text stringlengths 3 7.38M | source_data stringclasses 5 values | info stringlengths 83 12.5k |
|---|---|---|
Visual tracking in very preterm infants at 4 mo predicts neurodevelopment at 3 y of age.
Typically developing infants track moving objects with eye and head movements in a smooth and predictive way at 4 mo of age, but this ability is delayed in very preterm infants. We hypothesized that visual tracking ability in very preterm infants predicts later neurodevelopment. In 67 very preterm infants (gestational age<32 wk), eye and head movements were assessed at 4 mo corrected age while the infant tracked a moving object. Gaze gain, smooth pursuit, head movements, and timing of gaze relative the object were analyzed off line. Results of the five subscales included in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) at 3 y of age were evaluated in relation to the visual tracking data and to perinatal risk factors. Significant correlations were obtained between gaze gain and cognition, receptive and expressive language, and fine motor function, respectively, also after controlling for gestational age, severe brain damage, retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This is the first study demonstrating that the basic ability to visually track a moving object at 4 mo robustly predicts neurodevelopment at 3 y of age in children born very preterm. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '63c69f9e40547e9c6c7a461c4c9a79832cdb12e77a8230ef33c692e6467395ee'} |
Q:
lsqlin optimized calculation (matlab)
I am calculating the solution of a constrained linear least-squares problem as follows:
lb = zeros(7,1);
ub = ones(7,1);
for i = 1:size(b,2)
x(:,i) = lsqlin(C,b(:,i),[],[],[],[],lb,ub);
end
where C is m x 7 and b is m x n. n is quite large leading to a slow computation time. Is there any way to speed up this procedure and get rid of the slow for loop. I am using lsqlin instead of pinv or \ because I need to constrain my solution to the boundaries of 0–1 (lb and ub).
A:
The for loop is not necessarily the reason for any slowness – you're not pre-allocating and lsqlin is probably printing out a lot of stuff on each iteration. However, you may be able to speed this up by turning your C matrix into a sparse block diagonal matrix, C2, with n identical blocks (see here). This solves all n problems in one go. If the new C2 is not sparse you may use a lot more memory and the computation may take much longer than with the for loop.
n = size(b,2);
C2 = kron(speye(n),C);
b2 = b(:);
lb2 = repmat(lb,n,1); % or zeros(7*n,1);
ub2 = repmat(ub,n,1); % or ones(7*n,1);
opts = optimoptions(@lsqlin,'Algorithm','interior-point','Display','off');
x = lsqlin(C2,b2,[],[],[],[],lb2,ub2,[],opts);
Using optimoptions, I've specified the algorithm and set 'Display' to 'off' to make sure any outputs and warnings don't slow down the calculations.
On my machine this is 6–10 times faster than using a for loop (with proper pre-allocation and setting options). This approach assumes that the sparse C2 matrix with m*n*7 elements can fit in memory. If not, a for loop based approach will be the only option (other than writing your own specialized version of lsqlin or taking advantage any other spareness in the problem).
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a57e6e762069b99b8be97d249ce707017dfbdf0cd9116bc5d76f2949fc92a7a0'} |
Q:
JavaScript; calculate a mean, excluding certain values
My question
I have a series of variables populated by satisfaction scores from a survey. These scores are between 1 and 10, but can also be 99 signifying "I don't know".
Without a series of If statements, is is possible to calculate the mean of all the questions while excluding the 99s?
My attempt
Apologies for the slightly odd way question data is retrieved in my example below. Each of the 3 questions has 3 measures which are given a satisfaction rating. The Confirmit survey platform I'm using uses f('x_y').get() to fetch answers where x = question ID and y = measure so f('q3_1').get() returns the score given to the 1st measure in question 3.
var qList = ['q3', 'q4', 'q6']; // 3 questions, each containing 3 satisfaction scores
var output
var i
for (i = 0; i < qList.length; i++){ // For each question in qList...
// Collect each satisfaction rating & convert to flaoting-point number:
var sat1 = parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_1')).get() );
var sat2 = parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_2')).get() );
var sat3 = parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_3')).get() );
// Calculate average satisfaction
var satAvg = (sat1 + sat2 + sat3) / 3;
if (satAvg == NaN){
output = "<em>Did not answer</em>";
} else {
output = satAvg.toString().concat('/10');
}
// Write to open-text questions:
f('av'.concat(i +1)).set(output)
}
The contents of the open-text av1, av2 & av3 questions populated by the above are concatenated into an email alert, keeping this alert short is why an average is required. Obviously having any "I don't know" responses is going to affect this mean.
EDIT:
Based on @Cimbali's answer below, I'm now putting the values into an array. This means unwanted answers (11 & blanks) can be excluded by a single if statement in a loop:
var qList = ['q3', 'q4', 'q6'];
// Get satisfaction scores:
var i;
for (i = 0; i < qList.length; i++){
var answers = [
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_1')).get() ),
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_2')).get() ),
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_3')).get() )
];
// Remove "I don't know" (11) and blank answers:
var y;
for (y = 0; y < answers.length; y++){
if ( answers[y] > 10 || isNaN(answers[y]) ){
answers.splice(y, 1);
}
}
// Calculate sum of remaining answers:
var sum = 0;
var x;
for (x = 0; x < answers.length; x++){
sum += answers[x];
}
// Calculate mean:
var average = sum / answers.length;
if ( isNaN(average) ){
// If mean couldn't be calculated, just enter 'N/A':
var output = "N/A";
} else {
// Round to 2 decimal places & add the '/10':
var output = average.toFixed(2).concat("/10");
}
// Write to open text questions:
f('av'.concat(i +1)).set(output);
}
However, I'm still interested to know of a quicker way.
A:
Try putting them in an array and filtering the array.
Something like:
function validAnswer(n) { return !isNaN(n) && n <= 10; }
answers = [
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_1')).get() ),
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_2')).get() ),
parseFloat( f(qList[i].concat('_3')).get() )
].filter(validAnswer);
answers now contains only the valid answers. Sum the array's contents and divide by its length to get the average. Remember you might have no valid answers at all.
This will make even more sense with a bigger array, in which case you'll probably want to fill the array with a loop rather than hardcoded like this.
function validAnswer(n) { return !isNaN(n) && n <= 10; }
// use functions to populate the array, hardcoded for the example
answers = [1, 2, 11, "not a valid number", 10].filter(validAnswer);
average = answers.length > 0 ? answers.reduce((val, sum) => val + sum) / answers.length: "N/A";
console.log("valid answers are [" + answers + "], average = " + average);
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd85a16be066025c2a0cd56558e2b51de8f7ee3c60a613ba832428faefd3caaa6'} |
Bitcoin Mining Explained
Written By:
Subscribe to GoodReturns
Imagine if you found out that your property had a treasure of gold beneath it, greed would crawl over, and you would want to mine every last bit of that precious metal. The same applies to Bitcoin; investors want to collect this "free cash" from Bitcoin network that is open to all.
Before we start with what Bitcoin mining is, let us understand some basics around the concept.
Why is Bitcoin highly valued?
The answer to this is similar to why gold or petrol is highly valued. The answer is: the supply is limited.
When something is scarce, it is valued more. So just like there is a limit to how much gold you can mine and how much petrol the world can use before the oil wells are completely consumed, there is a limit to the number of bitcoins that can be circulated. And, the number is 21 million bitcoins.
As of today, around 16.8 million bitcoins are in circulation, which is about 80% of the total. So miners around the world can still mine 20% more bitcoins.
Who are bitcoin miners?
Bitcoin works on blockchain technology which is a decentralized system for exchanging currencies. Unlike centralized system, there is no regulatory body validating transactions; it is done by "miners."
Also Read: How Does Blockchain Technology Work?
Bitcoin works on a peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-peer network divides the workload between peers (miners in this case). Transactions in bitcoins require adding blocks to the blockchain in a way that it is not duplicated (one cannot use the same bitcoin to make two pay twice).
How does mining work?
Every ten minutes or so miners around the world get a few hundred transactions to process. Now, these are 'blocks' that are like mathematical puzzles, and they require to be solved using algorithms.
The first miner to find the solution will send the result to other miners in the network who will check if the sender of bitcoins can spend the coins and if the result of the puzzle is correct.
When a significant amount of miners agree to the solution, the block is cryptographically added to the blockchain.
How are new bitcoins formed?
In the above process, the miner who found solved the puzzle will get some bitcoins in reward from the system but only after the completion of 99 more blocks, forming a 100. This is how new bitcoins are mined.
The reward was 25 bitcoins in 2014 and halved to 12.5 in 2017. The number will be halved again in 4 years. So the miners now need to add more blocks in order to mine more bitcoins compared to a few years ago.
Why is mining important to Bitcoin?
The growing valuation of bitcoin and the greed to mine all the leftover bitcoins are obvious reasons to motivate the miners to continue adding blocks to the blockchain.
But, the essential reason is that miners keep the system secure. By secure I mean the cryptography does not allow a person to spend the same bitcoin twice and if someone wanted to rob the bitcoins (like robbing all the cash from a bank), they would need to rewrite the whole blockchain which takes more than half of the puzzle solving capacity of the whole network.
Attaining such a capacity is highly expensive as bitcoin mining power that the miners have in the complete network is tens of thousands times more than 500 supercomputers of the work combined.
Mining problems
Earlier, mining was done on a small-scale by individual miners for rewards. As more and more bitcoins were mined, the complication of the puzzles intensified, requiring computers with higher processing powers. New computer chips and software were designed to mine bitcoins.
With growing popularity of bitcoins, the numbers of miners increased and so did the complications of the math problems. That when the idea of "pool mining" came into being.
Also Read: What is the Difference Between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash?
Why were “mining companies” formed?
The "mining" business that companies are performing has miners working in "pools," which a group of miners working together by combining their computing power. This way they can solve more puzzles and share the rewards equally among them.
Can you become a “miner”?
If you are Tech-savvy, yes you can become a miner as the network is open to all. You will require a mining software that can be downloaded free of cost online and specialized hardware - Bitcoin wallet, to hold your bitcoins earned.
Also Read: What is a Bitcoin Wallet?
Company Search | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '11', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9459964632987976}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '218822', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BUTCZJSFPMAOF4JK2TI67ZO42XFET5IR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f8745399-f782-42af-a963-b2b893847ca8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 4, 19, 9, 21, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.253.20', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4IDYI4XZ6VKKAG43WAMRRLTH72YTUGYH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:38b46db1-5d95-4e86-8126-ff3dfcc94419>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.goodreturns.in/classroom/2018/01/bitcoin-mining-explained-664277.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb48c7c8-6bd3-4d8f-afdb-2c106c08ab9e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '772', 'url': 'https://www.goodreturns.in/classroom/2018/01/bitcoin-mining-explained-664277.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-152-23-81.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-17\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9861388802528381', 'original_id': '90ef1bbdddb277434a80da7611927e46c27ca45e3ba7379ea3efa5bd88b04f12'} |
Webuye
Webuye, previously named Broderick Falls, is an industrial town in Bungoma County, Kenya. Located on the main road to Uganda, the town is home to the Pan African Paper Mills, the largest paper factory in the region, as well as a number of heavy-chemical and sugar manufacturers. The area is heavily populated and is used mainly for subsistence agriculture. The area around Webuye is home to the Bukusu and Tachoni tribes. The town has an urban population of 19,600 (1999 census) and 22,507 in total according to the GeoNames geographical database.
Villages near Webuye include Lugulu, Milo, Maraka and Misikhu. Webuye is home to the Broderick Falls of the river Nzoia. In maraka, there exists the famed "mfunje" suspension bridge which consists of rickety timber strips joined together with some metal wires, precariously dangling across River nzoia. It attracts a considerable number of both local and foreign tourists who enjoy the thrill of crossing the river on the shaky locally-made bridge.
Webuye has in the recent past also seen the establishment of some important education centres, including a constituent college campus of the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, and a Kenya Medical Training college Campus. The town's economy was hit hard by the dwindling fortunes of Pan African Paper Mills, which was closed down in 2008. Efforts have been put in place by successive regimes since then to reopen the paper mill, but without success.
Naming
In the pre-independence times, Webuye was known as Broderick Falls, after the first white man to visit the nearby Nabuyole falls on River Nzoia. Today, it's named after a cobbler who repaired shoes for railway workers.
Railways
The town is located on the main railway from Mombasa to Uganda. The area around the town is inhabited by both the Bukusu and the Tachoni.
Statistics
Webuye has a tropical climate, and the land around it is used mainly for subsistence agriculture. Its latitude is 0.6166667° and longitude is 34.7666667° and elevation is . Average annual temperature is 24 °C / 75.2 °F.
References
Category:Populated places in Bungoma County | mini_pile | {'original_id': '196377048552f373028f22920296af3836ebc891633f12bb859dcebab08f5224'} |
Q:
PostgreSQL 8.1 out of space and stopped, data directory is empty
I used PostgreSQL 8.1 on Gentoo/Linux 2.6.14r5. My db server's disk space looks like below:
db postgresql # df -l
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 9775248 2018528 7756720 21% /
udev 1557872 88 1557784 1% /dev
shm 1557872 0 1557872 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda4 281096760 244270836 36825924 87% /var/lib/postgresql
/dev/sdb1 961402192 244780080 667785712 27% /mnt/sdb1
I can't restart ./etc/init.d/postgresql because the subdirectory data under /var/lib/postgresql is empty. The PostgreSQL8.1 was updated from 8.0, so there is a data.old in /var/lib/postgresql. When I execute 'du -b', the result is below:
postgresql # du -b
471 ./.ssh
580 ./data
7697 ./paul/Fifthwindow-RogersBuck
19673 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Tattoo/Output
20633 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Tattoo
13762 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Beard/Output
14493 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Beard
3036 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Touch1/Output
10789 ./paul/Fifthwindow-Touch1
56931 ./paul
3624120 ./data.old/base/1
3624120 ./data.old/base/10792
3624120 ./data.old/base/10793
48 ./data.old/base/16394/pgsql_tmp
248802448893 ./data.old/base/16394
48 ./data.old/base/backup
248813321469 ./data.old/base
11370 ./data.old/paul/output_files
14332 ./data.old/paul
122952 ./data.old/pg_subtrans
48 ./data.old/pg_twophase
57416 ./data.old/pg_multixact/members
49224 ./data.old/pg_multixact/offsets
106736 ./data.old/pg_multixact
4880603 ./data.old/global
316494192 ./data.old/pg_clog
48 ./data.old/pg_xlog/archive_status
536872320 ./data.old/pg_xlog
48 ./data.old/pg_tblspc
249678076379 ./data.old
27023 ./scripts/cron/daily
917 ./scripts/cron/weekly
28036 ./scripts/cron
861 ./scripts/runOnce
599794 ./scripts/manual
628811 ./scripts
171463723 ./output
249850258001 .
When I execute 'pg_dump -h my.host.ip.0 -p 5432 -U postgres -F t -b -v -f "/some/directory/backup.file" mydb', the message is below:
pg_dump: dumping contents of table _selections_by_content_last30days
pg_dump: dumping contents of table _selections_by_content_last365days
pg_dump: dumping contents of table actionlog
pg_dump: ERROR: could not count blocks of relation 1663/16394/17943: No such file or directory
pg_dump: SQL command to dump the contents of table "actionlog" failed: PQendcopy() failed.
pg_dump: Error message from server: ERROR: could not count blocks of relation 1663/16394/17943: No such file or directory
pg_dump: The command was: COPY public.actionlog (eventdetail, eventdatetime, eventtypeid, consoleid, albumid, trackid, sequenceid, sessionid, contentid, actionlogid, fileid) TO stdout;
pg_dump: *** aborted because of error
please help me! Any idea will be appreciated!
Thanks!
A:
Finally, I figured it out. That's because the disk partition folder 1663/16394/17943 was on another physical hard driver. So I had to mount it first and then did the next step.
That was a very old system. Fortunately, I didn't have to take care it any more.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'fde1cd89544138612e76f9bcb5cf2291ffc8d82c46bc3cb0e40a613f020f9461'} |
Inktober 7th! Evil Con Carne!
Inktober 7th 2015!EVIL CON CARNE!
In my opinion, this is probably the Most underrated show Cartoon Network ever released.
This is one of my personal favorites, and it seems that no one really knows about. The show was created by Maxwell Atom, who is also the created The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy.
Evil Con Carne originally aired on the show “Grim & Evil”, which was 50% Evil con Carne and 50% Billy and Mandy.
Eventually the show split into 2 separate entities, where Billy and Mandy became a hit and Evil Con Carne fell by the wayside, and after a handful of episodes, was canceled.
I really feel that this show wasn’t given a fair chance, and really hope that Maxwell Atoms revisits these characters someday.
Thank you everyone for checking it out, until tomorrow…….
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module.exports = (sequelize, DataTypes) => {
const Feedback = sequelize.define('Feedback', {
id: {
type: DataTypes.UUID,
defaultValue: DataTypes.UUIDV4,
primaryKey: true,
},
author: DataTypes.STRING,
description: DataTypes.STRING,
});
return Feedback;
};
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/pcampina/bips-backend/blob/master/app/models/feedback.js', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'bips-backend', 'creator': 'pcampina', 'language': 'JavaScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '28', 'token_count': '98', '__index_level_0__': '45918', 'original_id': 'acc2e60e847d3655d0c7390f292838b8367ddc2856dde04153f07b607aefdbc6'} |
Hector "Macho" Camacho, left, and his son Hector Jr.celebrate their wins against Troy Lowry and Rocky Martinez, in 2001 / Rhone Wise, AFP/Getty Images
During his fistic prime, the only thing faster than Hector Camacho's hands - or his mouth- was his lifestyle. They were all a blur.
We don't know what is more astounding: That Camacho - declared brain-dead Thursday and clinging to life in a Puerto Rican hospital - made it to 50 years old . . . or that the former teenage car thief raised on the streets of Spanish Harlem fought professionally for 30 years, earning millions while pursuing decadence with reckless fury.
Camacho drove through life without a speedometer. And if anyone needed a governor on a high-revving engine, it was the mischievous "Macho Man'' - a 5-foot-6 born-to-be-wild whippet of sass.
Last year, Camacho was shot in Puerto Rico as he drove away from what he said were carjackers. On Tuesday, the former three-time world champion was shot in the face as he sat in the passenger's seat of a vehicle; the driver instantly was killed. Police said they retrieved 10 bags of cocaine from the vehicle, nine in the driver's possession.
Back in the early '80s, Camacho's then-estranged manager, Billy Giles, told USA TODAY that his fighter was "drowning in drugs,'' that he "never will make it back.''
Indeed Camacho never seemed to leave. He fought for another quarter of a century. His last fight was in 2010, only 10 days before his 48th birthday.
Dripping in gold, and sporting a devilish curl of black hair on his forehead, Camacho was a cartoon character come to life - amusing, flamboyant, irreverent. He admired Bruce Lee, compared himself to Elvis. But make no mistake: Hector Camacho also was highly accomplished in matters of hand-to-hand combat.
From 130 to 135 pounds, the clever southpaw possessed blinding-fast hand speed and footwork to match, the latter of which he came to rely on after his confrontation with hard-hitting lightweight challenger Edwin Rosario at Madison Square Garden in 1986.
That night ultimately stifled Camacho's true potential. Only 24, he was rocked like never before. Badly sliced over his left eye, legs wobbly, Camacho summoned his pride and courage, and he (barely) prevailed.
Camacho, a sharp but soft puncher, would spend much of the rest of his career in safety-first survival mode. Many Puerto Ricans, losing respect, never let him forget it.
An ultra-sensitive sort, Camacho once told me: "When you get picked on all the time, you have a tendency to get insecure.''
He would later fight several boxing luminaries: Julio Cesar Chavez, Ray Mancini, Oscar De La Hoya, Roberto Duran, among others. But Camacho long ago had lost interest in his demanding craft, carelessly squandering a shot at true greatness.After a narrow victory against Greg Haugen in 1991, he told me: "I can't abuse my body (anymore), living the nightlife as I do. It's going to kill me down the road.''
Few, if any, were as talented or adept at self-promotion, hence his longevity. Who could forget the Macho Man's outlandish, often skimpy, ring attire? Our personal favorite: the Roman soldier get-up he donned to fight Sugar Ray Leonard in 1997. We can only imagine how Camacho's knack for showmanship and controversy would've blown up in today's social media-saturated environment.
Mostly, Camacho's bizarre life continued to veer out of control.
During one of the few instances when he managed to ease off life's accelerator, Camacho still got sideways. In 1988, a Florida trooper pulled over the fighter's new black Ferrari because Camacho was doing only 35 mph on I-75.
Well, Camacho was doing a little bit more than that.
The officer later was quoted as saying he pulled over Camacho because "he was doing the wild thing'' with a woman on his lap.
Booze, drugs, women, frequent arrests - Camacho tore down the party lane of life like no other athlete, not even a hard-driving Mike Tyson.
John Russell, who began training Camacho in the mid-'90s, fondly remembered him Thursday, including the time the fighter crouched on the roof of his home to hide from police as they fruitlessly looked for Camacho following a disturbance.
"He never gave me any problems,'' Russell told USA TODAY Sports. "He was just full of life and a great guy to be around. Of course, he did have a bad habit of knocking at my hotel room door at 3 a.m.''
Russell said that Camacho loved to drive "super-fast,'' and had a terrifying habit of passing cars on the right - on the berm.
"He always patted me on the leg and would say, 'Relax, relax,' then would fly around someone on the right,'' he said. "They would be freaking out.''
Camacho once bragged about wrecking a Lotus, a Ferrari, a Lamborghini and a Corvette during his lifetime - also a regular old Jeep, but who cares when you're destroying exotics? In pure Macho Man logic he said, "As long as I have a license, I'll keep crashing cars. That's how you become a great driver.''
He just never knew when to lift his foot.
Copyright 2015 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: Hector Camacho pursued wild life with reckless abandon
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Most Commented | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9721940755844116}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '93270', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:X35AAANB37OBQIGK46I2KCXHNCLMDPTK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5bb902ed-4a70-4aa0-a211-96dbad719930>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 6, 4, 29, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.0.160.10', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BF5HMJBT7YO2LDKB4YSTEEJK2GPUKFHO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:224735b2-6884-435c-912c-c42292c0160c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://archive.thetowntalk.com/usatoday/article/1721301&usatref=sportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7C%7Cp&from=global', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4797f432-7fbc-4350-8bbf-3dad8073b2e9>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '884', 'url': 'http://archive.thetowntalk.com/usatoday/article/1721301&usatref=sportsmod?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7C%7Cp&from=global', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019759714603424072', 'original_id': '0c2642b85a69bd689591557006f002578248e0729f65e252edf2426d1f09f335'} |
When it comes to the healthiest cities in the United States, unfortunately Amarillo is not at the top of the list. In fact, we are almost at the bottom. Yikes! WalletHub recently conducted a study of 174 cities across the U.S. to see where the the most healthy and unhealthy cities are in each state.
Amarillo came in at #155 out of 174 cities. That means we are down right unhealthy. The study looked at 43 metrics of good health and assigned a weighted number to each. The data set ranges from cost of medical visit to fruit and vegetable consumption to fitness clubs per capita. But it's not all bad news. Amarillo actually scored the top spot in one of the categories measured. Amarillo has the lowest average monthly cost of a fitness club membership out of the 174 cities. That means that even though we don't have a lot of the services and amenities needed to be a healthy city, at least it is cheap to get a gym membership.
Is there anything we can do to change our ranking? It would take a lot of change to make Amarillo a healthier city, but it is possible. Our medical offerings continue to grow with more doctors and specialists moving to the area. As construction continues, we are seeing more recreation options and more park areas to enjoy. And with all that growth, we have the chance to start seeing some healthier retail option. So don't fret, Amarillo has a chance to be healthier, we just need to work at it. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9678823947906494}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '159334', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SAWBUIALQR4LTLCHTFXOIMHCHOI3EFE7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:1361e737-5802-42d3-9d0d-df0597265ec0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 11, 9, 43, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '93.184.216.192', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UD7ROYHX4Y3R2CGMRSJKQ3RQZI6LR7X2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c8e818eb-f32d-426d-b502-eca4869f8ffe>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://mix941kmxj.com/study-says-amarillo-is-one-of-the-unhealthiest-cities-in-america/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:92505f14-c050-4245-bff9-cd6127beba3e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '261', 'url': 'https://mix941kmxj.com/study-says-amarillo-is-one-of-the-unhealthiest-cities-in-america/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-184.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.31033027172088623', 'original_id': 'f86fb8169f8906802ddeb98cebf7ac113e132aa2f8a6322b0a1a315a2b082c87'} |
Constrained Optimization Routing and Its Applications
Zhanfeng Jia
(Professor Pravin P. Varaiya)
(DARPA) IPTO N66001-00-C-8062
The study of the constraint optimization routing (COR) problem is motivated by recent research efforts on the QoS routing problem of the communication network. QoS routing leads to a series of problems including link state advertisement, path selection, admission control, path setup, and path maintenance. The COR problem focuses on finding a path through the network that satisfies the QoS requirements. Conventional routing protocols characterize network links by a single metric, such as hop count. Routing protocols like RIP or OSPF find the shortest path based on this metric. For routing that supports QoS requirements, the link model must include multiple parameters such as bandwidth, cost, delay, delay jitter, loss probability, and so on. Routing protocols then become more complicated because they must find paths that satisfy multiple constraints.
The COR problem has many applications in a variety of areas such as management of transportation systems, decision-making, and mission planning. For example, in the Mixed Initiative Control for Automa-teams (MICA) Project, the unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, want to destroy valuable targets subject to possible attacks from these targets, limited fuel, and other obstacles. This path planning problem can be easily abstracted as a COR problem with constraints of hazard, path length, etc.
A latest research effort is to build a dynamic routing algorithm with traffic engineering (DRATE) framework under the structure of the COR problem. In this framework, flows come and are routed one by one with specific link metric sets. These link metric sets are calculated based on dynamic flow information in real time, such that traffic engineering objectives are achieved. The key techniques are (1) to map the traffic engineering objectives appropriately into link metric sets, and (2) to integrate multiple objectives and fit the COR structure.
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Edit this abstract | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9357727766036988}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '2653', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JP22DSJZZNTITKXQSM75FKBXPNDYOS2T', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9ebed266-7957-44e6-9150-660eef697d63>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 13, 33, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '128.32.244.172', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QCEEJCYKM4UFL3QBOGNQVEGGY2CIEERO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:68a90d3e-8a65-4878-82d3-5d681170a3a4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/XRG/Summary/Old.summaries/03abstracts/jia.1.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b030565c-1603-443e-a54d-00d2385b8917>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '306', 'url': 'http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/XRG/Summary/Old.summaries/03abstracts/jia.1.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.026055335998535156', 'original_id': 'badf3a603e8b9f3c12b310913ceec6dea10fc4df8a5db6c713aef1738dcfa71c'} |
Oberwolfach Reports
Full-Text PDF (1521 KB) | Introduction as PDF | Metadata | Table of Contents | OWR summary
Volume 10, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 3433–3485
DOI: 10.4171/OWR/2013/59
Published online: 2014-09-03
Material Theories
Antonio DeSimone[1], Stephan Luckhaus[2] and Lev Truskinovsky[3]
(1) SISSA-ISAS, Trieste, Italy
(2) Universität Leipzig, Germany
(3) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
The subject of this meeting was mathematical modeling of strongly interacting multi-particle systems that can be interpreted as advanced materials. The main emphasis was placed on contributions attempting to bridge the gap between discrete and continuum approaches, focusing on the multi-scale nature of physical phenomena and bringing new and nontrivial mathematics. The mathematical debates concentrated on nonlinear PDE, stochastic dynamical systems, optimal transportation, calculus of variations and large deviations theory.
No keywords available for this article.
DeSimone Antonio, Luckhaus Stephan, Truskinovsky Lev: Material Theories. Oberwolfach Rep. 10 (2013), 3433-3485. doi: 10.4171/OWR/2013/59 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.725852906703949}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '5324', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CZ3TM2JMMZUB4KARMU5QTHGUSBLN54SL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:86d8d36e-38f2-4c79-a398-485c10e3a1e8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 14, 22, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '91.199.146.35', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EHMCYKY5KB5S4RXYIDBXJZ4B6SB4EKBI', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0253a563-30de-4598-8fe7-de416f3121d5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.ems-ph.org/journals/show_abstract.php?issn=1660-8933&vol=10&iss=4&rank=11', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c49c003-6578-49b3-8bdc-b2a2b6b7f47b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '131', 'url': 'https://www.ems-ph.org/journals/show_abstract.php?issn=1660-8933&vol=10&iss=4&rank=11', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-165-178-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02933669090270996', 'original_id': 'd3b9eb75b7bd5205a68c4c0be0dbd4f439f130d105b8299a27fd66b7d943d738'} |
Friday, November 25, 2005
Skewed news
Meanwhile, as The Heretik wisely says:
Anonymous said...
I've seen more than one news story describing the fact that soldiers were helping out children when attacked, or that the insurgents killed innocent children. So yes, I think you are reading a bit much into this.
Cathy Young said...
Oh, I agree about the news stories in general. I'm talking specifically about The New York Times.
reader_iam said...
Re: Homicide bombings
Yes!!!! Any bombings that cause death of humans are by definition homicidal.
It's the "suicide" adjective that makes the point of either desperation or zealotry or both. It CERTAINLY doesn't, or shouldn't, make the perpetrator seem automatically more sympathetic.
I suspect that the acceptance, and popularity in some quarters, of homicide bomber, despite its inherent silliness, stems from the shocked reaction that many had to some post-9/11 rhetoric which held that the terrorists involved were "courageous" and so forth because they gave their lives for their cause. At least, that's how I remember the timeline.
And then, of course, Roger Ailes is a very shrewd promoter, who knew the time had come to tap into a different zeitgeist, one shared by a group of people who felt their worldview was not only not being addressed, but derided.
Re: Soldiers "handing out candy and food to children" being ommitted
I truly don't get why there actually seems to be a willful determination not to include this kind of detail; it just seems so petty that it actually almost gives credence to some of the more paranoid "MSM"-haters of the world. It's seems so sad, stupid, self-destructive and dishonest to me, and for what?
I was a newspaper journalist for a number of years and I treasure that part of my life. While I can be as sharply critical as anyone about various aspects of that profession as currently practiced, I'm no basher, and I'm deeply skeptical of the idea that the traditional system, as a whole, should be pitched altogether somehow and "replaced" by "citizenjournalists."
(Now, I DO like the idea of bringing more people to the party, and I DO believe that the blogosphere has been a wonderful force for accountability etc. etc. I think the presence of BOTH can be the most marvelous tonic for the body politic.)
How can the media, a group of mostly smart people, be so dumb about shooting its own profession in the foot this way? So sad.
Cathy Young said...
reader_iam: excellently said!
I also agree with you about the "MSM" vs the blogosphere.
Anonymous said...
Two points:
First... Cathy, you're absolutely right about the sheer stupidity of attempting to replace the perfectly descriptive phrase "suicide bomber" with innane "homicide bomber."
Second... to reader_iam... where do you get the idea that the media is made up of mainly smart people? Do you have any evidence to back up this contention? One of the biggest problems with the media seems to me to be the general lack of education and knowledge on the part of many reporters.
Anonymous said...
I agree with you here. The problem is that reporters simply are not very knowledgeable on many of the subjects they are called on to cover, and are not in a position to understand the complexities of what goes on. Unfortunately, it seems like they think they do.
Every newspaper story I've seen (although admittedly there haven't been many) that touches on my own area of expertise, for example, has gotten key information fundamentally wrong, in such a way that it distorts the meaning of the piece. And the really interesting thing is, in at least one instance, the information that was misreported seemed to play to liberal biases (it fit into liberal accepted wisdom on the prevalence of racism). Now I'm not suggesting that the author of the article deliberately misreported what he heard, but I do wonder if, once s/he heard something that seemed to fit the narrative, s/he didn't bother to check into it any further.
Anyway, experiences like those have caused me to look at what gets reported in the press with a much more skeptical eye.
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Are you Getting the Most Out of your Freezer?
Do not over stuff the freezer. You should not be putting more than the recommended amount on any of the shelves, as this can cause uneven freezing. On the other hand, it is also not ideal to have an empty freezer. A full freezer holds the cold better, so if it is too empty, a lot of temperature will be lost when it is opened.
Be sure that the air vents are not being blocked by items. There should be a few inches of space around the air vents to promote circulation.
Check the Temperature. The freezer should be 0° or less. Any higher can cause some foods to spoil faster or not freeze thoroughly.
Properly Store Food for the Freezer. Empty air from bags and plastic wrap, and seal them all the way. Fill containers mostly full to help prevent freezer burn. If you open a food package but don’t use all of it, move the remainder to a seal-able bag.
Keep dates on food items. Things have different lengths of time they can be in the freezer before expiring, but eventually everything loses its flavor and texture after being frozen for too long. Try rotating items so you can use the older ones first, and take inventory when you clean the freezer so you know what you have.
Don’t leave food out. The sooner you freeze something, the fresher and better it will taste when it is thawed out.
Prevent Clumping. When freezing small, soft things like berries, first freeze them separated on a baking sheet, then transfer them to a bag. This will keep them from clumping together, and allow you to take out the desired amount easier later on.
Don’t Defrost on the Counter Top. Certain things, such as meat and poultry, can run the risk of growing harmful bacteria if left at room temperature to defrost. Instead, leave it in the fridge or microwave it to thaw it.
With these tips in mind, you should be able to confidently use the freezer like a pro!
OEM parts for your major household appliances!
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I'll probably go to Honeymoon again next time I go, but I doubt if it'll be this weekend due to the holiday crowds. I'd like to get into some trout, and I've been told Honeymoon is a good trout location. I'm not sure what tide condition I shoud try for, or how much it matters. Also not sure about weather or time of day.
Yesterday the tide was running out while I was there, but where I was fishing was largely dictated by wind conditions. Maybe a different spot would've been better with that tide.
I quit fishing about 3:00 when some thunderstorms started moving in. I would have liked to fish longer, but I'm not thrilled with the idea of standing in the ocean waving a rod while lightning is in the area.
My local fly shop recommended a shrimp pattern for trout, but I've also been told to try a topwater popper when the water is murky.
With the shrimp pattern, I've been letting it sink, then retrieving it with short (4" to 6") jerks. I've tried using a steady retrieve with Clousers and Deceivers, as well as short strips with pauses.
Any suggestions you can offer will be appreciated.
Trout = trout do pass honeymoon isl during migrations to the gulf, however right now with water temps in the 80's they start out shallow and by 10am they are set up in 8-15 feet of grass bottom flats. You wont find trout right now wading. I mean you can but not consistently.
Honeymoon Isl is known for their large snook, just Google those two things and you will get all sorts of tips. None of the tips will give you any help with fly fishing because predominantly live bait is used.
If you not over grass or under a dock a shrimp pattern will not do too well.
In Florida when the water gets in the 80's "most" (people will argue) shallow water species, from 10am - 6pm will be in a deep hole, under a dock, under mangroves, or on a deep shady sea wall. Just think where you go when you get hot? That is where they go. The only way to get a good bite going during the heat is to live chum. Which is not a fly type of tactic.
Top water wont get too much action after sun-up in the summer.
So the moral to this story is that from shore, or wading is not very productive when the water is this hot. You can catch fish but nothing on fly that you wont have to work for. (like 1,000 casts)
This is the same for all of your other posts regarding areas like Fort De-Soto, and encompassing areas.
Getting a canoe or kayak is the cheapest way to find some deeper shady areas to fish in the summer for the fly guy's like us.
Now there is a lot more to this area but I get sick of typing so I'm cutting this short.
There are not many anglers on this forum in this area so I will check for your post and try to help the best I can.
__________________
"Snook are like females, you can throw your lure at them all day and they won't bite!" Graham | mini_pile | {'original_id': '58cda7a65822e6d875a6d58b8b8ead7502dd44df1f4237afb6c6e200fd68127d'} |
Posts tagged with: petroleum
Here’s OpenMarket:
As James B. Meigs writes,
Jordan J. Ballor
posted by on Thursday, June 21, 2007
Jordan J. Ballor
posted by on Wednesday, December 13, 2006
Expanding supply or managing demand?
Jordan J. Ballor
posted by on Thursday, August 10, 2006
You may have seen an op-ed in the NYT last week by Tom Friedman, who noted that when oil and gas prices go up, bad things happen in oil producing nations abroad. The tendency is for the oppressive regimes in oil producing nations to consolidate their power and be less responsive to the demands of their citizens when they have the added buffer of huge profits from the sale of oil.
And domestically many have made the claim that rising oil and gas prices are a bad thing. Many people’s pocketbooks have been hit hard, when they stop to fill up at the pump and over the course of the long winter. So many people are against high gas prices that politicians at almost every level have felt the need to respond and make some sort of gesture, token or substantive, to address the issue.
There’s no doubt that the poor, as in most cases, are disproportionately affected by high energy prices. People on fixed incomes often have trouble paying their utility bills when prices spike. Others who must commute to their jobs have trouble filling up the gas tank. Attention needs to be fixed on the people in these sorts of situations, and help should be there when they need it. It must be noted, too, that increased taxes have the same drawback as increased prices from market-pressures: they are regressive.
But for the vast majority of Americans, if addressed honestly, the rising cost of oil is more of an inconvenience than anything else. If people can afford to buy expensive new SUVs and large trucks, they can afford the pinch on their disposable income that higher gas prices mean.
Even so, the inconvenience does have the ability to change people’s behavior, and this is why I’m making the argument that high gas prices have the potential to be a good, albeit a costly one (so to speak). People might drive less, carpool more, walk to the corner store instead of driving, and so on.
But an even bigger point is this: as gas prices rise the cost relative to other forms of energy is bound to decrease. This is why so many environmental advocates have long been arguing in favor of some sort of hefty additional petroleum products tax, which would make other sources of energy more competitive.
But what so many fail to see is that the market can accomplish by itself what such artificial and authoritarian measures are intended to do. Clearly the price we pay at the gas pump includes a huge amount by way of taxes to the various levels of government. But when gas prices rise without an increase in the amount of government taxation, the market itself is making other cleaner and renewable sources of energy more competitive.
As the Cornwall Declaration observes, “A clean environment is a costly good.” This has never been more true than in the case of rising gas prices. The wealth created by market economies allows the creation of new, better, and more efficient technologies. And the market itself gives strong economic incentive to the pursuit of such endeavors, especially when oil prices are on the rise.
It’s high time that environmentalists stopped being so wishy-washy about the market. As Paul Jacobs points out, they like the market when the prices are high but hate it when they are low. On this inconsistency, Jacobs is right. But where he’s wrong, I think, is that arguing for the positive effects of the market in this case automatically means that you must otherwise be for increased taxation to accomplish the same goals.
Related Items:
“Bodies for Barrels,” The McLaughlin Group, May 5, 2006 (archived text of issue available here; search for ” Issue Two: Bodies for Barrels.”) Key quote from Tony Blankley: “I’m in favor of free markets. The people will go to smaller cars if they want them. And trying to force people to buy cars they don’t want is foolish. And anybody who wants to protect their family, particularly if you have children, you want them in a lot of steel around them. And that to me is the better call to protect your children – driving around in Suburbans and large vehicles.”
Tom Daschle and Vinod Khosla, “Miles Per Cob,” The New York Times, May 8, 2006. Another installment of the “governments create markets” fallacy.
Jordan J. Ballor, “Humanity’s creativity helps environment,” Detroit News, April 22, 2006.
Jordan J. Ballor, “Cashing in on Carbon Credits,” Acton Commentary, April 19, 2006. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2689', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9499403834342957}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '90937', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HR3GGMWIHTQVDQSNA4K6YKMDHV6FKLW4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d4321786-237a-4b9f-ba89-7c9b9b6d7494>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 12, 9, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.161.91.173', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:422BDVYFMVJKILVOABAJIVCBUPS4PJTT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f1119279-7360-49d8-99e3-a791bc2bb4aa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blog.acton.org/archives/tag/petroleum', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fffd6c88-8ebd-4b15-81a0-2aeb523d448c>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '3637', 'url': 'http://blog.acton.org/archives/tag/petroleum', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.031634509563446045', 'original_id': '0f4afaa0abc2cbfe893d8fbafa94610a73c80231f565562057a9b10f705a7a97'} |
How to Begin the Process of Child Custody for Mothers
By Demetrius Sewell
You, you, the best parent, custody
Pixland/Pixland/Getty Images
Obtaining custody of your child starts before you file a motion with your local court. Typically, a child custody judge doesn't automatically grant custody to the mother just because you are the mother. Instead, the judge considers what's in the best interest of a child when determining child custody cases. Thus, just telling the judge presiding over your case that you're the better because you're the mother isn't enough. To prove to the judge presiding over your case that you are the better parent, you must have evidence.
Understand the different types of child custody. Physical custody involves a child living with you. Legal custody consists of having the right to make decisions about your child's upbringing such as school enrollment and medical procedures. Sole custody entails one parent having custody over a child. Joint custody involves sharing custody of a child.
Keep detailed records. Your records typically include your child daily's activities and the type of outings you attend such as musicals and parent-teacher meetings.
File a complaint with local family county court. Filing a complaint, also called a pleading, starts the process of obtaining child custody. In the complaint, you specify the type of child custody you want.
You can request different types of custody arrangements. For example, you can request sole physical child custody, but share legal custody.
About the Author
Demetrius Sewell is an experienced journalist who, since 2008, has been a contributing writer to such websites as Internet Brands and print publications such as "Cinci Pulse." Sewell specializes in writing news and feature articles on health, law and finance. She has a master's degree in English.
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Monday, May 12, 2008
myanmar and china
I don't know what to say, but a space must at least be made here in which not to be able to say it. When a disaster gets too large, my mind just kicks it out of range instinctively. An effort must be made to reel it back in. Oh, damn. Damn. I have to correct myself. When a disaster is too large and too far away (read: in a non-Western country), that's when my mind seems willing to let it drift into outer space without more than perfunctory consideration. What a vapid and ugly fact. So then I have to find some part of myself that has a small pincer's grip on humanity and compassion and awakeness, and put it in charge.
It feels like this small, not-insane part of myself is like a feeble subsitute teacher in a classroom full of hostile, apathetic high school students with ADD. The kids are just back from lunch and they're either stoned to the gills or zooming around on Red Bull. Plus, it's the substitute's first day ever on the job, and also the substitute has no lesson plan. The substitute is also physically unprepossessing and dressed unfashionably. Pale, a little sweaty. Hair unfortunate. Small voice. Not resonant. Also, the class is large. Fifty kids at a minimum.
Okay, the subject is massive human loss of life and also buried xenophobia. Hit it, sub.
Yeah, so that's what it feels like, and I don't even think the substitute is writing this post. I think at best we have a mildly sympathetic student in charge of this entry. Massive loss of life. Oh, yeah....that sucks. Totally, I bet it sucks. But, um, I have a magazine here on my desk, I want to read it. It's got, um, hairstyles in it. And famous people.
Hundreds of children crushed to death in a school. I don't want to understand. I don't want to understand. I don't want to understand. All Finns. All Finns. Everyone killed by the cyclone, no matter the age, all Finns. Everyone left alive. The old woman in Myanmar who was given a blanket for a photo op, only to have it taken away from her again when the cameras were gone. And then someone else tried to give her a blanket later and she was too afraid to accept it. She couldn't go through having it taken away again. An old, female Finn. Infinitely precious. Grief to infinity times so many thousands. Not vice versa. I want the picture of thousands of little dark silhouettes of people each alone under an enormous starry sky, facing infinity in the form of sorrow. I don't know what I'm saying and I don't care, I'm just trying to say something, I don't know what I'm doing, I'm not the teacher or the student, I have no plan. I'm just opening my mouth and making a sound.
I have no idea what I'm doing. I don't know the good way to crack myself open for this.
A Drastic Remedy: The case for intervention in Burma
'No Hope' for Children Buried in Earthquake"
Eve said...
No no no no no....
Certainlia said...
more peace more peace more peace. chant it like a mantra and then make it a real thing. it's the only self improvement worth undertaking. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9751353859901428}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '77640', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WHGKNYENJRCEKDFJRIHM4QM24FCQ4AC5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b5bb179c-75a1-4532-923a-7df5455a9d43>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 7, 27, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DM3KWHJ2GO5I7CM3CXELSBY5BK4DQYEM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f42e7e34-0499-4fa1-a70e-10629bdd4a47>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://gallivantingmonkey.blogspot.com/2008/05/myanmar-and-china.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7ce0bdad-b565-46d9-ac56-636ed2554f73>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '560', 'url': 'http://gallivantingmonkey.blogspot.com/2008/05/myanmar-and-china.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-84-172.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.041699230670928955', 'original_id': '66713ff063bdd924548aa4d9291cbb4b60f3c8aa7f415ba1ad986eac2bac0a7d'} |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm trying to explore some encryption options on Microsoft SQL Server 2005.
I've recently got around SQL Server 2008 and was able to enable Transparent Data Encryption (TDE). Now I'm trying to figure out encryption options for SQL Server 2005.
Can someone tell me how to achieve TDE for SQL Server 2005? If that's not possible, can someone point me in the right direction? I also understand that cell level encryption must be done on the application side.
PS: The server edition is Standard Edition. I've been trying to find answers for 2005 for a few hours now but most are for SQL Server 2008.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
This article on msdn indicates it's a new feature in SQL Server 2008. To me that means it's not available in 2005.
There are a lot of resources available with step-by-step guides for other data encryption types in 2005, though. I think it's probably beyond the scope of a question on a Q&A site, however.
share|improve this answer
TDE is a new feature in SQL Server 2008. You can do column level encryption of the data within the database or in the application tier but that's about it.
What's the goal of the encryption? Protecting data in the database? Protecting data in the data file? Protecting data in the backup files? Etc?
share|improve this answer
Protecting data in the database. Eg physical file is stolen or somehow accessed from an unwanted party. – Kal Jan 21 '12 at 3:19
On SQL 2005 then your only option is going to be encrypting the data within the columns. If you were looking to only protect the backups then third party backup tools would be an option for you to encrypt the backups, but to protect the actual data file you don't have a whole lot of options. – mrdenny Jan 21 '12 at 6:30
Your Answer
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Quel beau printemps. Princesse ! et dire que je ne pourrai en jouir nulle part à vos côtés ! Je mets à vos pieds l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCVII Ce 17 mai. Princesse, Je savoure d'avance l'odorant présent d'ananas. C'est me gâter vraiment ! Je suis tout à fait mieux et comme aupara vant, – de plus, avec la sécurité, – Ricord étant guéri et Phillips m'ayant prouvé toute son habileté. Je ne suis plus, en un mot, qu'un infirme et un invalide, non un malade. La joie se loge où elle peut. C'est bien que Feuillet soit à Fontainebleau : c'est une résidence de roi. On dit que son roman 1 dans la Revue est bien. Je suis tout à vous, Princesse, du fond du coeur et avec un tendre et inviolable attachement. 1. Monsieur de Camors. CCVIII Ce 23 mai. Princesse, Oui, travaillez ferme pour le succès de cette affaire Berthelot. Je vous jure que c'est une belle et bonne chose. Mais Duruy n'a que des idées inférieures en fait d'enseignement et d'études. Cet ordre de sciences le dépasse. Il n'était bon qu'à être un très-bon applicateur et inspecteur sous un chef. Il n'y a que l'empereur pour lui dire : Je le veux, faites ! Je prends bien part en idée à ces fatigues du monde ; vous suffisez à tout, vous y excellez ; mais la nature la plus royale elle-même a besoin de ces temps de repos et de sommeil. Mais je n'en suis pas là, Princesse, où votre affection se figure. Hier, j'ai fait une sortie en voiture en compagnie et sous l'oeil du docteur Phillips, qui a voulu observer de près mes gênes. Il a suivi jusqu'au bout sa petite expérience et le résultat lui a paru rassurant. Reste, toutefois, l'état d'empêchement, qui est mon fonds de tristesse. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCIX Ce samedi. Princesse, Je tremble toujours quand je vois toutes ces fêtes monstres 1 : la folie a tant de chances de s'y glisser 2 ! Pour moi, ce sont moins les fous encore qui m'indignent que les sots, ces avocats en robe qui, la veille, insultent un hôte, compromettent la France et font une gaminerie indigne dans le parvis même où siége la justice 3. Oh ! la logique 1. L'Exposition universelle de 1867, et tout ce qu'elle entraînait de manifestations et de réjouissances officielles. 2. Allusion à l'attentat de Berezowski contre l'empereur de Russie, après la revue du bois de Boulogne (6 juin 1867). 3. On avait crié : Vive la Pologne ! sur le passage du czar, pendant sa visite au palais de justice. n'est pas notre fort. Espérons qu'il y aura une réaction tout à côté de la sottise. Nous payerons nous toujours de déclamations ? – Tout ce qui se passe d'ailleurs, vu de loin et par un moine (le moine malgré lui que je suis), n'est certes pas sans grandeur ; c'est un spectacle unique, et je ne puis m'empêcher de croire que la civilisation au sens le plus élevé y gagnera. Je cherche à deviner quelques-unes de vos pensées, Princesse, et à me mettre en harmonie avec elles. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et respectueux attachement. CCX Ce 14 juin 1867. Princesse, Je n'ai guère personne sous la main pour me renseigner, et Nisard serait à cet égard la pierre de touche, puisqu'il s'agit d'un de ses fonctionnaires. Il me semble toutefois que vingt-cinq francs la leçon est tout à fait un maximum des plus honorables. Voilà un léger répit dans cette avalanche de fêtes ; j'en jouis pour vous, Princesse, et vais vous savoir avec plaisir sous ces beaux arbres de Saint-Gratien. Avec plaisir et le coeur gros, tout bas ! En suis-je donc exclu pour toujours ? – Et pourtant je n'ai pas péché comme Adam pour ne plus avoir le droit d'entrer dans le jardin ! Si Phillips me débarrassait cet automne et me délivrait des obstacles qui me clouent à ma chaise, il n'y aurait pas assez d'autels à lui dresser. Je suis à vous, Princesse, avec un tendre et respectueux attachement. CCXI Ce lundi. Princesse, Voici la brochure. Livrez-vous à une de ces belles colères qui font que ceux qui vous aiment vous aiment mieux et faites-m'en part. J'ai répondu. J'ai beau faire, j'ai un faible (reste de mes souvenirs de jeunesse) pour ceux qui osent en art, fût-ce un peu à tort et à travers. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de ma gratitude et de mon inviolable attachement. CCXII Ce 5 juillet 1867. Princesse, ... Le docteur Phillips a été très-flatté de savoir que son cottage avait été honoré d'une telle visite. Il rêve pour moi des voyages en barque. Moi qui me sens, je souris et suis peu crédule à tant d'espoir. Princesse, je mets à vos pieds l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXIII Ce 9 juillet. Princesse, Je suis bien sensible à ce bon intérêt. On a voulu, en effet, me donner des tracas, et j'ai eu une vraie peine pour cette affaire de l'École normale, en ayant été comme l'occasion directe 1. 1. L'École normale venait d'être licenciée, à la suite de la publication d'une lettre de félicitation, écrite par les élèves à M. Sainte-Beuve pour sa vigoureuse défense des droits de la pensée au Sénat, dans les séances des 29 mars et 25 juin 1867. Dans la lettre suivante à M. Duruy, M. Sainte-Beuve prend la défense d'un des meilleurs élèves de l'École dont la faute ori ginelle était d'avoir tenu la plume au nom de ses camarades. « Ce 22 juillet 1867. Il Monsieur et cher ministre, Laissez-moi vous parler, à mon tour, d'une affaire à laquelle je suis si fort intéressé et qui m'a causé un vrai chagrin. Vous avez assisté au commencement de cet orage le jour où vous étiez au Sénat, ce jour où vous avez si bien défendu votre loi d'enseignement primaire, et où j'ai subi cette avanie (l'apostrophe de M. Lacaze et du maréchal Canrobert). Depuis lors, je ne crois pas qu'il y ait rien eu de ma faute, et cepen dant tout s'est passé comme si je m'étais rendu coupable de L'inconcevable faiblesse de... et la roideur non moins incroyable de... ont dès l'abord brouillé une affaire qui devait se terminer à l'intérieur. – L'absence du ministre a failli mettre les choses au pire. J'espère que tout est réparé depuis hier soir et que cela finira par l'éloignement temporaire d'un très-bon élève qui n'est pas plus coupable que les autres et qui rentrera après une courte éclipse. quelque méfait politique. J'ose me flatter que ce n'est pas vous qui êtes de cet avis ; car au fond notre cause n'est pas si éloignée ni si distante, et je ne vais si en avant que parce que je n'ai pas la même responsabilité. Je viens faire appel à votre esprit de justice en faveur du jeune élève L..., dont je puis au besoin vous montrer les lettres. Cette correspondance, entamée par lui, au sujet de la loterie de bienfaisance de l'Ecole, s'est trouvée ensuite contenir, au milieu du remerciement pour le lot que j'avais envoyé, le paragraphe dit d'adresse qu'on a eu le tort de publier. Tout le tort est là, pas ailleurs, comme vous le verriez par la suite même des lettres. L'autre tort retombe en entier sur M.... qui n'a pas su attendre votre arrivée et réserver jusque-là l'état de l'École et le sort des personnes. Ce jeune élève L..., frappé à cause de moi, choisi d'abord entre tous ses camarades sans être plus coupable qu'aucun, mérite votre indulgence, et il n'a en rien mérité ce coup précipité que les... ont pris sur eux de lui appliquer. Il est devenu mon client naturel. Vous concevrez mieux que personne, monsieur et cher ministre, le sentiment qui m'anime dans cette requête que j'ai Quant au cartel Lacaze-Heeckeren, c'est une chose que j'ai dû mener à ma manière ; au fond, j'y vois du ridicule et un peu d'odieux. J'espère que l'opinion est pour moi, si j'en crois le battement du pouls qui se fait vivement sentir. J'ose espérer, Princesse, que vous m'accorderez en tout ceci quelque crédit, absent que je suis, sentant autrement que bien des personnes qui ne sont pas du même milieu que moi et qui l'honneur de vous adresser. Vous avez sans doute écouté jus qu'ici beaucoup de sénateurs : daignez en écouter un qui paraît l'être bien peu, au cas qu'on fait de lui, mais qui tâchera de compter pour sa part et pour sa voix, et qui est du moins de vos amis. Avec toutes mes excuses et mes respects. » La justice, qu'invoquait M. Sainte-Beuve, fut rendue, et, vers la fin des vacances, il reçut ce billet de M. Danton, directeur du personnel au ministère de l'instruction. publique : « 29 septembre 1867. « Monsieur, « En faisant donner à M.L... un poste que les normaliens, reçus agrégés, n'obtiennent pas toujours, je savais que je vous serais agréable ; mais je tenais aussi à satisfaire ma conscience, en réparant, à l'égard de ce jeune homme, une mesure prise malgré moi. – J'ai dû, par convenance, laisser ignorer au public mon opinion sur cette affaire ; mais rien ne m'empêche de vous dire que, si j'avais été le maître, ce n'est pas l'École normale qui aurait été licenciée.. etc. » ne sont pas obligées de voir ces questions sous le même jour. J'espère encore une fois que je ne sortirai pas de toute cette lutte diminué ni aplati, et que je paraîtrai encore digne d'être votre ami. Mais que ces grands corps de l'État, que ces grandes assemblées sont loin d'être présidées comme elles devraient l'être ! Que d'impré voyances ! Daignez agréer, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inaltérable attachement. Votre protégée du Conservatoire, Mlle C..., va passer, avec sa mère malade, une saison à Enghien. Cette mère est une personne des plus distinguées ; la jeune personne est très-bien, très-gentille. Une ambition de la pauvre mère serait de conduire un jour, un matin, sa fille à Saint-Gratien, et peut-être que vous pour riez l'entendre un quart d'heure chanter à ce piano que Mme de Fly tient si agréablement. Vous jugeriez de cette jeune voix. Je parle peu de ma santé, – la même, mais sans mieux. CCXIV Ce 20 juillet 1867. Princesse, Un vrai découragement que j'ai tout au fond de moi m'empêche d'écrire, à moins que je n'y sois provoqué. Qu'écrire, en effet, quand jé sais le fond et que (malgré les bonnes paroles d'indulgents médecins) mon état ne reviendra jamais tel que la vie sociale me soit encore permise ? J'ai dit à l'aimable docteur Phillips votre bonne grâce, dont, certes, il usera prochainement. J'ai eu des nouvelles de Saint-Gratien de divers côtés, et par Sacy, heureux, jeune, rayonnant, plein d'une belle flamme : j'ai le feu, la flamme m'est refusée. Ces bonnes et excellentes personnes, Mme C... et sa fille, sont à Enghien, logées à l'établissement même des bains. Il y aurait bien à dire sur cette solution normale ; M. Duruy dira ce qu'il voudra : tout ceci a été mal mené et mal conclu. Qu'il répare de son mieux à l'avenir ! L'avenir préoccupe un peu : après les fêtes et le décor, on se retrouve en présence de la réalité. Que médite-t-on ? Quelles chances nous réserve l'année qui vient ? La tête de bronze – celle que vous auriez quelquefois voulu casser pour savoir ce qu'elle renferme – nous garde t-elle quelque surprise ? L'idée seule que cela est possible est un inconvénient et tient les choses en échec. Personne n'ose s'abandonner. Ces questions, que je me pose comme chacun, me seraient toutefois légères si je pouvais, comme autrefois, courir, errer, me retrouver, ne fût-ce que quelques heures, sous les ombrages embellis par votre présence. Présent ou absent, je suis à vous, Princesse, d'un tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXV Ce 25 juillet. Princesse, Ils ont beau dire, les docteurs ! les meilleurs ne savent pas ce que j'éprouve et où le bât me blesse. Je sens, je me tais, je gouverne mon mal comme je puis, je cause un quart d'heure ou dix minutes tous les huit jours avec l'excellent docteur, qui a la sagesse d'attendre, de ne pas insister sur le point inconnu et de voir venir la saison. Mais aller, mais sortir, mais prendre une voiture, mais sourire et voir sourire, mais être gai (tout heureux que je suis de savoir la gaieté des autres et d'entendre l'écho des voix amies), c'est plus que je n'en saurais demander à mon esprit, devenu silencieux et sévère. Pardonnez-moi, ô la plus aimable des amies ! si vous n'étiez la plus ravissante ou séduisante (le mot est de Gavarni) des princesses ! Je crains bien que l'Académie, cette fois-ci, ne chauffe pas encore pour notre cher Gautier si Henri Martin se met en avant. Il serait bien digne de votre bonté de lui avoir un dédommage ment et de lui ménager un peu d'appui pour son beau et fier talent, un peu las et saturé. La saturation, il y a un moment où cela vient dans ce repas qu'on appelle la vie : il ne faut qu'une goutte alors pour faire déborder la coupe du dégoût. J'ai quelquefois pensé que, malgré le plaisir que je prenais à vivre depuis quelques années dans ce cercle heureux où je rencontrais un charme, je pouvais, moi aussi, en venir à cette disposition rassasiée où le coeur se noie. – Mais je ne serai point ingrat, quoi qu'il arrive, et le sort, en somme, ne m'aura point maltraité. Il m'aura traité bien mieux qu'un nombre infini de mes semblables qui valaient autant ou mieux que moi ; et j'aurai eu des journées qui, par leur distinction et leur douceur embellie, comptent plus à elles seules que bien des années vulgaires. Je suis à vous, Princesse, d'un tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXVI Ce 11 août 1867. Princesse, Je me le reproche. Je n'aime à écrire que sur des faits particuliers, j'aime peu à remuer mes sentiments ; ils sont voilés, ils sont ternes et tristes. Depuis quelque temps, j'ai une singulière vue des choses : j'assiste, je ne vis pas 1. J'ai vu les Goncourt à leur retour de Saint-Gratien : mieux de santé, bien d'esprit et d'entrain. Ce petit ruban, qui plaît apparemment quand on est encore jeune, leur viendra-t-il à temps et non dédoublé ? Votre bonne grâce y pense, mais ailleurs il y a si peu de bonne grâce ! L... l'aura à coup sûr ; il est à la source, il le désire, il rend depuis quelque temps des services agréables par sa plume ; je ne vois pas pour lui de chance de manquer cette gloriole qui, dans le cabinet d'un ministre, est de tenue et de rigueur. J'aurais aimé à entendre M. Benedetti, même muet sur les choses d'État ; mais il y a tant d'accessoires intéressants sur les hommes et les choses ! Et il voit si bien, il dit si net ! On m'a dit que le jeune et beau Giraud 2 était revenu attristé et non tout à fait guéri ; qu'en est-il ? 1. C'est le mot d'une lettre de Ducis à Bernardin de Saint-Pierre : « Je ne vis pas, j'assiste. » 2. Fils et neveu des peintres de ce nom. Je remercie bien son aimable père d'une pen sée si hospitalière qu'il a eue pour moi. Mais ce qui n'est pas une distance, ce qui n'est qu'une enjambée quand on est bien, devient tout de suite une immensité quand chaque pas coûte. On m'a dit de singulières choses sur le départ du précepteur impérial, M. Monnier. Le discours de Duruy a peu réussi au dehors 1. Toute cette branche si délicate est bien étrangement menée. Mais on a tout dit là-dessus. Je fais mes compliments à Hébert 2 ; il a eu quelques ennuis et beaucoup aussi de satisfactions. Il est assez haut pour que l'envie s'en mêle. Je lui fais mon compliment. Mon cher docteur Phillips est sous le charme de la bonté et de l'ouverture qu'il a rencontrée dans la châtelaine de Saint-Gratien. Je suis, Princesse, avec un tendre et inviolable attachement, tout vôtre. SAINTE-BEUVE. 1. Le discours de distribution des prix au concours général (7 août 1867). 2. M. Hébert, directeur de l'Académie de France à Rome, venait d'être nommé officier de la Légion d'honneur. CCXVII Ce 21 août 1867. Princesse, Pendant que le groupe heureux est à votre suite, pendant que vous allez chercher l'air de la mer, j'admire qu'on puisse faire un mouvement sous cette pesante chaleur qui nous accable à Paris. Il y aura toujours, malgré votre amitié, une difficulté pour les Goncourt : ils sont deux, il faut deux croix, et les ministres sont avares. Ce qu'on m'a dit de M. Monnier est un peu vague : le général Frossard l'aurait traité en pékin, et... il n'aurait pu s'y soumettre. Éloigné d'abord, il serait revenu sur les larmes du jeune prince ; mais les mêmes difficultés se renouvelant, il serait parti une bonne fois, sans dédommagement aucun, et devant rentrer à son grade dans quelque collége. Tout ceci n'est sans doute pas définitif. L'influence de Mme C..., qui s'exerçait sous M. Monnier, serait atteinte du même coup. Enfin, le général Frossard et le curé de la Madeleine auraient l'un et l'autre le champ libre à l'avenir. M. Berthelot n'a eu qu'une consolation sèche avec cette rosette. Il y a (Duruy étant impos sible à réduire) quelque chose à essayer auprès du ministre des travaux publics, si M. de Forcade de la Roquette veut bien s'y prêter. On reviendrait, moyennant détour, au même résultat, et la bonne volonté de l'empereur aurait son issue de ce côté. J'aurai l'honneur d'expliquer cela verbalement à Votre Altesse à la première occasion. On me dit l'esquisse d'Hébert des mieux réussies. A sa place, il me semble que je réussirais comme lui. Rien de nouveau ne venant varier ma vie stagnante, je regarde, je réfléchis, je ne trouve rien, mais je me souviens, et toute plainte s'arrête devant cette douceur tranquille des souvenirs. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXVIII Ce 4 septembre. Princesse, J'espère aussi que dans ce cas les deux n'en feront qu'un et verront surtout dans cette distinction 1 la preuve d'une amitié si précieuse et si honorable, qui a dû forcer la main aux tièdes et aux récalcitrants. Voilà un nouveau roman de Mme Sand 2 dédié à l'Américain Harrisse : il aura eu aussi sa croix d'honneur. – Avez-vous lu Monsieur de Camors, Princesse, et qu'en dites-vous ? C'est mieux, dit-on, que le précédent roman 3, avec des parties fort habiles et fort agréables, mais le princi pal personnage est systématiquement odieux... – Il y a eu une lettre très-spirituelle de Villemot à Veuillot : c'est gai et fort juste. Cette justesse est rare et chacun exagère a qui mieux mieux. Cela est plus sensible à qui ne bouge de 1. M. Edmond de Goncourt venait d'être décoré. 2. Cadio. 3. Histoire de Sibylle. sa place et se borne à regarder. J'attends avec une sorte d'impatience l'automne, et il me semble que, si je puis encore avoir le bonheur de vous recevoir, j'aurai l'impression d'être encore des vivants. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, mon tendre et respectueux hommage. CCXIX Ce 8 septembre. Princesse, J'ai lu ces charmants vers, où respire le parfum et comme la bouffée du printemps de la vie. La séve découle du jeune arbre en fleurs. – Il y a un vif sentiment d'harmonie. Il n'y a plus qu'à appliquer à quelque sujet cette jeune poésie encore errante. Ces sujets se rencontreront bien d'eux-mêmes. Je complimente l'aimable jeune homme dont le talent prend des ailes. Je suis charmé de la réponse du chevalier de G... Oh ! si dans tout ce que nous désirons il nous en arrivait seulement la moitié, que nous aurions de grâces à rendre ! Je vois quelquefois ce bon M. Giraud, à qui il n'arrive rien et qui me semble avoir repris toute sa vivacité sociale et son entrain affectueux. L'histoire vaut mieux que le roman, même pour l'amusement. Nous disions cela l'autre jour avec M. Benedetti. Il y a un livre assez curieux à lire et à avoir : Maurice, comte de Saxe 1, par le comte Vitzthum d'Eckstaedt ; cela se trouve chez le libraire Klincksieck, rue de Lille, 11. C'est -en français et d'une lecture très-agréable, en même temps que neuf. On y a les lettres mêmes du maréchal de Saxe, sauf l'orthographe. A force de vivre tranquille et sur place, j'ai la pensée bien stagnante ; je réfléchis, mais je n'ai pas de moi-même le mouvement. Je m'accoutume à cet état mélancolique et philosophique. Quand je me retrouve cependant en votre présence, Princesse, je m'aperçois que je voudrais mieux rendre. Je mets à vos pieds l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. 1. M. Sainte-Beuve a publié une étude sur cet ouvrage (Nouveaux Lundis, tome XI). CCXX Ce 27 septembre. Princesse, Je suis tenu au courant par des amis qui vont et viennent. Je sais vos ennuis ; j'ai lu Charles Blanc plaidant pour la vallée 1. Ces morts sont un grand embarras. Pourquoi ne pas permettre à ceux qui le voudraient la méthode de l'antiquité : le bûcher et les cendres ? – Que d'embarras pendant la vie ! que d'embarras après la mort ! J'ai aussi mon chemin qui me tourmente, et je crains que tous ces soins que je viens de pren dre pour un nid final où je resterai coi jusqu'au grand déménagement, n'aboutissent, et assez vite, à une expropriation qui, dans l'état peu commode où je suis, me refasse errant. A quand donc le repos ? Le malade dont vous parlez ne se remet nul1. nul1. vallée de Montmorency, où devait passer le convoi des morts pour le cimetière projeté de Méry-sur-Oise. lement ; il est seulement très-lent à mourir. Mais il n'y a jamais eu de mieux que dans les jour naux. – Il tenait plus de place qu'il ne fera de vide 1. Gautier ne s'ennuiera pas ; il a l'esprit fin et bien fertile dans le détail des choses. Ce qu'il trouve, ce qu'il voit et ce qu'il peint est inimaginable. Il a fait un morceau sur la poésie de ce temps-ci, destiné à faire partie des rapports Duruy, que l'on me dit très-beau. Théo, enfin, a de la sensibilité plus qu'on ne le suppose de loin, et il a le coeur ému autant que l'esprit en pré sence de la vraie beauté. L'humanité, dès qu'on l'abandonne à elle-même, n'est pas encore prête à devenir sage. Ce congrès extravagant 2 le prouve. Il y a des gens qui pensent que le meilleur moyen de guérir les hommes des folies est de commencer par les sera bientôt. C'est quelquefois vrai pour les hommes dans leur jeunesse : les fous deviennent sages, les mauvais sujets deviennent des hommes 1. Le docteur Vérou, mort le même jour. 2. Le congrès de Genève. sérieux et plus habiles que les autres. Le remède pourtant est chanceux pour les nations et les sociétés. Je ne suis pas de ceux qui péchent par trop d'espérance. J'apprends avec plaisir et sans surprise que le portrait d'Hébert marche et avance à ravir. Il n'y a d'espérance et de bonheur que pour quel ques-uns, dans des coins réservés, autour de quelques êtres de choix. Mais ces iles de bonheur ne sont guère permises de nos jours : trop d'accidents et de naufrages les environnent, trop de lignes de paquebots les traversent. On est pourtant heureux d'avoir connu et de connaître de ces rares oasis, dût-on en être un jour exilé. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXI Ce 9 octobre 1867. Princesse, Je reçois ce matin votre bonne lettre, et M. Giraud, qui part pour Saint-Gratien, me vient voir et nous parlons de vous. Il vous dira mes voeux et mes regrets ; il m'a paru tout à fait jeune et en train de revivre. Je suis fort touché du souvenir de la reine 1 gracieuse qui a daigné songer à un absent. Pour moi, je me rappelle une soirée au Palais-Royal où ce pauvre docteur Rayer et moi nous avons tenu tête à cette spirituelle Majesté dans l'absence de tous les fumeurs. Il n'y avait que nous deux d'hommes dans le salon. Dans ces cas-là, on fait ce qu'on peut. Où est ce temps ? où en sont les deux causeurs 2 ?... Des deux morts dont vous me parlez, Princesse, il y en avait un à qui le public, à tort ou à raison, reconnaissait une qualité qui paraît bien simple : il savait que 2 et 2 font 4, et on ne lui faisait pas dire que cela faisait 53. Si on le regrette, c'est parce qu'il avait ce mérite-là. Il paraît que, quand il s'agit des finances publi ques, il y a des gens qui calculent autrement et qui inventent une arithmétique. 1. La reine des Pays-Bas. 2. Le docteur Rayer est mort le 40 septembre 1867. 3. M. Achille Fould, qui venait de mourir à Tarbes le 5 octobre 1867. Que de mécomptes en ce moment ! et laissez-moi vous le dire, Princesse, quel désarroi de l'opinion ! Comme tout semble flotter au hasard ! Comment personne ne présente-t-il à l'empe reur, dans un court tableau résumé, l'état vrai des esprits, l'espèce de démoralisation politique qui s'est emparée de l'opinion et qu'on a le tort de laisser durer depuis des mois ? Qu'attend-on ? Pourquoi faire des parties sur mer par un mauvais temps là-bas, quand on pourrait si bien jouir ici à Paris du mauvais temps et peut-être conjurer aussi des vents contraires ? Je ne conçois rien à cette façon de faire ou plutôt de ne pas faire. Connaît-on bien le caractère de ce peuple-ci qui passe sans cesse de l'extrême confiance à l'extrême contraire, qui est toujours le même à travers les siècles et les régimes divers, sur lequel il ne faut jamais compter, hormis dans des instants où l'on peut tout en effet ? Mais ces moments passés et quand reprend l'accès opposé, on ne saurait trop veiller, trop avoir la main au gouvernail, être présent, attentif à tout et toujours. Et surtout pas de ces apparences d'interrègne. – Voilà ce que se disent ou pensent tous ceux qui sont attachés de coeur à ce grand régime (quand ils n'y tiendraient pas par le devoir et par tous les intérêts) et qui ne désirent autre chose que de voir les grandes et nobles qualités, auxquelles la France doit tant, se manifester d'une manière efficace, présente et vive, de manière à dissiper ces vilains brouillards qu'on laisse de plus en plus s'épaissir et dont l'effet immanquable est de dérouter. Une nouvelle intervention à Rome serait une faute mortelle. On ne s'enchaîne pas avec obstination à une telle caducité ! je veux parler du pouvoir temporel. Qu'on relise ce qu'en a dit Napoléon Ier. Non, on ne saurait refaire une telle faute. Quel bon moment on a manqué, il y a quelques années, quand M. dé la Valette y était ambassadeur ! Mais ce n'est pas une raison, une faute faite, pour en faire une plus grosse. On soutient une branche faible, on ne soutient pas à perpétuité une branche condamnée et morte. Excusez, Princesse, ces divagations d'un rêveur qui n'a pas à se distraire avec les aimables hôtes de Saint-Gratien et qui rumine dans son gîte. – On ne me reprendra plus à causer ainsi politique quand je vous parle ; j'ai mieux à faire en vous écoutant et en vous redisant les senti ments de reconnaissance, de tendre et inviolable attachement que je vous ai voués. CCXXII Ce 16 octobre 1867. Princesse, Me voici en requête comme cela avait lieu si souvent. La pauvre petite Mlle Marie C... est rentrée dans sa classe du Conservatoire : elle passe un examen pour la Chapelle aujour d'hui même. La lettre de sa mère, que je joins ici, vous dira l'objet de son voeu. Cette charmante mère est de plus en plus infirme du genou. J'ai eu des nouvelles de Saint-Gratien par mon docteur Phillips. J'espère que nous aurons le bonheur de vous ravoir bientôt. Je réclamerai de vos bontés l'un des premiers jours du retour pour étrenner mon nouveau salon. Il va être tout à fait gentil et aussi gai que je voudrais l'être. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXIII Ce 16 octobre (deuxième lettre). Princesse, Vous êtes l'indulgence même : je me rassure donc. Ces pauvres dames C... sortent de chez moi, la petite toute émue. Elle venait de passer son examen, et, à ce. qu'elle dit (les cantatrices sont comme les poëtes), elle avait mal passé, gênée et contrariée par B..., qui avait ralenti exprès l'accompagnatrice aux moments les plus vifs et avait tout fait pour la faire manquer. Elle craint qu'Auber ne soit impressionné défavorablement. – Je l'ai rassurée et j'ai dit que, pour cette admission à la Chapelle, tout était au mieux, étant remis entre vos mains. Ces soixante francs par mois de la Chapelle sont pour ces dames une ressource bien néces¬ saire afin de suffire à un maître de chant, H ustache, répétiteur à l'Opéra et maître excellent qui remplacera utilement pour la jeune per sonne le Conservatoire. Je remets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre attachement. CCXXIV Ce lundi. Princesse, Voilà vos dons qui recommencent : je me régalerai de ces poires de Saint-Gratien, car je suis moins que jamais indifférent aux rares pe tits plaisirs qui me restent. J'ai eu grand bonheur hier à vous revoir, et quelque chose me dit que je suis maintenant moins loin de vous. Veuillez agréer, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXV Ce 30 octobre. Princesse, J'ai vu hier matin cette charmante fille de Théophile Gautier, Mme Catulle Mendès ; elle venait avec son mari pour me parler de vos bienveillances et de l'objet où elles pourraient s'ap pliquer en faveur de ce mari, poëte lui-même, , et pour qui tous emplois ne seraient pas indifféremment bons. Une visite qui m'est survenue m'a empêché de continuer l'entretien sur ce point, qui est toutefois l'important. Elle mérite bien intérêt, talent si délicat dans une forme si belle. Je la voyais pour la première fois d'assez près et distincte de sa soeur ; elle m'a charmé. Est-ce qu'il n'y aurait rien de possible dans les beaux-arts ? ou peut-être à l'intérieur, M. de la Valette étant si bienveillant ? Mais il faut pour cela qu'il reste. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et respectueux attachement. CCXXVI Ce 8 novembre, vendredi. Princesse, Hier, en vous apercevant, le tapissier s'est piqué d'honneur, il a rougi pour moi ; et dès aujourd'hui le petit salon est prêt, les tapis sont renouvelés, enfin le petit logis est moins indigne de vous recevoir. La semaine prochaine, oserai-je vous propo ser ou jeudi, ou vendredi, ou même mercredi, le jour à votre convenance, pour cette fête tant attendue de moi ? Vous auriez la bonté encore, une fois le jour choisi par vous, de le dire à Mme Espinasse, qui serait par vous invitée comme elle doit l'être, ne pouvant me le permettre moi-même. J'avertirai aussitôt le surintendant, auquel je tiens fort pour mille et une raisons, dont la principale est le plaisir que j'aurai à le voir. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXVII Ce dimanche. Princesse, J'ai été très-heureux l'autre jour et plus que je ne l'ai pu marquer. Ma fatigue était surtout dans la voir et, par un singulier guignon, le rhume, que je n'ai jamais, avait choisi ce jour-là pour¬ me prendre au gosier. J'aurais voulu vous pouvoir plus retenir et nos aimables convives ; mais vous-même avez paru à un moment un peu souffrante, Princesse. Êtes-vous tout à fait bien ? Je continue de ne pouvoir dire trois mots sans tousser ; mais maintenant, et jusqu'à ce que je vous revoie, ça m'est bien égal. . Phillips est venu dès le lendemain s'assurer que son sujet allait bien pour l'essentiel. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de ma tendre gratitude et de mon inviolable attachement. CCXXVIII Ce mardi. Princesse, Ce sont des infamies ! Cette condamnation ne peut être qu'une condamnation pour de petits vers qui auront paru trop légers. Il me semble en avoir un vague souvenir. Il importerait de savoir au juste de quelle nature précise est cette condamnation. Si c'est ce que je suppose, il n'y a pas lieu à tant de puritanisme, l'enfant était mineur 1. Quoi ! toute une vie brisée parce qu'à dix-neuf ans on aura été jeune ! Je ne vois rien en ce moment, Princesse, que ma haine contre les méchants. A vos pieds l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. 1. M. Catulle Mendès. CCXXIX Ce 28 novembre. J'écris à l'instant à T... pour le faire rougir de son procédé et pour lui dire ce que j'en pense. Tenez ferme, Princesse, et le mal ne se con sommera pas. A vos pieds l'hommage -de mon tendre et in violable attachement. CCXXX Ce vendredi 29. Princesse, Il y a eu erreur dans la conjecture. Ma lettre a vite atteint M.T... : il est venu me voir à la minute. Il ne connaissait pas M. Catulle Mendès et n'en savait rien que ce que je lui ai moi-même appris. Le cousin (et non neveu) de lui, dont il a été question, ne désirait que permuter une place qu'il a au Crédit foncier, pour une place (fût-elle moindre d'appointements) à la maison de l'empereur, et ce cousin n'est nullement concurrent de M. Mendès pour la place en question. – M.T..., à qui j'ai dit ma note pour le maréchal 1, la trouvée juste et a ajouté qu'il la signerait. Mais que de misères et de mystères pour une simple bonne action que votre bonté vous a sug gérée, et que ces corridors et ces entre-sols de ministères renferment donc de méchantes allées et venues et d'intrigues ! 1. Le maréchal Vaillant, à qui M. Sainte-Beuve avait adressé la note suivante : « J'apprends avec peine que M. Catulle Mendès est près d'être exclu de la bienveillance du maréchal pour un fait de jeunesse, remontant à six ans passés. Ce n'est point un fait de moeurs, c'est un fait de presse. Ce jeune homme a publié quel ques vers trop libres, il a eu tort, mais est-ce un crime irrémissible et qui doive entacher sa vie ? Le maréchal, qui sait si bien son Horace, peut-il juger sévèrement et inexorablement un délit qui consiste à avoir fait une ode trop légère à vingt ans ? Lorsque M. Catulle Mendès fut condamné, je ne sais qui a dit : « Voilà ce que c'est que de s'appeler Catulle ! » Quoi ! ce maréchal si lettré n'aurait pas donné à Piron une place dans ses bureaux à cause de cette fameuse ode, péché de jeunesse ! Or, M. Mendès n'a rien fait de si grossier. « Je voudrais qu'il y eût en France un grand honnête homme Il m'est impossible pourtant d'imaginer que vous ne réussirez pas. Daignez agréer, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXXI Ce 4 décembre 1867. Princesse, De grandes souffrances venues, je ne sais pourquoi (à cause de la neige, sans doute) m'ont empêché de répondre aussitôt à votre bonne lettre. de l'ordre judiciaire, un L'Hôpital, un d'Aguesseau, un Lamoignon, ou même un Portalis : on lui poserait le cas, on lui demanderait : « Est-il juste que toute la carrière d'un jeune « homme soit brisée à l'avance et comme interdite pour un tel « délit de jeunesse ? » Je suis persuadé que cet homme, qui représenterait la conscience de la loi, donnerait un jugement fayorable. Mais le maréchal si respecté et si lettré n'est-il pas lui-même cet honnête homme, qui a droit de prononcer le verdict ? « Et à cela j'ajouterai que l'homme qui a dénoncé M. Mendès, Mendès, dépend du maréchal, mériterait, lui, d'être destitué. 27 novembre 1867. »» Je pense, en effet, que l'empereur a fait à peu près ce qu'il voulait, ni plus ni moins, et que M. de Moustier a parlé simplement dans cette ligne 1. La simplicité abrégerait, en effet, bien des choses. Je crains bien que ce maréchal, à force d'hésiter, n'ose signer. Ils se croient donc tous immaculés dans ce ministère ! Qu'un peu de bien a de peine à se faire ! Vous recevrez, Princesse, une lettre de remerciments de la pauvre malade Mme C..., qui, grâce à vous, a obtenu pour sa fille classe et Chapelle. Il m'en coûte de ne pouvoir plus envisager la vie du côté qui sourit. Je m'y sentirais encore disposé. Je suis à vous, Princesse, avec un tendre et inviolable attachement. 1. Le Moniteur de la veille avait publié la convention pos tale entre la France et la Bavière, relative à l'affranchissement jusqu'à destination des papiers de commerce ou d'affaires, ouvrages manuscrits ou épreuves d'imprimerie, portant des corrections typographiques. CCXXXIII Ce 10 décembre 1867. Princesse, Que Votre Altesse soit assez bonne pour m'excuser de dicter ! Mon état de souffrance est le même, quoique les médecins s'accordent à dire que ce n'est rien. Je n'ai aucune force ni aucune capacité d'attention. Je ne vois, Princesse, qu'une chose à faire : mander le coupable, le faire se confesser complétement. Je le sais informé de la difficulté qui s'élève contre lui. Qu'il montre à Votre Altesse ces mauvais vers. Qu'il fasse voir surtout qu'il a été coupable d'une imitation d'Alfred de Musset. Son plus grand délit est là. Je suis persuadé que l'empereur, pris pour juge, prononcera le verdict ; mais quel… que ce soi-disant lettré de ministre 1 ! 1. « ... On les flatte d'être de l'école d'Horace, parce que vieux, ils font quatre malheureux vers latins comme un éco J'ai bien souffert moralement de ces paroles imprudentes arrachées au plus joufflu des orateurs 2. Quoi ! l'empereur ne pourra-t-il trouver des interprètes vrais et sûrs de sa politique ? Toute cette lettre sent le malade, Princesse, et l'homme irrité, – l'homme attristé surtout lier de quatrième ! Ils ont gardé du cuistre, ils n'ont rien pris des muses. »(Extrait d'une lettre de M. Sainte-Beuve sur le même sujet.) 2. M. Rouher, dans la discussion au Corps législatif sur les affaires de Rome (4 et 5 décembre 1867). – M. Sainte-Beuve écrivait, dans le même temps, à un correspondant de Genève : « (8 décembre 1867). Eh bien, voilà le gouvernement parle mentaire en pleine fonction. Vous êtes contents, messieurs ? Ce que j'admire une fois de plus, c'est comme notre nation est une nation de montre, de spectacle, d'émotion dramatique. Ils sont tous, même les chroniqueurs libéraux..., à s'émerveiller sur l'effet et les péripéties de cette séance du 5, où l'on a vu M. Rouher s'engageant graduellement jusqu'à dépasser le but, traîné à la remorque par deux acolytes imprévus, M. Thiers et M. Berryer, et en venant à laisser échapper, du haut de la tribune, ce fameux mot Jamais ! qui a toujours porté malheur à ceux qui l'ont proféré. Ces messieurs, spectateurs privilégiés de la séance, sont tout heureux de vous faire assister à ce bête de triomphe de M. Chesnelong : ils oublient le fond et le fait, qui est ce misérable pouvoir temporel, une dernière honte de la civilisation, et ils ne voient qu'une des scènes accidentées de l'éloquence parlementaire, objet littéraire de leur culte... » de ne point entrevoir l'instant où il pourra vous entendre. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon respectueux et inaltérable attachement. CCXXXIII Ce 28 décembre 1867. Princesse, Permettez-moi de dicter. Je suis toujours très-faible et je n'ai pas cette sensation du mieux que les médecins déclarent. Je suis incapable de toute conversation et dans un état de torpeur presque habituel. Mais il faut faire son devoir et tâcher d'être le moins inutile possible. Je suis chargé pour vous, Princesse, d'un magnifique volume relié à vos armes, contenant les oeuvres poétiques de ce malheureux1..., avec une lettre de sa mère pour l'empereur, le tout en vue d'une diminution de peine. Mon fidèle Troubat portera le tout un jour rue de 1. Un détenu de Melun. Courcelles et passera par Mme de Fly. Je dicte un peu au hasard et vous sourirez. De plus, la moindre aumône de votre part envoyée à un pauvre aveugle des Quinze-Vingts appelé La Halle sera un grand bienfait. Je ne vous demande point pardon, Princesse, d'en user si librement : votre bonté dès long temps m'a ôté les scrupules. Oh ! quand pourrai-je causer ? Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXXIV Ce 1er janvier 1868. Chère et bonne Princesse, Votre voeu m'arrive, je le savais ! Les miens volent vers vous et vous environnent : gardez, accroissez tous les bonheurs qui vous accompagnent et que vous distribuez sous toutes les formes autour de vous. A vous, Princesse, d'un tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXXV Ce 3 janvier 1868. Chère Princesse, Je dicte toujours, étant très-faible et sans aucune sensation de mieux. Il est arrivé, le roi des fauteuils ; il a été vu, essayé, admiré, et je n'ai eu qu'une pensée, l'essayer à mon tour, et l'appliquer dans tous ses ressorts moelleux et à.volonté. Mais la maison est petite, la boîte a été faite pour des cigales, et nous n'avons pu le monter de front par le plus court chemin : l'escalade par la fenêtre du jardin est remise à demain. Je devais tout ce bulletin, Princesse, à votre aimable et généreux intérêt. J'ai revu Viollet un moment. J'ai vu hier le bon docteur Phillips et aussi M. Giraud. – Mon Dieu ! que je voudrais donc guérir pour remercier mes amis ! Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXXVI Ce 8 janvier 1868. Princesse, J'attendais pour écrire moi-même ; malgré un mieux que je sens, la fatigue est prompte encore. Le beau fauteuil a été monté hier et sans escalade. Mon tapissier a trouvé le joint ; mais ce n'est qu'aujourd'hui que j'en prendrai possession. Il sera moins encore fauteuil de malade que fauteuil de travail, car j'espère travailler encore. J'ai reçu du pauvre aveugle des Quinze-Vingts une lettre de remercîment pour la Princesse ; ce sera la prochaine fois à M. Camille Doucet que nous le recommanderons. Je me fais beaucoup lire à tort et à travers. Il y a parfois des choses assez amusantes dans ce torrent d'encre de chaque jour. Le philosophe que je voudrais vous offrir, Princesse, n'est rien moins que Sénèque. Il n'était pas prêt. Je crois qu'il est un peu de ceux qui disent que la douleur n'est pas un mal. Je fais mon possible pour le croire. Il m'est survenu, depuis ces jours derniers, un assez grave souci. Le secret n'étant pas mien, j'ai dû le garder 1. J'ai vu hier Claude Bernard, à qui je me suis confessé comme à un médecin excellent. – Il m'a paru content. Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inviolable attachement. CCXXXVII Ce 19 janvier 1868. Princesse, Nous ne recevons que d'aujourd'hui la réponse à la question que vous aviez eu la bonté de m'adresser : c'est bien du ministère de la guerre que dépend la rémission de la peine... 1. Le prince Napoléon avait adressé, sous forme de lettre, à M. Sainte-Beuve, un mémoire sur l'expédition romaine d'octobre 1867 et l'affaire de Mentana, qui devait paraître dans le journal le Siècle, précédé d'une lettre d'envoi de M. Sainte-Beuve à M. Havin. La publication en fut interdite au journal au moment même où le numéro allait être mis sous presse. Je pense souvent à la rue de Courcelles, au cours de Zeller, aux soirées des jours non officiels, aux matinées de l'atelier, – à tout ce dont je suis privé, mais où ma pensée, un peu moins accablée, recommence à se mêler avec regret et désir, faut-il dire espérance ? J'en ai encore bien peu, sentant toujours au fond ce qui m'arrête. J'aspire aux beaux jours, me figurant qu'il y aura peut-être un coup de soleil qui me permet tra de goûter encore ce qui faisait ma joie aupa ravant et d'y reprendre une petite part. Comme on devient modeste au sortir d'un mal réel ! – Comme on est prêt à se contenter des miettes du bonheur passé ! Je mets à vos pieds, Princesse, l'hommage de mon tendre et inaltérable attachement. CCXXXVIII Ce 13, jeudi. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'bpt6k9691698v_7', 'collection': 'French-PD-Books', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'Lettres à la Princesse', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7501', 'token_count': '11407', '__index_level_0__': '10270', 'original_id': 'd173d66f6630cad4ddaad0d11262a40c3bd36c8d399df643d70cbd73bba89fe7'} |
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*d - 204. Let y(f) = f**2 + f - 1. Give a*s(h) - 204*y(h).
34*h**3
Let o(r) = -39*r**2 + r + 175. Let f(w) = 12*w**2 - w - 59. Calculate 10*f(s) + 3*o(s).
3*s**2 - 7*s - 65
Let t = -10 + 15. Let b(y) = 2*y. Let k be (-6)/((-6)/2) + 3. Let l(n) = 4*n - 2*n - 6*n - k*n. Give t*l(g) + 21*b(g).
-3*g
Let k(z) = -z - 9. Let w(f) = -2331*f + 115. Give -13*k(d) - w(d).
2344*d + 2
Suppose 6*t + 61*t + 296 = -7*t. Let j(y) = 7*y - 4. Let u(m) = 8*m - 3. Give t*j(f) + 5*u(f).
12*f + 1
Let v(c) = 3*c**3 - 7*c**2 + 5*c + 1. Let x(u) be the third derivative of -u**6/120 + u**5/20 - u**4/12 - 1479*u**2. Determine -2*v(q) - 5*x(q).
-q**3 - q**2 - 2
Let p(d) be the third derivative of -7*d**6/20 + d**5/20 - 5*d**3/6 - 6*d**2 - 17*d + 2. Let c(m) = -85*m**3 + 7*m**2 - 11. What is 3*c(g) - 7*p(g)?
39*g**3 + 2
Let i be (395/(-158))/(10/(-24)). Let d(f) = 7*f**2 - 3*f + 5. Let q(y) = 13*y**2 - 5*y + 10. What is i*q(g) - 11*d(g)?
g**2 + 3*g + 5
Let u(z) = 1. Let a(b) be the second derivative of b**3/3 + 4*b**2 + b. Let j = -2297 - -2303. Calculate j*u(o) - a(o).
-2*o - 2
Let m(a) = -4*a + 780. Let c(l) = -2*l + 391. Give 5*c(t) - 3*m(t).
2*t - 385
Suppose -97*j = -93*j - 4*o + 32, 0 = 3*j + 3*o. Let n(z) = -1. Let g(v) = -v - 3. Calculate j*n(c) - g(c).
c + 7
Let o(r) = 49*r**2 + 10*r - 2. Let z(j) = 106*j**2 + 24*j - 4. Let d(t) = -7*o(t) + 3*z(t). Let b(f) = -f**2 + f + 1. Determine -2*b(x) + d(x).
-23*x**2
Let h(f) = 5*f**2 + 6*f - 3. Let y be ((8*-16)/4)/1. Let d be ((-64)/6)/(-4)*(-48)/y. Let w(c) = 6*c**2 + 7*c - 3. Give d*w(o) - 5*h(o).
-o**2 - 2*o + 3
Let o(z) = 4*z**2 + 14*z - 13*z + 5*z**2 - 9*z + 23 - 25. Let x(i) = 5*i**2 - 4*i - 1. Determine 4*o(u) - 7*x(u).
u**2 - 4*u - 1
Let k(p) = 7*p**2 + 2*p - 6. Let c(o) = -815*o - 2432. Let x be c(-3). Let f(a) = 15*a**2 + 4*a - 13. Give x*k(j) - 6*f(j).
j**2 + 2*j
Let u = 727 + -733. Let r(h) = -36*h - 22. Let d(s) = 5*s + 3. Give u*r(b) - 44*d(b).
-4*b
Let b(z) = -2*z**2 + 3*z + 12. Let v(q) = 1212*q**2 + 1217*q**2 - 7 - 4*q - 2427*q**2 - 10 + 6. Calculate -5*b(y) - 4*v(y).
2*y**2 + y - 16
Let y(d) = 1468*d**3 + 3*d**2 - 9*d + 3. Let o(k) = -19085*k**3 - 40*k**2 + 120*k - 40. What is 3*o(q) + 40*y(q)?
1465*q**3
Suppose 2*p = -a - 23 + 12, -5*p - 5*a - 25 = 0. Let m(f) = -7*f - 6. Suppose -g - 6 = -1. Let q(v) = 7*v + 5. What is g*m(u) + p*q(u)?
-7*u
Let i(v) = -17*v**2 - 5*v + 9. Let h(z) = -z**2 - 117*z - 347. Let s be h(-3). Let d(k) = -26*k**2 - 7*k + 13. Give s*d(n) + 7*i(n).
11*n**2 - 2
Let m(a) = -a**3 - 7*a**2 - a - 6. Let g(l) = l**3 + 6*l**2 + l + 5. Suppose 14*b + 14 = 12*b. Let w be (-2)/(-7) - (-132)/(-21). Calculate b*g(u) + w*m(u).
-u**3 - u + 1
Suppose 2*k - 4*x - 34 = 0, -4*k + x = 3*x + 22. Let c(a) = 16*a. Suppose 0 = -3*l - 0*l + 9. Let o(u) = -u + l*u - 3*u. Determine k*c(d) - 12*o(d).
-4*d
Let w(i) = -5*i**3 - 5*i**2 + 20*i + 7. Let n(g) be the second derivative of 3*g**5/20 + g**4/4 - 5*g**3/3 - 2*g**2 + 2814*g. Calculate 7*n(y) + 4*w(y).
y**3 + y**2 + 10*y
Let b(r) be the second derivative of 1/6*r**3 + 0 - r**2 - 2*r. Let i(y) = 3*y - 5. Suppose 31*s = -s - 352. Give s*b(g) + 4*i(g).
g + 2
Suppose -19*q - 5 = -18*q. Let g(h) = 4*h**2 - 5*h + 5. Let o(u) = -1 + u - 721*u**2 + 723*u**2 + 3 - 3*u. Calculate q*o(j) + 2*g(j).
-2*j**2
Let b(n) = 3*n + 7. Let k be (-1 - -1) + (2 - 6). Let w(r) = -r + 2. Let v(s) = k*w(s) + b(s). Let p(h) = -7*h + 1. What is -2*p(q) - 3*v(q)?
-7*q + 1
Let p(a) = -2*a + 10. Let m(i) = -78*i**2 - 2341*i - 26. Let w be m(-30). Let v(g) = g. Calculate w*v(k) + p(k).
2*k + 10
Let o(p) = p + 3858*p**3 - 3854*p**3 - 2*p**2 + 30 - 33. Let c(d) = 7*d**3 - 4*d**2 + d - 5. Determine 3*c(i) - 5*o(i).
i**3 - 2*i**2 - 2*i
Let j = 389 + -326. Let y(i) = -208*i**2 + j + 766*i**2 - 333*i**2 + 63*i. Let d(z) = 18*z**2 + 5*z + 5. Give -63*d(b) + 5*y(b).
-9*b**2
Let d(i) = i**2 - 10*i + 2. Let y(f) = -2*f**2 + 21*f - 4. Let u(l) = 9*d(l) + 4*y(l). Let a = -1763 + 1765. Let k(j) = -5*j + 1. What is a*u(p) - 3*k(p)?
2*p**2 + 3*p + 1
Let q(y) = y**3 - 23*y**2 + 24*y - 38. Let d be q(22). Let u(l) = d - 35*l**2 - 30 + 7 - 15*l + 2. Let s(f) = 5*f**2 + 2*f + 2. Give -15*s(o) - 2*u(o).
-5*o**2
Let d(x) = x**3 + x**2 - 13*x - 3. Let a be d(-4). Let n(o) = -39*o + a + 77*o - 37*o. Let t(b) = b**3 - 3*b - 3. Calculate -6*n(c) - 2*t(c).
-2*c**3
Let a(r) = 7*r**2 + 9*r + 7. Let u(n) = 3*n**2 + 4*n + 3. Let i be (1/(-2))/((-13)/(-26)) + 77. Let f = i + -74. Give f*a(d) - 5*u(d).
-d**2 - 2*d - 1
Let s(y) = -y**3 + 2*y**2 - 6. Let m(v) = 3*v**3 - 51*v**2 - 7. What is m(b) - s(b)?
4*b**3 - 53*b**2 - 1
Let x(y) = -2. Let p(d) = 30*d + 27 - 9*d - 12*d - 9 - 11*d. What is 2*p(o) + 18*x(o)?
-4*o
Let q(a) = a**3 - a. Let s(t) be the second derivative of 3*t**5/5 + t**3 + t**2/2 + 2198*t. What is 6*q(y) + s(y)?
18*y**3 + 1
Let x(u) = 4*u - 3. Let d(k) = -4 - k + 5*k + 0*k. Let q = 29673 - 29669. Determine q*x(t) - 3*d(t).
4*t
Let m(w) = 2*w**3 + 4*w**2 + 3*w - 4. Let q(x) = 4*x**3 + 7*x**2 + 6*x - 9. Suppose -3*c - 12 = 3*f, -3*c = 18*f - 16*f + 5. Determine c*q(u) - 7*m(u).
-2*u**3 - 7*u**2 - 3*u + 1
Let i(z) = 1009*z**2 + 66. Let m(o) = -1008*o**2 - 77. Determine 7*i(j) + 6*m(j).
1015*j**2
Let h(c) = c**2 - 1. Let z be ((-2)/(-4))/((-50)/(-39100)). Let l = 396 - z. Let j(g) = 3*g**3 - 5*g**2 + 5. What is l*h(x) + j(x)?
3*x**3
Let b(s) = 1088*s + 1080*s + 3 + 1083*s - 3243*s. Let h(l) = -l. What is b(n) + 5*h(n)?
3*n + 3
Suppose 6 = -31*c + 37. Let j(l) be the first derivative of l**2 + 15. Let p(g) be the first derivative of g**2/2 - g + 1. Give c*j(s) - p(s).
s + 1
Let i = 7055 - 7065. Let n(w) = 10*w**2 - 5*w + 7. Let z(a) = -5*a**2 + 3*a - 4. What is i*z(c) - 6*n(c)?
-10*c**2 - 2
Let r(t) = -1353*t**3 + 123*t**2 + 492*t - 123. Let v(f) = -f**3 - f**2 - 4*f + 1. Give 2*r(d) + 246*v(d).
-2952*d**3
Let n(j) = -3*j**2 + 513*j - 12 - 517*j + 26 - 20. Let l(d) = 7*d**2 + 9*d + 12. Suppose -45 = 2*p - 7*p. Determine p*n(a) + 4*l(a).
a**2 - 6
Let o(g) = -17*g**3 - 95 + 192 + 4*g - 101 - 14*g**3. Let z(k) = -1674*k**3 + 217*k - 217. Give 217*o(v) - 4*z(v).
-31*v**3
Let c(w) = 14*w + 272. Let r(u) = -8*u - 253. Determine 2*c(g) + 3*r(g).
4*g - 215
Let w = -11 - -6. Let f(l) be the third derivative of 0*l**3 - 113*l**2 + 1/10*l**5 + 0*l - 1/24*l**4 + 0. Let m(c) = -7*c**2 + c. Calculate w*f(j) - 4*m(j).
-2*j**2 + j
Let z(d) = -d**3 + 5*d - 4. Let h be (9/6)/((1672/416 - 4)*-6). Let a(y) = 2*y**3 - 11*y + 8. Give h*z(u) - 6*a(u).
u**3 + u + 4
Let n(b) = 3*b + 5. Let g be n(-4). Let w(p) = 2*p + 5. Let k(v) = -2*v + 9. Let t(z) = -9*z + 48. Let l(x) = 5*k(x) - t(x). Give g*l(s) - 4*w(s).
-s + 1
Let o = 175 - 151. Let t be 4*(-27)/o*-2. Let g(d) = -8*d - 3. Let m(v) be the first derivative of -17*v**2/2 - 7*v + 5. What is t*g(n) - 4*m(n)?
-4*n + 1
Let a(g) = -4060*g**2 - g - 65. Let n(b) = -451*b**2 - 7. Give -2*a(p) + 19*n(p).
-449*p**2 + 2*p - 3
Let x(m) = -5*m**2 - 368*m - 9. Let w(y) = 4*y**2 + 373*y + 8. Calculate -7*w(r) - 6*x(r).
2*r**2 - 403*r - 2
Suppose 0*q = 3*q - 9. Let o(a) = -3*a + 7 - 6*a + q*a. Let g = 62444 + -62448. Let p(y) = -5*y + 6. Calculate g*o(w) + 5*p(w).
-w + 2
Let m(v) = -7*v + 5. Let g(w) = -22*w + 14. Suppose -5*x = -3*i - 95, -3*x + 92*i + 23 = 97*i. Calculate x*m(k) - 5*g(k).
-2*k + 10
Let v(r) = 273*r**2 - 9*r. Let u = 14643 + -14645. Let b(z) = 68*z**2 - 2*z. Determine u*v(c) + 9*b(c).
66*c**2
Let v(x) = -x - 167. Let s(g) = -3*g - 311. What is -2*s(f) + 5*v(f)?
f - 213
Let t(l) = -4*l**2. Suppose -5*i = 4*f + 89, -4*i + 3*i + 3*f - 14 = 0. Let v(y) be the third derivative of -y**5/60 + 4481*y**2. What is i*v(x) + 6*t(x)?
-7*x**2
Let k(p) = -489*p + 2. Let v(q) = -2*q. What is -k(i) + 6*v(i)?
477*i - 2
Let v(a) = -23*a + 5. Let s(i) = 252*i - 54. Suppose 0 = -66*b + 5450 - 1886. What is b*v(y) + 5*s(y)?
18*y
Let m(f) = 102*f**2 + 994*f + 10. Let j(h) = 89*h**2 + 993*h + 9. Calculate -8*j(w) + 7*m(w).
2*w**2 - 986*w - 2
Let i(m) = 2*m**3 + m**2 + 4*m + 1. Let r(p) = -62*p**2 - 3665*p**3 + 3666*p**3 - 1 + 61*p**2. Give i(o) + r(o).
3*o**3 + 4*o
Let n(r) = -4*r**2 - 6320*r - 17. Let v(o) = 2*o**2 + 3161*o + 10. Determine 4*n(k) + 7*v(k).
-2*k**2 - 3153*k + 2
Let o(g) = g + 36. Let j(z) = 61*z - 41. Determine -j(k) - 4*o(k).
-65*k - 103
Let p(o) = 395*o - 595. Let j(h) = -99* | mini_pile | {'original_id': '64ed1da9b7c6c2ac70bdca91d86a37a766a92c9784fa28d290351b43d5e872d8'} |
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Aid to people with disabilities: Medicaid's growing role.
Medicaid is the nation's largest health care program providing assistance with health and long-term care services for millions of low-income Americans, including people with chronic illness and severe disabilities. This article traces the evolution of Medicaid's now-substantial role for people with disabilities; assesses Medicaid's contributions over the last four decades to improving health insurance coverage, access to care, and the delivery of care; and examines the program's future challenges as a source of assistance to children and adults with disabilities. Medicaid has shown that it is an important source of health insurance coverage for this population, people for whom private coverage is often unavailable or unaffordable, substantially expanding coverage and helping to reduce the disparities in access to care between the low-income population and the privately insured. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a2c2ed0d26b29e5faf5d40f97df7307d156fe6521a9bd3707159708f8b552640'} |
Police Female Police Officers Press Release
Increasing Number of Women Buying Guns for Sport, Hobby
Increasing Number of Women Buying Guns for Sport, Hobby
While the national debate rages regarding gun control and Second Amendment rights, it’s clear the number of women who own – and carry – their own firearm is growing. This trend is seen across the country, but statistics show the South has more gun toters per capita than any other section of the United States.
While statistics on gender are not kept for gun sales, anecdotal evidence from gun dealers and shooting ranges show that guns, and shooting skills, are no longer a boys-only club.
“I’ve seen a dramatic increase in the number of women purchasing guns, and I’ve been involved for about 20 years in firearms sales,” said Hugh Sawyer, general manager of Armistead Armory in Alpharetta. “For every 100 people who walk into the store, about 35 will be female.” | mini_pile | {'original_id': '516404a1a7bf92aff252388a12235b3d7b8948faacf4cc9ce947d292539239a2'} |
Why Consider a Vehicle Protection Plan For Your Car?
The purchase of a new vehicle represents one of the biggest purchases you will make. So, protecting that vehicle and keeping it on the road for many years to come is important. A Vehicle Protection Plan will provide you protection from the financial burden that some mechanical breakdowns bring.
A Vehicle Protection Plan in other words pay for your repairs when you would otherwise have to!
In addition to collision insurance it is basically, the other half of the equation to having full protection on your vehicle.
Why Consider a Vehicle Protection Plan For Your Car?
What’s Covered?
Once you start doing some research, you will find that there are many different types of protection plans. When dealing with cars, you just never know when things will happen; however, when they do, having the right protection plan can save you a lot of headaches and will depend on the type of plan you buy. From my experience, most mechanical and electrical parts should be covered. Things like parts and labor for the engine, transmission, steering, brakes, fuel pump, AC/heating, to name a few.
Rental reimbursement in the event of a mechanical breakdown of a covered part.
It can be very stressful, not knowing when you will have to pay for a major car repair or even more stressful thinking abut the potential costs associated with it. However, finding the right extended car warranty that works for you doesn’t have to be a bad experience.
So do your research and find a plan that gives you the best coverage offering you greater peace of mind if and whenever you need it.
In the market for a new or pre-owned vehicle?
If you’re in the Indio, CA area, visit Coachella Valley Volkswagon dealership, our partners for this feature. You know the success of a smooth drive always lies with the reliability of the vehicle you own.
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Cocktail Spotlight
What better way to wind down at the end of the day with your favorite cocktail or beverage. Whether you are preparing for some "Me Time", a special party or just spending time with family and friends - I'm sure you can find a great recipe by visiting our Very own Cocktail Spotlight.
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NASA Notes New Planetoid
NASA Notes New Planetoid
Named Sedna
Scientists on Monday announced the discovery of a frozen, shiny
red world some 8 billion miles from Earth that is the most distant
known object in the solar system.
They are calling it a "planetoid," saying it does not
meet the definition of a planet.
"There's absolutely nothing like it known in the solar system," said
Mike Brown, the California Institute of Technology astronomer who
led the NASA-funded team that found it last year.
Named Sedna, after the Inuit goddess who created the sea creatures
of the Arctic, the planetoid is 800 to 1,100 miles in diameter,
or about three-quarters the size of Pluto, and probably half rock,
half ice.
It is currently three times farther from Earth than Pluto, the
ninth and outermost planet.
Sedna is the largest object found orbiting the sun since the discovery
of Pluto in 1930. It trumps in size another icy world, called Quaoar,
discovered by the same team in 2002.
Sedna follows a highly elliptical path around the sun, a circuit
that takes 10,500 years to complete. It loops out as far as 84
billion miles from the sun. From Sedna's surface, the sun would
appear so small that it could be blocked out by the head of a pin.
It is well beyond the Kuiper Belt, a region of ice and rock just
beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Brown and his colleagues believe Sedna is the first known member
of the long-hypothesized Oort Cloud, a sphere of material orbiting
the sun that explains certain comets. If Sedna is part of the Oort
Cloud, the cloud extends much closer inward toward the sun than
previously believed.
The Oort theory holds that comets in the cloud probably started
out as icy objects in places like the Kuiper Belt that were flung
out of the solar system by one of the giant planets.
The location of Sedna suggests that it got stuck where it is because
its orbit was affected long ago by a star that is no longer nearby.
"What we think must have happened is that early in the history
of the solar system, there must have been many, more stars very
close to the sun than there are now," Brown said. The sun,
in other words, was born in a tight cluster of many stars.
Sedna is one of the most pristine objects in the solar system.
"Very little has happened to this object since the beginning
of the solar system," Brown said. "There's not much else
out there, so it hasn't been impacted by other objects, it hasn't
been heated by the sun. It really has just been sitting out there
at 400 degrees below zero for the past 4.5 billion years."
Brown would not classify Sedna as a planet, based on a definition
of a planet as an object considerably more massive than any other
object in a similar location.
"Sedna sits all by itself in the very outer reaches of the
solar system, but our prediction is there will be many, many more
of these objects found over the next five years or over the next
decade, and it will turn out that Sedna, in fact, is not the most
massive object in its orbit out there," Brown said.
Brown, Chad Trujillo of the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii, and
David Rabinowitz of Yale University discovered Sedna last November,
using a 48-inch telescope at Caltech's Palomar Observatory east
of San Diego.
Within days, other astronomers around the world trained their
telescopes, including the recently launched Spitzer Space Telescope,
on the object.
"It took us a few weeks of continuing to see this object
until we were really convinced we had stumbled on something big," Brown
said.
The team also have indirect evidence a tiny moon may trail Sedna,
which is redder than all other known solar system bodies except
Mars. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b23aa1ae26b77079514bb71eb555dcdecd94e4681b37b24ddd1067d879ea81a8'} |
Asim on NPR, discusses significance of Obama's second term
January 22, 2013
The day before President Obama’s second inauguration, Writing, Literature and Publishing Associate Professor Jabari Asim spoke with NPR’s Steve Inskeep about the shift in how the President is viewed by voters after four years in the White House.
Asim, author of the 2010 book What Obama Means, talks about the “magic aura” as a reason that some people voted for Obama the first time, compared with why they voted for him again. “I think a lot of the same voters were motivated by much more practical concerns the second time around, even if the first time there was that aura of magic that helped to impel people to vote in his direction, ” said Asim.
Read and/or listen to the NPR interview.
Events Calendar
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Tag: evaluations
Greatest New Laptop Monitors 2015 New Evaluations
TechnologyTechnology Pioneers represent a worldwide neighborhood of trailblazing firms. This is a excellent hub and it will certainly aid some folks who have disabilities.Assistive technology should be a excellent aid for the kids with such have also provided some links to other valuable hubs where folks can uncover answer to their have completed a wonderful job by writing on this and bringing awareness to layman.I read in your profile that you had some heart disease and that is why you are inspired to write such fantastic hubs.Congratulations that your hub was chosen as the hub of the day.
Cuba, like most peripheral nations is not so technological sophisticated as contemporary society would prefer it to be. Cuba’s economy is really low, and its civilization lives with out any modern day technology at all. I am instruction to turn out to be an experiment in time travel technology but I want the appropriate job operation network. With regards to our landline and fax solutions, a lot of our customers today want to buy a sweeter solution from us and there had been limitations with the CDMA technology which we replaced with the Telikom 4G technology, and so what we are locating is that not only do we retain our consumers but they want to acquire a lot more solutions.
I consider though that it’s not technology that is the problem, it really is the human thoughts. In the Automated Innovation Revolution the process for figuring out how to obtain and use technology for a competitive benefit (which involves R&D) is automated so that it can be executed with unprecedented speed, efficiency and agility. So I need help to get a private secret job in the time travel technology in anyplace with offered transportation. I just have to hold working the difficult … | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '138', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9698837399482728}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32294', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:H7YQOMB767CK2C2YQF26RPL7JX6WLAZG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2fc4e298-f071-4804-818a-512679328d22>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 25, 18, 29, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.21.47.138', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WTJ4DSFZ3OWAG3P5ARKVWQ4EL2G5M4L6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:32125089-c7ac-42b0-83bb-d8313e550190>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.facebookbaixargratis.com/tag/evaluations', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b199c2ee-4fca-486e-b25b-cf981c22add1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '308', 'url': 'https://www.facebookbaixargratis.com/tag/evaluations', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-54\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.059454917907714844', 'original_id': '47661e7c8fb32b9b0583e37d4d2d6c0e95fda9da154d61adfe5158bdf44ca6e1'} |
Black Tax
Some say it’s black tax. I call it Voluntary Social Investment (VSI).
I call it an investment into the future of black child. Into my own blood that runs through my veins. The same blood that contributed into making me who I am. The same blood that made my wildest dreams come true.
Why is it tax? Was it not investment when it was someone’s turn to pay it for me?
I grew up curious and secretly meddled up in my parents, aunts and their friends’ business.
Camping in my parent’s bedroom when they leave the house was my favourite pastime. I’d roam through drawers, read their payslips and bank statements; try to understand their many insurance policies and what they mean, how they work. sometimes one would also listen to their conversations about their challenges and their future plans (what does an ear do when its idle? It listens).
I learnt a lot in this time. I got to know what it took for everything to be so beautiful and rosy. I was privy to the tensions of needing to get things done and the universe saying NO. I overheard mom’s conversations with her friends trying to support each other, figuring out how to change the story from one of abject poverty to one of bright positive change.
They did great, here we are, living proof! Those Mashonisa journeys and endless stokvel deals of who is doing what for whom have paid off. Most of my parents’ circles and families have had opportunities to change the story from one of lack and poverty to one of education, success and riches for some.
I saw families and friends come together and support one another. This exchange has continued to produce noble citizens, educated loved ones and a few riches too! I realise when I look upon the generations before them that, it has been quite a generational journey, making means to make tomorrow better than yesterday for society.
So, when it is my turn to do same, I always think to myself,
“Dear God, why do I owe such honour? To be a tool that advances a fellow human being into their future!”
Now, I say this knowing that I have not always seen things this way. One has gone and neglected some parts that contributed to where we are because it was easier and convenient to do so. Thinking that one needs to satisfy oneself more therefore someone else will do it. It does haunt me though sometimes. I guess I always think to myself, I wish I had chosen differently. I recognise also that I did not have today’s wisdom then. So I endeavour to forgive myself every time regret surfaces instead of vilifying myself with perpetual guilt.
It is sometimes easier to be in the receiving end than it is to be in the giving one. Giving takes heart. This is because for you to give sometimes, it means pausing something in your own plan.
It means recognising that someone needs more than you want therefore you choose for them to have what they need instead as a gesture of Ubuntu.
When the heart sees that gesture as tax, then maybe you should not even bother! Blessed is the heart that gives freely and lovingly. It is an investment in a human being. Not a liability in your balance sheet.
For we are here to serveWhen you give freely upon your own recognition of need and your decision to change that story, the universe rewards you immensely.
I know this because I am living proof of God’s mercy and investment in his people. I know it through every gesture of kindness that lands on my lap just as I need it while scratching my head trying to figure out how to move ahead in this journey called life.
Thank you for life, Jah.
Thank you for every human being that sees my need and decides to change my story. I hope your investment in me pays off and reverberates for generations to come.
I thank YOU❤.
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* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
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| mini_pile | {'original_id': '75385e037fa3cadfc57250251d65a913dcb175aeeb6984bdbf7553e683c50682'} |
Probe Set to Enter Titan's Atmosphere
John Roach
for National Geographic News
Updated January 13, 2005
If all goes according to plan, Huygens will parachute through Titan's hazy atmosphere tomorrow. The 8.9-foot-wide (2.7-meter-wide), 703- pound (319-kilogram) probe should land somewhere just south of the moon's equator.
Scientists from around the world have been waiting for years for the moment when Huygens sends back to Earth images and readings from Saturn's mysterious moon's atmosphere.
The Cassini spacecraft jettisoned Huygens on Christmas Day, sending the probe on its merry way to Titan.
Huygens spent the last seven years bolted to the Cassini spacecraft, which arrived at Saturn July 1, 2004, for a four-year mission to study the planet, its rings, and its icy moons.
At 3:24 GMT on December 25 (10:24 p.m. ET on December 24) confirmation was received on Earth that all had gone according to plan: Cassini had fired bolts and sent Huygens on a collision course with Titan, the second largest moon in the solar system. Twelve hours later the orbiter sent one last image of Huygens to Earth—a tiny receding point of light which gives scientists confidence that the probe is indeed on the right trajectory for its landing on January 14.
"We've always known these dates, but they've always seemed infinitely far away in the distance. It really is quite unreal they're now actually here," said John Zarnecki, a space scientist at The Open University in Milton Keynes, England. Zarnecki is the principal investigator for Huygens's surface science package.
Mysterious Titan
The probe's two-and-a-half-hour descent through Titan's atmosphere is anticipated to be a highlight of the international Cassini-Huygens Mission, which is managed jointly by the ESA, the Italian Space Agency, and NASA.
Titan's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, methane, and other organic compounds. Scientists believe the chemistry is similar to that of Earth's about 4 billion years ago, before life evolved on our planet.
Data gleaned from the suite of robotic instruments on Huygens may shed light on how chemistry that predates life works in a "cold, waterless environment and tell us clues on how life started on Earth," Lebreton, the Huygens project scientist, said.
Hidden beneath a hazy atmosphere, the surface of Titan remains a great mystery. Scientists have long speculated that the moon may be covered in icy mountains and seas of liquid methane, but no one really knows.
Zarnecki, the Open University space scientist, noted that recent images of the moon taken by cameras aboard Cassini that can see through the lunar haze have only added to the mystery.
"I've sat in a couple of meetings that had the majority of the world's experts on Titan sitting together, and for the first time they've been suspiciously quiet," he said.
Showing light and dark patches, the images lack any sign of impact craters. In Zarnecki's opinion, the missing craters stand out as the most telling feature. He believes geologic activity or weathering erased them.
"Every surface [in] the solar system is pockmarked with [impact] features except for those that are active in some way," he said.
Information gathered during Cassini's recent flybys of Titan has confirmed scientific models of the moon's atmosphere, according to Lebreton. The finding has bolstered the confidence of the space mission's project scientists that Huygens will enter safely, he said.
Titan Encounter
During the descent from Cassini all systems were shut down, except for three timers designed to wake up the probe four hours before its landing on January 14.
Upon arrival, the probe will be traveling at about four miles a second (six kilometers a second). It will deploy a series of parachutes and open a communications link with Cassini to relay images and scientific data to Earth.
If all goes according to plan, the probe will drift through the atmosphere for about two and a half hours before it reaches the surface, sending scientists more than a thousand images and details about the lunar atmosphere's structure, composition, and winds.
Huygens, which is designed primarily as an atmospheric probe, is expected to land about 10 degrees south of Titan's equator and several hundred kilometers west of a bright landmark known as Xanadu. Some scientists speculate the feature is a giant icy mountain.
But precisely what the probe will land in or on—rock-hard ice, a sea of gungy methane, or something else—remains an open question. The probe's atmospheric entry point was selected to capture the best images during descent. The landing surface was irrelevant to mission planners.
"The probe may drift by several hundred kilometers in the winds during descent, so there was no way, and no reason, to target a specific patch on the surface," Lebreton said.
If the probe survives touchdown, it will have no more than two hours to relay images and data about Titan's surface before Cassini drifts over the horizon, severing the communications link.
"If we got two hours worth of data on the surface that would be beyond my wildest dreams, that would be truly wonderful," Zarnecki said.
Cassini will continue to make observations of Titan on more than 40 subsequent flybys during the spacecraft's mission.
"Titan is really a fascinating body to explore and its surface a big puzzle," Lebreton said. "It will take all the synergy between the repeated Cassini orbiter observations and the detailed [direct] observation of Huygens to put all the pieces of the puzzle together."
Don't Miss a Discovery
© 1996-2008 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '13', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9450808763504028}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '8697', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6HYX6LJ4EHV2OPABOPEHRIBIKAVKO3TV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b3f6948c-de17-4727-a17f-fe11647a725d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 20, 14, 29, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.62.7.65', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OI42EF2HCP2OOHE77LAUPUEPDCCRUKJ2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cbd28702-90d2-4fb7-9157-e13562b0c17c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/89835834.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:69ebe986-4c99-4321-b4d8-2cfe88eeab8a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '912', 'url': 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/89835834.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02453213930130005', 'original_id': '1a6dca8350a40ea240d3d3376bbcbb43665ec03f55e80ed3f2fcf0dbeaf6b9aa'} |
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[–]earwickerFicciones 2 points3 points ago
Why do we assume that teenagers who have been raised in coddled suburbia (I'm talking about myself here, too) would be able to understand stories with grown-up themes?
Teenagers still encounter plenty of the relevant concepts - jealousy, betrayal, infidelity, fear etc. all of these things can be found, quite commonly, even in coddled suburbia, and I think most teens are pretty well aware of them. Maybe some of the class issues and the specific context of Long Island society in the 20's might escape them, but that's more the setting - the core themes of The Great Gatsby seem pretty accessible to most suburban teens. Most of the book takes place in the suburbs anyway. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.955870509147644}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '56331', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EHK27XFPD3RUAY2V7VAKUTFIXQGXSBHL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:39c86a5b-8853-45d0-8290-678a5eec63db>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 19, 23, 20, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.0.160.27', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MLIYTMKHN7OMFEVKYBTEZKLHFFN6LCDM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6a4ea67f-4993-41d3-8c39-a8627cf1ccd6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/1dsh1f/why_i_despise_the_great_gatsby/c9tj365', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a74f2fbe-bbd9-4621-a1b5-3ff1ed905108>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '142', 'url': 'http://www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/1dsh1f/why_i_despise_the_great_gatsby/c9tj365', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.984254002571106', 'original_id': '190d3e766a9bc9bee3f9fd680e8b4458e153862247dd1bb5b1c2af01098c0607'} |
<header>Shell for domain users</header>
This is the shell that the domain owner account will receive when logging in via SSH. Normally, domain owners require some form of shell, unless their account is extremely limited and no CGI scripts or other complex features are permitted.
<footer>
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Belgian-Style Yeast Waffles
Pin It
Wednesday night was a bit of a jumble in our house at dinner time. My son had an end of the season pizza/pasta party with his wrestling team and my husband and middle daughter attended an end of the season dinner banquet for her basketball team. That left me and my youngest daughter dining at home. As she is not a big eater first thing in the morning, I wanted make her a breakfast I know she loves for dinner. This would give her time to enjoy every bite without being rushed. A big pile of Belgian waffles would surely fit the bill☺.
Crispy on the outside, light and creamy on the inside with a hint of malt flavor--these waffles cover all necessary ground in both flavor and texture categories. And those deep-pockets are just asking to be filled with berries and whipped cream.
There are actually two flavors that can be achieved with this recipe. This can be achieved by making the recipe two different ways. The first and the faster (waffles in 30 minutes) way is the one I described above. I find that I prefer this method. It uses yeast in the batter, but also uses baking powder for leavening. This process cuts down on time of preparation, but more importantly, it removes the yeasty/fermented flavor of which I am not fond. If you prefer a fermented flavor in your waffle, just omit the baking powder and allow the mixture to rise and refrigerate overnight.
Any leftovers? Cool to room temperature, then place in a freezer bag. They freeze beautifully and reheat to crispy perfection in the toaster. Having said that, I usually make a double batch on weekends for quick weekday breakfasts.
Belgian-Style Yeast Waffles
makes about 10 (4 1/2-inch square) or 4 (7-inch round) deep-pocket waffles
*Note- If you like a more yeasty/fermented flavor in your waffle, omit the baking powder and refrigerate the batter overnight.
1 1/2 cups lukewarm milk
6 Tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
3 Tablespoons granulated sugar
3/4 teaspoon kosher salt
1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
2 extra large eggs
2 cups unbleached all-purpose flour
1 1/2 teaspoons instant yeast
1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
In a large bowl, whisk together all of the ingredients, leaving room for expansion. Cover with plastic wrap and let rest at room temperature for at least 30 minutes and up to one hour. The mixture will bubble and grow.
Meanwhile, preheat the waffle iron. Pour 1/2 to 3/4 cup of batter (or the amount recommended by the manufacturer) onto the wells or center of the waffle iron. Close the lid and bake for the recommended amount of time or until the waffle is golden brown, about 5-6 minutes.
Serve immediately or keep warm in a 200° F oven. Serve with berries and whipped cream, maple syrup, or whatever else you like. Enjoy!
Source: Adapted from kingarthurflour.com
1. Hi
What is lukewarm milk.
1. Lukewarm milk is warmer than room temperature, but not boiling hot. It is around body temperature, 98° F or 36° C.
2. Oh!là là je découvre ton blog et je le trouve fantastique, je me permets de mettre ton adresse sur le mien pour le faire découvrir, merci pour ce beau partage.by
3. This looks delicious! I miss having waffles, I'm going to make some this week!
4. These were delicious. I have marked the recipe a keeper! Thanks.
Donna (in MI)
1. Pleased you enjoyed them and thank you for letting me know!
5. AnonymousJune 29, 2013
Hi, this recipe sounds good, problem, I dont have a waffles iron. Can I use a skillet? is there another way? thanks
1. I only use a waffle iron.
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Wednesday, September 3, 2008
Pakatan's Phantasm
Hantu Laut
The Pakatan rumour mills are working overtime.Here's something that the Pakatan people have that the people in UMNO don't have. They are either busy insulting the non-Malays or busy fighting among themselves to jockey for positions in the upcoming party elections.They have forgotten they have a nation to run.Apology always come too late.The PM say one thing, the DPM try to do damage control.
Fact or fiction, doesn't matter,some people would well believe it.
Here's something from Malaysian Insider that I would leave to your wild imagination.
Swirling rumours as September 16 looms
By Shannon Teoh and Adib Zalkapli
KUALA LUMPUR, Sept 3 - An anonymous text message purporting to highlight key dates leading up to the plans by the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) alliance to take power by Sept 16 , has begun making the rounds, but opposition leaders have denied being responsible for the message.
Ending with the words "from pkr", the message claims that some Barisan Nasional (BN) component parties from Sabah and Sarawak will begin an exodus from the ruling coalition by Friday.
And by Saturday, BN parties from Peninsular Malaysia , with the exception of MCA and MIC, will also signal their exit from the coalition, the message alleges.
The text message goes on to state that 10 unnamed BN MPs will then join PR parties by Sept 7.
By Sept 10, which is next Wednesday, the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Badawi will have resigned, paving the way for Opposition leader Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim to fulfil his pledge to take over the Federal Government by Sept 16.
PKR vice-president R. Sivarasa disclaimed responsibility for the message, pointing out that "anonymous SMSes shouldn't be taken seriously," and that the details and the sort of ideas listed in the message did not give it any credibility.
"People have been enthusiastic about Sept 16, so maybe this is born out of someone's exuberance, but I wouldn't treat it with any credence. It's not like there's been an avalanche of such messages," he added.
Influential Sabah Umno MP Datuk Anifah Aman, who has been continuously mentioned in crossover speculation, called the text message "fictitious" and said that "anybody can have a dream but they are dreaming too far."
He said that among East Malaysian MPs, "nobody really cares about Sept 16 because we are busy visiting our respective constituencies during the fasting month and preparing our debates for the budget."
Anifah also poured scorn on the takeover plans.
"They are always crying out for democracy, transparency and justice, but is this the way? What will people think of them going through the backdoor? That's not democratic anymore."
Anwar, PKR's presumptive candidate for prime minister, has continuously asserted his plans to form the federal government by Sept 16 and there has been recent talk of entire BN component parties crossing over.
There has also been speculation that Anwar is seeking an audience with the King, although he has responded to this by saying "not yet.Read more.......
SM said...
I very much doubt that the PKR would have sent the SMS around. For all you know it's from the BN...trying to cause trouble again.
As for the PR going by the back-door to form the Govt. well...when the cross-overs are to the BN, it's ok...but when it's the other way...oh no, cannot lah!
AS for DSAI trying to gain an audience with the what? It's probably a smart move on his part.
If there are any cross-overs, you know Bodohwi will dissolve Parliment to call Snap Elections. However, our Agong will have to OK it or else...sorry lah!
It's probably a good idea. Let's go to the polls again & once & for all to see who the Rakyat want. The BN (read: UMNO) or the PR ?!
I think we know the answer to that!
Hantu Laut said...
I don't think it is from leaders of Pakatan.It is most likely supporters and sympathisers of Anwar.I can't see BN benefits from this kind of propaganda.
A fresh poll would be catastrophic for BN.
Fazrul Shahril said...
Salam Tuan,
Ada betul ka ini semua pakatan?
kalau betul kita tunggu dan lihat lol... | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9643447399139404}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '147725', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RVQ37V6KH4CUY43K2OXWVYMFP4VCEFJO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2c27a11c-fbe3-4a53-9a93-5f6860e3319a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 21, 10, 26, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.8.1', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OYZJXL4YK47THJYMQU6NH67I2LPUC3MG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:6048e973-c452-4a86-9cd5-ea4859ec7971>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://hantulautan.blogspot.com/2008/09/pakatans-phantasm.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:818b55bd-af5d-4c16-a06d-b6213d7ba9df>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '687', 'url': 'http://hantulautan.blogspot.com/2008/09/pakatans-phantasm.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-225-197-132.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.043067336082458496', 'original_id': '56071999fd016cae9846ad33bd10e68079c31d41680f82d79f56b71cd8a3cfdb'} |
Pin It
The stained-glass ceiling
Not everyone can talk about God and get others to listen. But there's something about the Rev. Myra Brown's voice that perfectly suits her line of work; her calm and reassurance connects.
Brown, 51, is a fixture in the Rochester-area spiritual scene, spanning everything from being a young altar worker at black Catholic revivals to an anti-racism community activist and deacon at Spiritus Christi.
And recently, Brown was ordained at Spiritus Christi: becoming the third African-American woman in the US to become a Catholic priest.
click to enlarge “I have often said to people that God is both pro-life and pro-choice, and so am I,” says newly ordained Catholic priest Myra Brown. - PHOTO BY KEVIN FULLER
Spiritus Christi is as an independent Catholic church, which means that Brown's ordination is not recognized by the Vatican. But that has only energized her to further advocate for the women priest movement, which despite some harsh reprisals from Rome — even Pope Francis firmly rejects the idea — is gaining momentum.
In recent interviews, Brown shared her views about the Catholic Church and inclusivity, women in the priesthood, abortion and the pro-choice movement, and her decision to become a priest.
The following is an edited version of those conversations.
CITY: What made you decide to become a Catholic priest, knowing that the idea offends many Catholics?
Brown: I was praying and asking God, "What do you mean you've called me to preach and teach your word in the Catholic system?" I'm thinking, I'm black and I'm a woman, I'm in the Catholic Church and they don't do that.
Your question assumes that I chose where I am. I didn't; God chose me. My calling came to get me and it took me to the Catholic Church. I went to where I was led.
Ultimately, the question is who is in charge of ordination? Who's in charge of our lives? Are we in charge or is God in charge? If God is in charge, then we have to let God lead us.
If God decides "I want to ordain 10 women this year to the Catholic Church," are we going to refuse God and say, "No, God, because our tradition won't let us do that"?
What do you say to those Catholics who say that there is no precedent for women in the priesthood?
There actually is a precedent. The Vatican knows the history of women priests in the early centuries. There's also evidence in Scripture of women who were part of the apostolic ministry.
The Bible talks about the letters of Timothy and Paul, about the house churches, and the women who were leading those house churches.
Jesus led house churches. If you read the Scriptures, Jesus is preaching when he's brought a paralyzed man; it's a house church that they're in. They lower the man through the roof and Jesus heals him.
This notion that there were never women priests, it's a failed notion. Interpretation matters. It matters who gets to tell the story. Men in the Catholic Church, particularly in Rome, don't want to talk about the reality that these are male-centered views that are designed to protect their interests.
The whole Jesus movement starts with the angel going to Mary, a woman.
Sometimes we develop traditions that don't have anything to do with the life and teachings of Jesus; they have to do with cultural tradition.
When the men from past centuries began to be part of the apostolic ministry and they decided that instead of it just being about service and that it was about an office, prestige, status, and power — you see women over the centuries get squeezed out.
Then you get a new narrative that is written as if they were never supposed to be part of it at all.
Even though Pope Francis has softened some of the church's teachings concerning the LGBTQ community, he still firmly opposes marriage equality. Does the Vatican not see that even as Catholic churches, schools, and hospitals close, that the lack of inclusivity is an issue?
I think change will come. I run into more and more people who tell me they were Catholics at one time, but they aren't any longer. And what they all seem to have in common is some experience of exclusion, oppression, or they feel that they were taken for granted.
I recently met a couple that said they were having their child baptized and they wanted the parish priest to do it. He decided to defer it to a deacon, a person they had never met. They objected and pushed it. He did decide to do it, but he performed it with such anger. That was the last time they went back to that church.
What do you say to conservative Catholics who are opposed to abortion and vocally pro-life, but are silent when it comes to supporting common sense gun legislation? How can you be pro-life and support repealing the Affordable Care Act? If you're pro-life wouldn't you also be pro Black Lives Matter?
The conversation around pro-life and pro-choice has been reduced to some kind of political agenda. I have often said to people that God is both pro-life and pro-choice, and so am I.
If you're pro-life, you have to be for life from the beginning of life to the end of life. You have to be committed to making sure that if life happens, that we provide everything that life needs to thrive. If we're not willing to do that, I don't know that we're really pro-life.
We need to make sure that when children come, they have good child care, education, nutritious food, and health care. We can't accept poverty because poverty is not pro-life.
We can't just stop at an issue like abortion. Life doesn't only begin and end with abortion. We have to bring war and militarization into that discussion.
If we're going to really talk about pro-life, we have to take everything that has the potential to threaten life and to snuff out life and re-evaluate it. That would include much more than abortion.
Why are so many public and social institutions being challenged, whether it's public education, law enforcement, the justice system, and even organized religion?
Jesus was full of questions and I think we have to question, too. Jesus at 12 years old was debating sacred text. When he was lost for three days, they found him in the temple questioning the religious teachers of his day. They were flabbergasted that this kid was challenging them.
I think if we keep questioning, we will end up with the institutions that we want.
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Mechanisms influencing the evolution of resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides.
Fungicides inhibiting the mitochondrial respiration of plant pathogens by binding to the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex (complex III) at the Qo site (Qo inhibitors, QoIs) were first introduced to the market in 1996. After a short time period, isolates resistant to QoIs were detected in field populations of a range of important plant pathogens including Blumeria graminis Speer f sp tritici, Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht ex Fr) Poll, Plasmopara viticola (Berk & MA Curtis ex de Bary) Berl & de Toni, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk & MA Curtis) Rost, Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet and Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. In most cases, resistance was conferred by a point mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene leading to an amino-acid change from glycine to alanine at position 143 (G143A), although additional mutations and mechanisms have been claimed in a number of organisms. Transformation of sensitive protoplasts of M fijiensis with a DNA fragment of a resistant M fijiensis isolate containing the mutation yielded fully resistant transformants, demonstrating that the G143A substitution may be the most powerful transversion in the cyt b gene conferring resistance. The G143A substitution is claimed not to affect the activity of the enzyme, suggesting that resistant individuals may not suffer from a significant fitness penalty, as was demonstrated in B graminis f sp tritici. It is not known whether this observation applies also for other pathogen species expressing the G143A substitution. Since fungal cells contain a large number of mitochondria, early mitotic events in the evolution of resistance to QoIs have to be considered, such as mutation frequency (claimed to be higher in mitochondrial than nuclear DNA), intracellular proliferation of mitochondria in the heteroplasmatic cell stage, and cell to cell donation of mutated mitochondria. Since the cyt b gene is located in the mitochondrial genome, inheritance of resistance in filamentous fungi is expected to be non-Mendelian and, therefore, in most species uniparental. In the isogamous fungus B graminis f sp tritici, crosses of sensitive and resistant parents yielded cleistothecia containing either sensitive or resistant ascospores and the segregation pattern for resistance in the F1 progeny population was 1:1. In the anisogamous fungus V inaequalis, donation of resistance was maternal and the segregation ratio 1:0. In random mating populations, the sex ratio (mating type distribution) is generally assumed to be 1:1. Therefore, the overall proportion of sensitive and resistant individuals in unselected populations is expected to be 1:1. Evolution of resistance to QoIs will depend mainly on early mitotic events; the selection process for resistant mutants in populations exposed to QoI treatments may follow mechanisms similar to those described for resistance controlled by single nuclear genes in other fungicide classes. It will remain important to understand how the mitochondrial nature of QoI resistance and factors such as mutation, recombination, selection and migration might influence the evolution of QoI resistance in different plant pathogens. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '117574686974d1577fc42a19eec6b525fa98e11d4ee706c4ad0908ad48f9697f'} |
How I Think Teamwork Should Be
Disclaimer: The previous article has for some reason led to an awkward situation for me with someone I know, despite all the similarities and situations in that article, I by no way mean that person or anything about him, it was a recall of an experience I encountered, and I wanted to share it for myself first, and others to whatever possible benefits out of it. So I’m sorry I caused that situation to happen without my intention.
As a second part for previous article, I feel the need to list my own experience with team work and how I think it is great and where I felt I made mistakes and how I should have corrected them.
I’m working in a small team, we are 3 engineers in total, one of us is a network engineer, the other and I are systems engineers. Each one of course
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Christmas Breakfast Cake (plus 5 ways to rest over the holidays)
Traditions have always been so important to me. At Christmas, we are very purposeful in our traditions so that they reflect the true meaning behind Christmas.
As a family, we are looking forward to time off and space to reflect on this last year before the coming new year. We want to wish all of you a very happy holiday and a wonderful new year!
Here is a delicious real food recipe from our traditional breakfast cake we enjoy on Christmas morning! This recipe has been modified from my own great grandfather’s traditional pound cake and from Noel Piper‘s breakfast cake. We hope you enjoy!
Christmas Breakfast Cake
1. Dry Mixture: Mix the following together until it is the texture of meal: 2 cups einkorn flour (or sprouted whole wheat or Gluten free ready flour mix), 1 cup coconut palm sugar, 1 tsp real salt, 1 tsp baking powder and 1 stick of real butter cut up into 6 pieces. You can mix this with your hands until it is like sand. (Remove about 1/3 cup and set aside for the topping)
2. Wet Mixture: Mix together the following ingredients in a large measuring bowl: 1 cup of buttermilk and 2 eggs
3. Add Dry mixture into wet mixture. Mix thoroughly.
4. Pour into either an 8X8 inch pan or a 9×13 cake pan.
5. For the topping, mix together the 1/3 cup dry ingredients set aside from #1 plus 2 tsp cinnamon, 1/2 cup more einkorn flour or Gluten free flour mix and 1/2 coconut palm sugar.
6. Add 3 Tbs real butter to the topping mixture and mix with hands until consistency of #1 dry mixture.
7. Sprinkle topping over cake batter.
8. Bake at 325 degrees fro 25-30 mins.
9. Let cool and then add powdered sugar on top if desired and serve warm.
For a Christmas breakfast cake option to prepare overnight, consider this delicious one from Jovial foods here.
5 ways to enjoy your time off this holiday season
1. Take a nap (Shut off all electronics and rest your self in the quiet)
2. Journal about this past year (What have you learned? What do you want to learn more of in the new year?)
3. Take a walk outside (Breathe in fresh air and pray or process thoughts that often get stuffed down)
4. Enjoy a game night with your family or friends (Board games, dominos, cards or poker!)
5. Explore your own city (There may be something you have never discovered before!)
Kimberly Stewart
Kimberly Stewart
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Tips for hanging out with some good looking boys???
they’re probably really boring so make sure your phones fully charged
i don’t know what it is about the idea of your lips touching my lips but it’s driving me crazy and i want to feel your arms around me and i want to curl up with you on a cold winter night and share a cup of something warm and there are so many things i’d love to do with you except you’re over there and i’m just… here
do you ever just want to kiss someone so bad that you just cant focus on anything but how their lips might feel moving against yours and how great it would be to hold them close and cover their face in little bitty kisses until you two are both giggling messes
Fall Out Boy-Young Volcanoes | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.940512239933014}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '38119', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EH3IGYC7F7ZVSCPQP5L56YNDGQYSXKL4', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8373278b-df10-4b51-8d84-05120b8c49cc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 9, 23, 12, 20, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.6.41.21', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BMLCOTCGDIWMTILJUPY5FEXCW62UM4RQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2333b272-23e6-49a8-8abc-6bd83fa5570c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://catherine-diaz.tumblr.com/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1880261a-ca82-4915-81a9-66bcd2a45993>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '149', 'url': 'http://catherine-diaz.tumblr.com/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-41\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for September 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.043528199195861816', 'original_id': 'a5a547f16438e814f161522ad6a92a2b823f8358b533bef04b9053c51bb3d3cd'} |
I am not sure that I have enough spare time to use all my 6 weeks access a year. Can I share my membership?
Yes you can. Classically the ‘Member’ is husband and wife, but the second person could be a partner, sibling, friend or business colleague. Obviously you share the time allocation of 1 membership. However, as frequently happens, you both sail together the majority of the time, but you have effectively halved the cost of membership!
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I like to write an UPDATE statement which should change all strings in a column to have the same value like before, but with a seperator string between each character.
Seperator: \s*
Before UPDATE: abcd
After UPDATE: a\s*b\s*c\s*d
What I am missing is some string function to split a string between each character. The string concat with seperator may work with concat_ws() afterwards.
Something like:
UPDATE tab SET col1 = concat_ws('\s*', magic_split(col1));
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
UPDATE tab SET col1 = regexp_replace(col1, '(.)', '\1\s*');
share|improve this answer
Thanks. This works. Just have to remove the last seperator then at the end, but that's really a minor issue. I accept your answer as soon as possible. – Fabian Barney Nov 6 '13 at 11:08
add comment
Your Answer
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Q:
Attempt to present View Controller Warning
I have the following ViewControllers that present the next ViewController when something is finished:
Nr1: My GameViewController checks that the game has finished and call CheckGameFinished:
-(void) checkGameFinished {
if ([self.gameModel isGameOver]) {
double delayTimeInSeconds = 3.5;
dispatch_time_t popTimeDelay = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, delayTimeInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC);
dispatch_after(popTimeDelay, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){
[progressBarTimer invalidate];
level2ViewController *govc = [self.storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"level2ViewController"];
[self.finishAudio play];
[self presentViewController:govc animated:NO completion:^(){
[self.gameModel clearGameData];
}];
});
}
}
Then level2ViewController appears:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
double delayTimeInSeconds = 2;
dispatch_time_t popTimeDelay = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, delayTimeInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC);
dispatch_after(popTimeDelay, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){
GameViewController *gvc = [self.storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"gameViewController"];
[self presentViewController:gvc animated:NO completion:nil];
});
}
and called the next ViewController, and so on.
Now I get overtime the following Warnings:
Warning: Attempt to present GameViewController on level2ViewController
whose view is not in the window hierarchy!
A:
Don't present a view controller from viewDidLoad, instead call from viewDidAppear:. Also using dispatch_after like that (assuming you are using it to hopefully make sure the view is on screen and not for gaming purposes) is a very bad practice.
When the view controller that is being loaded has done being presented (that happens when viewDidAppear: is called) you can present a different one:
- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated {
[super viewDidAppear:animated];
GameViewController *gvc = [self.storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"gameViewController"];
[self presentViewController:gvc animated:NO completion:nil];
}
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Saturday, March 14, 2009
The Return of the Drunk Texter
There is someone in my life that I have developed a VERY WEIRD relationship with. This person exists mainly on the outskirts of my life, as he lives several hours away and we only see each other a couple of times a year, if that. We never talk on the phone, and only occasionally do we make contact on facebook. However, he apparently feels some sort of cosmic connection with me, because he has adopted me as his "Mid Drunken Evening Point of Contact."
The first time it happened, it was both random and weird, but I assumed it was an isolated incident. During that time, I was knee deep in divorce drama and living with my parents, so the comic relief was more than welcome. That incident involved me getting an actual phone call. It was approximately 2 in the AM....very, very AM. Now, you know as well as I do that when the phone rings in the middle of the night, it's never good news. So of course, I glanced at the caller ID, saw his name, and assumed the worst. Someone must have died. There was an accident. OH GOOD LORD, WHAT HAS HAPPENED?!?! I answered nervously, shaken from my slumber with complete fear.
Me: "Hello?"
DT: "Dude, I'm totally partying with a girl you went to high school with!"
Me: (thoroughly confused...and a little annoyed) "Huh?"
DT: "Yeah...she thinks she knows you. I forget her name. Angie? Amy? Did you go to school with a girl named Amy? Or Angie?"
Me: (Now I'm just pissed.) "Uh, yeah...a few of them. Are you ok? Do you need a ride or something?"
DT: "No, I'm good. I just thought it was really cool that I was partying with someone you knew! But I guess you don't care."
Me: "Oh I do. I really, really do. Thanks for sharing."
That was over a year ago. And I guess he's gotten more considerate in his drunken correspondence, because last night the communication was downgraded to a text.
At 3:16 AM (to be exact) I get a text that says, "At the strip club with 2 of my best girlfriends...they begged me to go. Do you think less of me??"
Me: "No. I don't judge. Just don't do anything that can't be wiped off with a wet nap. Do you have a dd?"
DT: "Yeah...the girls are driving. Why are you up??? Go to bed!"
Why am I up? Well, maybe it's because you, for some reason still unknown to me, feel it necessary to alert me of your mid morning drunken shenanigans, thus sending my phone into a vibrating frenzy, dancing itself off of my nightstand and clattering to the floor. Maybe that's why I'm up. Maybe.
Me: "I'm not up on purpose. Please be safe. Enjoy the pretty boobies."
DT: "I will. Still can't believe you're up!"
My new rule, to all of you who are paying attention...
Unless I birthed you, I have no interest in what you are doing at 3:16 in the AM. Call me heartless. Call me cruel. Call me an uncaring, boring, bitch if it makes you feel better. Just whatever you do....DON'T ACTUALLY CALL ME.
Unless I birthed you. That's the rule.
LilyBelle said...
In few years, you won't want to know what the person you birthed is doing at 3:16 AM either...just saying.
LilyBelle said...
Also, is it weird that I feel sort of hurt that this person never drunk-texts me? Why does he like you better?
Jen said...
Your life is too twisted for color TV . . . extra points if you know what movie I paraphrased from. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9783947467803956}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '69808', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VELBKS4BKTZIN44KNYKZ4QDFDQTOLU52', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:54cca233-5e4b-4c1e-af0a-bd69877b3acc>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 8, 8, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.5.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RUKDW6QCVRUGW5ENBVA5AKAWD7YRRYYL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c359dca2-6505-44ee-b5e5-823d4f15ff76>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://gracegetsgreater.blogspot.com/2009/03/return-of-drunk-texter.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d49f29fe-7b4d-4bba-8bc6-fff35d85290f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '612', 'url': 'http://gracegetsgreater.blogspot.com/2009/03/return-of-drunk-texter.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-48-27.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.13174653053283691', 'original_id': '21ae1e8ac3b2f25215abf8f0f1c2c863d043aa9caf06ed8aa884e3fec7620e94'} |
<?php
/*
* This file is part of Berlioz framework.
*
* @license https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT License
* @copyright 2021 Ronan GIRON
* @author Ronan GIRON <https://github.com/ElGigi>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code, to the root.
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Berlioz\Core\Debug;
use Berlioz\Core\Exception\BerliozException;
use Berlioz\Core\Filesystem\FilesystemInterface;
use League\Flysystem\FilesystemException;
/**
* Class SnapshotLoader.
*/
class SnapshotLoader
{
public function __construct(protected FilesystemInterface $filesystem)
{
}
/**
* Load snapshot.
*
* @param string $uniqid
*
* @return Snapshot
* @throws BerliozException
*/
public function load(string $uniqid): Snapshot
{
try {
if (false === $this->filesystem->fileExists($filename = sprintf('debug://%s.debug', basename($uniqid)))) {
throw new BerliozException(sprintf('Debug snapshot id "%s" does not exists', basename($uniqid)));
}
$snapshot = $this->filesystem->read($filename);
$snapshot = gzinflate($snapshot);
$snapshot = unserialize($snapshot);
if (false === ($snapshot instanceof Snapshot)) {
throw new BerliozException(sprintf('Invalid snapshot file for id "%s"', basename($uniqid)));
}
return $snapshot;
} catch (FilesystemException $exception) {
throw new BerliozException('Filesystem error', 0, $exception);
}
}
/**
* Save snapshot.
*
* @param Snapshot $snapshot
*
* @throws BerliozException
*/
public function save(Snapshot $snapshot): void
{
try {
$uniqid = $snapshot->getUniqid();
$snapshot = serialize($snapshot);
$snapshot = gzdeflate($snapshot);
$this->filesystem->write(sprintf('debug://%s.debug', basename($uniqid)), $snapshot);
} catch (FilesystemException $exception) {
throw new BerliozException('Filesystem error', 0, $exception);
}
}
} | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/BerliozFramework/Core/blob/master/src/Debug/SnapshotLoader.php', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'Core', 'creator': 'BerliozFramework', 'language': 'PHP', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '209', 'token_count': '642', '__index_level_0__': '10667', 'original_id': '2a196784aa45e065a8636d3946ebcbab4d07b97730ec8536bbe3273bf6cd6cd6'} |
Understanding Your Locus of Control
Taking Responsibility for Your Own Success
Understanding Your Locus of Control - Taking Responsibility for Your Own Success
© GettyImages
Are your successes and failures down to luck, or to your own choices and actions?
You and your colleague, Josh, are late for your morning meeting.
You blame yourself. You should have set an earlier morning alarm, taken a different route to the office to avoid the roadwork, and skipped your usual latte when you saw the long line at the counter.
"But these things happen," says Josh. "They always fix the road at the worst times. The guy at the coffee shop said they were short-staffed. How were we to know? Don't worry about it."
You and Josh are friends, but you disagree about who's responsible for your lateness. Why? Because you have a different "locus of control."
In this article, we'll examine what "locus of control" means and how it can affect your performance at work, your job satisfaction, your career prospects, and even your health.
What is the Locus of Control?
Psychologist Julian B. Rotter coined the term "locus of control" in 1954. It is the degree to which people believe that they are in control over the events in their life.
According to Rotter, people generally either have an:
• Internal locus of control – you believe that you are in control over your own life and your environment. Your outcomes are the result of your own efforts, choices and decisions.
• External locus of control – you believe that your life is shaped by external forces that you have no influence over, such as chance, fate or other people in positions of power.
Most people fall somewhere between these two extremes, so Rotter devised a scale with external locus of control at one end and internal locus of control at the other (see Figure 1, below).
Figure 1. The Locus of Control Scale.
Locus of Control
To find out where you fall on the Locus of Control scale, take our interactive quiz.
The Advantages of Having an Internal Locus of Control
There are advantages to having an internal locus of control. For example, studies show that it can make you a more effective leader, improve your performance, and enhance your job satisfaction.
Other benefits are that you will more likely:
• Take responsibility for your own performance: you "own" your actions and are not afraid to be held accountable for them, whether they result in success or failure.
• Be self-motivated: you believe that you can make things happen by yourself. This means that you work hard to learn new things, to overcome obstacles, and to achieve your goals.
• Have a higher degree of self-efficacy: this is your belief in your ability to succeed. If you have self-efficacy, you'll more likely take the initiative rather than procrastinate or wait for someone else to do a task, or hope that things just "fall into place" by themselves.
• Be more receptive to feedback: if you believe that you have the power to change things for yourself, you'll likely view feedback as an opportunity to learn and grow, rather than take it as personal criticism.
• Enjoy better mental and physical health: knowing that you are in control of your own life can help you to manage stress and anxiety more effectively. It may also encourage you to adopt healthier habits and behaviors. Studies show that "internals" report higher mental well-being and fewer physical symptoms of illness.
Conversely, if you have an external locus of control, you'll more likely:
• Blame poor performance or mistakes on things such as circumstance, "bad luck," or other people.
• Find it difficult to take the credit when things go right.
• Give up easily when faced with problems because you think "that's just the way it is."
• Be reluctant to forge new relationships, or repair broken ones, because you feel you have little power to change things.
• Resist making lifestyle changes that could improve your situation.
However, there can be times when having an external locus of control can be an advantage, particularly in situations where people need to be considerate and more easy-going.
People with a strong internal locus of control tend to be very achievement-oriented, and this can leave those around them feeling "trampled" or "bruised." And with a very strong internal locus of control, there is also a tendency to want to control everything, which can lead to difficulties in taking direction.
If you have a strong internal locus of control, make sure you pay attention to the feelings of the people around you – otherwise you'll seem arrogant, and they may not want to work with you.
If you're a manager, it can be useful to consider where, in your experience and knowledge of them, your people fall on the locus of control scale, so that you can adapt your leadership style to suit to them.
"Internals," for instance, tend to prefer participative leaders who involve them in decision-making and allow them to work independently. In contrast, "externals" will likely respond better to a more direct style, because they tend to believe that external forces shape their lives.
How to Adjust Your Locus of Control
Your locus of control may be influenced by your upbringing, your cultural or religious background, or your life experiences. But it's important to note that, no matter where you fall on the locus of control scale, there is no "right" or "wrong" position.
You can move to a more internal position on the scale by taking control of the way you choose to react and adapt to your present circumstances, even if they are particularly difficult or are being impacted by powerful external forces. For instance, if you're working with a particularly difficult colleague or your organization is facing an unpredictable future.
Even if you've taken a wrong turn or made a mistake, adopting an internal locus of control means you are still in the driving seat, and therefore have the power to change your circumstances for the better.
For example, if you've recently lost out on a promotion, rather than quitting or simply continuing as before, you could choose to take control of the situation by analyzing the reasons why you didn't get the role and making some changes, such as taking on a new responsibilities or asking for training that will improve your chances next time an opportunity arises.
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In his article, The Locus of Control: Five Reminders That You Are the Boss, careers expert David G. Jensen identifies five areas where you can internalize your locus of control. He calls them the "Cs of Control." They are:
1. The Clock. You can't hold back time, but you can control how you use it. If you struggle to get everything done, make a positive effort to manage your time more effectively. For instance, by using prioritized To-Do Lists, minimizing distractions and avoiding procrastination.
2. Contacts. Build a powerful network of contacts by proactively seeking out people who can introduce you to new opportunities, or help you to achieve your goals and advance your career. Cultivate contacts at work, join professional forums and groups online, and connect or follow people that inspire you on social media.
3. Communication. Develop your communication skills. This will enable you to present ideas more effectively, improve your workplace relationships, and help you to become more assertive.
4. Commitments. Always do what you say you're going to do and, if a project or request is beyond the scope of your expertise, don't be afraid to admit it. Remember that you can choose to say "No," particularly if people make excessive or unreasonable demands of you.
5. Causes. Make informed decisions about the projects or "causes" that you choose to get involved with at work. If you're initiating a project, use tools such as Decision Matrix Analysis or the Futures Wheel to fully assess the implications and risks of it before you proceed.
The C's of Control, adapted from "The Locus of Control: Five Reminders That Your Are The Boss" by David G. Jensen with permission pending from Science magazine. © The Association for the Advancement of Science, 2017.
Take care not to go "overboard" in your attempts to strengthen your internal locus of control. If you do, you may find that your impulse is to try to control everything, which can lead to anxiety and stress. Ultimately, there will likely be some things that you just can't change, no matter how much you'd like to.
You can use the Control Influence Accept (CIA) Model to identify the aspects of a situation that you can and cannot control.
Key Points
Locus of control is a term first coined by psychologist Julian B. Rotter in 1954. It refers to the degree of control that people believe they have over their own lives.
If you have an internal locus of control, you'll likely believe that your life is shaped by your own actions, choices and decisions. In contrast, if you have an external locus of control, you'll likely believe that events are governed by forces beyond your control, such as chance, fate or other people who have more authority than you.
People with an internal locus of control tend to have greater career success and make better leaders. This is because they are able to take ownership of their work, are self-motivated, use feedback constructively, and are able to manage stress and anxiety better.
You can adjust your locus of control so that it is more internal by understanding that your circumstances are not a "given" and that you have the power to take control of them. You can do this by taking control of the way that you manage your time, your network, your communication, and your work commitments and causes. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9569412469863892}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '345940', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:S3BX4HWLWEUARLPSRM6WDAGZK4T47YY2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bcd5bb75-4ec0-480c-99d2-7bf34063cdc5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 21, 7, 43, 59), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.219.2', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XKTEFJT5ATGILPQUDQ6TMDTW4YI6SIS2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f467b45b-d39b-4a14-bcd1-dd71aa33c246>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/locus-of-control.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2f5b5467-11c2-4b3b-9cb2-b0231d37f396>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1629', 'url': 'https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/locus-of-control.htm', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-141-15-74.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.062249720096588135', 'original_id': 'f44b4105190f3f02d1fd37b68cc28efdb51d7e9f9a514fae72aaa8af38009f20'} |
The law of 1908, which re-established the county board, was a tardy recognition of the fact that the county, not the district, must be the local rural educa- tional unit. No system of education can be built up out of independent districts. The county is the natural unit for taxation, and while small enough to engage local interest, it is large enough to support graded schools, a coimty high school, supervisors, attendance officers- all the several factors that are indispensable to organized educational eJffort. It was therefore sound statesman- ship to consoKdate the separate rural districts into the county unit in charge of a coimty board of education. The main duty imposed on the county board of educa- tion was the management of school finances and the school plant. Up to this time, as stated above, each district had been responsible for its own schoolhouse. Schoolhouses were sometimes built by a special district tax, sometimes by a special district poll tax, but more often by private subscription. Occasionally a district had a good school building. More often the school- house was a wretched hovel, unworthy the name. With the county board of education re-established, Four- Window Rural Schoolhouses, with Porch, but Without Cloakroom LOCAL ORGANIZATION 29 almost every general assembly added to its financial powers. A far-reaching expansion was the provision of the law of 1912 authorizing the coimty board to combine the state school and county school funds, and to dis- tribute them to the districts according to their needs. The employment of teachers remained in the hands of district boards of trustees, but teachers were to be paid according to a salary schedule adopted by the county board of education, approved by the state board. Thus, the old method of apportioning state school funds di- rectly to the districts was abolished. The small district was now on the same footing as the large district; teachers of equal qualifications received the same salary, and the scramble for the large district, with the large salary, which extended even to pa3dng a premium to the trus- tees for a particularly large school and to political log- rolling to secure the election of a given trustee favorable to the employment of a given teacher, became a thing of the past. The objects for which the county board might spend county school funds were at the same time multiplied. In 1912 the county board was authorized to employ rural school supervisors and to pay the necessary expenses incurred by them and the county superintendent in the performance of their official duties.^ Thus, by 1920, the financial powers of the county board of education were 'In 1912 counties were also pennitted to vote county bonds for the erection of schoolhouses, but thus far no county has voted such bonds. We do not include these provisions in our discussion of the county boards of education because a separate commission was authorized to handle 30 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY ample to enable them to provide a uniform and effident system of county schools. The re-established county board of education was also vested with certain educational responsibilities, which were gradually increased. They were required by the law of 1908 to establish at least one county high school, and authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for the management of the same, adopt a suitable course of study, employ the necessary teachers, fix their salaries, and dismiss them for cause. The law of 1908 conferred on the county board the power to change the boundaries of old subdistricts and to lay off new subdistricts; that of 1912, to consolidate subdistricts and to fill vacancies in trusteeships; and that of 1914 extended the board's authority over the entire county, since which date no new graded school districts might be formed without its approval. Thus, one by one, the county board was endowed with most of the functions properly belonging to it. But meanwhile, as has already been pointed out, the board was itself clumsily constituted, being made up of division chainnen, each naturally more interested in the division from which he came than in the county as a whole. Thus, the district spirit permeated the county organization. This defect was corrected in 1920 by the new county unit law, one of the few pieces of constructive educational the funds derived from such county bond issues. The creation of this in- dependent conunission is a further illustration of the state's tendency to establish separate boards or commissions to perform duties that properly belong to the original board. LOCAL ORGANIZATION 31 legislation to be found in the entire history of the state. This statute created county boards of five members, to be elected by the voters outside of graded school and city school districts. The people thus received for the first time a direct voice in the management of school af- fairs from the standpoint of the coimty as the unit. At the same time, the law of 1920 not only extended the financial powers of the county board, making special provisions for a county school budget and an increased compulsory county school tax, but also placed in its hands the entire educational management of rural schools, including the appointment of the county superintendent as its executive officer. The first election under the new law took place in November, 1920, the new members taking office January 1, 1921. In places there naturally exists some discontent with the members chosen, and with their first important act, the selection of a county superintendent. No such change could possibly be carried through without a cer- tain amoimt of dissatisfaction. The remedy lies, how- ever, not in a change of the law — the law is based on sound and well-accepted principles — but in a wiser se- lection of county school board members by the people. The very exercise of the privilege will of itself tend to bring about the desired results. THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT The efficiency of a county system depends largely on the executive officer, the county superintendent. The 32 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY title "county superintendent" was not legally em- ployed until 1884, although county superintendents had existed since 1856, when the single commissioner took the place of the old board of common school commission- ers. Old as this office is, it is to-day one of the weakest spots in the state public school system. The difficulty is not a lack of power. The single common school com- missioner assumed all the clerical and supervisory duties of the board of commissioners which he displaced. He divided the county into districts, called for the state school funds and distributed them to the districts, re- ceived reports from district trustees, and made reports to the state superintendent; appointed one or more per- sons who, along with himself, issued teachers' certifi- cates, visited schools, and advised teachers. From time to time additional responsibilities were imposed. For example, in 1870, it became his duty to decide aU ques- tions of dispute with respect to the common schools, and to organize and conduct teachers' institutes. In 1884 he was authorized to condemn unfit and insanitary schoolhouses. At this time, also, he was charged with the handling of state school funds. In 1886, he was authorized to select textbooks, sharing this responsi- bility, after 1893, with the county board of examiners, and between 19 10 and 19 14, with the county textbook commission. Though imtil 1920 he lacked the power to appoint and assign teachers, he was, if qualified, nevertheless in position to do effective work in many LOCAL ORGANIZATION 33 directions. But the superintendency was a failure, and for obvious reasons. In the first place, from the beginning the ofl&ce has been intrenched in county politics. The county super- intendent, always dependent on the county politicians for appointment or nomination and election, had been subject to all the ins and outs of county poUtics. In the second place, the salary was too meagre to attract and hold competent men. The first county superintendents received a maximum of $100 annually, later increased to an average of about $250. Between 1870 and 1884, the salary was further increased; but up to 1912, the maximum that might be paid was $1,500. After 1912, the maximum was $2,500, and the minimum $600. Never in all the history of the state has more than one superin- tendent received the maximum, $2,500; and county su- perintendents are now serving, and will continue to serve until December 30, 1921, for the minimum $600 a year. The law of 1920 fixes the minimum at $1,200, and places no limit on what a county board may pay. Of the 70 newly elected superintendents, one will receive $4,000 a year. Above 20 per cent, will receive the mini- mum, $1,200, with the average for all $1,817. As a re- sult of low salaries, many county superintendents have been anything but educators. They have been farmers, storekeepers, lawyers, doctors, ministers, insurance agents, blacksmiths, carpenters, dressmakers, milliners, etc. Repeated efforts have been made to define proper 34 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY qualifications for the office, but the highest ever pre- scribed — two years of education beyond high school graduation — are entirely inadequate. Inadequate as they are, probably less than a third of the superintendents now in office could meet thena. Of the 96 county super- intendents in office in 1920-192 1 reporting to us, 8 have never gone beyond the elementary school. Of the re- mainder, 27 have had less than a full high school course; 25 have had the equivalent of a high school course; 14 have had less than two years beyond high school; 13 have had as much as two years beyond; 2 have had three years beyond; and 7 have had the equivalent of a standard college training or more. Doubtless all of them have through reading added to their training, and some have had e^erience as school- men; but even if full credit be given for experience and outside reading, all too many of the county superintend- ents are tmqualtfied to discharge the duties of the office. It goes without saying that covmty superintendents who are dependent for their positions on political favor, who participate actively in county politics, who give only part time to the schools, and who are mostly un- trained, caimot be active educational leaders. Some of them are Httle more than office clerks, and poor ones at that. Their financial accounts are wretchedly kept- often their ledger is their checkbook stubs, and a bal- ance is seldom struck except at the close of the school LOCAL ORGANIZATION 35 year. Irregularities in the auditing and paying of bills and in the handling of public funds are conunon. While the county courts are expected to audit school accounts annually, the audit is seldom more than a formality, and in one county there has been no settlement for years. Fortumately for the future, the law of 1920 re- quires county boards to provide annually for an out- side audit and to publish the results. Further, the new account book, prepared by the state board of educa- tion, requires a monthly balance, and it is hoped that the appropriation of 1922 will enable the state superin- tendent to supervise adequately both the accounting and the business methods of coimty boards. The rapidly increasing expenditures make such supervision more imperative than ever before. The clerical work of the oflSce of the county superin- tendent is generally as poorly done as the accoimting. Reports are reqxxired from teachers, but few superin- tendents see to it that each teacher makes all the reports required or that those made are either complete or cor- rect. Examination has been made of hundreds of teachers' registers, which include the teacher's term record and annual report, without finding one that is both complete and correct. The superintendents' annual reports to the state superintendent are likewise usually incomplete, and rarely accurate; occasionally they are not even made at all. Even on current items of ad- ministrative importance, it is next to impossible for the state department to obtain reliable information. And 36 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY the present survey of public education has been con- tinually hampered by the incorrectness and incomplete- ness of official data. The comity superintendents are not themselves alto- gether to blame. The offices of many are inadequate and poorly furnished. Few have ample cabinets and filin g cases; not more than four or five have modern cler- ical and statistical devices, such as mimeographs and adding machines, and two-thirds of them are entirely without clerical assistance of any kind. Under these conditions, full information about the schools simply cannot be collected and compiled, whatever the law. These defects in business methods, accounting, and reporting would be less serious if superintendents per- formed satisfactorily their administrative and supervis- ory duties. Though a few superintendents have re- cently been active in promoting consolidation, in erecting new schoolhouses, in encouraging better attendance, in engaging better teachers, and in securing larger county levies, the majority have no administrative program and exercise little administrative control. The admin- istrative looseness in many counties is astonishing; the superintendent knows Uttle about how the schools are conducted. Trustees dismiss teachers apparently with- out cause, and close the schools for the most trivial reasons. In one instance a trustee closed the school be- cause his son was ill, and he did not want him to lose any time; therefore, other children had to wait until he was well. The teachers themselves, apparently without One-Room Rural Schoolhouses of Somewhat More Modern Type LOCAL ORGANIZATION 37 anyone's knowledge or authorization, also close the schools for days and weeks to do farm work, or visit, or go shopping, or rest. For example, a teacher, on securing her first pay, forthwith closed school for a week and proceeded to Lexington to do her winter shopping. Nothing at all is thought of dismissing school an hour or two earlier than the appointed time. That schools should begin and close regularly at definite hours, and that they should continue uninterruptedly throughout the term, are elementary points in administration that are disregarded at will under the happy-go-lucky, do-as- you-please regime that obtains in Kentucky. Although schools are usually in the hands of young, inexperienced, and untrained teachers, many superin- tendents give little or no thought to supervision. Less than half report giving as much as one-fourth of their time to this work; a fourth give none at all. Even if they were all qualified to supervise teaching, the attitude of county boards of education toward paying expenses incurred in the performance of official duties would dis- courage them. A third of the county boards of educa- tion provide no expense allowance; another third make only a meagre allowance. Such conveyance as is needed (a saddle horse, horse and buggy, or automobile) must be provided by the county superintendent, who also fre- quently pays all of his traveling expenses. Under the most favorable conditions a superintendent, single-handed and alone, cannot properly supervise the schools of an entire county. In every county there 38 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY should be at the very least one additional person who spends aU her time in helping teachers, especially young teachers, to organize their schools, to classify, grade, and teach their pupils. One coxinty now has two special supervisors of physical education; another, two special supervisors of cooking and sewing; eleven have each a colored supervisor for colored schools; but there is not a single regular white rural supervisor in the entire state. The law of 1912 authorized county boards of education to employ rural school supervisors. The next year the state superintendent reported 49 mral supervisors at work, and predicted the early extension of supervision to all the counties. The persons so employed, however, were seldom especially trained, few county superintend- ents were sufficiently equipped to appreciate, select, or direct a good supervisor, and, in consequence, the whole enterprise quickly fell into disrepute. Some coimties are now attempting its revival through attendance officers. Attendance officers who have had teaching or family experience can help yoimg teachers in discipline and management, but they have neither the time nor, ordinarily, the training to do supervisory work of the amount and kind needed. To rely on at- tendance officers for supervisory direction would there- fore be a grave mistake. The work can be entrusted only to skilled persons, specially trained, if solid results are to be obtained. The law of 1920 removed the office of coimty super- intendent from politics, placing his selection in the hands LOCAL ORGANIZATION 39 of the county board of education. But time must pass before results appear. Most of the county superintend- ents holding ofl&ce have been reappointed by the new coimty boards of education. In many instances this was not only the wise thing to do, but it was all that could be done. Yet in a number of counties the boards had the money and the power to go out of the county and even out of the state for superintendents, but failed to take advantage of the opportunity. Trained Kentuckians in number quaUfied for the ofl&ce are not available, and neither Kentuckians nor qualified persons outside of the state will be available until the new law is appreciated by the people and its spirit carried out by county boards of education. GRADED COMMON SCHOOL DISTRICTS We have said that two educational divisions are not included in the county unit, viz., the graded common school district and the city school system. The state now has 314 white and 2 colored graded school districts, each with its own board of trustees, acting independently of the county board of education. Graded school districts are as old as the public schools themselves. Louisville, Lexington, and Maysville were recognized as such by the organic law of 1838. Prior to 1888 graded school districts operated either vmder the same laws as ordinary school districts, or received special charters from the general assembly. Since 1888 the school laws have contained a separate chapter dealing 40 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY with their organization and administration, which sets them off from the ordinary district; a few, however, still cling to their special charters. Up to 1888 only one general provision was imposed on towns or villages desiring to organize as graded dis- tricts. They were expected to establish and maintain common schools adequate to teach all children of the district, free of charge. After 1888 a town or village was required to vote a maximum local school tax, first of 70 cents, later of 50 cents. From time to time other re- quirements have been imposed. For example, since 1893, the petition to the county court for an election to decide on the formation of a graded district has had to be en- dorsed by the trustees of the ordinary districts affected and by the county superintendent, and since 19 14 such petition must be approved by both the county board of education and the county superintendent. Again, in 1893, the size of graded districts was restricted to two and one-half miles in all directions from the proposed school site, and since 1914 such districts must contain at least 100 census pupils. The county district law of 1908 contained still other restrictions, and since 1916 graded school districts have been required to maintain a high school equal to that maintained by the county board or to pay the tuition of its pupils in an approved high school elsewhere. These regulations are well enough in themselves, but no penalty has ever been imposed for violating them, nor any means provided for returning to the county a LOCAL ORGANIZATION 41 graded school district which fails to carry out the con- ditions in question.^ To illustrate : A district votes the required local school tax, but for years at a time no local school tax is levied, and, however dire the need, the maxi- mum may never be levied. Doubtless all graded school districts contained 100 census pupils when organized, but the state now has 63 that no longer contain the requi- site minimum. The obligations of graded school dis- tricts to provide high school opportunities are clear; but there are 52 that make no such provision. In short, once organized, the graded school district becomes a law unto itself. As suggested, graded school districts not only vary in size, but in the character of the schools maintained. They range in size as follows : 10 employ one teacher; 77 employ two teachers; 63 employ three teachers; 52 employ four teachers; 34 employ five teachers; 26 employ six teachers; 54 employ seven or more teachers. In the larger graded school districts, those employing seven or more teachers, there is generally much to com- mend. Most of these have good school buildings and ' Such districts, with the approval of the county board of education and the county superintendent, may vote to return themselves to the county, but there is no other authority with power to put them back into the county. 42 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY grounds, employ fairly well-trained principals, on salaries ranging from $1,500 to $2,500, and maintain not only weU-graded elementary schools, but four-year high schools, with a nine or ten months' term. The educa- tional interest in certain of these districts is admirable. For example, when, in 1920, it was supposed that such districts were authorized by law to levy a maximtun tax of $1.25, a nimiber forthwith levied the maximum, and in a few, although the law was later declared invalid, the maximum, by common consent of the taxpayers, was collected. On the other hand, probably nowhere else in the entire public school system of the state, all things considered, are educational conditions quite so bad as in the small graded school districts. Sometimes the school term is only six months long; the schoolhouses are mostly ram- shackle, tumble-down, dirty, wooden structures; not infrequently the teachers hold no certificates at all, are no better prepared than the ordinary rural teacher, and are sometimes paid less. A local school tax may or may not be levied, and, when levied, the sheriff may hold it in his own hands for as much as two years. Cases are known where the collector has not made a settlement within five years. Evidence of petty graft, inefficiency, and the free play of personal and partisan interests abovmds. K there is any reason, other than to avoid taxation, for the existence of most of these small graded districts, it is certainly not apparent. The administration of the graded school districts in the LOCAL ORGANIZATION 43 coal-producing counties calls for special comment. The coal companies appear friendly toward public education, enter actively into their management, and seem to be doing a good deal more for the schools than the law requires. But the arrangements are not infrequently of a paternalistic character. For example, a coal company builds and pays for the schoolhouse, and either rents or gives it rent-free to the board of trustees. If the funds available are not adequate for current maintenance, the company makes up the deficit. The company thus keeps itself before the community as a patron, and ap- pears to be doing more than its bare duty to the com- munity. In many cases, however, if the usual tax was levied, the community could do all these things — and more — for itself. Besides, it would own and control its own school plant; the school patrons would be accus- tomed to paying school taxes, and the community would have a self-respect impossible so long as it is the beneficiary of a corporation. In some places the law is plainly ignored. To illustrate: In certain districts no school tax is levied; the coal companies, without authority of law, hold out a certain amount monthly from the wages of the miners, which, along with what the companies donate, goes to support the school. The com- panies lead the communities to believe that they are expending on the schools far more than their ordinary school taxes, whereas in some instances they are saving hundreds, perhaps thousands, of dollars annually. Need- less to say, this sort of thing shoidd be stopped. 44 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY The difficulty of supervising 316 graded school dis- tricts is obvious. They have, all told, more than one thousand trustees, 316 collectors, and 316 treasurers. Scattered, as they are, over all parts of the state, even the inspection of the accounts of these 316 boards, to say nothing of supervising their business methods and administrative practices, is an impossible task. Casual inspections, however, have revealed diverse irregularities and the probable loss annually of thousands of dollars of public money. Nor is there any adequate local adnainistration out- side of the larger districts, for only the very largest can afford to employ competent superintendents. The school principal usually teaches full time and is responsi- ble, besides, for the discipline and management of the school; but he has neither time nor capacity to handle the financial affairs of the district. The board of trustees attends to these in its own way, without help or sugges- tion from any source. The difficulty of properly administering these 316 separate and independent graded districts would in itself be sufficient reason for bringing them back into the coimty system, but_ there are other substantial reasons for so doing. Prior to the enactment in 1908 of the coimty school district laws it was well enough for towns and villages to form themselves into graded districts. In fact, it was a distinct advantage to have them do so, as it en- couraged local initiative. But the creation of the county • , :aiA'-;. .. ^X"'W»^ rJ^^l *;'; -i-o*.**^ .;.»^'-<- E.r-U-. ifv;..- ■'■:-''^.%-^2<^^ Typical Rural School Outhouses LOCAL ORGANIZATION 45 lUiit, with a county board of education with large educational and financial powers, and particularly the imposition of a compulsory county school tax, en- tirely change the situation. Under these conditions graded school districts and a county school system are contradictory. A fully developed county system ex- cludes the possibility of graded districts, and, con- versely, the existence of graded districts impairs the county system. Again, the imposition of a compulsory county school tax raises a fundamental question with respect to ex- empting graded districts from county school taxes. So long as there was no county school tax, it was well enough to allow graded districts to levy and enjoy a local tax. But this is not the whole story. Graded districts have extended their boundaries up and down railways and in and around every possible bit of valuable personal and corporate property, so that, exempt as they are from the county school tax, they enjoy the sole benefits of property which can scarcely be said to belong merely to them. In fact, most of the graded districts would not have been established had it not been for this opportunity. As the compulsory county school tax does not touch property in- cluded in the graded district, a considerable part of the taxable property of each county is not subject to county tax. The following is a representative situation. A county has six graded districts, which receive all the proceeds of taxation from two-thirds of all the railways; in these six districts there is concentrated, including the 46 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY railroads, almost one-half of aU the taxable wealth of the county, but only one-third of all the school children. For the county outside the graded districts to produce per pupil the same amount of money for school purposes, the school tax rate in the county would have to be twice as great as the rate in the graded districts. Under these conditions, equahty of educational opportunities is im- possible. Naturally, there is a widespread and rapidly developing feeHng that graded districts ought not to be exempted from the county school tax, and this feeling is justified. There is a further inherent injustice to the rural sec- tions in the existence of graded districts. With two ex- ceptions, they include only schools for white children; the responsibiKty for colored schools in villages and towns is thrown on the county. To be sure, the local tax levied for white schools is levied only on the property of whites, but the question is not. Where is the tax levied?, but who pays it. It is generally agreed that aU taxes are ultimately paid by the consumers; hence, a Negro who rents a house owned by a white man contributes to the taxes on white property. Even the tax levied on cor- porate wealth within the graded school district has only recently been shared with the colored schools. Again, the original reason for estabhshing graded school districts has, in a number of counties, practically disappeared, and it is hoped will disappear in all parts of the state in the near future. When no rural schools ran more than six monthSj it was an advantage if even a LOCAL ORGANIZATION 47 single district provided a longer term. But there are now some twelve counties that have a school term of more than six months, and other coimties are moving in the same direction. Henceforth, not this or that graded district, but the entire coimty should extend its term, when conditions are ripe for such action. Finally, so far as possible, the one-teacher rural school should be abolished, to be replaced by larger union or consolidated schools. Most of the graded school dis- tricts comprise towns and villages that are natural con- solidation centers. So long as they exist independently of the county system, they are stimibling blocks to con- solidation. ConsoKdation may be effected under the joint control of graded district trustees and county boards of education, but this method results in divided responsibility, endless comphcation, and frequent injus- tice to one or the other party. We are, therefore, of the opinion that all graded dis- tricts should so far as possible be converted into consoli- dated schools and returned to the county system. To do so will wipe out certain outstanding injustices, wiU add to the dignity and strength of the county system, and at the same time will be to the advantage of the graded school districts themselves. As things now stand, neither the county nor the separate districts can support a proper organization. By pooling resources a strong superin- tendent and a well-trained professional staff can be more easily provided. And through proper consoHdation, the educational facilities of many graded school districts, 48 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY as well as of the county as a whole, wiU be greatly strengthened. Even when graded districts are restored to the county, the largest may still maintain a degree of local autonomy. They might be permitted to retain their local board of trustees; also, they might levy an additional local school tax to be expended, subject to mutual agreement between the respective trustees and the county board of education, for local purposes, such as lengthening the school term, employing better trained teachers, providing educational equipment, play-grounds, athletic fields, etc. CITY SCHOOL DISTRICTS The remaining local unit of organization and adminis- tration is the city school district. These are of four types, comprising, respectively, cities of the first class, of which there is i ; cities of the second class, of which there are 4; cities of the third class, of which there are 8; and cities of the fourth class, of which there are 46. City schools were operated prior to 1893 either under graded district school laws or under special charters, mostly the latter. The adoption of the new constitution of 1891 gave opportunity to systematize city school legislation, and separate codes for each class of cities were enacted in 1893. These separate city codes have been amended from time to time, so that as they now stand few states possess better city school legislation than Kentucky. The four separate dty codes closely resemble one an- Two- and Three-Room Rural Schoolhouses of the Older Type LOCAL ORGANIZATION 49 other. They provide for small boards of education, elected by the people on secret and non-partisan ballots. These boards have both financial and educational con- trol of the schools, with power to appoint the necessary agents, such as superintendents, business managers, principals, teachers, etc. With the exception of Louis- ville, they are independent of municipal authorities in school finance, having power to request or to levy school taxes up to a specified maximum, and all are authorized to submit to the people the question of issuing bonds, within constitutional Hmitations, for the purchase of school grounds and the erection of school buildings. Such differences as exist are, for the most part, of minor importance. For example, in first and second class cities the boards of education are composed of five mem- bers; in third class cities, of nine members; and in fourth class cities, of six members. In Louisville, the only city of the first class, the board of education has no taxing power, no power to fix the school tax or to compel the levy by the city council. The council must levy for schools not less than 36 cents and not more than $1 .00 per hundred, but between these two extremes the rate is in the discretion of the council and not of the board of educa- tion. In cities of the second, third, and fourth class the board of education has the taxing power. In second class cities, the tax is limited to 65 cents; in third class cities, to $1.00, including a poll tax not exceeding $1.50; and in fourth class cities, to $1.50, including a poll tax not exceeding $2.00. so PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY Other parts of the school system have been seriously hindered by constitutional limitations and poor laws— for example, the state department of education and the counties — ^but this cannot be said of the cities, at least in recent years. In consequence, the towns educationally approximate towns of equal size elsewhere. Neverthe- less, defects are serious, as they are generally throughout the coimtry. Too often boards of education, rather than trained superintendents, stiU run the schools; per- sonal favoritism still plays too large a part in the em- ployment of teachers; and financial support is generally inadequate to provide suitable grounds and buildings, skilled administrators, well-trained teachers, qualified supervisors, attendance officers, school doctors and nurses. Help cannot, however, be obtained by radical changes in the city school laws; an enhghtened and active public sentiment, and a deeper appreciation of the scope and value of pubKc education are requisite. A few minor changes might, however, be made to ad- vantage. For example, it would simpKfy the school laws and add to the ease of administration if the four separate school codes, so similar in general outUne, were combined into a single code, applicable to aU cities. Thus minor differences could be eliminated; the powers and duties that properly belong to a board could be more clearly distinguished from those properly belonging to the superintendent of schools as its executive officer. The relative position of superintendent and business manager could also be soundly adjusted. As the law for LOCAL ORGANIZATION 51 first and second class cities now stands, the business manager is co-ordinate with the superintendent ; he should, we belieye, for the sake of harmony and efficiency, be subordinate to the superintendent and subject to his direction. While the maximum tax rate should prob- ably not be uniform for all cities, that for first and second class cities should be considerably increased, and the school boards in first class cities should be made inde- pendent of the city council in school finance. Whether or not a single city school code is adopted, certain other needed changes should undoubtedly be brought about through general legislation. For example, cities that still possess special charters should surrender them; likewise, the provision in the code for fourth class cities which permits of two boards of education, one for white schools and one for colored schools, should be re- pealed in the interest of unity, efficiency, and justice. There is also a fundamental question that should be carefully considered. Cities, like graded school districts, are now free from the county school tax. Cities repre- sent an extreme concentration of wealth, in the pro- duction of which the county shares. They are not independent in respect to taxation for other purposes; they pay county taxes for county roads, county courts, penal and eleemosynary institutions. IV. TEACHERS GOOD schools are impossible without good teach- • ers, and good teachers are the prod.uct of training and experience. There were in service in 1920-1921, 13,653 teachers, divided as follows: city, 2,708; graded district, 1,345; and rural, 9,600. Of these, 12,146 are elementary and 1,507 are high school teachers. TRAINING OF WHITE TEACHERS A teacher's certificate indicates in a general way the extent of her training and competency. The lowest grade state certificate now issued requires an education that goes somewhat beyond the elementary school, but less than high school graduation. Of all rural and graded school teachers in service in 1920-1921, 84 per cent, of the white and 65 per cent, of the colored held this lowest grade state certificate, or county certificates of similar rank.^ It can therefore be safely afi&rmed that a large majority of the teachers of Kentucky are poorly educated and not professionally trained. We have detailed information on the education and 'The several cities — first, second, third, and fourth class — certificate their own teachers, so that city certificates cannot be grouped with state certificates. S2 TEACHERS S3 training of 11,712 of the 13,653 teachers, or 86 per cent, of the total number. Conclusions based on returns from so large a proportion will hold approximately true for the entire teaching body. On the basis of our returns, only one elementary teach- er in ten is satisfactorily prepared to teach in an ele- mentary school, that is, has graduated from high school and has had at least two years of additional special train- ing. As might be expected, a greater proportion of city than of rural elementary teac'hers are satisfactorily trained. Forty per cent, of the elementary teachers in cities have had a satisfactory training, as compared with 8 per cent, in graded school districts, and 3 per cent, in the counties. Nor does the state possess a considerable body of even fairly well trained elementary teachers. In fact, 63 per cent, of all the elementary teachers of Kentucky have had less than a fuU high school training, and 23 per cent, have never gone beyond the elementary school. The bulk of these very poorly trained teachers are in the rural schools, where 77 per cent, have had less than a full high school course, and 30 per cent, have themselves never advanced beyond the elementary school. (See Table I, Appendix.) Conditions in the high schools are somewhat better. At that, only sKghtly more than one high school teacher in four is satisfactorily prepared to give high school in- struction. (See Table II, Appendix.) Again, cities are better supphed than the coimties, for 41 per cent, of 54 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY Elementary school Part high school Full high school 1 year ahove high school Z years elove high school 3 years ahove high school 4 years above high school 2,ioe 3,679 Figure i. Preparation of White Elementary Teachers city high school teachers have satisfactory training, as compared with 14 per cent, in graded school districts and 10 per cent, in rural districts. Twenty-one per cent, of aU high school teachers, and in rural sections 35 per cent., have not themselves enjoyed the equivalent of a high school education. Elementary school Part high school Full high school 1 year above high school 2 years ahoye high school 3 years above high school 4 years above high sphool 248 S31 Figure 2. Pjeparation pf White High Stohool Teachers. TEACHERS SS TRAINING OF COLORED TEACHERS All things considered, colored teachers make a com- mendable showing. A third of them have had two years or more of training beyond a high school course. (See Table III, Appendix.) City colored teachers are better prepared than rural colored teachers. In the cities S3 per cent, have advanced two years or more beyond high school, whereas in rural sections only i8 per cent, have advanced so far. teachers' salaries Low salaries, a defective certification system, a lack of supervision and inadequate teacher-training institu- tions account for Kentucky's poorly trained teachers. The salaries paid Kentucky teachers have always been close to the lowest paid in the United States. The aver- age was, for 1900, $215; 1910. $337; 1918, $364. Up to 191 2 teachers were left to wring from school boards whatever they could. The state, however, came to the assistance of rural elementary teachers in 191 2, when a minimum wage of $35 a month was set, with a maximum of $70 a month, for a six months' term. In 1918 the minimum was raised to $45 and in 1920 to $75, with no maximum specified. But even now the wage paid the best prepared rural eletoentajy teachers rarely S6 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN KENTUCKY exceeds $ioo per month. On the other hand, 40 counties are unable to pay the $75 minimum. The maximum in these 40 counties is around $65. While, therefore, a few rural elementary teachers are now paid around $100 per month, approximately 84 per cent, receive only between $65 and $75 per month for from six to eight months a year. Graded districts and especially cities pay elementary teachers a better annual if not a higher monthly wage than the counties. But rarely outside of Louisville does an elementary teacher receive as much as $1,000 per year; the great majority get between $700 and $800 a year. High school teachers are paid more than elementary teachers; the average high school salary for 1920-192 1 was $1,278. So long as such low salaries prevail, particularly in the rural sections, young men and women will not prepare themselves thoroughly for teaching. Unless the wages for well-trained teachers are materially advanced, Ken- tucky's schools will continue to be in the hands of teachers who know little more than the brighter children in school, and teachers will continue to teach only until they can find something else to do. CERTIFICATION SYSTEM The certification system now in use does not encourage young people to get professional training. In the first place, there never has been any clear recognition that Old-style Rural Schoolhouses, with Two or More Rooms TEACHERS 57 different kinds of school work — for example, teaching in the elementary school and teaching in high school — call for different kinds of training. Almost all certificates thus far issued, except those of the lowest grade, have been valid in both elementary and high schools. To illustrate: The state board of education may grant to a graduate of a standard college, who has taken as a part of his college course a specified amount of professional high school work, an advanced high school certificate. On the other hand, the state normal schools may grant to an eighth grade graduate, without any high school training, who has completed a fifty weeks' course speci- ally adapted to teaching in the elementary schools, an elementary certificate which is likewise vaHd in high schools. The college graduate and the fifty- week normal school student may teach side by side in the same high school. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'cu31924032207452_2', 'collection': 'US-PD-Books', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '', 'title': 'Public education in Kentucky;', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7278', 'token_count': '9247', '__index_level_0__': '52510', 'original_id': '9886d86fa3d1786cf1692244fb4fe6267eed5a4eb2726ce70ec899d561cfa501'} |
Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect and pest resistance, restoration of male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These comprise genes generally inherited through the nucleus.
Direct selection may be applied where the locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the desired herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.
Selection of soybean plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one may utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely associated with a trait of interest. One of these markers may therefore be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and hence may be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique may commonly be referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant may also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of soybeans are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).
Many qualitative characters also have potential use as phenotype-based genetic markers in soybeans; however, some or many may not differ among varieties commonly used as parents (Bernard and Weiss, “Qualitative genetics,” In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, Caldwell (ed), Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wis., 117-154, 1973). The most widely used genetic markers are flower color (purple dominant to white), pubescence color (brown dominant to gray), and pod color (brown dominant to tan). The association of purple hypocotyl color with purple flowers and green hypocotyl color with white flowers is commonly used to identify hybrids in the seedling stage. Differences in maturity, height, hilum color, and pest resistance between parents can also be used to verify hybrid plants.
Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into the soybean variety of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of many economically important plants, including soybeans, are well known to those of skill in the art. Techniques which may be employed for the genetic transformation of soybeans include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.
To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner.
Protoplasts may also be employed for electroporation transformation of plants (Bates, Mol. Biotechnol., 2(2):135-145, 1994; Lazzeri, Methods Mol. Biol., 49:95-106, 1995). For example, the generation of transgenic soybean plants by electroporation of cotyledon-derived protoplasts was described by Dhir and Widholm in Intl. Pat. App. Publ. No. WO 92/17598, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
A particularly efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and often, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.
An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target soybean cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. It is believed that a screen intervening between the projectile apparatus and the cells to be bombarded reduces the size of the projectile aggregate and may contribute to a higher frequency of transformation by reducing the damage inflicted on the recipient cells by projectiles that are too large.
Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species. The application of microprojectile bombardment for the transformation of soybeans is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio. Tech., 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and cloning sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. Vectors can have convenient multiple-cloning sites (MCS) flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Other vectors can comprise site-specific recombination sequences, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence without the use of restriction enzymes (Curtis et al., Plant Physiology 133:462-469, 2003). Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.
In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., Bio. Tech., 3(7):629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). Use of Agrobacterium in the context of soybean transformation has been described, for example, by Chee and Slightom (Methods Mol. Biol., 44:101-119, 1995) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199(2):169-177, 1985; Omirulleh et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al., Nature, 319(6056):791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 204(2):204-207, 1986; Marcotte et al., Nature, 335(6189):454-457, 1988). The demonstrated ability to regenerate soybean plants from protoplasts makes each of these techniques applicable to soybean (Dhir et al., Plant Cell Rep., 10(2):97-101, 1991).
Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into a soybean plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into a soybean plant are presented below.
A. Herbicide Resistance
Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. An example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazalinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al., EMBO J., 7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al., Plant Molec. Biology, 18:1185-1187, 1992; and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 80:449, 1990.
Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3 phosphikimate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. Examples of specific EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events.
A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession Number 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene from E. coli which confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al., Plant Cell Reports, 14:482-487, 1995. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology, 7:61, 1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:4:35, 1992).
Genes are also known conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibila et al. (Plant Cell, 3:169, 1991) describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J., 285(Pt 1):173-180, 1992). Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Patzoldt et al., PNAS, 103(33):12329-2334, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO₂ assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol., 109:1047-1057, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) which is resistant to methyl viologen treatment.
Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews, 5:445-458, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein Q_(B) in photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS, 85(2):391-395, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype of Amaranthus hybridus fused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J., 3:475-486, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa, Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene from Pseudomonas sp. that were able to detoxify atrazine.
Bayley et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:645-649, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus plasmid pJP5. U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) from Psueodmonas maltophilia that is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide.
Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175.
B. Disease and Pest Resistance
Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al. (Science, 266:7891, 1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin et al. (Science, 262: 1432, 1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato); and Mindrinos et al. (Cell, 78(6):1089-1099, 1994) (Arabidopsis RPS2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae).
A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al. (Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al. (Nature, 366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Virus resistance has also been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,617,496; 6,608,241; 6,015,940; 6,013,864; 5,850,023 and 5,304,730. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana NIM1/NPR1/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production (Ryals et al., Plant Cell, 8:1809-1819, 1996).
Logemann et al. (Biotechnology, 10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene that have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al., Planta, 216:193-202, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; and 6,316,407.
Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992, and bacterial disease resistance has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671.
The use of the herbicide glyphosate for disease control in soybean plants containing event MON89788, which confers glyphosate tolerance, has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,761.
C. Insect Resistance
One example of an insect resistance gene includes a Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al. (Gene, 48(1):109-118, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al. (Plant Molec. Biol., 24:25, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT Application No. US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 262:16793, 1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Huub et al. (Plant Molec. Biol., 21:985, 1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), and Sumitani et al. (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57:1243, 1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor).
An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al. (Nature, 344:458, 1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone; Gade and Goldsworthy (Eds. Physiological System in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, Mass., 2007), describing allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al. (Vitam. Horm., 73:59-100, 2005), disclosing use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. The diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al. (Insect Mol. Biol., 13:469-480, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides.
Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al. (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Numerous other examples of insect resistance have been described. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,809,078; 6,713,063; 6,686,452; 6,657,046; 6,645,497; 6,642,030; 6,639,054; 6,620,988; 6,593,293; 6,555,655; 6,538,109; 6,537,756; 6,521,442; 6,501,009; 6,468,523; 6,326,351; 6,313,378; 6,284,949; 6,281,016; 6,248,536; 6,242,241; 6,221,649; 6,177,615; 6,156,573; 6,153,814; 6,110,464; 6,093,695; 6,063,756; 6,063,597; 6,023,013; 5,959,091; 5,942,664; 5,942,658, 5,880,275; 5,763,245 and 5,763,241.
D. Male Sterility
Genetic male sterility is available in soybeans and, although not required for crossing soybean plants, can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that it can eliminate the need to physically emasculate the soybean plant used as a female in a given cross. (Brim and Stuber, Crop Sci., 13:528-530, 1973). Herbicide-inducible male sterility systems have also been described. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,762,344).
Where one desires to employ male-sterility systems, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, where cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent.
The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F₁ hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful where the vegetative tissue of the soybean plant is utilized, but in many cases the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns plants of the soybean variety 01046875 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191 and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).
E. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described. McDonough et al. describe a Saccharomyces cerevisiae OLE1 gene encoding A9-fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (J. Biol. Chem., 267(9):5931-5936, 1992). Fox et al. describe a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90(6):2486-2490, 1993). Reddy et al. describe Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis responsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Plant Mol. Biol., 22(2):293-300, 1993). A gene from Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes an omega-3 desaturase has been identified (Arondel et al. Science, 258(5086):1353-1355, 1992). Plant A9-desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean and Brassica Δ15-desaturases (European Patent Application Publ. No. EP 0616644) have also been described. U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,632 describes fungal Δ15-desaturases and their use in plants. EP Patent No. 1656449 describes Δ6-desaturases from Primula as well as soybean plants having an increased stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4) content. U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008-0260929 describes expression of transgenic desaturase enzymes in corn plants, and improved fatty acid profiles resulting therefrom.
Modified oil production is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,444,876; 6,426,447 and 6,380,462. High oil production is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,495,739; 5,608,149; 6,483,008 and 6,476,295. Modified fatty acid content is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,828,475; 6,822,141; 6,770,465; 6,706,950; 6,660,849; 6,596,538; 6,589,767; 6,537,750; 6,489,461 and 6,459,018.
Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al. (Gene, 127:87, 1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene. In soybean, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for soybean mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al. (Plant Physiol., 124(1):355-368, 2000).
A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al. (J. Bacteriol., 170:810, 1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet., 20:220, 1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al. (Biotechnology, 10:292, 1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase), Elliot et al. (Plant Molec. Biol., 21:515, 1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes), Sergaard et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 268:22480, 1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al. (Plant Physiol., 102:1045, 1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II). The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al., Gene, 71(2):359-370, 1988).
F. Resistance to Abiotic Stress
Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) from E. coli has been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA from Arthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt. E. coli choline dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research Technical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al.
G. Additional Traits
Additional traits can be introduced into the soybean variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases
RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire and Mellow.
Another trait that may find use with the soybean variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence, used with the FLP recombinase (Zhu and Sadowski, J. Biol. Chem., 270:23044-23054, 1995); and the LOX sequence, used with CRE recombinase (Sauer, Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:2087-2096, 1987). The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the soybean plant, and are active in the hemizygous state.
It may also be desirable to make soybean plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with the Agrobacterium Vir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (reviewed in Gelvin, Microbiology & Mol. Biol. Reviews, 67:16-37, 2003).
In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,618; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 20040034886 and International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of a antioxidant biosynthetic pathway.
Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,802 and 5,912,414 disclose plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content and International Patent App. Pub. No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content.
III. Origin And Breeding History Of An Exemplary Single Locus Converted Plant
It is known to those of skill in the art that, by way of the technique of backcrossing, one or more traits may be introduced into a given variety while otherwise retaining essentially all of the traits of that variety. An example of such backcrossing to introduce a trait into a starting variety is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,556, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. The procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,556 can be summarized as follows: The soybean variety known as Williams '82 [Glycine max L. Merr.] (Reg. No. 222, PI 518671) was developed using backcrossing techniques to transfer a locus comprising the Rps₁ gene to the variety Williams (Bernard and Cremeens, Crop Sci., 28:1027-1028, 1988). Williams ‘82 is a composite of four resistant lines from the BC₆F₃ generation, which were selected from 12 field-tested resistant lines from Williams×Kingwa. The variety Williams was used as the recurrent parent in the backcross and the variety Kingwa was used as the source of the Rps₁ locus. This gene locus confers resistance to 19 of the 24 races of the fungal agent phytopthora root rot.
The F₁ or F₂ seedlings from each backcross round were tested for resistance to the fungus by hypocotyl inoculation using the inoculum of race 5. The final generation was tested using inoculum of races 1 to 9. In a backcross such as this, where the desired characteristic being transferred to the recurrent parent is controlled by a major gene which can be readily evaluated during the backcrossing, it is common to conduct enough backcrosses to avoid testing individual progeny for specific traits such as yield in extensive replicated tests. In general, four or more backcrosses are used when there is no evaluation of the progeny for specific traits, such as yield. As in this example, lines with the phenotype of the recurrent parent may be composited without the usual replicated tests for traits such as yield, protein or oil percentage in the individual lines.
The variety Williams '82 is comparable to the recurrent parent variety Williams in its traits except resistance to phytopthora rot. For example, both varieties have a relative maturity of 38, indeterminate stems, white flowers, brown pubescence, tan pods at maturity and shiny yellow seeds with black to light black hila.
IV. Tissue Cultures And In Vitro Regeneration Of Soybean Plants
A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the soybean variety designated 01046875. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers.
Exemplary procedures for preparing tissue cultures of regenerable soybean cells and regenerating soybean plants therefrom, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,992,375; 5,015,580; 5,024,944 and 5,416,011, each of the disclosures of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
An important ability of a tissue culture is the capability to regenerate fertile plants. This allows, for example, transformation of the tissue culture cells followed by regeneration of transgenic plants. For transformation to be efficient and successful, DNA must be introduced into cells that give rise to plants or germ-line tissue.
Soybeans typically are regenerated via two distinct processes: shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (Finer, Cheng, Verma, “Soybean transformation: Technologies and progress,” In: Soybean: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CAB Intl, Verma and Shoemaker (ed), Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 250-251, 1996). Shoot morphogenesis is the process of shoot meristem organization and development. Shoots grow out from a source tissue and are excised and rooted to obtain an intact plant. During somatic embryogenesis, an embryo (similar to the zygotic embryo), containing both shoot and root axes, is formed from somatic plant tissue. An intact plant rather than a rooted shoot results from the germination of the somatic embryo.
Shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are different processes and the specific route of regeneration is primarily dependent on the explant source and media used for tissue culture manipulations. While the systems are different, both systems show variety-specific responses where some lines are more responsive to tissue culture manipulations than others. A line that is highly responsive in shoot morphogenesis may not generate many somatic embryos. Lines that produce large numbers of embryos during an ‘induction’ step may not give rise to rapidly-growing proliferative cultures. Therefore, it may be desired to optimize tissue culture conditions for each soybean line. These optimizations may readily be carried out by one of skill in the art of tissue culture through small-scale culture studies. In addition to line-specific responses, proliferative cultures can be observed with both shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Proliferation is beneficial for both systems, as it allows a single, transformed cell to multiply to the point that it will contribute to germ-line tissue.
Shoot morphogenesis was first reported by Wright et al. (Plant Cell Reports, 5:150-154, 1986) as a system whereby shoots were obtained de novo from cotyledonary nodes of soybean seedlings. The shoot meristems were formed subepidermally and morphogenic tissue could proliferate on a medium containing benzyl adenine (BA). This system can be used for transformation if the subepidermal, multicellular origin of the shoots is recognized and proliferative cultures are utilized. The idea is to target tissue that will give rise to new shoots and proliferate those cells within the meristematic tissue to lessen problems associated with chimerism. Formation of chimeras, resulting from transformation of only a single cell in a meristem, are problematic if the transformed cell is not adequately proliferated and does not does not give rise to germ-line tissue. Once the system is well understood and reproduced satisfactorily, it can be used as one target tissue for soybean transformation.
Somatic embryogenesis in soybean was first reported by Christianson et al. (Science, 222:632-634, 1983) as a system in which embryogenic tissue was initially obtained from the zygotic embryo axis. These embryogenic cultures were proliferative but the repeatability of the system was low and the origin of the embryos was not reported. Later histological studies of a different proliferative embryogenic soybean culture showed that proliferative embryos were of apical or surface origin with a small number of cells contributing to embryo formation. The origin of primary embryos (the first embryos derived from the initial explant) is dependent on the explant tissue and the auxin levels in the induction medium (Hartweck et al., In Vitro Cell. Develop. Bio., 24:821-828, 1988). With proliferative embryonic cultures, single cells or small groups of surface cells of the ‘older’ somatic embryos form the ‘newer’ embryos.
Embryogenic cultures can also be used successfully for regeneration, including regeneration of transgenic plants, if the origin of the embryos is recognized and the biological limitations of proliferative embryogenic cultures are understood. Biological limitations include the difficulty in developing proliferative embryogenic cultures and reduced fertility problems (culture-induced variation) associated with plants regenerated from long-term proliferative embryogenic cultures. Some of these problems are accentuated in prolonged cultures. The use of more recently cultured cells may decrease or eliminate such problems.
V. Definitions
In the description and tables, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided:
A: When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other open language in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more.”
About: Refers to embodiments or values that include the standard deviation of the mean for a given item being measured.
Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Aphids: Aphid resistance is scored on a scale from 1 to 9; a score of 4 or less indicates resistance. Varieties scored as 1 to 5 appear normal and healthy, with numbers of aphids increasing from none to up to 300 per plant. A score of 7 indicates that there are 301 to 800 aphids per plant and that the plants show slight signs of infestation. A score of 9 indicates severe infestation and stunted plants with severely curled and yellow leaves.
Asian Soybean Rust (ASR): ASR may be visually scored from 1 to 5, where 1=immune; 2=leaf exhibits red/brown lesions over less than 50% of surface; 3=leaf exhibits red/brown lesions over greater than 50% of surface; 4=leaf exhibits tan lesions over less than 50% of surface; and 5=leaf exhibits tan lesions over greater than 50% of surface. Resistance to ASR may be characterized phenotypically as well as genetically. Soybean plants phenotypically characterized as resistant to ASR typically exhibit red brown lesions covering less than 25% of the leaf. Genetic characterization of ASR resistance may be carried out, for example, by identifying the presence in a soybean plant of one or more genetic markers linked to the ASR resistance.
Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F₁), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions from one genetic background into another.
Brown Stem Rot (BSR): Visually scored from 1-5 comparing all genotypes in a given test, with a score of 1 indicating no symptoms and 5 indicating severe symptoms of pith discoloration through the stem. The score is based on the amount of pith discoloration caused by BSR. Scores are converted to a 1-9 scale where 3 and less are resistant and greater than 8 is highly susceptible.
Chloride Sensitivity: Plants may be categorized as “includers” or “excluders” with respect to chloride sensitivity. Excluders display increased tolerance to elevated soil chloride levels compared to includers. In addition, excluders tend to partition chloride in the root systems and reduce the amount of chloride transported to more sensitive, above-ground tissues.
Chromatography: A technique wherein a mixture of dissolved substances are bound to a solid support followed by passing a column of fluid across the solid support and varying the composition of the fluid. The components of the mixture are separated by selective elution.
Crossing: The mating of two parent plants.
Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.
Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility.
Emergence (EMR): The emergence score describes the ability of a seed to emerge from the soil after planting. Each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its percent of emergence. A score of 1 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates an average rating and a 9 score indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence.
Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions.
F₁ Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.
Frog Eye Leaf Spot (FELS): Symptoms occur mostly on foliage. Upper surface of leaf: Dark, water soaked spots with or without a lighter center and develop into brown spots surrounded by a narrow dark reddish brown margin. Lesions become ash gray to light brown. Lower surface of leaf: spots are darker with light to dark gray centers and sporulate. Non sporulating lesions are light to dark brown and translucent with a paper white center. In the greenhouse, scores are on a 1-5 scale and are based on foliar symptom severity. In field trials, plots are given one rating, which takes into account the incidence and severity of disease symptoms. Field plots are rated on a 1-9 scale and greenhouse ratings are converted to a 1-9 scale, where less than 3=resistant and greater than 8=highly susceptible.
Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.
Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.
Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis (IDE=early; IDL=late): Iron-deficiency chlorosis is scored in a system ranging from 1 to 9 based on visual observations. A score of 1 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves and a score of 9 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron-deficiency chlorosis; a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing.
Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.
Linolenic Acid Content (LLN): Low-linolenic acid soybean oil contains three percent or less linolenic acid, compared to eight percent linolenic acid for traditional soybeans.
Lodging Resistance (LDG): Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 1 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45 degree(s) angle in relation to the ground and a score of 9 indicates plants are lying on the ground.
Marker: A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.
Maturity Date (MAT): Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The maturity date is typically described in measured days after August 31 in the northern hemisphere.
Moisture (MST): The average percentage moisture in the seeds of the variety.
Oil or Oil Percent: Seed oil content is measured and reported on a percentage basis.
Or: As used herein is meant to mean “and/or” and be interchangeable therewith unless explicitly indicated to refer to the alternative only.
Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.
Phenotypic Score (PSC): The phenotypic score is a visual rating of the general appearance of the variety. All visual traits are considered in the score, including healthiness, standability, appearance and freedom from disease. Ratings are scored as 1 being poor to 9 being excellent.
Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR): Disorder in which the most recognizable symptom is stem rot. Brown discoloration ranges below the soil line and up to several inches above the soil line. Leaves often turn yellow, dull green and/or gray and may become brown and wilted, but remain attached to the plant.
Phytophthora Allele: Susceptibility or resistance to Phytophthora root rot races is affected by alleles such as Rps1a (denotes resistance to Races 1, 2, 10, 11, 13-18, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, and 36); Rps1c (denotes resistance to Races 1-3, 6-11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28-30, 32, 34 and 36); Rps1k (denotes resistance to Races 1-11, 13-15, 17, 18, 21-24, 26, 36 and 37); Rps2 (denotes resistance to Races 1-5, 9-29, 33, 34 and 36-39); Rps3a (denotes resistance to Races 1-5,8,9,11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31-35); Rps6 (denotes resistance to Races 1-4, 10, 12, 14-16, 18-21 and 25); and Rps7 (denotes resistance to Races 2, 12, 16, 18, 19, 33, 35 and 36).
Phytophthora Tolerance: Tolerance to Phytophthora root rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 1 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 9, which indicates the plants have no tolerance to Phytophthora.
Plant Height (PHT): Plant height is taken from the top of soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in inches.
Predicted Relative Maturity (PRM): The maturity grouping designated by the soybean industry over a given growing area. This figure is generally divided into tenths of a relative maturity group. Within narrow comparisons, the difference of a tenth of a relative maturity group equates very roughly to a day difference in maturity at harvest.
Protein (PRO), or Protein Percent: Seed protein content is measured and reported on a percentage basis.
Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to classification of a musical piece containing plural notes, and in particular, to classification of a musical piece for indexing and retrieval during management of a database.
2. Background Information
Known research has been directed to the electronic synthesis of individual musical notes, such as the production of synthesized notes for producing electronic music. Research has also been directed to the analysis of individual notes produced by musical instruments (i.e., both electronic and acoustic). The research in these areas has been directed to the classification and/or production of single notes as monophonic sound (i.e., sound from a single instrument, produced one note at a time) or as synthetic (e.g., MIDI) music.
Known techniques for the production and/or classification of single notes have involved the development of feature extraction methods and classification tools which can be used with respect to single notes. For example, a document entitled xe2x80x9cRough Sets As A Tool For Audio Signal Classificationxe2x80x9d by Alicja Wieczorkowska of the Technical University of Gdansk, Poland, pages 367-375, is directed to automatic classification of musical instrument sounds. A document entitled xe2x80x9cComputer Identification of Musical Instruments Using Pattern Recognition With Cepstral Coefficients As Featuresxe2x80x9d, by Judith C. Brown, J. Acoust. Soc. Am 105 (3) Mar. 1999, pages 1933-1941, describes using cepstral coefficients as features in a pattern analysis.
It is also known to use wavelet coefficients and auditory modeling parameters of individual notes as features for classification. See, for example, xe2x80x9cMusical Timbre Recognition With Neural Networksxe2x80x9d by Jeong, Jae-Hoon et al, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, pages 869-872 and xe2x80x9cAuditory Modeling and Self-Organizing Neural Networks for Timbre Classificationxe2x80x9d by Cosi, Piero et al., Journal of New Music Research, Vol. 23 (1994), pages 71-98, respectively. These latter two documents, along with a document entitled xe2x80x9cTimbre Recognition of Single Notes Using An ARTMAP Neural Networkxe2x80x9d by Fragoulis, D. K. et al, National Technical University of Athens, ICECS 1999 (IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems), pages 1009-1012 and xe2x80x9cRecognition of Musical Instruments By A NonExclusive Neuro-Fuzzy Classifierxe2x80x9d by Costantini, G. et al, ECMCS ""99, EURASIP Conference, Jun. 24-26, 1999, Krakxc3x3w, 4 pages, are also directed to use of artificial neural networks in classification tools. An additional document entitled xe2x80x9cSpectral Envelope Modelingxe2x80x9d by Kristoffer Jensen, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, describes analyzing the spectral envelope of typical musical sounds.
Known research has not been directed to the analysis of continuous music pieces which contain multiple notes and/or polyphonic music produced by multiple instruments and/or multiple notes played at a single time. In addition, known analysis tools are complex, and unsuited to real-time applications such as the indexing and retrieval of musical pieces during database management.
The present invention is directed to classifying a musical piece based on determined characteristics for each of plural notes contained within the piece. Exemplary embodiments accommodate the fact that in a continuous piece of music, the starting and ending points of a note may overlap previous notes, the next note, or notes played in parallel by one or more instruments. This is complicated by the additional fact that different instruments produce notes with dramatically different characteristics. For example, notes with a sustaining stage, such as those produced by a trumpet or flute, possess high energy in the middle of the sustaining stage, while notes without a sustaining stage, such as those produced by a piano or guitar, posses high energy in the attacking stage when the note is first produced. Exemplary embodiments address these complexities to permit the indexing and retrieval of musical pieces in real time, in a database, thus simplifying database management and enhancing the ability to search multimedia assets contained in the database.
Generally speaking, exemplary embodiments are directed to a method of classifying a musical piece constituted by a collection of sounds, comprising the steps of detecting an onset of each of plural notes contained in a portion of the musical piece using a temporal energy envelope; determining characteristics for each of the plural notes; and classifying a musical piece for storage in a database based on integration of determined characteristics for each of the plural notes. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '07aac591ea7d8f082bd5a14ea3f10c474caee8a5c96632894bd199ecfe580ac7'} |
Wednesday, April 06, 2011
The Blame Game
It's looking more likely that this latest impasse cannot end without a government shutdown. Yesterday, House Majority leader Eric Cantor (R-VA) threw down the gauntlet, declaring that the American people would hold Democrats accountable for such a result.
In fact, Republican intransigence is the driving force behind the likelihood of a shutdown. Previous resolutions cut $10 billion from the budget, and the Democratic leadership has offered a total of $30 billion in cuts through the end of the year. This is roughly what Republican budget chairman Paul Ryan suggested at the start of the debate, before a Tea Party upheaval forced the House Republicans to pass a bill with both $61 billion in spending reductions and a series of controversial budget riders gutting funding for Planned Parenthood, health care reform, and the EPA.
Republicans now insist this budget must be the bare minimum for negotiations moving forward. They have also pointedly refused to consider savings in other parts of the budget, including defense spending or wasteful corporate tax subsidies.
Republicans have, of course, claimed again and again that they have no desire for a shutdown, and that it will be the fault of the Democrats if one occurs. The record, however, says otherwise.
Whatever Eric Cantor may think, recent polls say it's the Republicans that the public would hold accountable for a shutdown. As the video evidence demonstrates, there's good reason for Americans to believe that.
Laci the Chinese Crested said...
Of course, the likes of Sepp believe that the Tea Party is good for the US. The problem is that if the US can't get its shit together on the budget process, it will end up hurting the US economy.
Anyway< i've made a couple of posts on Mucky's blog about this topic.
mud_rake said...
It isn't the amount of cuts that's holding things us but rather the 40 conditions attached to the bill by the right-wing nuts. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9544961452484132}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '104575', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3MZBFP7FIVDF7SCHQNV4DUFQK2W3N3T3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f22bdcc8-9072-45ff-ae40-01035ea64586>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 7, 30, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.8.1', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZP63UL2KXCTSDJCTN2RBQTKRHE356BTY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:246c1fce-12a8-46da-bc85-d664b5aa3e39>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://thebrainpolice.blogspot.com/2011/04/blame-game.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:84ee0cd9-5cbe-443a-ad16-3020fc7f3031>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '324', 'url': 'http://thebrainpolice.blogspot.com/2011/04/blame-game.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-228-146-196.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04379028081893921', 'original_id': 'dab67d6fc975d9a7b7e44d3dae4368acff6f6361cca55030583ab2fd09c29a25'} |
New Dog Flu Hits the City | University Animal Hospital NYC
The newest strain of dog flu to really begin impacting New York City dogs isn’t necessarily a new strain of the virus. This virus (know as H3N2 CIV) actually evolved from an avian flu and appeared in both South Korea and China nearly ten years ago. People may remember the virus being a big deal last March in Chicago when a wave of outbreaks were being reported. Since that time at least twenty-six states have reported cases.
It seems as though the virus is now showing signs of life in New York. A new vaccine is now available. This H3N2 flu vaccine is different from the H3N8 vaccine that has been protecting many NYC dogs over the last couple of years and you will need that particular vaccine to keep your dog protected. Neither vaccine can protect against both strains.
In most cases the symptoms include nasal discharge, fatigue, coughing and lack of appetite. The H3N2 virus is spreading more effectively than the H3N8 virus because some dogs do not exhibit symptoms and dogs stay contagious longer. That means an infected dog can be spreading the virus around while the owner is completely unaware there is any problem.
Social dogs are, of course, at a greater risk of infection. The dog flu virus is spread through air, contaminated surfaces (food and water bowls) and humans that have had contact with infected dogs. Boarding facilities, groomers, dog runs and apartment buildings that house many pets are all places that, if frequented, could put your furry child at more risk than others. It’s probably a good idea to avoid those stores or banks that have communal water bowls set out for dogs as well. Can you imagine drinking from a single cup of water that your bank left near the ATMs that several dozen strangers had used that day? I just pictured it and it made me queasy.
Though rare, the canine influenza virus can be deadly in some circumstances. Apparently fewer than ten percent of cases are fatal but that number isn’t minuscule by any means.
Is the dog flu worth vaccinating against or not?
At the very least it is worth discussing with your veterinarian if the vaccine is right for you. Make an appointment to meet with one of our amazing doctors if you are thinking about vaccinating your pet for the flu vaccine.
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Date: Wed, 27 Sep 1995 09:40:32 -0500 From: Molly Dickmeyer Subject: candy bars and measurements -Reply >measurement what do you call the system of measurement that >americans use (i.e., the non-metric system). it seems to me i've >heard "english", but this isn't in my dictionaries. i think >"imperial" refers to another system altogether (isn't an imperial >gallon different than a u.s. gallon?). does the system even have a >name? >thanks in advance, lynne Lynne: I've been looking for an elegant way of stating "non-metric" for years--it comes up every time I need an author to confirm a metric conversion (I have yet to figure out to what measurement system "two finger breadths from the sternum" belongs). _Websters_ indicates "U.S. equivalent" as opposed to metric. My _Dorland's Medical_ has conversion tables that call it the "British-US system". "Conventional" cannot be used (at least, with scientific precision) because it is used in opposition to SI, or standard international units--which is a whole 'nother ball game. I prefer to use the term associated with the type of measurement. For example: in temperature, it would be "Fahrenheit"; in weight, it would be apothecaries', Avoirdupois, or Troy; in length or distance, there doesn't appear to be an alternative other than "US or British". But I'm always looking for some new alternatives!! Molly. dickmeye[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '44', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9224566221237184}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '1783', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OOAC4MBW4ZUEMRYHPBP3HRULPE7COBAS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:225c2727-171d-4b0e-8d31-f94748ac5582>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 11, 21, 42, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.163.129.123', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6YS2Y272AMXXQTAGCK7B2JY2B647HMEO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7be3e972-6a15-4368-bb16-d583f2d7a442>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/septxx95516.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d4bdb7f7-dfab-42ac-aa1a-551c6bef748c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '197', 'url': 'http://www.americandialect.org/americandialectarchives/septxx95516.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.16677701473236084', 'original_id': '9b5b67b29e411dd2de8cdb1bd3f97537ac798be3bda69f29df7246e74759eaab'} |
Date: Sat, 10 Feb 2001 23:47:06 From: Bill Drake Subject: Team Reward Part 5 Team Reward, pt. 5 (m/t) Bill Drake ( Warning: the following stories contain graphic descriptions of sexual material. If you are underage or do not wish to read such materials, read no further. The fiction depicts unsafe sex practices. It's fantasy. In real life, wear a rubber. Thanks, guys, for all the encouraging emails on this one. Comments to Let me know what gets you off. For more of my stories, see the Authors section of the Nifty Archive. Meanwhile, stroke away... ******* Team Reward ch. 5 The construction of the steamroom for the Jackson High football team began right away. Jack Forrester, the realtor, had a contractor friend who said he'd be willing to give it number one priority and would have it finished within a week and a half. In the meantime, the fellows were to use the guest locker room instead. It was after a Wednesday practice when Larry Warren slipped on his jockstrap after showering and walked over to the other lockerroom to see how the progress was going. He was excited about the steam room and enjoyed checking in to see what had been done. When he entered the other room, four construction men were busy at work tiling the steam room. One of the men was in his mid-20s, with curly brown hair, about 6' with a firm body. One, a shorter man in his 40s was built real big, with a barrel chest that filled his white T-shirt quite nicely. The third was a medium-tall black stud whose powerful legs packed tightly into his worn jeans. The fourth was another man in his 20s, this one with jet black hair, green-gray eyes, huge biceps and Italian good looks. Larry stood a moment in awe of these specimens of stacked muscle, until the oldest man looked up and asked, "Anything you need, bud?" "Nah," the halfback answered. The heat was turned off in the room, and he felt the cool air make his nipples harden into pointy tips and goosebumps spread across his smooth flesh. "Sorry to bother you guys, I just wanted to take a look at what's been done." "No problem, kid," the man replied, standing up from the tile area and leaving the other three men to the grouting job. "Let me show you what we've been doing." "Don't want to bother you," Larry replied. His cock stirred slightly in his jockpouch seeing the thick, beefy body packed tight into his clothes. "Nonsense. Could use a break anyway. Name's Hal..." He extended his hand to Larry, who could feel the firm, masculine power in the clasp of the handshake. "Larry," the halfback croaked out through the lust that choked his throat all of a sudden. God this hunk was just his ideal: thick, corded muscles flexed underneath the T-shirt, which was so tight Larry could see Hal's quarter-sized nipples as if he were nude. "On the team, are you?" "Yes, sir." "What position you play?" "Halfback." "I can tell you got the build for it. Sometimes in high school, they put guys out there who don't have enough muscle for the job. Looks like you've put hard work into your body." "Thanks, sir, I try to keep the mass on." "My son plays on the team, ya know. Center." "You mean Tony?" "Yeah, that's my boy. Just a sophomore, but I think he's gonna be a great athlete." The two men stood facing each other in a brief minute, saying nothing. Finally, Hal spoke, "Follow me and I'll show you what we've completed." **** "White!" Coach Williams yelled from his office. Mike White had just undressed and was starting to head to the shower. "Yeah, coach?" he yelled across the locker room. "In my office! Now!" Palmer barked before stepping back in through his door. Mike threw his towel over his shoulder and sauntered across the room. The running back was excited. He knew Coach's dick would be real hard, as it always was when he called Mike into his office after practice. He could already taste that thick cock, feel those balls swollen with coach cum. Mike's dick sprang into a boner as he walked toward Coach's office. As he entered he found another man in there with Coach. He was older, mid-40s probably, and in every way, the man was big, with a tall, wide frame and nice, beefy muscles all over. They made his polo shirt bulge out and the thick biceps strained the sleeves. He wore khaki trousers that barely stretched over the bulging quads. Mike found himself staring at this hunk and trying to will his dick into a softer state at the same time. It was an impossible task. "Mark, meet Brian Pierson, Coach from State. He's going to high schools recruiting for their team. He's told me the university is interested in giving you a scholarship." Mark didn't know what to say. He knew he should be excited at the potential offer of college money and a place on the team, but all he could do was take in the sight before him. The two men shook hands. Those hands were big, with powerful fat fingers that grasped Mike's palm. Mike's hardon throbbed as his eyes were lost in the sight before him, the massive chest, the cords of muscle in the arms, the square jaw and powerful face, those steel blue eyes. "Please to meet you sir," the young man croaked from his horny reverie. "I'm glad to meet you too, son," the coach replied. "Been watching you play the last couple of games. You're a great athlete." Brian patted Mike on the shoulder The young athlete could feel the hot touch of Pierson' hand on his shoulder and his dick started to leak a little. "Thanks, sir. It would be great to be playing at State next year." "I told Coach I wanted to get a better look at ya. See how your development is coming along." "Okay, sir," Mike answered, unsure of what Pierson meant. The coach reached out and began feeling along Mike's naked chest. Immediately the nipples sprang to attention as the thick, callused fingers brushed against the sensative skin. His exploration continued down Mike's side and around to his back. "Nice definition kid," Mr. Pierson said, almost under his breath. He'd stepped up closer to the young jock and now the athlete's hardon was dripping down onto the older man's khakis. The coach noticed and with one hand grabbed the athlete's cock. Gently, he jacked the beads of precum into the firm shaft. His knuckled glistened as he massaged Mike's dick into an even harder state - the eight inches began to twitch with excitement. Suddenly, Pierson removed his hand. "Turn around," he commanded. He sat down on a stool and spread his legs as he pulled Mike's naked form back close to his fully clothed body. His hands resumed exploring the thick muscles of Mike's back As Mike faced away, he saw Coach Williams pull out his hard cock and begin leisurely masturbating it. He stared intently at that familiar piece of mandick until the voice in his ear brought him back to reality. "Yeah, nice lats. But remember, son, you're not gonna rest til I've put twenty more pounds of muscle on ya during the first season. Fuck, all my players come in with good builds - but it takes more than good to play ball in college." The coach's fingers were now applying more pressure to Mike's delts, squeezing them hard with each passing over. Mike's cock ached he was so horny now. "Yeah, guy," the older man continued, "I'll have you working your ass off this next year... Coach, pass me the bottle." Coach Williams reached into his desk for a bottle of lube and tossed it to Pierson. He unsnapped the lid and poured a generous stream of the cool liquid right down the center of Mike White's crack. The athlete's hunky body shivered as he felt the coldness trickle down between his asscheeks. Instinctively, he flexed his buns and tighted them up to try to heat up the lube coating his shithole. Just as he was squeezing the fluid between his glutes, however, Brian reached down and pushed his powerful hand between the tight muscles, spreading them apart as his hand began a rigorous exploration of the valley of luscious jock ass. "Play baseball too, dontcha White?" One of the coach's huge digits poked its way into Mike's sphincter. He let out a hiss. "Yessir." Williams flogged harder on his erect cock, obviously appreciating the sight before him. "We'll see what we can do about your dual training then." His finger probed deeper. To Mike it felt marvelous, like a miniature cock prodding his insides. "Remember that football will be your priority. " Again, with a jabbing, corkscrew motion, the finger roughly probed. "Yessir" Mike answered as his legs spread apart to give the coach better access to his hole. "Besides," the man withdrew his index finger, then continued as he slipped in his middle finger, which was even fatter and thicker and roughly loosened up the athlete's tight ring with his deliberate ass-exploration, "the football players have the bigger dicks. I can tell that this ass of yours needs them big and wide. Am I right, White?" He now pushed in two digits, making Mike's ass buck up involuntarily and his cock drool harder. "Fuck yeah, sir." "'Fuck yeah' you like that or 'fuck yeah' you need big, oversized cock up this hole?" "Both, sir." "Thought so. Don't get me wrong. I got nothing against the baseball jocks. They all got nice, meaty bods. Thick necks, big pecs, and a bit of a beer belly from letting them selves go off season. Fuck, maybe I'll let you get a little padding around the waist. Give me a little something more to hold onto while I'm fucking your guts out. " "Sounds hot, sir. I definitely want to get big." "Bet you like my big biceps, don't ya?" With a shoving motion, coach added a third finger up Mike's hole and was jabbing all three in and out. Mike turned his head to watch as the coach's thick arm muscles curled up in volume with each finger fuck. "Oh Christ!" he mumbled. The athlete's dick was rockhard now and his asshole throbbed in pace with his prick. "Oooh boy, you're getting that ass real tight on me now." The Coach began a more regular rhythm with his hand. Using his thumb as a pivot, he slid the three fingers in and out smoothly but firmly. "Yeah, stud, it's gonna feel real nice and tight against my dick" By now Coach Williams' dick was just a blur beneath his jacking fist. For Mike it was all an incredibly hot scene, having his coach watch him while this mammoth of a stud finger fucked him silly. Those thick, marvelous fingers were being shoved faster and harder deep into his hole. The combination was fatter than some cocks he'd taken and he felt his sphincter stretched with each shove forward of his future coach's hand. The feelings flowed through the young athlete's body, up from his abused hole, past his tightly reined balls, past his throbbing cock and into an amazing rush of sexual energy that flowed to his head. It was too much. "Fuck, sir. I'm about to blow." The swollen running back nuts began to pump their football stud sperm. "Yeah, kid." the college coach hissed in encouragement. "Give it up. Want to see you shoot your big load. I wanna feel how tight your ass can get when you blow your nut." Mike White didn't even need to touch his cock. Everywhere, the player's thick sperm began to spew. Mike had never had an orgasm so intense. The cum arced high into the air before splattering to the cement floor with an audible plop, then another wave of orgasmic contraction would surge through the kid's cock and another jet of jism would shoot out. All of it was timed by Pierson's steady rhythm of his ass-fucking fingers, which continued to fuck the cum out of his young recruit. When White started shooting, Coach Williams got down on his knees in front of the running back and let the white hot cum shower over him. He too couldn't take anymore and grabbed his painfully erect prick and started shooting his seed over the cold floor. When the two men's orgasms died down, Coach Williams stood up, grabbed a towel from the hook on the wall and went to join the boys in the shower, cum still dripping and clinging to the hairs on his burly chest. ***** Hal, the burly contractor, had his hand on Larry Warren's muscular shoulder as he showed him the control room for the sauna area. "This room has all the controls for the steam area plus the filters for the water," Hal explained. The space itself was tiny, about six feet by four feet of free space, so Hal stood behind Larry as he described the plumbing system in the room. All through his description, the halfback could feel the older man's hands on his shoulder, gently patting his back, or draped over his pecs. The athlete's cock was starting to harden and get tight in the pouch of his jockstrap. "This is where we fit the pipes." Hal pointed over to the corner of the room where a number of the water pipes occupied a small area between two boards. Just then, Larry could feel a hard, naked cock press against the crevice between his ass cheeks. "Looks like a tight space," Larry teased, "How did you get them in there?" The cock rubbed up and down the athlete's asscrack as Larry's glutes contracted around the length of the dick, trying to capture the moist head. "We just shoved the pipe in there. Loosens up the more you work it," Hal said, now whispering into Larry's ear as the full length of his body pressed against the cool, clammy skin of the almost naked jock. He positioned his cockhead at the kid's tight asshole and pushed on. The young hunk grunted and moaned as the prick invaded his hole, slowly but deeply. "Yeah, fuck me man," he whispered hoarsely as this stud began to take his ass rough and raw. Hal hissed between his teeth. He wanted to yell how fucking great that warm, slick ass felt wrapped around his cock. Instead, he bit at Larry's earlobe and grunted with each fuck thrust, "Yeah, kid, I knew you needed a good hard fuck. Showing that ass off in that jockstrap of yours. Just waiting for me to take out my big cock and fuck you senseless." "Ahh, yeah, man, dick me good." Hal's burly arms wrapped around his torso as inch after inch of cockmeat thrusted in and out of his hole. It felt terrific. Only Larry still wore the jockstrap and felt his hardon confined in his pouch. "Ah yeah, bud, this ass feels too good. Gonna blow my nut. Gonna fucking sperm your ass." "Yeah, man, shoot it deep in my hole. Fuck me good." Hal hosed his seed deep into the halfback's guts as the kid moaned in delight. Abruptly he pulled his spent cock out, letting the cool air rush into the now open hole. Thinking the fuck was over, Larry started to stand upright when he felt the cock push back in. "Fuck, stud, I didn't know you'd be up for seconds, but bell, it feels great. Pound my fucking hole!" "Shit, boy, this isn't seconds for me," the man behind him said. "I'm just getting started." It wasn't Hal but the well-built black construction worker who was now fucking his hole relentlessly. Larry looked back to discover that a line had formed for his horny ass. He couldn't believe has was going to get gang fucked by four of the hottest men. His rectal walls contracted hard against the invading cock as he shot his sperm into the stretched pouch of his strap. ****** Coach Pierson did need to tell his newest recruit what to do. When Mike recovered his breath, he stood upright, letting the last drops of cum drip off his cockhead, and turned around to face his future coach. His hardon sprang up with renewed life as he looked at how hot this man was. He reached forward and felt the hardness of the massive pec muscles beneath the polo shirt and followed along the brickhard abs. Mike wondered how much hair covered the coach's torso. He wondered Finally the athlete's hands reached the crotch of coach's khaki pants. Down the right leg lay a huge hardon. Big, long, and fat. Real fat. Mike couldn't believe how huge this prick was, it was too unbelievable. He had to have it, to own it as much as he could. Fuck, if he could die worshipping this cock, he'd be happy. With one hand he kneaded the hard fuckflesh straining the legs of the trousers while with the other hand Mike unzipped the pants. Coach's arms encircled Mike's built body while Mike reached into the crotch of his pants. Mike could feel the hard chest press against his own. He yearned to be rid of the fabric of the coach's shirt, the only thing that separated their firm muscles and sensative nipples from each others'. He felt the firm power of Coach's clasp. He felt the breath on his cheeks and the stubble against his own. He felt Coach's raw lips touch his own. He felt the warm slickness of Coach's powerful tongue as the two men met in a feverish, fuck-hungry kiss. Mike fished deep down the pant leg with his hand. That prick extended way down, and the tightness of the khakis against Coach's meaty quads made grasping the girth of the cock difficult. Finally, the running back managed to pull out a massive fuckstick: twelve inches long and thick as a flashlight. While the two kissed, Mike played with the huge piece of coach meat feeling the steel hardness burn like a hot poker in his hand. Possessively, the Coach cupped the firm, perfectly round asscheeks on his athlete and even began to explore the puckered hole, still loosened and slick from the rough finger fuck he'd given. This kid was definitely one of the hottest he'd recruited in a while. When Mike broke the kiss and looked down at the engorged fuck monster, he gasped and moaned and his eyes widened in fear, but his own prick leaked like a faucet. That prick had to be at least a foot long and was bigger around than a baseball bat handle. It was bigger, even, than Coach Williams' dick, or Tim Fitsgerald's. It was bigger than he could ever imagine. And Mike was hotter than hell holding the big shaft in his hand. He had to taste that dick. The athlete fell to his knees between Brian's powerful legs and began to examine that beautiful, huge cock up close. Gently, his tongue extended out and licked along the thick veins that ran up the side of the meaty, hard shaft. The cockskin tasted salty and tangy and bitter all at once. Mike loved hit. He began more eagerly licking away at the big coach cock, lapping his tongue in wide, wet slaths across the prick flesh. With one hand, Mike reached into the coach's trousers and pulled out the heavy, oversized nuts that dangled low from the powerful fuckrod. He wasted no time licking the hairy ballsac and coaxing the fat testicles into his warm jock mouth. Coach moaned and put his palm firmly on the back of Mike's head, feeling the tousled, soft hair as the kid tongue-washed his horny nuts good. "Fuck, son, you know how to make a man feel real good. Looks like you can't wait to eat my sperm," he laughed, guiding Mike's head up off his balls and onto the length of his prick. While the running back was licking away, Brian pulled the tails of his polo shirt out of his pants and began to pull the shirt off. Mike looked up and couldn't believe the sight. That perfectly massive body towered above him, the chest naked in its full masculine glory and that perfectly massive cock swinging side to side as Pierson continued pulling his shirt off. Mike got a wave of horniness. He grabbed that big cock and began to wrap his hot mouth around the wet, drooling tip. He immediately shoved four inches into his mouth and felt he would gag it was so huge, but he didn't care. He just had to suck that cock. "Yeah, boy, suck your coach's cock. Fuck, it's big, isn't it, son? This won't be high school league, any more. You'll be playing with the big boys now. Sucking big, fat stud cock. " The coach roughly grabbed Mike's hair and began a couple of hard fast face fuck thrusts, pulling that warm mouth onto his erect prick. "You ain't even takin' half of my cock. Fuck, boy, I know you can suck dick better than that." Still, no more than five inches of the man's shaft were buried inside the football stud's mouth. Pierson changed his approach. He slowed his fuck thrusts and slowly withdrew his cock until the tip rested just barely on White's jock lips. "What a fucking sight," he murmured, "Big tough high school jock on his knees sucking his bigger tougher coach's cock.". Precum oozed from his prick and all over Mark's square, powerful jaw. Mark moaned and his prick spurted a gob of cockjuice onto the cement floor. The soft cockhead would tease his eager lips, tracing the precum gently along the rim of Mike's mouth. Then, ever so slowly, Coach would guide the hard, searing hot dick back into the athlete's mouth. Mike could now taste the salty-sweet precum at the end of the thick coachmeat. Meanwhile, instead of pushing Mike's head down on his invading cock, Coach used his powerful arms to hold Mike back, keeping him from bobbing his head forward. The effect on Mike was electric. He wanted that cock bad. Wanted to suck more of that shaft down. And he wanted it now. Instead, that prick inched forward painfully slow, leaving a trail of pre-fuck ooze dotted along his helpless tongue. "Yeah, stud, open up for daddy," Coach ordered in a tone that was at once authoritarian and gentle, coaxing. More and more prick meat eased its way into Mike's oral cavity, over the back of the tongue and past the kid's tonsils. He pushed in until the gullet constricted and gave new resistance, then he paused for a moment and pulled out. Again, the prickhead rested snugly in the crevice between the young hunk's two lips. He let Mike catch his breath for a moment, then began the process again, dragging the cock snot and the saliva with his dickhead deep into the back of Mike's throat. Mike was desperately horny by now, he tried to push forward with his head, while his hands tried to reach around the coach's ass and pull his fuckstick further in. To no avail, Coach's power was too great. Mike's own cock twitched in desperation, hard and wet again even after coming so hard earlier. This man turned him on like he thought no one ever could. By now, that fat fuckstick had stretched the athlete's jaw, his throat and the esophagus that wrapped snugly around the length and girth of the shaft. Now he knew that he could pick up the pace and begin to face fuck this stud like he needed to be. This was the coach's favorite part of breaking in a new recruit: teaching the young stud how to deep throat a real man's cock. Faster and faster, Brian plugged away at that tight but hungry throat. It was planted deep down Mike's gullet when the coach started to mutter incomprehensibly. "Aw, shit, bud, gotta, christ... ungh...ungh... aw yeah... fuck!" Mike froze as Brian's cock unleashed its flow. He could feel the steady stream and Mike looked up at Brian's face in a mixture of fear and lust. He could feel Brian's piss letting loose into his gut! Brian looked down through his orgasmic haze and muttered. "Yeah, stud, you think I'm pissing down your throat, don't ya? Fuck, that's my sperm you're eating. You wanted it, didn't ya?" Then he could feel it. The first spasm. The stream had turned into a series of powerful, hot jets, as the cum went straight to Mike's stomach. Coach just held onto Mike's thick shoulders as he hosed his thick cum deep into his new player. "Fuck, kid, you're terrific, you know that?" Coach said, looking down in pride and lust as the running back continued sucking the hard shaft. "You know your ass isn't leaving my hotel room tonight, don't ya?" Mike just spat out the gargantuan cock and answered, "Yes sir." (to be continued...) | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '29', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9887213110923768}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23840', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PZPAZWRF32P7DO4OVKU24WIEMAW3RK3J', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:04268664-d8b2-4fdc-9550-8c5b8d423105>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 12, 59, 16), 'WARC-IP-Address': '108.161.189.196', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2SENYJAUPSB33VESTQSEICELIC6WJ774', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:369775f1-3846-4a1d-97bc-4c507fcc0156>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/highschool/team-reward/team-reward-5', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d0dcd32b-fab5-4bb5-81c1-a4b23d3ab92f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '4120', 'url': 'http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/highschool/team-reward/team-reward-5', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05222684144973755', 'original_id': '79281e2b0d9d2fec9400242942f6fe569233a9231616d0dbf6739ef64087be63'} |
special sponsors
# SQL Import
Written by: Team Lando Team Lando
Guide Tested: Yes
Lando ships with a helper db-import script that is available in all our LAMP and LEMP based recipes. Used in the recipe context it should import a database dump into the recipe-provided database by default but can be used on additional database services as well.
You can also import databases into other hosts and databases. It will currently handle uncompressed, gzipped or zipped dump files.
This command will wipe out the target database before it runs the import unless you use the --no-wipe flag!
# Usage
lando db-import somedumpfile.sql.gz
DB dump must reside within app directory!
Due to restrictions in how Docker handles file sharing your database dump MUST exist somewhere inside of your app directory. This means that IT IS A VERY GOOD IDEA to make sure you add SQL dumps to your .gitignore file.
# Examples
# Import a file into the recipe-provided db
lando db-import dump.sql
# Import a file into an auxiliary second database called 'db2'
# with a db called `dataz`
lando db-import dump.zip --host db2
# Import without destroying the target database
lando db-import dump.zip --no-wipe
# Import using an absolute path
# NOTE: this is an absolute path in the target container, not on you host
lando db-import /db/dump.zip
# Import from a subdirectory
lando db-import subdir/test.sql
# Pipe stdout into db-import
# NOTE: this is a bit finicky right now
cat dump.sql | lando db-import
# Options
--host, -h The database service to use [default: "database"]
--no-wipe Do not destroy the existing database before an import
# Adding the db-import command
If you are not using one of our LAMPy recipes you can add the db-import command and default options to the 'tooling' section of your Landofile.
'db-import <file>':
service: :host
description: Imports a dump file into a database service
cmd: /helpers/sql-import.sh
user: root
description: The database service to use
default: database
- h
description: Do not destroy the existing database before an import
boolean: true
If you are interested in checking out the fully-armed and operational source code for this guide then check out this repo here.
Want to write a Lando guide? Learn how! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7555902004241943}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '36128', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WKF43O6CY2GIGZVSEJQXXC3JHS4DGJOJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:098182ca-aa8b-46dd-b6b9-54e7c720beeb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 19, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.141.126', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GPU46TCKJVIVQUXBHB3SRW7NNH36FK32', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:30f6e280-f534-4b22-8d21-b6e3f6b61853>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://docs.lando.dev/guides/db-import.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cc0db746-f391-4c3b-a15f-02f06d480eb5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '357', 'url': 'https://docs.lando.dev/guides/db-import.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-212.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08255171775817871', 'original_id': 'c7ac2287c1b8ffdb388b4e6f57d52195628ab25e747a6ad0b6efe77f75a74798'} |
Q:
Enqueueing scripts selectively & activation where needed
If I enqueue my scripts selectively, for instance I have a slider I only want to load on homepage, which is activated in main-js, e.g:
wp_enqueue_script( 'main-js' );
if ( is_front_page() ) {
wp_enqueue_script( 'slider' );
}
What is then the best way to do this? because all my jquery is in main-js and is applied to every page, so the call to activate the slider (e.g. $('#slider').slider();) only applies to homepage?
Hopefully that makes sense and appreciate if anyone could explain best way to do this.
UPDATE:
So in functions.php I have:
// Hook in function with javascript files using the wp_enqueue_scripts hook
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'load_javascript_files' );
// Register javascript files
function load_javascript_files() {
wp_register_script( 'slider', get_template_directory_uri() . '/js/slider.js', array('jquery'), '', true );
wp_register_script( 'main-js', get_template_directory_uri() . '/js/main.js', array('jquery'), '', true );
wp_enqueue_script( 'main-js' );
if ( is_front_page() ) {
wp_enqueue_script( 'slider' );
}
}
And main.js has generic code, e.g:
jQuery(document).ready(function($){
//activate slider
$('#slider').slider();
// scroll body to 0px on click
$('a[href=#top]').click(function () {
$('html, body').animate({
scrollTop: 0
}, 'slow');
return false;
});
//add opacity to linked images
$("a img").hover(function(){
$(this).stop().animate({"opacity": 0.7}, 200);
},function(){
$(this).stop().animate({"opacity": 1}, 300);
});
});
So I need the slider activation only to apply to the homepage.
A:
If you're only enqueueing scripts when they're needed, you can check in JS if the plugin's namespace exists before trying to use it:
if( $.fn.slider ) {
$('#slider').slider();
}
or another option is to pass some script vars via wp_localize_script:
$wpa_script_data = array(
'is_front_page' => is_front_page(),
'slider_options' => array(
'speed' => 6000
)
);
wp_localize_script(
'main-js',
'wpa_vars',
$wpa_script_data
);
then in js:
if( wpa_vars.is_front_page ) {
$('#slider').slider({
'speed' : wpa_vars.slider_options.speed
});
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '47cc6da223817ada2ebff30cb03499921b2b89eca404cb50f2d1dcc3ce7a311b'} |
Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy caused by ingestion of wheat gluten and similar proteins of barley and rye. The disease is considered mediated by T cells as there is a strong disease association with certain HLA-DQ allotypes, and as the patients have CD4+ T cells recognizing gluten peptides in the context of the disease associated HLA-DQ molecules[@b1]. The lesion of the small intestine is not characterized by massive CD4+ T cell infiltration, but rather by a huge increase in density of plasma cells[@b2][@b3]. Some of the infiltrating plasma cells secrete antibodies specific for gluten[@b4][@b5]. Whether and how gluten antibodies are involved in the immunopathogenesis of celiac disease is largely unknown. Case reports of patients successfully treated with B-cell depletion suggest that the humoral immune system plays an important role[@b6][@b7].
The wheat gluten proteome is extremely complex and consists of several hundred different proteins of the glutenin (high and low molecular weight) and gliadin (α, γ, ω) varieties. In the gut, these proteins are enzymatically digested by endoproteases like pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypetidase and then further broken down by exopeptidases of the brush border. The gluten proteins have similar amino acid sequences and often contain repeating stretches that are dominated by proline and glutamine residues. The high content of proline makes the gluten proteins resistant to extensive proteolysis[@b8], and long fragments of gluten proteins survive in the upper part of the small bowel[@b9] and can become exposed to the inductive part of the gut immune system as immunogenic peptides permitting responses by T cells and B cells. Many gluten-derived peptides are excellent substrates for the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which can deamidate glutamine residues in certain sequence contexts and thereby convert them into glutamic acid. Interestingly, both the T-cell and B-cell response in celiac disease seem to be directed toward gluten peptides that have been deamidated by TG2[@b10][@b11][@b12].
Antibodies do not only exert their function in extracellular fluids. Antibodies, as membrane bound immunoglobulins, also serve as the antigen receptors of B cells. Gluten-specific B cells could thus play a role as antigen presenting cells for gluten-specific T-cells. The requirement for this presentation is that the B- and T-cell epitopes are linked as part of a physical unit which can be taken up by the B-cell receptor for subsequent antigen processing and HLA mediated peptide presentation. The distribution of B-cell and T-cell epitopes in antigens is thus not random.
The epitopes recognized by gluten-specific CD4+ T cells in celiac disease are well characterized, not least through extensive testing with T-cell clones that represent monoclonal reporter reagents[@b13]. The gluten B-cell epitopes of celiac disease patients, however, until recently were only characterized by polyclonal reporter reagents, like serum antibodies[@b11][@b14][@b15][@b16][@b17]. Monoclonal reporter reagents recently became available by cloning and expression of antibodies from single IgA^+^ plasma cells from small intestinal biopsies of human subjects with untreated celiac disease[@b5]. Gluten-reactive IgA^+^ plasma cells were either identified after *in vitro* culture of single plasma cells from celiac lesions followed by ELISA screening for supernatant IgA with reactivity to chymotrypsin-digested and deamidated gliadin or by flow cytometry sorting of cells stained with two different synthetic gliadin peptides. The human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) obtained by these two approaches were specific to gliadin antigens, but showed reactivity to similar yet distinct synthetic gliadin peptides[@b5]. Thus, the procedures by which these hmAbs were generated would not identify which epitopes in the gluten proteome the hmAbs are primarily reactive with. This is obviously critical in order to elucidate the potential relationship between the B- and T-cell responses to gluten in celiac disease. Here, we report epitope mapping of gliadin-reactive hmAbs by antibody pull-down of fragments from complex proteolytic digests of gluten followed by sequencing of the isolated peptides by mass spectrometry.
Methods
=======
Gliadin-reactive monoclonal antibodies
--------------------------------------
Gliadin-reactive hmAbs were produced as human IgG1 in HEK293A cells as previously reported[@b5][@b18], and purified by protein G sepharose (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) affinity chromatography.
Peptides
--------
All peptides were purchased from GL Biochem Ltd, except for the γ-26mer peptide that was purchased from Peptide 2.0. The following peptides were used in the MALDI-TOF experiments: γ-gliadin 26mer; FLQPEQPFPEQPEQPYPEQPEQPFPQ, α-gliadin 33mer; LQLQPFPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPQPF and the short γ-gliadin peptide; PLQPEQPFP. In ELISA and AlphaLISA the following peptides were used: biotin-GSGSGSPLQPEQPFP, biotin-QPEQPFPEQPEQPEQPFPQPEQPFPWQPEQPFPQ, FLQPEQPFPEQPEQPYPEQPEQPFPQ, PQPQQPEQPFPQPQ, QQPFPQQPQQPYPQQPEQPFPQP, QPQQPFPQPEQPFPWQP, PQQPFPQPEQPFP, FPQPEQPFPWQP, PFPQPEQPFPWQPQQPFPQ, PQQPEQPFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPQQPFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPEQPFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPQQQFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPEQQFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPQQSFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPEQSFP, biotin-GSGSGSPQQPQQTFP, and biotin-GSGSGSPQQPEQTFP.
Preparation of gliadin digest treated with TG2
----------------------------------------------
Wheat gliadin was digested with proteolytic enzymes as previously described[@b19]. In short, gliadin extracted from grocery store wheat flour (Møllerens) was digested with chymotrypsin (Sigma) at 200:1 (w:w) in 0.1 M NH~4~HCO~3~ with 2 M urea at 37 °C for 24 h followed by enzyme inactivation for 5 min at 95 °C. Chymotrypsinated gliadin (0.5 g) was dissolved in 0.01 M acetic acid (adjusted to pH 1.8 with HCl) and incubated with pepsin (1:100, Sigma) for 3.5 hours at 37 °C, and 10 min at 95 °C. After cooling and pH adjustment to 7.8 (with NaOH), trypsin (1:100, Sigma) was added and incubated overnight at 37 °C, followed by enzyme inactivation for 10 min at 95 °C. The sample was further digested with elastase (1:500, Sigma) and carboxypeptidase A (1:100, Sigma) for 2 h at 37 °C shaking, followed by enzyme inactivation for 10 min at 95 °C. The gliadin digest was dialyzed (MWCO: 1000) and freeze dried.
The PTCEC (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxipeptidase) gliadin digest (\~5 mg) was next fractionated by size exclusion chromatography using an Äkta Purifier system (Äkta purifier 10, GE Healthcare Life Sciences) with a Superdex peptide 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, L × I.D: 30 cm × 10 mm, 13 μm particle size). A flow rate of 0.5 ml/min was applied using Milli-Q water as mobile phase, and fractions of 0.5 ml were collected and speed-vac'ed. The fractions were reconstituted in 60 μl Milli-Q water and two to three adjacent fractions were pooled.
The pooled fractions were treated with 0.1 μg/μl TG2 in 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 supplemented with 2 mM CaCl~2~ for 60 min at 37 °C, and the reaction was terminated by adding iodoacetamide (2 mM final concentration). Recombinant TG2 with an N-terminal hexa-histidine tag was expressed in *E. coli* and purified as previously reported[@b20].
The gliadin fractions treated with TG2 (termed TG2-gliadin) were subjected to pull-down with hmAbs. Fractions containing the highest molecular weight peptides were not used in the pull-down experiments.
Antibody pull-down
------------------
Each hmAb (40 μg, 260 pmol) was incubated with pooled fractions of TG2-gliadin or with synthetic peptides (1500 pmol) for 20 minutes at room temperature (RT). Dynabeads Protein G (Life Technologies) were added to the samples and incubated for 20 minutes at RT (125 μg beads/μg IgG). After washing with 5 × 500 μl PBS/0.1% octylglucoside, bound peptides were eluted with 0.1% TFA for 10 min at RT. A rotavirus specific hmAb (Rota-2B04) was used as negative control[@b21].
Mass spectrometry analysis
--------------------------
Peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS or by nano-LC-MS/MS. MALDI-TOF-MS (Ultraflex II, Bruker Daltonics) was used for analysis of low complexity samples which were spotted onto stainless-steel target plates using a matrix of 10 mg/ml α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 70% acetonitrile (ACN)/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Spectra were recorded in the positive and reflector mode. More complex samples were analysed by nano-LC-MS/MS using a Q Exactive hybrid quadropole-orbitrap mass spectrometer with an EASY-spray ion source (both from Thermo Fisher Scientific) that was coupled to either of two liquid chromatography systems, nano-HPLC (Dionex Ultimate 3000 nano-LC system; NCS-3500RS NANO) or EASY-nLC 1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Two different set-ups were used. 1) In the Dionex nLC set-up, samples were loaded onto a trap column (C18, 100 μm × 2 cm, PepMap RSLC, Thermo Fisher Scientific) before separation on an EASY-Spray column (C18, 25 cm × 75 μm ID, 2 μm particles, Thermo Fisher Scientific) using a binary gradient consisting of solvent A (0.1% formic acid (FA) and solvent B 90% ACN/0.1% FA) at a flow rate of 0.3 μl/min. The Q Exactive instrument was operated in data-dependent acquisition mode to switch automatically between orbitrap-MS and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) orbitrap-MS/MS acquisition using the Xcalibur 2.2 software. Single MS full-scan in the orbitrap (300--1750 m/z, 70000 resolution, ACG target 3e6, maximum IT 50 ms) was followed by 10 data dependent MS/MS scans in the orbitrap after accumulation of 2e05 ions in the C-trap or an injection time of 100 ms (fixed injection method) at 17500 resolution (isolation 3.0 m/z, underfill ratio 10%, dynamic exclusion 45 s) at 25% normalized collision energy. 2) In the EASY-nLC set-up, samples were separated on the same EASY-Spray column using a binary gradient consisting of solvent A (0.1% FA) and solvent B (ACN/0.1% FA) at a flow rate of 0.3 μl/min. The Q Exactive instrument was operated in data-dependent acquisition mode where single MS full-scan in the orbitrap (400--1200 m/z, 70000 resolution, ACG target 3e6, maximum IT 100 ms) was followed by 10 data dependent MS/MS scans in the orbitrap after accumulation of 1e05 ions in the C-trap or an injection time of 100 ms (fixed injection method) at 17500 resolution (isolation 3.0 m/z, underfill ratio 0.1%, dynamic exclusion 30 s) at 25% normalized collision energy. Obtained data are deposited to the PRIDE partner repository[@b22] (dataset identifier PXD002678).
Database search
---------------
LC-MS/MS data were analyzed with the software MaxQuant version 1.5.1.2 [@b23] using the search engine Andromeda[@b24] to search against a *Triticum aestivum* database (total of 4722 entries) extracted from the UniprotKB database release September 2013 (European Bioinformatics Institute). In all searches the enzyme specificity was set as none and the variable modifications pyro-glu (N-term Q), deamidation (NQ) and oxidation (M) were selected. For analysis of Q Exactive data, the mass error tolerance for MS scans was first searched with an error window of 20 ppm and then with a main search error of 6 ppm. Mass tolerance for MS/MS scans was set to 20 ppm. A false discovery rate of 1% and a PEP score of 0.1 were used. A few peptides pulled down with the negative control hmAb were removed from the list of enriched peptides. In addition, a couple of peptides that derived from actin and other non-gluten proteins were identified ([Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Peptide sequence analysis
-------------------------
To address the epitope specificities of the gliadin-specific hmAbs, a script in Python (version 2.7.6) was made to count frequencies of different motifs among the eluted sequences. The script calculated all possible sequence patterns with length between 3--15 residues by character iteration and substring generation. The frequency of each pattern was calculated and graphic outputs were generated. For some hmAbs, the frequency of similar but not identical peptide motifs was assessed. The most common 7mer motif was first identified and this was used to reanalyze the sequences with the webware NPS@ (Network Protein Sequence Analysis, Pôle Bioinformatic Lyonnais) using the "PATTINPROT search" allowing for disparity at one or two positions. WebLOGO 3.4 (<http://weblogo.berkeley.edu>) was used for sequence visualization.
ELISA reactivity of gliadin-reactive hmAbs to synthetic gliadin peptides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biotinylated synthetic gliadin peptides (500 nM) were used as antigens in streptavidin coated ELISA plates (Nunc, 436014). Gliadin-specific hmAb 1130-3B01 or 1130-3A02 at a concentration of 2 μg/ml and with fourfold dilution were used to generate titration curves. The ELISA was run with alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-human IgG (Southern Biotech 9040-04) at 1:4000 dilution, phosphatase substrate (Sigma S0942-200TAB) and absorbance measured in a plate reader at 405 nm (Multiskan Ascent 96, Thermo Fischer Scientific). PBS pH 7.4 was used as buffer, and the plates were washed three times with PBS with 0.05% Tween between each step.
AlphaLISA assays
----------------
The relative affinity of three hmAbs (1002-1E01, 1002-1E03 and 1130-3B01) to a panel of gliadin peptides was investigated using an AlphaLISA platform. AlphaLISA acceptor beads (Perkin Elmer, Unconjugated AlphaLISA^TM^ Acceptor beads, 6672001) were coated with anti-human IgG (Dako, Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human IgG, A0423) according to manufacturers' protocol (Perkin Elmer, *Antibody Conjugation to AlphaLISA^®^ Acceptor Beads Detailed Protocol*). The anti-IgG AlphaLISA beads 6 μg/ml and hmAb 0.5 μg/ml were mixed and incubated for 1 hour at RT in dark. Then, 15 μl of the solution was transferred to each well in a 384-well AlphaLISA plate (Perkin Elmer, 384-well OptiPlate, 6007290), together with 5 μl analyte consisting of 40 nM biotinylated PLQPEQPFP peptide and diluting concentrations of non-biotinylated competing peptides (5 mM, 1:3 dilution). After incubation for 1 hour at RT in dark, 15 μl of streptavidin coated Alphascreen donor beads (24 μg/ml) (Perkin Elmer, AlphaScreen^®^ Streptavidin Donor beads, 6760002S) were transferred per well, and the plate incubated for 1 hour at RT in dark. AlphaLISA Signal was measured with Envision 2104 Multilabel Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer). PBS pH 7.4 and 0.1% Puviol was used as buffer. The binding of whole IgG1 versus Fab of gliadin-reactive antibody to gliadin peptide was investigated in a similar competitive AlphaLISA assay. Here we used diluting titrations of IgG1 or Fab of hmAb 1002-1E03 together with either AlphaLISA acceptor beads conjugated with hmAb 1002-1E03 and biotinylated 34mer ω-gliadin (2.5 nM), or AlphaLISA acceptor beads conjugated with PLQPEQPFP together with biotinylated hmAb 1002-1E03 (0.1 mg/ml).
In experiments addressing epitope mulitivalency, AlphaLISA Acceptor beads were coated with the gliadin-specific hmAb 1002-1E03. Dilutions of synthetic peptides with monovalent or multivalent display of the QPEQPFP epitope, or hmAb and F(ab2) was used as competitors.
Results
=======
Antibody pull-down and identification of peptides by mass spectrometry
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A method was established to identify the preferred peptide epitopes of gliadin-specific hmAbs. The hmAbs were incubated with size-separated fractions ([Supplementary Figure 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) of TG2-gliadin (enzymatically digested and TG2-treated gliadin) and hmAb-peptide complexes were isolated with magnetic protein G beads. Subsequently, the antibody bound peptides were eluted from the protein G beads and the eluted peptides were analyzed using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer ([Supplementary Figure 2](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The TG2-gliadin fractions were compared pre and post pull-down. To control for unspecific binding, a rotavirus-specific hmAb was included as a negative control. Of the thirteen gliadin-reactive hmAbs tested, nine derived from IgA^+^ plasma cells isolated by flow cytometry with two different synthetic gliadin peptides used for staining (biotin-GSGSGS-PLQPEQPFP, PLQPEQPFP for short; biotin-(PEG)-LQLQPFPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPQPF, deamidated 33mer for short) and four hmAbs derived from *in vitro* cultured plasma cells secreting IgA reactive to complex deamidated gliadin ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}).
For eleven of the thirteen hmAbs, several unique gluten peptides (number of peptides identified by a single hmAb ranging from 19--552 peptides) were identified in the pull-down analyses ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}, [Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). One hmAb (1065-4G05) did not enrich detectable peptides, and only four peptides were identified in the pull-down analyses from the last hmAb (1065-4C01). This could possibly be explained by low affinity of the hmAbs, as observed in ELISA (data not shown). These hmAbs were hence excluded from further analyses.
The enzymatic digest of gliadin used for the antibody pull-down contained glutenin peptides, thus probing would also be towards this part of the gluten proteome. In general, peptide fragments from α-, γ-, ω-gliadins and low-molecular weight glutenins were pulled down while fragments of α-gliadins were relatively infrequent.
Enrichment of long deamidated peptide fragments
-----------------------------------------------
The peptides present in post pull-down samples were generally longer than peptides in the pre pull-down samples. This pattern, as exemplified by the hmAb 1130-3A02 and hmAb 1002-1E01 ([Fig. 1a,b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}), was present for all but two (1130-3B03 and 1130-3G05) of the antibodies ([Fig. 1c](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Many of the enriched peptide fragments harbored repeated sequence motifs ([Fig. 1d](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). We further observed that the large majority of the identified hmAb-enriched gluten peptides had been deamidated by TG2 ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). As expected, most of these peptides (64% of 1800) were deamidated in the QXP motif, which is in keeping with the reported sequence specificity of TG2[@b25][@b26]. However, in some peptides the exact deamidation sites could not be unambiguously determined by the MaxQuant search engine. Gluten proteins and peptides are peculiar in that they contain repeats consisting of proline residues and multiple sequential Q residues. This results in many short fragments of proline and glutamine repeats with identical masses in the MS fragment spectra, which hinders exact sequence assignment of deamidation sites, particularly in cases of partial fragmentation. Many gluten peptides were reported by MaxQuant to be deamidated at Q2 in the frequent sequence motif QQP ([Supplementary table 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, TG2 does not deamidate a Q with a P in position +1, and it prefers to deamidate Q residues in the QXP motif. This suggests along with the partial fragmentation of the MS spectra that it is Q1 in the QQP motifs that are deamidated in these particular peptides. Because of the uncertainty in determining deamidation sites for some peptides, we used the native sequence of all peptides in the analyses addressing common sequence motifs.
Enriched peptides are not necessarily similar to peptides to which the hmAbs were selected
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For some of the hmAbs, the enriched peptides had different peptide sequences than the selecting peptide antigen originally used to isolate the IgA^+^ plasma cell ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). This was particularly observed for the hmAbs of plasma cells sorted with the α-gliadin 33mer peptide LQLQPFPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPQPF (i.e. mAbs 1130-3B04, 1130-3A02, 1130-3B01, 1130-3A05, 1130-3B03, 1130-3G05).
The enriched peptide fragments share motifs
-------------------------------------------
The observation of repeated motifs in the pulled down peptides, prompted us to search for sequences of 3--15 residues common to all peptide fragments pulled down by the individual hmAbs. Most peptide fragments harbored a shared motif until a certain length. Beyond this length the frequency of peptides carrying the shared motif dropped dramatically. The results for hmAb 1130-3B04 are shown as an example, demonstrating that for this hmAb most fragments carried a shared motif of eight residues or shorter ([Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) that typically were extensions of a core sequence ([Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). On this basis, we explored for the presence of 7mer motifs for all the hmAbs. For the hmAb 1130-3B04 as well for the hmAbs 1002-1E01, 1130-3A02, 1130-2A02, 1002-1E03 and 1130-3A05 the most frequent 7mer motif was the sequence QPQQPFP. More than 88% of the peptides pulled down with these hmAbs harbored this motif ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}).
Some hmAbs allow variation in their target motifs
-------------------------------------------------
For hmAbs 1114-1G01, 1130-3B01, 1050-5B05, 1130-3B03 and 1130-3G05, the frequencies of the most common 7mer motifs were clearly lower than for the other hmAbs. This could be because these hmAbs reacted with peptides with similar, but not necessarily identical sequences. We thus used "Pattinprot" (PBIL.ibcp.fr) to check for presence of 7mer motifs allowing for one or two amino acid variations in the QPQQPFP motif (85% or 60% similarity). This resulted in identification of motifs present at high frequencies for 1130-3B01, 1050-5B05 and 1114-1G01 ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). The most common 7mer motifs for the hmAbs 1050-5B05 and 1114-1G01 were present in 44% and 73% of the identified peptides, which following the "Pattinprot" analysis increased to 83% and 100% by allowing for variation at positions 1 and 7 of the QPQQPFP motif ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). The results for the hmAb 1130-3B01, shown by a sequence logo representation ([Fig. 3a](#f3){ref-type="fig"}), indicated sharing of the motif QPQQXFP (X = P, S, T, Q). Reactivity to this motif was verified by ELISA which also revealed preferential reactivity to the deamidated versions of the peptides ([Fig. 3b](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). By contrast, the hmAb 1130-3A02 recognized equally well native and deamidated version of the peptide containing the sequence QPQQPFP, but this hmAb had no reactivity to other peptides that were reactive with hmAb 1130-3B01 ([Fig. 3c](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). This illustrates that there are differences in epitope fine specificity including the involvement of the glutamate residue between different hmAbs.
Sequences flanking the target motif may influence the affinity
--------------------------------------------------------------
To further understand the specificity of the anti-gluten antibodies, we tested hmAbs 1002-1E01, 1002-1E03 and 1130-3B01 for reactivity to a panel of deamidated synthetic gliadin peptides harboring the key sequence QPEQPFP (Q → E substitution in position 3) in a competitive AlphaLISA assay ([Fig. 4a](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). While 1002-1E03 showed similar affinity for all peptides in the panel, the affinity of 1002-1E01 and 1130-3B01 to the different peptides varied by 1-2 logs. This demonstrates that although a "dominant" motif is found for the majority of the gliadin-reactive hmAbs, the flanking regions of the sequence motif will affect the binding affinity. In the gluten proteins, the QPQQPFP sequence motif can be found with a variety of different amino acids in the flanking regions ([Fig. 4b](#f4){ref-type="fig"}).
Epitope multivalency and pull-down enrichment
---------------------------------------------
To further scrutinize the enrichment for long peptides with repeated sequence motifs, we incubated a synthetic peptide mix containing equimolar amounts of the deamidated γ-gliadin peptide PL[QPEQPFP]{.ul} (epitope x1 underlined) and the longer 26mer γ-gliadin peptide FL[QPEQPFP]{.ul}EQPEQPYPE[QPEQPFP]{.ul}Q (epitope x2 underlined) with the hmAbs 1130-3B01, 1002-1E03 and 1002-1E01 before incubation and pull-down with protein G beads, peptide elution and MALDI-TOF MS peptide detection ([Fig. 5a](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). For all hmAbs the long peptide was the only detectable species in the pull-downs. Looking at epitope distribution in peptides of the gliadin digests pre and post pull-down, it was striking that longer peptides with multiple copies of the epitopes were pulled down ([Fig. 5b](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). This suggested that the enrichment for long fragments with repeated motifs could be explained by more efficient binding of peptides harboring multiple epitopes. When comparing in a competitive AlphaLISA the binding of intact IgG1 vs Fab fragment of the hmAb 1002-1E03 for binding to the ω-gliadin peptide [QPEQPFP]{.ul}EQPE[QPEQPFPQPEQPFP]{.ul}W[QPEQPFP]{.ul}Q (epitope underlined), equal binding was observed ([Fig. 5c](#f5){ref-type="fig"}) suggesting the same binding affinity of the Fab and the intact bivalent antibody for binding of this peptide in solution. However, when the hmAb 1002-1E03 was immobilized on beads and binding of the deamidated γ-gliadin peptide PL[QPEQPFP]{.ul} and the longer 26mer γ-gliadin peptide FL[QPEQPFP]{.ul}EQPEQPYPE[QPEQPFP]{.ul}Q (epitope underlined) was compared, the longer peptide bound substantially better ([Fig. 5d](#f5){ref-type="fig"}) suggesting that in this setting the longer peptide with its two repeated epitopes allowed for increase in binding avidity.
Other factors influencing the peptide pull-down
-----------------------------------------------
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the gliadin fractions from which peptides in a competitive fashion were pulled down could influence which peptides were identified. To investigate influence of qualitative aspects, the hmAb 1130-3B01 was incubated with a synthetic peptide mix containing equimolar amounts of the deamidated α-gliadin 33mer peptide and the peptide PLQPEQPFP, which contains the deamidated QPQQPFP 7mer motif. The hmAb-peptide complexes were isolated, and bound peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS ([Supplementary Fig. 3a](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Only the α-gliadin 33mer peptide was enriched by the hmAb. In contrast, when incubating the hmAb with an equimolar mix of the deamidated α-gliadin 33mer peptide and a deamidated γ-gliadin 26mer peptide harboring the QPEQPFP motif in two copies (FL[QPEQPFP]{.ul}EQPEQPYPE[QPEQPFP]{.ul}Q), only the deamidated γ-gliadin 26mer peptide was pulled down ([Supplementary Fig. 3b](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This suggested that the hmAb preferred to bind long peptides harboring multiple copies of the QPEQPFP motif, and if present like in the competitive environment in the gliadin fractions, these peptides would dominate in the pull-down.
Quantitative aspects could also influence peptide pull-down as potential target peptide sequences were not present at equal concentrations in the gel filtration fractions. A substantial proportion of all peptides (21--39%) in the pre pull-down fractions harbored the QPQQPFP motif reflecting dominance of fragments from ω-gliadin proteins (about 15%), γ-gliadin proteins (about 45%) and low-molecular weight glutenin proteins (about 25%). In contrast, only 1.5--3% of the identified peptides harbored the typical PQPQLPY α-gliadin motif, and about 12% of the fragments were derived from α-gliadin proteins.
Of the six hmAbs from IgA + plasma cells sorted with the deamidated α-gliadin 33mer peptide, four of them were reactive to the PLQPEQPFP peptide in ELISA and AlphaLISA. Two of the hmAbs, 1130-3B03 and 1130-3G05, showed no reactivity to PLQPEQPFP ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). Notably, no shared motifs were found among the peptides pulled down with these two hmAbs. Of the 19 peptides enriched by hmAb 1130-3B03, only one single peptide (LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPHLPYPQPQP, see [Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) shared a part of its sequence with the α-gliadin 33mer peptide. To investigate whether this could relate to the low abundance of α-gliadin 33mer peptide in the gliadin fractions, we performed a pull-down experiment in a peptide mixture with equimolar amounts of the synthetic γ-gliadin 26mer and the α-gliadin 33mer peptide using hmAb 1130-3B03. The hmAb-bound peptides were analyzed by MS. MALDI-TOF spectra pre and post 1130-3B03 pull-down, demonstrated a preferential enrichment of the α-gliadin 33mer peptide ([Supplementary Figure 3c](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This suggests that the α-gliadin 33mer peptide is a good antigen for 1130-3B03, although it could not be readily identified in the post pull-down from the gliadin fraction. This could relate to the antibody affinity to the α-gliadin 33mer relative to other gliadin peptides, and the concentration of this peptide in the pre pull-down fraction.
The hmAb-enriched peptide fragments harbor several different gluten T-cell epitopes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potentially, gluten-specific B cells could serve an important role by presenting antigen to gluten-specific CD4 + T cells. We thus searched for the presence of gluten T-cell epitopes in the identified gluten peptides pre and post hmAb pull-down. As shown in [Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table"}, we found that more than 80% of all peptides pulled down with the six hmAbs 1002-1E01, 1130-3B04, 1130-3B01, 1002-1E03, 1130-3A02 and 1130-2A02, contained known gluten T-cell epitopes. The gluten T-cell epitopes DQ2.5-glia-y4c (QQPQQPFPQ) and/or the DQ2.5-glia-y5 epitope (QQPFPQQPQ) were the most frequent and were found in up to 84% and 60% of the enriched peptides, respectively.
B- and T-cell epitopes in gluten proteins appear to be in close proximity or overlap[@b11][@b14]. Our results confirm this notion. The hmAb binding motif QPQQPFP and the T-cell epitopes are most often overlapping in the gliadin proteins. This is particularly striking in the ω-gliadin protein (Accession number: Q9FUW7) visualized in [Fig. 6](#f6){ref-type="fig"}. In this protein, 9 copies of the 7mer motif are present. All copies, except one, are overlapping with one or more T-cell epitopes. The DQ2.5-glia-γ5 epitope overlaps with four copies of the binding motif, DQ2.5-glia-γ4c overlaps with three copies, while DQ2.5-glia-ω1 and DQ2.5-glia-ω2 both overlap with one copy.
The T-cell epitope containing peptides were not present at equal concentrations in the gluten fractions before pull-down. While a substantial part of the peptides harbored γ-gliadin T-cell epitopes, only a few peptides harbored ω-gliadin T-cell epitopes. Thus when comparing the identified peptides pre and post hmAb pull-down, a massive enrichment was observed for both γ-gliadin and ω-gliadin T-cell epitopes.
Discussion
==========
We have characterized the natural binding targets of eleven gluten-specific hmAbs made by expression cloning of antibody genes of single intestinal IgA^+^ plasma cells from celiac disease patients. The natural binding targets of hmAbs were identified by isolating and sequencing a large number of fragments pulled down from fractions of gluten (gliadin) that had been treated with digestive enzymes and TG2. The majority of the hmAbs were established from staining plasma cells with labeled synthetic peptides. In several instances, the hmAbs selected for gluten peptides which differed from the selecting peptides.
Several interesting observations emerge from our experiments. The most interesting finding was that the hmAbs pulled down long peptide fragments of γ-gliadins, ω-gliadins and low molecular weight glutenins that all harbored repeated motifs. For the majority of the hmAbs (11 of 13), this type of motifs could be identified. The motifs all contained a short PQQ sequence, but they differed by a few variations in the flanking residues. While the majority of the hmAbs pulled down peptides that shared the QPQQPFP motif, some of the hmAbs were more promiscuous and enriched for peptides that harbored up to four different amino acids in certain positions of the 7mer motif. Testing different peptides with the same sequence core (QPEQPFP), but with various flanking regions in a competitive AlphaLISA assay, revealed that the antibodies' affinity for the different peptides varied. These results suggest that the antibody response to gluten in celiac disease is generated in response to a few immunodominant epitopes, typically displayed in repeats, with variation in fine specificity between individual antibodies.
The enrichment for long fragments with repeated motifs likely relate to epitope multivalency. This enrichment was observed in experimental settings where the multivalent peptide fragments could engage more than one antibody molecule. This scenario would mimic the situation at the surface of a B cell where a multivalent antigen would be able to engage several B-cell receptors on the cell surface, followed by B-cell receptor crosslinking and B-cell activation. This could be a major reason why the B-cell epitopes in gluten proteins are sequence motifs which have multivalent display within long proteolytically resistant fragments. Final proving of this notion will require extensive testing of live B cells with B-cell receptors, preferably primary naïve B-cells, as has been done for other linear peptide epitopes and haptens in models of genetically modified animals[@b27][@b28].
The peptide fragments pulled down by the hmAbs typically contained glutamate residues introduced by TG2-mediated deamidation. Further, in general, there was an enrichment of deamidated peptides when comparing pre and post pull-down samples. This was the case even with hmAbs that did not distinguish between synthetic peptides in native and deamidated versions in ELISA. The reason for this is that the QPQQPFP motif contains the QXP motif typically targeted by TG2[@b25][@b26], and the hmAbs would react with deamidated peptides in the TG2-treated digests even though the glutamate residue is not necessarily part of the epitope.
The QPEQPFP motif has been described as immunodominant in several serological studies investigating IgG and IgA reactivity to gliadin[@b11][@b16][@b17]. However, the previous studies were investigating polyclonal serum reactivity to short synthetic gluten peptides. Here we show that this motif seems to be the primary epitope in the gluten proteome also for the IgA antibodies of plasma cells in the celiac disease intestinal lesion.
The gluten-specific hmAbs typically pulled down peptides with multiple gluten T-cell epitopes, where the hmAb binding motif and the T-cell epitopes overlapped or were in close proximity. This argues for a role for gluten-specific B cells as important antigen presenting cells in celiac disease. Together with the finding that the hmAbs cross-react with different gliadin peptides, it suggests that the gluten-specific B-cells could take up and display many different T-cell epitopes and consequently get help from many distinct gluten-specific T cells which have been demonstrated to be important for generating B-cell responses[@b29].
The dominant T-cell response in celiac disease is directed towards α-gliadin and ω-gliadin peptides[@b13][@b30][@b31], while the B-cell response seems to be directed to y/ω-peptides[@b11][@b17]. In this study, we demonstrated a preferential hmAb-enrichment of fragments from y-gliadin, ω-gliadin and LMW glutenin proteins. Strikingly few fragments of α-gliadin proteins were identified in the pull-down samples. Epitopes of α-gliadin are important for T cells in celiac disease[@b13]. This discrepancy between the T-cell and B-cell response may reflect true differences, but we do not exclude that methodological factors contribute to the observed bias. Testing of synthetic peptides demonstrated that the abundance of the different peptides in the gliadin fractions affected which peptides were pulled down with the hmAbs. Further, the gel filtration fractions of the gliadin digest containing the highest molecular weight peptides were not used in the pull-down experiments to facilitate the identification of motifs recognized by the hmAbs. Thus, long peptide fragments like the α-gliadin 33mer, may to some extent have been excluded from these analyzes. Noteworthy is also the observation that several hmAbs enriched for peptides harboring the T-cell epitope DQ2.5-glia-ω1, which is similar to the DQ2.5-glia-α1 epitope and contain the B-cell epitope motif QPQQPFP. The DQ2.5-glia-ω1 epitope is also an immunodominant T-cell epitope[@b31].
In summary, this study provides insights into the epitopes of the gluten proteome that are targeted by antibodies of IgA plasma cells in the celiac disease intestinal lesion. The majority of the antibodies prefer to bind long deamidated peptide fragments with multiple copies of shared motifs, suggesting that gluten-specific IgA^+^ plasma cells of different celiac disease patients recognize the same gluten B-cell epitopes. As the long fragments also contain many different T-cell epitopes, this will lead to generation of strong antibody responses by effective presentation of several distinct T-cell epitopes and establishment of T-cell help to B cells.
Additional Information
======================
**How to cite this article**: Dørum, S. *et al.* Gluten-specific antibodies of celiac disease gut plasma cells recognize long proteolytic fragments that typically harbor T-cell epitopes. *Sci. Rep.* **6**, 25565; doi: 10.1038/srep25565 (2016).
Supplementary Material {#S1}
======================
###### Supplementary Figures
###### Supplementary Table 1
We thank Patrick C. Wilson and Carole H. Dunand for providing plasmids of the gliadin-reactive hmAbs, Xi Chen for producing the Fab fragment of the 1002-1E03 hmAb and Rasmus Iversen for critical reading of the manuscript.
A patent application covering gliadin-reactive monoclonal antibodies has been submitted with Øyvind Steinsbø, Ludvig M. Sollid, Carole H. Dunand and Patrick C. Wilson as inventors.
**Author Contributions** L.M.S. managed the project. S.D., Ø.S. and E.B. performed the experiments. S.D., M.Ø.A., E.B. and Ø.S. analyzed the data. S.D., Ø.S., E.B., G.A.D.S. and L.M.S. interpreted data. S.D., Ø.S. and L.M.S. wrote the manuscript with input from co-authors.
{#f1}
{#f2}
{#f3}
{#f4}
![hmAbs show better reactivity to gluten peptides with repeats of epitopes.\
(**a**) Pull-down with the hmAb 1130-3B01, 1002-1E03 or 1002-1E01 from samples with equimolar amounts of the PLQPEQPF peptide and the γ-gliadin 26mer peptide. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of pre (upper panel) and post (three lower panels) samples are depicted. (**b**) Pull-down with hmAb 1002-1E03 from a size fraction of a gliadin digest treated with TG2 demonstrating that the hmAb preferentially pull-down long peptides with multiple repeats of epitopes. The number of QPQQPFP epitopes found in each peptide fragment and the length of the fragments in samples pre (grey) and post pull-down (black) are shown. Each cross represents one peptide fragment, and the numbers of unique peptide fragments with the different number of epitopes are given on top. (**c**) AlphaLISA competition assay comparing the relative binding of bead-conjugated hmAb 1002-1E03 to the soluble 34mer ω-peptide in the presence of competing soluble whole antibody (grey solid line) or Fab fragment (black dashed line) of the hmAb 1002-1E03. (**d**) Inhibition of binding of bead-conjugated hmAb 1002-1E03 to soluble PLQPEQPFP by FL[QPEQPFP]{.ul}EQPEQPYPE[QPEQPFP]{.ul}Q (grey solid line) or PL[QPEQPFP]{.ul} (black dashed line).](srep25565-f5){#f5}
![Co-localization of gliadin T-cell and B-cell epitopes in an ω-gliadin protein (accession number: Q9FUW7).\
The 9mer core sequences of known T-cell epitopes recognized by HLA-DQ restricted CD4 + T cells in celiac disease[@b13] are highlighted in different colors. The hmAb epitope QPQQPFP is framed. Of note, the sequence of the native protein is given and glutamine (Q) residues that are targeted by TG2 for modification to glutamic acid are not marked.](srep25565-f6){#f6}
###### Overview of the gliadin-reactive hmAbs.
hmAb Selecting antigen PLQPEQPFP reactivity[@b5] DA 33mer reactivity[@b5] CT gliadin reactivity[@b5] Binding DA peptides \>\> NA peptide[\*\*\*](#t1-fn1){ref-type="fn"}[@b5] \# MS identified hmAb enriched peptides Longest common 7mer motif in hmAb enriched peptides (% peptides pre/post hmAb pull-down) \# DA peptides pre/post hmAb pull-down
----------------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
1002-1E01 PLQPEQPFP Yes Yes Yes No 139 QPQQPFP (39%/94%) 48%/77%
1130-3B04 Deamidated 33-mer Yes Yes Yes No 257 QPQQPFP (22%/95%) 88%/ 98%
1130-3A02 Deamidated 33-mer Yes Yes Yes No 21 QPQQPFP (37%/100%) 33%/43%
1130-2A02 Heat/acid treated CT gliadin Yes Yes Yes No 222 QPQQPFP (21%/92%) 26%/85%
1002-1E03 PLQPEQPFP Yes No Yes Yes 381 QPQQPFP (35%/95%) 27%/85%
1114-1G01 PLQPEQPFP Yes Yes Yes Yes 22 X~1~QPQQPX~2~ (X~1~ = P, S; X~2~ = I, L, F) (3%/100%) 33%/96%
1130-3B01 Deamidated 33-mer Yes Yes Yes 2--3 log 48 QPQQXFP (X = P, S, T, Q) (49%/98%) 48%/82%
1130-3A05 Deamidated 33-mer Yes Yes Yes Not tested 552 QPQQPFP (25%/88%) 74%/100%
1130-3B03 Deamidated 33-mer No Yes Yes Yes 19 No common motif (\<30%) 41%/9%
1130-3G05 Deamidated 33-mer No Yes Yes Yes 117 [\*](#t1-fn2){ref-type="fn"} No common motif (\<30%) 30%/29%
1050-5B05 Heat/acid treated CT gliadin Yes No Yes Not tested 23 X~1~QPQQPX~2~ (X~1~ = Q P, I/L; X~2~ = F, Q, A) (30%/83%) 27%/35%
1065-4C01 Heat/acid treated CT gliadin No No Yes Not tested 4 \- \-
1065-4G05[\*\*](#t1-fn3){ref-type="fn"} Heat/acid treated CT gliadin No No Yes Yes 0 \- \-
Patient number, isolation method (selecting antigen denotes the antigen used to isolate the IgA^+^ plasma cells of which the hmAb was cloned) and reactivity to antigens in ELISA and/or AlphaLISA are shown as well as the number of hmAb-enriched peptides identified by MS, the most frequent 7mer motif among these peptides and % deamidated (DA) peptides pre/post hmAb pull-down.
^\*^31 peptides removed from the list as they were identified in the negative control sample.
^\*\*^For this hmAb 28 μg and not 40 μg was used in pull-down experiment.
^\*\*\*^Tested PLQPEQPFP/PLQPQQPFP for all hmAbs except for 3B03 and 3G05 where the DA and native α-gliadin 33mer was tested.
###### Percentage of peptides pulled down with the eleven hmAbs that harbor known gluten T-cell epitopes.
T-cell epitope Peptides (P) pulled down by hmAbs
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----- ------------ ------------
*Peptides with any T-cell epitope* *84%* *91%* *88%* *85%* *21%* 36% 86% 84% 14% 44% 73%
DQ2.5-glia-α1a PFPQPQLPY -- -- -- -- 5% 1% -- -- -- 4% --
DQ2.5-glia-α1b PYPQPQLPY -- -- -- -- -- 1% -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-glia-α2 PQPQLPYPQ -- -- -- -- 5% 1% (2x) -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-glia-α3 FRPQQPYPQ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-glia-γ1 PQQSFPQQQ -- 0.5% 17% 0.5% -- 3% -- 0.5% -- 9% 7%
DQ2.5-glia-γ2 IQPQQPAQL -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-glia-γ3 QQPQQPYPQ 1.5% -- 3% (1.1x) -- -- 5% 3% -- -- 2%
DQ2.5-glia-γ4a SQPQQQFPQ -- 2% -- 1% -- -- 5% -- -- -- --
DQ2.5--glia-γ4b PQPQQQFPQ 0.5% 0.5% 23% 3% -- 2% -- 0.5% -- -- 3%
DQ2.5-glia-γ4c QQPQQPFPQ 77% (1.7x) 84% (1.7x) 58% (1.2x) 79% (1.7x) 11% 27% (1.2x) 81% (1.5x) 74% (1.5x) -- 30% (1.1x) 63% (1.3x)
DQ2.5-glia-γ4d PQPQQPFCQ 1% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.5% -- -- --
DQ2.5-glia-γ5 QQPFPQQPQ 58% (1.2x) 45% (1.2x) 31% 47% (1.2) 11% (1.5x) 9% (1.3x) 57% (1.3x) 60% (1.2x) -- 17% 28%
DQ2.5-glia-ω1/ DQ2.5-sec-1/ DQ2.5-hor-1 PFPQPQQPF 10% 7% 6% 7% \- 2% 29% 11% 14% 17% 5%
DQ2.5-glia-ω2 PQPQQPFPW 2% 5% 4% 3% -- -- 19% 5% -- 13% 4%
DQ2.5-glut-L1 PFSQQQQPV 0.5% -- 2% 0.5% 5% 4% -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-glut-L2 FSQQQQSPF -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
DQ2.5-hor-2/ DQ2.5-sec-2 PQPQQPFPQ 1.5% 1% 2% (2x) 0.5% -- -- -- 1% -- -- --
The average number of T-cell epitope per peptide is given in brackets.
^\*^31 peptides removed from the list as they were identified in the negative control sample.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c51e0fb42b0452355b5ff07d1888dd86ce2b1a235556d79782cd1b1c5988fb97'} |
Coming soon.
Rodents depend on routine to reduce stress. You need to plan your routine before your bring your pet home. These small animals operate on 12-hour cycles. You need to know whether or not your animal is nocturnal, diurnal or both so you can schedule accordingly. You also need to know how frequently your pet should be fed — generally they require feeding either once or twice a day.
Small animals that are active during the day are easy to fit into your regular schedule. They need to be fed before their most active day time, so you can give them food before you leave the house in the morning and, if needed, a second meal in the evening. Your pet rodents will need exercise and play outside of the cage every day as well, which you can do in the evening or before bedtime.
For nocturnal animals, you'll have to synchronize your schedule to their daily rhythms. Pet-owners find that an effective schedule happens when you wake your pets in the evening for feeding and play time. Then you can clean out the cage and, if needed, give them another meal when you wake in the morning.
Every day, you'll need to make sure they get plenty of water. Plan on giving them fresh water at least 3–4 times a day. You'll also need to wash their food and water containers with soap and water daily and remove any soiled substrate or feces from the cage. You can add a little more material to replace whatever you remove.
Once a week, you need to remove your pet(s) from the cage and thoroughly clean and disinfect it. Throw out all the substrate material in the cage and thoroughly wash every surface with soap and warm water. You also need to clean any toys, including the tunnel tubes, running wheel and chew toys. Then disinfect the cage with either a commercial product you can find in a pet store or a solution made of chlorine diluted in water. Be sure to rinse away the cleaner completely as any residual amounts can be harmful to your pet(s). Then replace the cage and put in all new substrate material, remount the water bottle(s) and the cage is ready for another week of living. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9574097394943236}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14110', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SJE7B7QHEDZGHLBNYF5CSDUIGZVLE6RI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5ba7a4bb-64bb-45e7-be65-88ad9627b6da>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 21, 13, 28, 50), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.21.7.162', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4FFLILLAIXDRJFRDOM25ZU5GSXPADPQL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4e96c0a9-e229-4543-8957-9c3797120ba0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.surreyvetclinic.com/library/2214/DailyCareandMaintenance.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6c1fc213-ea66-4f75-bd47-c2d1a0be453d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '380', 'url': 'https://www.surreyvetclinic.com/library/2214/DailyCareandMaintenance.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14546912908554077', 'original_id': '9928a8786092f1f6ff1a7200d63c72ba5b49e8edfab0db2f76dc3b947249fa3a'} |
A woodcut of Mother Louise, a popular 17th-century alewife in England. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
When the anti-diversity memo by (now former) Google employee James Damore went viral, all I could think of was medieval brewing. In the memo, Damore argued that women as a gender just aren't as mentally fit as men to be good programmers. Appropriately, the rebuttals to Damore have focused on two issues. First, he's wrong on the science. Second, he ignores the specific history of coding and gender. Both critiques are accurate and important. As a historian, though, I'd like us to broaden the discussion away from technology and the last 50 years, and recognize that the exclusion of women from coding fits perfectly into centuries of labor history. It turns out that, whenever an occupation becomes profitable, women get cut out.
Damore seems to have bought into the conclusions of the worst kinds of evolutionary psychology. As a discipline, "evopsych" too often depends on inventing biological explanations for observed reality, rather than considering influences from culture and society. In the memo, Damore argues that "science" shows men are evolved to be more suited to computer programing. Science, of course, shows nothing of the sort. People who actually study the neuroscience of gender disagree with Damore's conclusions. Moreover, as many folks quickly pointed out, women were the first coders. Programming was initially regarded as an extension of secretarial work, but men took over when the profession's status (and pay) began to rise. "Computer girls" were replaced by "computer geeks" thanks to social factors, not biological ones. So much for Damore's ideas.
The gradual exclusion of women from coding is not a modern story. Instead, it's just one of the more recent manifestations of what historian Judith Bennett calls the "patriarchal equilibrium." Essentially, Bennett argues that, while women's experiences change, their status generally remains stuck behind that of men. Bennett has elaborated this idea through decades of work on medieval brewing, textile production, and other areas that reveal gendered hierarchies in medieval and early-modern society.
Take brewing. In 14th-century England, women did most of the brewing, as Bennett first explores in a 1986 article on the village alewife. These brewsters made ale, which spoiled quickly after the cask was broached, so they would keep some for their family and sell the rest. Often, the small profits from these sales would enable them to buy ale, in turn, from other women while they waited to make a new batch. But then beer arrived in England from the Low Countries. Thanks to the preservative power of hops, it could be brewed and sold at commercial scale. The village alewife was gradually replaced by larger and larger brewing enterprises, requiring access to capital. Although there were exceptions, men had much easier access to capital than women. By the end of the 15th century, men dominated medieval English brewing.
One could tell a similar story about weaving, only in reverse. In the 14th century, weaving was a high-status, high-profit trade. Most weavers were men. Industrialization turned weavers into a lower-status occupation, so early-modern textile weavers in factories were generally women. It would be a mistake, as Bennett argues in her book History Matters, to merely observe the change in occupation—women become weavers—and thereby argue that women's material or cultural status had improved. Change in occupation, she writes, does not mean transformation of status.
Title page for John Skelton's poem The Tunning of Eleanor Rumming, from the 1624 printing. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
In Bennett's account, then, the "patriarchal equilibrium" is the continual social phenomenon of devaluing of women's work, and devaluing women in other ways, even as technology and conditions of life change. The mechanisms by which better jobs go to men vary case by case and era by era, but the outcome is consistent.
When the Google story broke, I emailed Bennett to ask for her reactions. She wasn't at all surprised: "This coding story is an old story—in employment and so much else, power moves toward power. The shocking thing about coding-and-gender is that it is such a dramatic version of that old story, and that it happened on our watch." Bennett recalls that, during the late 1980s and '90s, feminist scholars were talking about the rising gender imbalance in computer programing even as it took place. As she wrote to me, "We know this pattern; we can now discern it early; and we've not yet figured out how to stop it."
So why can't we stop it? Bennett suggests that we need to move past the kinds of simplistic explanations proposed by Damore—and she says we also need to move past the idea that pervasive gender inequality is inevitably a simple function of deliberate discrimination. In any given case, multiple factors come together to make patriarchal equilibrium "so damned sticky." She explains, "PE [patriarchal equilibrium] involves much more than jobs and labor." Culture, family, law, politics, and more all shape the opportunities for women.
Bennett suggests that gender inequality in tech, for example, emerges of out factors including generalized misogyny (think Gamergate), hyper-sexualization of girls that discourages investment in technological training, and even the oddly masculine "categorization of coders as 'nerds.'"
Back to brewing—the craft beer revolution of the last few decades has provided opportunities for women to enter the industry, despite the modern cultural associations of beer with manliness. The Pink Boots society, an organization dedicated to supporting women in the beer industry, has been growing over the last decade. But patriarchal equilibrium is rearing its head in that industry as well, not because individual men are driving out individual women, but because Big Beer is attacking Craft Beer. Right now, Anheuser-Busch InBev, the beer giant, is purchasing craft breweries. There's not a single woman on its management team.
Want to untangle those sticky webs? Along with diversity initiatives, neuropsych debunking evopsych, and a lot of political activism, we need to understand how contemporary problems fit into the past. It's too easy to look at just programming, which feels so modern, and focus on the details of the computer industry alone. In fact, we need to fight against gender inequality across society, not letting anyone off the hook (including Google), but also not pretending Google is some kind of isolated case. Want to diversify STEM? Start by reading more history. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd3a7d3b4f6fc269daf2588890c74ecaabe061af796bf1518423afa471ca7c5df'} |
In the wake of the "Brexit" vote for Great Britain to leave the European Union, the country has seen an unprecedented increase in xenophobic sentiments, with reports pointing out anti-immigrant leaflets, racially motivated crimes, and comments on the street. Across the pond, the U.S. has seen a similar rise in anti-hispanic and anti-muslim attacks and even murders, drawing inspiration according to some reports from the rhetoric of GOP nominee, Donald Trump. In both the U.K. and the U.S., it is highly likely that the views were already there long before Trump or the "Leave" campaign tapped into them. So it is not so much that the U.S. presidential contest or the "Brexit" campaign caused those feelings, as it is that they disinhibited expressions of those feelings. "Disinhibition" refers to the temporary and situational weakening of social constraints against something. So the British or American xenophobes had, in effect, been thinking, "I have this hate, but society demands that I hide it, so I will...But wait, it seems to be gaining a mainstream respectability lately, and prominent people are giving voice to the same views, so I am going to be more comfortable in letting it out."
While the "Brexit" and "Trump" effects are specific to racism, it is likely that many other biases work in the same way. Biases exist to a greater or lesser degree across large parts of the population, but are more manifest under conditions that disinhibit that bias. Jurors who carry a bias against large corporations, for example, might try to suppress that feeling and treat all parties as equal under the law, unless it seems like everyone else is also biased against the company, and then the leash is off! Litigators and consultants need to be students of bias, focusing not only on what bias is and where to find it, but also focusing on what leads to it being either suppressed or expressed. In this post, I will share some thoughts and research on disinhibition and what it means to deliberating jurors.
Disinhibition is a well-known and well-studied phenomenon in social science. In the rest of the world, good old alcohol is probably the best-known disinhibiter:
"You can definitely dance!"
- Vodka
But even without chemical aid, situational changes can also serve as powerful disinhibiters. For example, anyone who has read a "comments" section on the internet knows that computer-mediated communication disinhibits aggressive or insulting communication. Copying others within our own social groups does the same thing. The more an attitude or behavior is normalized, the lower the inhibitions to engaging in it. What made overtly racist sentiments and actions more acceptable post "Brexit" and Trump, is just the fact that more people seem to be accepting it.
Disinhibition in a Jury Context
A recent Washington Post story is entitled, "How Big of a Difference Does an All-White Jury Make? A Leading Expert Explains." The leading expert is Dr. Patrick Bayer, Professor of Economics at Duke University, who has conducted research focused on discrimination in banking and housing. In an interview with the Post, he describes one of his studies (Anwar, Bayer & Hjalmarsson, 2012) which focused on the effects of all-white juries over a 10-year period. The research looked at Florida counties with relatively modest African American populations: counties where there should be at least some African Americans on the jury, but where it was also possible that there would be none.
Then Bayer asked, "What is different when there are no black jurors?" It turns out, a lot. In cases with no black members on the jury, black defendants were convicted 81 percent of the time, compared to white defendants who were convicted 66 percent of the time. But when the jury included at least one black person, the conviction rates for black defendants (71 percent) was statistically indistinguishable from the conviction rate for white defendants (73 percent). In other words, any amount of diversity seems to have removed the bias toward greater conviction rates for black defendants.
While Bayer does not speculate about the reason, based on other research, the most likely explanation is that the bias against black defendants is normally inhibited, but can be disinhibited in the absence of black jurors. This adds to the finding we have noted in previous posts that diverse groups work better, with a number of studies showing they are more creative, more open-minded, more effective, and less biased.
Two Take-Aways
The research on disinhibition of bias carries a few reminders for lawyers and consultants who work to discover and contain bias in the courtroom. Here are a couple:
1. It's not just the presence of bias, it's the likelihood of expression.
Litigators and consultants need to make sure they are focusing on the full spectrum of bias. They need to focus not only on attitudes that are held, but also on those factors that make a bias likely to be expressed. Curative instructions during voir dire (e.g., "You understand, don't you, that you are to base your decision only on the evidence, and not on any pre-existing beliefs...") are widely known to not really remove the bias. But they can be helpful in inhibiting its expression. If they are expressed, another juror in the panel is likely to say something like, "Remember, we aren't supposed to talk about that...."
2. Homogenous groups are more friendly to bias.
In some settings, however, that social constraint is likely to be weakened. The most favorable setting for expressions of bias is a setting where group members are more or less the same. In that homogenous setting, the proportion of ideas and experiences that are taken for granted is high, and the proportion that are questioned and challenged are low. It turns out that the jury ideal of a diverse group pulled from all walks of life, makes sense, not just for democratic representativeness, but for effective and less-biased decision making as well. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9696155786514282}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45181', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NK4ULDVESTN4IEADXSKULNKKP7NXSNT5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b00a5c6a-41ad-491a-95d2-5ecf4b84973f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 26, 16, 52, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '185.19.145.32', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6TR5HKRNDGVIGN5L6UWPMEF45LRWJXIY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c3bb4a04-50f8-455b-bac8-bf9fd0b05910>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=42add094-a09e-45ee-8c29-11b7837c7192', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f3cff2d4-21b8-4d12-be5f-6250066615ef>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '967', 'url': 'http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=42add094-a09e-45ee-8c29-11b7837c7192', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.23497796058654785', 'original_id': '96f455251d2c7ccd83362ba385a226ca5651b8f78d404e86bf5689cb432679b8'} |
Reduslim Reviews
Reduslim – the Wonder Weapon to Lose Weight?
Female leg stepping on weigh scales. Healthy lifestyle, food and sport concept.
You will most likely come across glucomannan if you are interested in topics such as diet and weight loss. Glucomannan, a dietary fiber, can bind large amounts water to create a lasting feeling satiety. As a dietary supplement, glucomannan can be taken in capsules or powder form. This will make you feel fuller and less hungry. EU law allows glucomannan to be used in weight loss programs that are calorie-restricted. The European Food Safety Authority has confirmed that you can lose weight by taking certain amounts of glucomannan daily.
In short, glucomannan is a natural way to lose weight. However, it should be used in conjunction with a healthy diet and regular exercise. supplement. You can feel a sense of immediate satiety, which is a characteristic of all kajnok products. This can be a motivator and supportive factor in starting a diet. It is important to drink enough water, as fiber can’t swell or be properly digested.
Konjac Root is a Food and Dietary Supplement
Konjac root contains glucomannan. This is the tuber from the devil’s mouth, which is grown in East Asia. After harvesting, it is made into konjac flour. In Europe, research is increasing on the weight-reducing and health-promoting effects of konjac-glucomannan.
One of the main ingredients of Reduslim is Glucomannan. This natural supplement is ideal for weight loss: Reduslim Buy
The positive effects of Glucomannan on Health
You know already that glucomannan can provide a feeling of satiety, which can be a significant factor in weight loss*. The dietary fiber has other benefits: A study done by Mahidol University, Bangkok, showed that glucomannan could lower blood levels of the appetite-controlling hormone, ghrelin.
This allows you to control your cravings, which is a key aspect of sustainable weight loss. Additionally, glucomannan can have a positive impact on the cardiovascular system by lowering blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) as well as having a positive influence on blood pressure.
The konjac root fiber promotes colonization with “good” bacteria, which can also have a digestive-regulating effect.
What are the side effects of Glucomannan?
Konjac is generally well tolerated and cannot trigger any intolerances. However, if you belong to the group of people who have not eaten a diet rich in fiber, we recommend that you start slowly with konjac.
Give your body time to get used to the food and the many fibers. And don’t forget: Always drink plenty of drink plenty of water – not just one glass of water, but rather two or three per meal! This is good for you and your body, stimulates digestion and makes kajnok products swell better.
Reduslim is the best weight loss supplement. Thanks to its all natural ingredients it does not cause any side effects: Reduslim Test
How Can I Lose Weight Fast on the Belly with Reduslim?
A life belt is not necessary anymore. Do you want your belly fat to go away? Belly fat can ruin the fit of your clothes, making wearing a bikini a painful experience. Belly fat can also be dangerous for your health. The worst part? It is possible to lose some weight in a hurry. You should never lose weight in the wrong places. It can be very frustrating to lose weight around the stomach.
What is belly fat?
The fat found around the abdomen is called belly fat, or “visceral fat”. This is the most dangerous kind of fat. It covers the intestines, and other parts of the digestive system. You won’t notice that your belly is expanding from the fat deposits until it becomes visible.
It doesn’t matter if you are aware of the effects it has on your health, but belly fat can be dangerous. Fat deposits around the hips, hips, and thighs are just as dangerous as belly fat. That is why it is important to consume Reduslim, the best natural weight loss supplement: Reduslim Original
What causes belly fat?
We don’t know why certain fat deposits are concentrated on the abdomen and not others. Visceral fat, or belly fat, can be caused by many factors.
1. Positive energy Balance
It sounds great, right? It isn’t. It means that you eat more calories than you burn. You eat too many calories. Positive energy balance can help you gain weight.
Some people gain weight on the stomach while others are more concerned with their hips, thighs, and butt. A high carbohydrate diet, combined with low levels of essential amino acids, and an increase in belly fat has been linked.
2. Aging
If you don’t fight it, you will gain more weight as you age. Your metabolism slows down. Over the years, belly fat can also increase. You can increase your metabolism to improve your health and lose fat. However, it is likely that you will have to work harder as you age. Reduslim will make it easier for you thanks to its incredible natural ingredients: Reduslim Test
3. Hormonal Imbalance
The most significant link between fat tissue accumulation and cortisol, the stress hormone, has been found to be the abdomen. There are many reasons your body produces more cortisol. Exercise, chronic stress, overproduction of cortisone, and taking cortisone to treat inflammation are all factors that increase cortisol levels. To reduce belly fat, it is important to keep your hormones under control (preventive checks) and to minimize stress.
4. Alcohol Consumption
While the “beer belly theory”, although not fully supported, has been shown to be correlated with abdominal girth. Alcohol that is regularly consumed settles on the abdomen, especially in women. You should stop drinking alcohol when trying to lose weight. After you reach your goal weight, limit your alcohol intake to no more than 2 glasses per day. Avoiding alcohol and anything that contains a lot of sugar for a while will help you lose weight and if you also consume Reduslim daily you will notice that you will quickly regain your figure: Reduslim Buy
Why Is Reduslim So Effective For Weight Loss?
You might expect to be starving if you want to lose weight. This is not true. It is possible to lose weight by eating the right foods. There are many ways to lose weight, but it is not always easy. Some people take drastic measures, such as avoiding regular meals to cut down on calories. They also have to accept their hunger.
How to Lose Weight without starving: How dietary fibre works in the Body
To lose weight, eat as much as you can. This does not work for unhealthy fast food or sweets. But it will work for foods high in dietary fiber. Although the name may be misleading, dietary fiber is an important part of a healthy diet. They can be a great help in losing weight. They can help you feel full for longer periods of time, curb cravings, and stimulate digestion. Also if you consume Reduslim you may notice that it will eliminate your cravings for sweet things: Reduslim Test
Dietary fiber is a binder of water that expands the body and increases its volume. This results in a feeling of satisfaction. You eat less because it takes you longer to feel full again. If you are looking to lose weight, you should eat foods high in fiber and low in energy density. Whole-grain bread, for example, is more suitable to a diet than white bread. It is richer in nutrients and more filling. It should be noted, however, that dietary fiber is only effective when paired with plenty of liquid. It is essential to drink lots of water to achieve the desired effect.
Lose weight by losing weight: Dietary fiber increases your feeling of Satisfaction
According to the German Nutrition Society (DGE), you should consume at least 30g of dietary fiber per day. This guideline is achievable for anyone who eats a healthy, balanced diet. Those who don’t yet eat a balanced and natural diet should gradually adjust their bodies to do so.
Jan Bahmann, a fitness entrepreneur, tells Business Insider that if you suddenly start to eat more fiber, it is important to allow your body time to adjust. “If your intestinal bacteria isn’t able to keep up with the fiber intake, it can cause problems.” He says that this can cause diarrhea, constipation, and bloating.
Fiber-rich foods are a quick way to lose weight without going hungry:
• Whole grain products
• Peeled fruit
• Dried fruits
• Boil potatoes with skin
• Legumes
• Nuts
Avoid foods high in sugar and simple carbohydrates when trying to lose weight or eat a healthier diet. They cause blood sugar levels in the body to spike quickly and then drop rapidly once they are eaten. As a result, concentration can drop and you may feel tired. You can avoid this by eating whole grains and vegetables high in fiber. By making this change in your diet and consuming Reduslim daily you will notice how you will lose weight even faster: Reduslim Buy
Fiber is an important part of Dieting
A high-fiber diet alone will not help you lose weight. It all comes down to balance, as with any healthy diet. Fiber is important because it keeps you full for a longer time. To lose weight, it is important to consume the right amount protein.
However, long-term, dietary fiber can be a great way to lose weight. High-fiber foods must be thoroughly chewed. This takes longer and is likely to increase your brain’s satisfaction. The nutrients are not just good for weight loss. Fiber is good for your heart, protects you from cancer and lowers your risk of developing diabetes. Fiber can help you lose weight without you having to starve yourself. For a greater feeling of fullness, include whole grains, legumes, and berries in your daily diet. Fiber can help you lose weight over the long-term. If you make these changes and add daily exercise along with Reduslim you will regain your figure in no time: Reduslim Original
Reduslim: Lose Belly Fat Fast
You want to feel better in your skin if you are trying to lose belly fat. There are health reasons to lose belly fat. Visceral belly fat, which can lead to diabetes and increase your risk of developing cancer, is a reason why you should lose it. Reduslim is one of the best natural supplements for effective and fast weight loss: Reduslim Original
The health Benefits of Losing Weight around the Stomach
You are doing your body a huge favor if you want to reduce visceral belly fat. This is because visceral fat can produce a hormone that promotes inflammation. When the immune system senses a threat to the body, inflammation occurs. It wants to fight it and heal it. But, chronic inflammation can lead to fat accumulation in the blood.
This can help prevent Strokes and Heart Attacks
There are other health reasons to lose belly weight. Visceral fat can release a protein that can increase insulin defenses, which can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that visceral fat can increase the risk of developing cancer, including prostate cancer.
Why belly fat builds up: Causes
It is up to each person to decide how much or how little belly fat accumulates. However, people with a higher body mass tend to have more visceral abdominal fat. Lifestyle plays an important role. What should I eat? How much sleep do I get? Are I getting enough exercise? What is my stress level? Eating a healthy diet, exercising and consuming Reduslim will make a difference in your figure: Reduslim Buy
People who are less overweight or live a healthier lifestyle but still have high levels of abdominal fat may be able to lose weight. One possibility is that the predisposition for visceral abdominal fat may be genetic. At least, this is what research suggests. A tomography procedure can most accurately measure how much abdominal fat is present. This is however expensive and not usually necessary.
As an alternative, you can measure your waist circumference. Although it is impossible to tell the difference between visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fats, it can be estimated how much visceral fat is. According to the German Federal Center for Nutrition, a woman’s abdominal circumference greater than 88 cm (measured at the navel level) is indicative of more visceral abdominal fat. The limit for men is approximately 102 cm.
How can I lose Belly Fat?
It is nearly impossible to lose weight only by focusing on your abdomen. Because your entire metabolism system works as one unit, it is impossible to influence which fats your body burns first. This does not mean you can’t lose belly fat. It’s quite the opposite.
An holistic approach to weight loss will allow you to lower your visceral fat, reduce health risks and reach your weight goal. If you also consume Reduslim every day you will be able to reach your goal even faster and without a rebound effect: Reduslim Test
You can lose weight faster without Stress
Stress is bad for you. Research from 2004 shows that stress can also increase abdominal fat storage. It found that a greater waist circumference is associated with an increased level of cortisol, the stress hormone. Stress could also negatively affect our eating habits, leading to weight gain.
What can you do to reduce stress?
Different methods may be helpful depending on the source of stress:
• To find peace, you can immerse yourself into nature.
• You can optimize your work-life balance for a more balanced life.
• Stress levels can be reduced by mindfulness exercises and screen-free time.
How Effective is Reduslim at Losing Weight Fast?
It’s already 36 degrees, and it’s only getting hotter. Many people are attracted to the ocean, the lake, or the pool, especially in the summer. Problem: It was only a few months ago that the bikini figure had finally worked. We didn’t stick to the 6-week power program. Many people feel the fear of being seen on the beach wearing a two-piece, skimpy suit. Fear of not being beautiful is too overwhelming. There is no need to be anxious. You can achieve a flat stomach in three days with a few tricks and tips. Our SOS tips will help you quickly lose weight on your belly. Reduslim will also help you accelerate your weight loss: Reduslim Test
All diets consider carbohydrate consumption to be a sin. It is important to distinguish between good and poor carbohydrates. Bad carbohydrates are those which cause rapid rises in blood sugar. The body releases insulin which then leads to an increase in fat production. White flour, sweets, and fast food are all sources of bad carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in whole grain products. This causes blood sugar levels to rise more slowly. This results in significantly less fat being stored.
Vegetables are an excellent way to lose belly fat. Vegetables are extremely healthy and supply the body with vital vitamins and minerals. Some vegetables can cause a bloated stomach. You should avoid onions, cabbage, legumes, and legumes if you want to look good in your bikini. Try tropical fruits like papaya, banana, and pineapple instead. These fruits not only give you the summer vibe, but they also help with digestion thanks to the enzyme bromelin.
TIP 3: HOT SPICES Boost Fat Burning
Are you really able to break out in sweat after you eat hot spices? You can’t help but feel those love handles in your stomach! Chili is a bold way to spice up your next meal. Ginger is a great all-rounder that will benefit your health. It can also help you lose weight and boost fat burning. If you don’t like ginger, there are alternatives: cinnamon, turmeric and mint. They can also help with fat loss. Salt should be avoided. Salt can cause water to build up and make the stomach look bigger.
Drinking enough fluids is a must, especially in the summer. Your metabolism will also benefit from this. Drinking a lot can boost your metabolism’s activity by as much as 60%. Cool water helps flush out toxins and makes your skin look younger and more vibrant. Avoid carbonated drinks if you desire a flat stomach. They can also cause bloating. Aniseed-fennel and cumin teas are great for a flat stomach. It has an antispasmodic and calms the stomach. Lemon water is also a good option. Drinking a large glass of lemon water in the morning will stimulate fat loss and increase circulation.
Flat stomachs are not only about what you are but also how you look. It is generally believed that a body can digest several smaller meals over the course of a day more efficiently than three large meals. Take your time when you eat. The stomach will process the food faster and easier if it is smaller. The risk of eating air is also reduced. This can also cause bloating and hinders the “flat stomach within three days” mission. Reduslim will also help you feel fuller longer, which will reduce your portion sizes: Reduslim Original
Exercise is the key to losing weight fast on your stomach. It doesn’t need to be a hard workout to lose weight. A short walk after lunch can get the body moving and stimulate digestive activity. You can also do endurance sports if you wish. There are many options available and they are suitable for everyone, even those who are not very comfortable with sports. You can exercise endurance in a variety of ways, including swimming, dancing, running, and jogging. Exercise with friends is a great way to have fun! This sports program is complete with easy fitness exercises that you can do at home.
The best diet plan will probably not achieve the desired effects if you suffer from stress. This is because stressed people accumulate fat especially on the abdomen. Belly fat is an effective protection in stressful situations, from which the liver can draw in times of need. Stress also inhibits fat burning and promotes cravings for sweets and fast food. So make sure you get enough sleep and treat yourself to some time off. Sports such as yoga can help you to consciously come down and find your inner peace. Exercising along with Reduslim will accelerate your weight loss: Reduslim Reviews
How Can You Reduce Weight Permanently With Reduslim?
Many of us desire to lose weight and shape up from time to time. Although diets may seem to offer quick results in reducing small amounts of fat in a short period of time, they can often lead to the infamous Yo-Yo trap if you don’t change your lifestyle. While diets may be a good way to start to learn about healthier eating habits, they are not recommended for long-term weight loss.
Weight loss is possible by eating more Mindfully
Are you guilty of eating off the side, or just grabbing a quick bite? You can avoid this by enjoying your meals and not allowing yourself to be distracted by TV or other external influences. Otherwise, you will eat more than you need, which will cause you to eat as if you are eating automatically. It can also be helpful to keep track of what you eat over a longer time period. Reduslim will help you stay fuller longer, which will make you snack less on sweets: Reduslim Original
Plan your Meals to reduce Weight
You should not eat out of habit or eat unplanned. Instead, plan your meals ahead. It’s better to plan ahead than deciding what you want to eat. This will allow you to be more mindful of calories and not succumb to temptations.
Easy weight loss: Slower chewing makes it possible
You can also eat more slowly. You will feel fuller if you eat food for longer periods of time. You won’t feel satisfied if you eat a lot and have second helpings. Your brain doesn’t know that you’ve eaten enough. This usually takes around 20 minutes. You should wait for this to happen before you attempt to satisfy any lingering hunger pangs with more food.
Only eat when you’re really Hungry
You could gain weight if you eat more because you are accustomed to doing so or because you have the time. Instead, you should feel your hunger and satiety to avoid overeating. Are you really feeling a rumbling stomach? Listen to your body’s signals. Experts recommend that you wait at least five hours between meals. However, everyone has a different internal food clock. Do not wait until you feel hungry – you may be eating the wrong thing.
Some people who have gained a few extra pounds and eat excessively (too often) may not feel satisfied or hungry. This is why it is important to train your body over a longer time, such as by eating at regular times. You should also not make yourself eat every meal, but listen to your body. Eating healthier and adding Reduslim to this will make you feel much better and you will see how fast you lose weight: Reduslim Test
Exercise can help you Lose Weight, even if you don’t eat
Although a healthy diet is important for weight loss, it’s not the only thing you need to do. Begin with the basics. Take the stairs instead of the elevator, or get off the bus one stop sooner and walk the rest. You can then increase your swimming frequency, for instance. A mix of endurance and strength training is the best way to lose weight. It’s faster and more effective than jogging. Strength training is especially beneficial because it builds muscle mass and decreases body fat. You can use a crosstrainer or light dumbbells to do the same exercise multiple times. Nordic walking can help you lose weight.
Don’t starve Yourself. But, reduce Stimulants
We don’t want to force you to forgo sweets and snacks. Such rules can lead to increased cravings and increased desire for forbidden foods. This is especially true if you are trying to live a life of total abstinence every day. Reduslim will take away those cravings in and of itself, making it easier for you to lose weight: Reduslim Buy | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9237754344940186}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '145366', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UYCAQWSRJPNGZJMPCOMZ3JOH7I75WTII', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c9f840da-ffc4-4e10-84ce-d12ceaa0e2a4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 9, 30, 6, 31, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '45.79.122.239', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VWQ46BOIN5BKXHVT6SZLU7NZOJQM4YWU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f8852de5-dce6-4dfb-a720-e1530f879ea0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://elitanne.net/tag/reduslim-reviews/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:00ffef24-4235-4aa7-bd48-d97091ad6c43>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '3568', 'url': 'https://elitanne.net/tag/reduslim-reviews/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-40\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September/October 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-88\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06904006004333496', 'original_id': '1b47d48773a2152d72e5d1ce1a77c83661b73818f5ebe443b77052f27cf91bf6'} |
Monday, August 09, 2010
Autism Speaks Supports More Environmental Research? Terrific! Now Please Help Even Out the Funding
Right now, about 10 to 20 times more research dollars are spent on studies of the genetic causes of autism than on environmental ones.
We need to even out the funding.
Dr. Irva Hertz-Picciotto, UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute
I have been a supporter of Autism Speaks over the course of its brief existence. I appreciate the media savvy and political skills of its leadership. The World Autism Awareness Day that it assisted in bringing into existence is, in my humble opinion, a great accomplishment in itself. The connections and skills of Autism Speaks leadership have been very impressive in bringing in people and events who, by themselves command attention, from NASCAR to Jerry Seinfeld, people and events that are seen and heard focusing on autism. Well done, very well done.
I have though been concerned, rightly or wrongly, about what I thought was a subscription by Autism Speaks to the "it's gotta be genetic" mindset which has dominated autism research and hindered progress in understanding autism disorders and developing treatments and cures. I was pleasantly surprised when I received from Jane Rubenstein of Rubenstein Communications Inc. the Autism Speaks statement "HEARING ON STATE OF RESEARCH ON POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS WITH AUTISM AND RELATED NEURODEVELOPMENT DISORDERS U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, Subcommittee on Children’s Health". In the statement Autism Speaks Chief Science Officer Dr. Geri Dawson states unequivocally Autism Speaks endorsement on the need for more environmentally based autism research:
(NEW YORK, N.Y., August 4, 2010) – Autism Speaks’ Chief Science Officer Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D. emphasized the importance of research on environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorders as the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, Subcommittee on Children’s Health convened a special hearing yesterday on potential environmental health factors associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders. The hearing examined the latest research on potential environmental factors that may increase the risk for autism spectrum disorders.As this hearing reviewed studies funded by the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on environmental factors associated with autism, including toxins and other factors that can influence brain development, Dr. Dawson reiterated that it is important to remember that, “Although genetic factors clearly contribute to the causes of autism, we also need to understand environmental factors and their interactions with genetic susceptibility.”
Dr. Dawson's statement includes examples of what appear to be impressive initiatives undertaken by Autism Speaks in support of environmental autism research. The links to review these initiatives can be found on the Autism Speaks web site, science section. What isn't clear is the level of financial commitment to environmental autism research compared to genetic research. Does, or will, Autism Speaks commit to balanced funding of environmental and genetic autism research as called for by Dr. Irva Hertz-Picciotto of the UC David MIND Institute?
If I have wronged Autism Speaks with my perception of an imbalance on its part in favor of genetic over environmental autism research I would genuinely appreciate being notified of my error. If that is the case then I will apologize but would humbly and respectfully ask Autism Speaks to use its proven and impressive communication skills to convince public health funding authorities to follow the approach recommended by Dr. Hertz-Picciotto.
Much valuable time has been lost with the autism is genetic obsession.
Balanced funding of environmental and genetic autism research is needed now, not tomorrow.
Balancing the funding of environment versus genetics should not be worried about until the imbalance of autism speaks' funding neurodiversity concerns is eliminated. Dr. Mottron will undoubtedly try to renew his half a million dollar grant when it expires next June.
Also, the funding of some neurodiversity kids in their early 20s who are barely affected by their autism if at all for making some films for fun should be stopped.
101 Noteworthy Sites on Asperger's & Autism Spectrum Disorders
Facing Autism on Facebook
Why ABA For Autism?
The effectiveness of ABA-based intervention in ASDs has been well documented through 5 decades of research by using single-subject methodology21,25,27,28 and in controlled studies of comprehensive early intensive behavioral intervention programs in university and community settings.29–40 Children who receive early intensive behavioral treatment have been shown to make substantial, sustained gains in IQ, language, academic performance, and adaptive behavior as well as some measures of social behavior, and their outcomes have been significantly better than those of children in control groups.31–4American Academy of Pediatrics, Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
"We have to look also at environmental factors, and from my point of view, the interaction between the genetic factors and the environmental factors ... It looks like some shared environmental factors play a role in autism, and the study really points toward factors that are early in life that affect the development of the child"
Joachim Hallmayer, MD, associate professor of psychiatry at Stanford University in California
Even Out Environmental and Genetic Autism Research Funding
Right now, about 10 to 20 times more research dollars are spent on studies of the genetic causes of autism than on environmental ones.
We need to even out the funding.
Irva Hertz-Picciotto, UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute Researcher
My Autism Pledge For Conor
Today I pledge to continue;I Pledge to continue to fight for the availability of effective autism treatments;I Pledge to continue to fight for a real education for autistic children;I Pledge to continue to fight for decent residential care for autistic adults;I Pledge to continue to fight for a cure for autism;I Pledge to continue finding joy in my son but not in the autism disorder that restricts his life;Today, and every day, I Pledge to continue to hope for a better life for Conor and others with autism, through accommodation, care, respect, treatment, and some day, a cure;Today, and every day, I Pledge to continue to fight for the best possible life for Conor, my son with autistic disorder.
Dr. Jon Poling : Blinders Won’t Reduce Autism
"Fortunately, the ‘better diagnosis’ myth has been soundly debunked. ... only a smaller percentage of this staggering rise can be explained by means other than a true increase.
Because purely genetic diseases do not rise precipitously, the corollary to a true autism increase is clear — genes only load the gun and it is the environment that pulls the trigger. Autism is best redefined as an environmental disease with genetic susceptibilities."
We should be investing our research dollars into discovering environmental factors that we can change, not more poorly targeted genetic studies that offer no hope of early intervention. Pesticides, mercury, aluminum, several drugs, dietary factors, infectious agents and yes — vaccines — are all in the research agenda.
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Conor
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It's NOT About ME
I am the father of two sons one of whom is severely autistic with intellectual disability. I have advocated for autism services for autistic children, students and adults in New Brunswick, Canada and I blog and comment about autism on the world wide web. And I like to walk .. a lot. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '15ce45de780611860160c368a6a699dbd88736717b7153ad9985c651a1f42bcc'} |
Syria: Where Civilians Became a Commodity for Settling Accounts
Over the first six months of 2018, the situation in Syria has steadily deteriorated for the civilians caught amidst warring powers who appear to view them as assets rather than people and victims who must be protected. The April strikes by U.S. and European allies on Syrian military facilities in response to the Assad regime’s alleged chemical attack in Douma city, the March bombings by Syrian-Russian forces in Eastern Ghouta, together with the Turkish-led military operation in Afrin (backed by Syrian opposition forces) in January, all opened new fronts in Syria’s long and complicated war, and created new tensions among Syrian Arabs, Kurds (who were disappointed by the operation in Afrin), and the international community. As long as military operations are seen as a solution to the problem in Syria, there can be no hope for parties to come together to establish peace in Syria.
Meanwhile, the civilians who are vital to any peace process are stuck in the middle and used for strategic gain by the powers enmeshed in the war. The Syrian government has, for example, used civilians as bargaining tools in their prisoner exchange negotiations with armed militias. Meanwhile, as civilians continue to die, permanent U.N. Security Council members — such as the United States and the United Kingdom on one side, and Russia on the other — have been at odds over how to put an end to hostilities and meaningfully investigate accountability for war crimes by all sides in the conflict.
All of this belies a lack of genuine commitment to ending civilian suffering and reaching a lasting peace in Syria.
Rather than treat civilians as mere tools to be used as bargaining leverage, the powers involved in the Syria crisis must pursue an inclusive peace strategy that does not rely on violence or fuel divisions. A lack of such a process means that impunity, conflict, and a lack of accountability will persist.
Attacks in Eastern Ghouta.
A prime example of the cynical approach to civilian deaths in Syria are the April airstrikes by the U.S. and supported by European allies on Assad’s alleged chemical weapons facility that took place after years of Western silence and indifference to other acts of violence against Syrian civilians. Yet there are countless other examples that go unseen. Take, for instance, the story of Osama al-Toukhi, a boy less than five years old who has suffered from the blockade of Ghouta. The eastern portion of that city, a few kilometers away from Damascus, has been under siege and aerial bombardment by Syrian and Russian government forces and affiliated militias since 2013. The attacks have crippled the flow of medical supplies and food in Ghouta, leaving many at risk of hunger or death. Osama fell ill with a minor viral infection, according to medical staff who examined him in Ghouta. Despite the relative simplicity of the disease Osama suffered from, doctors were unable to provide him with medication because such medicine is unavailable in Ghouta. Osama’s name was registered on the “evacuation lists” of hundreds of critically-ill civilians in urgent need of evacuation to the nearest medical center in Damascus that were created by an agreement negotiated by the Russian government and the Jaysh al-Islam rebel group.
Despite his father’s contact with the Syrian Red Crescent branch in Damascus, Osama died on September 23, 2017, about a week after he fell ill, amidst the Syrian government’s siege on Ghouta that prevented his evacuation.
The Russian-Jaysh al-Islam “evacuation idea” in Ghouta is just one dozens of other initiatives that have taken place over the years in the Syrian conflict — where the government and rebel fighters in the conflict have used the civilians are used as bargaining tools to negotiate for pro-Syrian detainee releases in the war.
Osama’s case is sadly one of many thousands of Syrian men, women, and children at risk of death who have been trapped and ignored in an ongoing war between armed opposition groups, the Syrian regime, and international forces like the Russia, Turkey, and the United States.
The post- ISIS strategy and the need to protect civilians.
Civilians in other parts of Syria have also suffered as a result of U.S. and international intervention. For instance, the major battle by the U.S.-coalition against ISIS in Raqqa and Deir ez Zur resulted in hundreds of civilian deaths and the displacement of countless more. The end of the battle opened the door to new challenges, confronting which is as important as combating ISIS itself. These include safeguarding the return of internally displaced people and refugees, eliminating the tens of thousands of ISIS-manufactured mines and booby traps, and establishing sound Syrian institutions capable of preventing ISIS from reemerging due to a vacuum caused by their departure.
These challenges cannot be met if the U.S. moves forward with plans to withdraw troops from Syria in six months. Syrians greatly fear the prospect of renewed fighting and instability that would result if the Americans were to withdraw without any strategic plan in place. As others have noted, the U.S. needs to collaborate with key local, regional, and international actors to establish sound Syrian institutions that are capable of preventing ISIS from reemerging due to a vacuum caused by their departure.
Failed International Efforts to Protect Syrian Civilians.
But what does genuine international coordination mean? Syrians seem to have given up on a solution from the United Nations Security Council, which throughout the conflict has used the language of protecting civilians while failing to make firm decisions ensuring civilians are protected from hostile operations. Though the Council recently agreed on a ceasefire resolution in Syria to stop bombing and allow humanitarian access, attacks by Syrian government forces continued against rebel-held areas such as Ghouta. Similarly, before the end of 2017, Russia and China passed international Resolution No. (2393) to allow humanitarian access to needy people in Syria; but nothing came of it. Resolutions remain just words if not followed up with any real action. The same Council that failed to find a solution for the inhabitants of the besieged areas in Syria, like Ghouta, failed to take action after the Joint Investigative Mechanism on Chemical Weapons Use in Syria (JIM) found that the Syrian government was behind the horrific chemical attack that killed almost a hundred Syrians in Khan Shaykhun, Idlib province in April 2017.
The actions of international relief organizations on the ground are no better. There is a lack of genuine coordination between international organizations and the local Syrian organizations working in the humanitarian and human rights field. Instead, dozens of international and local organizations replicate efforts of their predecessors without trying to build on lessons learned from the previous experiences of others. This has led to fragmented efforts and advocacy campaigns on everything from general issues such as the protection of civilians, to the treatment of detainees, missing persons, or sieges.
Failures seem most evident in cases of detainees and missing persons in Syria. Hundreds of meetings, workshops, and statements, could not make significant progress to address the issue of detainees and missing persons in Syria. The inability of advocacy groups to coordinate has encouraged the emergence of the “black market,” where thousands of deals have taken place between brokers from various parties and parents of detainees and missing persons. In many cases, families are forced to pay middlemen or brokers bribes just to hear any news about their children. A large number of detainees and other missing persons depend more on these black market operations than on any solution from the United Nations or international humanitarian aid organizations.
Looking ahead, recommendations for the international community
The international community should shift its focus from military solutions towards ensuring a real political transition in Syria which gives all Syrians, regardless of their gender, religion, ethnicity, and political background the full right to rebuild their country and implement a transitional justice process.. The countries responsible for the loss of lives, destruction of homes, and the displacement of Syrians, owe it to the people of Syria to develop a strategy that strives to build institutions with and by the people of Syria.
It is no secret to anyone that solving the Syrian issue is not up to Syrians anymore. It is also well known that Syria has become a geographical area divided among different spheres of influence: Russia and Iran, Turkey, the United States, and others. The second half of 2018 presents an opportunity for these countries to work with the United Nations to lead a genuine political transition in Syria, one where all Syrians, groups are represented in the peace-building process, including Arabs, Kurds, men, and importantly women – who have so far been excluded from the peace process. This can only be done if there is a genuine pursuit of peace talks rather than a resort to guns.
Photo by Chris McGrath/Getty Images
About the Author(s)
Bassam al Ahmad
Co-founder & Executive Director at Syrians for Truth & Justice. Follow him on Twitter: @BassamAlahmed | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.960789144039154}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '133023', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:D64RID7DVT37G6BKXMQAR3J6ZXTKHOGA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a4704120-ea33-406d-b84f-a5e7a4168673>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 5, 1, 16, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '34.74.40.75', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZAXNM2DEXALGOM2772FRK65LIBZ7QMP6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf6cc2e2-633a-41eb-8265-d21ab469e40a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.justsecurity.org/57395/syria-civilians-commodity-settling-accounts/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bec4893d-ef72-4f30-adab-7507f253017e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1489', 'url': 'https://www.justsecurity.org/57395/syria-civilians-commodity-settling-accounts/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February/March 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-241.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02273482084274292', 'original_id': 'f498e6132456eca9f069e90a86d4d906d569eb0665f62d03874efd3c63a414cd'} |
Network Working Group Abhay Bhushan Request for Comments: 171 MIT NIC 6793 Bob Braden Categories: D.4, D.5, and D.7 UCLA Updates: 114 Will Crowther Obsolete: None Alex McKenzie BBN Eric Harslem John Heafner Rand John Melvin Dick Watson SRI Bob Sundberg HARVARD Jim White UCSB 23 June 1971 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL I. INTRODUCTION A common protocol is desirable for data transfer in such diverse applications as remote job entry, file transfer, network mail system, graphics, remote program execution, and communication with block data terminals (such as printers, card, paper tape, and magnetic tape equipment, especially in context of terminal IMPs). Although it would be possible to include some or even all of the above applications in an all-inclusive file transfer protocol, a separation between data transfer and application functions would provide flexibility in implementation, and reduce complexity. Separating the data transfer function would also reduce proliferation of programs and protocols. We have therefore defined a low-level data transfer protocol (DTP) to be used for transfer of data in file transfer, remote job entry, and other applications protocols. This paper concerns itself solely with the data transfer protocol. A companion paper (RFC 172) describes file transfer protocol. II. DISCUSSION The data transfer protocol (DTP) serves three basic functions. It provides for convenient separation of NCP messages into "logical" blocks (transactions, units, records, groups, and files), it allows for the separation of data and control information, and it includes some error control mechanisms. Bhushan, et al. [Page 1] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 Three modes of separating messages into transactions [1] are allowed by DTP. The first is an indefinite bit stream which terminates only when the connection is closed (i.e., the bit stream represents a single transaction for duration of connection). This mode would be useful in data transfer between hosts and terminal IMPs (TIPs). The second mode utilizes a "transparent" block convention, similar to the ASCII DLE (Data Link Escape). In "transparent" mode, transactions (which may be arbitrarily long) end whenever the character sequence DLE ETX is encountered (DLE and ETX are 8-bit character codes). To prevent the possibility of a DLE ETX sequence occurring within data stream, any occurrence of DLE is replaced by DLE DLE on transmission. The extra DLE is stripped on reception. A departure from the ASCII convention is that "transparent" block does not begin with DLE STX, but with a transaction type byte. This mode will be useful in data transfer between terminal IMPs. The third mode utilizes a count mechanism. Each transaction begins with a fixed-length descriptor field containing separate binary counts of information bits and filler bits. If a transaction has no filler bits, its filler count is zero. This mode will be useful in most host-to-host data transfer applications. DTP allows for the above modes to be intermixed over the same connection (i.e., mode is not associated with connection, but only with transaction). The above transfer modes can represent transfer of either data or control information. The protocol allows for separating data or control information at a lower level, by providing different "type" codes (see SPECIFICATIONS) for data and control transactions. This provision may simplify some implementations. The implementation of a workable [2] subset of the above modes is specifically permitted by DTP. To provide compatibility between hosts using different subsets of transfer modes, an initial "handshake" procedure is required by DTP. The handshake involves exchanging information on modes available for transmit and receive. This will enable host programs to agree on transfer modes acceptable for a connection. The manner in which DTP is used would depend largely on the applications protocol. It is the applications protocol which defines the workable subset of transfer modes. For example, the file transfer protocol will not work just with the indefinite bit stream modes. At least, for control information one of the other two modes is required. Again, the use of information separator and abort functions provided in DTP (see SPECIFICATIONS) is defined by the applications protocol. For example, in a remote job entry protocol, aborts may be used to stop the execution of a job while they may not Bhushan, et al. [Page 2] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 cause any action in another applications protocol. It should also be noted that DTP does not define a data transfer service. There is no standard server socket, or initial connection protocol defined for DTP. What DTP defines is a mechanism for data transfer which can be used to provide services for block data transfers, file transfers, remote job entry, network mail and numerous other applications. There are to be no restrictions on the manner in which DTP is implemented at various sites. For example, DTP may be imbedded in an applications program such as for file transfer, or it may be a separate service program or subroutine used by several applications programs. Another implementation may employ macros or UUO's (user unimplemented operations on PDP-10's), to achieve the functions specified in DTP. It is also possible that in implementation, the separation between the DTP and applications protocols be only at a conceptual level. III. SPECIFICATIONS 1. Byte Size for Network Connection The standard byte size for network connections using DTP is 8- bit. However, other byte sizes specified by higher-level applications protocols or applications programs are also allowed by DTP. For the purpose of this document bytes are assumed to be 8-bits, unless otherwise stated. 2. Transactions At DTP level, all information transmitted over connection is a sequence of transactions. DTP defines the rules for delimiting transactions. [3] 2A. Types The first byte of each transaction shall define a transaction type, as shown below. (Note that code assignments do not conflict with assignments in TELNET protocol.) The transaction types may be referred by the hexadecimal code assigned to them. The transactions types are discussed in more detail in section 2B. Bhushan, et al. [Page 3] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 Code Transaction Type Hex Octal B0 260 Indefinite bit stream -- data. B1 261 Transparent (DLE) block--data. B2 262 Descriptor and counts--data. B3 263 Modes available (handshake). B4 264 Information separators (endcode). B5 265 Error codes. B6 266 Abort. B7 267 No operation (NoOp). B8 270 Indefinite bit stream--control. B9 271 Transparent (DLE) block--control. BA 272 Descriptor and counts--control. BB 273 (unassigned but reserved for data transfer) BC 274 " " " BD 275 " " " BE 276 " " " BF 277 " " " 2B. Syntax and Semantics 2B.1 Type B0 and B8 (indefinite bitstream modes) transactions terminate only when the NCP connection is "closed". There is no other escape convention defined in DTP at this level. It should be noted, that closing connection in bitstream mode represents an implicit file separator (see section 2B.5). 2B.2 Type B1 and B0 (transparent block modes) transactions terminate when the byte sequence DLE ETX is encountered. The sender shall replace any occurrence of DLE in data stream by the sequence DLE DLE. The receiver shall strip the extra DLE. The transaction is assumed to by byte-oriented. The code for DLE is Hex '90' or Octal '220' (this is different from the ASCII DLE which is Hex '10' or Octal '020). ETX is Hex '03' or Octal '03' (the same as ASCII ETX) [4]. 2B.3 Type B2 and BA (descriptor and counts modes) transactions have three fields, a 9-byte (72-bits) descriptor field [5] and variable length (including zero) info and filler fields, as shown below. The total length of a transaction is (72+info+filler) bits. Bhushan, et al. [Page 4] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 || | | 3-bits 24-bits 8-bits 16-bits 8-bits 8-bits |Variable length| |<----- 72-bit descriptor field --------------------->|info and filler| Info count is a binary count of number of bits in info field, not including descriptor or filler bits. Number of info bits is limited to (2**24 - 1), as there are 24 bits in info count field. Sequence # is a sequential count in round-robin manner of B2 and BA type transaction. The inclusion of sequence numbers would help in debugging and error control, as sequence numbers may be used to check for missing transactions, and aid in locating errors. Hosts not wishing to implement this mechanism should have all 1's in the field. The count shall start from zero and continue sequentially to all 1's, after which it is reset to all zeros. The permitted sequence numbers are one greater than the previous, and all 1's. Filler count is a binary count of bits used as fillers (i.e., not information) after the end of meaningful data. Number of filler bits is limited to 255, as there are 8 bits in filler count field. The NUL bytes contain all 0's. 2B.4 Type B3 (modes available) transactions have a fixed length of 3 bytes, as shown below. First byte defines transaction type as B3, second byte defines modes available for send, and third byte defines modes available for receive. +------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | Type | I send | I receive | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B3 |0|0|BA|B2|B9|B1|B8|B0|0|0|BA|B2|B9|B1|B8|B0| +------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ The modes are indicated by bit-coding, as shown above. The particular bit or bits, if set to logical "1", indicate that mode to be available. The 2 most significant bits should be set to logical "0". The use of type B3 transactions is discussed in section 3B. 2B.5 Type B4 (information separator) transactions have fixed length of 2 bytes, as shown below. First byte defines transaction type as B4, and second byte defines the separator. Bhushan, et al. [Page 5] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 +------------------+------------------+ | Type | End Code | | | | |R| | | | |G|E| | | B4 | F|R|C|U| | | I|O|O|N| | | L|U|R|I| | | E|P|D|T| +------------------+------------------+ The following separator codes are assigned: Code Meaning Hex Octal 01 001 Unit separator 03 003 Record separator 07 007 Group separator 0F 017 File separator Files, groups, records, and units may be data blocks that a user defines to be so. The only restriction is that of the hierarchical relationship File>Groups>Records>Units (where '>' means 'contains'). Thus a file separator marks not only the end of file, but also the end of group, record, and unit. These separators may provide a convenient "logical" separation of data at the data transfer level. Their use is governed by the applications protocol. 2B.6 Type B5 (error codes) transactions have a fixed length of 3 bytes, as shown below. First byte defines transaction type as B5, second byte indicates an error code, and third byte may indicate the sequence number on which error occurred. +------------------+-------------------+-----------------+ | Type | Error Code | Sequence # | | | | | | B5 | | | +------------------+-------------------+-----------------+ Bhushan, et al. [Page 6] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 The following error codes are assigned: Error Code Meaning Hex Octal 00 000 Undefined error 01 001 Out of sync. (type code other than B0 through BF). 02 002 Broken sequence (the sequence # field contains the first expected but not received sequence number). 03 003 Illegal DLE sequence (other than DLE DLE or DLE ETX). B0 260 through through The transaction type (indicated by BF 277 by error code) is not implemented. The error code transaction is defined only for the purpose of error control. DTP does not require the receiver of an error code to take any recovery action. The receiver may discard the error code transaction. In addition, DTP does not require that sequence numbers be remembered or transmitted. 2B.7 Type B6 (abort) transactions have a fixed length of 2 bytes, as shown below. First byte defines transaction type as B6, and second byte defines the abort function. +-------------------+--------------------+ | Type | Function | | | | | |R| | | | | |G|E| | | | |F|R|C|U| | | |I|O|O|N| | | |L|U|R|I| | | |E|P|D|T| +-------------------+--------------------+ Bhushan, et al. [Page 7] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 The following abort codes are assigned: Abort Code Meaning Hex Octal 00 000 Abort preceding transaction 01 001 Abort preceding unit 02 002 Abort preceding record 07 007 Abort preceding group 0F 017 Abort preceding file DTP does not require the receiver of an abort to take specific action, therefore sender should not necessarily make any assumptions. The manner in which abort is handled is to be specified by higher-level applications protocols. 2B.8 Type B7 (NoOp) transactions are one byte long, and indicate no operation. These may be useful as fillers when byte size used for network connections is other than 8-bits. 3. Initial Connection, Handshake and Error Recovery 3A. DTP does not specify the mechanism used in establishing connections. It is up to the applications protocol (e.g., file transfer protocol) to choose the mechanism which suits its requirements. [6] 3B. The first transaction after connection is made will be type B3 (modes available). In a full-duplex connection, both server and user will communicate type B3 transactions, indicating modes available for send and receive. In a simplex connection only sender will communicate a type B3 transaction. It is the sender's responsibility to choose a mode acceptable to the receiver. If an acceptable mode is not available or if mode chosen is not acceptable, the connection may be closed. [7] 3C. No error recovery mechanisms are specified by DTP. The applications protocol may implement error recovery and further error control mechanisms. END NOTES [1] The term transaction is used here to mean a block of data defined by the transfer mode. [2] What constitutes a workable subset is entirely governed by the high-level application protocol. Bhushan, et al. [Page 8] RFC 171 THE DATA TRANSFER PROTOCOL June 1971 [3] Transactions suppress the notion of host-IMP messages, and may have a logical interpretation similar to that of flags (and data) defined by Mealy in RFC 91. [4] This assignment is made to be consistent with the TELNET philosophy of maintaining the integrity of the 128 Network ASCII characters. [5] A 72-b9t descriptor field provides a convenient separation of information bits, as 72 is the least common multiple of 8 and 36, the commonly encountered byte sizes on ARPA network host computers. [6] It is, however, recommended that the standard initial connection protocol be adopted where feasible. [7] It is recommended that when more than one mode is available, the sender should choose 'descriptor and count' mode (Type B2 or BA). The 'bitstream' mode (type B0 or B8) should be chosen only when the other two modes cannot be used. [ This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry ] [ into the online RFC archives by Samuel Etler 08/99 ] Bhushan, et al. 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Faye G.
Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing
The focus of care pendulum
uphold. The apparent contradiction can be explained by her desire to move away from a disease-centered orientation. In her
attempt to bring nursing practice to its proper relationship with restorative and preventive measures for meeting total client
needs, she seems to swing the pendulum to the opposite pole, from the disease orientation to nursing orientation, while
leaving the client somewhere in the middle.
Major Concepts
She describe the recipients of nursing
as individuals (and families), although
she does not delinate her beliefs or
assumptions about the nature of
human beings.
Health, or the achieving of it, is the
purpose of nursing services. Although
Abdellah does not give a definition of
health, she speaks to total health
needs and a healthy state of mind
and body. (Abdellah et al., 1960)
Health may be defined as the dynamic
pattern of functioning whereby there is
a continued interaction with internal
and external forces that results in the
optimal use of necessary resources to
minimize vulnerabilities. (Abdellah &
Levine, 1986; Torres & Samton, 1982).
Society is included in planning for
optimum health on local, state, and
international levels. However, as
Abdellah further delineates her ideas,
the focus of nursing service is clearly
the individual.
Nursing Problems
Twenty-one Nursing
Problems (Abdellah, 1960)
1. To maintain good hygiene and
physical comfort.
2. To promote optimal activity:
exercise, rest, and sleep.
3. To promote safety through the
prevention of accidents, injury, or
other trauma and through the
prevention of the spread of infection.
4. To maintain good body mechanics
and prevent and correct deformities.
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a
supply of oxygen to all body cells.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of
nutrition of all body cells.
7. To facilitate the maintenance of
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
and electrolyte balance.
The clients health needs can be viewed
as problems, which may be overt as an
apparent condition, or covert as a
hidden or concealed one.
9. To recognize the physiological
responses of the body to disease
conditions pathological,
physiological, and compensatory.
Because covert problems can be
emotional, sociological, and
interpersonal in nature, they are often
missed or perceived incorrectly. Yet, in
many instances, solving the covert
problems may solve the overt problems
as well. (Abdellah, et al., 1960)
10. To facilitate the maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms and functions.
Problem Solving
Quality professional nursing care
requires that nurses be able to identify
and solve overt and covert nursing
problems. These requirements can be
met by the problem-solving process
involves identifying the problem,
selecting pertinent data, formulating
hypotheses, testing hypotheses
through the collection of data, and
revising hypotheses when necessary on
the basis of conclusions obtained from
the data. (Abdellah & Levine, 1986)
11. To facilitate the maintenance of
sensory functions.
12. To identify and accept positive and
negative expressions, feelings, and
13. To identify and accept the
interrelatedness of emotions and
organic illness.
14. To facilitate the maintenance of
effective verbal and nonverbal
15. To promote the development of
productive interpersonal relationships.
16. To facilitate progress toward
achievement of personal spiritual
17. To create and/or maintain a
therapeutic environment.
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical,
emotional, and developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible
goals in the light of limitations,
physical and emotional.
20. To use community resources as an
aid in resolving problems arising from
21. To understand the role of social
problems as influencing factors in the
case of illness.
Abdellahs (Abdellah, Beland, Martin, & Matheney, 1973) assumptions relate to change and
anticipated changes that affect nursing; the need to appreciate the interconnectedness of social
enterprises and social problems; the impact of problems such as poverty, racism, pollution,
education, and so forth on health and health care delivery; changing nursing education;
continuing education for professional nurses; and development of nursing leaders from
underserved groups.
According to Abdellah and coworkers (1960), nurses should do the following:
1.Learn to know the patient.
2. Sort out relevant and significant data.
3. Make generalizations about available data in relation to similar nursing problems presented
by other patients.
4. Identify the therapeutic plan.
5. Test generalizations with the patient and make additional generalizations.
6. Validate the patients conclusions about his nursing problems.
7. Continue to observe and evaluate the patient over a period of time to identify any attitudes
and clues affecting this behavior.
8. Explore the patients and familys reaction to the therapeutic plan and involve them in the
9. Identify how the nurse feels about the patients nursing problems.
10. Discuss and develop a comprehensive nursing care plan.
As a logical and simple statement, Abdellahs problem-solving approach can easily be used by
practitioners to guide various activities within their nursing practice.
The language of Abdellahs framework is readable and clear.
The theoretical statement places heavy emphasis on problem solving, an activity that is
inherently logical in nature.
The problem-solving approach is readily generalizable to client with specific health needs and
specific nursing problems.
The major limitation to Abdellahs theory and the 21 nursing problems is their very strong
nurse-centered orientation.
Little emphasis on what the client is to achieve was given in terms of client care.
Failure of the framework to provide a perspective on humans and society in general limits the
generalizability of the theory.
Abdellahs framework is inconsistent with the concept of holism. The nature of the 21 nursing
problems attests to this. As a result, the client may be diagnosed as having numerous
problems that would lead to fractionalized care efforts, and potential problems might be
overlooked because the client is not deemed to be in a particular stage of illness.
With the aim of Abdellah in formulating a clear categorization of patients problems as health
needs, she rather conceptualized nurses actions in nursing care which is contrary to her aim.
Nurses roles were defined to alleviate the problems assessed through the proposed problemsolving approach.
The problem-solving approach introduced by Abdellah has the advantage of increasing the
nurses critical and analytical thinking skills since the care to be provided would be based on
sound assessment and validation of findings.
One can identify that the framework is strongly applied to individuals as the focus of nursing
care. The inclusion of an aggregate of people such as the community or society would make the
theory of Abdellah more generalizable since nurses do not only provide one-person service
especially now that the community healthcare level is sought to have higher importance than
curative efforts in the hospital.
Virginia Henderson
The Principles and Practice of Nursing
I believe that the function the nurse performs is primarily an independent one that of acting for the patient when he lacks
biological, and social sciences and the development of skills based on them. (Henderson, 1960)
Major Concepts
Human or Individual
14 Activities for Client Assistance
Henderson considers the biological, psychological,
sociological, and spiritual components.
1. Breathe normally
She defined the patient as someone who needs nursing
care, but did not limit nursing to illness care.
2. Eat and drink adequately
Society or Environment
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures
She did not define environment, but maintaining a
supportive environment is one of the elements of her 14
5. Sleep and rest
She supports the tasks of private and public health
agencies keeping people healthy.
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect
the integument
She believes that society wants and expects the nurses
service of acting for individuals who are unable to
function independently.
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring
6. Select suitable clothes dress and undress
She sees individuals in relation to their families but
minimally discusses the impact of the community on the 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by
adjusting clothing and modifying environment
individual and family.
Psychological Aspects of Communicating and
Health was not explicitly defined, but it is taken to mean 10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions,
needs, fears, or opinions
balance in all realms of human life.
Henderson believed that the unique function of the
performance of those activities contributing to health or
its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
gain independence as rapidly as possible. (Henderson,
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to
normal development and health and use the available
health facilities
Spiritual and Moral
11. Worship according to ones faith
Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and
12. Work in such a way that there is sense of
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation
It is equally important to realize that these needs are
satisfied by infinitely varied pattern of living, no two of
which are alike. (Henderson, 1960)
Patients desire to return to health.
Nurses are willing to serve and that nurses will devote themselves to the patient day and night. (Henderson, 1991)
(Henderson, 1966, 1991)
be reformulated into researchable questions.
that human beings need in attaining health and for survival. With the progress of todays time, there may be added needs
that humans are entitled to be provided with by nurses.
Maslows hierarchy of needs.
Some of the activities listed in Hendersons concepts can only be applied to fully functional individuals indicating that there
of nursing by Henderson.
Because of the absence of a conceptual diagram, interconnections between the concepts and subconcepts of Hendersons
principle are not clearly delineated.
Lydia E. Hall
The Aspects of Care, Core, Cure
Care and Core Predominate
Halls Three Aspects of Nursing
As Hall (1965) says; To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has
may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his outof-control behavior.
Major Concepts
The individual human who is 16 years of age or older
and past the acute stage of a long-term illness is the
focus of nursing care in Halls work. The source of
energy and motivation for healing is the individual care
recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes
the importance of the individual as unique, capable of
growth and learning, and requiring a total person
The Care Circle
Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness
with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal
for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the
person explore the meaning of his or her behavior to
identify and overcome problems through developing
self-identity and maturity.
The concept of society/environment is dealt with in
It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is
exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the
factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and
comfort of the person) and provide for teachinglearning activities.
The professional nurse provides bodily care for the
patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily
biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and
dressing. When providing this care, the nurses goal is
the comfort of the patient.
Providing care for a patient at the basic needs level
presents the nurse and patient with an opportunity for
closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share
relation to the individual. Hall is credited with
developing the concept of Loeb Center because she
assumed that the hospital environment during treatment
of acute illness creates a difficult psychological
experience for the ill individual (Bowar-Ferres, 1975).
Loeb Center focuses on providing an environment that
is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the
focus of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that
any actions taken in relation to society or environment
are for the purpose of assisting the individual in
attaining a personal goal.
Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in
the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care.
and explore feelings with the nurse.
The Core Circle
It is based in the social sciences, involves the
therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other
members of the health team. The professional nurse, by
developing an interpersonal relationship with the
patient, is able to help the patient verbally express
feelings regarding the disease process and its effects.
Through such expression, the patient is able to gain
self-identity and further develop maturity.
The professional nurse, by the use of reflective
technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the
patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her
current health status and related potential changes in
Motivations are discovered through the process of
bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced.
With this awareness, the patient is now able to make
conscious decisions based on understood and accepted
feelings and motivation.
The Cure Circle
It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences
and is shared with other members of the health team.
During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active
advocate of the patient.
The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team.
The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated.
The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patients total course of
The use of the terms care, core, and cure are unique to Hall.
Halls work appears to be completely and simply logical.
Halls work is simple in its presentation. However, the openness and flexibility required for its application may not be so
simple for nurses whose personality, educational preparation, and experience have not prepared them to function with
minimal structure. This and the self-imposed age and illness requirements limit the generalizability.
Hall imposed an age requirement for the application of her theory which is 16 years of age and above. This limits the theory
since it cannot be disregarded that nurses are faced with pediatric clients every now and then. Even though Hall confined
her concepts for that age bracket, the concepts of care, core and cure can still be applied to every age group but again,
none was specified.
The only tool of therapeutic communication Hall discussed is reflection. By inference, all other techniques of therapeutic
communication are eliminated. Reflection is not always the most effective technique to be used.
The concept of a patient aggregate such as having families and communities as the focus of nursing practice was not
tackled. It is purely on the individual himself. Although, the role of the family or the community within the patients
environment was modestly discussed.
In the focus of nursing care in Halls concepts, the individual must pass an acute stage of illness for you to successfully
apply her theory. Therefore, this theory relates only to those who are ill. This indicates that no nursing contact with healthy
individuals, families, or communities, and it negates the concept of health maintenance and disease prevention.
Hildegard E. Peplau
Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Factors Influencing the Blending of the Nurse-patient Relationship
According to Peplau (1952/1988), nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in
need of health care. Nursing can be viewed as an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more
individuals with a common goal. In nursing, this common goal provides the incentive for the therapeutic process in which the
nurse and patient respect each other as individuals, both of them learning and growing as a result of the interaction. An
individual learns when she or he selects stimuli in the environment and then reacts to these stimuli.
Major Concepts
Peplau (1952/1988) defines man as an organism that
strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by
needs. The client is an individual with a felt need
Roles of the Nurse in the Therapeutic relationship
Health is defined as a word symbol that implies
forward movement of personality and other ongoing
human processes in the direction of creative,
constructive, productive, personal, and community
Stranger: offering the client the same acceptance and
courtesy that the nurse would to any stranger
Although Peplau does not directly
addresssociety/environment, she does encourage the
nurse to consider the patients culture and mores when
the patient adjusts to hospital routine.
Teacher: helping the client to learn formally or
Hildegard Peplau considers nursing to be a significant,
therapeutic, interpersonal process. She defines it as a
human relationship between an individual who is sick,
or in need of health services, and a nurse specially
educated to recognize and to respond to the need for
Surrogate: serving as a substitute for another such as a
parent or a sibling
Therapeutic nurse-client relationship
A professional and planned relationship between client
and nurse that focuses on the clients needs, feelings,
problems, and ideas.
Nursing involves interaction between two or more
individuals with a common goal. The attainment of this
goal, or any goal, is achieved through a series of steps
following a sequential pattern.
Four Phases of the therapeutic nurse-patient
The primary roles she identified are as follows:
Resource person: providing specific answers to
questions within a larger context
Leader: offering direction to the client or group
Counselor: promoting experiences leading to health for
the client such as expression of feelings
Peplau also believed that the nurse could take on many
other roles, including consultant, tutor, safety agent,
mediator, administrator, observer, andresearcher. These
were not defined in detail but were left to the
intelligence and imagination of the readers. (Peplau,
Four Levels of Anxiety
1. Mild anxiety is a positive state of heightened
awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to
learn new behaviors and solve problems. The person
can take in all available stimuli (perceptual field).
2. Moderate anxiety involves a decreased perceptual
1. The orientation phase is directed by the nurse and
involves engaging the client in treatment, providing
explanations and information, and answering questions.
field (focus on immediate task only); the person can
learn new behavior or solve problems only with
assistance. Another person can redirect the person to the
2. The identification phase begins when the client
works interdependently with the nurse, expresses
feelings, and begins to feel stronger.
3. Severe anxiety involves feelings of dread and terror.
The person cannot be redirected to a task; he or she
focuses only on scattered details and has physiologic
3. In the exploitation phase, the client makes full use of symptoms of tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pain.
the services offered.
4. Panic anxiety can involve loss of rational thought,
4. In the resolution phase, the client no longer needs
delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical
professional services and gives up dependent behavior.
immobility and muteness. The person may bolt and run
The relationship ends.
aimlessly, often exposing himself or herself to injury.
Anxiety was defined as the initial response to a psychic
Nurse and patient can interact.
Peplau stresses that both the patient and nurse mature as the result of the therapeutic interaction.
Communication and interviewing skills remain fundamental nursing tools.
Peplau believed that nurses must clearly understand themselves to promote their clients growth and to avoid limiting clients
choices to those that nurses value.
The phases provide simplicity regarding the natural progression of the nurse-patient relationship.
This simplicity leads to adaptability in any nurse-patient interaction, thus providing generalizability.
Health promotion and maintenance were less emphasized.
The theory cannot be used in a patient who doesnt have a felt need such as with withdrawn patients.
Peplau conceptualized clear sets of nurses roles that can be used by each and every nurse with their practice. It implies that
a nurses duty is not just to care but the profession encompasses every activity that may affect the care of the patient.
The idea of a nurse-client interaction is limited with those individuals incapable of conversing, specifically those who are
The concepts are highly applicable with the care of psychiatric patients considering Peplaus background. But it is not limited
in those set of individuals. It can be applied to any person capable and has the will to communicate.
The phases of the therapeutic nurse-client are highly comparable to the nursing process making it vastly applicable.
Assessment coincides with the orientation phase; nursing diagnosis and planning with the identification phase;
implementation as to the exploitation phase; and lastly, evaluation with the resolution phase.
Ida Jean Orlando
The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
Orlandos nursing process discipline is rooted in the interaction between a nurse and a patient at a specific time and place. A
sequence of interchanges involving patient behavior and nurse reaction takes place until the patients need for help, as he
perceives it, is clarified. The nurse then decides on an appropriate action to resolve the need in cooperation with the patient.
This action is evaluated after it is carried out. If the patient behavior improves, the action was successful and the process is
completed. If there is no change or the behavior gets worse, the process recycles with new efforts to clarify the patients
behavior or the appropriate nursing action.
The action process in a person-to-person contact functioning in secret. The perceptions, thoughts, and feelings of
each individual are not directly available to the perception of the other individual through the observable action.
The action process in a person-to-person contact functioning by open disclosure. The perceptions, thoughts, and
feelings of each individual are directly available to the perception of the other individual through the observable action.
Major Concepts
Orlando uses the concept of human as she emphasizes
individuality and the dynamic nature of the nursepatient relationship. For her, humans in need are the
focus of nursing practice.
Patient Behavior
Although health is not specified by Orlando, it is
implied. In her initial work, Orlando focused on illness.
Later, she indicated that nursing deals with the
individual whenever there is a need for help. Thus a
sense of helplessness replaces the concept of health or
illness as the initiator of a need for nursing.
Orlando speaks of nursing as unique and independent
in its concerns for an individuals need for help in an
immediate situation. The efforts to meet the individuals
need for help are carried out in an interactive situation
and in a disciplined manner that requires proper
This sets the nursing process discipline in motion.
All patient behavior, no matter how insignificant, must
be considered an expression of need for help until its
meaning to a particular patient in the immediate
situation is understood.
The presenting behavior of the patient, regardless of
the form in which it appears, may represent a plea for
help (Orlando, 1990).
Patient behavior may be verbal or nonverbal.
Inconsistency between these two types of behavior may
be the factor that alerts the nurse that the patient needs
Need is defined as a requirement of the patient which,
if supplied, relieves or diminishes his immediate distress The patients behavior reflects distress when the patient
or improves his immediate sense of adequacy or wellexperiences a need that he cannot resolve, a sense of
being (Orlando, 1990). In many instances, people can
meet their own needs, do so, and do not require the help
of professional nurses. When they cannot do so, or do
not clearly understand these needs, a need for help is
In the immediacy of nursing situation, each patients
behavior must be assessed to determine whether it
expresses as need for help. Furthermore, identical
behaviors by the same patient may indicate different
needs at different times. The nursing action must also be
specifically designed for the immediate encounter.
helplessness occurs.
Some categories of patient distress are: physical
limitations, adverse reactions to the setting and
experiences which prevent the patient from
communicating his needs (Orlando, 1990).
Nurse Reaction
The patient behavior stimulated a nurse reaction, which
marks the beginning of the nursing process discipline.
This reaction is comprised of three sequential parts
through any of her senses. Second, the perception leads
to automatic thought. Finally, the thought produces an
automatic feeling.
The nurse does not assume that any aspect of her
reaction to the patient is correct, helpful, or appropriate
until she checks the validity of it in exploration with the
patient (Orlando, 1990).
The nurse must learn to identify each part of her action
so the process becomes logical rather than intuitive and
thus, disciplined rather than automatic.
Orlando (1972) also provides three criteria to ensure
that the nurses exploration of her reaction with the
patient is unsuccessful:
1. What the nurse says to the individual in the contact
must match any or all of the items contained in the
immediate reaction, and what the nurse does
nonverbally must be verbally expressed and the
expression must match one or all of the items contained
in the immediate reaction.
2. The nurse must clearly communicate to the individual
that the item being expressed belongs to herself.
3. The nurse must ask the individual about the item
expressed in order to obtain correction or verification
from that same individual.
Nurses Action
Orlando (1990) includes only what she [the nurse] says
or does with or for the benefit of the patient as
professional nursing action. The nurse initiates a
process of exploration to ascertain how the patient is
affected by what she says or does.
The nurse can act in two ways: automatic or
deliberative. Only the second manner fulfills her
professional function.
Automatic actions are those decided upon for reasons
other than the patients immediate need,
whereas deliberative actions ascertain and meet this
The following list identifies the criteria for deliberative
1. Deliberative actions result from the correct
identification of patient needs by validation of the
nurses reaction to patient behavior.
2. The nurse explores the meaning of the action with the
patient and its relevance to meeting his need.
3. The nurse validates the actions effectiveness
immediately after completing it.
4. The nurse is free of stimuli unrelated to the patients
need when she acts.
When patients cannot cope with their needs without help, they become distressed with feelings of helplessness.
Nursing, in its professional character, does add to the distress of the patient.
Patients are unique and individual in their responses.
Nursing offers mothering and nursing analogous to an adult mothering and nurturing of a child.
Nursing deals with people, environment and health.
Patient need help in communicating needs, they are uncomfortable and ambivalent about dependency needs.
Human beings are able to be secretive or explicit about their needs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings.
The nurse patient situation is dynamic, actions and reactions are influenced by both nurse and patient.
Human beings attach meanings to situations and actions that are not apparent to others.
Patients entry into nursing care is through medicine.
The patient cannot state the nature and meaning of his distress for his need without the nurses help or without her first
having established a helpful relationship with him.
Any observation shared and observed with the patient is immediately useful in ascertaining and meeting his need or finding
out that he is not in need at that time.
Nurses are concerned with needs that patients cannot meet on their own.
Use of her theory assures that the patient will be treated as individuals and they will have an active and constant input into
their own care.
Assertion of nursings independence as a profession and her belief that this independence must be based on a sound
theoretical frame work.
Lack the operational definitions of society or environment which limits the development of research hypothesis.
The theory focuses on short term care, particularly aware and conscious individuals and on the virtual absence of reference
group or family members.
Compared to other nursing theories which are task oriented, Orlando gave a clear cut approach of a patient oriented nursing
theory. It uplifts the integrity of an individualized nursing care. This strengthens the role of the nurse as an independent
nurse advocate for the patient.
The dynamic concept of the nurse-patient interaction was justified since the participation of the patient in the relationship
was sought. The whole process is in constant revision through continuous validation of findings of the nurses findings with
that of the patient.
Because the nurse has to constantly explore her reactions with the patient, it prevents inaccurate diagnosis or ineffective
dynamic theories unconscious patients are not covered by this theory.
Imogene M. King
Kings Conceptual System and Theory of Goal Attainment and Transactional
Dynamic Interacting Systems
King has interrelated the concepts of interaction, perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress, growth and
development, time, and space into a theory of goal attainment. Her theory deals with a nurse-client dyad, a relationship to
which each person brings personal perceptions of self, role, and personal levels of growth and development. The nurse and
client communicate, first in interaction and then in transaction, to attain mutually set goals. The relationship takes place in
space identified by their behaviors and occurs in forward-moving time.
Major Concepts and Subconcepts
Open Systems Framework
Structure is presented in three open systems.
Function is demonstrated in reciprocal relations of individuals in interaction.
Resources include both people (health professionals and their clients) and money, goods, and services for items needed to
carry out specific activities.
Decision making occurs when choices are made in resource allocation to support attaining system goals.
Personal Systems
King (1990) accepts Jersilds (1952) definition ofself:
Each individual is a personal system.
The self is a composite of thoughts and feelings which
constitute a persons awareness of his individual
existence, his conception of who and what he is. A
persons self is the sum total of all he can call his. The
self includes, among other things, a system of ideas,
attitudes, values, and commitments. The self is a
persons total subjective environment. It is a distinctive
center of experience and significance. The self
constitutes a persons inner world as distinguished from
the outer world consisting of all other people and
things. The self is the individual as known to the
individual. It is that to which we refer when we say I.
Growth and development can be defined as the
processes in peoples lives through which they move
from a potential for achievement to actualization of self.
King defines body image as the way one perceives both
ones body and others reactions to ones appearance.
Space includes that space exists in all directions, is the
same everywhere, and is defined by the physical area
known as territory and by the behaviors of those
occupy it.
Time is defined as a duration between one event and
another as uniquely experienced by each human being;
it is the relation of one event to another event.
King (1986) added learning as a subconcept in the
personal system but did not further define it.
Interpersonal systemsare formed by human beings
interacting. Two interacting individuals form a dyad;
three form a triad, and four or more form small or large
groups. As the number of interacting individuals
increases, so does the complexity of the interactions.
Interactions are defined as the observable behaviors of
two or more individuals in mutual presence.
King (1990) defines communication as a process
whereby information is given from one person to
another either directly in face-to-face meeting or
indirectly through telephone, television, or the written
King defines transactions as a process of interactions
in which human beings communicate with the
environment to achieve goals that are valued goaldirected human behaviors.
The characteristics of role include reciprocity in that a
person may be a giver at one time and a taker at another
time, with a relationship between two or more
individuals who are functioning in two or more roles
that learned, social, complex, and situational.
Stress is a dynamic state whereby a human being
interacts with the environment to maintain balance for
growth, development, and performance, which involves
an exchange of energy and information between the
person and the environment for regulation and control
of stressors.
Poweris the capacity to use resources in organizations
to achieve goals is the process whereby one or more
persons influence other persons in a situation is the
capacity or ability of a person or a group to achieve
goals occurs in all aspects of life and each person has
potential power determined by individual resources and
the environmental forces encountered. Power is social
force that organizes and maintains society. Power is the
ability to use and to mobilize resources to achieve
Statusis the position of an individual in a group or a
group in relation to other groups in an organization and
is identified that status is accompanied by privileges,
duties and obligation.
Decision makingis a dynamic and systematic process
b y which goal-directed choice of perceived alternatives
is made and acted upon by individuals or groups to
answer a question and attain a goal (King, 1990).
King (1986) added control as a subconept in the social
system but did not further define the concept.
Theory of Goal Attainment
Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and interaction Perception is each persons representation of reality.
whereby nurse and client share information about their
perceptions in the nursing situation. The nurse and client Communication is defined as a process whereby
share specific goals, problems, and concerns and
information is given from one person to another either
explore means to achieve a goal.
directly in face-to-face meetings or indirectly through
telephone, television, or the written word.
Health is a dynamic life experience of a human being,
which implies continuous adjustment to stressors in the
internal and external environment through optimum use
of ones resources to achieve maximum potential for
daily living.
Individuals are social beings who are rational and
sentient. Humans communicate their thoughts, actions,
customs, and beliefs through language. Persons exhibit
common characteristics such as the ability to perceive,
to think, to feel, to choose between alternative courses
of action, to set goals, to select the means to achieve
goals, and to make decisions.
Environment is the background for human interactions.
It is both external to, and internal to, the individual.
Action is defined as a sequence of behaviors involving
mental and physical action. The sequence is first mental
action to recognize the presenting conditions; then
physical action to begin activities related to those
conditions; and finally, mental action in an effort to
exert control over the situation, combined with physical
action seeking to achieve goals.
Reaction is not specifically defined but might be
considered to be included in the sequence of behaviors
described in action.
Interaction is a process of perception and
communication between person and environment and
between person and person represented by verbal and
nonverbal behaviors that are goal-directed.
Role is defined as a set of behaviors expected of
persons occupying a position in a social system; rules
that define rights and obligations in a position; a
relationship with one or more individuals interacting in
specific situations for a purpose.
Stress is a dynamic state whereby a human being
interacts with the environment to maintain balance for
growth, development, and performance an energy
response of an individual to persons, objects, and events
called stressors.
Growth and development can be defined as the
continuous changes in individuals at the cellular,
molecular, and behavioral levels of activities the
processes that take place in the life of individuals that
help them move from potential capacity for
achievement to self-actualization.
Time is a sequence of events moving onward to the
future a continuous flow of events in successive order
that implies a change, a past and a future a duration
between one event and another as uniquely experienced
by each human being the relation of one event to
Space exists in every direction and is the same in all
directions. Space includes that physical area called
territory. Space is defined by the behaviors of those
individuals who occupy it (King, 1990).
Transaction is a process of interactions in which human
beings communicate with the environment to achieve
goals that are valued; transactions are goal-directed
human behaviors.
On the open systems framework, King stated
(1) that each human being perceives the world as a total person in making transactions with individuals an things in the
(2) that transactions represent a life situation in which perceiver and thing perceived are encountered and in which each
When describing individuals, the model states that
(1) individuals are social, sentient, rational, reacting beings, and
(2) individuals are controlling, purposeful, action oriented, and time oriented in their behavior (King, 1995).
Regarding nurse-client interactions, King (1981) believes that
(1) perceptions of the nurse and client influence the interaction process;
(2) goals, needs, and values of the nurse and the client influence the interaction process;
(3) individuals have a right to knowledge about themselves
(4) individuals have a right to participate in decisions that influence their lives, their health, and community services;
(5) individuals have a right to accept or reject care; and
(6) goals of health professionals and goals of recipients of health care may not be congruent.
With regard to nursing, King (1981, 1995) wrote that
(1) nursing is the care of human beings;
(2) nursing is perceiving, thinking, relating, judging, and acting vis--vis the behavior of individuals who come to a health
care system;
(3) a nursing situation is the immediate environment in which two individuals establish a relationship to cope with
situational events; and
(4) the goal of nursing is to help individuals and groups attain, maintain, and restore health. If this is not possible, nurses
help individuals die with dignity.
Nurse and patient are purposeful interacting systems.
Nurse and client perceptions, judgments, and actions, if congruent, lead to goal directed transactions.
If perceptual accuracy is present in nurse-client interactions, transactions will occur.
If nurse and client make transactions, goals will be attained.
If goals are attained, satisfaction will occur.
If goals are attained, effective nursing care will occur.
If transactions are made in nurse-client interactions, growth and development will be enhanced.
If role expectations and role performance as perceived by nurse and client are congruent, transactions will occur.
If nurses with special knowledge and skills communicate appropriate information to clients, mutual goal setting and goal
attainment will occur (King, 1981).
Kings theory of goal attainment does describe a logical sequence of events.
For the most part, concepts are clearly defined.
Although the presentation appears to be complex, Kings theory of goal attainment is relatively simple.
King formulated assumptions that are testable hypotheses for research.
Kings theory contains major inconsistencies:
(1) She indicates that nurses are concerned about the health care of groups but concentrates her discussion on nursing as
occurring in a dyadic relationship.
(2) King says that the nurse and client are strangers, yet she speaks of their working together for goal attainment and of the
importance of health maintenance.
The major limitation in relations to this characteristic is the effort required of the reader to sift through the presentation of a
conceptual framework and a theory with repeated definitions to find the basic concepts.
Another limitation relates to the lack of development of application of the theory in providing nursing care to groups, families,
or communities.
It is not parsimonious, having numerous concepts, multiple assumptions, many statements, and many relationships on a
number of levels.
The social systems portion of the open systems framework is less clearly connected to the theory of goal attainment than
are the personal and interpersonal systems.
The citation of the individual being in a social system was not clearly explained considering that the social system
encompasses other concepts and subconcepts in her theory
The model presents interaction which is dyadic in nature which implies that its applicability cannot be adapted to
unconscious individuals.
Multitude of views and definition is confusing for the reader. Because of multiple views on one concept such as what have
been discussed in her concept of power blurs the point that the theorist is trying to relate to the readers.
Jean Watson
Caring Science as Sacred Science
person attached to the machine. In Watsons view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because without caring, health is
Major Concepts
Society provides the values that determine how one
should behave and what goals one should strive toward.
Watson (1979) states:
Phenomenal field
Caring (and nursing) has existed in every society.
Every society has had some people who have cared for
others. A caring attitude is not transmitted from
generation to generation by genes. It is transmitted by
the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping
with its environment.
Human being is a valued person to be cared for,
respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted.
The totality of human experience of ones being in the
world. This refers to the individuals frame of reference
that can only be known to that person.
The organized conceptual gestalt composed of
perceptions of the characteristics of the I or ME and
the perceptions of the relationship of the I and ME
to others and to various aspects of life.
Health is the unity and harmony within the mind, body,
and soul; health is associated with the degree of
congruence between the self as perceived and the self as
Nursing is a human science of persons and human
health illness experiences that are mediated by
professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical
human care transactions.
The present is more subjectively real and the past is
different mode of being than the present, but it is not
clearly distinguishable. Past, present, and future
incidents merge and fuse. (Watson, 1999)
Nursing interventions related to human care originally
referred to as carative factors have now been translated
into clinical caritas processes(Watson, 2006):
Actual caring occasion involves actions and choices by
the nurse and the individual. The moment of coming
1. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of
together in a caring occasion presents the two persons
values, becomes: practice of loving-kindness and
with the opportunity to decide how to be in the
equanimity within context of caring consciousness.
relationship what to do with the moment.
2. The instillation of faith-hope becomes: being
The transpersonal concept is an intersubjective human- authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the
to-human relationship in which the nurse affects and is
deep belief system and subjective life world of self and
affected by the person of the other. Both are fully
present in the moment and feel a union with the other;
they share a phenomenal field that becomes part of the
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to ones self and to
life story of both. (Watson, 1999)
others becomes: cultivation of ones own spiritual
practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self.
4. The development of a helping-trusting relationship
becomes: developing and sustaining a helping-trusting
authentic caring relationship.
5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of
positive and negative feelings becomes: being present
to, and supportive of the expression of positive and
negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of
self and the one-being-cared-for.
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving
method for decision making becomes: creative use of
self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring
process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning
becomes: engaging in genuine teaching-learning
experience that attends to unity of being and meaning
attempting to stay within others frame of reference.
corrective mental, physical, sociocultural, and spiritual
environment becomes: creating healing environment at
environment of energy and consciousness, whereby
wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are
9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs
becomes: assisting with basic needs, with an intentional
caring consciousness, administering human care
essentials, which potentiate alignment of
mindbodyspirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all
aspects of care, tending to both embodied spirit and
evolving spiritual emergence.
Watsons (1979) ordering of needs:
a. Lower Order Needs (Biophysical Needs)
Survival Needs
The need for food and fluid
The need for elimination
The need for ventilation
b. Lower Order Needs (Psychophysical Needs)
Functional Needs
The need for activity-inactivity
The need for sexuality
c. Higher Order Needs (Psychosocial Needs)
Integrative Needs
The need for achievement
The need for affiliation
d. Higher Order Need (Intrapersonal-Interpersonal
Growth-seeking Need
The need for self-actualization.
10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological
forces becomes: opening and attending to spiritualmysterious and existential dimensions of ones own lifedeath; soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for.
Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.
Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
herself at a given point in time.
Caring is more healthogenic than is curing. The practice of caring integrates biophysical knowledge with knowledge of human
to the science of curing.
both practitioner and patient, within a unitary field of consciousness.
for how to be in the moment.
The practitioners authentic intentionality and consciousness of caring has a higher frequency of energy than noncaring consciousness,
opening up connections to the universal field of consciousness and greater access to ones inner healer.
Transpersonal caring is communicated via the practitioners energetic patterns of consciousness, intentionality, and authentic presence in
a caring relationship.
harmony, and well-being. (Watson, 2005)
provide the client with holistic care.
The theory is relatively simple.
The carative factors delineate nursing from medicine.
arts background to provide the proper foundation for this area.
It is undeniable that technology has already been part of nursings whole paradigm with the evolving era of development. Watsons
suggestion of purely caring without giving much attention to technological machineries cannot be solely applied but then her statement
Watson stated the term soul-satisying when giving out care for the clients. Her concepts guide the nurse to an ideal quality nursing care
offered by the nurse is enhanced.
Madeleine M. Leininger
Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Leiningers Sunrise Model
The cultural care worldview flows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups, communities, and institutions in diverse
health care systems. This knowledge provides culturally specific meanings and expressions in relation to care and health.
The next focus is on the generic or folk system, professional care system(s), and nursing care. Information about these
systems includes the characteristics and the specific care features of each. This information allows for the identification of
similarities and differences or cultural care universality and cultural care diversity.
Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation/maintenance, cultural care
accommodation/negotiation and cultural care re-patterning or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.
Major Concepts
Transcultural nursing is defined as a learned subfield
or branch of nursing which focuses upon the
Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally
learned and transmitted, indigenous (or traditional), folk
comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect
to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs,
and values with the goal to provide meaningful and
efficacious nursing care services to people according to
their cultural values and health-illness context.
Ethnonursing is the study of nursing care beliefs,
values, and practices as cognitively perceived and
known by a designated culture through their direct
experience, beliefs, and value system (Leininger, 1979).
Nursing is defined as a learned humanistic and
scientific profession and discipline which is focused on
human care phenomena and activities in order to assist,
support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to
maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in
culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help
people face handicaps or death.
(home-based) knowledge and skills used to provide
assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts
toward or for another individual, group, or institution
with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or
improve a human life way, health condition (or wellbeing), or to deal with handicaps and death situations.
Knowledge gained from direct experience or directly
from those who have experienced. It is generic or folk
Professional care system(s) are defined as formally
taught, learned, and transmitted professional care,
health, illness, wellness, and related knowledge and
practice skills that prevail in professional institutions
usually with multidisciplinary personnel to serve
Professional nursing care (caring) is defined as formal Knowledge which describes the professional
and cognitively learned professional care knowledge
perspective. It is professional care knowledge.
and practice skills obtained through educational
institutions that are used to provide assistive,
Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events,
supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts to or for another instances, experiences of individuals, groups, cultures,
individual or group in order to improve a human health
and instructions that are primarily people-centered
condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway, or to work (ethno) and which describe, explain, and interpret
with dying clients.
human lifeways within particular cultural contexts and
over short or long periods of time.
Cultural congruent (nursing) care is defined as those
cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
Care as a noun is defined as those abstract and concrete
enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to fit with phenomena related to assisting, supporting, or enabling
individual, group, or institutional cultural values,
experiences or behaviors toward or for others with
beliefs, and lifeways in order to provide or support
evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a
meaningful, beneficial, and satisfying health care, or
human condition or lifeway.
well-being services.
Care as a verb is defined as actions and activities
Health is a state of well-being that is culturally defined, directed toward assisting, supporting, or enabling
valued, and practiced, and which reflects the ability of
another individual or group with evident or anticipated
individuals (or groups) to perform their daily role
needs to ameliorate or improve a human condition or
activities in culturally expressed, beneficial, and
lifeway or to face death.
patterned lifeways.
Three modes of nursing care decisions and actions
Human beings are believed to be caring and to be
capable of being concerned about the needs, well-being, (a) Cultural care preservation is also known as
and survival of others. Leininger also indicates that
maintenance and includes those assistive, supporting,
nursing as a caring science should focus beyond
facilitative, or enabling professional actions and
traditional nurse-patient interactions and dyads to
decisions that help people of a particular culture to
include families, groups, communities, total cultures,
retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that they
and institutions.
can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or
face handicaps and/or death.
Society/environment are not terms that are defined by
Leininger; she speaks instead of worldview, social
(b) Cultural care accommodation also known as
structure, and environmental context.
negotiation, includes those assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling creative professional actions
Worldview is the way in which people look at the
and decisions that help people of a designated culture to
world, or at the universe, and form a picture or value
adapt to or negotiate with others for a beneficial or
stance about the world and their lives.
satisfying health outcome with professional care
Cultural and social structure dimensions are defined
as involving the dynamic patterns and features of
(c) Culture care repatterning, or
interrelated structural and organizational factors of a
restructuringincludes those assistive, supporting,
particular culture (subculture or society) which includes facilitative, or enabling professional actions and
religious, kinship (social), political (and legal),
decisions that help a client(s) reorder, change, or greatly
economic, educational, technologic and cultural values, modify their lifeways for new, different, and beneficial
ethnohistorical factors, and how these factors may be
health care pattern while respecting the client(s) cultural
interrelated and function to influence human behavior in values and beliefs and still providing a beneficial or
different environmental contexts.
Environmental context is the totality of an event,
situation, or particular experience that gives meaning to
human expressions, interpretations, and social
interactions in particular physical, ecological,
sociopolitical and/or cultural settings.
Culture is the learned, shared and transmitted values,
beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group that
guides their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned
Culture care is defined as the subjectively and
objectively learned and transmitted values, beliefs, and
patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or
enable another individual or group to maintain their
well-being, health, improve their human condition and
lifeway, or to deal with illness, handicaps or death.
healthier lifeway than before the changes were
coestablished with the client(s). (Leininger, 1991)
Culture shock may result when an outsider attempts to
comprehend or adapt effectively to a different cultural
group. The outsider is likely to experience feelings of
discomfort and helplessness and some degree of
disorientation because of the differences in cultural
values, beliefs, and practices. Culture shock may lead to
anger and can be reduced by seeking knowledge of the
culture before encountering that culture.
Cultural imposition refers to efforts of the outsider,
both subtle and not so subtle, to impose his or her own
cultural values, beliefs, behaviors upon an individual,
family, or group from another culture. (Leininger, 1978)
Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or
differences in meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or
symbols of care within or between collectives that are
related to assistive, supportive, or enabling human care
Culutre care universality indicates the common,
similar, or dominant uniform care meanings, pattern,
values, lifeways or symbols that are manifest among
many cultures and reflect assistive, supportive,
facilitative, or enabling ways to help people. (Leininger,
Different cultures perceive, know, and practice care in different ways, yet there are some commonalities about care among
all cultures of the world.
Values, beliefs, and practices for culturally related care are shaped by, and often embedded in, the worldview, language,
religious (or spiritual), kinship (social), political (or legal), educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and
environmental context of the culture.
While human care is universal across cultures, caring may be demonstrated through diverse expressions, actions, patterns,
lifestyles, and meanings.
care practices.
All cultures have generic or folk health care practices, that professional practices vary across cultures, and that in any
culture there will be cultural similarities and differences between the care-receivers (generic) and the professional caregivers.
Care is distinct, dominant, unifying and central focus of nursing, and, while curing and healing cannot occur effectively
without care, care may occur without cure.
Care and caring are essential for the survival of humans, as well as for their growth, health, well-being, healing, and ability to
deal with handicaps and death.
Nursing, as a transcultural care discipline and profession, has a central purpose to serve human beings in all areas of the
world; that when culturally based nursing care is beneficial and healthy it contributes to the well-being of the client(s)
whether individuals, groups, families, communities, or institutions as they function within the context of their environments
Nursing care will be culturally congruent or beneficial only when the clients are known by the nurse and the clients patterns,
expressions, and cultural values are used in appropriate and meaningful ways by the nurse with the clients.
If clients receive nursing care that is not at least reasonably culturally congruent (that is, compatible with and respectful of
the clients lifeways, belief, and values), the client will demonstrate signs of stress, noncompliance, cultural conflicts, and/or
ethical or moral concerns.
The complexity of the Sunrise Model can be viewed as both a strength and a limitation. The complexity is a strength in that it
emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of anthropological and cultural concepts in nursing education and practice. On
the other hand, the complexity can lead to misinterpretation or rejection.
Leiniger has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in her
theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.
Leiningers theory is essentially parsimonious in that the necessary concepts are incorporated in such a manner that the
theory and it model can be applied in many different settings.
It is highly generalizable. The concepts and relationships that are presented are at a level of abstraction which allows them
to be applied in many different situations.
Though not simple in terms, it can be easily understood upon first contact.
The theory and model are not simple in terms.
It was stated that the nurse will help the client move towards amelioration or improvement of their health practice or
condition. This statement would be of great difficulty for the nurse because instilling new ideas in a different culture might
present an intrusive intent for the insiders. Culture is a strong set of practices developed over generations which would
make it difficult to penetrate.
The whole activity of immersing yourself within a different culture is time-consuming for you to fully understand their beliefs
and practices. Another is that it would be costly in the part of the nurse.
Because of its financial constraints and unclear ways of being financially compensated, it can be the reason why nurses do
not engage much with this king of nursing approach.
Because of the intrusive nature, resistance from the insiders might impose risk to the safety of the nurse especially for
cultures with highly taboo practices.
It is highly commendable that Leininger was able to formulate a theory which is specified to a multicultural aspect of care.
On the other side, too much was given to the culture concept per se that Leininger failed to comprehensively discuss the
functions or roles of nurses. It was not stated on how to assist, support or enable the client in attuning them to an improved
Betty Neuman
The Neuman Systems Model
The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment. The client variables are
physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. The client system consists of a basic or core structure that is
protected by lines of resistance. The usual level of health is identified as the normal line of defense that is protected by a flexible line of
defense. Stressors are intra-, inter-, and extrapersonal in nature and arise from the internal, external, and created environments. When
stressors break through the flexible line of defense, the system is invaded and the lines of resistance are activated and the system is
described as moving into illness on a wellness-illness continuum. If adequate energy is available, the system will be reconstituted with
Nursing interventions occur through three prevention modalities. Primary prevention occurs before the stressor invades the system;
secondary prevention occurs after the system has reacted to an invading stressor; and tertiary prevention occurs after the system has
reacted to an invading stressor; and tertiary prevention occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is being established.
Major Concepts
Human being is viewed as an open system that
interacts with both internal and external environment
forces or stressors. The human is in constant change,
moving toward a dynamic state of system stability or
toward illness of varying degrees.
The environment is a vital arena that is germane to the
system and its function. The environment may be
viewed as all factors that affect and are affected by the
Intrapersonal stressors are those that occur within the
client system boundary and correlate with the internal
The internal environment exists within the client
system. All forces and interactive influences that are
solely within boundaries of the client system make up
this environment.
The external environment exists outside the client
Health is defined as the condition or degree of system
stability and is viewed as a continuum from wellness to
illness. When system needs are met,
optimal wellness exists. When needs are not
satisfied, illness exists. When the energy needed to
support life is not available, death occurs.
The primary concern of nursing is to define the
appropriate action in situations that are stress-related or
in relation to possible reactions of the client or client
system to stressors. Nursing interventions are aimed at
helping the system adapt or adjust and to retain, restore,
A stressor is any phenomenon that might penetrate both
the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in
either a positive or negative outcome.
Interpersonal stressors occur outside the client system
boundary, are proximal to the system, and have an
impact to the system.
Extrapersonal stressors also occur outside the client
system boundaries but are at a greater distance from the
system than are interpersonal stressors. An example is
social policy.
A state of balance or harmony requiring energy
exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors
to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal level of health
thus preserving system integrity.
Degree of Reaction
The amount of system instability resulting from stressor
or maintain some degree of stability between and among invasion of the normal line of defense.
the client system variables and environmental stressors
with a focus on conserving energy.
A process of energy depletion and disorganization
moving the system toward illness or possible death.
Open System
A system in which there is a continuous flow of input
and process, output and feedback. It is a system of
organized complexity, where all elements are in
A process of energy conservation that increases
organization and complexity, moving the system toward
stability or a higher degree of wellness.
Basic Stricture and Energy Resources
The basic structure, or central core, is made up of those
basic survival factors common to the species. These
factors include the system variables, genetic features,
and strengths and weaknesses of the system parts.
The matter, energy, and information exchanged between
client and environment that is entering or leaving the
system at any point in time.
Client variables
The return and maintenance of system stability,
following treatment of stressor reaction, which may
result in a higher or lower level of wellness.
Newman views the individual client holistically and
considers the variables simultaneously and
Prevention as intervention
The physiological variable refers to the structure and
functions of the body.
The psychological variable refers to mental processes
and relationships.
The sociocultural variable refers to system functions
that relate to social and cultural expectations and
The developmental variable refers to those processes
related to development over the lifespan.
Intervention modes for nursing action and determinants
for entry of both client and nurse into the health care
Primary prevention occurs before the system reacts to a
stressor; it includes health promotion and maintenance
of wellness. Primary prevention focuses on
strengthening the flexible line of defense through
preventing stress and reducing risk factors. This
intervention occurs when the risk or hazard is identified
but before a reaction occurs. Strategies that might be
used include immunization, health education, exercise,
and lifestyle changes.
The spiritual variable refers to the influence of spiritual
Secondary prevention occurs after the system reacts to a
stressor and is provided in terms of existing symptoms.
Secondary prevention focuses on strengthening the
Flexible line of defense
internal lines of resistance and, thus, protects the basic
structure through appropriate treatment of symptoms.
A protective accordion-like mechanism that surrounds
The intent is to regain optimal system stability and to
and protects the normal line of defense from invasion by conserve energy in doing so. If secondary prevention is
unsuccessful and reconstitution does not occur, the
basic structure will be unable to support the system and
Normal line of defense
its interventions, and death will occur.
An adaptational level of health developed over time and
considered normal for a particular individual client or
system; it becomes a standard for wellness-deviance
Lines of resistance
Protection factors activated when stressors have
penetrated the normal line of defense, causing a reaction
synptomatology. (Neuman, 1995)
Tertiary prevention occurs after the system has been
treated through secondary prevention strategies. Its
purpose is to maintain wellness or protect the client
system reconstitution through supporting existing
strengths and continuing to preserve energy. Tertiary
prevention may begin at any point after system stability
has begun to be reestablished (reconstitution has
begun). Tertiary prevention tend to lead back to primary
prevention. (Neuman, 1995)
Many known, unknown, and universal stressors exist. Each differs in its potential for disturbing a clients usual stability level or normal
line of defense. The particular interrelationships of client variables at any point in time can affect the degree to which a client is protected
by the flexible line of defense against possible reaction to stressors.
Each client/client system has evolved a normal range of responses to the environment that is referred to as a normal line of defense. The
normal line of defense can be used as a standard from which to measure health deviation.
When the flexible line of defense is no longer capable of protecting the client/client system against an environmental stressor, the stressor
breaks through the normal line of defense.
The client, whether in a state of wellness or illness, is a dynamic composite of the interrelationships of the variables. Wellness is on a
Implicit within each client system are internal resistance factors known as lines of resistance, which function to stabilize and realign the
client to the usual wellness state.
Primary prevention relates to general knowledge that is applied in client assessment and intervention, in identification and reduction or
mitigation of possible or actual risk factors associated with environmental stressors to prevent possible reaction.
Secondary prevention relates to symptomatology following a reaction to stressors, appropriate ranking of intervention priorities, and
treatment to reduce their noxious effects.
Tertiary prevention relates to the adjustive processes taking place as reconstitution begins and maintenance factors move the client back
in a circular manner toward primary prevention.
The client as a system is in dynamic, constant energy exchange with the environment. (Neuman, 1995)
Newman reports that the model was designed but can be used by other health disciplines, which can be viewed as either a strength or
weakness. As a strength, if multiple health disciplines use the model, a consistent approach to client care would be facilitated. As a
weakness, if the model is useful to a variety of disciplines, it is not specific to nursing and thus may not differentiate the practice of
nursing from that of other disciplines.
The major strength of the model is its flexibility for use in all areas of nursing administration, education, and practice.
Neuman has presented a view of the client that is equally applicable to an individual, a family, a group, a community, or any other
The Neuman Systems Model, particularly presented in the model diagram, is logically consistent.
The emphasis on primary prevention, including health promotion is specific to this model.
Once understood, the Neuman Systems Model is relatively simple, and has readily acceptable definitions of its components.
The major weakness of the model is the need for further clarification of terms used. Interpersonal and extrapersonal stressors need to be
more clearly differentiated.
The delineation of Neuman of three defense lines was not clearly explained. In reality, the individual resist stressors with internal and
external reflexes which were made complicated with the formulation of different levels of resistance in the open systems model of
Neuman made mention of energy sources in her model as part of the basic structure. It can be more of help when Neuman has
enumerated all sources of energy that she is pertaining to. With such, new nursing interventions as to the provision of needed energy of
the client can be conceptualized.
The holistic and comprehensive view of the client system is associated with an open system. Health and illness are presented on a
continuum with movement toward health described as negentropic and toward illness as entropic. Her use of the concept of entropy is
inconsistent with the characteristics of entropy which is closed, rather than an open system.
Martha Rogers
The Science of Unitary and Irreducible Human Beings
The Slinky
Imagine the life process moving along the Slinky spirals with the human field occupying space along the spiral and
extending out in all directions from any given location along a spiral. Each turn of the spiral exemplifies the rhythmical nature
of life, while distortions of the spiral portray deviations from natures regularities. Variations in the speed of change through
time may be perceived by narrowing or widening the distance between spirals.
Major Concepts
Human-unitary human beings
Irreducible, indivisible, multidimensionality energy
fields identified by pattern and manifesting
characteristics that are specific to the whole and which
cannot be predicted from the knowledge of the parts.
Refers to qualities exhibited by open systems; human
beings and their environment are open systems.
A nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal
Unitary human health signifies an irreducible human
field manifestation. It cannot be measured by the
parameters of biology or physics or of the social
Synergy is defined as the unique behavior of whole
systems, unpredicted by any behaviors of their
component functions taken separately.
Human behavior is synergistic.
The study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human
and environmental fields: people and their world.
Scope of Nursing
Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their
maximum health potential. Maintenance and promotion
of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis,
intervention, and rehabilitation encompass the scope of
nursings goals.
Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and
sick, rich and poor, young and old. The arenas of
nursings services extend into all areas where there are
people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in hospital,
nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and now
moving into outer space.
The distinguishing characteristic of an energy field
perceived as a single wave.
Principles of Homeodynamics
Homeodynamics should be understood as a dynamic
version of homeostasis (a relatively steady state of
internal operation in the living system).
Principle of Reciprocy
Postulates the inseparability of man and environment
and predicts that sequential changes in life process are
continuous, probabilistic revisions occurring out of the
interactions between man and environment.
Environmental Field
Principle of Synchrony
An irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy
field indentified by pattern and integral with the human
This principle predicts that change in human behavior
will be determined by the simultaneous interaction of
the actual state of the human field and the actual state of
Energy Field
The fundamental unit of the living and non-living.
Field is a unifying concept. Energy signifies the
dynamic nature of the field; a field is in continuous
motion and is infinite.
An energy field identifies the conceptual boundaries of
man. This field is electrical in nature, is in continual
state of flux, and varies continuously in its intensity,
density, and extent. (Rogers, 1970)
the environmental field at any given point in spacetime.
Principle of Integrality (Synchrony + Reciprocy)
Because of the inseparability of human beings and their
environment, sequential changes in the life processes
are continuous revisions occurring from the interactions
between human beings and their environment.
Between the two entities, there is a constant mutual
interaction and mutual change whereby simultaneous
molding is taking place in both at the same time.
Principle of Resonancy
It speaks to the nature of the change occurring between
human and environmental fields. The life process in
human beings is a symphony of rhythmical vibrations
oscillating at various frequencies.
It is the identification of the human field and the
environmental field by wave patterns manifesting
continuous change from longer waves of lower
frequency to shorter waves of higher frequency.
Principle of Helicy
The human-environment field is a dynamic, open
system in which change is continuous due to the
constant interchange between the human and
This change is also innovative. Because of constant
interchange, an open system is never exactly the same
at any two moments; rather, the system is continually
new or different. (Rogers, 1970)
Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the
sum of his parts.
Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another.
The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum.
Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness.
Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion. (Rogers,
Rogers concepts provide a worldview from which nurses may derive theories and hypotheses and propose relationships
specific to different situations.
Rogers work is not directly testable due to lack of concrete hypotheses, but it is testable in principle.
It is an abstract, unified, and highly derived framework and does not define particular hypotheses or theories.
Concepts are not directly measurable thus testing the concepts validity is questionable.
It is difficult to comprehend because the concepts are extremely abstract.
Nurses roles were not clearly defined.
No concrete definition of health state.
Apart from the usual way of other nurse theorists in defining the major concepts of a theory, Rogers gave much focus on
how a nurse should view the patient. She developed principles which emphasizes that a nurse should view the client as a
Her statements remind every nurse practitioner that to retain the integrity of the individual, he or she should be viewed as
one complex system interacting with the environment and care should not be fractionalized in different categories.
Being given with as wide range of principles and statements from Rogers, an aspiring nurse theorist can develop his or her
own concepts guided with her work. Her assumptions are not confined with a specific nursing approach making it highly
Dorothy Johnson
The Behavioral System Model
Johnsons Model (Torres, 1986)
Johnsons Behavioral System Model is a model of nursing care that advocates the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to prevent illness. The patient is identified as a behavioral system composed of seven behavioral subsystems:
affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The three functional requirements for each
subsystem include protection from noxious influences, provision for a nurturing environment, and stimulation for growth. An imbalance
in any of the behavioral subsystems results in disequilibrium. It is nursings role to assist the client to return to a state of equilibrium.
Major Concepts
Johnson (1980) views human beings as having two
major systems: the biological system and the behavioral
system. It is the role of medicine to focus on the
biological system, whereas nursings focus is the
behavioral system.
The concept of human being was defined as a
behavioral system that strives to make continual
adjustments to achieve, maintain, or regain balance to
the steady-state that is adaptation.
Factors outside the system that influence the systems
behavior, but which the system lacks power to change.
Environment is not directly defined, but it is implied to
include all elements of the surroundings of the human
system and includes interior stressors.
The point that differentiates the interior of the system
from the exterior.
The parts of the system that make up the whole.
Health is seen as the opposite of illness, and Johnson
defines it as some degree of regularity and constancy
in behavior, the behavioral system reflects adjustments
and adaptations that are successful in some way and to
some degree adaptation is functionally efficient and
Nursing is seen as an external regulatory force which
acts to preserve the organization and integration of the
patients behavior at an optimal level under those
conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to
physical or social health, or in which illness is found.
Process of maintaining stability.
Balance or steady-state in maintaining balance of
behavior within an acceptable range.
A stimulus from the internal or external world that
results in stress or instability.
Behavioral system
Man is a system that indicates the state of the system
through behaviors.
The systems adjustment to demands, change or growth,
or to actual disruptions.
That which functions as a whole by virtue of organized
independent interaction of its parts.
State in which the system output of energy depletes the
energy needed to maintain stability.
Seven Subsystems (Johnson, 1980)
A minisystem maintained in relationship to the entire
system when it or the environment is not disturbed.
1. Attachment or affiliative subsystem serves the
need for security through social inclusion or intimacy
2. Dependency subsystem behaviors designed to get
attention, recognition, and physical assistance
3. Ingestive subsystem fulfills the need to supply the
biologic requirements for food and fluids
4. Eliminative subsystem functions to excrete wastes
5. Sexual subsystem serves the biologic requirements
of procreation and reproduction
6. Aggressive subsystem functions in self and social
protection and preservation
7. Achievement subsystem functions to master and
control the self or the environment
The predisposition to act. It implies that despite having
only a few alternatives from which to select a
behavioral response, the individual will rank those
options and choose the option considered most
Consequences or purposes of action.
Functional requirements
Input that the system must receive to survive and
Three functional requirements of humans(Johnson,
1. To be protected from noxious influences with which
the person cannot cope
2. To be nurtured through the input of supplies from the
3. To be stimulated to enhance growth and prevent
Assumptions on Behavioral Systems
Johnson cites Chin (1961) as the source for her first assumption. There is organization, interaction, interdependency, and integration of
the parts and elements of behavior that go to make up the system.
A system tends to achieve a balance among the various forces operating within and upon it (Chin, 1961), and that man strives
continually to maintain a behavioral system balance and steady states by more or less automatic adjustments and adaptations to the
natural forces impinging upon him.
The individual is continually presented with situations in everyday life that require adaptation and adjustment. These adjustments are so
natural that they occur without conscious effort by the individual.
The third assumption about a behavioral system is that a behavioral system, which both requires and results in some degree of regularity
and constancy in behavior, is essential to man; that is to say, it is functionally significant in that it serves a useful purpose both in social
life and for the individual. (Johnson, 1980)
The system balance reflects adjustments and adaptations that are successful in some way and to some degree. (Johnson, 1980)
Johnson acknowledges that the achievement of this balance may and will vary from individual to individual. At times this balance may
not be exhibited as behaviors that are acceptable or meet societys norms. What may be adaptive for the individual in coping with
impinging forces may be disruptive as a whole.
Assumptions on the Structure and Function of Subsystems (Johnson, 1980)
From the form the behavior takes and the consequences it achieves can be inferred what drive has been stimulated or what goal is being
The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. However, the methods of achieving the goal may
vary depending on the culture or other individual variations.
Each individual has a predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in any other ways.
Each subsystem has available repertoire of choices or scope of action alternatives from which choices can be made.
Larger behavioral repertoires are available to more adaptable individuals. As life experiences occur, individuals add to the number of
alternative action available to them. At some point, however, the acquisition of new alternatives of behavior decreases as the individual
becomes comfortable with the available repertoire.
Behavioral subsystems produce observable outcomes that is, the individuals behavior.
The observable behaviors allow an outsider in this case the nurse to note the actions the individual is taking to reach a goal related to
a specified subsystem. The nurse can then evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of these behaviors in assisting the individual in
reaching one of these goals.
She provided a frame of reference for nurses concerned with specific client behaviors.
Johnsons behavioral model can be generalized across the lifespan and across cultures.
Johnsons does not clearly interrelate her concepts of subsystems.
Lack of clear definitions for the interrelationships among and between the subsystems makes it difficult to view the entire behavioral
system as an entity.
The lack of clear interrelationships among the concepts creates difficulty in following the logic of Johnsons work.
Johnsons behavioral model is clearly an Individual-oriented framework. Its extent to consider families, groups and communities was not
In her model, the focus is with what the behavior the person is presenting making the concept more attuned with the psychological aspect
of care in.
Categorizing different behaviors in seven subsystems divided the focus of nursing interventions. In turn quality of care given by the
nurse may be lessened because of fractionalized care which does not support seeing the individual as a whole adaptive system.
A lack of an authenticated schematic diagram by Johnson which is seen necessary was not presented. Johnson has developed multiple
concepts thus a diagram showing each and every concepts relationship might be helpful. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '512', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.92692631483078}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '371790', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7BK44WMW5C7B622IHOSCAKUVGA2EXEKV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6bba4e7a-3318-48a3-a289-4e798d131139>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 18, 17, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.202.152', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LIQ7JN33BNATEQRNVMUL4FR67UQUO3IX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fd52d565-fcb5-45ae-8d59-05ad2612f81f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://ja.scribd.com/document/253078743/Faye-G', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:40fde431-adf4-401a-924f-266bbdc6fefc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '14326', 'url': 'https://ja.scribd.com/document/253078743/Faye-G', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-47-182-244.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04096090793609619', 'original_id': 'ec1c78976bc896dd7766d5c466230d073a69eb7b9a60c611376034d51b62d62d'} |
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Insolvency registers
Insolvency means the inability to pay one's debts as they fall due. Usually used in business terms, insolvency refers to the inability for an 'unlimited liability' company to pay off its debts.
Insolvency registers
Insolvency registers are a very important source of information of a legal nature for facilitating daily tasks of citizens, legal professionals, state authorities, companies and other interested parties. They facilitate access to official and trusted insolvency-related information to banks, creditors, business partners and consumers. This information enhances transparency and legal certainty in European Union markets.
In Europe, insolvency registers offer a range of services; the extent and type of data varies between the different Member States. For example, Member States that have separate insolvency registers publish information on all stages of the insolvency proceedings and on the parties to such proceedings. Where Member States make insolvency data available through other registers the situation is more diverse. Some countries only publish the name and the status of a company; others include information about all stages of the proceedings.
However, the core services provided by all registers are to register, examine and store insolvency information and to make this information available to the public.
Currently, the insolvency registers of a few Member States take part in a multilateral project interconnecting their registers. . It is expected that development will be expanded to enable citizens, businesses and public authorities to subscribe to the services of this network too. Subscription will enable them to search for insolvency information through all the participating registers by submitting a single query in their own language.
Last update: 19/02/2014 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '64', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9046505689620972}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '107892', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LFYETJTQZBMLZT5WHVW7COMX43S3DSRR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:99127d3f-79ef-433b-a6ce-656372fcee70>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 4, 18, 5, 30, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '147.67.119.106', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KB2K2S6JFZJLJEXPMR6ETK4M3WUILEHO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f9ec3ca1-0d6c-4eea-bb97-efa22d37ce98>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_insolvency_registers-110-en.do', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:555938f6-e4fe-4b1c-8a93-05f843a983c8>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '350', 'url': 'https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_insolvency_registers-110-en.do', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-15\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for April 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.021791696548461914', 'original_id': '2e0afe9dcc76d91c04e33386b98a845364107b0737d95cf2ec167d70a793f225'} |
Pellegrini has concerns over squad
The City manager will be without eight of his major players for Sunday's Community Shield against Arsenal and does not expect all of the seven who have just resumed training to be in contention to face Newcastle at St James' Park on the opening weekend.
Pellegrini is particularly concerned by striker Sergio Aguero, who has had his last two seasons interrupted by calf, hamstring and groin problems and who was never fully fit during the World Cup.
Aguero and City's other two Argentina internationals, Martin Demichelis and Pablo Zabaleta, figured in their country's World Cup final defeat to Germany while Vincent Kompany, Bacary Sagna and Fernandinho, all members of squads who reached the latter stages of the tournament in Brazil, are others who only started training again this week.
"I think Sergio needs a very good preseason. That's why for him it is very important to work two or three weeks intensely and then start playing. We hope this year he will not have [injuries]."
Pellegrini, who has long said he wants two players for every position, now believes he has two first-choice goalkeepers after Willy Caballero arrived to challenge Joe Hart.
The City manager added: "He is a very good goalkeeper, I know him from Malaga. I think he is very happy here. I am sure Willy will be very important for us but I also continue thinking we have the best goalkeeper in England in Joe Hart." | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f414dffc76863398a3708ad718be7ea45b9d43c09db6b129fdb2170701da24c3'} |
package com.revature.project1;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.Serializable.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
import com.revature.dao.DataBaseDaoImpl;
import com.revature.project1.util.LoggingUtil;
public class Admin implements User, Serializable {
private String adminName;
private String adminPassWord;
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1234L;
public Admin () {
}
public Admin (String uID, String passW) {
this.adminName = uID;
this.adminPassWord = passW;
}
public void adminRegistration(UserDataBase ourBase){
Scanner userI = new Scanner(System.in);
DataBaseDaoImpl newDBdao = new DataBaseDaoImpl();
boolean nameLoop = false;
while (nameLoop == false) {
System.out.println("Genie Registration Start: Please Enter your Genie name");
String checkNameAvail = userI.next();
//ourBase.getAdmin(checkNameAvail)
Admin tempAdmin = newDBdao.readAdmin(ourBase, checkNameAvail);
if (tempAdmin.getAdminName() != null) {
System.out.println("Your Genie name is already registered");
nameLoop = false;
}else {
this.adminName = checkNameAvail;
System.out.println("Hello " + this.adminName);
System.out.println("Please enter a Genie password:");
this.adminPassWord = userI.next();
LoggingUtil.logInfo("Genie Created: " + this.adminName);
nameLoop = true;
}
}
//userI.close();
}
public void adminOptions(Scanner currScan, UserDataBase ourBase, Serializer newSerializer) {
boolean loopCheck = false;
while (loopCheck == false){
DataBaseDaoImpl newDBdao = new DataBaseDaoImpl();
System.out.println("Please input the number of the wish you want to grant:");
System.out.println("1) View DiamondInTheRough information");
System.out.println("2) Approve/deny open applications");
System.out.println("3) Withdraw, Deposit, or transfer from a treasure pile");
System.out.println("4) cancel a treasure pile");
System.out.println("(Deprecated) Re-Animate the Dead");
System.out.println("5) exit ");
String cAns = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
switch(cAns) {
case "1":
boolean conLoop = false;
while (conLoop == false) {
System.out.println("Please input the DiamondID of the Customer you wish to view:");
//cAns = currScan.nextLine().toLowerCase();
String currUsID = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
ourBase.setCustomer(newDBdao.readCustomer(ourBase, currUsID));
if (ourBase.hasKey(currUsID) == true) {
//return customer information
Customer tempCurr = ourBase.getCustomer(currUsID);
System.out.println("User Name: " + tempCurr.getName());
System.out.println("User ID: " + tempCurr.getUserID());
System.out.println("User Password: " + tempCurr.getPassWord());
if (tempCurr.accountsOwned.size() > 0) {
for (int i = 0;i<tempCurr.accountsOwned.size();i++) {
System.out.println("Treasure piles Owned: " + tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));
Accounts tempAccount = ourBase.getAccounts(tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));
System.out.println("Treasure pile balance (US Dollars): " + tempAccount.getBalance());
System.out.println("");
}
}
System.out.println("Would you like to view another DiamondInTheRough's information?");
System.out.println("1) Yes");
System.out.println("2) No");
cAns = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
switch(cAns) {
case "1": conLoop=false;
break;
case "2": conLoop=true;
break;
}
continue;
}
}//end While Loop
break;
case "2":
boolean loopChck = false;
while(loopChck == false) {
System.out.println("Please input the DiamondID of the DiamondInTheRough you would like to approve/deny");
String currUsID = currScan.next();//.toLowerCase();
ourBase.setCustomer(newDBdao.readCustomer(ourBase, currUsID));
if (ourBase.hasKey(currUsID) == true) {
Customer tempCurr = ourBase.getCustomer(currUsID);
System.out.println("Would you like to approve TreasurePile: " + tempCurr.getName());// + "y or n");
System.out.println("1) Yes");
System.out.println("2) No");
String currUsID2 = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
switch(currUsID2) {
case "1":
System.out.println("Treasure piles for " + tempCurr.getName() + " have been approved");
loopChck = true;
break;
default: break;
/*
for (int i =0;i<tempCurr.accountsOwned.size();i++) {
//Accounts tempAcc = ourBase.getAccounts(tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));
Accounts tempAcc = newDBdao.readAccounts(ourBase, tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));
if (tempAcc.isAccountApproved() == false) {
System.out.println("Would you like to approve TreasurePile: " + tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));// + "y or n");
System.out.println("1) Yes");
System.out.println("2) No");
String currUsID2 = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
switch(currUsID2) {
case "1": tempAcc.switchApproval();
//Logger Utility
LoggingUtil.logInfo("account Approved: " + tempCurr.accountsOwned.get(i));
System.out.println("Account Approved");
loopChck = true;
break;
case "2": tempCurr.accountsOwned.remove(i);
System.out.println("Account Denied");
loopChck = true;
default:System.out.println("Invalid input ");
break;
}}else {
System.out.println("All Accounts are approved");
}
*/
//ourBase.setAccounts(tempAcc.getAccountNumber(),tempAcc);
//newDBdao.updateAccounts(ourBase, tempAcc.getAccountNumber());
}
ourBase.setCustomer(tempCurr);
}else {
System.out.println("please input a valid Diamond ID ");
loopChck = false;
}
//newSerializer.writeOut(ourBase);
}
break;
case "3":
System.out.println("Please input the Treasure Pile Number: ");
String doNext = currScan.next();
int acctNum = Integer.parseInt(doNext);
Accounts currAccount;
//currAccount = ourBase.getAccounts(acctNum);
currAccount = newDBdao.readAccounts(ourBase, acctNum);
if(currAccount == null) {
System.out.println("Account Does Not Exist");
loopCheck = false;
continue;
}else {
System.out.println("Please input the number for what you would like to do:");
System.out.println("1) Withdraw ");//, deposit, or transfer?
System.out.println("2) Deposit" );
System.out.println("3) Transfer ");
doNext = currScan.nextLine().toLowerCase();
switch(doNext) {
case "1"://Withdraw from an account
double withDrawAmmount = 0;
System.out.println("How Much would you like to withdraw? (US Dollars)");
doNext = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
withDrawAmmount = Double.parseDouble(doNext);
currAccount.withdraw(withDrawAmmount);
ourBase.setAccounts(currAccount.getAccountNumber(), currAccount);
newDBdao.updateAccounts(ourBase, currAccount.getAccountNumber());
//newSerializer.writeOut(ourBase);
//accountsOwned[accountNum].withdraw();
break;
case "2": //Deposit into an account
double depositAmmount = 0;
System.out.println("How Much would you like to deposit? (US Dollars)");
doNext = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
depositAmmount = Double.parseDouble(doNext);
currAccount.deposit(depositAmmount);
ourBase.setAccounts(currAccount.getAccountNumber(), currAccount);
newDBdao.updateAccounts(ourBase, currAccount.getAccountNumber());
//newSerializer.writeOut(ourBase);
System.out.println("Account: " + currAccount.getAccountNumber()
+ " New Balance: " + currAccount.getBalance());
break;
case"3": //transfer between account
double transferAmmount = 0;
System.out.println("How Much would you like to transfer? (US Dollars)");
doNext = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
transferAmmount = Double.parseDouble(doNext);
System.out.println("What account would you like to transfer to?");
doNext = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
int transferAccount = Integer.parseInt(doNext);
//Accounts tempAccount = ourBase.getAccounts(transferAccount);
Accounts tempAccount = newDBdao.readAccounts(ourBase, transferAccount);
ourBase.setAccounts(transferAccount, tempAccount);
if (tempAccount == null) {
System.out.println("Im sorry, this treasure pile does not exist in our system");
break;
}
currAccount.transfer(transferAmmount, tempAccount);
//currAccount.transfer(transferAmmount, currAccount);
ourBase.setAccounts(currAccount.getAccountNumber(), currAccount);
newDBdao.updateAccounts(ourBase, currAccount.getAccountNumber());
newDBdao.updateAccounts(ourBase, tempAccount.getAccountNumber());
//newSerializer.writeOut(ourBase);
break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid Input");
break;
}
}
case "4":
System.out.println("Please enter the treasure pile Number that you would like to cancel: ");
doNext = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
int deltAcct = Integer.parseInt(doNext);
ourBase.setAccounts(deltAcct, newDBdao.readAccounts(ourBase, deltAcct));
if (ourBase.hasKey(doNext) != null) {
ourBase.deleteAccount(deltAcct);
System.out.println("Treasure Pile " + deltAcct + " Removed from the CaveOfWonder...");
//newSerializer.writeOut(ourBase);
newDBdao.deleteAccounts(ourBase, deltAcct);
}else {
System.out.println("Error: Account not found.");
}
break;
case "5":
break;
}//end Switch Statement
System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Would you like to grant any more wishes?");// Y or N");
System.out.println("1) Yes");
System.out.println("2) No");
String chkForTran = currScan.next().toLowerCase();
if (chkForTran.equals("1")) {
loopCheck = false;
}
else if(chkForTran.equals("2")) {
loopCheck = true;
}else {
System.out.println("Invalid Input");
loopCheck = false;
}
}//end while loop
}//end adminOptions Method
public String getAdminName() {
return this.adminName;
}
public void setAdminName(String adminName) {
this.adminName = adminName;
}
public String getAdminPassWord() {
return this.adminPassWord;
}
public void setAdminPassWord(String adminPassword) {
this.adminPassWord = adminPassword;
}
public boolean validatePassword(String pWord) {
if (pWord.equals(this.adminPassWord)) {
return true;
}else {
return false;
}
}
public String getUserId() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
}
public String getPassWord() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
}
}
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/samuelharmon5/revature-project1/blob/master/Project1/src/main/java/com/revature/project1/Admin.java', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '', 'title': 'revature-project1', 'creator': 'samuelharmon5', 'language': 'Java', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '911', 'token_count': '3590', '__index_level_0__': '17857', 'original_id': '160d70dc24b5d7a7a2079de0f876a35f85faffa191d3cd73a9869c4103e37a4d'} |
AUSTIN - Overhauling the state's current graduation requirements would provide more options for high school students and more skilled workers for Texas industry, the state Senate's education chairman said Thursday.
Sen. Dan Patrick, R-Houston, announced plans to introduce a bill this week that would replace the state's three distinct graduation plans - minimum, recommended and distinguished - with a single "foundation" plan.
Within that plan, students would choose one of three tracks: business and industry; academic achievement in science or the arts and humanities; and distinguished.
Students would need to earn 26 credits to graduate under the foundation plan, regardless of track. That's the same number required now by both the recommended and distinguished plans. The current minimum plan requires 22 credits.
Patrick's bill would have certain core requirements for all students but would allow them to take additional electives in their area of interest.
"Every student will be ready for college and able to attend," he said, adding that students who decide to go straight to the workforce would be better prepared.
The bill centers on the number and type of courses required for a high school diploma and does not propose changes to the state's testing system - other legislation will address that, Patrick said.
Patrick said he has spoken with more than 200 school superintendents in recent months and all of them said they wanted more options for high school students.
Brian Gottardy, North East Independent School District superintendent in San Antonio, said he wants to see more specifics but finds the bill appealing.
In particular, Gottardy said, he appreciates that students would have an opportunity to take additional elective courses that could prepare them for careers.
"It's our job to prepare every child to go to college if they want to go to college," Gottardy said. "But the reality of that situation is: Not every child is going to make that choice."
Several industry leaders joined Patrick at a news conference, saying Texas needs an educated, well-trained workforce.
So did Rep. Joe Deshotel, D-Beaumont, who plans to file similar legislation in the House.
"I'm old enough to remember when you could get out of high school and you could make a real good living with your back. That's no longer the case," said John Fainter, president and CEO of the Association of Electric Companies of Texas.
Patrick's bill, SB3, will also include a career explorations course for eighth-grade students to help them determine which track to pursue. That course would be state-funded, he said. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9710070490837096}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '218700', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TXEQ5IFAVAXF2IDGEEZTWWJJTTPLOGNL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3f4eb39c-9514-4244-b791-d49690fbfc36>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 2, 17, 35, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.3.13.67', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6ANGNSNKHN3FQG6MJCJWMBIAAVETJYPA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1f894c3d-585d-4c4c-8eae-664da3e9008f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Patrick-proposes-revamping-graduation-requirements-4241471.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2b90fc2c-72d1-4a61-9b7d-36768b47eab8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '409', 'url': 'http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Patrick-proposes-revamping-graduation-requirements-4241471.php', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018371164798736572', 'original_id': '2c08b481ca8d8d957c6fbf9ee11f71f7b42f5a6de7b9e9c04df416dcc658a1a3'} |
[Evaluation of marble burying behavior: induced alteration of monoamine metabolism in mouse brain].
Evaluation of marble burying behavior (MBB) housing-induced alteration of monoamine metabolism in mouse brain was performed by measuring metabolite levels with HPLC-ECD. Isolated housing of mice, each in a cage (22 x 32 x 14 cm; sawdust, 1-mm diameter; 5 cm in thickness) with 15 evenly spaced glass marbles on the floor (2.5-cm diameter; control, without marbles) for 24-168 hr, 5-HIAA contents were decreased in three regions: the midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus. 5-HT turnover was not inhibited except for in the hypothalamus due to the decreases of 5-HT in the other two regions. On the other hand, DOPAC content and DA turnover were decreased in four regions: striatum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus. The decrease in hypothalamic monoamine neurons was observed notably after 72 hr of MBB housing. No alterations were observed in feeding, water-drinking, spontaneous locomotor activity, number of buried marbles, serum corticosterone and serum glucose concentrations during MBB keeping compared with the control mice. These results suggested that the isolated mouse housed in a cage with evenly spaced glass marbles for a long period may be a model animal for alteration of monoamine metabolism in brain regions without physical infringement. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '7a5b219f24d3ac2c26c3a85c0ff60123c2940ee3657208a971f99559b9f29c77'} |
Termites (Subterranean Termites)
Stink Bug Control New Jersey
What is a termite and what does it look like?
Subterranean termites can feed on wood, and are particularly attracted to most environments. For this reason, they are often found near the foundation of homes, particularly when there are water leaks or moisture dampening the environment. These termites can also infest firewood, so it's highly recommended to store it away from the home and its foundation, just to be safe. Subterranean termites move in swarms, and a moist indoors environment might attract them. Termites won't thrive in the dry and well-ventilated environment, so it's important to monitor the space closely in order to prevent ideal conditions for a termite infestation. With their scissor-shaped jaws, they can easily chew through wood. They feed constantly, for 24 hours a day.
What are the signs of a termite infestation?
It is possible to spot some termites flying around, but most commonly, one might hear some clicking sounds seemingly coming from within the walls or the furniture. This is the sound of termites, banging their heads against the wood, something they often do to signal danger to fellow termites in the colony. Even the sound of termites eating through the wood can be a distressing sign, and it can be heard if you put your ears close to the wood.
Are termites dangerous?
Considered to be one of the most destructive and invasive termite species, the subterranean termite might seriously damage furniture and properties. Entire buildings can collapse due to termites, which can pose an immediate threat to home dwellers, not to mention the massive economic loss.
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Review Quote | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9459681510925292}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22836', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NPF6LCGS6KPX6KH4EGPEVCFLEUSRGQ5Q', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e7e7597a-9bb7-4304-b569-06fc495a6b2e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 23, 1, 42, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '108.61.22.184', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5GEE4BCDN2XHNUPBZBKWM67PQLMZSJ2V', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c92d325-412a-4fc9-9650-dd2d0143f3d4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://anchorpestcontrol.net/pest-directory/termite-control-removal-nj/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b4c3f025-6b31-4454-adc5-da97ac3d0605>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '288', 'url': 'https://anchorpestcontrol.net/pest-directory/termite-control-removal-nj/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-236-17-239.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.29132580757141113', 'original_id': '4a094970811da9ab1c34f5a0e2bb8cd447036b79d24b8f071bba6ff0662132cc'} |
Analysis of lymph node dissection range-related factors for early gastric cancer operation.
The purpose of comprehensive treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) is curing tumor, prevention of recurrence or metastasis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical pathological characteristics of EGC, and to find out factors which influence lymph node metastasis. Records of 417 patients with EGC who underwent surgery from January 1996 to December 2006 were collected. The information including general characteristics, tumor relevant factors, surgical complications, clinical manifestations and pathological features, were evaluated. EGC accounted for 6.03% of total gastric cancer (GC) cases. In EGC subjects, mucosal cancer and sub-mucosal cancer accounted for 55.2% and 44.8%, respectively; 11.5% (48/417) of patients were found with positive lymph nodes metastasis, the incidence of lymph node metastasis was 5.64% (168/2979); 6 cases were found with liver metastasis; 96.64% of patients undertook radical surgical treatment; 5 cases with positive upper incisal margin (1.2%). Logistic regression analysis showed that multiple original tumors, lesions of over 2cm, tumor invasion to the submucosa, poor differentiation, and vascular tumor thrombus, were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in EGC. The risk factors of lymph node metastasis should be noticed and evaluated in EGC treatment. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'b7597c9aa08d40d345a1e804b36e34ea86ee26057c13142999f02defd308c1ac'} |
Q:
Center a div using Javascript
I'm trying to center a div (screen center). This div is not a direct child of the body so I can't use css. Currently I use the following jQuery code in order to center it on my page:
var dialog = $('#MyDialog');
dialog.css('left', ($('body').width()/2) - (dialog.width()/2));
dialog.css('top', ($('body').height()/2) - (dialog.height()/2);
The goal is to remove jQuery, I've already written this:
var showDialog = function(){
var body = document.body;
var html = document.documentElement;
var bodyHeight = Math.max( body.scrollHeight, body.offsetHeight, html.clientHeight, html.scrollHeight, html.offsetHeight );
var bodyWidth = Math.max( body.scrollWidth, body.offsetWidth, html.clientWidth, html.scrollWidth, html.offsetWidth );
var dialogWidth = 800;
var dialogHeight = 560;
var dialog = document.getElementById('MyDialog');
dialog.style.left = (bodyWidth/2) - (dialogWidth/2) + 'px';
dialog.style.top = (bodyHeight/2) - (dialogHeight/2) + 'px';
dialog.style.display = "block";
}
The point is that dialogWidth and dialogHeight are dynamic. How can get them?
A:
Centering through CSS is a better pratice, if you can center it with JS, you can with css for sure.
try with:
#MyDialog {
position: fixed;
left: 50%;
top: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
width: xxx; // Any width will be fine
height: xxx: // Any height will be fine
}
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'a5295b7a9078e0e2a96a26db6ff60af43e21c9cc510af6debd60ba32c0ccd7a3'} |
Wednesday, May 14, 2003
Okay, let's recap-
I am averaging about three hours of sleep for the past three nights. Last night was worse than the others. The only thing keeping me on my two feet right now is adrenaline and stress, stress so thick caffeine has been officially banned because I'm already feeling like I'm on a three day meth bender. I'm feeling so stressed out I've been clenching my teeth so much that it's giving me a headache. I've been clenching my teeth so much that I accidentally bit my tongue the other day and it hurts everytime I open my mouth. My ear problem took a turn for the worse and I'm back to being completely deaf in my right ear.
Plus the Giants and have lost five in a row and there's now only six days left until the final episode of Buffy
I am a mess.
Luckily, I'm going away tomorrow for the big E3 trade show and the company party. On the one hand, it's way cool that two weeks into a job, I'm being flown down to LA for the company party (unlike, say, a certain ex-company). Not to mention the fact that it's always a good sign when the company can actually fly all 1200 employees from around the world to a company-wide party in LA. On the other hand, I've been on the job for a little over the week and I barely know my department coworkers, let alone 1200 company employees. The only two people I've really spent any time with are my boss and the girl who's training me. My boss is nice and could probably be fun at one of these things, but is having a fling with one of the big Salesguy's and is probably gonna be a little preoccupied. The girl whose training me is way cool and, having been at the company for three years, including a year as the receptionist, knows everyone in the company. She is also a huge party-girl. But she also knows everyone in the company and is a huge party girl. I don't know how much she'll let me glom onto her all night, especially since she's been stressed out all week and we're having a little joined-at-the hip tension.
Then, of course, there's the fact that when I think about it, the thing that's making me seriously stressed out right now is my job. I am about to go on a plane, fly to another city, go to a party, and spend about 48 hours with the thing that's causing me all my stress.
On the other hand, I do have tix to see the Matrix Saturday night. So I have that going for me, which is nice.
No comments: | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.982110321521759}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '72923', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UXZKS4FYIUQHKZ2CSDTIWQ4O3DNQ7IFQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8851937c-74da-4cff-adfd-082bab0c4185>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 10, 57, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.228.44', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RMRNB77HJDBGH2PR5Q3VMRWMBXFLKO6J', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c8997ecb-c989-4524-84ed-78ff40a21b7e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://hooray.blogspot.com/2003/05/okay-lets-recap-i-am-averaging-about.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:68861a8d-18c7-4f24-a7ac-e79fafbfe81d>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '461', 'url': 'http://hooray.blogspot.com/2003/05/okay-lets-recap-i-am-averaging-about.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018442630767822266', 'original_id': 'c8c4598a2f12d69f230001a1a366436fa93499d8742f5edd6b5024501291e89c'} |
Donny and marie meet greet atlantic city
VIP Packages for Donny and Marie Osmond tickets | POP / ROCK |
donny and marie meet greet atlantic city
Tickets and RSVP information for Donny & Marie Osmond's upcoming concert at Borgata Event Center in Atlantic City on Dec 13, The meet and greet afterwards was awesome. They are two of the nicest people to. Donny and Marie: Meet and greet with Marie and Donny Osmond - See ( especially when we got to town and found out Jimmy Buffett was playing the. Buy and sell Donny and Marie tickets and all other concert tickets on StubHub! We didn't find anything nearby, but here's what's happening in other cities.
The songs mainly focused on the more-popular Countrypolitan style. The final single, " Read My Lips ", also became a top 10 hit. The followup album in was titled I Only Wanted You. The second single was the title track " I Only Wanted You ", which landed in the top Both albums failed to garner any success on the Billboard charts due to the changing styles of country music; neotraditionalism was coming to the forefront at the expense of country pop acts such as the Osmonds.
Donny and Marie Las Vegas Honest Review
Byfurther changes in the country music industry would effectively end her career as a significant recording artist.
Steppin' Stone would be her last country album of the s. An Amazon-only release of an autographed vinyl pressing was made available on November 18, This was Osmond's first new album in five years.
Donny and Marie Meet and Greet was a... - Donny and Marie
The album was produced by Jason Deerewith whom she had worked in the past. Billboard Top Country Albums for the week of May 7, listed Music Is Medicine as a new entry in the number 10 position, marking the first return to the country charts for Osmond since the late s. One song was originally planned featuring the country group Diamond Rio and titled "More You".
An additional song titled "Got Me Cuz He Gets Me" disappeared on the release date,[ clarification needed ] making the total song count 10 instead of the 12 originally listed. Amazon posted a product alert stating "This track list is incorrect. While we work to update it, please refer to the digital track list.
An exclusive interview with Donny Osmond | Entertainment |
The movie was loosely based on the O. Henry story " The Gift of the Magi ". Her co-star in the movie was Timothy Bottoms and she received her first on-screen kiss in this movie. The following year, Osmond starred in a sitcom pilot titled Marie which did not make the new season schedule.
In she had her own variety show on NBC, also titled Mariewhich only ran for half a season. Osmond introduced and narrated segments based on the travels and discoveries of oddity-hunter Robert Ripley. Following that, the singer played her mother, Olive, in the television movie Side by Side: The True Story of the Osmond Family.
She also starred in the television movie I Married Wyatt Earp. The film was produced by her younger brother, Jimmy Osmond.
donny and marie meet greet atlantic city
Back inhe and his sister Marie were in the New Jersey resort town, hosting the Miss America pageant on live television. Does she tell me? That's my lasting memory of Atlantic City. Since September they've had a contract with the Flamingo Casino Hotel to perform in Las Vegas five days a week an average of 36 weeks a year. Man, I'm proud of that one. But it's really a variety show in its truest sense. There's a lot of dancing, a lot of singing, a lot of multimedia.
Thirty seconds into the song, the sound is replaced by the now year-old Osmond singing the song live on stage.
donny and marie meet greet atlantic city
We put the footage on the huge screens behind us. My four dancers and I learned the original choreography and we dance to the same moves 40 years later. Then, 60 seconds into it, we break it down into a hip-hop version and the place just goes crazy. Things are evolving all the time, especially the dialogue, because a lot of it is improv.
donny and marie meet greet atlantic city
A lot of it is off-the-cuff based upon what the audience does. For instance, Marie wanted to put in a boogie-woogie number around the Fourth of July and have the dancers in military outfits.
I'm thinking an LMFAO kind of groove, with a David Guetta-type of production and all nine of us dancing in a militaristic kind of a thing. The average attention span of audiences today is so short. Andy Williams, of course. But you couldn't do that kind of show today. Even with Sinatra, it wouldn't hold up. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9675334692001344}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25828', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PQFMYITAJXHDN7OH6M7OI4RDOKCIMVIZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:61038b68-5760-4aa4-af6f-f8e8fe234143>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 21, 21, 17, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.59.71', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QFIESH7I4LVETKJKTLZX4QBTPHYJFHTR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:15f496f3-30cc-48d2-a9ba-694bb0ca1cc5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://gtfd.info/meet-and-greet/donny-and-marie-meet-greet-atlantic-city.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bee027f5-bcd4-46a4-a2e5-bd0303b63c79>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '797', 'url': 'https://gtfd.info/meet-and-greet/donny-and-marie-meet-greet-atlantic-city.php', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06249034404754639', 'original_id': '5383cbc630cba3118a0c719ed13f5fb7efa6b6da8489e19223774d42826af072'} |
Early Wynn
Early Wynn
Client Since 1993.
Born January 6, 1920, Early Wynn was an American Major League baseball player and right-handed pitcher. Over his 23-year career, he pitched for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox and is fondly remembered for trademark fastball. Wynn died on April 4, 1999 at the age of 79.
2,334 strikeouts
9 time All-Star
3 time AL ERA leader
2 time AL strikeout leader
2 time MLB wins leader
"A pitcher has to look at the hitter as his mortal enemy." | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9727885127067566}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '66585', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3OFINA3H73D2FBGZ5DGKSSB4XXVRNOAY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:51501347-0f02-44af-b7b1-4a8119df8d92>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 26, 13, 23, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '34.213.185.2', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KDDUCT736G23YYXNQTNNSXPCCDV44TJO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ca9986d8-5615-4726-9c25-081373a3ecc3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.cmgworldwide.com/early-wynn/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d8c0bedb-613c-405c-ab87-c2c2d89dc19e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '90', 'url': 'https://www.cmgworldwide.com/early-wynn/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-142\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.042962729930877686', 'original_id': 'dada8feff643f39bf52e5dd13791eb3a998e7762008c846ee170d278cea1d767'} |
Successful treatment of hyperthyroidism with amiodarone in a patient with propylthiouracil-induced acute hepatic failure.
Acute hepatic failure is a rare and potentially lethal complication of propylthiouracil (PTU) use for hyperthyroidism. We present a 20-year-old woman with Basedow-Graves' disease who developed PTU-induced fulminant hepatitis, which progressed to acute hepatic failure with grade III hepatic encephalopathy. Laboratory evaluation ruled out the most common causes of fulminant hepatitis. We treated her hyperthyroidism with amiodarone (average daily dose, 200 mg) for 3 weeks, achieving rapid and persistent euthyroidism, (triiodothyronine [T(3)] levels ranged between 64 and 109 ng/dL) without side effects. Amiodarone treatment did not abolish the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), allowing for subsequent treatment with radioactive iodine. The clinical course was favorable and the patient achieved full hepatic recovery 3 months after the hepatic failure was detected. After an extensive review of the literature, we believe that this is the first communication of the successful use of amiodarone to control hyperthyroidism in a patient with PTU-induced fulminant hepatitis. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd454ea32ed33ec9b583c7271e0ebf147a6dd8d1737d9be2ea3bd357bb19eee4a'} |
Q:
Query MongoDB documents where min and max columns encompass a value
My documents have the following structure, where start and end represent hours in the format of HH:MM:
{_id: 1, start: "11:30", end: "14:30" }
{_id: 2, start: "05:30", end: "11:30" }
{_id: 3, start: "14:30", end: "18:00" }
{_id: 4, start: "18:30", end: "23:59" }
I receive another HH:MM value. Then, I need to obtain the _id of the record where the value I got is between the start and end range.
For example, if I have the value 15:18, I will need to obtain _id = 3, because start > 15:18 and end <= 15:18.
The examples I've found show the opposite case (having the min/max values and querying which row has a cell between those values). This is an example, and this is another example, and another one.
A:
You need $gte and $lte operators inside .find() method. Try:
db.col.find({ start: { $lte: "15:18" }, end: { $gte: "15:18" } })
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '96dfe765283862409eb01e5b6f07dd078a8a280257e485b928e29f742b3290da'} |
Tag Archives: Russia
DC773 Easter Mixtape
1. Cranial: Dark (from “DarkTowers / Bright Lights” , Germany, Moment of Collapse Records
2. Ancara: Wake Up (from “Garden of Chains”, Finland, Concorde Music Company)
3. Goresoerd: Antikeha (Estonia, Inverse Records)
4. Return to Void: Vail of Confusion, Finland, Inverse Records)
5. Meraine: Black Raven (Germany, Moment of Collapse Records)
6. Carnal Decay: (from “You Owe, You Pay”, Switzerland, Rising Nemesis Records)
7. Cry My Name: Changes (from “Reflections”, Germany,Bastardized Records)
8. Dora The Destroyer: Inquisition (from “Dependent Secondary”, Oregon, USA)
9. Hexist: If The Witches Won’t Burn (Texas, USA, Submitted)
10. Kladovest: Beneathe The Reaper Shadow (from “Ignitiate”, Ukraine, No Colours Records)
11. In My Embrace: Next Chapter (from “Dark Waters Deep”, Sweden, Sliptrick Records)
12. Lab64: If Only (from “Blacken The Sky”, Australia
13. Moonlight Prophecy: Witch Hunt (from “Eternal Oblivion”, USA)
14. Sarcasm: From the Crimson Fog They Emerged (from “Within The Sphere of Ethereal Minds”, Sweden, Dark Descent Records)
15. The Scaramanga Six: As We Take The Stage (pts.1-2) (from “As we Take The Stage”, UK)
16. Theosophy: Up To The Mountains (from “Eastland Tales”, Russia, No Colours Records)
17. Torrefy: The Singularity (from “The Infinity Complex” Canada)
DC764 Psysalia Break
1. Evilgroove: Psysalia (from “Cosmosis”, Bologna, Italy, Atomic Stuff)
2. Junius: The Queens Constellation (from “Eternal Rituals for the Accretion of Light”, USA, Prosthetic Records)
3. Kreepy Krush: Let it Go (Single, Minsk, Belarus)
4. Meltdown: Blackbox Paradise (from “Answers”, Norway, Wormholedeath)
5. Seth: I’m no Saint (from “Apocrypha”, USA, Minotauro Records)
6. Temptations Wings: Lair of the Gorgon Queen (from “Skulthor Ebonblade”, Ashville, North Carolina, USA, Self Release)
7. The Barber: Don’t Deprive The Boozer from his Booze (Moscow, Russia)
8. The_Darkhorse: Dead Crows (from “The Carcass Of The Sun Will Sleep”, UK, Attic Records)
9. Ufosonic: Anapest (from “Generator”, Italy, Minotauro Records)
10. Ventenner: Break in Two (from “Invidia”, London, UK)
Save DarkCompass, Donation Drive
DC749 Our Collective
1. Idlewar: On Our Knees (From “Impulse”, California, USA) Touring UK towards end of November
2. Stojar: Na Styage Plamenny Zari (from “At Twilight of Battles By The Hammer Of Thunderstorms “, Russia, Stygian Crypt Records)
3. Death is Liberty : Underdog (from “A Statement Darkness”, Finland, Concord Music )
4. Old Chapel: Towards The End (from “Visions From Beyond” out on 7th Nov, Ivanovo, Russian Federation, Chaos Records, )
5. The Extinct Dreams: Karma (from “Fragments of Eternity”, Barnaul, Russia, Stygian Crypt Records)
6. Final Solution: Demon Inside (from “Through The Looking Glass”, Brecica, Italy, Logicillogic Records)
7. Arcane Contruct: Ephemera (from “Arcane Constuct”, Auckland, New Zealand, Submitted, Matt)
8. Bloodrite: Planet Alcatraz (from “Planet Alcatraz”, Helsinki, Finland, Inverse Records)
9. Debackliner: Children of The Night (from “Debackliner”, France, Pitch Black Records)
10. Crator: The Collective (from “The Ones who Create:The Ones who Destroy”, NYC, USA)
Donation Drive – Keep DarkCompass Alive
DC744 One Circle
1. Hands off Gretel: One Eyed Girl (from “Burn The Beauty Queen”, London UK) http://www.handsoffgretel.co.uk
2. Dissector: Fallen One (from “Planetary Cancer”, Russia) http://dissectorband.ru
3. Sad Theory: Morte!, cínico! Expiacao (from Vermina Audioclastia Postuma”, Brazil) https://www.facebook.com/sadtheory?fref=ts
4. Zephyra: Only One (from “As The World Collapses”, Sweden) http://www.zephyra.se
5. Status Abnormis: Love This Images (from “Call of The Void”, Finland) https://statusabnormisband.bandcamp.com
6. Stormtide: Wrath of An Empire (from “Wrath of An Empire”, Melbourne, Australia) http://stormtide.bandcamp.com
7. Xaon: When The Everlasting Gardens Die Away (from “Face of Balaam”, Sion, Switzerland) https://www.facebook.com/xaonmusic/
8. SystemHouse33: Regression (Mumbai, India) http://systemhouse33.com
9. Slammin Thru: Metallic Leaves (from “Things to Come”, Spain, Susperia Records) http://www.slamminthru.com
10. Rekoma: Circle of Hate (from “Circle of Hate”, Raahe, Finland) https://www.facebook.com/rekomaband/ | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.6563030481338501}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97903', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AEXNZ5ASPIDBENPRU2EABBX2OWGRAKR7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c1b5fc3b-0fa9-46cb-830e-27ba4f25191b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 27, 3, 20, 18), 'WARC-IP-Address': '83.170.121.1', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UVFMMZP5YWCZOVEOVHMBBEWEFMX63FKE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d932a65e-bf4a-4d45-bf99-76db2868443c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.darkcompass.com/tag/russia/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb0844dc-64dd-4ac6-94e3-442fb4bedcd0>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '496', 'url': 'http://www.darkcompass.com/tag/russia/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-17\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.033376991748809814', 'original_id': '56b79b3850b180baef6cbd078694a6e34a60caaf555a9e9ad2ef31b1d1cedc9c'} |
An ode to junk
It is an unfortunate circumstance that ENCODE publicity decided to declare “junk DNA” dead, again. It’s not a totally unique position. Creationists and John Mattick have argued that there is no useless DNA for ages.
The demise of “junk DNA” is a fait accompli of the way “functional” is defined. It is not a definition of “functional” most of us would recognize. Ewan Birney, who should know, explains that when ENCODE says “functional” they mean “not biochemically inert in at least one of our many assays*”. As Mike has noted from his own research experience, many totally random DNA sequences synthesized in a tube are “not biochemically inert” nor are they biologically “functional”.
The fact is, if you only think of “junk DNA” as a problem, you aren’t seeing the forest for the trees – and you certainly are lacking a touch of poetry in your bleak soul.
For starters, there is little mystery surrounding the existence of most of the “junk DNA” and has not been for some time.
There’s a saying attributed to Sydney Brenner that finely parses the distinction between “garbage” and “junk” – garbage is the stuff you throw away, junk is the stuff you keep (try to find a reliable quote of this if you dare). Seems to me Sir Sydney was working hard to defend a term (coined by Susumu Ohno) that does not reflect our current understanding very well (science is littered with such unhelpful, linguistic artifacts).
My position is that variation at the vast majority of base pairs in the genome has somewhere between no effect and almost no effect on organismal fitness, but that does not make it junk. Junk undersells those seemingly useless base pairs. Junk is clutter. It gets in the way, detracts from your existence. Junk DNA is much more.
Most “junk DNA” is derived from transposable elements. It’s the fallen bodies from our genome’s history of evolutionary warfare with these parasites (we lost most of the battles). It’s the jungle where parasitic transposable elements threaten to launch themselves at the few functional bits of DNA we have left with the potential to maim us or become our newest exon. The evolutionary history of our species is written in junk.
Introns allow our paltry few protein genes to generate an enormous diversity of proteins through the regulation of alternative splicing (a topic near and dear to my heart). Most intronic sequences are the “junk” that provides a sea of possible binding sites for splicing regulators. They are the haystack that the splicing machinery searches for the needle that will allow functional proteins to eventually be created from mRNA templates. Worthless.
The variation that makes you you is mostly junk. The highly variable repetitive elements that are assayed in DNA identity testing are junk. Your junk is more unique than the sequences that make you you.
It’s the undiscovered country. The complete human genome sequence is incomplete. Around 10% of our genome stubbornly refuses to be assembled, and it’s because it is highly repetitive sequences, like all that other junk.
Somewhere in that junk is the code for:
The world is a more exciting place with dragons.
*Credit where credit is due. ENCODE’s reproducible assays are an amazing triumph of technology, skill, and coordination.
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4 responses to “An ode to junk
1. I usually prefer the more specific term selfish DNA, which does not include everything that has been called junk.
And (I’m not putting words in your mouth), we need to be careful to distinguish between DNA that has served as a reservoir for new function and “repurposing” (Sean Eddy’s term), and DNA that has been retained because it could serve as a reservoir for new function and repurposing.
The first idea is unquestionably true, while the second one is probably false. The parsimonious explanation is that we no mechanism or selective pressure to get rid of excess DNA.
• I can say without reservation that I agree with Sean & you. DNA need not be meant to be used for that purpose to provide capability that DNA that is “supposed” to be there cannot. Ali elements don’t mimic exons (sort of) to help protein evolution. That characteristic is an artifact of their evolutionary history and their selfish interest.
I think you mean selfisher DNA. As we learned from Dawkins, who is not an evolutionary biologist, all DNA is selfish.
• Doolittle and Sapienza actually cite Dawkins, but the Nature editors probably didn’t let them use the word ‘selfisher.’ People hate the term junk DNA, but just think about much more fun we would have had if ‘selfish DNA’ was the more common term, with all the angry references to Dawkins that would result.
• I think we should take a page from the microbiome people and suggest that the “junk DNA” genome is the real genome (after all there is more of it) and the “functional” genome is just the bit it uses to carry it around.
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Our water at Remai garden has been shut off. We are in the process of acquiring another water storage tank for the Remai garden, meaning soon there will be 4, we are working on this as fast as we can. We will then have the bins filled as often as we can.
Until then, please use water from the Chief Darcy Bear garden, there are lots of watering cans in the sheds, please use, then leave watering cans back in the sheds.
Thursday nite is our informal meet and talk and weed at the gardens. Come out, join us, share your thoughts. Myrtle and I both plan to be there, and will be available to help with water carrying.
Until we see you again, enjoy these pictures from the garden:)
IMG_0624 IMG_0625 IMG_0626 IMG_0627 FullSizeRender IMG_0629 IMG_0630 IMG_0631 IMG_0632 IMG_0633 FullSizeRender IMG_0636 IMG_0637 IMG_0638 IMG_0639 IMG_0640 IMG_0641 IMG_0643 IMG_0646 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8598363399505615}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '69502', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:QI2Z4LC6DVX2TX5HEKSP52Q6DBVT6YGL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ed68a341-a620-462a-814e-1b493fcb6446>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 8, 58, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RHFF3QO5BQYYOANWVCZ6BBGFV5Z7HLQF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4ad72b65-4f96-4db5-b924-0ffa2c639c51>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://nutana.ca/2016/07/26/water/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:75330c92-26da-4c6a-a664-2279f7480d6f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '147', 'url': 'https://nutana.ca/2016/07/26/water/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-163.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03575944900512695', 'original_id': '68538d671ac1fe36d1f0e8a578c80642801e5e9bedbe83b9227e6f101e3bcb47'} |
If the people care then it will happen.
Expanded five paragraph essay or view an outline of the essay introductory paragraph people are mistaken who believe the high. My City Clean City.
The human-beings, plants, animals and other living beings operate in the environment Essay on need to keep our environment clean, write an essay on the importance of family planning, online sales and inventory management. Personal and community pride in the city. Now, waste or garbage should not be thrown anywhere, and … Our city is a big city and the population is huge. ENGLISH ESSAY CLASS 4. We have high-quality writers.
Used to being mobile. Portland in Oregon is situated in Columbia and Willamette rivers near Hood Mountain. In the city, nobody throws the wrappers in the dustbin. Nobody pays attention to the earth, even though they know that one day our earth will die because of pollution, and garbage. If morale is low so will the be the capacity for the people to keep their city clean.
Apparently, our city’s attractive appearance encourages many people to visit our town and if we pollute our environment everything will be destroyed.
Every household generates waste or garbage.
We must keep our surroundings neat and clean. This proved invaluable in enabling each student to score items 7 79 from the relevant grammatical parts. This will help us to live healthy and better lives.
This is clean city essay on how to keep our and green because when she arrived. In addition, if tourism is not developed, it will be dangerous for our economic. People don't keep their surroundings clean. Updated on February 16, 2018. Of course it will be destructive for our Tourism. The green city is known for its tourist attraction sites and ecosystem that is friendly. essay on what can i do to keep my city clean Create inexpensive marketing materials such as business cards and postcards.MidnightPapers is a discreet, well-reputed, although cheap essay writing service for smart students from all over the world.This is why students often consider professional assistance in …
Hunston, s. , mcvey, f. D. & walton, a. R. 2003. The answer is EssayBasics.com. Keeping our surroundings clean will only help in the betterment of society. Everyone should contribute to keep the city clean and tidy. Keeping our Surroundings Clean .
All of us live in a neighbourhood or surrounding. Our home is our identity within the country however our country is our identity outside the country means in abroad.
Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the ways in your notes. We keep our homes clean then why not our schools, colleges, roads, offices, tourist places, stations, etc all through the country. We only remember that we have to clean a place where we live, means a home only. You should explain which ways of keeping the urban environment clean and tidy is more important and provide reasons to support your opinion. It all comes down to what we do as individuals. But why we do not remember that our country is our main home.
Even more, I would like to explain, why it is vital to live in a clear environment. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '22', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9429498910903932}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '21389', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GZBY2NBKYQ6URFMSDKS4QEXLI4UAHKGU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e66e480d-1f9f-4031-b8b4-eb4e63b851ab>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 21, 1, 53, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '35.190.40.138', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:RQKFFOU6ONI2NAD6OAA6BS6JRYXQDMYT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:75fc3f60-b862-4b4d-8ddb-a77239d8bc9a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.blog.abmes.org.br/i2vj0mw.php?995039=why-should-we-keep-our-city-clean-essay', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a84aaa6e-feea-484c-827f-046afc7d8fe8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '526', 'url': 'http://www.blog.abmes.org.br/i2vj0mw.php?995039=why-should-we-keep-our-city-clean-essay', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-45\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-137.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.10791629552841187', 'original_id': '4365a0bd1a8097862660d3badbc2887ae611d9c7ff0f8f405200a25c71428326'} |
---
name: Error pages
route: /components/errors
---
import {
ForbiddenErrorPage,
NotFoundErrorPage,
InternalServerErrorPage,
ServiceUnavailableErrorPage
} from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'
import { Guideline, Intro, Types, Usage } from '../../components/component'
# Error pages
<Intro>
Error page components are meant to be full-page, layout components. These pages are standardized throughout the product experience.
</Intro>
## Examples
### 403 Forbidden
[403 Forbidden](https://httpstatuses.com/403) The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.
```typescript
import ForbiddenErrorPage from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'
import React from 'react'
function Example() {
return <ForbiddenErrorPage />
}
export default Example
```
#### Types
<Types.Table>
<Types.Prop name="href" type="string" desc="Destination of ”Contact support“ button" default="
https://help.pluralsight.com/help/contact-us" />
</Types.Table>
### 404 Not Found
[404 Not Found](https://httpstatuses.com/404) The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.
```typescript
import NotFoundErrorPage from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'
import React from 'react'
function Example() {
return <NotFoundErrorPage />
}
export default Example
```
#### Types
<Types.Table>
<Types.Prop name="action" type="string" desc="Search form destination; handles q query string" />
</Types.Table>
### 500 Internal Server Error
[500 Internal Server Error](https://httpstatuses.com/500) A generic error message, given when an unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable.
```typescript
import InternalServerErrorPage from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'
import React from 'react'
function Example() {
return <InternalServerErrorPage />
}
export default Example
```
#### Types
<Types.Table>
<Types.Prop name="href" type="string" desc="Destination of ”Contact support“ button" default="
https://help.pluralsight.com/help/contact-us" />
</Types.Table>
### 503 Service Unavailable
[503 Service Unavailable](https://httpstatuses.com/503) The server is currently unavailable (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance). Generally, this is a temporary state.
```typescript
import ServiceUnavailableErrorPage from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'
import React from 'react'
function Example() {
return <ServiceUnavailableErrorPage />
}
export default Example
```
## Usage
<Usage
install="npm install @pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors"
import={`
import {
ForbiddenErrorPage,
NotFoundErrorPage,
InternalServerErrorPage,
ServiceUnavailableErrorPage
} from '@pluralsight/ps-design-system-errors'"
`}
packageName="errors"
/>
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '940ce1659050a8315d9cc76c2a337bbb79d4bb9fe08602c8b6b10e4238bef88d'} |
Social Networking 101: A Beginner’s Guide to Facebook, Twitter, & Google+
You've grown up hearing about tweets, status updates, likes, and friends (the online kind, that is). You may have even dabbled in social networking yourself. And there's that now-infamous movie, of course. Whatever your experience or inexperience, we're here to advise you about what you should and shouldn't be doing on today's most-popular social networks.
Just in time to go back to school, PCMag is here to give you a complete rundownBack to School Tech Ideas Bug on how to become a member of the major social networks, how to use them to your best advantage, mistakes to avoid, and what using these networks means for your future. Think of this primer as part of your coursework—Social Networking 101, if you will.
First, let's be clear: You should join every major social network. Why? Well, while one may dominate now, it may not last forever (Friendster, MySpace anyone?). Oh, and you should reserve your name—your very digital identity—whenever possible.
Now, let's grab our syllabus and let the lesson begin...
facebook logoFacebook
It's home to 750 million active users (as of July 2011) who create status updates about what they're doing or thinking, share pictures, videos, messages, and links, play games, and run apps. It's a jack-of-all-trades so big that, for some, it's synonymous with the word "Internet."
linked in logoLinkedIn
Some refer to it as the business version of Facebook, minus the games, of course. It focuses on the kind of networking that helps people get jobs. Your profile on LinkedIn is actually your résumé.
google+ logoGoogle+
This social network is the new kid on the block and, technically, still in "field testing." Google+ builds on features we've seen previously from Google, such as the status updates we saw in Google Buzz and picture sharing from Picasa, mashes them together within profiles, and integrates them in other incredibly popular Google services like Gmail. Is it a Facebook killer? Time will tell.
twitter logoTwitter
Though technically a micro-blogging service, Twitter does play in the social networking space. Tweets are, essentially, the same as status updates or links on Facebook; they're just limited to 140 characters. You can follow anyone and anyone can follow you, and you don't have to do anything to make this happen (unlike Facebook, where making "friends" requires approval from both sides). | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9329169988632202}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '211966', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BKPUYP2PNPHXSKXGMNDKBULMRJX5II3N', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ac21ff2c-7042-4e32-aff5-983f45817b13>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 24, 22, 52, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.33.31.70', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MCUL2BA7CYQZP7BI7JU2FJWDXLKJ4MJ4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f1d0ee39-3938-4caf-9010-9b3449bca0fe>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389428,00.asp', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5cb145dc-ce06-4c9f-965b-40feaf73ac0d>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '393', 'url': 'http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389428,00.asp', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-13\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03879302740097046', 'original_id': '437cb6e38eef01a586c04a3bfaad7afa6895ba9c5b602dee973ec56a0576ed4f'} |
• Reply to discussions and create your own threads.
• Access to private conversations with other members.
• Fewer ads.
Even More Reason to NOT Subscribe
Discussion in 'Journalism topics only' started by Pete Incaviglia, Jun 25, 2008.
1. Pete Incaviglia
Pete Incaviglia Active Member
It was announced at our shop we're "total market coverage" on Tuesdays only. This begins next month.
So. More printing costs. More delivery costs. Every single home in the city gets a copy.
Why in the FUCK would anyone subscribe to a paper that a) they can get free on the doorstep b) uploads the PDF version for free online and c) puts every story on the website for free.
Spend more. Generate less. What a plan.
2. Ben_Hecht
Ben_Hecht Active Member
Ad-department oriented . . . clearly.
3. forever_town
forever_town Well-Known Member
I thought I'd be ridiculed for mentioning that my shop puts up links to four stories per week online for free. However, people have to pay for an online subscription to see PDFs of the entire paper, plus have access to our archives.
I'm beginning to think my shop actually had the right idea.
4. crimsonace
crimsonace Active Member
When we used to do this, the publisher would go nuts to insist that we put our BEST work in Monday's paper, the TMC day.
We had to have some kind of enterprise story every Monday, which (because we had no Sunday paper) was usually a big coverage day for us. We tried to slot our enterprise stuff on Tuesday & Thursday (and Saturdays in the FB/BB off-season). So, while we pushed Monday hard, our small 2-man shop got killed for content later in the week.
He used to push us onto "3-day packages" that would go Saturday-Monday-Tuesday ... the people who would get the Monday paper would then "need" to subscribe to get the Saturday one, and they'd go out and buy the Tuesday one.
The TMC idea was killed. Now, they instead have micro-local weeklies that target different areas in the circulation area, and have a mix of original content and refers to the (subscription-only) daily.
5. ECrawford
ECrawford Member
At this point, I have no problem at all with giving away newspapers in some form or fashion for a time. Better than some of the other uses for money that some places have come up with.
6. SportsDude
SportsDude Active Member
"Hey, if we are giving out more papers and getting more eyes, then we can raise rates ..."
Will go over like a wet turd.
7. apeman33
apeman33 Well-Known Member
We've done TMC several times now but I can't say it's resulted in any increased subscriptions or more ad buys. We did TMC two days this month to hit up a small town in our area because the school board was going to consider making another paper it's official paper. They wanted me to write some stories about sports in this small town for the TMC days, but there wasn't anything going on there because it's, you know, a town of 250 people and the school year ended two weeks before the first TMC!.
8. deskslave
deskslave Active Member
Doesn't work that way. You can't sell advertisers, at least not ones with any semblance of intelligence, on TMC products because there's no way to determine who's reading the thing.
The reason we still sell subscriptions isn't because we make money on them; we never did. We sell them because it allows us to present to advertisers that we have 5,000 or 20,000 or 200,000 people who pay to get this thing, and that therefore it stands to reason the vast majority of them actually read the thing.
If you're throwing the paper in every single driveway, you can't tell who's opening them and looking at the ads and who's letting them stack up in the driveway and get soggy.
Draft saved Draft deleted
Share This Page | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '17', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.969380259513855}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '51276', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HOEDG5EG2TQGMSQVVDVP5H57FVJWNM22', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a26067a8-c3e8-4ab3-a744-19dc81b597c8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 8, 18, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.143.14.103', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GXQC4T5MLLFF4NSA43R7SGTKFV6JP4MM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:65cd7cb8-269f-4015-84ab-a28a5da3ce45>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.sportsjournalists.com/forum/threads/even-more-reason-to-not-subscribe.57883/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3dcc0747-a6cf-4251-9d23-72f46db3757d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '688', 'url': 'http://www.sportsjournalists.com/forum/threads/even-more-reason-to-not-subscribe.57883/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-39-145.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03364020586013794', 'original_id': '79e70ce644e9ac7b308c896fc4956a3c30b7798bc923b266b164b89af0d0475f'} |
Rumelange railway station
Rumelange railway station (, , ) is a railway station serving Rumelange, in south-western Luxembourg. It is operated by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, the state-owned railway company.
The station is situated on Line 60, which connects Luxembourg City to the Red Lands of the south of the country. Rumelange is the terminus of a branch line that separates from the main line at Noertzange.
External links
Official CFL page on Rumelange station
Rail.lu page on Rumelange station
Railway station
Category:Railway stations in Luxembourg
Category:Railway stations on CFL Line 60 | mini_pile | {'original_id': '76b32c83372706adadac8c56e3049fb34b2ce0aeb67604b67111c4fd68e0fd2c'} |
Marine geophysical surveys are often used for oil and gas exploration in marine environments. Marine environments may include saltwater, freshwater, brackish water, and other similar environments. Various types of signal sources and sensors may be used in different types of geophysical surveys. For example, one type of marine geophysical survey is based on the use of pressure waves. In such a survey, a vessel may tow an acoustic source (e.g., an air gun or a marine vibrator) and a plurality of streamers along which a number of pressure sensors (e.g., hydrophones) are located. Pressure waves generated by the source may then be transmitted to the Earth's crust and then reflected back and captured at the sensors. Pressure waves received during a marine seismic survey may be analyzed to locate hydrocarbon-bearing geological structures, and thus determine where deposits of oil and natural gas may be located. As another example, marine electromagnetic (EM) surveys may be conducted using EM signals transmitted by a submerged antenna and detected by EM receivers.
In a typical marine survey, the streamers on which the sensors are located are very long, typically multiple kilometers in length. Some surveys may be conducted with a single streamer, while some surveys utilize multiple streamer systems including one or more arrays of streamers. The individual streamers in such arrays are generally affected by the same forces that affect a single streamer. Equipment used to connect streamers to the towing vessel generally maintains the depth of the forward end of the streamers and maintains the forward ends of the streamers at selected lateral distances from each other as they are towed through the water.
Each streamer of the streamer array may include a tail buoy at the distal end of the streamer. Tail buoy may typically include geodetic position receiver such as a GPS receiver that may determine the geodetic position of the tail buoy. The geodetic position receiver may be in signal communication with other relevant survey equipment.
A typical streamer can extend behind the seismic vessel for several kilometers. Because of the great length of the typical streamer, the streamer may not travel entirely in a straight line (or other planned configuration) behind the towing vessel at every point along its length due to interaction of the streamer with the water and currents in the water, among other factors. As such, the streamers in the array may have a tendency to cross and tangle, resulting in operational downtime. During deployment or retrieval of the array of streamers, entanglement may be common. Generally, streamer positioning devices may be employed to prevent the entanglement of and detangle streamers. However, when the ropes or chains connecting the tail buoys become entangled, they may require manual untangling, because they are generally not equipped with such positioning device. Manually untangling the ropes or chains and the tail buoys to which they are attached can be time consuming and costly. Unless a nearby repair vessel has the capability and availability to untangle the ropes or chains and the tail buoys, the survey operation typically must be suspended so that the array of streamers and the attached ropes or chains and tail buoys can be retrieved to be untangled by the survey vessel crew.
Another instance of entanglement may arise when the array of streamers is being towed near an offshore structure or obstacle (such as ice floes). As the wind and current may push the array of streamers and the respective tail buoys into the offshore structure or the obstacle, the streamer or the array of streamers and the respective tail buoys may hook onto or cross the structure or the obstacle resulting in entanglement, and in some cases, damage to the streamers and the sensors attached to the streamers.
In addition to being a hazard to streamers and the sensors attached thereto, tail buoy entanglement can also be hazardous to the survey crew because untangling the tail buoys often requires manual operation. Particularly in deep sea survey operations, such manual operation can be dangerous and is thus highly undesirable.
Accordingly, in marine seismic, electromagnetic, and other types of surveying, the need exists for an apparatus in place of the tail buoys but without being physically attached to the trailing end(s) of the streamer or the array of streamers. The efficiency of a survey operation is likely to increase as the above mentioned entanglement and downtime may be curtailed. The efficiency may additionally increase as the quantity of the survey equipment and the complexity of operation may be reduced. Streamers without tail buoys may also reduce towing load, resulting in further cost savings of the entire survey operation. Moreover, streamers free of tail buoys may result in reduced tug noise thereby increasing survey data accuracy. Additional advantages may include less hazardous working environment for the survey crew.
This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure.
This specification may use phrase such as “based on.” As used herein, this term is used to describe one or more factors that affect a determination. This term does not foreclose additional factors that may affect a determination. That is, a determination may be solely based on those factors or based only in part on those factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.” This phrase connotes that B is a factor that affects the determination of A, but does not foreclose the determination of A from also being based on C. In other instances, A may be determined based solely on B.
Various devices, units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to”, “usable to”, or “operable to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to”, “usable to” and “operable to” is each used to connote structure by indicating that the devices/units/circuits/components include structure that performs the task or tasks during an operation. As such, the device/unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to, usable to, or usable to perform the task even when the specified device/unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on or in operation). The devices/units/circuits/components used with the “configured to”, “usable to”, or “operable to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a device/unit/circuit/component is “configured to”, “usable to”, or “operable to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112(f), for that device/unit/circuit/component.
While at least a portion of the explanation of the need provided herein refers to seismic surveying, it is important to recognize that the survey system here is not limited to seismic survey but rather any survey system which includes a plurality of laterally spaced-apart sensor streamers towed by a vessel. Such other types of streamers may include, without limitation, electrodes, magnetometers and temperature sensors. Accordingly, the references to seismic streamers are provided as non-limiting examples. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c101d201a8393cafa65cebaa49279e8108db9754897d96981abe2f83ced6d80b'} |
Kate says
The Death List
The Death List - Paul Johnston No 1. I couldn't put it down! When you start reading it you're not able to stop. Great crime story about an author whose glory passed away. He suffers from writer's block and then a mystery creative rescuer appears with a ready to-be-bestseller book idea !! The main character picks up the gauntlet, however, he isn't conscious of the dangerous game he agrees to take part in. It turns out that the mysterious-author book is based on a true story. That's not all, it's a real-life-ongoing-true-story, real-time rel thriller. People killed in the book appears to be murdered!!! Now our writer has more difficult task to do, he has to write a book but also find a mad psychopath who threatens his family, friends and enemies! When main character's enemies start to die in suspicious way who do u think is suspected? Fast-paced, surprising, good book. I truly recommend it !! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '10', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9598518013954164}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '26060', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IYOIJMMYFQRRCMPRJ4YTFMUMFCHUOQR7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8e918dea-f605-4443-a600-f0d9d02ea2af>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 6, 16, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.99.40.218', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:67LKU367TD4D7VW4OLIFCVNY62AHHK2K', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ed957094-4349-4417-869a-7516a81e3afa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://kate.booklikes.com/post/4837/the-death-list', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eba8afb3-5554-407e-aaee-306f7e38724c>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '178', 'url': 'http://kate.booklikes.com/post/4837/the-death-list', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-230-39-145.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.27935487031936646', 'original_id': '505cc1d8113d1fea0a5da320fbc715ae684bb22d32b5a4c40ef2081fcafaaefc'} |
Q:
regular expression for # tags
Using regular expression for identifying #tags
Like How are you #friends #today is #great day.
Condition should be
# should be starting of word.
it contains letters,digits and - .
-should not appear just after the #.
after and before - there should be character or digit.
A string can contain multiple tags.
How to write regular expression for itentifying above #tags.
I tried this #{1}[A-Za-z0-9]+-*[A-Za-z0-9]+
A:
You may use this,
#[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*
or
"(?<!\\S)#[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(?=\\s|$)"
or
"(?<!\\S)#[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*\\b"
A:
You can use this regex:
#[A-Za-z0-9]+(-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*\b
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '2f957e740776850eb0b132d9252c99111d4174033833b575965f1c9af66b4377'} |
import React from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import classnames from 'classnames';
import { FormGroup, Input, Label } from 'reactstrap';
/**
* A dropdown filter is used to filter a CKAN dataset by a specific column, using
* the selected value from the dropdown filter.
*
* E.g. "filter 'school_name' by the selected value"
*/
const CKANDropdownFilter = ({
extraClass,
id,
label,
selections,
onChange,
value,
}) => {
const classes = classnames(extraClass, 'form-group', 'ckan-registry__dropdown-filter');
const inputId = `DropdownFilter_${id}_Search`;
const handleChange = event => onChange(event.target.value);
return (
<FormGroup className={classes}>
{ label && <Label for={inputId}>{label}</Label> }
<Input
id={inputId}
type="select"
value={value}
name={`DropdownFilter[${id}][Search]`}
onChange={handleChange}
>
<option />
{ selections.map(selection => <option key={selection}>{selection}</option>) }
</Input>
</FormGroup>
);
};
CKANDropdownFilter.propTypes = {
id: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
selections: PropTypes.arrayOf(
PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.string, PropTypes.number])
).isRequired,
extraClass: PropTypes.string,
label: PropTypes.string,
};
CKANDropdownFilter.defaultProps = {
allColumns: false,
columns: [],
extraClass: '',
label: '',
};
export default CKANDropdownFilter;
| common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/sachajudd/silverstripe-ckan-registry/blob/master/client/src/components/CKANDropdownFilter.js', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'BSD-3-Clause', 'date': '2020.0', 'title': 'silverstripe-ckan-registry', 'creator': 'sachajudd', 'language': 'JavaScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '143', 'token_count': '443', '__index_level_0__': '50430', 'original_id': '5b69df7eaa3e215e27148bf331fb27a94b7755e7959adac44d30fa66177c5938'} |
Visual Basic/Case Studies
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Visual Basic
Jump to: navigation, search
Here you will find detailed discussions of actual applications complete with all the source code. This is not intended to be a software distribution so the code is not provided as zip files but as readable source code linked with comments. The idea is to learn from the code and the explanations, apply the lessons learnt and create something new. If anyone wants to improve the code it should be done in such a way that the reader can see both the improved and un-improved versions and, of course, there should be a thorough explanation of why the change was made, what it fixes and so on.
Regular Expression Tester[edit]
While exploring the possibility for automated download of source code from Wikibooks I found a need to do some regular expression work. As my Regular Expression skills are a bit rusty I did a quick Google search for a tool that would let me test expressions. I found several tools but none were entirely suitable so I decided to write my own; it took about 15 minutes. It proved so useful in its prototype state that i have decided to include it as is without any clean up.
An example of multi-language, multi-paradigm programming. Or to say it in more down to earth terms: a program that use object oriented and traditional approaches to coding together with code in languages other than Visual Basic Classic as well as the use of external process and libraries. Take a look.
Previous: Examples Contents Next: Regular Expression Tester | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.940098524093628}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25985', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MPVV4AAUZZ6CLACAU5YYJLZV46KCMVJX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a3751dc3-b9de-4e81-a784-441b0a6dd2bd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 11, 22, 55, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.35.26.96', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MPBAQLGYWCAF2JYLOA3TTVT7ECAGWOZ3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b172e5de-6a88-4922-b6be-4546a332dbae>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Basic/Case_Studies', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:be593e18-3ea9-4d5d-9f09-c746e087b322>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '274', 'url': 'https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Visual_Basic/Case_Studies', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020233094692230225', 'original_id': 'a42f9416c83e1cc1dba0930e694afc53dc49140bdfb8db77119350427179b6d0'} |
This plugin is possible to show up Arabic text simplify.
There is no a flip layer because is compatibility issue.
Unlike the Arabic message system I uploaded before,
This plugin displays the arabic text on the left side of the message window.
Because the flip layer didn't be compatible with other message plugins.
Place it in <your_game_directory>/js/plugins folder after downloaded RS_ArabicSimplify.js and then set up it in the plugin manager.
Github RAW - https://github.com/biud436/MV/raw/master/RS_ArabicSimplify.js
Directly Download - DownGit (.zip)
Change Log
2019.06.03 (v1.0.0) - First Release. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.6555770039558411}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '48877', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:U7FK7SUV5G6YMNBAKGL6GFTDXVVHU7OO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9f6766ac-b3d9-4168-b538-7b711c7c8f29>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 8, 3, 54, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '211.231.99.250', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UBZC5IORLQHNA557BHJRIQYWYFMNP4R4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1a482aea-aa5c-40fd-8873-5871f2841959>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://biud436.tistory.com/109?category=672241', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:af1d5eff-1b4c-491c-ae2b-d262e706c7c2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '78', 'url': 'https://biud436.tistory.com/109?category=672241', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February/March 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-142.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.033715665340423584', 'original_id': '3fffd3ae4a76e8d685ec1d305a6aa4a1824009f40d6625530bf995298bd7a9e7'} |
Water and Sewerage Pricing Explained
Who decides what the prices are going to be?
From 1 July 2012, the Tasmanian Economic Regulator, a body independent from the Tasmanian Government, has been responsible for setting prices for regulated water and sewerage services in Tasmania. While the regulatory framework does not impose any restrictions on the number of providers, TasWater is currently the only provider of these services in Tasmania.
Which water and sewerage services are regulated (by the Tasmanian Economic Regulator)?
Services in connection with following activities are regulated services:
• The supply of water to customers. This involves collecting, storing, treating, conveying, reticulating and supplying of water, and providing retail services to customers.
• Sewerage-related services. This involves collecting, storing, treating, conveying and reticulating sewage, and providing retail services to customers.
The following services are not regulated by the Economic Regulator:
• supplying or using water for irrigation purposes;
• supplying or using water in connection with the generation of electricity;
• collecting or using stormwater;
• recycling water; and
• re-using water.
Trade waste services provided to Category 3 and Category 4 trade waste customers, such as major industries, are regulated although the prices for those services are not regulated. These prices are negotiated between the trade waste customer and TasWater.
How are prices set?
In general, prices for regulated water and sewerage services in Tasmania are determined on the basis of a 'building block' approach. Under the building block approach, the costs of all the activities needed to provide water and sewerage services to customers, including investment-related costs, are added together to determine TasWater’s annual revenue limits. Prices are then set such that the expected revenue does not exceed these limits.
The revenue limits reflect those costs the Economic Regulator considers an efficient water and sewerage provider would incur in providing water and sewerage services to its customers. Costs that the Economic Regulator considers an efficient operator would not incur (even if they are actually incurred) are excluded.
The revenue limits are usually determined by the Economic Regulator following a price determination investigation.
Under an agreement reached between the State Government, the council owners of TasWater and TasWater, TasWater will impose a price freeze for all its water and sewerage services from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and will set a maximum price increase of 3.5 per cent until 30 June 2025 (unless TasWater’s long term sustainability is at risk). Price increases for the period to 30 June 2021 (the end of the third regulatory period which commenced on 1 July 2018) will therefore be less than in the 2018 price determination, which approved price increases up to 4.6 per cent.
The price determination investigation process for the fourth regulatory period will continue, as set out below. The next regulatory period commences on 1 July 2021. The duration of this period has not yet been set.
What is a price determination investigation?
TasWater is required to prepare a draft Price and Service Plan for a forthcoming regulatory period, which sets out the services TasWater intends to provide, its proposed investment and the prices it intends to charge to its customers to reach its proposed annual revenue from these services. The Economic Regulator assesses this draft Price and Service Plan by conducting a price determination investigation. During the investigation, the Tasmanian Economic Regulator:
• ensures that the information provided by TasWater is accurate;
• assesses TasWater's proposed prices and services to make sure that they satisfy requirements laid down in legislation (for example the need to take into account the impact of price increases on customers and the need to ensure that expenditure is efficient and prudent);
• invites comments from members of the public and stakeholders; and
• gathers additional information to assist in making a price determination (including, where necessary, seeking expert advice from independent consultants).
As part of its investigation, the Economic Regulator produces a draft report summarising its proposed decisions, the reasons for those decisions, any changes considered necessary to the proposed Price and Service Plan and a draft price determination setting out the proposed prices for the regulated water and sewerage services for the regulatory period.
After a period of public consultation and taking into account the submissions received, the Economic Regulator issues a final report and makes final price determination, which includes the maximum revenue TasWater may earn from its regulated services and the maximum prices TasWater may charge over the regulatory period.
The regulatory framework is designed to prevent TasWater earning a profit greater than that which would be earned by a business operating in a competitive industry.
The costs of a price determination investigation are met by TasWater and are included in its water and sewerage prices.
Who sets a regulatory period?
The Economic Regulator sets the regulatory period, following a public consultation process. Since 2012, the regulatory period has been three years, commencing on 1 July.
Why have water and sewerage prices been increasing at a greater rate than the general price level?
In 2006, a State Government review found that the prices charged for water and sewerage services did not cover the costs of providing water and sewerage services to all Tasmanians. The review also found that prices were generally too low to fund the new plant and equipment needed to meet acceptable standards in terms of safe drinking water, public and employee safety, and stopping sewage polluting Tasmania's environment.
This meant that not only was the standard of water and sewerage services in Tasmania below that provided in other parts of Australia, but the standard was likely to fall further behind because Tasmania's water and sewerage industry was not financially sustainable.
For these reasons, a series of reforms to the water and sewerage industry were introduced designed to ensure that, over time, sufficient funds are made available to meet the true cost of providing water and sewerage services, maintain the existing water and sewerage infrastructure, and invest in the new and upgraded infrastructure.
The State Government review found that under-investment in much of the water and sewerage network meant that it would take many years to place the industry on a sound and sustainable financial footing.
Price increases have therefore been necessary to make sure that sufficient funds are available to bring water and sewerage services to acceptable standards. In determining price increases, the Economic Regulator is required by legislation to take into account the impact of these price increases on customers.
What are fixed charges?
Within a year, the fixed charges customers face do not change regardless of the amount of water customers use or sewage removed from their premises. They are designed to broadly recover the costs of providing water and sewerage services that do not change as the volumes of water supplied, or sewage treated vary. These include the cost of maintaining dams, pipes, reservoirs and other essential infrastructure and many billing and administrative costs.
Around 80 per cent of TasWater’s costs are fixed costs.
The fixed charge for a customer is designed to reflect the fixed costs of providing water and sewerage services to customers of that type. For water, it is determined by the size of the pipeline at the connection point to the customer’s property. For sewerage services, it is determined on an equivalent tenement (ET) basis, based on the characteristics of the property.
What are variable/usage charges?
Variable charges (also referred to as usage charges) are the price charged for each unit of water delivered to a property, and, for some business customers, the price charged per unit of sewerage removed from a property. Variable charges will vary throughout the year. For example, water consumption for many households tends to be greater in the summer months.
They are designed to broadly recover the variable costs of delivering water to, or removing sewage from, a property such as the cost of water treatment and pumping.
Around 20 per cent of TasWater’s costs are variable costs.
The variable water usage charge is determined by a water meter measuring the volume of water delivered to a property, and, for sewage, the volume that is removed from the property.
In practice, variable charges account for 30 per cent of TasWater’s revenue, which means that some revenue from variable charges is used to recover some of TasWater’s fixed costs.
What is two-part pricing?
Two-part pricing is where a customer’s charges comprise a fixed charge and a variable charge, as set out above. Two-part pricing for water commenced on a state-wide basis from 1 July 2012.
Can I get a discount on my water and sewerage bill?
Concessions are available for eligible customers. To be eligible, you must be legally responsible for the account and occupy the property as your principal place of residence.
You may be eligible for a concession if you hold:
• a DHS Health Care Card;
• a DHS or DVA Pensioner Concession Card; or
• a DVA Health Card (also known as a Gold Card)
More details about concessions are available on TasWater’s website: https://www.taswater.com.au/Your-Account/Concessions-and-Rebates
Who owns TasWater?
Until January 2019, TasWater was owned by local government only. Each of the State's 29 local councils owns shares in TasWater and receives returns in the form of dividends.
Over a 10 year period, the State Government has committed to providing $200 million to acquire a 10 per cent of the shares in TasWater. This commenced in early January 2019 when the State Government acquired one per cent of the shareholding for a $20 million equity contribution. Under the statutory arrangements, the State Government cannot receive dividends or any other payments from TasWater.
Some customers seem to be paying very different amounts for similar water and sewerage services across the State. How is this fair?
Prior to the commencement of the industry reform process, the prices charged by councils for water and sewerage services varied markedly between municipalities in terms of both the basis for setting prices and the level of prices.
Price reform will result in customers paying bills that reflect the real cost of the services they receive and will make sure that Tasmania's water and sewerage industry is safe and sustainable into the future. However, this is taking time as the impacts on customers in transitioning to uniform prices need to be managed to help minimise price shocks. Under the arrangements approved by the Tasmanian Economic Regulator in its Final Report and Price Determination for the second regulatory period almost all customers will be on target tariffs by 2017-18. A small number of residential and commercial customers will need to continue to transition up to target prices by the legislated deadline of 1 July 2020.
What are cross-subsidies?
A cross-subsidy is where one customer pays more for a service than another customer for the same level of service. The higher revenue from the first customer is used to meet the shortfall in revenue from the second customer. In the early days of the reforms (from 2009), these cross subsidies were very large, with some customers paying three or four times the charges of other customers for the same services.
As customers transition to target tariffs, these cross subsidies are gradually being reduced.
There will always be some element of cross subsidy across Tasmania as the cost of providing water and sewerage services varies across the State yet there is a single target tariff state-wide for a specific service provided to customers of a defined class, such as water supply to households.
Can I disconnect from the water and sewerage infrastructure to avoid paying for the service?
A customer may elect to disconnect from the water and/or sewerage network. However, there may be environmental and/or planning issues. For instance, disconnecting from the water supply system may have implications for sewage disposal. If you disconnect from the sewerage system, approval will be required from your council for alternative on-site waste treatment arrangements.
Under the Water and Sewerage Industry Act 2008, service charges are imposed if TasWater’s water and/or sewerage infrastructure passes a property and the property is not connected. This includes the situation where the property is vacant land.
Back Home | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.950359046459198}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53679', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ED57PD2SLYZQZ5ARXTKGILFIZ7XP2CWS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e431d6be-6d45-42e4-b672-3d208af89411>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 4, 21, 44, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '147.109.249.82', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QIOLOOCRROKOKNV3RNKI5OV5SLQABPL5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:650d7a9d-a2f5-493b-8c4e-354066c1444e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.economicregulator.tas.gov.au/water/pricing/water-and-sewerage-pricing-explained', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e5d9f968-b003-4be2-bd13-9e37686e3d07>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1988', 'url': 'https://www.economicregulator.tas.gov.au/water/pricing/water-and-sewerage-pricing-explained', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February/March 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019405603408813477', 'original_id': 'c553187bd479915caecbfa53a763d6ae22b7a1db7e27614d0b4662c423dd5343'} |
Welcome to Ha Long Bay
What could you see on a cruise
Coming to Halong Bay, you almost have chances to discover the mysterious beauty of halong bay. Enjoy halong bay by night on cruises like a floating luxury 5 stars hotel in the sea, each cruise has own intinerary for it, but almost cruises take you to the best highlight in halong, pass or arrive at caves, grottos as superise cave, wooden stake, heaven grottos. You can have 1day, 2days and 3days cruise in the Bay, even you can enjoy more, the much more time the more better to visit Halong bay ,
2 days 1 night tour
On the first day, your cruise will start at noon and as the cruise sets sail, lunch will be served.
In the afternoon, you may have a chance to stop at several famous sites, such as Luon Cave, Đầu Người Island (Human Head Island), Con Rùa Island (Turtle Island), and Cổng Trời Island (Heaven Gate Island). At one of the stopping points, tourists may also take part in exciting kayaking or swimming activity. However, there might be a small additional fee depending on the tour package you register for.
Coming back to the ship after a long day, tourists would be welcomed by more relaxing activities like massage, Jacuzzi (for luxury cruise), and a delicious dinner on board. Many cruises also organize cooking demonstration where you will learn to make Vietnamese food. Some cruises offer tourists outdoor BBQ party on the sundeck, which is a great way to spend time playing with friends. After that, you may choose to stay at the bar with lots of qualified wines, playing cards with friends, watching TV, or trying your luck with squid fishing.
When you wake up the next morning, your breakfast is ready to serve with an early morning Tai Chi class on the sundeck to get yourself into the flow of the nature. On the second day, you are scheduled to visit more famous tourist attraction, such as Titop Island or Sung Sot Grotto (Surprise Cave). The whole trip ends by a tour back to the harbor after that, so don’t forget to take some nice pictures of the bay on the way.
5stars cruise
3 days 2 nights tour
In addition to the previous itinerary, your cruise trip starts with a brief session about the itinerary and safety instructions on boat. The tour usually starts from 11:00am – 12:00am, so that you can have a tasty lunch while observing the stunning landscape of Halong Bay.
The cruise continues going around the bay until you reach a tourist spot, usually a famous beach or limestone cave such as Titop Island, Con Rùa Island (Turtle Island), or Cổng Trời Island (Heaven Gate Island), then anchors for the night there. You will get enough time to enjoy water sports and activities like snorkeling, swimming, and kayaking in the green water of the bay. Depending on your cruise, you might enjoy BBQ party on beach, sundeck, or in the on-board restaurant.
On the next day, the journey starts with Tai Chi class in the early morning and breakfast. You have the whole morning to visit other attractions of the bay, and most cruises will transfer you to a smaller day boat so that you can go down the more narrow path of the Bay. You can spend the rest of the day with your friends and family exploring the sea. A delicious dinner is ready anytime when you come back.
For the thirday, you will often get to see Surprise Cave after breakfast. Brunch will be served as the cruise slowly heads back to the harbour.More detailed cruises..
Author: Van Margel
Total notes of this article: 94 in 19 rating
: 4.9 - 19
Click on stars to rate this article
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sapa tours
Hanoi Tours
hanoi tours | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9322007298469543}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50059', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:E6BU73W3DJBRFIBUE3VILLKSZTK35L2P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0df0055d-dc40-4574-bfb5-0cdd64ae9951>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 4, 59, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.21.71.85', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:XIQZ5Q33EFWCGUXBOL3JLXGLCWVSS7RW', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4aaa361f-1d99-4e47-945b-ee62deedef5c>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://halongtourvietnam.org/essential-tips/what-could-you-see-on-a-cruise-13.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cc0db746-f391-4c3b-a15f-02f06d480eb5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '663', 'url': 'https://halongtourvietnam.org/essential-tips/what-could-you-see-on-a-cruise-13.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-212.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.028372883796691895', 'original_id': 'bfdddbddd0837334ddfd0a3772d1367d19df79cdaf05f2446ecd7ff286d08582'} |
I truly believe that Chicago was the correct choice for LeBron. But we have what we have and LeBron, Wade, and Bosh are all on the same team.
And there are many reasons why this Miami Heat team will work.
The first reason why this might work: they can complement each other in a way none of the team put together for them could ever achieve.
The experiment on a star-driven basketball team is to put the right players around them. In this experiment Cleveland and to a lesser extent Miami were failing.
Where both teams failed was finding the second superstar or at least second great player.
They have those pieces which, in reality, are the hardest pieces to get. Now to get role players.
The second reason why this can work; they already tested it and made it work with the national team. Now you're going to say Olympic basketball and FIBA basketball is different than NBA basketball, which is true, but as a testing ground to see if they can play together, it was great.
And the third reason is already an example on how they can make this team work, the current Boston Celtics, which beat Wade and LeBron this year in the playoffs.
Three big stars, granted at the tail end of their careers, gave them the blueprint on how three people, who alone can lead a team, work better together to win a championship.
The one thing LeBron emphasized the most last night was that is what it takes for a team to win, not one guy. He might be sick of being that guy.
Now, he doesn't have to be that guy. It is not his team, it is Wade's team, this coming together was more Wade's doing than Pat Riley.
Is LeBron the next Michael Jordan, hell no. Is LeBron the great sports leader that can galvanize a team to come together and push them to achieve something great, no.
LeBron is none of those things that make a great player, which he is, into a great sports legend, which everyone wants him to be.
And in this team, he doesn't have to be any of those things. That is why this might work. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9824246168136596}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '60207', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:E766HOJNB7722NIKDR44LBPZFVINXGRJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8087de76-0f44-4dff-bb8f-3d9b7806a277>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 19, 20, 42, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.23.235.72', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CUTZGIADDA3WRSL6DFEWCBCXBDXPATBL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:099eba18-ade5-4a78-8ac7-498598d433de>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://bleacherreport.com/articles/417832-how-the-new-miami-heat-will-work', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d00f1f37-a049-40a4-91ad-d99ce69d119a>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '372', 'url': 'http://bleacherreport.com/articles/417832-how-the-new-miami-heat-will-work', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.2137312889099121', 'original_id': '6e169de7623b3f0f9dad49cdab7f26506e71b90892c002c66fcf5e8fffac1468'} |
Economic Colapse from Derivatives?
Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by Clyde, Sep 25, 2006.
1. Clyde
Clyde Jet Set Tourer Administrator Founding Member
2. phishi
phishi Psy-Ops Moderator Emeritus Founding Member
I think its a good reading for all.
Currently my stock investment is so low that I could take the hit if something happened. I probably would not even notice that the hit had occured.
What this article is saying is that there is potential for trouble that would be noticed by everyone. Not just guys that invest, but folks that don't even know what the market is. This is a potential system wide collapse that would be felt by everyone, everywhere.
How do you prepare for that?
3. Clyde
Clyde Jet Set Tourer Administrator Founding Member
The preparation is simply what we have been talking about. Land..home...self-sufficiency. I believe this is the core. If your not relying on the outside world when/if this happens, you certainly are going to be far less affected by it than those living day by day from the grocery store and those neck deep in the stock market.
4. TnAndy
TnAndy Senior Member Founding Member
To me, it's a toss up as to which one will get us.....a derivative meltdown, or the compounding effect of interest debt on the national or personal levels. But I don't believe our current economic setup is sustainable.
I've always believed and preached that personal preps come before any kind of money isn't going to buy you food, water, shelter or the arms to defend the others IF TSHTF. So before I spent a minute worrying about the financial markets, I'd be working like a madman on personal preps.
THEN, if you find youself in a position that preps are pretty well covered, and you have extra FRNs to play with, start dealing with the markets.
survivalmonkey SSL seal warrant canary | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.968600332736969}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '39100', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:OVKSSKYYUWO6FELDME2RD3UTLKNVDZUD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a944844e-23ce-49c9-8277-61ac8bc79d8b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 17, 2, 9, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '206.123.114.178', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:MJCJNKX4S6RU6YBF4TIDHIIKC5XNNP66', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e8b63653-d728-47a9-b72d-9c81d06bf6b8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.survivalmonkey.com/threads/economic-colapse-from-derivatives.4146/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f323e8dd-b21a-4ef1-b1b4-5c92628222f0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '314', 'url': 'https://www.survivalmonkey.com/threads/economic-colapse-from-derivatives.4146/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-69-127-157.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14682763814926147', 'original_id': 'b549407db5d0547767759490208602e0c587f269aa3c2b713953b40b0064f769'} |
Opinion: Should Flag Burning Be Made Illegal?
If youʼre not living under a rock, you know that there is a push to ban the burning of the American Flag. Senator Steve Daines (R-MT) introduced the idea of an amendment that would make burning “old glory” illegal. This has received ample support, including from President Trump.
There you have it, the mad man himself endorses this legislation. The president’s strong wording has of course gotten the trolls riled up, because what else is new?
As much as I hate to say it. Dr. Eugene is actually right on this one. My stance on this is basically the same as it is for the folks who knelt for the anthem. I hate that anyone would feel the need to disgrace the American flag or our national anthem, but they should be allowed to do it. If we truly say we care about freedom, we have to even when we may not like it.
Most anti-American sentiment out there in the mainstream is a product of misinformation and ingratitude, but people need to be allowed to be misinformed and ungrateful, no matter how much we hate it.
On a secondary note, using our veterans and war heroes as a club to make these arguments is also something I find off- putting and exploitative. I donʼt think that itʼs a coherent argument either. While these people fought for the flag, they fought for freedom, above all else. While I like where Sen. Daines, President Trump, and othersʼ hearts are, this is where we right-of- center people lose potential allies and converts. Conservatives/ Republicans canʼt say that theyʼre the party of freedom while endorsing legislation that – while small and specific – limits freedom of speech.
There are enough people on the other side of the aisle who are trying to encroach on our freedom of speech, albeit for different things. In a society that is becoming increasingly secular, the right doesn’t do as well selling morality to the voting public. Obviously morality is still important, but the ship has sailed on “moral” issues such as gay marriage and cannabis.
Freedom is something that will always be integral to a large percentage of Americans. There is a vast swath of people who consider themselves “politically homeless” (shout-out Dave Rubin). There are a lot of center-left moderates and classical liberals who no longer share values with the 2019 version of the Democratic Party. Inter-sectional identity politics and socialism are not popular with most of the country because this goes against the freedom that America embodies.
Trying to limit the first amendment isn’t a good way to show that you care about that freedom. Letʼs practice the freedom we preach and allow anti-American weirdos to get their five seconds of attention. Outlawing the burning of a literal symbol of freedom is a bit ironic, wouldn’t you say?
Leave a Reply | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9511798620224}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '97590', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:X4D4OZBLHIFHBIXKQHK542AEFE3BYL54', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:131155ea-d1be-4c39-993b-9e55b7422da4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 11, 6, 14, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.253', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UPMBAXDGCIYP5XDSYBYNUPGEOVQKMAYF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c5b5b538-79f8-467c-b173-80683a11b6cd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://realitycircuit.com/2019/06/22/opinion-should-flag-burning-be-made-illegal/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:570248e6-1230-481f-adcd-e28a2ddd9303>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '477', 'url': 'https://realitycircuit.com/2019/06/22/opinion-should-flag-burning-be-made-illegal/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-101.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08271384239196777', 'original_id': '1e63215e4dc42cf2a9aa59c6fe77bfa26739b66b2defb485cb96b4a132507a73'} |
absurdities
The Clandestine is a comedy web series about a group of geeks who form an outlaw motorcycle club. The show takes place in Belfast and is the highest budget live action web series made in Ireland to date. It is also thought to be the world’s first biker comedy series.
The show will be publicly released March 25th on YouTube. The entire first season of 13 x 5 minute episodes is available now by signing up to the VIP Room at Clandestine.tv
According to The Clandestine’s director, Joseph Campo, “This show is about the 99% of us that hold regular jobs and boring lives, but have an outlaw down there somewhere, fighting to get out.”
Writer, Kieran Docherty, says “Outlaw bikers are right up there with astronauts and superheroes in terms of ‘coolest jobs ever’. Now, most of us aren’t going to make it into space, and few of us will actually join the X-Men – but some of us, some of us might just make it as outlaws. I wanted to see what would happen when regular guys attempt to embrace the outlaw way of life. This is a show about breaking free … and who needs to break free more than a paper pushing lawyer and his tech-support friend?
Darryl Collins, Executive Producer, says “The Clandestine is the world’s first motorcycle comedy series. It’s incredible it has never been done before. When we developed the show we knew we had to get a sponsor on board to be able to get it into production. We were blessed to have Gingerparts.com on our doorstep – they sell motorcycle parts and accessories to customers around the world. Their support, and that of Northern Ireland Screen, has made it possible for us to get the show completed and released online.”
Nick Long, from Gingerparts.com, the show’s primary sponsor, says “When Darryl and Joe approached us for support, they already had two of the episodes completed. They were totally hilarious. They caught many of the absurdities and humor of biker culture perfectly. For us it was a natural extension of our online marketing activities to try branded entertainment. We are delighted with the results.”
One of the show’s stars, Bennett Warden, who plays Marcus says “On the first day of production, I was riding a Harley in the freezing cold and pouring rain. I thought, am I completely insane? And why am I having the time of my life? That’s when I realised why bikers are going to love this show.” | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'cbf665647bb415c994b1b20fb64f1bb529d317e4874401ffd9c1bfbddbe857e6'} |
BR Softech is one of the leading Ludo game development company USA. From expert game developers to game designers and the game programmers, we have the best of everything to develop both Android and iOS Ludo game apps. Our development focus is mainly on developing a user-friendly game interface with entertaining gameplay. Our Ludo Game Software Development team is highly skilled and has years of the rich experience in providing with the powerful feature and outstanding graphics, with superior functionality.
Ludo Game Software Development Service
Ludo is one of the most addictive board game which is now available on smartphones because of the advancement of the technology. One of the salient features of this game is it can be played with computer intelligence. It can be played between 2 to 4 people with the help of dice. Rolling the dice to win the game makes it fun and exciting. Our team of game developers, designers, and the programmers strive to give you the best Ludo game software in terms of quality. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '6ae5084d075cad931e9e4218103d33694be0ea5f3c05ec2f6592e5d23ce1d480'} |
105 Jay St.
City Hall, Rm. 14
Schenectady, NY 12305
Steven Strichman
Jesmarie Soto
Empire Zone Coordinators
The Schenectady/Glenville Empire Zone, poised strategically between New York City and Canada, has the skilled workforce, energy and financial backing to maximize its geographical advantages.
Birthplace of General Electric, television and other technological innovations, the area is home to a highly skilled and motivated work force. The enterprise Zone's multiple advantages have not escaped industry's notice. Three new plants have located in the zone's three industrial parks.
Empire Zone Administrative Board & Meeting Schedule | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8345062136650085}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '7560', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LZKURDKTE4OJOOJRTJQZJTB5EKDP64CL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5eb168b7-ee88-477e-bef8-fd930a4e956f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 13, 13, 42, 56), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.165.131.170', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J3CWB533U6QKE2O54DSDA5L5UJ33JBYJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c4c04660-de7d-40e7-b420-834549a0f238>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.cityofschenectady.com/empirezone/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e32ba125-27df-4113-9a11-03a8182e04eb>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '92', 'url': 'http://www.cityofschenectady.com/empirezone/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2013-48\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Winter 2013\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0669066309928894', 'original_id': 'eb9949df1d2048ac7a20333b4a911850fd2455422be26b0d0445900d311c1525'} |
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