ democratic reforms, the separate local communities lost their independence and succumbed to a central government in Athens.
AULODES-a musical event in the Great Panathenaia where the competitors sing along to a double-pipe/flute accompaniment.
CHALKEIA-an Attic festival celebrating the craftsman, usually held in the month of Pyanepsion. The weaving of Athena’s sacred peplos traditionally began during this festival.
CLEISTHENES-an Athenian nobleman and politician credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens in 508/7 B.C., known as “the father of Athenian democracy”
DIPYLON GATE-the main entrance into the city of Athens, it marked the transition from countryside to city. The Panathenaic procession began here and continued through the city to the Acropolis.
DRACHMA-a unit of currency in Ancient Greece ENCELADUS-One of the Giants in Greek mythology, born of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky). During the great battle between the Giants and the Olympian Gods, the goddess Athena defeated him with a spear. This battle was often the subject portrayed on Athena’s sacred ritual peplos.
ERGASTINAI-young girls chosen from Athenian aristocratic families to weave the sacred peplos of Athena. To honor them for their work, they headed the Panathenaic Procession.
EVANDRIA-a unique contest of ‘Manly Excellence’ between the various tribes during the Panathenaic Games. There is not much information remaining today on the contest, but it is thought to have been an ancient strength, size, and beauty competition.
FRIEZE-an ornamental band of architectural decoration that adorns the upper part of a wall
GIGANTOMACHY-the mythological struggle between the Olympians and the Giants for control over the cosmos. The Olympians defeated the Giants.
GREAT PANATHENAIA-an Athenian festival in honor of the goddess Athena that occurred every four years, very popular throughout the entire Mediterranean due to its competitive athletic/musical competitions and valuable prizes. HEKATOMBAION-the first month of the Athenian year, corresponds with the Gregorian calendar months of July/August. The Panathenaia was held on 28 Hekatombaion.
HERODES ATTICUS-a distinguished, wealthy Athenian aristocrat who served as a Roman senator. Despite a turbulent relationship with the citizens of Athens, he commissioned the Panathenaic stadium, and his funeral was held there after his death in 177.
HIPPIOS-the 800M footrace in the Great Panathenaia. The only age group to compete in this event was the men’s.
HIPPOCLEIDES-archon of Athens in the year 566/5 BC. He reorganized of the Panathenaia, which was formally recognized in the same year.
HOPLITES-citizen soldiers of the ancient Greek poleis. They competed in a 400M footrace in full armor during the Panathenaic Games.
KANEPHOROI-young girls chosen from noble families who participated in the Panathenaic procession by carrying baskets filled with sacrificial materials to the Acropolis
KERAMEIKOS-the area of Athens located to the northwest of the Acropolis located both inside and outside the city walls. It was also the location of the Dipylon Gate and the beginning of the Panatheniac procession. KITHARA-an ancient Greek musical instrument similar to a lyre, the instrument was most often used by professional musicians called kitharodes.
KYLIX-a type of wine-drinking cup in Ancient Greece distinguished by a broad, shallow body, two handles, and a small base.
LYCURGUS-the archon of Athens in 329 BC who is notable for renovating the Panathenaic stadium and transforming the seats from wood into marble.
ODEON OF ATHENS-also known as the Odeon of Pericles, this structure was commissioned by Pericles in 435 BC as a musical performance hall for music competitions in the Great Panathenaia.
PANATHENAIA-an annual religious ceremony honoring Athens’ patron goddess, Athena, and the occasion of the presentation of a new sacred peplos.
PANKRATION-a brutal, dangerous athletic event that combined wrestling and boxing. There were very few rules in this event, so injuries were very common.
PARTHENON-the most famous building on Athens’ Acropolis, it is a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, the patron deity of the city. PEISISTRATOS-popular tyrant of Athens who ruled inconsistently from 561-527 BC and is credited with transforming the Panathenaia into the Panathenaic Games by instituting a program of athletic competitions.
PENTATHLON-an athletic contest of five different events: the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, a footrace, and wrestling. Competitors were renowned as the best athletes. It is believed that to be the champion of the pentathlon, it was necessary to win at least three events outright.
PEPLOS-a long, draped garment worn by the typical Athenian woman, usually made out of wool. The sacred ritual peplos of Athena was created anew each year with great attention to detail and tradition, and its delivery to the Acropolis was the central component of the Panathenaia festival.
PERICLES-one of the most prominent and influential Athenian statesmen, orator, and general during the Golden Age of Athens. He served as an athlothete of the Panathenaia in 442 BC, and is credited in expanding the musical portion of the festival by commissioning the Odeon of Athens to be built alongside the Theater of Dionysus near the Acropolis. PNYX-the hill in central Athens where the Athenians gathered for popular assemblies, also thought to have been the place where the rhapsodes recited Homer during the Panathenaia
PYRRHIKE-according to legend, Athena performed this dance after her victory over Enceladus in the Gigantomachy with a shield and spear. This was performed during the Panathenaia as a competition between the ten different tribes of Athens.
PYTHIA-the site of the Oracle of Delphi at the Temple of Apollo, and the Pythian Games, a Panhellenic festival held in the honor of Apollo with various competitions similar to the Panathenaia
RHAPSODES-a classical Greek professional performer of epic poetry, most notably the epics of Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)
SPONDOPHOROI-ambassadors for the Panathenaic Games who traveled all throughout the Mediterranean to announce the upcoming Games and encourage people to attend.
STELAI-stone tablets bearing an inscription or design
SULKY-a lightweight cart with two wheels and a seat for the driver, used in harness races in the Panathenaia with two horses
TETHRIPPON-a four-horse chariot race of the Great Panathenaia, whose participation was open to the public THALLOPHOROI-handsome old men who carried boughs most likely from Athena’s sacred olive trees who walked in the Panathenaic processionTHEATER OF DIONYSUS-a major open-air theater on the southern slope of the Acropolis connected to the Odeon of Pericles Religion was the cornerstone of life in the world of the Ancient Greeks. Religion, and the divine gods and goddesses, were at the heart of every major decision regarding politics, civic life, economics, and the personal lives of every citizen. For Athens, the most powerful and culturally invigorating place in antiquity, insight into their religious practices in turn gives us insight into all aspects of their society, not to mention the large sphere of influence they maintained throughout the Mediterranean. The primary religious practices in Athens were in honor of Athena, their patron goddess who was responsible for their well-being and success, and the most important display of piety to the goddess was accomplished in the Panathenaia, the ‘All-Athenian’ festival that allowed every Athenian a chance to participate in a glorious weeklong celebration of Athena’s power. While the Lesser Panathenaia, the more simple religious festival that occurred in the off years of the Great Panathenaia, accomplished the goal to honor Athena and present her with her sacred ritual peplos and sacrifice, the Great Panathenaia, with its inclusion of athletic and musical competitions with participants from all walks of life from all around the Mediterranean, really had a massive impact on all society. The widespread inclusiveness of the festival can be interpreted in a number of ways. Perhaps the Athenians used so much of their time and resources in the development of the Great Panathenaia because they wanted to send a particular message to the rest of the Ancient World: that Athens reigned supreme in wealth, power, and piety. By inviting foreigners to come and partake in the festivities, the Athenians were forming and reinforcing political ties while simultaneously impressing upon them that Athens had the resources to throw a lavish and elaborate festival. Subtly, they were sending a message of Athenian dominance in the military as well. The parades of warriors as well as the military themed athletic events attempted to showcase the might and capabilities of Athens. The procession and various competitions, in the most general sense, served as tribute to the glory and power of the Athenian state. In a time when women and those of lower social classes were excluded from many spheres of public life, the Panathenaic Games gives us a rare glimpse of the entire community working, living, and celebrating together as a whole. The festival focused on the entire Athenian community, and less on the individual conscience. The Great Panathenaia was Athens’ way of expressing itself and asserting their position within the fabric of the Mediterranean world. The festival commemorated Athenian accomplishments, which boosted pride within the polis, but also served as a reminder to neighboring lands of Athenian strength, power, and wealth. The Great Panathenaia is incredibly important to study because it combined all of the aspects of society that the Athenians of antiquity held most dear, and allowed every member of society a role to participate and contribute. It was a rare moment in history, and today serves as a brief glimpse into the inner workings of a vibrant culture and society.
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PLB34560S0370-2693(19)30240-010.1016/j.physletb.2019.04.008TheoryFig. 1(a): Dimensionless density |ϕ|2/ρ0 as a function of z/l and ωt, obtained for the initial position ζ0 = 0, phase ϕ0 ≈ −0.86 rad, and the dissipation rate γ ≈ 0.22 × 10−4 (corresponding to the temperature T ≈ 5 nK) by numerically solving the SGPE. Inset: Intensity of the dark soliton at t = 0 (blue dashed line) and t ≈ 300 ms (red solid line). (b) and (c): Dark soliton's width (red squares) and blackness (black circles) as functions of ωt for T ≈ 5 nK (b) and as functions of T for t ≈ 600 ms (c). Error bars indicate the standard deviation from the mean value for 50 runs. The red dashed (black dashed-dotted) lines stand for the asymptotic behavior of the dark soliton's width (blackness) predicted by Eq. (5). (d): The variance of the position of the center of the dark soliton, D(ζDS), as a function of ωt obtained from the numerical simulation (red triangles) and from the analytic prediction (6) (black solid line). Left lower inset: D(ζDS) (black solid line) and its linear part (blue dashed line) in the range of 0 < ωt < 5. Right upper inset: The dependence of ζDS on T for t ≈ 600 ms.Fig. 1Fig. 2(a): The setup scheme for mimicking sonic black hole, with notations defined in the text. (b) and (c): Bogoliubov spectrum of the linear excitations (phonons) on the background flow in the upstream (a) and downstream (b) of the BEC. The Mach number in the upstream (downstream) is mu = v0u/|cs,u| ≈ 0.3 < 1 (md = v0d/|cs,d| ≈ 2.3 > 1). Red dashed-dotted lines denote the slope (sound speed) of long-wavelength phonon excitation near k = 0. “in” and “out” denote in-going and out-going directions with respect to the black hole horizon, respectively.Fig. 2Fig. 3The scheme for detecting the analogue HR in the BEC. (a): A cigar-shaped BEC (with length ≈500 μm and flow velocity v0 = 0.25 mm s−1) passes over the change of radial confinement at z = 0, allowing the occurrence of the black hole horizon and the analogue HR. (b): When the uniform density region of the BEC reaches the horizon t = 0, a dark soliton is generated in the upstream. (c) and (d): The diffusion of the dark soliton due to the influence of the HR at ω⊥,ut = 300 (t ≈ 359 ms) (c) and 600 (t ≈ 718 ms) (d), respectively. Middle row: Dimensionless density |ϕ|2/ρ0u along the z direction, corresponding to (a)-(d), where the white and shaded regions denote the upstream and the downstream, respectively. Lower row: The first panel shows the velocity of the whole BEC at ω⊥,ut = −300, 0, 300, 600, and 900 (t ≈ −359, 0, 359, 718, and 1077 ms). The rest panels zoom in the dark solitons. δ1 (δ2) in the last panel denotes the distance between the soliton center and its left (right) border.Fig. 3Soliton diffusion in a Bose-Einstein condensate: A signature of the analogue Hawking radiationChaoHangacchang@phy.ecnu.edu.cnGregoryGabadadzebcGuoxiangHuangacaState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physical and Material Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopySchool of Physical and Material SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062ChinabDepartment of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USADepartment of PhysicsNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10003USAcNYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, ChinaNYU-ECNU Institute of Physics at NYU ShanghaiShanghai200062ChinaCorresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physical and Material Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopySchool of Physical and Material SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200062ChinaEditor: M. CvetičAbstractThe analog Hawking radiation (HR) emanating from a sonic black hole horizon formed in a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at finite temperature is investigated. In particular, we study the effect of HR on a dark (topological) soliton. We show that, due to thermal fluctuations, the dark soliton in the BEC displays a nonlinear Brownian motion resulting in a specific asymmetric diffusion. Based on numerical simulations we argue that the analog HR formed in the BEC can be detected indirectly through measurement of the dark soliton diffusion.KeywordsAnalog Hawking radiationSolitonsBose-Einstein condensation1IntroductionThe goal of this work is to propose a scheme for an indirect detection of the analog Hawking radiation in a certain quantum system, using a topological soliton that the same system supports.Hawking radiation (HR) is a quantum effect in a classical background of a black hole [1]. It has been a subject of numerous studies aimed at better understanding of the fundamental principles of quantum physics in the presence of a black hole (BH) geometry (see, e.g., [2] and references therein).In a commonly discussed astrophysical setting – i.e., for a BH in the center of a galaxy – the intensity of HR is negligible as compared to that of the in/out-flows triggered by accretion of surrounding matter and radiation onto the BH. Hence, detection of HR in such settings appears to be unlikely.It is then desirable to look for different setups in which similar quantum radiation, in otherwise classical background, might be expected and detected. Such a program had been initiated by Unruh who noticed the equivalence between the equations used to predict HR and those governing wave propagation in certain inhomogeneous and moving media [3]. The radiation of quantum counterparts of such waves, potentially accessible in a lab, is referred as the analog HR.A numerous interesting platforms have been proposed for the detection of the analogue HR [4–24]. Among them, atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) were suggested as potentially useful for the explorations. Moreover, a direct observation of the analog HR has recently been claimed in such systems [25–28].Given the complexity of such experiments and subtleties of the detection [25–28], it is highly desirable to have complementary methods of observing effects of HR in BEC's. For instance, indirect detection by observing influence of HR on object within BEC that can be controlled and manipulated would be welcome. In this work we propose one such scheme using peculiarities of diffusion of a topological (dark) soliton in BEC caused by a thermal radiation, the analog HR in our case.Solitons are fascinating large-amplitude excitations, stabilized by the interplay between nonlinearity and dispersion/diffraction. They appear in nonlinear media or in nonlinear relativistic systems. Among diverse types of solitons discovered in many branches of physics, matter wave solitons in atomic BECs have been broadly studied [29–40]. Their diffusion has also been explored recently in various settings [41–44].In this work we use the accumulated knowledge on the analog HR, on solitons, and on field theory techniques describing both of these phenomena, to investigate the HR driven diffusion of dark (topological) solitons in a cigar-shaped atomic BEC with a repulsive atom-atom interaction.By developing an analytic approach based on effective field theory methods, we show that a dark soliton immersed in BEC displays a nonlinear temporal variance of its position under the influence of thermal fluctuations, corresponding to a nonlinear Brownian motion. Thus, it exhibits an apparent, asymmetric diffusion during its propagation. In particular, we find that the width and depth of the dark soliton change in time t respectively as, t3/2T and t3/2/T, with T being temperature of thermal radiation. Using these results, we propose a scheme for an indirect detection of HR by measuring the diffusion of the soliton caused by the analog HR emanating from a sonic black hole horizon in a moving BEC.The proposed scheme is entirely based on the inherent nonlinearity of the BEC, and by that, it differs from previous studies. Since the dark soliton can be regarded as a large classical particle, its diffusion should be easier to detect than it is to detect the Hawking quanta directly.2The modelWe consider a cigar-shaped atomic BEC with repulsive atom-atom interaction that is trapped by the potential Vext(r)=M2[ω2(x2+y2)+ωz2z2], where M is the atomic mass and ω (ωz) is transverse (axial) harmonic oscillator frequency, with ωωz. At low energies and momenta the dynamics of such BEC can be described by an effective Lagrangian for a space-time dependent order parameter of the condensed state, ψ(z,t), that can be referred as a wave-function of the condensate. In the long-wavelength approximation both the condensate and its fluctuations are captured by a classical solution for ψ(z,t) and its perturbations. Below we will directly deal with the equation of motion that follows from the effective Lagrangian, and also incorporates the terms due to the external harmonic trap. Thus, the wave-function ψ(z,t), satisfies the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation:iħψt=(ħ22M2z2+M2ωz2z2+ħω+g1D|ψ|2)ψ, where g1D2ħωas, with as>0 is the s-wave scattering length determined by the quartic repulsive self-interaction term in the effective Lagrangian [45]. The condensate solution and spectrum of its long-wavelength perturbations (the Bogliubov spectrum of phonons) are well known; we just emphasize for further use how that spectrum changes when one looks at a background flow of BEC with velocity v0 along the z directionω=v0k±[k22M(ħ2k22M+2g1Dρ0)]1/2, where “+” (“−”) corresponds to the phonon propagating in the +z (−z) direction, while ρ0 is the one-dimensional density. The sound phase velocity at low momentum reads (ω/k)k=0=v0+cs, where cs=±g1Dρ0/M is the sound speed in the BEC frame.The above description does not capture the effects of finite temperature. In particular, at any nonzero temperature a finite fraction of the atoms will not be in the condensed state and will scatter incoherently off the condensed atoms, leading to dissipation in the condensate. Furthermore, thermal fluctuations will give rise to randomness. To account for both of these effects in a parametric way one modifies the GP equation into a stochastic GP equation (SGPE) [47,48](1)iħϕt=(1iγ)(ħ22M2z2+M2ωz2z2+ħω+g1D|ϕ|2)ϕ+η(z,t), where γiβħΣK(z,t)/4 is the dissipation rate (with β=1/(kBT) and kB the Boltzmann constant), and ħΣK is the Keldysh self-energy due to the incoherent collisions between condensed and noncondensed atoms [49]. The last term η parametrizes the thermal fluctuation, obeying the fluctuation-dissipation relationη(z,t)η(z,t)=2ħkBTγ(z,t)δ(zz)δ(tt), with denoting the averaging over different noise realizations. Since the BEC is highly elongated and the region of interest is far away from the edges, an approximate space- and time-independent dissipation rate can be used in the analytical treatment, i.e., we adopt the approximation γγ(0)=3MkBTas2/(πħ2) [50].For convenience of later calculations, we rewrite the SGPE (1) into the dimensionless form(2)iFτ=(1iγ)(1μ˜ik˜0ζ122ζ2+Ω22ζ2+g|F|2)F+Λ, where τ=ωt, ζ=l1z, g=2asρ0, F=ϕeiμ˜τik˜0ζ+iω˜0τ/ρ0, Ω=ωz/ω1, μ˜=μ/(ħω), and Λ=ηeiμ˜τik˜0ζ+iω˜0τ/(ħω), with lħ/(Mω) being the transverse harmonic-oscillator length, k˜0=k0l being the flow wavenumber, and ω˜0=ω0/ω [ω0Mv02/(2ħ)] the flow frequency. The correlator of the dimensionless fluctuation fields reads Λ(ζ,τ)Λ(ζ,τ)=2kBTγδ(ζζ)δ(ττ)/(ħω2).If γ, Ω, Λ vanish, then the dimensionless SGPE (2) admits an exact dark soliton solution [51]F=(μ˜1)/g(cosϕ0tanhZ˜+isinϕ0), with Z˜=μ˜1cosϕ0[ζ(k˜0+μ˜1sinϕ0)τζ0]. Here, ζ0 denotes the initial position of the soliton center and ϕ0 (|ϕ0|<π/2) is a phase characterizing the blackness (the difference between the minimum soliton intensity and the background intensity) as [(μ˜1)/g]cos2ϕ0, its width 3.3/(μ˜1cosϕ0), and its velocity k˜0+μ˜1sinϕ0.In the next section we will consider small but nonzero γ, Ω, and Λ, and their effects on the soliton.3Diffusion of the solitonWe start by looking for analytical results on soliton diffusion, to get a clear physical picture and then to compare with numerical simulations. Starting with the SGPE (1) in a weak nonlinear regime a stochastic Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation can be derived by using the multi-scale method developed in Ref. [52]; the result reads as follows:(3)uτ+3c˜su0uuζ˜18c˜s3uζ˜3=14c˜sΛζ˜R(u,γ), where ζ˜=ζ(k˜0+c˜s)τ and u=Fexp(iφ)u0 [46]. The first term on the right hand side of Eq. (3) results from the thermal fluctuation; the second term, R, comes from the higher-order effects – e.g., the high-order thermal fluctuations, higher-order dispersion and nonlinearity, the trapping potential along the z direction, etc. – which are all small and neglected in the analytical treatment, but will be included in our numerical simulations.If Λ is set to zero, then Eq. (3) admits an exact dark soliton solution u=A0sech2[2c˜s2A0/u0(ζ˜+c˜sA0τ/u0ζ0)], where A0 is a positive constant characterizing the amplitude of the soliton. In the leading-order approximation the dark soliton solution of Eq. (3) can be expressed asF(ζ,τ)=u0[1A˜0sech2(2c˜s2A˜0X)]eiφ, with A˜0=A0/u0, X=ζ[k˜0+c˜s(1A˜0)]τζ0, and φ=2A˜0tanh(2c˜s2A˜0X). We should note that: (i) only the small-amplitude dark solitons can be described by the KdV equation; (ii) dark solitons can be at rest in the lab frame if k˜0+c˜s(1A˜0)=0, which can only be satisfied if there is a background flow (i.e. k˜00).If the thermal fluctuations are weak enough (Λ1), the first term on the right hand side of Eq. (3) can be treated as a small perturbation. Thus, its effect on the dark soliton can be studied by perturbing the non-perturbative soliton solution [53]; this leads to the following perturbed solution(4)u=(A0+2A0W1)sech2[(2c˜s2A˜0+c˜su0W1)X+W2], with W1=[1/(2u0)]0τdτdsΛtanhssech2s, and W2=(c˜s2A˜0/u0)0τdτ0τdτdsΛtanhssech2s[1/(2u02A˜0)]×0τdτdsΛ(ssinhscoshs)/cosh3s.In what follows we'll be interested in the long-time behavior of the dark soliton under the influence of the thermal fluctuations. To this end, we compute the ensemble average u, and consider the case of τ1. Following the method of Ref. [54], and using the relations W12=u02Λ0σ/(15c˜s4), W1W2=2u02A0Λ0σ2/(15c˜s4), and W22=u02Λ0σ/(15c˜s4)[(30+π2)/(24A0)+4A02σ2], we obtain the asymptotic solution for τ1(5)u=u05/43πc˜s103Λ0τ3exp(5u03A˜0Λ0τ3X2), where Λ02kBTγ/(ħω2)T2. From Eq. (5) we see that for a long-time diffusion, the width of the dark soliton grows as t3/2T while the blackness decreases as 1/(t3/2T). Even though the soliton gets deformated because of the diffusion, the area enclosed by its shape-function remains constant.The obtained soliton diffusion is due to its Brownian motion induced by the thermal fluctuation in the BEC. From the solution (4), we can easily extract the time dependence of the position of the center of the soliton, ζDS=ζ0+[k˜0+c˜s(1A˜0)]τu0W2/[c˜s(2A0+W1)]. From this, we can calculate the variance of the position, D(ζDS)(ζDSζDS)2, which reads(6)D(ζDS)1u0(30+π245116c˜s4A˜02+215A˜0τ2)Λ0τ. We see that for small τ, D(ζDS)τ, in accordance with the Einstein relation for Brownian motion [55]; however for larger τ, D(ζDS)τ3, that is, the dark soliton displays a nonlinear time-variance of its position, which can be regarded as a nonlinear Brownian motion. Furthermore, in contrast with the Einstein relation where the diffusion coefficient 1/γ, here D(ζDS)γ since the dark soliton has a negative mass [43,44].Having the theoretical part clarified we adopt realistic parameters based on a recent experiment reported in Ref. [33], where a cigar-shaped almost pure 87Rb BEC of N5×104 atoms in the 52S1/2,F=1,mF=1 state was prepared, with (ω,ωz)=2π×{133,5.9} Hz and the peak density around 5.8×1013 cm−3. Furthermore, the velocity of the background flow is taken to be v00.7mms1, and the temperature of the BEC is assumed to be T5 nK (which is much lower than the critical temperature of one-dimensional BEC, Tc=Nħωz/[ln(2N)kB]1.2 μK [56]). With the above parameters at hand, one calculates l1 μm, cs±0.8mms1, and γ0.22×104.To test the obtained analytical results, we solve the SGPE numerically by using the spectral method together with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method for time stepping. The numerical evolution of a typical dark soliton is shown in Fig. 1(a), with the initial position and phase respectively taken as ζ0=0 and ϕ00.86 rad (the initial blackness and width are approximately 0.6 and 4.3, respectively). Fig. 1(b) shows the width (red squares) and the blackness (black circles) of the dark soliton as functions of τ for T5 nK, obtained by averaging over 50 runs of independent noise realizations. The respective analytic curves obtained are also shown by the red dashed and black dashed-dotted lines, respectively. We see that the numerical results agree with the analytic ones for large τ, however, a disagreement occurs for small τ since the asymptotic solution (5) is valid only in the long-time regime (i.e. τ1). Fig. 1(c) shows the same quantities as functions of T for τ=500 (t600 ms). Since τ1, the numerical results agree well with the analytic predictions in the entire range of T.The dependence of D(ζDS) on τ is illustrated in Fig. 1(d), where the red triangles are obtained from the numerical calculation and the black solid line is the analytic result (6). One can see that the numerical and analytic results are matched quite well. The left lower inset of the figure shows D(ζDS) (black solid line) and its linear part (blue dashed line) in the range of 0τ5. One sees that they are matched only for a very short time, 0<τ2 (0<t2.4 ms). Thus, for a long-time behavior, the dark soliton displays a nonlinear Brownian motion instead of a linear one. The dependence of ζDS on T for τ=500 (t600 ms) is also given, as shown in the right-upper inset.4Detection on analogue HR via soliton diffusionWe now turn to demonstrate that the measurement of the dark soliton diffusion might be an effective technique to detect the analogue HR in the BEC. To this end, we assume that the background flow in the BEC is generated along the z direction; this can be realized by, say, adiabatically accelerating the trapping potential in the z direction until the BEC reaches a constant velocity v0 [25]. The near-horizon geometry of an analogue sonic black hole can be mimicked by a transition region from a subsonic to supersonic background flow [see Fig. 2(a)]. If the central position of the horizon is at z=0, the upstream (downstream) of the BEC corresponds to the region z<0 (z>0), where the flow is subsonic (supersonic). The analog HR is a thermal radiation of the phonons emanating from the analog horizon. Since the background flow is supersonic in the downstream region, and the phonons cannot escape from it, that region can be regarded as the interior of an analog black hole.In practice, to create a horizon of the analogue black hole, we assume there is a stationary, step-like change of the radial confinement of the trapping potential, i.e. ω=ω,u for z<0 and ω=ω,d for z>0, with ω,u<ω,d (hereafter, subscripts “u” and “d” refer to the upstream and downstream, respectively). Accordingly, the transverse harmonic-oscillator length in the upstream (downstream) is l,uħ/(Mω,u) (l,dħ/(Mω,d)). The quantities in the upstream and downstream regions can be related to one another by the mass-current conservation and the condition of equal chemical potential in the whole BEC [17]: ρ0uv0u=ρ0dv0d, and M2v0u2+ħω,u+g1D,uρ0u=M2v0d2+ħω,d+g1D,dρ0d, respectively, with g1D,u=2ħω,uas and g1D,d=2ħω,das.The sonic black hole requires that v0u<|cs,u| and v0d>|cs,d|, where the sound speeds in the upstream (downstream) is cs,u=±g1D,uρ0u/M (cs,d=±g1D,dρ0d/M). For a simple case with v0u=|cs,u|u and v0d=|cs,d|+u (0<u|cs,u|,|cs,d|), the analogue Hawking temperature is determined by the velocity gradient (see, e.g., [25])THħ2πkB|z(vcs)|ħuπkBl0, where l0=ħ/(M|cs|) is the healing length. The latter is assumed to be the shortest length scale in the hydrodynamical limit where the wavelength of the Bogoliubov excitations are much longer than l0 [57].For the numerical calculations, we take as=94.8a0, ω,u=2π×133 Hz (l,u0.94 μm), ω,d=2π×140 Hz (l,d0.91 μm), ρ0u1.0×106 cm−1, v0u=0.25mms1, and cs,u±0.78mms1. With the above parameters we get ρ0d2.67×105 cm−1, v0d0.94mms1, and cs,d±0.41mms1. Thus, the Mach number in the upstream (downstream) reads: mu=v0u/|cs,u|0.3<1 (md=v0d/|cs,d|2.3>1), u0.5mms1, and the Hawking temperature TH1.4 nK.Fig. 2(b) and Fig. 2(c) show the Bogoliubov spectrum in the upstream and downstream regions, respectively. We see that long-wavelength excitations in the upstream are able to propagate in both directions, i.e., they'd be in-going and out-going with respect to the horizon. However, they are dragged away by the background flow and are unable to propagate back to the black hole horizon in the downstream, i.e. they can only propagate along the out-going direction with respect to the horizon. The minimum wavelength of the trapped, long-wavelength excitations in the downstream is approximately 5.5 μm.Since the system is essentially one-dimensional, we assume that a uniform density region will quickly equilibrate at the Hawking temperature TH, as long as the latter is higher than the ambient temperature of the BEC. Once this happens, a dark soliton will be injected in the upstream region, somewhat close to the horizon, but in a way for it not to back-react on the analog horizon significantly; this can be done by employing the known phase-imprinting laser field [33], allowing to precisely set the soliton position, blackness, and velocity.If TH is higher than the temperature of all other reservoirs that may exist, the dark soliton will behave as a nonlinear Brownian particle due to the influence of the HR, as detailed in the previous section. Note that the coolest BEC realized up to now can have temperatures as low as ∼10 pK [58]. In such setups the role of the BEC thermal fluctuations will indeed be negligible and only the HR will remain responsible for the soliton diffusion. Furthermore, since the dark soliton is set with zero initial velocity [when taking A˜0=k˜0u/c˜s,u+10.24 (c˜s,u<0)] and a small amplitude, it is “slow”, and hence sensitive to the influence of the HR.Last but not least, we perform the numerical simulation of the entire process of detection of the analogue HR. In the simulation, we first let the BEC (with the length ≈500 μm and a background flow velocity v0=0.25mms1) to undergo the change in the radial confinement at z=0, enabling the emergence of the analogue black hole horizon [Fig. 3(a)]. As soon as the uniform density region reaches the horizon, a dark soliton with zero initial velocity is injected in the upstream (we set this time as t=0) [Fig. 3(b)]. Shown in Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d) are numerical results on the HR-induced-diffusion of the dark soliton at τ300 (t359 ms) and τ600 (t718 ms), respectively. From Fig. 3(c), we see that the soliton width (blackness) has increased (decreased) by nearly 1.5 times as compared with the initial values. These changes are in good agreement with the results given in Fig. 2(b), and should be possible to measure in a realistic experiment (see the third panel in the middle row of Fig. 3). In Fig. 3(d), an asymmetric soliton diffusion is observed. Specifically, we measure the distance between the soliton center and its left (right) “edge”, denoted by δ1 (δ2). We find that δ1/δ21.3>1 (the last panel in the lower row of Fig. 3). Such an asymmetric soliton diffusion might be caused by the inhomogeneous density of the BEC along the longitudinal direction or by an asymmetry in the pressure acting on the soliton due to the HR. Furthermore, we calculate the velocity of the whole BEC (i.e. the velocity of the center-of-mass of the BEC), vBEC, at different times, and the influence of the HR is also calculated (see the first panel of the lower row in Fig. 3). One can see that vBEC increases from the value of the background flow velocity in the upstream to that in the downstream. Our simulation confirms that the dark soliton propagation in BEC is robust, and the soliton has the lifetime longer than 718 ms.5ConclusionThe Hawking radiation is one of the intriguing long studied quantum phenomenon in a classical background field of a black hole. Its detection in any realistic astrophysical context is unlikely. The analog Hawking radiation is governed by the mathematical equations that are identical to those used in the Hawking calculation. Therefore, it is interesting to study the analog HR in table-top experimental systems where it can be potentially detected directly or indirectly.In this work the analog HR emanating from a sonic black hole horizon formed in a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate was investigated. In particular, we studied the effect of HR on a dark (topological) soliton. We showed that under the thermal HR the dark soliton in the BEC would display a nonlinear Brownian motion resulting in a specific asymmetric diffusion. We performed numerical simulations of this process and based on the obtained results argued that the analog HR can be detected indirectly through the measurement of the dark soliton diffusion.Our scheme is complementary to the previous proposals (see works [14–17,28]) that are based on the measurements of the correlation between a pair of Hawking quanta. 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Lett.110201556001 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '29', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.800815999507904}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '194897', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FHCPECK7ZHVDIQQOC6AQMUDWC4KWKPDW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a16e4468-2d74-428d-af84-c81a6d9046e9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 12, 11, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '128.142.156.240', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QV7RNEV3662LHBGLEKMPCKTKB67FSHBZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2a773137-66f3-4d7a-9448-32e7a1c356cf>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://repo.scoap3.org/record/32192/files/main.xml', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ae365904-b67a-42d7-a127-1c16d788e03e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '4490', 'url': 'https://repo.scoap3.org/record/32192/files/main.xml', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-141-45-27.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03437924385070801', 'original_id': '0ad6988ad726962d7369a2a385bc7eaf87696e81f1c6a037fb194860a81d26c4'} |
Crusades , a series of military campaigns that the Christian countries of Europe waged to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. The name came from the Latin crux (cross), and referred to the emblem worn by the warriors. The Muslims called the Crusaders "Franks," even though they came not only from France but from many other parts of Europe as well. The Muslims were known to the Crusaders as "Saracens," which is Greek for "Easterners."
There were eight major Crusades, which are referred to by number, and there were lesser ones as well. The First Crusade began in 1096, the Eighth in 1270. The Crusaders won some early victories but were eventually driven from the Holy Land.
The Crusades contributed to many social and political changes that were taking place in Europe. Western peoples gained geographical knowledge of the East. Contact with Arab culture encouraged the intellectual awakening that was already under way. Europeans gained Eastern products and plants, adopted Arabic words, and benefited from Arab learning in such fields as mathematics and astronomy. Commerce and trade expanded.
The Crusades were one phase of the long struggle between Christians and Muslims. This period came after centuries of Muslim advance, during which time many Christian lands had been overrun by successive invasions of Arabs and Seljuk Turks.
There were various reasons for the Crusades. They started as a result of a proclamation by Pope Urban II in 1095, declaring holy war against the Muslims in an effort to free Palestine from their control. The pope's proclamation came in response to an appeal by Alexius I Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor, for military aid against the Seljuk Turks, who had conquered much of the Byzantine Empire.
Local church officials made impassioned pleas for volunteers. People joined the Crusades for a variety of reasons. Some joined out of religious devotion. Others joined for the prospect of military glory. Still others joined for the chance of acquiring loot or land.
Peasants' Crusade
(1096). Peter the Hermit, a French monk, recruited thousands of peasants for a march on the Saracens. His forces were reduced on the march to Constantinople as a result of hunger, disease, and skirmishes with Bulgarians. At Constantinople, Peter joined his forces with a band led by Walter the Penniless, a knight. Against Peter's advice, the Crusaders crossed the Bosporus. They were slaughtered by Seljuk Turks at Nicaea.
First Crusade
(1096-99). This expedition was led by feudal lords, most of whom were French. The chief, leaders were Bohemund of Taranto, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Raymond of Toulouse, and Godfrey of Bouillon. Their forces defeated the Turks, captured Antioch, and in 1099 took Jerusalem.
The victors created the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the lesser states of Antioch, Tripoli, and Edessa. The Byzantine Empire regained much of Asia Minor. The Turks were disorganized and poorly led, but the Muslims continued the struggle over the Holy Land. The European feudal lords quarreled among themselves and with the Byzantine emperor. The religious military orders, the Hospitalers (Knights of the Hospital of St. John) and the Templars (Knights of the Temple), protected Palestine but were bitter rivals.
Second Crusade
(1147-49). When the Muslims captured Edessa in 1144, Bernard of Clairvaux. an influential French monk, led the call for a new Crusade. Conrad III of Germany and Louis MI of France led the campaign. This Crusade collapsed after its siege of Damascus failed.
Third Crusade
(1189-92). The Muslims, led by Saladin, had recaptured Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin in 1187. This defeat inspired a new expedition, led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, and Philip Augustus of France. Frederick died in Asia Minor, and Richard became the leader of the expedition. His forces captured the port of Acre in 1191. Saladin then granted Richard a truce that permitted Christians to visit Jerusalem.
Fourth Crusade
(1202-04). This campaign was intended to strengthen Crusader positions at Acre On their way to Acre, however, the Crusaders, prompted by their desire for loot and new lands to rule, decided to sack Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire. They captured the city and established the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople, which lasted until 1261.
Children's Crusade
(1212). Two bands of children were organized, one French, the other German. Many thousands died of hardships, and others were sold into slavery. Both bands were destroyed before they reached Constantinople.
Fifth Crusade
(1218-21). This Crusade attacked the center of Muslim power in Egypt. The Muslims held off the attackers.
Sixth Crusade
(1228-29). Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire led this expedition, and by negotiation won control of Jerusalem.
Seventh Crusade
(1248-54). In 1244 the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem. Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) organized a new expedition that attacked Egypt. The French king was captured and forced to pay a heavy ransom.
Eighth Crusade
(1270). In 1268 the Muslims captured Antioch, which the Crusaders had held since 1098. Louis IX then organized his second Crusade, which attacked Tunis in North Africa. This campaign ended when the French king died of the plague.
Other Crusades were planned but never carried out. When the Muslims captured Acre in 1291, the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was ended. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.973999798297882}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '103510', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GYNNOUWA3CZ6KP7PFESIEMJSELHXWTH5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:361568fa-260f-49c6-9b25-21e9a177d8bd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 6, 6, 16, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '184.51.126.73', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:B3W2WDS5NOCNRM4YMGWQYZM2TSOWIODV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6ed95cbd-af0c-432c-875b-475d4750c66b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades-info.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6458bada-f118-49ed-950f-9824007db53c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '850', 'url': 'http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades-info.htm', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.055044710636138916', 'original_id': '605644c0ad761ffab1219f4ab2c9a5d1e4ac158d1cb22553dc176124c5281fb3'} |
Comments Threshold
RE: Heavier vehicles...
By Screwballl on 12/31/2008 1:35:44 PM , Rating: 2
so now we are saying that larger vehicles (read:rich) now pay less taxes and the small kias and civics (read:poor) will pay more
No, everyone will pay the same taxes regardless of actual fuel usage. The hybrid users will pay the same amount that the 10mpg work trucks do. If it costs $10 per 300 miles, it doesn't matter how much gas they used.
I think this is more of a ploy, with more non-gasoline vehicles on the roadway, the state wants to collect taxes based on usage (miles driven), not gasoline used.
I do not believe that GPS is the proper way to do that though due to the chance of illegal usage or "ads for nearby restaurants" showing on the GPS screen. As the Odometer becomes more integrated with the vehicle's computers, there will be less or no ways to actually bypass it on anything newer than the 2004 models. Some vehicles have a lockout, where if it cannot see any signal from the speed sensor or odometer reading, it will not let the vehicle go into any gear.
RE: Heavier vehicles...
By ebakke on 12/31/2008 5:41:34 PM , Rating: 2
Where there's a will, there's a way.
RE: Heavier vehicles...
By MadMan007 on 12/31/2008 6:40:52 PM , Rating: 2
The statement you quote is correct if you assume it meant '...relative to the current situation' which I think is a safe assumption in the context of the post.
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"some music was meant to stay underground..."
Weedeater Releases "Mancoon/Turkey Warlock" Video Clip
Weedeater has premiered a new music video online for "Mancoon/Turkey Warlock," which is from the band's recent album "Jason... The Dragon," through Brooklyn Vegan. The video clip was directed by David Brodsky and can be viewed here.
You can also check out Weedeater's previous statement about working on the music video by heading over to this location.
The "Jason... The Dragon" track listing is as follows:
1. The Great Unfurling
2. Hammerhandle
3. Mancoon
4. Turkey Warlock
5. Jason... The Dragon
6. Palms and Opium
7. Long Gone
8. March of the Bipolar Bear
9. Homecoming
10. Whiskey Creek
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…is both hedonistic and ascetic. Coffee keeps the outrageous artist awake all night. But coffee also keeps the studious ascetic academic awake all night. Coffee makes you wild with energy. Yet, coffee has no calories; it keeps you thin. Coffee makes sperm swim faster. Is it no wonder that Stewart Lee Allen calls it “the devils cup” and sees it as “the driving force in history”?
Quoted from Carol Mavor, Reading Boyishly: Roland Barthes, J.M. Barrie, Jacques Henri Lartigue, Marcel Proust, and D.W. Winnicott.
One thought on “Coffee…
1. I remember a song that we learned in 7th grade Catholic school.
Coffee is not for me.
It’s a drink that people wake up with.
That it makes them nervous is no myth.
Slaves to a coffee cup, they can’t give coffee up.
I do love coffee and I obviously love the song cuz 7th grade was in ’78!
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Law & Disorder / Civilization & Discontents
Republicans, Democrats, Google, and Church of Sweden unite to halt Hollywood
A veritable battalion of tech companies, advocates, activists, and human …
As the House Judiciary Committee prepares to launch hearings on the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) tomorrow, a bi-partisan coalition of activists, advocates, and politicians warn that the proposed law will harm innovators, censor Americans, and disrupt the Internet. They held a press conference on Tuesday with two West Coast members of the House. Darrell Issa (R-CA) and Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) charged that SOPA threatens the safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, putting a wide variety of websites and platforms at risk of being strategically hobbled by well-funded rightsholders.
"A basic tenet is that the platforms and the pipes don't have responsibility for the content that others put in them," explained Lofgren. "Once there's a notice of a problem, then you have an obligation to act. That important principle would be put at risk if this bill were adopted. The implications for our economy would be dire."
11/15/11 SOPA Press Conference: Rep. Darrell Issa (R-CA) and Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA)
SOPA is ostensibly designed to squelch pirate content sites by allowing the US Attorney General to get a court order forcing ISPs to block access, and by denying sites financial services like credit card or Paypal access. But critics charge that it is full of vague language, defining an infringing venue as "dedicated to theft of US property" if "it is taking, or has taken, deliberate actions to avoid confirming a high probability of the use of the US-directed site to carry out acts that constitute a violation" of US copyright laws. The bill could thus allow rightsholders to end run the DMCA's notice and takedown procedures—harming legitimate search engines and sharing sites alike.
Ed Black of the Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA) followed Lofgren. "One of the key elements of the industry that has allowed it to flourish is that it is the messenger," Black explained. "We believe in the concept of 'don't kill the messenger.'"
The financial life blood
A slew of advocacy groups also spelled the threat out to Judiciary Committee top brass Lamar Smith (R-TX) and John Conyers (D-MI) in a letter. SOPA creates a "private right of action of breathtaking scope," their statement warns:
Any rightsholder could cut off the financial lifeblood of services such as search engines, user-generated content platforms, social media, and cloud-based storage unless those services actively monitor and police user activity to the rightsholder's satisfaction. A mere accusation by any rightsholder would be sufficient to require payment systems and ad networks to terminate doing business with the service; the accused service's only recourse would be to send a counter-notice, at which point it would be at the networks' discretion whether to reinstate the service's access to payments and advertising. This would bypass and effectively overturn the basic framework of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), by pushing user-driven sites like Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook to implement ever-more elaborate monitoring systems to 'confirm,' to the satisfaction of the most aggressive and litigious rightsholder, whether individual users are exchanging infringing content.
Signed—groups who often disagree with each other, among them TechFreedom, Public Knowledge, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Demand Progress, and the Center for Democracy and Technology.
Meanwhile, the Brookings Institution has published a position paper that carefully spells out what technology experts have been saying for months, that the DNS filtering/redirecting provisions in both the Senate's IP PROTECT Act and SOPA are the wrong way to defend copyrights.
They'll make the 'Net less secure, the study warns, as sites deploy rogue DNS servers to evade SOPA and as consumers get in on the act themselves. "It is easy to imagine a teenager altering the family PC to access a foreign infringing domain, but leaving the computer compromised for the family's other uses, including banking, accessing government websites and even work," the Brookings paper observes.
One of the few bright spots
How big is the opposition to SOPA and IP Protect? Just count the number of signers to statements released on Monday. A petition by technology companies to the House Judiciary Committee includes Facebook, eBay, Twitter, Yahoo!, and Google. A letter from human rights groups includes international groups from India's Center for Internet and Society to the Church of Sweden. The three major US consumer groups have sent in an opposition statement.
So have have eleven members of the House, among them Anna Eshoo (D-CA), Mike Doyle (D-PA), Ron Paul (R-TX), and Lloyd Doggett (D-TX).
"At a time of continued economic uncertainty, this legislation will result in fewer new businesses, fewer new investments, and fewer new jobs," they contend. SOPA would "cause serious and long term damage to the technology industry, one of the few bright spots in our economy."
Wednesday's Judiciary hearing will include representatives from the Motion Picture Association of America, MasterCard, Google, and the US Copyright Office. Stay tuned for our coverage.
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If you don't have an account yet it's free and easy. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '73', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9452309608459472}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '44112', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:M2XA5NBUMJURFDU2TPSASFTHS4IY3PAF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:350cda71-f6f6-4159-8135-19ee8af45db3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 19, 21, 1, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.31.151.33', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7FNHNH3LBQG2N62LAUDMF244NTIMEUKX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:23a0f20c-dd0b-4320-831c-5502f70a00bb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/republicans-democrats-google-and-church-of-sweden-unite-to-halt-hollywood/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2795ef9f-400c-42b8-929b-00c065921465>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '838', 'url': 'http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/republicans-democrats-google-and-church-of-sweden-unite-to-halt-hollywood/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02278512716293335', 'original_id': '83cbed08e180507fc81c6f4ea7f1a63c84b2e34123001e333c272732896771e7'} |
Li Zijian Art Museum
The Li Zijian Art Museum () is an art museum located in Yuelu District of Changsha, Hunan, China. It is adjacent to Yanghu Wetland Park and Xiangjiang New Area Planning Exhibition Hall. Li Zijian Art Museum is the largest private art museum in Hunan. It covers an area of and a building area of , comprises the Li Zijian Oil Painting Exhibition Hall (), Chen Xichuan Sketch Exhibition Hall (), Venerable Master Hsing Yun One-stroke Calligraphy Exhibition Hall (), and Water Music Hall.
History
Groundbreaking began in May 2014 for the Li Zijian Art Museum in Yuelu District. Construction began in December 2014 and completed on October 1, 2016.
Collections
Li Zijian Oil Painting Exhibition Hall
The second and third floors of Area A of the Li Zijian Oil Painting Exhibition Hall house the oil paintings by Li Zijian, about 338 in total.
Chen Xichuan Sketch Exhibition Hall
The second floor of Area B of the Chen Xichuan Sketch Exhibition Hall include over 50 sketches by Chen Xichuan, who is a sketch painter and Li Zijian's first teacher.
Venerable Master Hsing Yun One-stroke Calligraphy Exhibition Hall
The third floor of Area B of the Venerable Master Hsing Yun One-stroke Calligraphy Exhibition Hall has Hsing Yun's calligraphies, which were donated by Li Zijian.
Public Access
Li Zijian Art Museum open to visitors for free. It is closed on Mondays, and is open from 10:00 am to 17:30 pm daily.
References
External links
Category:Buildings and structures in Changsha
Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 2016
Category:Museums in Hunan
Category:Art museums established in 2016
Category:2016 establishments in China
Category:Yuelu District | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b6c5da180a67a7532995b1e0c910ad7453554282d6d346a2a3fd1a08d59f05ac'} |
FarmBot - Laser Weeder Tool (Demonstration Proof-of-Concept) ⚡ PROJECT CYCLOPS
This is all-new laser killing weed removal tool for the Farmbot designed by Project Cyclops, an innovative team of Engineering Students and programmers based out of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Congratulations on this successful proof-of-concept demonstration work!
Project Team - PROJECT CYCLOPS :eye:
Rahul Arepaka - Project Lead and Designer
Ethan Hadimani - 3D Mount Designer
Sanjay Pramod - Farmbot Sequence Programmer
Atin Sakkeer - Programmer
This tool is designed to destroy weeds using a laser.
Please see this associated documentation for full details.
GitHub: GitHub - rahularepaka/Project-Cyclops: Weed Detection and Killing Weeds using Lasers of 500mW on Farmbot This Project is in collaboration between Farmbot Inc and the Center of Excellence of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Report 4_compressed.pdf (2.0 MB)
Hey FarmBot Community Members,
I am Rahul Arepaka, Project Lead, and Designer of Project Cyclops :eye:
So this project we worked on every Sunday for almost 1.5 months and it kills weeds based on the weed points detected from the FarmBot WebApp using Weed detection from the camera.
We faced a challenge in providing more power in terms of Amps to the Laser since the laser 500mW required 5A-6A to power it. So we have an external power supply of 12V 30A supplied to the laser and relay 5V which helps in turning on/off the laser-powered using the Arduino Uno
So we couldn’t properly connect the relay directly to the Farmdunio ports, instead, we connect it to the Arduino and powered the Arduino using the peripherals ports which means whenever the power is supplied to Ardunio the relay turns on and the laser is turned on.
The power of the laser can be increased or decreased by using the PWM port from the Laser Board to Ardunio Uno by programming the Analog port.
It is suggested to use a Laser greater than 2W to burn the plants faster but we have tried using 500mW and burns the small leaves but takes time for bigger plants.
Read my GitHub Repo which contains more details about the project which includes the different test videos as well as pictures in the GitHub repo folders as well as my report
Thanks, I will happy to answer any questions
Can you share some experiences with us? How far are you into the development, are you able to destroy small weeds? How long does it take to burn them?
Sure, we were working on this project for close to 1.5 months and we used to work every Sunday since we have university classes on the other days. It has quite an experience as we learned how to use external Ardunio to the Farmdunio and giving external voltage to the laser.
We are done with the project as my team members are from different universities and countries so we are moving by next month to university dorms
So we have tested using a 500mW laser so it isn’t a very powerful laser as compared to a 2W or 6W laser because, in Dubai, that is the only laser we could find.
For Larger Plants such as Chilly or Spinach, it takes around 1.5 min and more to burn properly but for smaller plants such as mushroom weeds took around 20-30 sec to destroy properly by providing 6A and at full power to the laser
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Desolation: STEM Urine Trouble: Water Purification Kit
In this kit, students will learn about procedures to recycle urine into drinking water and test their results for safety.
Desolation: STEM Urine Trouble: Water Purification Kit
Jake Plissken, the senior communications officer on the lunar outpost, has become ill. When contaminated resources are found, the HAWC miners switch to emergency water and food rations to avoid infection. With no hope of immediate rescue, they begin recovering water from any source necessary. In this kit, students will learn about procedures to recycle urine into drinking water and test their results for safety.
1. Analyze synthetic urine for salt content with a lead nitrate reaction. Test pH and the presence of urobilin by building a colorimeter and calibrating it with a standard curve.
2. Design and build an efficient distillation apparatus.
3. Analyze purified distillate for salt, pH, and urobilin to determine if its safe to drink.
Learning Objectives
1. List the major components of urine and the mechanisms of filtration and reabsorption.
2. Explain the basic parts of a colorimeter and its mechanism of operation.
3. Use the dilution equation to create a procedure for serial dilution.
4. Create a standard curve to calibrate a colorimeter.
5. Construct an electrical circuit to drive a LED.
6. Understand and measure pH.
7. Perform a qualitative chemical reaction to test for chlorides.
8. Construct and test a distillation apparatus.
9. Develop an understanding of a chemical equation by performing a reaction.
10. Explain mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation, phase change, and advection.
Additional information
Weight 2 lbs
Dimensions 12 × 11 × 4 in
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Warranty/ Refund and Return Policy We will warranty any Crosscutting Concepts product exhibiting any manufacturing defect or any missing parts. Within 15 days. You can expect a refund when we receive the product back. Please allow time for your bank to process the refund. We feel absolutely confident in offering you a 100% satisfaction guarantee for all Crosscutting Concepts products. If you are not absolutely 100% satisfied with your product and are not willing to share your experience with a friend, please contact us for return, exchange, or refund information. Crosscutting Concepts does not pay, refund or reimburse any shipping charges.
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To Infinity and Beyond
While teaching is a fulfilling and generally entertaining job, there are scary moments of repetition that remind me of Matthew Broderick in Election -- at the start of the movie, there is a time-lapse montage of him running round and round the school track, and then he monotonously reviews the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches of our government . . . year after year, class after class; I had one of these moments last Friday, as I walked down the math hallway: I heard two teachers repeat the exact same phrase, in perfect chronological juxtaposition, and their words certainly reflected today's theme: "all real numbers are represented, from negative infinity to infinity" . . . I could almost hear the word "infinity" echoing down the hallway, forever (and while teaching English is a bit more dynamic than math, there are certain jokes and phrases that I use year after year after year, because they work . . . but the price of practicality may be my conscious soul).
Two Roads Diverged in a Yellow Wood, and I Took the One With Traffic
While I am driving, I see a lot of folks running alongside major roads -- roads with heavy traffic and no sidewalks -- and usually these roads are adjacent to suburban developments: neighborhoods riddled with winding, low volume 25 mph. streets that would be perfectly safe and pleasant to jog on, and I always wonder why people choose to run on the highway instead of the alternative . . . and so if you are one of these people who run on the shoulder of a busy road, instead of opting for something more serene, can you please explain why?
Good Answer! Good Answer! Survey Says: Stupid!
Last weekend, I walked into New Brunswick with my wife and kids to get some dinner, and we stopped at the Wells Fargo ATM, and my son asked me, "Why is there a headphone jack on the money machine?" which was a feature I never noticed -- but he was right -- there was a 1/8 inch headphone jack next to the little screen, and so I told him the first thing that came into my head: "Well, Alex, maybe if someone is hard of hearing, if they can't hear that well, then they could plug in earphones and hear better" and then continued getting my money, but when I looked up, I saw my wife saw staring at me, with that sad look in her eyes that said: How could I be married to such an idiot? and she said to my son: "Alex, the earphone jack is for people that are blind . . . . people who are deaf can READ the screen, but people who are blind need to HEAR the instructions."
Soccer > Volleyball, Swimming and Musical Theater
In the first days of school, I make a point to learn the names of my high school students and I also try to learn a thing or two about them -- if they play a sport or musical instrument, like to read a certain genre of literature, belong to a particular club or like a certain kind of music -- this comes in handy as a mnemonic to remember their names and faces, and it's also useful when I create hypothetical writing examples, as I tend to use the students and their likes and dislikes . . . but I also end up expressing a lot of my own opinions about their activities and passions, and this year some of my students are volleyball players and swimmers, and though it's not even the end of September, I think I've really given them a hard time about their avocations . . . I've told the volleyball players in my senior English class -- two very sweet, tall athletic girls -- that "volleyball is Fascist" and I don't want to interlock my arms and rotate on command and stand in the same spot and move like a robot, and that volleyball "stifles the creative spirit" and that if I had time I would write a long essay about how much more expressive and athletic and wonderful soccer is than volleyball, and then I told my swimmers that they might be clinically insane to wake up that early just to splash around in a damp room and that "there is no joy in any sport without a ball" and I'm not sure if the students think this ranting and raving is part of the curriculum or what, but I'm going to try my best to have an open mind about what my students spend their time doing (unless it's participating in musical theater, because nothing is more fun than satirizing musical theater while teaching class).
More Basking and Awesomeness
Some things are more awesome and miraculous than others -- and while this may not be quite as awesome and miraculous as my perfect punt, I think it might be slightly more awesome and miraculous than my ability to update my computer software and pickle peppers simultaneously; for the past two weeks, the JV ball bag has been missing its drawstring, with predictable results . . . balls rolling around on the floor of the bus, balls getting loose in the back of my van, and players having trouble carrying the bag to and from the field without losing a few balls . . . and so I mentioned this to the varsity coach while we were riding home from South River, and he produced the missing drawstring from his bag and, against all odds, I managed to thread that entire drawstring through the mesh channel around the edge of the bag -- no mean feat -- while the bus lurched down Route 18 in rush hour traffic, finishing the task moments before we arrived back in Highland Park, and while I received no high-fives or rousing cheers for my accomplishment, in the end, I know that I made as great a contribution to the Highland Park soccer program as anyone on that bus.
Let's Continue to Bask in Dave's Awesomeness
My incredible punt last week has propelled me to new levels of confidence and motivation, and so on Saturday I tackled two rather involved tasks at the same time . . . and it wasn't until after I completed both tasks that I recognized the post-modern absurdity of doing these two very different things simultaneously: down in my little music studio, I finally got around to updating my operating system from Vista to Windows 7, and then, of course, I also had to update all the drivers and recording software -- this took hours and required constant monitoring -- and while I was doing this, I was also pickling a bunch of peppers from Catherine's garden -- so I was boiling vinegar and doing lots of chopping . . . and my hands hurt from the hot pepper oil, and there were clouds of vinegary steam floating through the kitchen, prompting my children to hold their noses, but I got the job done -- I pickled a dozen jars of peppers, and each jar has some onion, garlic, dill, and ginger in it as well, so I think they are going to be very delicious (but, according to pickling experts, for peppers to reach the zenith of their pickled flavor, you should wait three to six months before you open the jar, which seems a bit extreme) and so I spent five hours on Saturday racing back and forth between the kitchen and a computer monitor, one task as ancient and primitive as they come -- preserving food -- and the other strange and digital . . . and I think I might have succeeded at both (although I won't know for sure until I eat some of the peppers and don't contract botulism).
Let's Bask in Dave's Awesomeness
For those of you that visit here solely because you relish Dave's awkwardness, failures, pedantry, and bombast, you might want to stop reading today's post right now . . . because today's post is a tale of success, timing, and perfection; last Thursday, I was running my son's travel team practice at the high school turf field, and there was a lot going on: my other son had practice on the far side of the field, and some high school kids were playing a game of touch football in the middle of the field -- which would have been fine, except that every time they punted the ball it came flying end-over-end into our scrimmage by the goal, and after the third time this happened, I had one of my players bring me the ball -- and then --in the typically grouchy and hyperbolic fashion that I adopt after several hours of coaching-- I yelled to them: "You need to stop punting, because you're not good at it, and you're going to kill one of my players!" and then I held the ball out with both hands, tilted slightly downward and to the left, and launched a picturesque high-arcing fifty yard punt, on a perfect spiral, into the arms of the farthest kid (and I know it was a fifty yard, punt because I was at the goal line and he was at the fifty) and though I was probably a bit over-the-top and obnoxious in my tone with them, because of the beauty of my punt, they apologized profusely (and later on, I gave them a quick lesson on how to punt a spiral).
Worst Song Ever
I'm pretty sure my friend and colleague Kevin is losing his mind; he forced me to watch the Miley Cyrus video for her song "Wrecking Ball," which he claimed is "a great pop song" and, apparently, he finds the video titillating as well . . . but I didn't find it sexy at all, it her attitude seems awkward and feigned -- and those white undies are matronly -- and, more importantly, I couldn't remember the melody of the tune two hours later (or any of the lyrics except "wrecking ball") and it's not like I'm immune to pop ear-worms, as I had that Kelly Clarkson song "Stronger" song stuck in my head for days.
The Most Annoying Thing I've Ever Said
Before the words left my mouth, I knew I was crossing into shallow and pedantic territory . . . but I said it anyway; my colleague Stacey was describing the house she is attempting to purchase, and she mentioned that when it rains, water runs toward the house and collects near the foundation; as an experienced homeowner, I was required to say the obvious -- which is annoying enough -- but then I went beyond the pale . . . I told her: "Stacey, you know that water is the ultimate enemy of any house, but -- ironically -- humans need it to survive."
Another Shortcoming of Mine
No matter how many times I say it to myself (Shut the hose off when you leave! Make sure to shut the hose off! Don't leave the water on! Walk past the hose, so you'll remember to shut it off!) when I turn the hose on and leave it at the base of my newly planted arbor vitae, I never remember to shut the water off . . . my wife caught me Tuesday night, and I felt like I got away with one, because she said, "Please don't tell me it's been on since six this morning?" and I could honestly say "No" because I turned it on after soccer practice (a mere four hours) but she doesn't know the half of it (or maybe she does).
Someone, Somewhere Is Doing the Counting
My children asked me to officiate a race in which they ran across the yard (and back) while simultaneously hula-hooping -- but when I announced that Alex was the winner, my son Ian cited Alex for an infraction of the rules (what rules?) and said that Alex's victory "didn't count."
Where Are You, Past Dave?
Our boss discovered a treasure trove of old photos in the English office; they were from 1999 and they were comprehensive in content: shots of us teaching, drinking at the bar, participating in the charity fashion show, an amazing tableau of the entire department in grungy teenage clothes at the smoker's gate, some photos of me fishing and smoking a cigar, etc. etc. -- and Stacey took a look at the 1999 version of Dave, skinny with a full head of hair -- and she said, "Things might have been different if I was around Dave back then" and our boss said, "Are you hitting on Dave?" and Stacey said, "No, I'm hitting on Past Dave," and I'm not sure whether to consider this a temporally contingent compliment or a barely veiled insult about Present Dave, but whatever it is, it doesn't make me all that happy about what the passage of time has done to the concept of Dave (of course, Past Dave had other problems, which we won't go into, but -- nostalgically speaking -- it's fun to envision Present Dave's brain under Past Dave's full head of hair).
It's True! (Sort of)
When my wife and I taught in Syria, we occasionally found it easier to claim we hailed from Canada, rather than the United States, especially once George W. Bush invaded Iraq . . . though I occasionally tried to be patriotic and explain U.S. policy, sometimes it was just more convenient to avoid the controversy generated by mentioning America . . . and, of course, mentioning Canada was always safe, because Canada doesn't symbolize anything except back-bacon, tuques, Pamela Anderson, poutine, John Candy, and Celine Dion -- none of which is hated enough to incite violence, and the best thing about saying I was from Canada, was that I could follow this lie with the following technically true (but specious) piece of information: "Yes . . . I grew up just outside of New Brunswick."
Nostalgia For Stupidity
My kids love to play twenty questions, despite the fact that they are rather poor at it, and whenever we play -- especially if they are doing an awful job at narrowing down the topic . . . does it live in the water? no . . . is it a shark? no! . . . is it an eel? NO!!! then one of them will laugh and ask "Is it a bunny?" -- and this refers to the time when we showed up way too early to our pool, and had to kill time until it opened, and so we played the same round of twenty questions (or Two Million Questions, as they re-named it) for nearly two hours, even though the animal I was thinking of hopped across our path moments before the game started; my children truly relish the memory of this marathon of stupidity, and it makes me wonder if they'll ever get accepted to college (and if they do, they are certainly going to join a fraternity).
I'd Pay to Hear the Rest
I'm walking to New Brunswick, and I hear one of those snippets of conversation that I desperately want to hear more of . . . a fifty year old woman to a twenty eight year old guy: "So how does your brother deal with his hypochondria?"
Building Character (and Breaking Child Labor Laws)
I coached my first Highland Park J.V. soccer game of the season last Wednesday, and it was unseasonably hot and humid and, unfortunately, we only had two subs -- and I didn't my subs wearing themselves out running balls up and down the sideline, but it is the home team's responsibility to provide ball runners -- so I got my children out of school a little early, dragged them to the game and impressed them into service (and they did have some help from a couple of friends, so it wasn't totally cruel) and while my son Alex and his buddy Alex did a fantastic job, despite the heat, Ian and his friend Ben were atrocious -- they kept playing soccer with the game ball, getting so hot and tired that they couldn't retrieve any of the balls that were kicked out of bounds, but it was hard for me to complain since I wasn't paying them and the heat index was 170 degrees . . . and then, coincidentally (miraculously!) when I met up with the varsity coach the next day (the fields are split) I found out that he forced his two daughters to do the same thing -- despite the fact that they told him they "just wanted to stay inside and do their homework" he made them run the balls for the varsity game, which was on the turf, where the heat index was 197 degrees.
I Loath to Sell Low, and I Loathe Buying High
While the themes of this blog are often tangential and desultory, there is one thing that I always get right: the difference between "loath" and "loathe," and Justin Fox does as well, making excellent use of the verb "loath" in his book The Myth of the Rational Market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street; he is describing Charles Dow's famous and absurdly obvious stock strategy -- buy during upward movement (bull markets) and sell during downward ones (bear markets)-- but Fox explains that "Dow himself was loath to declare when that direction had changed" . . . "aye, there's the rub."
Vince Lombardi Would Not Approve
No sport is more abstract than soccer, and at the high school level there seems to be a preponderance of English teachers coaching it (at least in my neck of the woods and the movie Dead Poet's Society) so you end up with comments like the one my friend and colleague Terry recently gave to The Star Ledger, in trying to explain how his team could completely dominate play, but only score two goals . . . Terry said: "They say it is easier to destroy than create" and while this statement pushes the limits of absurd profundity and bombast in the name of athletics, at least he restrained himself and didn't drop allusions to Shiva and Brahma in the rest of his game analysis.
This is a really long sentence for a dumb joke
Geoffrey Canada's memoir and call to action Fist Stick Knife Gun is a vivid and intelligent account of life on the streets in the South Bronx by an African American man who grew up there in the '50 and '60s and then, after attending Bowdoin and Harvard, went back to try to curb the violence; much of the book is anecdotal, he explains the rules of the streets, and there is some game theory as well ... Canada explains that when he was a kid, you had to fight, but because of the absence of guns, there were some natural checks on violence -- once the pecking order was established, you knew who you could fight and who you couldn't fight . . . who was too big or too tough, who had friends that would come after you or a badass big brother . . . but the influx of guns changed all that, as "kids with guns see no limits on their power" and often only experience the limits of firearms when they are dying . . . when Canada was a kid, you only pulled a weapon on kids from outside of the neighborhood . . . and it was serious business to brandish a knife, a broken bottle, or a car antennae, but the culture Canada is trying to change now, with his Harlem Children's Zone program, is one where "America is not number one or even in the top fifteen when it comes, to reading, math, and English . . . we're number one in locking up children" and the streets aren't safer, as a result of this, because we're also number one in possessing guns -- and, Canada points out, the gun industry realized in the 1980's that they could expand the handgun market "beyond white males" by making weapons with names that young people find "enticing, like Viper, and to appeal to their belief that bigger was better" and while this book was eye-opening and frightening, it was a far cry from my suburban youth, almost like a description of a different planet, so I am going to write my memoir of the mean cul-de-sacs of North Brunswick in the 1970s, but I can't come up with a properly dramatic title like Fist Stick Knife Gun . . . all I've got so far is Fish Sticks Nikes Gum.
How to Merge in Jersey
According to game theorists, the most efficient way to play "chicken" is to ostentatiously throw your steering wheel out the window, so that your opponent sees that you have no method of avoiding the imminent collision -- you have to prove that you are crazier than the person you are battling . . . and the most efficient way to merge into traffic in New Jersey, is to not look at the other car . . . you have to pretend the car isn't there, and so when the other driver looks at you, he sees that you are not even acknowledging his vehicle and he is forced to slow down . . . and this works at a four-way Stop as well: no eye-contact, just go . . . the only problem with this tactic is the possibility that the other driver might be using the same strategy, but the twenty seconds you save on your errand is well worth the risk of collision.
Very Pinteresting
Dear Abby: I often catch my wife looking at salaciously gratuitous images like this one on Pinterest . . . should I be worried?
So Real It Hurts
At first glance, Adelle Waldman's novel The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P. seems as if it's going to tread over some very common meta-ground -- a novel about writers and writing -- but it's actually closer to a modern version of Pride and Prejudice . . . told from the male point-of-view, with a dash of the HBO comedy Girls, and I couldn't put it down . . . from the first pages, when Nate runs into a girl he dated briefly, until a prophylactic malfunction led to an awkward decision, where Nate "had done everything that could have been expected of him . . . even though he had less money than she did, he paid for the abortion," right through all the literary references -- including some authors I've heard of but never read . . . Lermontov, Italo Svevo, and Thomas Bernhard" and then Nate's painful narcissism, detachment, and superficiality with other girls; Adelle Waldman nails the male mind, and walks the tightrope between satire and empathy . . . good fun for boys and girls alike.
Old Men Are Good at Something (Just Not Anything Anyone Cares About)
Another Labor Day, another ugly scrum at the family pool for the greased watermelon -- except this year the old folks played against the youngsters, and we trounced them three to nil . . . though they were leaner, better looking, better swimmers, and had more hair, we had an unbeatable strategy which took years and years to prepare . . . we out-massed them: our superior weight made us an unstoppable flailing juggernaut, and our high body-fat to muscle ratio made us far more buoyant than our young opponents . . . and the way things are going, I think we're just going to get better and better.
Do Things Happen in Threes? Do They Happen at All?
Sorry to get metaphysical, but in the last few weeks, I've lost my new hat, my bike pump, and my classic iPod . . . and it makes sense that my iPod disappeared into the same wormhole as the other items, because -- as everyone knows -- mysterious events happen in threes . . . BUT . . . when my wife went into the shed to get some gardening gloves, she found the bike pump -- exactly where I was looking for it (and I really looked) so the pump wasn't missing at all . . . which makes me feel like Dr. P. in Oliver Sacks classic book of case studies, The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat, and maybe my wife will find my hat and my iPod, but I don't think so, so then there has to be a third thing missing, and I think that missing something was once located in my brain.
Concussions Are Finally Hip
Concussion awareness has grown by leaps and bounds over the last several years . . . in order to coach youth soccer, I must complete a concussion training course and the NFL just settled with former head trauma victims for 765 million dollars . . . but I would like to point out that I was way ahead of the curve on this theme, as I sustained a number of interesting concussions when I was young, and even used one concussion incident as the subject of my college essay (this is probably not surprising to readers who often frequent this blog, as my sentences are often rambling and incoherent, but please bear with me, as Roger Goodell is not allocating any of that money to me, because of our feud) and what makes my concussions so wonderfully cool and ironic is that though I played several years of high school football, I did not sustain any concussions then, instead I knocked myself out in much more creative ways befitting the literary titan that I am: when I was very little, I had a habit of riding my tricycle under the flower boxes on my grandparent's wrap around porch and then standing up . . . my parents would find my little body splayed unconscious on the red-stained deck; in elementary school, on TWO separate occasions, I was running down the hall and the gym teacher, Mr. Weinstein, opened the heavy wood door and I collided with it -- both times I woke in the nurses office . . . Mr. Weinstein awarded me the nickname "Lumpy" for these incidents; in high school, at the state golf tournament, I wore shorts when I wasn't supposed to, and had to race back to the bus and change into a pair of my friend John's XL yellow sweatpants -- which I felt warranted a super-heroic leap out of the bus, but I misjudged the jump and nailed my head on the metal rail that the folding door runs along and knocked myself out cold-- and despite the concussion, I played eighteen lousy holes of golf in blood-soaked clothing . . . but despite my poor play, the upside was that I got a lot of press in the local paper for my courage and idiocy; and then when I was in college at a party in Connecticut, I dove into a deep section of river with the intention of then riding a cooler down the falls, but the deep section of river was actually a huge black rock submerged six inches beneath the water, and if it wasn't for the same friend that lent me the yellow sweatpants, I probably would have drowned, but he fished me out of the water, unconscious, bloody, and limp, with a chipped incisor . . . but miracle of miracles, as far as I know, none of these head injuries has impaired my cognition in the least.
A Question That Is Making Me Lose Sleep, Hair, and Faith in the First Law of Thermodynamics
Please excuse the zeugma for such a serious matter -- but I can't imagine someone would case my house and then steal one trivial item (unless this is an elaborate practical joke, designed to drive me insane ) and the only other explanation that makes any kind of sense is that there is a wormhole in my shed -- but has anyone seen my bike pump?
What Did People Do Before the Internet? Play Pinochle?
I'm not sure if I would have made it through David Mitchell's novel Cloud Atlas if it wasn't for the articulate plot summaries at EditorialEyes Book Blog . . . the book consists of six nested stories, and the main character in each story has some connection to the next narrative -- and the chronology runs from an 1850's Melvillean journal to a post-apocalyptic tale set in the far future; the stories themselves would be inventive enough on their own, but the fragmented chain structure and the inventive language in each tale makes the book both masterful and possibly mastubatory . . . it is challenging reading, but with the help of the internet, I had no trouble connecting the dots . . . and this has been the theme of my summer -- I finished Infinite Jest, but I certainly had some very necessary help from the web, and I am watching Breaking Bad in real time and I needed some information from the digital superhighway to explain what happened at the end of episode 11 (Confessions) . . . and while I have never claimed to be the most astute reader or viewer, I am wondering if this is a sea change in how we read and watch . . . I don't remember having to seek to much aid when I read things in high school, college and through my twenties, and I certainly never had to ask anyone for help in explaining Melrose Place (although I did purchase and use a guide when I read Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow) but perhaps now the mark of a profound and complex piece of art is that you need to seek other sources and perspectives to understand it . . . and just so there is no misunderstanding, I want to assure you that Sentence of Dave will never help you in that regard, in fact, you'll leave here more bewildered than when you entered.
Dogs and Shakespeare
Our family is dog-sitting for a dog that does not respond to his name -- and nothing is more embarrassing than the "master" trying to grab an evasive dog at the dog park; I felt like King Claudius in the Kenneth Branagh production of Hamlet, when he awkwardly attempts to grab the mad and strait-jacketed Ophelia -- while still maintaining his kingly demeanor -- and she eludes him (2:54 in the clip above) -- the only consolation is that my dog, sensing an opportunity to show off his good behavior, because a model pet, loyal and attentive, in order to show me that he cannot and will not be replaced by an interloper.
Plumbing the Depths of Modern America
Question for Americans: is the consistency of everyone's shower contingent upon no one else in the house simultaneously using the hot water (or flushing the toilet) or is this phenomenon only particular to my home?
Sentence of Dave > Facebook!
Chinese Roulette (I Dare You To Play)
This is a game my friend Rob from Vermont claims he invented and occasionally plays: he orders take-out from a new Chinese restaurant without consulting the menu, simply by selecting several random numbers . . . so the food is a surprise (and while the Russian Roulette analogy might not be apt for most of us, it is for Rob because he's allergic to shrimp). | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '183', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9753723740577698}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '188659', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MNICONWV4VS33V4NXYA5FKCPZL7QIN2I', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:78829b56-1b05-47ac-8002-5c87d65c0222>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 15, 23, 41, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.164.161', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2NX7YVRVJKTVY2SBFMVJIUKSHMFHXNJA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3ce10f6e-59f7-4b15-b0d7-4b8446d131f2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://sentenceofdave.blogspot.com/2013/09/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:348d6e76-da75-46c7-b88e-82c0cf401751>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '5113', 'url': 'http://sentenceofdave.blogspot.com/2013/09/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-81-83.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020529866218566895', 'original_id': 'adfc251875785b6454162e05e1f0833a82cec5b403362fa527ddda1a1115e3f9'} |
Caching Tutorial for Webmasters
What's a Web Cache? Why do people use them? A Web cache sits between one or more Web servers (also known as origin servers) and a client or many clients, and watches requests come by, saving copies of the responses - like HTML pages, images and files (collectively known as representations) - for itself. Then, if there is another request for the same URL, it can use the response that it has, instead of asking the origin server for it again.
There are two main reasons that Web caches are used:
• To reduce latency - Because the request is satisfied from the cache (which is closer to the client) instead of the origin server, it takes less time for it to get the representation and display it. This makes the Web seem more responsive.
• To reduce network traffic - Because representations are reused, it reduces the amount of bandwidth used by a client. This saves money if the client is paying for traffic, and keeps their bandwidth requirements lower and more manageable.
1. What's a Web Cache? Why do people use them?
2. Kinds of Web Caches
1. Browser Caches
2. Proxy Caches
3. Aren't Web Caches bad for me? Why should I help them?
4. How Web Caches Work
5. How (and how not) to Control Caches
1. HTML Meta Tags vs. HTTP Headers
2. Pragma HTTP Headers (and why they don't work)
3. Controlling Freshness with the Expires HTTP Header
4. Cache-Control HTTP Headers
5. Validators and Validation
6. Tips for Building a Cache-Aware Site
7. Writing Cache-Aware Scripts
8. Frequently Asked Questions
9. Implementation Notes - Web Servers
10. Implementation Notes - Server-Side Scripting
Kinds of Web Caches
Browser Caches
If you examine the preferences dialog of any modern Web browser (like Internet Explorer, Safari or Mozilla), you'll probably notice a 'cache' setting. This lets you set aside a section of your computer's hard disk to store representations that you've seen, just for you. The browser cache works according to fairly simple rules. It will check to make sure that the representations are fresh, usually once a session (that is, the once in the current invocation of the browser).
This cache is especially useful when users hit the 'back' button or click a link to see a page they've just looked at. Also, if you use the same navigation images throughout your site, they'll be served from browsers' caches almost instantaneously.
Proxy Caches
Web proxy caches work on the same principle, but a much larger scale. Proxies serve hundreds or thousands of users in the same way; large corporations and ISPs often set them up on their firewalls, or as standalone devices (also known as intermediaries).
Because proxy caches aren't part of the client or the origin server, but instead are out on the network, requests have to be routed to them somehow. One way to do this is to use your browser's proxy setting to manually tell it what proxy to use; another is using interception. Interception proxies have Web requests redirected to them by the underlying network itself, so that clients don't need to be configured for them, or even know about them.
Proxy caches are a type of shared cache; rather than just having one person using them, they usually have a large number of users, and because of this they are very good at reducing latency and network traffic. That's because popular representations are reused a number of times.
Gateway Caches
Also known as 'reverse proxy caches' or 'surrogate caches,' gateway caches are also intermediaries, but instead of being deployed by network administrators to save bandwidth, they're typically deployed by Webmasters themselves, to make their sites more scalable, reliable and better performing.
Requests can be routed to gateway caches by a number of methods, but typically some form of load balancer is used to make one or more of them look like the origin server to clients.
Content delivery networks (CDNs) distribute gateway caches throughout the Internet (or a part of it) and sell caching to interested Web sites. Speedera and Akamai are examples of CDNs.
This tutorial focuses mostly on browser and proxy caches, although some of the information is suitable for those interested in gateway caches as well.
Web caching is one of the most misunderstood technologies on the Internet. Webmasters in particular fear losing control of their site, because a proxy cache can 'hide' their users from them, making it difficult to see who's using the site.
Unfortunately for them, even if Web caches didn't exist, there are too many variables on the Internet to assure that they'll be able to get an accurate picture of how users see their site. If this is a big concern for you, this tutorial will teach you how to get the statistics you need without making your site cache-unfriendly.
Another concern is that caches can serve content that is out of date, or stale. However, this tutorial can show you how to configure your server to control how your content is cached.
CDNs are an interesting development, because unlike many proxy caches, their gateway caches are aligned with the interests of the Web site being cached, so that these problems aren't seen. However, even when you use a CDN, you still have to consider that there will be proxy and browser caches downstream.
On the other hand, if you plan your site well, caches can help your Web site load faster, and save load on your server and Internet link. The difference can be dramatic; a site that is difficult to cache may take several seconds to load, while one that takes advantage of caching can seem instantaneous in comparison. Users will appreciate a fast-loading site, and will visit more often.
Think of it this way; many large Internet companies are spending millions of dollars setting up farms of servers around the world to replicate their content, in order to make it as fast to access as possible for their users. Caches do the same for you, and they're even closer to the end user. Best of all, you don't have to pay for them.
The fact is that proxy and browser caches will be used whether you like it or not. If you don't configure your site to be cached correctly, it will be cached using whatever defaults the cache's administrator decides upon.
How Web Caches Work
All caches have a set of rules that they use to determine when to serve a representation from the cache, if it's available. Some of these rules are set in the protocols (HTTP 1.0 and 1.1), and some are set by the administrator of the cache (either the user of the browser cache, or the proxy administrator).
Generally speaking, these are the most common rules that are followed (don't worry if you don't understand the details, it will be explained below):
1. If the response's headers tell the cache not to keep it, it won't.
2. If no validator (an ETag or Last-Modified header) is present on a response, it will be considered uncacheable.
3. If the request is authenticated or secure, it won't be cached.
4. A cached representation is considered fresh (that is, able to be sent to a client without checking with the origin server) if:
• It has an expiry time or other age-controlling header set, and is still within the fresh period.
• If a browser cache has already seen the representation, and has been set to check once a session.
• If a proxy cache has seen the representation recently, and it was modified relatively long ago.
5. Fresh representations are served directly from the cache, without checking with the origin server.
6. If an representation is stale, the origin server will be asked to validate it, or tell the cache whether the copy that it has is still good.
Together, freshness and validation are the most important ways that a cache works with content. A fresh representation will be available instantly from the cache, while a validated representation will avoid sending the entire representation over again if it hasn't changed.
How (and how not) to Control Caches
There are several tools that Web designers and Webmasters can use to fine-tune how caches will treat their sites. It may require getting your hands a little dirty with your server's configuration, but the results are worth it. For details on how to use these tools with your server, see the Implementation sections below.
HTML Meta Tags and HTTP Headers
HTML authors can put tags in a document's HEAD section that describe its attributes. These meta tags are often used in the belief that they can mark a document as uncacheable, or expire it at a certain time.
Meta tags are easy to use, but aren't very effective. That's because they're only honored by a few browser caches (which actually read the HTML), not proxy caches (which almost never read the HTML in the document). While it may be tempting to put a Pragma: no-cache meta tag into a Web page, it won't necessarily cause it to be kept fresh.
If your site is hosted at an ISP or hosting farm and they don't give you the ability to set arbitrary HTTP headers (like Expires and Cache-Control), complain loudly; these are tools necessary for doing your job.
On the other hand, true HTTP headers give you a lot of control over how both browser caches and proxies handle your representations. They can't be seen in the HTML, and are usually automatically generated by the Web server. However, you can control them to some degree, depending on the server you use. In the following sections, you'll see what HTTP headers are interesting, and how to apply them to your site.
HTTP headers are sent by the server before the HTML, and only seen by the browser and any intermediate caches. Typical HTTP 1.1 response headers might look like this:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 30 Oct 1998 13:19:41 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.3 (Unix)
Last-Modified: Mon, 29 Jun 1998 02:28:12 GMT
ETag: "3e86-410-3596fbbc"
Content-Length: 1040
Content-Type: text/html
The HTML would follow these headers, separated by a blank line. See the Implementation sections for information about how to set HTTP headers.
Pragma HTTP Headers (and why they don't work)
Many people believe that assigning a Pragma: no-cache HTTP header to a representation will make it uncacheable. This is not necessarily true; the HTTP specification does not set any guidelines for Pragma response headers; instead, Pragma request headers (the headers that a browser sends to a server) are discussed. Although a few caches may honor this header, the majority won't, and it won't have any effect. Use the headers below instead.
Controlling Freshness with the Expires HTTP Header
The Expires HTTP header is a basic means of controlling caches; it tells all caches how long the associated representation is fresh for. After that time, caches will always check back with the origin server to see if a document is changed. Expires headers are supported by practically every cache.
Most Web servers allow you to set Expires response headers in a number of ways. Commonly, they will allow setting an absolute time to expire, a time based on the last time that the client saw the representation (last access time), or a time based on the last time the document changed on your server (last modification time).
Expires headers are especially good for making static images (like navigation bars and buttons) cacheable. Because they don't change much, you can set extremely long expiry time on them, making your site appear much more responsive to your users. They're also useful for controlling caching of a page that is regularly changed. For instance, if you update a news page once a day at 6am, you can set the representation to expire at that time, so caches will know when to get a fresh copy, without users having to hit 'reload'.
The only value valid in an Expires header is a HTTP date; anything else will most likely be interpreted as 'in the past', so that the representation is uncacheable. Also, remember that the time in a HTTP date is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), not local time.
For example:
<span>Expires: Fri, 30 Oct 1998 14:19:41 GMT</span>
It's important to make sure that your Web server's clock is accurate if you use the Expires header. One way to do this is using the Network Time Protocol (NTP); talk to your local system administrator to find out more.
Although the Expires header is useful, it has some limitations. First, because there's a date involved, the clocks on the Web server and the cache must be synchronised; if they have a different idea of the time, the intended results won't be achieved, and caches might wrongly consider stale content as fresh.
Another problem with Expires is that it's easy to forget that you've set some content to expire at a particular time. If you don't update an Expires time before it passes, each and every request will go back to your Web server, increasing load and latency.
Cache-Control HTTP Headers
Useful Cache-Control response headers include:
• max-age=[seconds] - specifies the maximum amount of time that an representation will be considered fresh. Similar to Expires, this directive is relative to the time of the request, rather than absolute. [seconds] is the number of seconds from the time of the request you wish the representation to be fresh for.
• s-maxage=[seconds] - similar to max-age, except that it only applies to shared (e.g., proxy) caches.
• public - marks authenticated responses as cacheable; normally, if HTTP authentication is required, responses are automatically uncacheable.
• no-store - instructs caches not to keep a copy of the representation under any conditions.
• must-revalidate - tells caches that they must obey any freshness information you give them about a representation. HTTP allows caches to serve stale representations under special conditions; by specifying this header, you're telling the cache that you want it to strictly follow your rules.
• proxy-revalidate - similar to must-revalidate, except that it only applies to proxy caches.
For example:
<span>Cache-Control: max-age=3600, must-revalidate</span>
If you plan to use the Cache-Control headers, you should have a look at the excellent documentation in HTTP 1.1
Validators and Validation
In How Web Caches Work, we said that validation is used by servers and caches to communicate when an representation has changed. By using it, caches avoid having to download the entire representation when they already have a copy locally, but they're not sure if it's still fresh.
Validators are very important; if one isn't present, and there isn't any freshness information (Expires or Cache-Control) available, caches will not store a representation at all.
The most common validator is the time that the document last changed, as communicated in Last-Modified header. When a cache has an representation stored that includes a Last-Modified header, it can use it to ask the server if the representation has changed since the last time it was seen, with an If-Modified-Since request.
Most modern Web servers will generate both ETag and Last-Modified headers to use as validators for static content (i.e., files) automatically; you won't have to do anything. However, they don't know enough about dynamic content (like CGI, ASP or database sites) to generate them; see Writing Cache-Aware Scripts.
Tips for Building a Cache-Aware Site
Besides using freshness information and validation, there are a number of other things you can do to make your site more cache-friendly.
• Use URLs consistently - this is the golden rule of caching. If you serve the same content on different pages, to different users, or from different sites, it should use the same URL. This is the easiest and most effective may to make your site cache-friendly. For example, if you use '/index.html' in your HTML as a reference once, always use it that way.
• Use a common library of images and other elements and refer back to them from different places.
• Make caches store images and pages that don't change often by using a Cache-Control: max-age header with a large value.
• Make caches recognize regularly updated pages by specifying an appropriate max-age or expiration time.
• If a resource (especially a downloadable file) changes, change its name. That way, you can make it expire far in the future, and still guarantee that the correct version is served; the page that links to it is the only one that will need a short expiry time.
• Don't change files unnecessarily. If you do, everything will have a falsely young Last-Modified date. For instance, when updating your site, don't copy over the entire site; just move the files that you've changed.
• Use cookies only where necessary - cookies are difficult to cache, and aren't needed in most situations. If you must use a cookie, limit its use to dynamic pages.
• Minimize use of SSL - because encrypted pages are not stored by shared caches, use them only when you have to, and use images on SSL pages sparingly.
Writing Cache-Aware Scripts
By default, most scripts won't return a validator (a Last-Modified or ETag response header) or freshness information (Expires or Cache-Control). While some scripts really are dynamic (meaning that they return a different response for every request), many (like search engines and database-driven sites) can benefit from being cache-friendly.
Generally speaking, if a script produces output that is reproducable with the same request at a later time (whether it be minutes or days later), it should be cacheable. If the content of the script changes only depending on what's in the URL, it is cacheble; if the output depends on a cookie, authentication information or other external criteria, it probably isn't.
• The best way to make a script cache-friendly (as well as perform better) is to dump its content to a plain file whenever it changes. The Web server can then treat it like any other Web page, generating and using validators, which makes your life easier. Remember to only write files that have changed, so the Last-Modified times are preserved.
• Another way to make a script cacheable in a limited fashion is to set an age-related header for as far in the future as practical. Although this can be done with Expires, it's probably easiest to do so with Cache-Control: max-age, which will make the request fresh for an amount of time after the request.
• If you can't do that, you'll need to make the script generate a validator, and then respond to If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match requests. This can be done by parsing the HTTP headers, and then responding with 304 Not Modified when appropriate. Unfortunately, this is not a trival task.
Some other tips;
• Don't use POST unless it's appropriate. Responses to the POST method aren't kept by most caches; if you send information in the path or query (via GET), caches can store that information for the future.
• Don't embed user-specific information in the URL unless the content generated is completely unique to that user.
• Don't count on all requests from a user coming from the same host, because caches often work together.
• Generate Content-Length response headers. It's easy to do, and it will allow the response of your script to be used in a persistent connection. This allows clients to request multiple representations on one TCP/IP connection, instead of setting up a connection for every request. It makes your site seem much faster.
See the Implementation Notes for more specific information.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the most important things to make cacheable?
A good strategy is to identify the most popular, largest representations (especially images) and work with them first.
How can I make my pages as fast as possible with caches?
The most cacheable representation is one with a long freshness time set. Validation does help reduce the time that it takes to see a representation, but the cache still has to contact the origin server to see if it's fresh. If the cache already knows it's fresh, it will be served directly.
I understand that caching is good, but I need to keep statistics on how many people visit my page!
If you must know every time a page is accessed, select ONE small item on a page (or the page itself), and make it uncacheable, by giving it a suitable headers. For example, you could refer to a 1x1 transparent uncacheable image from each page. The Referer header will contain information about what page called it.
Be aware that even this will not give truly accurate statistics about your users, and is unfriendly to the Internet and your users; it generates unnecessary traffic, and forces people to wait for that uncached item to be downloaded. For more information about this, see On Interpreting Access Statistics in the references.
How can I see a representation's HTTP headers?
Many Web browsers let you see the Expires and Last-Modified headers are in a 'page info' or similar interface. If available, this will give you a menu of the page and any representations (like images) associated with it, along with their details.
To see the full headers of a representation, you can manually connect to the Web server using a Telnet client.
To do so, you may need to type the port (be default, 80) into a separate field, or you may need to connect to or 80 (note the space). Consult your Telnet client's documentation.
Once you've opened a connection to the site, type a request for the representation. For instance, if you want to see the headers for, connect to, port 80, and type:
GET /foo.html HTTP/1.1 [return] Host: [return][return]
Press the Return key every time you see [return]; make sure to press it twice at the end. This will print the headers, and then the full representation. To see the headers only, substitute HEAD for GET.
My pages are password-protected; how do proxy caches deal with them?
By default, pages protected with HTTP authentication are considered private; they will not be kept by shared caches. However, you can make authenticated pages public with a Cache-Control: public header; HTTP 1.1-compliant caches will then allow them to be cached.
If you'd like such pages to be cacheable, but still authenticated for every user, combine the Cache-Control: public and no-cache headers. This tells the cache that it must submit the new client's authentication information to the origin server before releasing the representation from the cache. This would look like:
Cache-Control: public, no-cache
Whether or not this is done, it's best to minimize use of authentication; for example, if your images are not sensitive, put them in a separate directory and configure your server not to force authentication for it. That way, those images will be naturally cacheable.
Should I worry about security if people access my site through a cache?
SSL pages are not cached (or decrypted) by proxy caches, so you don't have to worry about that. However, because caches store non-SSL requests and URLs fetched through them, you should be conscious about unsecured sites; an unscrupulous administrator could conceivably gather information about their users, especially in the URL.
In fact, any administrator on the network between your server and your clients could gather this type of information. One particular problem is when CGI scripts put usernames and passwords in the URL itself; this makes it trivial for others to find and user their login.
If you're aware of the issues surrounding Web security in general, you shouldn't have any surprises from proxy caches.
I'm looking for an integrated Web publishing solution. Which ones are cache-aware?
It varies. Generally speaking, the more complex a solution is, the more difficult it is to cache. The worst are ones which dynamically generate all content and don't provide validators; they may not be cacheable at all. Speak with your vendor's technical staff for more information, and see the Implementation notes below.
My images expire a month from now, but I need to change them in the caches now!
The Expires header can't be circumvented; unless the cache (either browser or proxy) runs out of room and has to delete the representations, the cached copy will be used until then.
The most effective solution is to change any links to them; that way, completely new representations will be loaded fresh from the origin server. Remember that the page that refers to an representation will be cached as well. Because of this, it's best to make static images and similar representations very cacheable, while keeping the HTML pages that refer to them on a tight leash.
If you want to reload an representation from a specific cache, you can either force a reload (in Firefox, holding down shift while pressing 'reload' will do this by issuing a Pragma: no-cache request header) while using the cache. Or, you can have the cache administrator delete the representation through their interface.
I run a Web Hosting service. How can I let my users publish cache-friendly pages?
If you're using Apache, consider allowing them to use .htaccess files and providing appropriate documentation.
Otherwise, you can establish predetermined areas for various caching attributes in each virtual server. For instance, you could specify a directory /cache-1m that will be cached for one month after access, and a /no-cache area that will be served with headers instructing caches not to store representations from it.
Whatever you are able to do, it is best to work with your largest customers first on caching. Most of the savings (in bandwidth and in load on your servers) will be realized from high-volume sites.
I've marked my pages as cacheable, but my browser keeps requesting them on every request. How do I force the cache to keep representations of them?
Caches aren't required to keep a representation and reuse it; they're only required to not keep or use them under some conditions. All caches make decisions about which representations to keep based upon their size, type (e.g., image vs. html), or by how much space they have left to keep local copies. Yours may not be considered worth keeping around, compared to more popular or larger representations.
Some caches do allow their administrators to prioritize what kinds of representations are kept, and some allow representations to be 'pinned' in cache, so that they're always available.
Implementation Notes - Web Servers
Generally speaking, it's best to use the latest version of whatever Web server you've chosen to deploy. Not only will they likely contain more cache-friendly features, new versions also usually have important security and performance improvements.
Apache HTTP Server
Apache uses optional modules to include headers, including both Expires and Cache-Control. Both modules are available in the 1.2 or greater distribution.
The modules need to be built into Apache; although they are included in the distribution, they are not turned on by default. To find out if the modules are enabled in your server, find the httpd binary and run httpd -l; this should print a list of the available modules. The modules we're looking for are mod_expires and mod_headers.
• If they aren't available, and you have administrative access, you can recompile Apache to include them. This can be done either by uncommenting the appropriate lines in the Configuration file, or using the -enable-module=expires and -enable-module=headers arguments to configure (1.3 or greater). Consult the INSTALL file found with the Apache distribution.
Once you have an Apache with the appropriate modules, you can use mod_expires to specify when representations should expire, either in .htaccess files or in the server's access.conf file. You can specify expiry from either access or modification time, and apply it to a file type or as a default. See the module documentation for more information, and speak with your local Apache guru if you have trouble.
To apply Cache-Control headers, you'll need to use the mod_headers module, which allows you to specify arbitrary HTTP headers for a resource. See the mod_headers documentation.
Here's an example .htaccess file that demonstrates the use of some headers.
• .htaccess files allow web publishers to use commands normally only found in configuration files. They affect the content of the directory they're in and their subdirectories. Talk to your server administrator to find out if they're enabled.
### activate mod_expires
ExpiresActive On
### Expire .gif's 1 month from when they're accessed
ExpiresByType image/gif A2592000
### Expire everything else 1 day from when it's last modified
### (this uses the Alternative syntax)
ExpiresDefault "modification plus 1 day"
### Apply a Cache-Control header to index.html
<files index.html>
Header append Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate"
• Note that mod_expires automatically calculates and inserts a Cache-Control:max-age header as appropriate.
Apache 2.0's configuration is very similar to that of 1.3; see the 2.0 mod_expires and mod_headers documentation for more information.
Implementation Notes - Server-Side Scripting
One thing to keep in mind is that it may be easier to set HTTP headers with your Web server rather than in the scripting language. Try both.
Because the emphasis in server-side scripting is on dynamic content, it doesn't make for very cacheable pages, even when the content could be cached. If your content changes often, but not on every page hit, consider setting a Cache-Control: max-age header; most users access pages again in a relatively short period of time. For instance, when users hit the 'back' button, if there isn't any validator or freshness information available, they'll have to wait until the page is re-downloaded from the server to see it.
CGI scripts are one of the most popular ways to generate content. You can easily append HTTP response headers by adding them before you send the body; Most CGI implementations already require you to do this for the Content-Type header. For instance, in Perl;
print "Content-type: text/htmln";
print "Expires: Thu, 29 Oct 1998 17:04:19 GMTn";
print "n";
### the content body follows...
Since it's all text, you can easily generate Expires and other date-related headers with in-built functions. It's even easier if you use Cache-Control: max-age;
print "Cache-Control: max-age=600n";
This will make the script cacheable for 10 minutes after the request, so that if the user hits the 'back' button, they won't be resubmitting the request.
The CGI specification also makes request headers that the client sends available in the environment of the script; each header has 'HTTP_' appended to its name. So, if a client makes an If-Modified-Since request, it may show up like this:
HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE = Fri, 30 Oct 1998 14:19:41 GMT
See also the cgi_buffer library, which automatically handles ETag generation and validation, Content-Length generation and gzip content-oding for Perl and Python CGI scripts with a one-line include. The Python version can also be used to wrap arbitrary CGI scripts.
PHP is a server-side scripting language that, when built into the server, can be used to embed scripts inside a page's HTML, much like SSI, but with a far larger number of options. PHP can be used as a CGI script on any Web server (Unix or Windows), or as an Apache module.
By default, representations processed by PHP are not assigned validators, and are therefore uncacheable. However, developers can set HTTP headers by using the Header() function.
For example, this will create a Cache-Control header, as well as an Expires header three days in the future:
$offset = 60 * 60 * 24 * 3;
Remember that the Header() function MUST come before any other output.
As you can see, you'll have to create the HTTP date for an Expires header by hand; PHP doesn't provide a function to do it for you (although recent versions have made it easier; see the PHP's date documentation). Of course, it's easy to set a Cache-Control: max-age header, which is just as good for most situations.
For more information, see the manual entry for header.
Cold Fusion
Cold Fusion makes setting arbitrary HTTP headers relatively easy, with the CFHEADER tag. Unfortunately, their example for setting an Expires header, as below, is a bit misleading.
<cfheader NAME="Expires" VALUE="#Now()#">
It doesn't work like you might think, because the time (in this case, when the request is made) doesn't get converted to a HTTP-valid date; instead, it just gets printed as a representation of Cold Fusion's Date/Time object. Most clients will either ignore such a value, or convert it to a default, like January 1, 1970.
However, Cold Fusion does provide a date formatting function that will do the job; GetHttpTimeSTring. In combination with DateAdd, it¬„s easy to set Expires dates; here, we set a header to declare that representations of the page expire in one month;
<cfheader value="#GetHttpTimeString(DateAdd('m', 1, Now()))#">
You can also use the CFHEADER tag to set Cache-Control: max-age and other headers.
Remember that Web server headers are passed through in some deployments of Cold Fusion (such as CGI); check yours to determine whether you can use this to your advantage, by setting headers on the server instead of in Cold Fusion.
When setting HTTP headers from ASPs, make sure you either place the Response method calls before any HTML generation, or use Response.Buffer to buffer the output. Also, note that some versions of IIS set a Cache-Control: private header on ASPs by default, and must be declared public to be cacheable by shared caches.
Active Server Pages, built into IIS and also available for other Web servers, also allows you to set HTTP headers. For instance, to set an expiry time, you can use the properties of the Response object;
<% Response.Expires=1440 %>
specifying the number of minutes from the request to expire the representation. Likewise, absolute expiry time can be set like this (make sure you format HTTP date correctly):
Cache-Control headers can be added like this:
<% Response.CacheControl="public" %>
In ASP.NET, Response.Expires is deprecated; the proper way to set cache-related headers is with Response.Cache;
Response.Cache.SetExpires ( DateTime.Now.AddMinutes ( 60 ) ) ; Response.Cache.SetCacheability ( HttpCacheability.Public ) ;
See the MSDN documentation for more information.
References and Further Information
HTTP 1.1 Specification
The HTTP 1.1 spec has many extensions for making pages cacheable, and is the authoritative guide to implementing the protocol. See sections 13, 14.9, 14.21, and 14.25.
HTTP Protocol and lots of info
cgi_buffer Library
One-line include in Perl CGI, Python CGI and PHP scripts automatically handles ETag generation and validation, Content-Length generation and gzip Content-Encoding - correctly. The Python version can also be used as a wrapper around arbitrary CGI scripts.
About This Document
This document is Copyright © 1998-2006 Mark Nottingham This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License If you do mirror this document, please send e-mail to the address above, so that you can be informed of updates. All trademarks within are property of their respective holders.
Although the author believes the contents to be accurate at the time of publication, no liability is assumed for them, their application or any consequences thereof. If any misrepresentations, errors or other need for clarification is found, please contact the author immediately.
The latest revision of this document can always be obtained from
Abstract This document defines the Edge Architecture, which extend the Web infrastructure through the use of HTTP surrogates - intermediaries that act on behalf of an origin server. Status of this document This document is part of a submission to the World Wide Web Consortium (see Submission Request, W3C Staff Comment) that outlines an approach to scaling the Web infrastructure. Comments to the authors are welcome, but you are also encouraged to share your views on the W3C publicly archived www-talk mailing list For a full list of all acknowledged Submissions, please see Acknowledged Submissions to W3C. This document is a NOTE made available by the W3C for discussion only. Publication of this Note by W3C indicates no endorsement by W3C or the W3C Team, or any W3C Members. No W3C resources were or are allocated to the issues addressed by the NOTE. W3C has had no editorial control over the preparation of this NOTE. A list of current W3C technical documents can be found at the Technical Reports page. 1. Introduction One approach to scaling the Web is the use of surrogates - intermediaries that act on behalf of and with authority of an origin server (also known as "reverse proxies"). This document describes a framework for the distribution of HTTP content by surrogates, by specifying a means of controlling surrogates with HTTP headers, along with caching and response processing models for them. Surrogates may be deployed close to the origin server, or throughout the network - a configuration often referred to as a "Content Delivery Network" (CDN). Because they act on behalf of the origin server (and therefore the content's owner), surrogates offer content owners greater control over their behavior than proxies. As a result, they offer greater potential for improving performance, offloading processing from the origin server, and adding unique functionality to the Web. This document uses the Extended BNF syntax and rules from HTTP/1.1. 2. Controlling Surrogates with HTTP Headers Unlike standard HTTP intermediaries, Surrogates offer the ability for finer control by the origin server and content owner, because of their implied relationship. To enable this, we define HTTP headers to advertise the capabilities of a particular surrogate device, and control how it behaves. 2.1 Surrogate-Capability Header The Surrogate-Capabilities request header allows surrogates to advertise their capabilities with capability tokens. Capability tokens indicate sets of operations (e.g., caching, processing) that a surrogate is willing to perform. They follow the form of product tokens in the HTTP; Capability tokens are case-sensitive. As requests pass through surrogates, the Surrogate-Capabilities header is appended; The name in each capability set identifies a device token, which uniquely identifies the surrogate that appended it. Device tokens must be unique within a request's Surrogate-Capabilities header. The value contains a space-separated list of capability tokens. In the example above, two surrogates are present in the request chain; one identified as 'abc' is capable of applying "ESI/1.0", while 'def' is capable of handling both "Surrogate/1.0" and "ESI/1.0". Surrogates must only append their information to any existing Surrogate-Capability headers, so that it may be read from left to right (or, if the headers are separate, from top to bottom) to construct a list of surrogates that the request passed through (and thus a list that may be read from right to left to discover surrogates that the response will pass through). Surrogates may modify the Surrogate-Control header to instruct downstream surrogates to process capabilities originally targetted at them. If no downstream surrogates have identified themselves, the header should be stripped from responses. 4.2.1 no-store The no-store directive specifies that the response entity should not be stored in cache; it is only to be used for the original request, and may not be validated on the origin server. 4.2.2 no-store-remote The no-store-remote directive has similar semantics to the no-store directive, except that it should only be honored by those surrogates that consider themselves "remote". Generally, this means those that are more than one or two hops from the origin server, such as surrogates in a CDN. 4.2.3 max-age The max-age directive specifies how long the response entity can be considered fresh, in seconds. After this time, implementations must consider the cached entity stale. For example, max-age=30 Optionally, a '+' and a freshness extension can be appended, that specifies an additional period of time (in seconds) the stale entity may be served, before it must be revalidated or refetched as appropriate. For example, max-age=30+60 If no freshness extension is specified, it should be considered as '0' (i.e., the object should be revalidated or refetched immediately). 4.2.4 content The content directive identifies what processing surrogates should perform on the response before forwarding it. The value of the content directive is a left-to-right ordered, space-separated list of capabilities for processing by surrogates. For example, content="ESI/1.0 ESI-Inline/1.0" This directive specifies that first the operations represented by the "ESI/1.0" capability token and then the "ESI-Inline/1.0" capability token should be applied to the response entity. See also "Response Processing Model". Once processing takes place, the capability token that invoked it (as well as the 'content' directive, if appropriate) is consumed; that is, it is not passed forward to surrogates. 2.3 Surrogate-Control Targetting Because surrogates can be deployed hetrogeneously in a hierarchy, it is necessary to enable the targetting of directives at individual devices. Surrogate-Control directives may have a parameter that identifies the surrogate that they are targetted at, as identified by the device token in the request's Surrogate-Capabilities header. Directives without targetting parameters are applied to all surrogates, unless a targetted directive overrides it. For example, Surrogate-Control: max-age=60;abc, max-age=300 Here, the device that identified itself as 'abc' in the Surrogate-Capabilties request header will apply a max-age of 300; all other surrogates will apply a max-age of 60. Surrogate-Control: content="ESI/1.0";abc, content="ESI-Inline/1.0";def This header specifies that the device that identified itself as 'abc' should process the response entity for ESI, while the surrogate that identified itself as 'def' should process it for ESI-Inline. Implementations are not required to support targetting. 3. Caching Model Caching in surrogates operates in a manner similar to the HTTP; the same freshness and validation mechanisms form its basis. However, there are additional mechanisms for controlling cacheability in Surrogates, that override such mechanisms in the HTTP. The Surrogate-Control response header contains several directives that influence entity cacheability; specifically, "no-store", "no-store-remote", and "max-age" (see "Surrogate-Control Header" for more information). Collectively, these directives and their behaviors are described by the capability token Surrogate/1.0 This token should be included in all requests sent by compliant surrogates (see "Surrogate-Capabilities Header"). When any of these directives are present, they override any HTTP cacheability information present in the response. If more than one is targetted at a surrogate, the most specific applies. For example, Surrogate-Control: max-age=60, no-store;abc The surrogate that identified itself as 'abc' (see "Controlling Surrogates with HTTP Headers") would apply no-store; others would apply max-age=60. Conversely, Surrogate-Control: no-store, max-age=60;abc In this example, 'abc' would apply max-age=60, while other surrogates would apply no-store. Surrogates should ignore any HTTP Cache-Control request header directives. 4. Response Processing Model Surrogates may also invoke processors on response entitities as they pass through. Examples of processing include images transcoding, the application of XSLT stylesheets, or the interpretation of an in-markup language. By default, processing takes place after caching; that is, cached entities have any applicable processing applied before being served. Processors and extension directives may modify this behavior. Processing is invoked with the 'content' surrogate-control directive. The actual coorperative processing model depends on the nature of the processing, capabilities of surrogates, and their permissions to delegate processing to other surrogates. This document does not define any specific processing model. 1. Caching | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '438', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9009386301040648}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97221', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6TOTPQZNMMWDOCQOG2SWJ3HEWR33YESC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:74336fc4-5f9a-4ac7-86e5-2bfc3b5c38dc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 20, 4, 33, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.237.251.158', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7BAPEEHSJX3RHKXODGOJWTDUFRSDZ6X7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b43f3743-8a97-43f6-9ddf-b0400d31398b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.askapache.com/optimize/caching-tutorial-webmasters/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:697e9dd8-4d49-4e2c-a7e2-db04eca150b9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '7110', 'url': 'https://www.askapache.com/optimize/caching-tutorial-webmasters/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-207\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14586329460144043', 'original_id': 'ea6f7a0669e9098484bb56e6a024d825a2749a41777e5803c37beaaba52b4dd5'} |
Phish meets the NFL. Dogs and cats, living together. Two of Peter Richmond's favorite things collide and he doesn't dig it:
What if you had two overriding passions that eclipsed everything else in your life, including your family (as they'd surely attest), and each passion (or, to be frank, religion) represented the two totally opposite sides of your bipolar psyche, and somehow balanced it into sanity…and, surreally, they then decided to collaborate?
How could this be a good thing? Look at it this way: If your beloved old family physician let drop that he was dating Lady Gaga would it make you feel warm and fuzzy? So: When your favorite Pentagonian/George Patton-inspired sporting corporation, whose 32 franchises are largely symbolized by drunks who take off their shirts in blizzards and then beat people up in the parking lot because they're wearing apostatic jerseys, enlists, in a marketing moment, your favorite anarchic jam and, which is largely symbolized by a few million stoners who believe in nothing except the axiom "Rules Are Irrelevant"…what else could this mean other than that the universe has collapsed into itself? That The End f Days was upon us?
The specifics: On New Year's Eve morning, and the following afternoon, ESPN2 will air an NFL Films segment about how Seattle Seahawk fans have adopted a Phish song. Which said event tears a hole in the universe.
[Photo Via: N.Y. Daily News] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '162', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9594513177871704}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '700285', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OIGVEKXIGHSZPXMYLX6E5KDMHWYUQTP5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:826777c1-83b2-4f51-87f5-68a09be997c7>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 2, 8, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.2.166', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ADNPXD2D4PTM34PKWYYGNULBD32CSKI2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:671f1f65-db23-4dfd-8a4b-6d3afed126fc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://thestacks.deadspin.com/the-nfl-phish-bad-vibes-1485680118', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ca1707ed-1548-4455-a53b-e5f630af89df>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '231', 'url': 'https://thestacks.deadspin.com/the-nfl-phish-bad-vibes-1485680118', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-47-244-60.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.551146924495697', 'original_id': '41518d6336d0da3de1f6a238c6d0c45cf80a4b1c50984bc79cbf21f60abcceaa'} |
Q:
How to change routing in the default template of Visual Studio 2017?
I just started experimenting with .NetCore MVC using Visual Studio 2017. I created a .NetCore MVC application using default template. I want to change the About route to Menu route. Therefore, I changed public IActionResult About() to public IActionResult Menu() and I changed the About.cshtml to Menu.cshtml to get the correct view. However, the template is not showing these effects. In other words, the navbar in the output is not changed. The following is my Startup.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
namespace RouteCheck
{
public class Startup
{
public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
{
var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
.SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true)
.AddEnvironmentVariables();
Configuration = builder.Build();
}
public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; }
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
// Add framework services.
services.AddMvc();
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
{
loggerFactory.AddConsole(Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
loggerFactory.AddDebug();
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseBrowserLink();
}
else
{
app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");
}
app.UseStaticFiles();
app.UseMvc(routes =>
{
routes.MapRoute(
name: "default",
template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");
});
}
}
}
and my output looks like this The output by default template The route /Home/Menu is correctly working, but I want to change this About in the nav bar to Menu and map my route to /Home/Menu in the default template.
A:
You will have to modify the default navbar in Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml. That's the shared layout view in MVC default templates where the action-specific view will be rendered.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ae62ce28d62933eb143b8fef85073224cbcba82754c8dc9b15e14aa594888238'} |
Justin Bieber‘s new rumored girlfriend, Sofia Richie, is currently stuck in the middle of his and Selena Gomez‘s feud. But while the 17-year-old attempted to avoid questions about the battle as she left a restaurant in Beverly Hills on Aug. 15, Sofia nearly couldn’t hide her laughter in time when a fan wanted to know something very specific about her 22-year-old boyfriend.
Watch the video above, and don’t forget to subscribe to our YouTube Channel! | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd6d60b4ebcbc4c608a79ee8eb1c1e92fc421cab2b9994d404c798210d0452b11'} |
Anti-Cancer Effects of Onions and Mushrooms
mushroomsThanks to one one of our readers for sending in this informative article; Anti-Cancer Effects of Onions and Mushrooms written by Dr. Joel Fuhrman for last week.
While cruciferous vegetables (such as kale, collards and broccoli) have been stealing the spotlight for their highly touted anti-cancer properties. New research is now revealing that onions and mushrooms have previously unrecognized but potent anti-cancer effects.
The Allium family of vegetables, which includes onions, garlic, leeks and scallions, are known to have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and immune systems, as well as anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects.
Epidemiological studies have found that increased consumption of Allium vegetables is associated with lower risk of gastric and prostate cancers. These vegetables contain protective substances called organosulfur compounds, which are released when the vegetables are chopped, crushed or chewed. These compounds prevent the development of cancers by detoxifying carcinogens, halting cancer cell growth and preventing tumors from obtaining a blood supply.3
In addition to the organosulfur compounds, onions also contain high concentrations of flavonoids, which are a class of antioxidant molecules that includes isoflavones, flavonols, catechins and anthocyanins among others. Red onions contain at least 25 different anthocyanins, and the predominant flavonoid in all onions is quercetin.Quercetin slows tumor development, suppresses growth and proliferation and induces cell death in colon cancer cells. In short, flavonoids such as quercetin can contribute to preventing damaged cells from advancing to cancer. Flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to cancer prevention.
Mushrooms have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and immune-supporting properties. Mushrooms contain polysaccharides that are thought to inhibit tumor growth and viral infection by stimulating immune cells. Compounds in shiitake mushrooms have been shown to trigger programmed cell death in breast cancer cells. In case control studies, consuming mushrooms regularly has been associated with decreased risk of breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Frequent consumption of mushrooms decreased the risk of breast cancer by up to 60-70%.Similar associations were observed in studies on stomach and colorectal cancers.
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%d bloggers like this: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '60', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9110564589500428}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '64099', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6HNRGKNXMMTJZSZ6EBMZ335KTJNVJZ75', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:83ac3f4c-40f4-42e0-a43f-916dc581851c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 21, 12, 9, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.12', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NNFAHGKEPK5STVXYNCMZVQVH2TQ52WNV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3b73019a-83aa-41bb-b785-fddd4cf05cfb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://themissblog.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/anti-cancer-effects-of-onions-and-mushrooms/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7e25eb2c-844d-47bf-a633-5ace7807fbfb>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '386', 'url': 'https://themissblog.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/anti-cancer-effects-of-onions-and-mushrooms/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-236-162-53.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03237628936767578', 'original_id': '12a3a6b452134f15ee486762c68d202ac2e55a194167071bdc1bc8fd66068d37'} |
Friday, October 1, 2010
When I heard that there was going to be a "sequel" to Vampire Requiem I got very excited. Vampire Requiem is one of those dream prints for me. It really reminds me of Tuxedo Mask from Sailor Moon. Baby did such a good job with it and I expected the same for Vampire Forest. When I saw the print, dress, and Jsk's I made a sad face. As a whole the collection is not my favorite at all. The print on it's own has great images and when they are put together I like them but the color choices might be a bit off.
These top three fabric swatches make me sad. These look as if Baby stuck a bunch of stickers on black, red, or periwinkle fabric. The pictures are too separate from the background. They did get it right with their dark navy color.
Since the whole fabric has a blue color of some sort, it fits. This is just my opinion. Do you love the red and not the navy? I am sure there are people who do. On to the actual pieces. I will start at my least favorite and work up to the best. First, 1 of the 2 JSK's.
When I saw this the first thing that came to mind is "This is what a 1st year fashion design student designs and learns to make." This is so basic and so unexciting it makes me sad. The black lace embellishment on the bust is a good start but not nearly enough by itself. This JSK just needs more. Now for the skirt.
Again, it just needs more. This fabric print and color just looks like $1/yard fabric you get at the JoAnns Fabric. This design is pretty bland and done. On to the dress.
This dress is not all bad for me. I really like the detail on the front skirt panel. The lace on the bodice that circles the waist then runs up the front is lovely. The two bows and cap sleeves are really cute. The only problem I have with this dress is the fabric print and the strangeness of the black front panel. Other than the front there is no other black fabric to be seen. I just wish that the black fabric went all the way up the front. The head bow is pretty cute. Even with this print and color I really like it.
The bow is so flowy and the black center rose is great. The delicate lace sewn to the hem finishes the bow and makes it very feminine and delicate looking. Even thought I like this I would never spend 30 something dollars on it. It would have to be a lot more magical for me to actively seek it out. Now, for the best piece in my opinion, the 2nd JSK.
Please don't misunderstand me when I say this is my favorite piece in the Vampire Forest collection. I like this but I do not love it at all. The bodice is nice, the bottom ruffle is cute as all heck, and the simple and flat straps will fit nicely under a blouses collar. I do not like the skirt portion, it looks awkward to me. There is something about the panels that just don't sit right with me. I also am not a fan of the fine lace detail running down the princess seams of the skirt. I would have loved to have seen a black chiffon peplum that opened i the front.
I am so sorry that this has been a bit of a negative post. I normally love Baby and AaTP. This particular collection just fell flat for me. How do you feel about it? Do you love every piece or do you feel as I do?
3 comments:
I agree with everything in you analysis, the print itself is kinda messy/incoherent looking. Personally I think it looks best in red based on those swatches, but on the dresses themselves I'm not sure. I can see where they were trying to go, why didn't they get there? :/
About Me
A Sweet Lolita in Debt is about a Sweet Lolita who is in debt due to her student loans from going to school for Fashion Design. Here you will read about Lolita, my designs and accessories, perhaps a financial tip or two, and what ever else comes to mind. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '34ff8fec2a32a188f666412ad917bf26c7804adc79ff144d4808051d01b70fae'} |
'use strict';
var assert = require('assert')
var Promise = require('../')
var i = 0
var sampleA, sampleB
function next() {
return new Promise(function (resolve) {
i++
/*
if (i % 100000 === 0) {
global.gc()
console.dir(process.memoryUsage())
}
*/
if (i === 100000 && typeof global.gc === 'function') {
global.gc()
sampleA = process.memoryUsage()
}
if (i > 100000 * 10) {
if (typeof global.gc === 'function') {
global.gc()
sampleB = process.memoryUsage()
console.log('Memory usage at start:');
console.dir(sampleA)
console.log('Memory usage at end:');
console.dir(sampleB)
assert(sampleA.heapUsed * 1.2 > sampleB.heapUsed, 'heapUsed should not grow by more than 20%')
}
} else {
setImmediate(resolve)
}
}).then(next)
}
if (typeof global.gc !== 'function') {
console.warn('You must run with --expose-gc to test for memory leak.')
}
next().done()
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '7dff20defe96480aa2cc0aec542869db0d29387b802e5cf19085f8dda23e74d0'} |
Remarkable SERS Activity Observed from Amorphous ZnO Nanocages.
Enhancement of the semiconductor-molecule interaction, in particular, promoting the interfacial charge transfer process (ICTP), is key to improving the sensitivity of semiconductor-based surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Herein, by developing amorphous ZnO nanocages (a-ZnO NCs), we successfully obtained an ultrahigh enhancement factor of up to 6.62×105 . This remarkable SERS sensitivity can be attributed to high-efficiency ICTP within a-ZnO NC molecule system, which is caused by metastable electronic states of a-ZnO NCs. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations further confirmed a stronger ICTP in a-ZnO NCs than in their crystalline counterparts. The efficient ICTP can even generate π bonding in Zn-S bonds peculiar to the mercapto molecule adsorbed a-ZnO NCs, which has been verified through the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) characterization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such remarkable SERS activity has been observed within amorphous semiconductor nanomaterials, which could open a new frontier for developing highly sensitive and stable SERS technology. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '30a6480b02bc59c6db498d6e42d9c3d0c01818b00ce2392c828f0f9f2bd1bdfa'} |
The Akwesasne Cultural Center, Inc. began with the founding of a library in 1971, to encourage Akwesasne’s youth to graduate high school. In 1972, cultural classes started and donations to the center began collections for the museum.
The Akwesasne Library and Cultural Center is a public library and museum that serves the people of Akwesasne, the surrounding communities and the visiting public by providing access to educational and cultural resources. Located in the heart of Akwesasne, the Akwesasne Cultural Center provides a positive space for educational purposes and is one of the cultural hubs of the community. Stop in to browse through the library’s collection and take a self-guided tour of the museum or call ahead for a guided tour. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.904822826385498}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '44596', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IT5W5BG35ROORHFYFVEJOITSVWJT5VRK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7ed5a7c6-2d00-4e2e-b01a-2b9ea3269f69>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 14, 26, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '208.113.163.20', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RX3RIMA3FRHBEPUTTORCZXTJXCSKD52J', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c464e5f1-e491-48b2-9df7-229a1d2ede5f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://akwesasneculturalcenter.org/about/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c49c003-6578-49b3-8bdc-b2a2b6b7f47b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '119', 'url': 'http://akwesasneculturalcenter.org/about/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-165-178-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04252427816390991', 'original_id': '16c125f9cb8816ac90ed237a441eac25a6cb9440ad200fd50b933c1812e1310d'} |
Chinese tea eggs are a tasty and beautiful snack, spectacular thanks to their spiderwebded texture. The first time I ate this marbled Chinese specialty I was in Beijing. Even only a bite is unforgettable. A strong and particular flavor, not for all, but a must-to-try!
Sauteed dandelion greens is a very important ingredient of Roman cuisine. For centuries the most poor Roman familys, use to harvest wild dandelion greens aside the suburbs streets of the Italian capital, and cook them with simple ingredients. The farmers use to bring sauteed dandelion greens with them eating this vegetables as lunch along with simple homemade bread. This vegetable is both tasty and healthy! I love cook dandelion greens in many ways, but today I propose the most traditional way to cook the dandelion. The chili pepper pairs perfectly with the amazing bitter taste of these greens! Serve the dandelion as a tasty salad, or aside cheeses, eggs or roasted meats. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ba51311cb09984ada601ff1f51e3c49a7536080a8dfc26e07565331d3b529f19'} |
[Top] [All Lists]
Re: Catching email with a TO that has a + but no argument
1999-08-25 11:53:43
Brock Rozen <brozen(_at_)torah(_dot_)org> writes:
but these didn't work properly and aren't as good, because it doesn't
check the envelope (I believe) of the message in case of a BCC.
You are correct: if your address isn't in the header, sendmail doesn't
give you any way to tell apart user+(_at_)domain and user(_at_)domain(_dot_)
(If you
really cared you could use separate mailers in your, but it
would be a pain.)
Philip Guenther
<Prev in Thread] Current Thread [Next in Thread> | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8378576636314392}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '6939', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TFUXAOKLH5VDNJ566N2AJF6PDRSIBM5W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:51bb094f-ea75-4440-9158-f34875ccb2d8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 9, 51, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '96.126.125.14', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3X5DUDFOX6T6P3XJ47ZS3HIM2HB4UT4P', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:528a625b-b922-49ef-9716-1dd7760b22cc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.mhonarc.org/archive/html/procmail/1999-08/msg00195.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b5495b7d-bacb-4488-9982-d9a2f566fdde>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '83', 'url': 'http://www.mhonarc.org/archive/html/procmail/1999-08/msg00195.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9939543604850769', 'original_id': '136001709a7c6524791ad470cf2b7afd7bdb5b8198f4f941a1983df827a77b3f'} |
A Class in App_Code Folder Does Not Get Compiled
Today I’ve experienced one odd thing with Visual Studio 2008.
As we know, App_Code is not needed for a Web application project under VS2008 since class files can be put anywhere.
However, to keep it clean and easy to find, I decided to created one and create class files under the folder.
It appears that those created objects do not be available.
In the other words, they do not get compiled.
After messing around, I found that the “Build Action” property of those files have been set to “Content” by default.
Well, it should be “Compile” so that the files get compiled.
I’ve also tried to create another folder with the name of “cs”.
The created class files under “cs” have the “Build Action” property of “Compile”.
Therefore, the solution is either set the “Build Action” property to “Compile” or never use a folder with the name of “App_Code”.
Now the question is… why does the “Build Action” property of the files under “App_Code” is “Content”?
Case-Insensitive XPath Searching
As far as I know, there is no such xpath function to do the case-insenstive search.
However, there is a work-around for this.
The solution is to receive a lower-case string as the input and use lower-case() xpath function to help perform the search.
Consider the following XML:
<name>ASUS Striker</name>
The following xpath do the search for “asu” which returns two string - “asus striker” and “asus”:
As we can see, using lower-caes() and contains() helps search for lower-case string even though the xml contains upper-case string.
The text() function indicates the value of the node in context.
You can also try name() which indicates the name of the node.
You can try using upper-case() with upper-case input string as well.
VMWare Workstation on Windows Server 2008
I’m currently in a progress of deciding whether to VMWare Workstation or Hyper-V on my Windows Server 2008 for a development environment. At first, I meant to seek for the one with better performance. However, I’ve come across one article at diTii.com about an issue on using VMWare Workstation on Windows Server 2008. Below is what they say. It’s good to know this stuff beforehand. Thanks :)
Due to the fact, in the current Intel/AMD chip architecture, only one hardware-based hypervisor can run at a time, you will want to create a special boot entry for a Hyper-V-less boot time configuration of Windows 2008. Assuming you are currently booted into Windows 2008, at an administrative command prompt, type the following:
bcdedit /copy {current} /d “Windows 2008 (No Hyper-V)”
The above command should say: The entry was successfully copied to {guid}.
Copy that {guid} to the clipboard including the curly braces.
Now, type the following command:
bcdedit /set {guid} hypervisorlaunchtype off
In the above command, replace {guid} with what you into the clipboard.
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War of Magic, should it be brought back?
Published on Saturday, December 07, 2013 By Frogboy In Elemental Dev Journals
For those of you not familiar with our Elemental game universe here it is in brief:
Elemental is a fantasy world made up of many different civilizations vying for control the world. There is a great deal of history and lore to tap into and we decided to begin making games in this world back with 2010s release of War of Magic. Unfortunately, when it came out, it was pretty buggy and got some negative reviews. We fixed the bugs but the game itself was still pretty meh.
So in 2012, we released the second game in the Elemental universe called Fallen Enchantress which was good and we're pretty proud of that game. We followed it up with an expansion pack called Legendary Heroes that further refined the Fallen Enchantress game mechanics.
We do intend to follow Fallen Enchantress with a third strategy game in the Elemental universe but it'll be very different from either War of Magic or Fallen Enchantress as it focuses largely on, well I can't really go into that yet.
When Fallen Enchantress was released, we discontinued War of Magic. I don't think it's available for sale anywhere anymore. My question is, would anyone be interested in us revisiting War of Magic in the future to release a kind of "War of Magic: Director's Cut" or something where we refined the WOM game design, updated the visuals.
WOM had some interesting game mechanics such as a pretty big emphasis on a dynasty system and a number of other distinctive mechanics that could be refined further.
Let us know what you think. Would we be opening up "old wounds" or would be restoring faith to those who believed in the original "not-MOM" concept?
PS4 vs. Xbox One
Published on Saturday, December 07, 2013 By Frogboy In Console Games
IMG_0328 vs. IMG_0329
Actual impressions (putting aside the specs)
• PS4 has a much better controller
• XBOX One has slightly less sucky launch titles
• XBOX One UI is more powerful
• XBOX One has integrated Skype (this is actually quite useful)
• PS4 has much better indie games market
• I can’t visually tell the difference in graphics between them (I know the specs, I’m just saying in real world, I can’t tell the difference so far)
Got any questions? I’ll answer as best I can.
AI coding, I can’t even begin to express how excited I am
Published on Thursday, December 05, 2013 By Frogboy In Journals - GalCiv III
I haven’t got to design an AI since…well 2006. It’s been a long time and the Stardock games team of 2013 is insanely awesome and the tech is just amazing too.
Now, I programmed the AI in Legendary Heroes and helped on the AI in Fallen Enchantress (I wrote worker functions for War of Magic). But I haven’t got to sit down and make something from scratch since GalCiv II.
And wow, things are so much better now. Virtualization, lots of cores to handle threads (GalCiv II was written for a single core with 1 hyperthread). The things I can do now are, well they’re just plain sick.
While I am quite proud of the AI in Fallen Enchantress: Legendary Heroes, it was something I had to retrofit onto Elemental: War of Magic. It was a miracle to get it to work as well as it does because War of Magic was single threaded. I had to make it multithreaded after the fact (if there are any programmers here, please feel free to comment to explain how nasty that is).
In GalCiv III, the AI is able to operate on a virtual machine version of the game state. So I can monkey around in real-time without it affecting other players. I can not only have every computer player have its own thread, I can have different components of the AI have their own threads and in multiplayer, I can distribute the work up across the different players.
There’s a lot more too. From crowd sourcing ship designs, tech tree strategies, planetary improvement strategies, etc. to throwing raw number crunching stuff onto the player’s video card. We’ve come a long way from 2006.
5 Things I'm thankful for!
Published on Thursday, November 28, 2013 By Frogboy In Everything Else
It's Thanksgiving!
And I have a lot to be thankful for. In no particular order, here are some things that I am very very thankful for.
#1 My Wife and kids.
My wife and I have been together over 20 years. I love her so much. We met in college during an..incident in EE lab (you do not want me to work on anything that actually involves electricity). Since then, we've had 3 wonderful children. I am very thankful for them in ways that I think many can appreciate. My two sons love video games and are now old enough to play games with me. In my office we have 3 PCs where we play as a squad in BF4 and played Diablo 3 together. My daughter is sweet, kind and smart as a whip. She's the one who can tell when I'm stressed and will give me the kind of hug that only a 7 year old little girl can provide.
My wife loves Christmas. She's one of those people. But I tell ya, having someone with a pure, genuine joy for the holidays is contagious. She's brilliant, beautiful and wonderful.
#2 My friends
There have been some tough times for my family and I these past few years. As some of you know, there was a frivolous lawsuit filed against me a couple years back that accused me of a laundry list of disgusting but totally false allegations. My friends, especially those who were familiar with the events, were very important to me in a world where lots of strangers were eager to jump on the hate bandwagon. While victory in that case brought some vindication, it was my friends (and family) that carried the day for me. I am very thankful for them.
#3 My colleagues
This is kind of a repeat of #2. I really enjoy the people I work with. They really are more than just coworkers. They're my friends too. I really enjoy talking to them. They're fun, interesting, and fascinating. I get to go to work with them every day or interact with them online. It brings something to my life that I am very thankful for. They make every day an adventure.
#4 My health
This is totally selfish but I never want to take for granted that I have been blessed with unusually good health. When I look at the material success I've been able to achieve I never forget that my God given health was a prerequisite for this. Never being tired, never having a cold, flu, or other physical obstacle makes a lot of things possible and helps keep me somewhat grounded as reminding me that my success isn't due only to my own hard work or cleverness but also a roll of the cosmic dice.
I am a creature of the Internet. I make no apologies for this. I've been continuously online since 1986 when I was involved in BBSes. I know I say things on the record that get me into trouble from time to time. But that is part of the experience. I am thankful that I have the opportunity to talk directly to the people who like our software or play our games or about anything else under the sun. It is, and I mean this, the single biggest motivation I have to keep doing what I do. Take away the ability to talk to you guys and I would have retired by now. There is no business reason for me to keep writing computer AI, for instance. In fact, it's problematic in that it keeps me from my CEO responsibilities. But it keeps me in the trenches talking to you guys and I love it.
No matter where you are, I hope this message finds you well. Thank you for sharing your lives with me. I want you to know I really appreciate it. It matters. You matter. Have a happy Thanksgiving!
Some Random inside GalCiv III talk
Published on Friday, November 22, 2013 By Frogboy In GalCiv III Founders
Just want to give you guys some news that isn't really that spoilery and is way way too technical for the marketing team to care about.
Technically speaking, FE: LH is probably the first multi-core AI. But the GalCiv III AI is likely to be the first AI designed from scratch for multicore.
What that means to you: I can run background simulations that last multiple turns. I did this some in GalCiv II but late game, I had to disable them (I put in a setting in Twilight to allow people to set how much CPU to use for the AI which affected this).
Also, some AI calculations are going to be off-loaded onto your video card (just the hard number crunching stuff).
The reason for that is that unlike GalCiv II where the main evaluations only involved weapon types, GalCiv III has sublight speed, mass, rate of fire, weapons range, accuracy and evasion to deal with along with the roles of ships in a fleet. So lots more number crunching than before but with DirectX 10/11 I can toss that onto the video card to deal with.
I don't plan to have the AI design ships in GalCiv III in the sense it did in GalCiv II. I will give it a bit of a try but the ships have a lot more sophistication to them this time (very easy for a human but much harder for a computer, traveling salesmen problem here). Instead, I am planning to have the AI look at every ship design any player has ever designed and do evaluation on that and pick from that. So the better players get at designing ships, the better the AI will get. While this might seem like "a lot" of ships, let's assume there are 15 million ship designs in the database. I can narrow that down to a few hundred thousands for my purposes. That might seem like a lot but it is a lot fewer than the AI doing tons of permutations on the fly.
Right now, the above is theory as I haven't done this yet. But in GalCiv II, I really only had to worry about weapons and defenses. GalCiv III has more goodies you can put on a ship.
We are not making any promises for MP to be "fun". I am skeptical on whether 4X MP can be fun outside of very small galaxies. But the alpha will have multiplayer in it (it's not going to be a feature that comes late, it's already in now in our builds). I do think that 2 vs. AI might be fun. It'll be interesting to see how this works out.
The evolution of the Drengin
Published on Friday, November 22, 2013 By Frogboy In Journals - GalCiv III
Many years ago, when I was trying to come up with a villain for what I called, at the time, Earth Space Wars, I wanted an enemy that was brutal, ruthless and most importantly, inhuman. An enemy that would look at our system of ethics, morals and honor and laugh at them as being hopelessly naïve and primitive.
Below are images of the Drengin over the years.
Early Drengin image from early 90s.
Drengin painting from 1995
Lord Kona, Galactic Civilizations I
Lord Kona, a few years later in Galactic Civilizations II
Early GalCiv III version of Kona where he was blended with Korath concepts.
Elderly Kona
Speakout Meet the Parent
Published on Thursday, November 21, 2013 By Frogboy In PC Gaming
I’m putting this up so that it’s not lost to time. This is an article I wrote for Computer Games Magazine about my son playing World of Warcraft back when he was 8 years old and how he played it differently from adults.
652 pages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9697666764259338}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '43190', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YMH77X5BLPRM6FXNZDBHDDUIRAWSG467', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:866a89b4-ee6f-44c0-a500-0000d54b6125>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 9, 5, 45, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.204.71.162', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SFWITGWEXGHIZ5HBODXRADFA43SVFXNG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2732cb3b-7072-40ad-ae14-41d9d9265a5a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.littletinyfrogs.com/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:969997c5-1d2e-4397-a0fc-ddcb1cc4a039>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2006', 'url': 'http://www.littletinyfrogs.com/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020583927631378174', 'original_id': '9bdf25953ee6980a77aec89ffe0d57bedfe118faa4825f207a34f69b942e25dc'} |
Red Circle
Martin Goodman's group of pulp magazine publishing corporations
Red Circle instance of business
Red Circle
Red Circle nature de l’élément firme | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303886', 'collection': 'Wikidata', 'open_type': 'Semantic data', 'license': 'CC0', 'date': '', 'title': 'Red Circle', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'Multilingual', 'language_type': 'Semantic data', 'word_count': '23', 'token_count': '35', '__index_level_0__': '10207', 'original_id': '2f02b24e02e03ef60f6e145067c6ad4971d12a7369adf28ebabf30c9b3cc492e'} |
How to take medicines without feeling any bitter taste....?
Answer before putting tablet in mouth eat a spoon of sugar and do the same after you done , this maintains sweetness in the tongue. :) who told you to take insulin and suffer now :)
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How do I get the bitter taste out from stevia plants?
Harvesting to Reduce BitternessHarvest your stevia leaves at the end of the summer, just before the plant begins to flower. The flower buds introduce a bitter flavor to the leaves. Select a warm pl... Read More » | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8551037311553955}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '24549', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2RSOGVG5MHMI5UDWLDL2DAKI2BAW4LOI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f22b7e7e-84f3-4507-8109-01cd70417eae>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 8, 44, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '34.193.72.203', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FSHUGFO3Q3NWZTXLNDWAIFDDFP5PINE6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:620320a9-a2c1-4815-aaf6-d6f55d2f7eab>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.qacollections.com/How-to-take-medicines-without-feeling-any-bitter-taste', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3c6b4da-b568-4543-a67f-f1e709529381>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '173', 'url': 'http://www.qacollections.com/How-to-take-medicines-without-feeling-any-bitter-taste', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-232-145-162.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.4936296343803406', 'original_id': 'f020d8144f1137633faa7820bd48d3badc4d77e4eb6fdbf94d5f9bcd98400030'} |
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>2 Corinthians 11:20</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../verse.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="container">
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="metadata">2 Corinthians 11:20</div>
<div id="verse">For ye suffer, if a man bring you into bondage, if a man devour you, if a man take of you, if a man exalt himself, if a man smite you on the face.</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
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<div class="container-fluid">
<h1>ശ്രീ മുരുക </h1>
<form [formGroup]="myForm" novalidate (ngSubmit)="save()" #vazhipadForm="ngForm">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-2">
<div class="form-group" >
<label for="">Devotee Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" class="poojaname-control" formControlName="devotee_name">
<small [hidden]="myForm.controls.devotee_name.valid || (myForm.controls.devotee_name.pristine && !submitted)" class="text-danger">
Name is required (minimum 3 characters).
</small>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-2">
<div class="form-group" >
<label>Star</label> <select class="poojaname-control" formControlName="devotee_star" id="devotee_star">
<option *ngFor="let star of stars" [value]="star">{{star}}</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<button type="button" (click)="addTodo($event)" >Add Todo </button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li *ngFor="let todo of todos; let i=index">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="todo.completed" />
<span [ngClass]="{'checked': todo.completed}">{{ todo.name }} </span>
<span [ngClass]="{'checked': todo.completed}">{{ todo.star }} </span>
<span (click)="deleteTodo(i)" class="delete-icon">[X] </span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="print-section">
<h2> Kshethra print test </h2>
<div>
<ul>
<li *ngFor="let todo of todos; let i=index">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkbox" [(ngModel)]="todo.completed" />
<span [ngClass]="{'checked': todo.completed}">{{ todo.name }} </span>
<span [ngClass]="{'checked': todo.completed}">{{ todo.star }} </span>
<span (click)="deleteTodo(i)" class="delete-icon">[X] </span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<button (click)="print()">print</button>
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Saturday, September 8, 2012
The God Delusion May Better be Titled, "Dawkin's Delusion"
This post was originally written as my comments on Richard Dawkin's book "The God Delusion" for a debate on Facebook with an atheist...
While it is still fresh in my mind I wanted to post my observations about Dawkins' main point he's trying to make in The God Delusion. This post is long already so I chose not to lengthen it with reference notations to chapter and page of the book. If anyone wants to challenge me on something I will certainly provide the appropriate book reference in the course of the discussion.
Dawkins makes two key, primary points in the book. First, biological life does not evolve by random, unguided chance. At first glance this sounds rather shocking until you realize that he means natural selection is the very competent “guide” that directs the evolutionary process eliminating the problem of “random chance”. Secondly, and related to his first point, he asserts that complexity is not irreducible and not truly as improbable as it first seems, that natural selection conquers “mount improbable” (the apparent near impossibility of the countless diversity of highly complex life forms that exist) one small step at a time. He uses the eye as an example of this point. Of course to think of the human eye coming into existence all at once is extraordinarily complex and improbable. Evolution could not be reasonably assumed to accomplish such a task…in one big jump that is. But evolution doesn’t work that way according to Dawkins. To Dawkins natural selection is an amazingly elegant “force” that guides the process in very small steps that obtain incrementally more complex organisms and organs until eventually, over ages of evolutionary time, the human eye comes into being. For instance, the eye of a flat worm can only see blurry undefined light and dark blotches. Obviously it is massively less complex than the human eye. But natural selection doesn’t move directly from the flat worm eye to the human eye but rather takes many, many intermediate steps. The next step might be the fruit fly eye, then the spider eye, reptilian eye, lower mammalian eye, higher mammalian eye, then finally the human eye. Getting from the flat worm eye to the fruit fly eye (or whatever eye that is very close to the flat worm eye) is a “rather easy jump”. So the complex human eye may look like “mount improbable” but really it is a gentle slope easily scaled one small step at a time.
Dawkins uses this concept of natural selection to rebut two major points that Christians and other creationists make. Clearly, according to Dawkins, the claim by creationists that evolution is a process of blind, random chance and therefore wholly inadequate to explain the complex world in which we live is wrong. It is wrong because creationists don’t understand that evolution is in fact guided by natural selection which is capable of “creating” highly complex life forms. The second major point Dawkins seeks to refute with natural selection is the objection that our complex world is comprised of countless highly complex “units” (like eyes and other biological organs) that could not possibly work unless they are fully intact. This is called irreducible complexity. The argument is that the human eye could not function as it does without all of its constituent components so a slow evolutionary process that incrementally constructs a human eye simply would not work. Failure is inevitable because anything less than the human eye would not survive in the natural selection process of “survival of the fittest”. Dawkins asserts that this objection is invalid because, as stated above, natural selection tackles the “mount improbable” of complex units one small, incremental, step at a time and those incremental steps (transitional forms) ARE SUCCESSFUL in their own ecosystems. He uses the flat worm as an example. The flat worm’s eye is FAR simpler than the human eye and provides vision WAY inferior to the human eye yet it works and the flat worm has survived.
To sum up Dawkins’ use of natural selection as his primary argument for the feasibility of evolution as the most plausible explanation for biological life we can say 1) It is the guiding force of evolutionary process making evolution FAR more probable as the mechanism responsible for life as we know it and 2) natural selection can produce the complexity that we see because it guides the evolutionary process from the simple to the complex in slow, “easy”, incremental steps. Nevertheless, I assert that Dawkins fails to make a compelling case against God for the following reasons…
First, Dawkins admits the biological life forms inhabiting our universe include extraordinarily complex forms that would be virtually impossible to explain by unguided, random chance. He then asserts that natural selection is the “force” or reality that makes the evolutionary process guided and non-random. He also freely admits that there is no such theory available for cosmology, but most certainly one will be found and so we should not lose hope, meaning something other than God will be found as an answer for the origin of the cosmos. Dawkins himself admits natural selection is only applicable for biology and not for physics. Therefore, even IF natural selection could be proved to be the evolutionary guide Dawkins claims, it cannot and does not explain the origin of the first life form. Without that, natural selection has no inherent power to cast doubt on the existence of God.
Secondly, Dawkins does not explain how biological forms could be acted upon by natural selection. Presumably natural selection is not in and of itself a force, entity, or any other reality with an independent existence otherwise it would simply be God by another name. Therefore biological life must contain some kind of ability or tendency that responds to conditions within their ecosystems resulting in the survival of the fittest by “keeping” useful features and functions and propagating them to the next generation AND it must enable them to not only pass those features and functions to the next generation but somehow cross species boundaries. This biological mechanism is not discussed by Dawkins and to the best of my knowledge has never been demonstrated conclusively but is thought to be the process of mutation. Molecular biologists are the experts who would demonstrate such a mechanism and so far they have not been able to prove that mutation is a sufficient mechanism to do the amazing work of natural selection. Therefore, natural selection is a concept endowed by its creator (Darwin) with amazing abilities, but the actual mechanism(s) to explain how it could actually accomplish its influence on biological forms has not been shown. Biological adaptation and mutation are certainly observable mechanisms but do not (as far as we can observe) approach the kind of capabilities required by natural selection to produce entirely new complex life forms from simple ancestral life forms through the theorized gradual, incremental steps. Dawkins concept of natural selection, like Darwin’s is uninformed by biological fact. It is a philosophical proposition utilized to explain what we see (amazing complexity) without reverting to God but it has NO molecular, biological underpinnings to show that it is or could be true.
Thirdly, although Dawkins dismisses irreducible complexity by asserting that natural selection can create complex life forms through simple incremental steps, irreducible complexity remains a serious problem for evolutionary theory. Darwin himself, as Dawkins admits, claimed that if a truly irreducibly complex unit were discovered it would devastate his theory. Dawkins goes through great pains to flesh out his “Mount Improbable” analogy to show how natural selection, rather than trying to scale to the massively improbable peak of Mount Improbable, goes around the backside of the mountain where a gentle slope exists and marches up the mountain in simple, gentle, incremental steps. As stated above he uses the flat worm eye as an example of an eye form far less functional than a human eye yet still works sufficiently to survive and propagated by natural selection. The critical hole in this argument is that the flat worm eye is a flat worm eye and STILL exists along with the completely separate human eye! Obviously natural selection didn’t enable the flat worm eye to develop on its way to a more complex human eye in a manner that the “fitter” human eye eventually formed and survived the “survival cut” of natural selection. Rather, there exists concurrently the flat worm eye and almost endless variations between the flat worm eye and the human eye. Clearly the flat worm eye “works” for the flat worm whereas the human eye works for the human and the various in between eyes work for those life forms. This means the eye for each biological form is tailored to that form and its unique ecosystem. So where is the impetus or “motivation” for natural selection to continue its “guidance” toward a better eye? Why would natural selection climb Mount Improbable if it “creates” a successful eye at “base camp”? Why does the flat worm eye still exist? Dawkins asserts that there are numerous transitional forms in the fossil record. But since the flat worm eye still exists, the simple fact that there are numerous biological forms with various functional eyes that have gone extinct provides no evidence that they are the product of “natural selection” and represent an incremental step up Mount Improbable. Rather, given the evidence of current life forms and the fossil record, why would it not be more plausible to conclude that each representative life form has the eye designed perfectly for that life form and ecosystem? My contention is the only reason one would not draw this conclusion (that of intelligent design/creation) is because one approaches the evidence from a presupposition of natural selection which in turn is based on pure philosophical materialism.
Dawkins approaches the evidence from a philosophical materialism but I certainly approach the evidence from a philosophical supernaturalism. I (and scientists who also share a philosophical supernaturalism) interpret the evidence in such a way that allows for God – or to be generic, an immaterial force or being above and/or beyond nature. Philosophical materialists interpret the evidence in such a way as to NOT allow for God. So who is right? If the evidence is not so overwhelmingly obvious one way or the other so as to close the debate (and that could certainly be successfully argued) how can one come to a settled intellectual conclusion? Certainly it begins with careful consideration of the evidence. But when the lay person examines the evidence we are dependent to some degree on the “experts”. We need to hear, analyze, and carefully consider what Dawkins, Harris, Hawking, Sagan, Hoyle, Einstein, Behe, Meyer, Craig, Zacharias and others say. In addition, we should do as much direct analysis of the evidence as we’re capable of doing. But when we depend on experts, to whatever degree that dependence, their credibility must be taken into consideration before knowing how much weight to place on their opinions. I contend that an “expert” who approaches the biological and cosmological evidence from a philosophical materialism presupposition has already closed his mind to any option outside of nature. In fact, that is the definition of philosophical materialism – there is no reality outside of the physical, material, natural world. Once the mind is closed to the supernatural option any evidence that points to the supernatural is dismissed. HOWEVER, an expert who approaches the evidence from the presupposition of philosophical supernaturalism is open to the evidence from both sides. Could the “supernaturalist” expert be biased, finding a supernatural explanation behind every rock? Sure, but this is the potential with any human scientist/expert - according to many and various biases. The human factor is a component of EVERY expert’s approach. But, a philosophical supernaturalist has a world view that ALLOWS him/her to evaluate evidence in such a way that is open to explanations unrestricted by the known, material, physical world. So, which expert has a more credible approach? Who can we trust, all else being equal, to fairly examine and evaluate all the evidence? I propose the expert who allows for the natural AND supernatural explanations. This is certainly NOT Dawkins.
For a much more thorough and scholarly treatment of the difficulties with Darwinian Evolution particularly around the doubt regarding the ability of natural selection to provide the required information to "climb Mount Improbable" see Stephen C. Meyer's book:
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The Mint Julep: A Kentucky Derby Staple
By Staff
Posted: 12/17/2018
There are many storied and rich traditions that surround the Kentucky Derby. Traditions such as the playing of “My Old Kentucky Home” before the race, the famous Twin Spires overlooking the track, and the beautiful and extravagant hats the ladies display. Just as famous and woven into the history of the Kentucky Derby is a drink known as the mint julep.
The mint julep didn’t originate at historic Churchill Downs, but it’s alright if you think it did. Most people seem to believe that you can’t even get a mint julep if it’s not the first Saturday in May. But, the fact is, mint juleps have been around for quite some time. The origin of the drink remains hazy, as the first historical evidence of the drink may have been brought forth in print form by John Davis in a book published in 1803.
Davis, who had his book published in London made mention of what appears to be the julep in this passage; “a dram of spirituous liquor that has mint steeped in it, taken by Virginians of a morning”. But, Davis didn’t mention exactly what spirit was being used. Was it vodka, gin, or bourbon? Without that knowledge, it probably makes better history, and surely more pleasing to Derby fans, to know that the drink probably originated in the southern United States in the 1700’s.
Kentucky has always been a region where its inhabitants enjoyed horses and bourbon. Most residents of the upstart state were spread out and gathered at different times of the year and socialized around their horses and telling tales about their whiskey or bourbon and the drinks they made with the spirits. The mint julep’s fame was likely spread due to Kentucky Senator Henry Clay introducing the drink to our nation’s capital, as he liked to enjoy them at the historic Willard Hotel, in Washington D.C.
The mint julep is a fairly basic concoction, consisting of Kentucky bourbon, sugar, water, fresh mint, and crushed ice. Traditionally, the drink is to be consumed from a silver cup, but most of the 120,000 juleps will be consumed from official Kentucky Derby glasses at Churchill Downs in the two days that consist of the Kentucky Oaks and Derby.
The mint julep was first promoted by Churchill Downs in 1938 and has since become the mixed drink of choice for most patrons of the track, as its sweet mix appeals to the ladies, while the robust, yet understated flavor of bourbon pleases the men.
If you can be at Churchill Downs for the “fastest two minutes in sports”, be sure to grab your bartender early, as the drinks sell furiously just before the horses take their positions at the post. If you are at home enjoying the Derby with friends, whip up a batch of juleps, as you will surely want to savor Kentucky’s greatest event with a drink that has become synonymous with the Run for the Roses!
Be warned, the first sip is a doosie and tastes strong--but gets better as you go. A secret is to pinch the mint stalk and place back into the glass to add flavor. The glasses are a keepsake and collectors item, so stack them carefully and take them home as a reminder of a fabulous day at the legendary Kentucky Derby. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9603676795959472}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27725', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3YEOGJBFVF5Q7KQGIQSX2KGW4MSCOJBS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1c7038d5-d470-4cda-bf62-9c93eaf9ec8b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 28, 19, 21, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.96.60.32', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TCEUY2GYWM7WUNITNNLVRJCJYL3ERSZE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:74681dbe-5863-43b1-aead-0dab7e0b0ded>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://derbydeals.com/derby-insider/december-2018/the-mint-julep-a-kentucky-derby-staple', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3d9e5977-0ca3-40aa-b801-7f7065899e99>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '560', 'url': 'https://derbydeals.com/derby-insider/december-2018/the-mint-julep-a-kentucky-derby-staple', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-43.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019722700119018555', 'original_id': '1d583c6ff12ee7b72942667f717d5804985db985f2e374f791671339b0c3904c'} |
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Serious Eats: Talk
Cilantro: Yea or Nay?
Hey all! I was eating dinner tonight at a chain Mexican restaurant and happened to find a few rather large pieces of cilantro in my meal. Every time I chewed one of the pieces, I cringed and wanted to spit it out. I've always hated cilantro (I personally think it tastes like soap) and wondered how many of you also hate it? Or, do you love it? What does it taste like to you, if not soap?
Printed from
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(317) 253-8631
Can dental cosmetics fix teeth grinding?
If you grind your teeth at night, you’ve probably been told that there’s only one fix: wearing a night guard. After all, what else are you supposed to do? It’s not like there’s a cure for doing things in your sleep.
Or is there?
The Jaw is Built to Avoid Grinding
As we well know, teeth can be unpredictable; orthodontists wouldn’t have day jobs if misaligned teeth were rare. But for all of the dental disarray that you see, there’s still an ideal bite pattern (and resulting jaw alignment) that your teeth are “supposed” to achieve. And that bite pattern makes it really hard to grind your teeth.
By distributing your resting jaw tension in a way that short-circuits unconscious clenching.
Your front teeth and your rear teeth aren’t just functionally different; they’re wired differently, too. Molars are built for grinding food and the nerves attached to them don’t care much about pressure signals. Incisors, though? They’re built to cut, and they’re wired to send a great big “NO” signal when they clamp down on something that’s too hard for them.
In an ideal bite pattern, the teeth align in a way where pressure on the front incisors interrupts unconscious jaw clenching. This keeps the jaw relaxed, limits tooth wear, and prevents headaches, all without conscious intervention. Which is great for people with naturally perfect teeth.
But you don’t have to be perfect in order to enjoy all of that.
Dental Cosmetics Can Keep You From Grinding Your Teeth
Dental cosmetics can help you adjust your bite pattern by changing the height and profile of your teeth. Bridges and implants fix asymmetrical bite patterns, and even simple veneers can have a positive impact. Since adjusting your bite pattern changes how force is distributed through your teeth, dental cosmetics can keep you from grinding your teeth. They aren’t just visual upgrades!
If you’re frustrated by the (often literal) headaches that come with grinding your teeth and you’ve considered dental cosmetics in other scenarios, talk to Dr. Halsema about how you may be able to kill two birds with one stone. She will be able to assess your bite pattern and, through the use of bite molds and x-ray imaging, develop a plan that addresses all of your concerns.
Does This Mean You Can Ditch Your Retainer?
It doesn’t. Not permanently, at least.
If you’re a chronic grinder and you don’t have a retainer, you’re not going to escape it. Retainers aren’t just night time tooth protectors; they also help you train away bad habits and change your jaw posture over time. At the end of the day, you need to treat your retainer like any other training or maintenance task; regularity is the only solution.
Addressing the underlying factors that contribute to grinding your teeth will make things a lot more comfortable, however, and that’s invaluable. Talk to Dr. Halsema; there’s a lot that she can do to help. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9255024194717408}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '33147', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:U7DMU7QVWV5R3HMTLHUIX3SEJ7WBGCJY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ddf9840c-c81e-4dfa-b705-63ee98652b73>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 16, 23, 21, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.110.145.229', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UGQMEWLZUD3K4AALVPDVN3JJ3C6P6SNU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:422a7ce0-bd2b-426a-9c01-f8966dac81cd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://drnancyhalsema.com/2018/02/can-dental-cosmetics-fix-teeth-grinding-how-your-jaw-alignment-can-limit-or-encourage-bad-habits/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c2dc58c9-b951-4a26-afa0-5741ca804c77>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '491', 'url': 'https://drnancyhalsema.com/2018/02/can-dental-cosmetics-fix-teeth-grinding-how-your-jaw-alignment-can-limit-or-encourage-bad-habits/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-51-147-142.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03154057264328003', 'original_id': 'f33b54628f6147af129ae7b3a54d0072ddbeac6f491b25647b0bb42e13f88ac0'} |
Is it possible to be born with the tendency to hoard things? The fact is, I come from a long line of hoarders, although they probably would have called themselves something else, like collectors or hobbyists, who stored or stockpiled treasures of all kinds. And I married into another such line.
My mother-in-law always insisted that the floor-to-ceiling piles of The L.A. Times occupying one whole corner of the dining room in the family home were there for a perfectly good reason. She was always going to go through them and clip articles, recipes, etc., before they were thrown away. Pointing out that so much accumulated paper created a fire hazard didn't faze her.
I had a brother-in-law who was known as a "pack rat" for bringing home all manner of junk to be added to the rest of the junk filling up his attic, spare room and basement. While his wife conducted garage sales to get rid of some of it, he would be out buying even more from neighboring garage sales. "You never know when you're going to need a (you-name-it) and then you'll be glad I've got one!" he would say.
During World War II, hoarding of scarce commodities on the home front was unpatriotic as well as illegal. Anyone caught with a garage full of new tires or basement shelves accumulating large amounts of canned goods, for example, was subject to fines and imprisonment, not to mention the scorn of their more patriotic neighbors.
What's the difference between hoarding and merely collecting? What was Imelda Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines, doing with a thousand pairs of shoes? Even more bizarre examples are popping up in the news every day -- a woman who kept 30 dead cats in her freezer, and a man who kept 60 pythons (half of them dead) in closed containers stacked up to the ceiling. Banks are accused of hoarding cash, and people who don't like the new eco-friendly light bulbs are stockpiling old incandescent ones before they go out of production.
I have heard of a reality TV show about hoarding, called "Buried Alive," and seen ads for discreet services that will send an unmarked van to remove accumulated junk from your house. (By the dark of the moon, maybe?)
So, what exactly is hoarding? The dictionary defines it as "the excessive collection of items and an unwillingness to part with them." So far so good. But, not being a psychologist, the more I read about it, the less I understand. Is it a subdivision of OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)? Some say it is, some say it isn't.
The most alarming thing I have seen on the subject involves the risks to hoarders, their families, neighbors and even animals. In extreme cases, the home becomes so congested that the family cannot function. When sinks, bathtubs and stoves are used for storage they cannot be used for their intended purposes. With fire being the most obvious risk, extreme congestion means that people and pets can't get out in time, and firefighters can't get in. Neighboring homes may also be burned.
Something else I read recently connects hoarding and dementia in the elderly. But let's take that up at another time, shall we? I need to go out and buy a new filing cabinet.
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Hysteria may be the worst threat of all.
Close Encounters of the Worst Kind
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Last edited · 6 revisions
DISCLAIMER: This is not an "official" NWDR project and any information is provided for your own edification and enjoyment. We will not be providing any support for what's here other than the author will answer questions in the associated forum as she feels willing and able. This is meant to be an example of what can be done, not a complete "how-to" guide to building your own.
This is a work in progress, and I will be adding to it as I finish up various pieces.
I have been working for a number of years on a combination repeater/digitpeater for doing digital protocols on a mountaintop here in Oregon. First stabs at this included gluing various D-STAR node adapters and the TNC-X to a Raspberry Pi and interfacing those to my Tait T-800 Series 1 repeater components. This required a *lot* of moving pieces and cramming a lot of electronics into the Tait chassis. I have always hoped, as a developer for NWDR, that I would one day be able to have everything I wanted on a single board. That day has now arrived with DRAWS™. The dual DIN6 inputs makes interfacing everything easy, and a single board solution doesn't take much space in the repeater chassis.
To be sure there are issues with trying to split the stereo CODEC into single mono channels for each of direwolf and MMDVM, but I'm in a good position to solve these issues and potentially contribute the solutions back to the community.
Since the hardware build is mostly complete, I'll post pictures here for people's consumption. As I proceed with the process, I'll post configuration files as examples for folks of what works for these applications.
This is the mostly empty repeater chassis waiting to be filled by creamy Ham Radio goodness:
The Pi and DRWAS will be mounted on a sheet metal plate that goes in the middle slot. The connectors will be pointed backwards for easier access to the connections.
I bought a few copper heat sinks just as a safety precaution as repeater sites aren't necessarily the most environmentally stable. I got them from Amazon: You get three sets of heat sinks for $13, and I have plenty of Pis to use them on. The copper ones should conduct more heat and are lower profile so they don't interfere with the DRAWS™ board. These are mounted on a Raspberry Pi 3B+.
The Pi gets mounted on the sheet metal plate with the AdaFruit Standoffs and some 2.5mm screws on the bottom via holes drilled in the plate. The DRAWS™, of course, goes on the top.
It is a real pain that the ethernet connector is on what will be the top of this setup. This means that it will be difficult to plug and unplug as may be needed during setup and maintenance. I could use a right-angle cable to attach it, but that will require special cables that aren't necessarily readily available. Instead I found this adapter from Amazon that will turn the ethernet connector at a better angle.
The major part of the hardware project was running the wires from the various 15-pin D-SUB connectors on the back of the Tait repeater components to the various power and signal levels. I used a cut-in-half PS2 keyboard cable for both of the connectors into the DRAWS™ and installed terminal blocks to distribute power and ground. I plan on posting more detailed wiring diagrams here, but I have done some internal wiring on the receivers that I'd like to document for folks as well during that process. The end result looks like the following, though. There is the missing speaker panel up front as I'm trying to find some replacement 2" speakers to replace the damaged ones that were in there. You will see the Pi assembly in the center slot on edge. It's intentionally downplayed to placate repeater site operators who are computer-phobic. This way it appears to be part of the repeater itself.
I am currently in software development and testing. The main obstacle here is the splitting of the stereo channels into the mono components in ALSA so that I can run both the mmdvm software and dire wolf simultaneously. The mmdvm will be going to the right side of the repeater, which is 70cm gear. The left, which is 2m, will be going to the direwolf instance.
More updates here as I work through issues. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9433922171592712}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23284', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ABFFMHOUN56CBL26SSKOR52RYVS47ZTY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:02da1fa1-f08f-4954-93a6-c24fa1ac6b1b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 23, 45, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '45.79.81.153', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:L7QFVJLD3CC3CWRNVRXWQONPHS5TJKLD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0412f195-cb51-4b72-80ad-6b30a9d97a5c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://nw-digital-radio.groups.io/g/udrc/wiki/DRAWS%E2%84%A2-Based-Digipeater-and-Repeater', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d61896d1-ce1d-4294-84d4-cb2154c84d93>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '713', 'url': 'https://nw-digital-radio.groups.io/g/udrc/wiki/DRAWS%E2%84%A2-Based-Digipeater-and-Repeater', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-109-214-234.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0190047025680542', 'original_id': 'b485ff3a6f43ab81ae31c4fb9386b69c451d36a922790ecbdcba0f35efecd722'} |
Local gelato phenoms chase their ‘Coconut Dreams’ of a world title
CHICAGO -- The best-of-the-best gelato makers are packing their bags for Italy this week to compete in the world finals, and among them is a Chicago family whose Elmwood Park Italian cafe has people lined up to try their outrageous flavors.
The Lollino family has been dishing up authentic Italian fare for decades, but it's their gelato that is putting them on the world stage after they beat out hundreds of competitors already with a flavor they call, "Chicago pothole."
At the their Massa Caffe you can count on two things: a line of people waiting to try to their Vero gelato, and a tough decision once you make it to the front and see the dozens of rich concoctions. The Lollinos have been at it a long time. Grandpa was a master Italian coffee roaster. Grandma was an Italian chef.
"From the day I was born...I was injected with coffee and gelato and great Italian food," Angelo Lollino said.
On a whim, the Lollinos, along with their partner Ali Caine, entered a contest looking for the country's best tasting gelato at Millennium Park last May. In true Chicago fashion, they named their nutty chocolate marshmallow entry "Chicago Pothole" - and they cleaned up, winning first place in the U.S., and second place among North and South America.
Their win propelled them to the world finals just outside Venice, Italy next week, but they're bringing a new flavor called "Coco Sogno," or "Coconut Dream." This dream is made of organic coconut puree, whole vanilla bean, Belgian white chocolate chips and a carmelized almond crunch.
The father and son duo has been perfecting their latest flavor for weeks through a time-consuming process. Each batch takes almost 18 hours to set. But is it good enough to win? They think so, but they are still checking out their competition daily. This family is passionate about gelato, and says winning that title would make their story that much sweeter.
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How to Win with Family Law Mediation in Chicago IL
In most court cases, there is a winner and a loser. However, it is possible when using family law mediation in Chicago Illinois for everyone to win, including the parents and the children. In family law mediation in Chicago Illinois, a win/win solution is possible when the following steps are pursued.
Redefine Winning
It is easy in a court case to determine what is winning or what is losing because the judge rules in favor of the winning party. However, in mediation, the definition of winning can often be expanded. For example, by considering factors that are important to the parents and finding ways to meet their interests, both parties have the ability to win in this situation. For example, maintaining a positive relationship with the children and having better communication as co-parents are ways that everyone wins.
Exploring New Options
Another way to come out ahead in mediation is to consider new options. Rather than thinking of sole custody or joint custody, parents can structure a parenting plan that includes unique provisions that will help their particular family. In this manner a settlement goes well beyond the initial bounds of early settlement negotiations. Instead, the parties can help customize an agreement that best serves the interests of their family without having to give into important issues. By trying new ways to reach an agreement, the parties and their children can win. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9677714705467224}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32146', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PONPX3HBYK3PQTMULFG56YESHRBSLZ3E', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f874d359-eef9-4ed0-b155-c640a841e1e3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 15, 22, 58, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.138.189.182', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FYLO4I5XREXCR44MQYJC7FIHAWS27VAK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e9f218fa-28dd-4db6-b5d0-44774002d202>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.maisellaw.com/how-to-win-with-family-law-mediation-in-chicago-il/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:74e8fc59-9026-48d4-986a-b89a755af790>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '239', 'url': 'https://www.maisellaw.com/how-to-win-with-family-law-mediation-in-chicago-il/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-13-190-31.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04320025444030762', 'original_id': '76846bf294dfbb58232bf650d34bc73ba990ac504b08b426b3b21f03b781d67a'} |
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Jean-Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud born October 20, 1854 at Charleville, now part of Charleville-Mezieres, in the Ardennes department in northeastern France, in his maternal grandfather’s house. His father, Frederic Rimbaud was a Captain of Infantry, risen to his rank from that of a simple recruit. He is the author of certain unpublished military works and the french-translated Koran, which Arthur will later use to learn Arabic.
Rimbaud goes as a day boy to the Rossat Institute in Charleville. The story: “The sun was still warm, it hardly lit up the earth any more, however; just as a torch placed against the… only lights them up with a feeble light, so the sun, torch of the earth, was going out, letting a last feeble light escape from its body of fire, which nevertheless allowed the green leaves of the trees, the little fading flowers, and the enormous tops of the centuries-old pines, poplars, and okas to be seen. The refreshing wind, that is to say a fresh breeze, moved the leaves of the trees with a rustling somewhat similar to that which the silvery waters of the brook made, flowing at my feet. The ferns bent their green heads before the wind. I fell asleep, not without refreshing myself with the water of the brook.
I dreamt that… I was born in Rheims, in the year 1503.
At that time Rheims was a little town, or, to put it better, a borough, nevertheless famous for its beautiful cathedral, witness to the coronation of king Clovis.”
Rimbaud enters the College de Charleville, aged ten.
Rimbaud addresses ‘under the strictest secrecy’, sixty Latin hexameters to the Imperial Prince on the occasion of the latter’s first Communion; his tutor asks Rimbaud’s headmaster to thank him publicly. (see poem The ball-boy, the Pubescent)
Rimbaud wins the Latin Poetry Prize at the Concours Academique. His first known french verse composition, Les Etrennes des orphelins, is written. It appears in the Revue pour tous on January 2, 1870.
Rimbaud movies up to the Class of Rhetoric, and became friends with Georges Izambard. Izambard is a young teacher with revolutionary tendencies, who encourages him, to the outage of his mother, to read Rabelais and Hugo. In his 15th year Rimbaud is already a poet. He writes to Banville but too late to have his Sensation, Ophelie, and Soleil et chair published in Parnasse contemporain; but his ‘Premiere Soiree‘ appears, under the tittle ‘Trois Baisers‘, in a satirical periodical called La Charge. On August 29, Rimbaud sells his prize books and takes the train to Paris, hoping to witness the fall to Imperial Government. He rans away another time from home to Belgium, where he writes La Maline, Au Cabaret-Vert, Le Buffet, Reve pour l’hiver and Ma Boheme. He took off to Brussels, where he appears unannounced at the house of some friends of Izambard’s, who send him to Douai where Izambard’s adoptive ‘aunts’ live. There he writes Rages de Cesars, L’Elatante Victoire de Sarrebruck, Le Dormeur du val, and Le Mal.
He frequently ran away from home and may have briefly joined the Paris Commune, which he portrayed in his poem L’Orgie parisienne ou Paris se repeuple. At 19, he ran away from the literary world for a stint abroad as a coffee merchant and part-time gun-runner. He may have been raped by drunken Communard soldiers (his poem “Le Coeur supplicie” suggests so). By then he had become an anarchist, started drinking and amused himself by shocking the local bourgeois with his shabby dressing and long hair. At the same time he wrote to Izambard and Paul Demeny about his method for attaining poetical transcendence or visionary power through a “long, immense and rational derangement of all the senses” “Les lettres du Voyant”. He returned to Paris in late September 1871 at the invitation of the eminent Parnassian poet Paul Verlaine (after Rimbaud had sent him a letter containing several samples of his work) and resided briefly in Verlaine’s home. Verlaine, who was bisexual, promptly fell in love with the sullen, blue-eyed, overgrown 5’10”, light-brown-haired adolescent. They became lovers and led a dissolute, vagabond-like life rocked by absinthe and hashish. They scandalized the Parisian literary elite on account of the outrageous behaviour of Rimbaud, the archetypical enfant terrible, and their pederasty. Throughout this period he continued to write strikingly visionary, modern verses.
Rimbaud and Verlaine spend their days in the cafes of the Quartier Latin. Verlaine’s mother-in-law accused Rimbaud of corrupting Verlaine on the account between Verlaine;s constant violence with his wife, who has given birth to a son in October 1871, and is only 18. Rimbaud turned to the streets of Paris where he learned to drink absinthe and to smoke hashish. On his return to Charleville in March 1872, he writes the poems Memoire, Michel et Christine, Larme, La Riviere de Cassis, Comedie de la soif, Bonne Pensee du matin, Fetes de la patience, and Chanson de la plus haute tour. In June he writes his last poems in verse ‘Est-elle almee?’, ‘Age d’or’, ‘Fetes de la faim’, ‘O saisons’, ‘o chateaux’, and the beginning of the period of Illuminations.
Although Rimbaud said that Paris was just a ‘pretty little provincial town’, the Illuminations called ‘metropolitan’ and ‘villes’ seem to be very vivid and convincing descriptions of the horror of a large city such as London was at that time. The possibility that Rimbaud and Verlaine learned to smoke opium in Chinese dens near the Docks may help to explain the distortion of vision one encounters in these prose poems. Rimbaud returns to Roche, where his mother’s farm is, in April. Rather than help on the farm, he shuts himself up to begin writing Une Saison en Enfer. Verlaine manages to persuade Rimbaud to go to England with him, which Rimbaud soon regrets. It is also said that at this time Rimbaud fell in love with a girl he saw on the Underground whom he used to follow home but dared not speak to; thus his work Bottom.After a violent quarrel, Verlaine leaves Rimbaud and goes to Brussels, where Rimbaud follows him, and the shooting occurs. Verlaine fires two shots at Rimbaud, one of which hits him in the wrist; thus the poem Deposition. Rimbaud goes back to Roche in sling and finishes Une Saision en Enfer. Verlaine is sent to prison for 2 years.
Having arranged to have Une Saison en Enfer printed in Belgium, Rimbaud renounced literature and loses interest, thus leaving the printing to halt, with only half a dozen author’s copies remained at the printer’s until 1914. With intentions of perfecting his English, Rimbaud set off to London with Germain Nouveau, a young poet he met in Paris. He teaches in various establishments in England and Scotland. The two of them both hold British Museum Library reader’s tickets.
Travel in Germany, Italy, Switzerland. Studies German, Spanish, Arabic, Italian, Dutch and modern Greek. Joins the Dutch colonial army on a six-year engagement; deserts in Batavia after 3 weeks in the East Indies, and returns to France on an English sailing ship, walking home from Bordeaux. Visits Vienna, Holland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. Verlaine converted to Catholicism and begs Rimbaud to become so too on their last meeting in Stuttgart.
Rimbaud sails to Alexandria from Marseille but falls sick and disembarked at Civita Vecchia, visits Rome and back to Charleville during winter.
He is in Cyprus directing operations for the building of the Governor-General’s residence. Rimbaud became a trader in North Africa, with headquarters at Harar and Shoa, central Abyssinia. He arrives on December 13 after 20 days on horseback in the Somali desert.
Rimbaud’s employers ask him to investigate the territories of Somaliland and Galla. He also became the first European to cross the territory of the unknown region of Ogadine.
He got his report about Ogadine published to the Societe de Georgaphie on December 10th.
Rimbaud is living as husband to an Abyssinian girl; but as he wishes to become a gun-runner, he has her repatriated. His gun-running enterprise failed. He obtains license to sell arms, ammunition and helps in slave trafficking to Turkey and Arabia.
Verlaine, under the impression that Rimbaud was no longer alive, published the latter’s poems in Illuminations (trans. 1932). This work contains the famous Sonnet des voyelles, in which each of the five vowels is associated with a different color.
Rimbaud is attacked by a tumor on the right knee, he is worth about £2,000: on his arrival in France in May, where his leg is amputated at the Hospital de la Conception in Marseille, which is about £1,500. He returned home to Roche but goes back to Marseille when his condition worsens. On December 10, 1891- Rimbaud dies aged 37, in the Hospital de la Conception. On the strength of a few poems that he wrote between the ages of 10 and 20, Rimbaud ranks as one of the most original of all French poets.
1 Life of Rimbaud fromRimbaud Collected Poems- Edited by Oliver Bernard
2 Wikipedia/Rimbaud
3 Arthur Rimbaud by Enid Starkie
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Device, service, repair of the BMW 5 Series E39 1996-2001 - Work with electric circuits//
BMW 5 Series E39
since 1996-2001 release
Repair and operation of the car
+ Introduction
+ Maintenance instruction
+ Current leaving and service
+ Engine
+ Cooling systems, heating
+ Power supply system and release
+ Engine electric equipment
+ Manual transmission
+ Automatic transmission
+ Coupling and power shafts
+ Brake system
+ Suspension bracket and steering
+ Body
- Onboard electric equipment
Diagnostics of malfunctions of onboard electric equipment - the general information
Safety locks
Fusible inserts
Chain breakers (thermal relays)
Check of the relay
Check of glow lamps
Check of electric motors
Check of electric switches
Check of switches of lamps and electric motors
Check of sensors
Check of the electric motor of a screen wiper
Check of a stoplight
Check of a heater of back glass
Removal and installation of the switch
Removal and installation of the sensor of temperature
Removal, installation and check of a sound signal
Initialization of remote control of the uniform lock
Adjustment of range of light of headlights
Replacement of safety locks
Arrangement of safety locks
Lighting devices
Replacement of glow lamps
Removal and installation of a headlight
Adjustment of headlights
Removal and installation of a back lamp
Removal and installation of the block of the dashboard
Replacement of lamps of the block of the dashboard
Removal and installation of the radio receiver
Screen wiper
Replacement of brushes of a screen wiper
Removal, installation and adjustment snuffled windscreen washer
Removal and installation of the drive of a screen wiper/cover
Removal and installation of the electric motor of a screen wiper
Check and replacement of the pump of windscreen washer
Work with electric circuits
+ Schemes of electric equipment
+ System of onboard diagnostics
Work with electric circuits
The possibility of definition of malfunction or additional installation of electric devices requires existence of electric circuits. The electric chain has to be surely closed. There is not enough, for example, if to the positive plug (+) headlights tension is brought, and other plug(s) is not closed on weight.
Therefore the cable of mass of the rechargeable battery (-) is connected to weight. In some cases such communication with weight appears insufficiently and the corresponding consumer has a direct connection with a weight. Isolation of such communication has, as a rule, brown color. Separate electric chains can have switches, the relay, safety locks, measuring devices, electric motors and other electric elements. That it is correct to attach the specified elements, connecting cables have various colors, and contacts have numbering.
For convenience of work with car electric equipment all system is divided into separate chains. The electric elements interacting with each other are shown on the general scheme.
As a rule, at the top of the scheme positive contacts (+), and below contacts of weight(s) are given. Connections of weight are carried out usually through a body or through an additional wire from a point of the weight which is available on a body.
The image of electric elements on the scheme is executed not in scale. For example, the cable 1 m long on the scheme has length only several centimeters.
Designations of the major plugs:
Plug 15. Receives a power supply from the ignition lock. Food moves only at the included ignition. Cables have black color or black with color strips.
Plug 30. On this plug tension of the rechargeable battery constantly moves. Cables in the majority a case have red color or red with strips.
Plug 31. Conducts to weight. Wires of weight have, as a rule, brown color.
On electric circuits all consumers and switches are represented in a starting position. Below on the example of the two-level switch the movement of electric current at implementation of switchings in the switch speaks.
If on the switch the first step is pressed, electric current flows from the plug 82 to the plug 83. The switch of the second step holds average position, without carrying out connection. Only when pressing the second step the switch connects the internal conductor 82 to the conductor 84 and transfers electric current further.
At the same time remains closed a chain from the plug 82 to the plug 83 thanks to an internal branch in the switch.
On the following example rules of reading the electric circuit are shown.
1) Designation of plugs, here plug 30.
2) The shaped line between conclusions 8 and 2 to the plug X293 indicates that both conclusions belong to the plug X293.
3) The shaped line from F1 safety lock to a conclusion 2 plugs Ch293 shows a positive wire from the K36 relay.
4) Rated current of a safety lock, here: 30 A.
5) Switches and the relay are shown always in a starting position. The element represented by the continuous line means that it is represented completely, here K36.
6) Designation of an element, here K36.
7) Name of an element, here relay of a cleaner 1.
8) The shaped line from F26 safety lock to a conclusion of the 8th plug X293 shows a positive wire of management from the K36 relay.
9) The element represented by the shaped line means that it is represented not completely, here: Basic A1 module.
10) Designation of a conclusion.
11) The double line from a conclusion 2 plugs X107 to a point of mass of X490 shows a weight wire to the M4 windscreen washer pump electric motor.
12) Point of mass of X490.
13) Color of a cable, here: BR/V1 - brown/violet
14) Designation of the plug, here: X295.
Designations of the major elements following:
A - holder safety lock/device management/module
B - temperature sensor
E - lamps
F - safety lock
H - sound signal / index turn/stoplight
K - relay
M - electric motor
N - radio receiver
R - potentiometer
S - switch
V - valve
X - the plug or a point of weight
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Was reminded because heard he died. Dario Fo obituary.
Amazing bit of mansplaining
I’d heard of it, but I’m not sure I really got how infuriating”mansplaining” might be until I saw this. JCO wakes up, finds out she didn’t win the Nobel Prize, puts out some interesting thought about it, and:
Congratulations to Mr. Dylan. Some previous coverage on Helytimes about Chronicles here and a wild Rolling Stone interview here.
Reading about the Nobel Prize leads me to the Wiki page of Harry Martinson, Swedish sailor/poet, who shared the prize in 1974. Apparently it didn’t work out so great:
The joint selection of Eyvind Johnson and Martinson for the Nobel Prize in 1974, was very controversial as both were on the Nobel panel. Graham Greene, Saul Bellow andVladimir Nabokov were the favoured candidates that year. The sensitive Martinson found it hard to cope with the criticism following his award, and committed suicide.
The source appears to be this Aftonbladet article, where Google Translate helps me out:
One of the things that upset him most was the treatment of Harry Martinson and Eyvind Johnson. When they received the Nobel Prize in 1974 started a rancorous debate.The media ran went on the cultural pages where the two Swedish authors was weighed and found to be too light in the Nobel Prize Context. Were driven to mental collapse – It broke down Harry Martinson completely.He became obsessed with the sordid and arrogant criticism. Everyone knew he was fragile, he was dependent on his ability to enchant since childhood.Johnson did better, says Lars Gyllensten.Harry Martinson was driven to a mental breakdown and committed suicide in 1978.- He killed himself, committed harakiri with a pair of scissors on the psyche of the Karolinska Hospital.Reputation flora after his death began immediately.
As good occasion as any to reread Faulkner’s 1950 banquet speech:
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Huangti (Yellow god) was the son of Shaotien. His surname was Kungsun, and his prename Hsienyüan. Born a genius he could speak when a baby, as a boy he was quick and smart, as a youth simple and earnest, and when grown up intelligent. In the time of Hsienyüan, Shênnung became enfeebled. The princes made raids on each other and harassed the people, but Shênnung could not chastise them, so Hsienyüan exercised himself in the use of weapons of war, so as to be able to punish irregularities. The princes all came and did homage, but Ch‘ihyu(stupid criminal), the fiercest of all, could not be subdued. ‘Blazing god’ (i.e. Shênnung) would oppress the princes, so they turned to Hsienyüan, who practised virtue, marshalled his men, controlled the five elements, cultivated the five kinds of grain, pacified the nations, and went over all parts of his country. Training black bears, grizzly bears, foxes, panthers, lynxes, and tigers, he, with their aid, fought with ‘Blazing god’ in the desert of Panch‘uan, and, after three battles, realised his wishes.
Ch‘ihyu was a rebel, who did not obey the Emperor’s command, so Huangti, levying an army of the princes, fought against Ch‘ihyu, captured, and slew him in the desert of Cholu. The princes all agreed that Hsienyüan should be the Emperor in place of Shênnung, under the title Huangti. Those in the empire who would not submit, Huangti pursued and chastised, and when they were subdued he left them. He made cuttings in hills, opened roads, and was never at rest. Eastward his empire extended to the sea, Ball hill, and the ancestral T‘ai mountain; westward to ‘Hollow cave’ and Cock’s-head hills; southward to the Yangtze river and Hsiunghsiang hill; while in the north he drove out the Hsünyu. He made a treaty on Kettle hill, and built a city on the slopes of Cholu. He was constantly changing his residence, while his troops formed an encampment about him. He ordered his officers to be named after cloud omens. He appointed a chief and deputy superintendent over international affairs, and the various states being at peace, he worshipped the demons and spirits of the hills and streams with the fêng and shan ceremonies in numbers. He obtained a valuable tripod, and made calculations of future events, appointing ‘Chief of the winds,’ ‘Strength-governor,’ ‘Everfirst,’ and ‘Great Swan,’ to direct the people to act in accordance with the celestial and terrestrial arrangements, the dark and bright prognostications, the disputations on life and death, the planting of the crops, plants, and trees in their seasons, and the transformations of birds, beasts, insects, and moths. He also prepared a record of the movements of the sun, moon, and stars; the flow of the tides; and the properties of clay, stones, metals, and gems. He devoted much careful attention to these things, and his observation was applied to ascertaining how fire, water, wood, and other elements could be used economically. There was an auspicious omen of the earth’s energy, and he was therefore called ‘Yellow god.’
Huangti had twenty-five sons, of whom fourteen received surnames. He lived at Hsienyüan hill, and married a woman of ‘Western range’ land called Leitsu, who was his principal wife, and bore him two sons, both of whose descendants held Imperial sway. The eldest, named Hsüanhsiao, or Chingyang, dwelt on the Chiang stream, and the other, who was named Ch‘angyi, dwelt on the Jo stream. Ch‘angyi married a woman from the Shu hills (Szŭch‘uan) named Changp‘u, who bore him a son, Kaoyang, who possessed the virtue of a saint. Huangti died, and was buried at Ch‘iaoshan, and his grandson, Ch‘angyi’s son Kaoyang, came to the throne under the title Emperor Ch‘uanhsü.
Emperor Ch‘uanhsü, or Kaoyang, was Huangti’s grandson and Ch‘angyi’s son. Calm and unfathomable in his designs, and thoroughly versed in all matters, he exercised his talents in cultivating the ground; he recorded in their seasons the movements of the heavenly bodies, relied on spiritual influences in framing laws, taught reform by controlling the passion nature, and sacrificed with purity and sincerity. Northward his rule extended to ‘Dark mound,’ southward to Annam, westward to the moving sands, and eastward to ‘Coiling tree.’1 of animate and inanimate things, of spirits p. 281great and small, of those on whom the sun and moon shone, all were equally subject to him. Emperor Ch‘uanhsü had a son, Chiungchan. Ch‘uanhsü died, and Hsüanhsiao’s grandson Kaohsin came to the throne under the title of Emperor Ku.
Emperor Ku married a daughter of Ch‘enfêng, who bore a son named ‘The highly meritorious.’ He also married a daughter of Ch‘ütz‘ŭ, who bore a son Chih. Emperor Ku died, and Chih reigned in his stead. Chih reigned badly and died, and his brother ‘The highly meritorious one’ reigned under the title of Emperor Yao.
Emperor Yao was highly meritorious. His benevolence was like that of heaven, and his wisdom that of a god; when approached he was genial as the sun, and was looked out for as clouds in dry weather. He was rich without being proud, and esteemed yet not lax. He wore a yellow hat and plain silk dress, and drove a red car drawn by white horses. “He was able to display his supereminent virtue, by bringing into close alliance the nine degrees of kindred, and they being rendered harmonious, he forthwith regulated the people, and his people having become enlightened, the various states were at peace. He then commanded Hsi and Ho in reverent accordance with their observations of the wide heavens to record in a calendar the laws affecting the sun, moon, stars, and zodiacal spaces, and respectfully to communicate to the people the seasons (adapted for labour). He also commanded Hsi’s younger brother to reside at Yüyi, called the bright valley, so as to hail with respect the rising sun, and arrange the labours of the spring; and the day being of medium length, and the culminating star (the central one of the) ‘Bird’ quarter of the heavens, he was to determine midspring, when the people begin to disperse, and birds and beasts to breed and copulate. He further commanded Hsi’s third brother to reside at the southern frontier to arrange the transformations of summer, and respectfully observe the extreme limit (of the shadow), and the day being at its longest, and the star in the zenith that called ‘Fire,’ he was to fix the exact period of midsummer, when the people are most widely dispersed, birds moult, and beasts change their coats. He further commanded Ho’s younger brother to reside in the west at a place called Dark Valley to respectfully convoy the setting sun, and arrange the completing labours of the autumn, and the night being of medium length, and the culminating star Hsü (β in Aquarius) to determine mid-autumn, when people begin to feel comfortable, and birds and beasts look smooth and glossy. He further commanded Ho’s third brother to reside in the northern region in what was called the sombre capital, to examine the hidden things, and the day being at its shortest, and the culminating star Mao (ε in Pleiades) to determine midwinter, when people get into cosy corners, and the coats of birds and beasts are downy and thick. The year consisted of 366 days, an intercalary month being added to adjust the four seasons. Authentic directions were given to the various officers, and their several labours commenced. Yao said, ‘Who can obediently manage these matters?’ Fangch‘i said, ‘There is your adopted son Tanchu, who is developing his intelligence.’ Yao said, ‘Oh! he is unscrupulous and wicked; I cannot employ him.’ He said again, ‘Who will do it?’ Huantou said, ‘The minister of works, who is generally popular, and has displayed merit, could be employed.’ Yao said, ‘The minister of works is talkative; if he is employed, his depravities, although he is apparently respectful, would overspread the heavens, he will not do.’ He said further, ‘Alas! O president of the four mountains, the waters of the flood rise up to heaven, and in their vast expanse encompass the mountains, and overtop the hills; the common people are troubled about it. Is there a capable man whom I could set to deal with the matter?’ They all said, ‘Kun might do it.’ Yao said, ‘Kun disobeys orders, and ruins his companions. He will not do.’ The President said, ‘Ah! well! try him, and if he is found useless, have done with him.'” Whereupon Yao adopting his suggestion, employed Kun “for nine years, but his work was not completed. Yao said, ‘Alas! O president of the four mountains, I have been on the throne seventy years; you are able to carry out the decrees, do you occupy my throne.’ The president replied, ‘My moral qualities are of such a low order that I should disgrace the Imperial throne.’ Yao said, ‘You must all recommend one of your esteemed relations, or even an obscure stranger.’ All the courtiers said to Yao, ‘There is an unmarried man of the lower orders called Shun of Yü.’ Yao said, ‘Yes, I have heard of him, what is he like?’ The president said, ‘He is the son of a blind man; his father was unprincipled, his mother insincere, and his brother arrogant, but he managed by his dutiful conduct to be reconciled to them, so they have gradually improved, and not been extremely wicked.’ ‘Shall I try him?’ said Yao. He then married his two daughters to Shun, and watched his behaviour towards them. Shun sent the two women down to the north of the Kuei river,” and treated them with the ceremony due to them as his wives. Yao praised Shun, and told him” carefully to show the harmony of the five human relationships, and when they could be obeyed,” they became universal among the various officials, who “at the proper times arranged the visitors at the four gates in the right order, and when the visitors at the four gates were submissive,” the princes and strangers from distant regions became one and all respectful. “Yao sent Shun into the hills and forests among rivers and swamps, but although fierce winds and thunderstorms prevailed, Shun did not miss his way.” Yao then taking Shun to be a holy man, called him and “said, ‘For three years your deliberations have been excellent, and I have found that your words can be carried into practice. You shall ascend the Imperial throne.’ Shun yielded in favour of some one more virtuous than himself, and was unhappy, but on the first day of the first month Shun accepted Yao’s resignation in the temple of the accomplished ancestor,” who was Yao’s great ancestor. “So the Emperor Yao being old ordered that Shun should be associated with him in the government of the Empire.”
In order to observe Heaven’s decrees, Shun thereupon “examined the gem-adorned armillary sphere, and the jade transverse, so as to adjust the position of the ‘Seven Directors.’ He then offered a special sacrifice to the Supreme Ruler, sacrificed purely to the six honoured ones, looked with devotion to the hills and rivers, and worshipped with distinctive rites the hosts of spirits. He called in the five tokens, chose a lucky month and day, gave audience to the president of the four mountains, and all the governors, returning the tokens in due course.
Shun instituted the division of the Empire into twelve provinces, and deepened the rivers. He gave delineations of the statutory punishments, enacting banishment as a mitigation of the five chief punishments, the whip being employed for public officers, the stick in schools, and a money penalty being inflicted for redeemable crimes. Inadvertent offences, and those caused by misfortune were to be pardoned, and those who offended presumptuously or repeatedly were to be punished with death. ‘Be reverent, be reverent’ (said he), ‘and in the administration of the law be tranquil.'” Huantou approached, and spoke about the minister of works. ‘I cannot even give him a trial as a workman,’ said Yao, ‘for he is really profligate.’ The president of the four mountains recommended Kun as the proper person to look after the deluge. Yao regarded it as impracticable, but the president vehemently requested that he might be tried, so the trial was made, but without good results. Of old the people had felt that it was undesirable that the three Miao tribes in the districts of Chiang Huai, and Ching should so often rise in rebellion; so Shun on his return spoke to the emperor requesting that “the minister of works might be banished to the ridge of Yu” to reform the Northern Ti tribes, “that Huantou might be detained on mount Tsung,” to reform the Southern barbarians, that “the chief of the three Miao tribes might be removed to Sanwei (three cliffs)” to reform the Western Jung people, and that “Kun might be imprisoned for life on Mount Yu” to reform the Eastern barbarians. “These four criminals being thus dealt with, universal submission prevailed throughout the empire,” Yao had sat on the throne seventy years, when he secured Shun’s services for twenty years; “then, being old, he directed that Shun should be associated with him in the government of the empire, and presented him to Heaven.”
Yao had abdicated the throne “twenty-eight years when he died, and the people mourned for him as for a parent, no music being played for three years throughout the empire,” for which reason he was remembered. Yao knew that his son “Tanchu was a worthless fellow,” who was not fit to reign, and so the authority was conferred on Shun. As it was conferred on Shun, the empire got the advantage and Tanchu was injured. If it had been conferred on Tanchu, the empire would have been injured, and Tanchu gained the advantage. Yao said, ‘We certainly cannot cause the empire to suffer loss, and the advantage go to an individual.’ In the end the empire was given over to Shun. “After the death of Yao, when the three years’ mourning was over, Shun gave way to Tanchu, and retired to the south of the southern river. When the princes went to an audience at court, they did not present themselves before Tanchu, but before Shun; litigants did not go before Tanchu, but Shun; and the singers did not sing in praise of Tanchu, but of Shun. Shun said, ‘It is from Heaven.’ Afterwards he went to the capital, sat on the Imperial throne,” and was styled Emperor Shun.
Shun of Yü was named Ch‘unghua (double splendour); Ch‘unghua’s father was Kusou; Kusou’s father was Ch‘iaoniu (bridge cow); Ch‘iaoniu’s father was Chümang; Chümang’s father was Chingkang; Chingkang’s father was Ch‘iungchan; Ch‘iungchan’s father was Emperor Ch‘uanhsü; Ch‘uanhsü’s father was Ch‘angyi. From him to Shun we have seven generations. From Ch‘iungchan to Emperor Shun they were all insignificant common people.
When Shun was twenty years old he was noted for his filial piety, and when he was thirty the Emperor Yao asked if he was fit to reign. The presidents united in bringing Shun of Yü forward as an able man, so Yao gave him his two daughters in marriage in order to observe his conduct at home, and bade his nine sons put him in charge of a post so as to note his behaviour abroad. Shun lived within the bend of the Kuei river, and was especially careful. Yao’s two daughters did not dare, on account of their rank, to be proud, but waited on Shun’s relations, and were constant in their wifely duties, while Yao’s nine sons became more and more generous.
When Shun ploughed on Li mountain, the inhabitants yielded the boundaries; when he fished in Thunder lake, the men on the lake yielded to him the best place; and when he made pots on the bank of the river, his vessels had no holes or flaws in them. If he dwelt in a place for a year he formed an assemblage, in two years it became a town, and in three a metropolis. Yao gave Shun clothes made of fine grass-cloth, and a lute, and built him a granary and shed for his oxen and sheep. Kusou again tried to kill Shun by making him go up and plaster the roof of the granary, while he set fire to it from below, but Shun, protecting himself from the fire with a couple of bamboo hats, came down and escaped with his life. Kusou after this told Shun to dig a well, which he did, making a secret tunnel at the side to get out at. When Shun had gone right in, Kusou and Hsiang filled up the well with earth, but Shun came out by the secret passage. Kusou and Hsiang rejoiced, thinking that Shun was dead, and Hsiang said, ‘The plot was mine, but I will go shares with my father and mother; I will take Shun’s wives, Yao’s two daughters, and the lute as my share, while the oxen, sheep, granary and shed shall belong to my parents.’ He remained, however, in Shun’s house playing on the lute, and when Shun went thither Hsiang, startled and not well-pleased to see him, said, ‘I was just thinking of you, and getting very anxious.’ ‘Quite so,’ said Shun, ‘and so you possessed yourself of all these things.’ Shun again served Kusou, loved his brother, and was still more careful in his conduct. Yao thereupon tested Shun as to the five cardinal rules, and the various officers were under control. “In former days the Emperor Kaoyang had eight talented sons;” the world benefited by them, and “they were called the eight benevolent ones. The Emperor Kaohsin had also eight talented sons, and men called them the eight virtuous ones. Of these sixteen men after ages have acknowledged the excellence, and not let their names fall to the ground. In the time of Yao he was not able to raise them to office, but Shun raised the eight benevolent ones to office, and made them superintend the land department and direct all matters, arranging them according to their seasons. He also raised the right virtuous ones to office, employing them to spread throughout the country a knowledge of the duties pertaining to the five social relationships, for fathers became just, mothers loving, elder brothers sociable, younger ones respectful, and children dutiful; within the empire there was peace, and beyond it submission.
Shun received visitors at the four gates, but banished these four wicked ones to the four borders of the empire to manage hobgoblins;” and those at the four gates rightly said “there were no wicked men among them.” Shun “went to the great plains at the foot of the mountains, and, amid violent wind, thunder, and rain, did not go astray.” Yao then knew that Shun was fit to accept the empire, and “being old, caused Shun to be associated with him in the government,” and when he went on a tour of inspection Shun was promoted and employed in the administration of affairs for twenty years; and Yao having directed that he should be associated in the government, he was so associated for eight years. Yao died, and “when the three years’ mourning was over, Shun yielded to Tanchu,” but the people of the empire turned to Shun.
Now Yü, Kaoyao, Hsieh, Houch‘i, Poyi, K‘uei, Lung, Ch‘iu Yi, and P‘êngtsu were all from the time of Yao promoted to office, but had not separate appointments. “Shun having then proceeded to the temple of the accomplished ancestor, deliberated with the president of the four mountains, threw open the four gates, and was in direct communication with officers in all four quarters of the empire, who were eyes and ears to him. He ordered the twelve governors” to talk of the Emperor’s virtue, “to be kind to the virtuous, and keep the artful at a distance, so that the barbarians of the south might lead on one another to be submissive. He said to the president of the four mountains, ‘Is there anyone who can vigorously display his merits, aud beautify Yao’s undertakings, and whom I can make prime minister?’ They all said, ‘There is Baron Yü, the superintendent of works,'” he can beautify the Emperor’s labours. “Shun said, ‘Ah! yes, Yü, you have put in order the water and the land, but in this matter you must exert yourself.’ Yü did obeisance with his head to the ground, while declining in favour of Millet, Hsieh, or Kaoyao. Shun said, ‘Yes; but do you go and set about it.’ Shun said, ‘Ch‘i, the black-haired people begin to be famished. Do you, Prince Millet, sow in their seasons the various kinds of grain.’ He also said, ‘Hsieh, the people do not love one another, and the five orders of relationship are not observed. You, as minister of instruction, must carefully diffuse abroad those five lessons of duty, but do so with gentleness.’ He also said, ‘Kaoyao, the southern barbarians are disturbing the summer region, while robbers, murderers, villains, and traitors abound. Do you, as minister of crime, exercise repression by use of the five kinds of punishment—for the infliction of which there are three appointed places—and the five banishments with their several places of detention, and the three degrees of distance. Be intelligent and you will inspire confidence.’ Shun said, ‘Who can direct the workmen?’ They all said ‘Ch‘ui can do it’; so he made Ch‘ui minister of works. Shun said, ‘Who can superintend my uplands and lowlands, pastures and woods, birds and beasts?’ They all said, ‘Yi is the man’; so Yi was made imperial forester. Yi did obeisance with his head to the ground, and declined in favour of the officials Fir, Tiger, Black Bear, and Grizzly Bear. Shun said, ‘Go and act harmoniously.'” Fir, Tiger, Black Bear, and Grizzly Bear were accordingly his assistants. “Shun said, ‘Ah! president of the four mountains, is there anyone who can superintend the three ceremonies?’ They all said, ‘Baron Yi is the man.’ Shun said, ‘Ah! Baron Yi, I will make you arranger of the ancestral temple. Day and night be careful, be upright, be pure.’ Baron Yi declined in favour of K‘uei or Lung, but Shun said, ‘Let it be so,’ and made K‘uei director of music and teacher of youth. ‘Be straightforward’ (he added) ‘and yet mild; lenient and yet stern; firm, yet not tyrannical; impetuous, yet not arrogant. Poetry gives expression to the thought, and singing is the prolonged utterance of that expression. Notes accompany that utterance, and are harmonized themselves by the pitch-pipes. The eight kinds of instruments can be adjusted, so that one shall not take from or interfere with another, and spirits and men are thereby brought into harmony.’ K‘uei said, ‘Oh! I smite the stone; I tap the stone, and the various animals lead on one another to dance.’ Shun said, ‘Lung, I dread slanderous speakers and injurious deceivers, who agitate and alarm my people. I appoint you minister of communication. Day and night you will issue and receive my orders, but be truthful.’ Shun said, ‘Ah! you twenty and two men, be reverent, and you will aid in their proper seasons the undertakings of heaven.’
Every three years there was an examination of merits, and after three examinations there were degradations and promotions both far and near. The people’s labours generally prospered, while the people of the three Miao tribes were divided and defeated.” These twenty-two all completed their labours. Kaoyao was chief minister of crime, and the people were all subservient and obtained his genuine services. Poyi was director of ceremonies, and both upper and lower classes were retiring. Ch‘ui was head workman, and the various kinds of work were successfully accomplished. Yi was head forester, and hills and swamps were brought under cultivation. Ch‘i was director of agriculture, and the various crops ripened in their seasons. Hsieh was minister of instruction, and the people were friendly together. Lung superintended the foreign department, and men from afar arrived. The twelve governors did their duty, and the people of the nine provinces did not dare to rebel. But Yü’s labours consisted in making great cuttings through the nine hills, making thoroughfares through the nine swamps, deepening the nine rivers, and regulating the nine provinces, each of which by their officials sent tribute, and did not lose their rightful dues. In a square of 5000 li he reached the wild domain. To the south he governed Annam; on the north he reduced the western Jung tribes, Hsichih, Chüsou, and the Ch‘iang of Ti; on the north the hill Jung tribes and the Hsichên; and on the east the tall island barbarians. All within the four seas were grateful for Emperor Shun’s labours; and Yü then “performed the nine tunes,” and the result was that strange creatures and “phœnixes flew to and fro.” Men of illustrious virtue in the empire began from the days of Emperor Shun of Yü. When Shun was twenty years of age he was noted for his filial piety, at thirty Yao raised him to office, at fifty he assisted in the administration of Imperial affairs, when he was fifty-eight Yao died, and when he was sixty-one he sat on the Imperial throne in Yao’s stead. After he had occupied the Imperial throne thirty-nine years, he went on a hunting expedition to the south, died in the desert of Ts‘angwu, and was buried at a place called Lingling (broken hillocks) in the Chiuyi range in Chiangnan province.
After Shun had come to the throne, and was flying the Imperial flag, he went to pay a visit to his father, Chüsou, and addressed him in a grave and respectful manner, as a son should do. He raised his brother Hsiang to the rank of prince. Shun’s son Shang-chün was also degenerate, so that Shun, being prepared, recommended Yü to the notice of Heaven, and seventeen years later he died. When the three years’ mourning was over, Yü also yielded to Shun’s son just as Shun had yielded to Yao’s son, but the princes gave their allegiance to Yü, and he thereupon came to the Imperial throne. Yao’s son Tanchu, and Shun’s son Shangchün, both held territory so that they might be enabled to perform sacrifices to their ancestors; they paid the due observances, such as religious ceremonies and music, and they went to the audiences as the Emperor’s guests. The Emperor did not dare, without due notification from his ministers, to act on his own responsibility.
The historian has to remark on this as follows: Most scholars say that the five gods are deserving of honour, but the Book of History only refers to Yao, and those who come after him, while the book of the ‘hundred families’ speaks of the Yellow god. The style of the latter work is not, however, very refined, and the officials and gentry hardly ever refer to it. Confucius handed down these works, viz. ‘Tsai yü’s questions,’ the ‘virtues of the five gods,’ and ‘the genealogies and names of the gods,’ but the literati doubt that they have been so handed down. I have travelled westward as far as ‘hollow cave’ hill, northward beyond Cholu, eastward I have crossed the sea, while southward I have floated on rafts along the Yangtzŭ and Huai rivers, and all the elders whom I met again and again talked of the places where the Yellow god, Yao, and Shun dwelt, and how very different their customs and teachings were. In short, those who are attached to the ancient literature must be familiar with their sayings.
I have looked at the ‘Spring and Autumn’ classic, and the ‘Narratives of the States,’ which make the ‘virtues of the five gods’ and the ‘genealogies and names of the gods’ very clear. I have inspected these works, but not thoroughly examined them, and the portions I have quoted are none of them unimportant. There are defects in the book, and occasionally the views of others may be noted. Scholars should not think too deeply over the book, but take the general drift of it, when it can hardly be called superficial. There are a few investigations into doctrine, which I have discussed in the concrete, and then selected some of the more elegant sentences for quotation. Thus I have compiled the first chapter of the ‘Original Records.’
Translation by Herbert J. Allen from Sima Qian’s Historical Records.
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View Full Version : HH: The ArkFags - Tyo/Azmo/Krynal/Pike anyone have the rest?
06-10-2004, 03:33 PM
OnlineHost: *** You are in "Town Square - Lobby 601". ***
OnlineHost: *** You are in "Kaaos Hell Hole". ***
Neurosis: congrats ya pusses, ya lamed yer way in
Hedron: God damnit
Frytz Gryn: No way
NOQUAR: Yeah way.
Hedron: That's it, yer all fucking fired.
Neurosis: fuckin Rells is gettin soft
Frytz Gryn: Hedron, boot the arks
NOQUAR: I been in DGate since it opened.
Frytz Gryn: Hedron sucks goat dick
Hedron: This is like the fucking 4th hell hole in a row i've missed for fucking work
War Knight: yeah... congrats on making KAAOS by Pike bringing bitches
Hedron: And you Arks, you're all booted.
Neurosis: lol WK
Vic Ark: Heh ;>
Frytz Gryn: Well, its better than all the other text games Noq
Vic Ark: No wenches for you then Heddy ;>
NOQUAR: "Pikes wench got me in KGFS"
Hedron: <laughing> Is that a surname?
Vic Ark: LMFAO Noq ;>
NOQUAR: It is now.
Hedron: What's the surname?
Neurosis: shit, we'll keep the arks till chicago at least, if only for the strippers
NOQUAR: Thats your surname Vic
NOQUAR: We need one for Tyo, Hedron.
War Knight: "Pike got me into KAAOS"
Frytz Gryn: Hedron, to top it all off, I killed your girl friend 2 hours ago ;-(
Vic Ark: LOL
Vic Ark: That was already my surname WK ;>
NOQUAR: He aint KAAOS yet.
Neurosis: I still say Vic's should be "I drink ari's overflow"
Vic Ark: No problem Nuero ;>
Frytz Gryn: Neuro, you know ari never spills a drop
Vic Ark: Like I said, been there done that ;pp
NOQUAR: Frytz..
NOQUAR: nevermind.
War Knight: "Pike better bring those bitches"
NOQUAR: Ari is just scary.
Vic Ark: I'll talk to him tomorrow..
Vic Ark: He said he has this one bitch he's gonna bring..
Neurosis: Here's yer fuckin surname: "No strippers = boot"
NOQUAR: Alright..so..
Vic Ark: she's like a dominatrix..
NOQUAR: yep.
Vic Ark: If she backs out on him..
Frytz Gryn: Shes more like a slut vix
Vic Ark: he's got two twins he'll bring ;>
War Knight: rofl! Neu
Neurosis: find out which club he runs... prolly been there ;p
NOQUAR: I hope you and Tyo are paying attention Vic.
Vic Ark: Yea, I'll find out tomorrow night Neur ;>
Neurosis: if it is PT's, and i doubt it is... the chicks will be FINE
Neurosis: Prolly Showcase or some other fuckin hole in the wall
Hedron: Well shit, I didn't see the evil saying. How do I surname anybody
Frytz Gryn: I bet its goats
War Knight: make sure he brings the "working" girls
NOQUAR: Hedron
NOQUAR: It sucked.
NOQUAR: The only reason their KGFS..
NOQUAR: Is cause Pike has a strip club
Frytz Gryn: How about... their sayings are
Frytz Gryn: err surnames
Frytz Gryn: "My saying sucked"
Vic Ark: All I did was fuck a goat Heddy
Hedron: Well shit. That's like NW square shit
NOQUAR: They got all intellectual on us.
Vic Ark: Yea, that's where I cought the bastard
NOQUAR: "Twisted visions of my slow wet dream" etc
Neurosis: Legion was servin Lattes during the evil
Vic Ark: Fucking A, it was one hell of a wet dream ;>
NOQUAR: Goatee's and Barette's
Neurosis: here's a surname... "I mocca yo momma"
War Knight: the words rhymed and shit ;x
Vic Ark: Fucking rhyming words!
NOQUAR: And you missed it..
Vic Ark: That pisses me off
NOQUAR: Smell Dis got the FAT boot
War Knight: rofl!
NOQUAR: We all booted him at once.
NOQUAR: He ran like a bitch
War Knight: BOOT!
Neurosis: heh, Smelly's feelin all rejected... send chath to go give him a consolation blow
Vic Ark: If the asshole woulda just sucked my cock...
NOQUAR: its a drow
Vic Ark: He wouldn't have had to go away crying ;x
Hedron: OK, so here's your surname
Hedron: "I'm too fucking generic to have a surname"
Vic Ark: LMFAO!
Vic Ark: ::wonders if that will fit::
Neurosis: ya can newbieize it to "2 generic 4 a surname"
Vic Ark: heh ;>
Vic Ark: Woohoo!
ChathMirur: consultation blow? I didn't know my training had been completed Neuro
Vic Ark: I've got my surname!! Suuuuuckit chimps!
Neurosis: and ya gotta change yer names to Mad Vic and Kal Tyo ;p
Vic Ark: lol
NOQUAR: FrytzsGoat
Vic Ark: lmfao
Frytz Gryn: whoha
Vic Ark: I would change it to goatfucked..
Neurosis: FrytzsGoat and NeusSheep? ;p
Vic Ark: If it wouldn't get me tossed ;pp
War Knight: rofl! Phelbo Vic and Reggie Tyo
Vic Ark: LMFAO
NOQUAR: rofl!
Neurosis: lmao!
Neurosis: WK scores
Hedron: <still working while you mutants fuck around>
Neurosis: roll em up kiddos!
NOQUAR: I vote yes on the names
Vic Ark: Well, if I was to roll it up.....I'd have to take you down in a DM first Neuro ;>
War Knight: <takes a bow> thank you thank you
NOQUAR: You roll it up.
NOQUAR: And suck it like all the other KGFS.
Vic Ark: LOL
Neurosis: Tyobitch sure is quiet
Vic Ark: I think he passed out
NOQUAR: Scared him
Tyo Ark: I'm talkin to the fat people, leave me alone!
Neurosis: good god, he works for jenny craig
Vic Ark: LOL, he's doubling in the men4men room
NOQUAR: {S frytz1
Tyo Ark: I gotta learn as much as I can about the nigger elves.
Tyo Ark: Before they invade.
Neurosis: you got something against blacks?
Neurosis: I'll kick yer ass for that ya dumbshit
ChathMirur: ::looks at dark elvin skin:: Vith Dos = fuck you Tyo
War Knight: think the fucking kindred need to be cut down some... they getting too fucking popular
Tyo Ark: I don't, apparelyt the fat peopel do though :>
Neurosis: I'll spit in yer face in chicago
Frytz Gryn: I hate blacks
Frytz Gryn: Kill blacks!
Neurosis: I'll shove my big black dick down yer pencilneck white throat
Tyo Ark: Well, that's hella change man ;>
Frytz Gryn: Niggers suck!
Vic Ark: Welp, the real Evil is callin (my wife)
Neurosis: I'll fuck you so hard yer white ass will be red
Hedron: <still talking business>
Tyo Ark: Hate to burst yer bubble Neuro..
Tyo Ark: I ain't goin
Neurosis: well shit
Neurosis: in that case...
Vic Ark: Don't worry Neuro..
Vic Ark: I'll make sure Pike brings da wenches ;>
Vic Ark: I'll be there ;>
Vic Ark: I'm outa here now though...
Vic Ark: I hope you all chocked on my fag ass evil saying ;pp
Neurosis: lattas
Neurosis: I'm gone
Vic Ark: Er, Choked ;pp
Tyo Ark: I softened em up fer yas Vic
War Knight: laters freaks...
Vic Ark: Latahs ;>
Tyo Ark: All part of the master plan ;>
NOQUAR: Dont forget those screen names kiddies.
NOQUAR: well fucking A.
Frytz Gryn: Me and noq are cybering over IM hed
NOQUAR: its real hot
NOQUAR: Wanna join?
NOQUAR: Later lovers | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8554363250732422}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10759', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZDBPCSMVAG45CQIRS3KTQFE33WFXCYFJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b14a725d-31d9-43ed-91d2-35b4b20172bc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 21, 10, 23, 57), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.254.184.66', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:R3AN4UHT376ANXQSYJQFCU673YNFR5KZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:10b3d2e0-9f57-4c0e-aca4-f4986e86253a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.kaaos.com/archive/index.php/t-940.html?s=2bcd223ebcb8f9a48a3f148b7d89a3d8', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b5c273e4-c4c0-4b73-b516-571eb5532804>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1141', 'url': 'http://www.kaaos.com/archive/index.php/t-940.html?s=2bcd223ebcb8f9a48a3f148b7d89a3d8', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-218-190-154.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.031046926975250244', 'original_id': 'f6fdb6045e1a381d5f54c56f8e393d559514dfcc9f6f9ebef8936f37554477ae'} |
\section{Partition of Singletons yields Discrete Topology}
Tags: Partition Topology, Indiscrete Topology, Discrete Topology
\begin{theorem}
Let $S$ be a set which is non-empty.
Let $\PP$ be the (trivial) partition of singletons on $S$:
:$\PP = \set {\set x: x \in S}$
Then the partition topology on $\PP$ is the discrete topology.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
From Basis for Discrete Topology it is shown that $\PP$ as defined here forms the basis of the discrete topology.
{{qed}}
\end{proof}
| math_pile | {'subset': 'ProofWiki', 'meta': "{'type': 'Theorem_Proof'}", 'original_id': '2bf5596e43cff5e1bf1eb70343670e403fb54a14e7acd6c2198d990da16bf121'} |
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