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The Fed Controls the Consumer Protection Agency's Budget At this point people are still combing through the fine print of Senator Dodd's financial reform bill to determine all its ramifications, however one point is very clear in assessing the independence of the new Consumer Financial Products Protection Agency. The Fed will have control over the agency's budget. This means that if the Fed believes that the agency is causing too much trouble to the financial industry, it would have the power to squeeze its budget so that it would become less troublesome. It is also worth noting in this context that the Fed sets its own budget. (It gets its money the old-fashioned way: it prints it.) Every year the Fed sends a budget showing its major budget lines to Congress. This is purely informational, Congress does not approve the budget. Given the way Dodd proposes to set it up, if the Fed were to decide to squeeze the new agency Congress would have no immediate recourse. This fact should be mentioned in news coverage of the issue. --Dean Baker You need to be logged in to comment. , after login or registration your account will be connected.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.958399534225464}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '45278', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UFPYIZ2HYYGSZ7Y7AIMD2MQ2YRM2SD3H', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:173e4bcd-ed8d-4eac-936f-6cf3b191bf61>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 20, 9, 6, 27), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.253.180.169', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:I75MEF6LG77AHWBBVR2YWYH3G4YSDLGH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f9a72d91-0d45-415d-9fd1-0df64393a2d6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://prospect.org/article/fed-controls-consumer-protection-agencys-budget', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5d0db632-1394-4900-ba65-b81b88352c1c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '209', 'url': 'http://prospect.org/article/fed-controls-consumer-protection-agencys-budget', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1488977074623108', 'original_id': 'd9d19d475646ccae58e76566f238d548dc5c72e49c91d3fb7fe85317fef9db4f'}
I know what you did and I am thoroughly shocked by \| Sep 10, 2017 \| Fiction Glancing through the pages of the magazine, I suddenly paused and stared endless at the image bouncing out of the ink outlay. I knew that face and I am certain I can recall a few stuff that happened that night. A night so far flung in my memory that the details are becoming blurry but have stayed the taste of time, endless and unwilling to vanish. That night, I was willing to go the whole nine yards. I was angry at life and I was angry at how the goody goody two shoes lifestyle had yielded nothing but pain to me. A night so amazing that to my eternal shame, I wish I can go crazy all over again and re-experience it. He had walked over to my table and I stared hopelessly into his arms. It was there. Right there. Nestling casually as he walked with it whilst uncaring about the effect it was having on me. I was excited at the possibilities. I knew I had to ask him to let go and bestow it on me. I have loved it as a child and I have continued even in my adulthood. I was tongue tied. I tried to speak but the words stuck underneath my throat. Then it happened. There was a loud bang and there it stood in all its glory atop my table. I reached out and caressed it. It felt so good. I opened it and gently led it to my lips and I sucked out the goodness. Oh refreshing taste of ribena. Freely subscribe for thoughts and tips on parenting. Join 83 other subscribers	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9904009699821472}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27215', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YGO75JCWPKZ7BPSQMERKWP2UTSHEH3DD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:02fbc8de-9703-47c8-bff6-8c555bffcf38>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 18, 49, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.229.180.230', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZKZQLQXPHT3E67F4OD2VZXXXMZPEKRB3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:70ecb8d2-c667-4609-89fa-dcc6aeceb731>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://blossomozurumba.com/i-know-what-you-did-and-i-am-thoroughly-shocked-a-short-story/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7de7497e-ff48-428e-b617-f13cf7a4ff97>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '286', 'url': 'http://blossomozurumba.com/i-know-what-you-did-and-i-am-thoroughly-shocked-a-short-story/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-192-21.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.043441593647003174', 'original_id': 'f6da4f62679fe6eabb08156b611a9a1ebd49b9f7e14ce18a6e0a5035c1d7197a'}
-% like you Photo Credit: Everett Collection share this match! fans 3 rating 1.0/10 (1 users) rate him About Him Living... in an apartment in New York City in the same building as his mortal enemy, Jerry Seinfeld. Their close proximity leads to regular confrontation and gives Newman many opportunities to get involved in Jerry's business, much to Jerry's chagrin. Profession... postal worker, though not a good one. Newman has no qualms about going through people’s mail or changing his delivery route for his personal gain. He even somehow uses his much-mocked job to further his sense of self-aggrandizement, once saying sinisterly, "When you control the mail, you control... information." Interests... being a source of frustration in Jerry's life. Newman enjoys getting on Jerry's nerves above all else. He frequently weasels his way into situations Jerry is involved in, attempting to make his life more difficult. It's unclear what the origin of their enmity is, but Newman is whole-heartedly committed to keeping the feud alive. You can be sure that Newman’s standard, sarcastically cheerful "Hello, Jerry!" will always be returned by Jerry with an overtly disdainful, "Hello, Newman." Relationship Status... single. Newman is rarely seen in pursuit of romance, appearing to focus most of his time on scheming. He has had some short-term relationships, though, most significantly his fling with Babs, the mother of his good friend Kramer. He also once briefly landed an attractive girlfriend via an eerily successful, and very specific, blowing-out-birthday-candles wish. Challenge... personal development. Newman's reason for being seems to be making others' lives worse instead of making his own better, leaving him in a perpetual state of emotional stagnation. His behavior does make him feel good as he thoroughly enjoys distressing others, but his obsession with petty arguments leaves him stuck in his childish ways. Personality... deceitful, conniving, and divisive. Even when his plots aren't directed at Jerry in particular, they intend to disrupt someone else for Newman's benefit. Although his friendship with Kramer shows that he is at least capable of civility, Newman comes off as a wholly bad person, exploitative and with little to no consideration of morals or values. As Jerry puts it, "I've looked into his eyes. He's pure evil." Newman's popularity ranking on CharacTour is #3000 out of 5,000+ characters. See our top-ranked characters and read their profiles. Find out how your personality matches to Newman and 5,000+ other characters on CharacTour 76.2% like you 93.2% like you 84.5% like you Find Him In Character Recommendations Fans of him like these other characters in entertainment. matching ... Title Recommendations matching ...	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '11', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9710785746574402}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '107199', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DL5L2MFQJBYNLTJP2SXXPYSCSS7PYOPM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6940a5a3-734c-44ab-bf63-ed30c34ce7a8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 6, 16, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.239.221.141', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:G75CRMLYRNBLTETWY2MHOXLA5WR6CJML', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:bfc75107-1350-42a4-8f26-1126e3f715bc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.charactour.com/hub/characters/view/Newman.Seinfeld', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6d836fd4-64ee-4b05-8a8c-3a5be508ed05>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '437', 'url': 'https://www.charactour.com/hub/characters/view/Newman.Seinfeld', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-100-67.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04975038766860962', 'original_id': '8acca42037a862724898700522f642c87941b7d81c26f75fb0d8ecd3144842e4'}
62 a factor of 150905835? False Is 4589352 a multiple of 27? True Is 135 a factor of 71367075? True Is 62 a factor of 177490128? True Does 1189 divide 32579789? True Is 10 a factor of 84607640? True Does 107 divide 273484403? True Is 16786944 a multiple of 59? False Does 39 divide 39536478? False Is 534 a factor of 43400850? True Is 1371292267 a multiple of 34? False Is 342 a factor of 155004660? True Is 178 a factor of 2294527570? False Is 107 a factor of 262707118? False Does 138 divide 58516238? False Is 22 a factor of 142748001? False Does 59 divide 28884764? False Does 192 divide 39066624? True Is 10 a factor of 128451484? False Does 8 divide 47846409? False Does 2 divide 466153? False Does 13 divide 95365530? True Is 233333477 a multiple of 250? False Is 61 a factor of 508720275? False Is 148076965 a multiple of 1259? False Does 4 divide 9962176? True Does 274 divide 90225688? False Is 54132792 a multiple of 341? False Does 1628 divide 1403103144? False Does 64 divide 12955666? False Is 1946 a factor of 19825166? False Is 11 a factor of 1542240194? True Is 56 a factor of 743587320? True Is 720083586 a multiple of 34? True Is 228 a factor of 1146862395? False Is 533 a factor of 319635836? True Does 137 divide 3722535879? False Does 47 divide 209520780? False Is 660 a factor of 77918002? False Does 20 divide 45618972? False Does 1382 divide 6116732? True Is 2463656814 a multiple of 9? True Is 22 a factor of 2188898980? False Is 58 a factor of 1753266591? False Is 3901 a factor of 38721326? True Is 11 a factor of 122639? True Is 56550980 a multiple of 25? False Is 2425 a factor of 21483505? False Does 79 divide 10530779? True Does 477 divide 162652707? True Is 378843909 a multiple of 887? True Is 26479756 a multiple of 96? False Does 5897 divide 3570547569? False Does 248 divide 30788704? True Is 1856 a factor of 609087232? True Is 233605568 a multiple of 75? False Is 1143 a factor of 28768539? False Is 14 a factor of 13550544? True Does 10 divide 89908983? False Is 5541304353 a multiple of 6747? True Is 15 a factor of 80834269? False Is 64680221 a multiple of 1227? False Is 84422923 a multiple of 37? False Does 81 divide 41110910? False Is 31679714 a multiple of 2? True Does 206 divide 2733002? True Is 2349489 a multiple of 7? False Is 149 a factor of 578452568? True Does 11 divide 52592001? True Is 17 a factor of 26297026? False Is 170 a factor of 124637383? False Is 92709344 a multiple of 3224? True Is 64550060 a multiple of 3121? False Does 1112 divide 21056092? False Is 9130936 a multiple of 18? False Does 563 divide 155406405? False Does 15 divide 962227905? True Is 10 a factor of 179474610? True Is 298503172 a multiple of 112? False Is 89187644 a multiple of 463? False Is 573 a factor of 2006164267? False Is 1710 a factor of 29443916? False Is 466627965 a multiple of 2883? True Is 624271455 a multiple of 81? True Is 33 a factor of 26031192? True Is 1965 a factor of 2869467885? True Is 1491916574 a multiple of 962? 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True Is 558786560 a multiple of 554? True Does 12 divide 365610564? True Does 310 divide 977258260? True Does 1123 divide 130922545? False Does 13 divide 5640972745? False Is 63468971 a multiple of 484? False Is 27 a factor of 25995735? True Does 247 divide 456264822? True Is 117 a factor of 137475547? False Is 1928879724 a multiple of 621? False Is 25 a factor of 4816718? False Is 78520188 a multiple of 72? False Is 3207 a factor of 2672873753? False Does 3 divide 47543396? False Is 9 a factor of 23168760? False Is 75 a factor of 610051467? False Is 61306253 a multiple of 6? False Does 12 divide 1159690956? True Is 101427560 a multiple of 52? True Is 1365 a factor of 52084305? True Is 209 a factor of 86084592? True Is 2 a factor of 1832286? True Is 811265427 a multiple of 21? True Is 23 a factor of 70643242? False Is 982 a factor of 2095807872? False Is 76648811 a multiple of 218? False Does 3639 divide 60876831? True Does 132 divide 154805112? True Is 7955354 a multiple of 11? 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Block Printing Inks Oil-Based, 1.25 oz., Brown - Peggble add to cart add to list Formulated specifically for professional printing, Speedball® Oil-Based Inks are created from high-quality pigments and offer the working properties and rich, intense colors that printmakers demand. Permanent, waterproof and archival quality prints can be created on both paper and textiles using any traditional printmaking surface. Cure time on fabric is approximately 3 weeks. Customer Reviews This product has not yet been reviewed. Write a Review Please login or register to write a review for this product.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8932313323020935}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '34381', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EX5GD4MPDER25DDO5R54FOJXNKBNFIAF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2377bab5-c25b-401c-8063-4f39d17aadb1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 21, 4, 13, 17), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.3.177.107', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:J2HFDABM3N4GWJQWTFTHZXC633OFDIUJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b8823207-77b6-4ebf-affc-988b138f7bde>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://forstallart.com/Block-Printing-Inks-Oil-Based%2C-1.25-oz.%2C-Brown-Peggble-651032034565-16857/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:05577650-9aa7-4769-9622-489012abacd5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '89', 'url': 'https://forstallart.com/Block-Printing-Inks-Oil-Based%2C-1.25-oz.%2C-Brown-Peggble-651032034565-16857/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-45\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-208.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0183679461479187', 'original_id': '75ff17de00fa88f54521144fbe1bc0d83652c859dbd0876a8fbfb8a16121dad4'}
‘Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the blog, Every creature was drinking flat beer and eggnog. Newspapers were flung by the computer with flair, In hopes that some news soon would be there. Fractivists petitioned for gas to be dead, While visions of unicorns danced in their heads. And dogs in their kerchiefs and our Bronco’s cap, Shredded the papers and gave not a crap. When out on the lawn there arose a snow splatter, We sprang from my computer to see if we had money to go skiing in Vail but we digress. When, what to our wondering eyes should appear, But an empty refrigerator, we had run out of beer. There’s not much to snark about, it’s the holidays we fear, So we’ll wrap this up tidy and try to be clear. The man in the courtroom is clearly insane, We’re tired of Planned Parenthood and who is to blame. School unions are crooked it’s proven to be, They bought an election and got off scott free. The EPA’s blundered and denies to the end, They polluted a river and lost all their friends. The sage grouse was saved, but not prairie dogs, They were eaten by ferrets to the glory of all. The politicians annoyed us, but that’s nothing new, They raised taxes, spent money like a bunch of bloodsuckers and you know what that rhymes with … So on Hickenlooper and Bennet, on Polis and DeGette, We’ll snark at you next year, without a regret.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9439528584480286}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40169', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GIQ6UT5N5LF4GAHSS5OH4UJFQZIAUVMA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2cab5f89-6c74-47c5-ba00-39465f97276b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 16, 0, 9, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.167.46', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:A63WWJOYVV6OAXDIROSXRTDLAHNEYZI3', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4f94fadc-91c0-4e7f-8130-914facb63a80>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://coloradopeakpolitics.com/2015/12/24/snark-alert-twas-the-night-before-christmas/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:48684b36-3711-4c39-93c2-f121e47cc0e5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '250', 'url': 'https://coloradopeakpolitics.com/2015/12/24/snark-alert-twas-the-night-before-christmas/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-29\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-211.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.0803634524345398', 'original_id': 'c565bfe3f0a5af3c3aa84caa1f7beec6dda069d8c1632168e1887552b29f0fff'}
Monday, March 19, 2012 Cabin Fever Escape? The weather this winter has been really mild and for that I am very grateful. That we haven't had a lot of days with temps below zero and wind gusts making the wind chill factor even way lower -a major blessing especially with respect to the fuel bills! The fact that with the warmer temps and all we haven't had any major ice storms is also something for which I am extremely grateful too. However, all that nice weather (for wintertime, ya know) still doesn't make getting through to spring time without having a bit of a go-round though with the sort of typical winter kind of depression that the doctors often refer to as SAD -Seasonal affective disorder -which really stems from lack of enough vitamin D (I think it's D) due to the lowered amounts of sunshine we get. Anyway, normally, when I get into that rut, and just feel really out of sorts, wanting to hibernate, I have for the past couple of years now, as you know, turned to doing lots and lots of embroidery work. This year though, I did something different and went on a reading binge! The drawback though to the reading binge is basically a lot the same as with the embroidery in that I then lose interest in most anything else and just concentrate solely on whatever it is that is my agenda at that time. Housework becomes something completely at the bottom of the "To do" list, for sure! What's bad about this is that Mandy and I both tend to operate much the same way so neither of us wants to be bothered with a lot of cleaning and such. But after well over a week now of really nice weather, warm days, sunny days and such, the dislike of housework begins to lift a bit. Mandy was on a cleaning tear this past weekend -organizing kids clothes, shoes, boots, neatening, scrubbing, mopping, vacuuming -you name it and she was on fire doing all kinds of stuff like that. And, the bug finally bit me a little today too as I decided to tackle the kitchen! I gave the floor a good once-over, mop job -so now it's nice and bright, a bit on the slippery side initially so you could call it kind of a quick step flooring now if you venture out there in your stocking feet and are moving a bit fast -you could go into a slip/slide in nothing flat! (No extra dirt to snag the socks and slow the movements down a bit I guess!) That aspect won't stick around very long though what with the kids now able to go outside and play and I'll wager by tomorrow evening when they are ready for bed, that darned floor will be showing lots of wear and tear and mud having been dragged back in either by them or by the dog who now, seems compelled to find the biggest leaf accumulations along our walking route with bits of other stuff mixed in with the leaves as he finds it very necessary to lay down and roll all around, nuzzling the dirt down under and lifting that and the leaves to gather on his fur! Dogs or kids -makes no difference I guess when it comes to finding and accumulating dirt. If it's there and readily available, they'll find it and bring it in to the cleanest floor area of the house! Never fails! No comments:	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9792755246162416}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '228090', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CX3YC5NOPJS3JMSJOQT4N43ORU3I7ITF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:de8a2056-441b-47cb-8aab-ad4041cb3cab>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 28, 19, 12, 24), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.129', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:EIER3OSYXJ7JWTLLHAHNTW5BDTA2QF53', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9bdf39f9-5b86-4ef4-96f7-1d9f02c173fa>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://oldavonladysorders.blogspot.com/2012/03/cabin-fever-escape.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8c1ab035-316f-4667-b4af-629f4eab4469>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '576', 'url': 'http://oldavonladysorders.blogspot.com/2012/03/cabin-fever-escape.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.028611958026885986', 'original_id': 'cae1596c2dde4d08d5945da4495cee2502a4f3dfa8465a0bec96d71389f22223'}
Recipe: Appetizing Indian FrybreadInstruction Delicious, fresh and tasty. Deals Indian Frybread in year. Indian Frybread You make ready brewing griddle Indian Frybread proving 6 process also 7 also. Here you are consummate. procedure of Indian Frybread 1. Prepare 1 tbsp of baking powder. 2. This 1 tsp of salt. 3. add 1 1/2 cup of warm water. 4. You need 1 cup of shortening. 5. then 4 cup of flour. 6. a little 2 tbsp of powered milk. Indian Frybread one at a time 1. Put flour in a bowl, add baking powder, salt and powdered milk.. 2. Mix in warm water to form dough.. 3. Cover hands in flour.. 5. Shape dough into balls about 2 inches across then flatten by patting and stretching the dough.. 6. Melt shortening about an inch deep in frying pan. When hot put dough in pan. Fry one side til golden brown then turn and fry the other side.. 7. Can also be used as a good dessert by topping with honey, powdered sugar, etc..	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '25', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8708702921867371}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14429', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Z5NWY3PUSIBAYKR4RFIQFZNBCJRPWL3V', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2528e087-d6a6-46a3-b2cd-b41e4626270d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 21, 1, 40, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.67.195.6', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:USMYCR242DYKWFSWA6KAYEQPVCOSSLHL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1353c845-3e60-4cd8-8062-c72befb153dd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://hawaiisecret.info/102-recipe-appetizing-indian-frybreadinstruction.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb7d8f56-7950-4a9a-8695-f10e5617b47f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '192', 'url': 'https://hawaiisecret.info/102-recipe-appetizing-indian-frybreadinstruction.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-90.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09602546691894531', 'original_id': '76385953244d43993e86b817c851d03fce09a326c9205d212c6b966fd657c787'}
Q: check if first value of a string is different to the second value java I have an app which returns the road that somebody is on and I would like to find out whether they are on a different road to the one they started on. For example, I have userLoc = address.getThoroughfare(); which gets their location and stores it, I would like to store that as a string to something like String firstLoc and then if(userLoc.equals(firstLoc)) Sorry if I was not clear enough, I am asking how to set a String to the first value of userLoc, so I may check it against in the future. A: I would recommend using equalsIgnoreCase(...) instead of equals to save yourself lots of headache down the road. Basically, to flesh out your code a bit: public boolean isStartingRoad(String loc){ return loc.equalsIgnoreCase(firstLoc); } This of course assumes you are saving firstLoc as a global variable in the same class. And then just call it passing userLoc to it like so boolean sameroad = isStartingRoad(address.getThoroughfare()); Edit: Ok, let me give this another shot: public boolean isStartingRoad(String loc){ return loc.equalsIgnoreCase(address.getThoroughfare()); } Basically lets you pass a string for the current location and compares it.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '9bd0517af47e4198b81e5335cfa5ccba46a263629ba88168c6e63691dc164059'}
900 F2d 192 United States v. K Dorotich 900 F.2d 192 90-1 USTC P 50,202 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, Eric K. DOROTICH, Defendant-Appellant. No. 88-1441. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted Jan. 9, 1990. Decided April 3, 1990. Pamela J. Berman, Honolulu, Hawaii, for defendant-appellant. Before WALLACE, ALARCON and LEAVY, Circuit Judges. WALLACE, Circuit Judge: Dorotich appeals from his conviction for making false claims against the government, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287, and for mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1341. The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3231, and we have jurisdiction over this timely appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291. We affirm. * Dorotich, an inmate at the Oahu Community Correctional Facility, filed tax returns in 1982 and 1984. The returns stated that Dorotich was a head of household, with minor children living at home, and that he was self-employed. They further indicated that Dorotich was the operator of a general store and that he claimed deductions for the cost of goods sold, advertising expenses, bad debts, and legal and professional services. On the basis of his operation of the store, Dorotich claimed and received a tax refund. Dorotich's 1982 return was prepared for him by Williams, a fellow inmate and former accountant. The 1984 return was prepared by another inmate, Spurgeon, who relied in large part upon the 1982 return. Spurgeon testified that he had a community college education and had filled out "literally hundreds" of inmate tax returns, although he did not have any formal training in tax matters. He also testified that Dorotich reads and writes at a fourth to fifth grade level. He stated that Dorotich supplied information to Williams and Spurgeon, and read, signed, and filed the returns, but did not otherwise assist in their preparation. Dorotich is indisputably not the head of a household. Although he has at least one minor child, the child does not live with him in prison, nor does Dorotich contribute a majority of the child's support. According to a testifying Hawaii state prison official, Dorotich was not authorized to operate a store in the prison. According to the testimony of Williams and Spurgeon, Dorotich claims to have operated an "unauthorized bartering service," but does not contend that the claimed deductions were legitimate. Spurgeon pled guilty to tax fraud for his part in the preparation of the returns. Williams and Dorotich were charged with violating 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287 (making false claims against the government) and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1341 (mail fraud). The jury found both men guilty on all counts. Dorotich appeals, asserting that the district judge abused his discretion in excluding expert testimony of Burris, erred in failing to give a jury instruction on the good faith defense to tax fraud, and that there was insufficient evidence of specific intent to defraud to support the jury verdict. At the close of trial, Dorotich requested that the district judge instruct the jury that if they found that Dorotich relied in good faith upon the advice of Williams and Spurgeon, they should find him not guilty.1 The judge rejected this instruction, and Dorotich charges that this rejection constitutes reversible error. "[T]he failure to give an instruction on a 'good faith' defense is not fatal so long as the court clearly instructed the jury as to the necessity of 'specific intent' as an element of a crime." United States v. Solomon, 825 F.2d 1292, 1297 (9th Cir.1987) (Solomon), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1046, 108 S.Ct. 782, 98 L.Ed.2d 868 (1988). Solomon's guilt under 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7206(2) (filing false tax returns) turned upon the validity of certain oral patent assignments. Solomon contended that even if the assignments were invalid, he in good faith believed them to be valid and therefore was entitled to a good-faith instruction. We held that "[t]he district court was not required to give a 'good faith belief' instruction with respect to the issue of the validity of oral patent purchase agreements because the jury was instructed to find specific intent as an element of section 7206(2) and the other federal statutes." Id.; accord United States v. Bonanno, 852 F.2d 434, 440 (9th Cir.1988) (Bonanno), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 812, 102 L.Ed.2d 801 (1989); United States v. Alcantar, 832 F.2d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir.1987); United States v. Green, 745 F.2d 1205, 1209 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 925, 106 S.Ct. 259, 88 L.Ed.2d 266 (1985); United States v. Cusino, 694 F.2d 185, 188 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 932, 103 S.Ct. 2096, 77 L.Ed.2d 305 (1983). In this case the district judge adequately instructed the jury that one element of the government's case was to prove specific intent beyond a reasonable doubt: that Dorotich filed the returns knowing that they were false.2 We conclude that Solomon dictates the outcome of this issue. Like Solomon, Dorotich's theory of defense--that he lacked specific intent because he relied upon the advice of others--was adequately presented to the jury by way of the specific intent instruction. Therefore, we hold that in a tax fraud case, where the trial court "adequately instructs on specific intent," Bonanno, 852 F.2d at 440, the failure to give an additional instruction on good faith reliance upon expert advice is not reversible error. We recognize that a number of circuits have held in tax fraud cases that it is reversible error to refuse to give an instruction on good faith reliance on expert advice where some evidence exists to support such a defense. United States v. Duncan, 850 F.2d 1104, 1117-18 (6th Cir.1988); United States v. Mitchell, 495 F.2d 285, 287-88 (4th Cir.1974); United States v. Platt, 435 F.2d 789, 792 (2d Cir.1970); Bursten v. United States, 395 F.2d 976, 981-82 (5th Cir.1968); United States v. Phillips, 217 F.2d 435, 440-41 (7th Cir.1954). However, Solomon precludes us from adopting the reasoning of these decisions. Dorotich alleges that the trial court erred in refusing to admit the expert testimony of Burris, a certified public accountant. The trial court's decisions on the admissibility of expert testimony are reviewed for "an abuse of discretion or 'manifest error.' " United States v. Binder, 769 F.2d 595, 601 (9th Cir.1985), quoting United States v. Marabelles, 724 F.2d 1374, 1381 (9th Cir.1984). Burris played no role in the preparation of the returns in question. According to Dorotich, if he had been permitted to testify, Burris would have "giv[en] his expert opinion on the acceptability of the techniques used by [ ] Williams and Spurgeon in their preparation [of the returns] and the accuracy of that preparation." However, such testimony would have been irrelevant. The government did not allege error in the technical preparation of the forms, or suggest that the returns were not filled out in accordance with proper accounting principles. Rather, the charge was that the returns contained misstatements of fact. Burris had no knowledge of the accuracy or inaccuracy of the facts underlying the returns. Dorotich proposed to ask him only whether, assuming the facts shown on the return were correct, it was a valid return. The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this testimony. Finally, Dorotich contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict. He argues that the government failed to prove specific intent. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we ask "whether, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient for a rational jury to find [the defendant] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Mundi, 892 F.2d 817, 820-21 (9th Cir.1989). In this case, it was uncontroverted that significant misstatements were made on the returns concerning facts within Dorotich's personal knowledge. Although Spurgeon testified about Dorotich's limited ability to read, it was up to the jury whether to accept this testimony and to decide whether Dorotich had sufficient capacity to understand the returns. This being so, the jury could have inferred intent to defraud from misstatements found on the face of the returns. It is uncontested that Dorotich supplied the information about his alleged store to Williams and Spurgeon, and read and signed the forms. The only evidence of Dorotich's lack of intent came from his out-of-court statements and testimony by Williams and Spurgeon, all of which the jury was entitled to disbelieve. Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, there is sufficient evidence that Dorotich knew the information was false to support a jury finding of specific intent. The requested jury instruction stated: Mr. Dorotich has introduced evidence showing that he did not prepare the tax returns in question and that they were prepared for him by E. Williams and G. Spurgeon, persons who held themselves out as qualified to prepare federal income tax returns for others. If the defendant provided the aforesaid Williams and Spurgeon full information with relation to his taxable income and expenses during the year, and that the defendant then adopted, signed, and filed the tax return on Form 1040 as prepared by Williams and Spurgeon without having reason to believe that it was not correct, then you must find the defendant not guilty. If on [the] other hand you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not provide full and complete information to Williams and Spurgeon, or that he knew that the return as prepared by Williams and Spurgeon was not correct, then you are not required to find the defendant not guilty simply because he did not prepare the return himself but rather had it prepared for him by another. The district court instructed the jury on specific intent under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287 as follows: A Defendant can be found guilty of the offense of making a false claim against the government only if all of the following facts are proved beyond a reasonable doubt. First, the Defendant knowingly presented to an agency of the United States a false and fraudulent claim.... A claim is false or fraudulent if it is untrue at the time it was made and is then known to be untrue by the person making it. With regard to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1341, the court instructed: In order for a Defendant to be found guilty of mail fraud the Government must prove four things beyond a reasonable doubt. First, the Defendant made up or knowingly participated in a plan or scheme to obtain money or property by false promises or statements. Second, the Defendant knew that the promises or statements were false. The court also stated in general instructions applying to both counts: To [constitute] the crimes charged in this indictment, there must be the joint operation of two essential elements[:] [An] act forbidden by law and an intent to do the act.... To act with intent to defraud means to act willfully and with the specific intent to deceive or cheat.... The word knowingly ... means that the act was done voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of mistake or accident. The word willfully ... means that the act was committed voluntarily and purposely with the specific intent to do something the law forbids. That is to say, with bad purpose or evil motive either to disobey or disregard the law.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '200', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9527671337127686}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35294', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GDBLJ2N3Q3EZ5DZ24F3T7M52NW6G5PY5', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f6d607c2-cd2e-40a4-b067-7f34a72bd709>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 9, 23, 6, 29, 59), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.121.192.202', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HNYPDG6CMCG5L7DS7FYIKCAHB747O3Q7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4f844f15-aaa8-4423-8d99-4044e00a13d5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://openjurist.org/900/f2d/192', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4999893e-1c76-4189-9e28-c90bbfdd06c4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1866', 'url': 'http://openjurist.org/900/f2d/192', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-41\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for September 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04147738218307495', 'original_id': 'a8b665e5ddec2f423c7ae97c523fcc0ae8feae07ef0cb5a1ca8e8570da548a84'}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <meta content="utf-8" http-equiv="encoding"> <title>Blank Page</title> <!-- CSS --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="core/lib/Semantic-UI-CSS-master/semantic.min.css"> <!-- Semantic UI --> <script src="core/lib/jquery/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script> <script src="core/lib/Semantic-UI-CSS-master/semantic.min.js"></script> <!-- Connector --> <script src="core/lib/reconnecting-websocket/reconnecting-websocket.min.js"></script> <script src="core/websockets.js"></script> <script> //Put your script here! </script> </head> <body> </body> </html>	the_stack	{'hexsha': 'a4640dbbc4ca0dd4f9ae9884b16b01a7c8473dad', 'size': '729', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'apps/html/blank.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'madnerdorg/libreinterface', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '11cebf2d11fab0047a7b089bbe3bbe4e56492c95', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '1', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2019-02-06T10:03:16.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2019-02-06T10:03:16.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'apps/html/blank.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'madnerdorg/libreinterface', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '11cebf2d11fab0047a7b089bbe3bbe4e56492c95', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '12', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '2017-04-25T11:37:57.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '2017-05-11T15:03:13.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'apps/html/blank.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'madnerdorg/libreinterface', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '11cebf2d11fab0047a7b089bbe3bbe4e56492c95', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '', 'avg_line_length': '23.5161290323', 'max_line_length': '86', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.6803840878', 'original_id': '9444025cb1fe31495a590f08a152502a537f3f235799d8b3d4e874f21e73c850'}
UK’s Rarest Animal, A Black Fox, Has Been Spotted In Yorkshire Britain may be considered a small country in terms of the size of its island, but that does not mean it doesn’t have its fair share of rare animals. Recently, a black fox, one of the rarest of animals in the country, was seen in North Yorkshire. The man who captured it, Robert Fuller, was speaking with a neighbor, who had told him of a fox scouting out his area. Upon looking closer at this little creature, Fuller discovered it was the rare black fox stalking his property. Fuller happens to be a wildlife photographer within North Yorkshire, so he instantly recognized this rare fox. He took pictures of the animal, enabling documentation of the small, four-legged creature for everyone to enjoy. Generally, as a fox matures, their fur will begin turning reddish. However, a very small number of these animals retain their black fur, making them incredibly rare. In Medieval times, a black fox was considered a bad omen. Nowadays, though, they are just beautiful and worth capturing on camera. Share this post Leave a comment	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.969530463218689}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '28481', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DPNLMOKTOIMD6Q526KWE753CJMPJYSSV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:eb6a1736-9311-4b7a-b018-b0ba46ec543a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 12, 21, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.25.214', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7LUKNIR4KTVUI4VE2AFJM2IC533Z7ZSS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3f6ad9da-c6d4-4b8c-b50b-504deebd1f8a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://robofunny.com/uk-s-rarest-animal-a-black-fox-has-been-spotted-in-yorkshire', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c7ba40e2-dbcb-4dd3-b320-380c7243f93b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '207', 'url': 'https://robofunny.com/uk-s-rarest-animal-a-black-fox-has-been-spotted-in-yorkshire', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-97-181-44.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1765764355659485', 'original_id': '176e09a625e170bd16c196cec0019de4aedd91de451f9f3ebe09fecf8cc262f3'}
Distributed Complex Event Processing Distributed Complex Event Processing Short description DCEP is the complex event processor in PLAY. Our approach is based on declarative (logic) rules. We will bring this approach to the cloud creating a large-scale, elastic CEP service which dynamically adapts to fluctuating event frequencies. Main research challenges • Algorithms for dynamic operator placement in an elastic Event Processing Network for the cloud • Finding ways of dealing with semantically described events to detect complex situations in an efficient, scalable way Beyond state of the art: • Processing events in a dynamically changing topology in the cloud • Providing an efficient implementation of a intelligent event reasoning system incorporating real-time and historic data. The role in the whole platform Complex event processing is a technology which allows correlating basic events to complex events closely aligned with the semantics of services and processes in PLAY where the events originate. It is the role of DCEP to detect context and patterns in events which resemble situations of interest to notify users and services. More infromation Component Description: Web applications today create a lot of events. To make sense and react to these events, generic services are scarcely available. Mashup services only provide limited capabilities of detecting and aggregating such events. Thus, in this section we propose a generic Complex Event Processing (CEP) service for the Web. This service should be available to multiple tenants and be able to deal with a high throughput of events in an elastic manner, utilizing computing resources in a cloud. This section collects challenges in the current state of the art. The role of CEP is to detect complex events using events from various distributed sources such as federated SOAs. The distributed Complex Event Processing engine will use virtualized computing resources to meet changing demand for event processing. Thereby, complex event-driven communication is provided for large, highly distributed and heterogeneous service systems. Our approach to CEP is based on declarative (logic) rules. Using rules for CEP has various advantages. First, they are expressive enough and convenient to represent diverse complex event patterns. They come with a formal declarative semantics. Moreover, declarative rules are free of side-effects (e.g. confluence problem). Second, integration of query processing with event processing is easy and natural (e.g. processing of recursive queries). Third, our experience with use of logic rules in implementation of the main constructs in CEP as well as in providing extensibility of a CEP system is very positive and encouraging (e.g. number of code lines in logic programming is significantly smaller than in procedural programming). Ultimately, a logic-based event model allows for reasoning over events, their relationships, entire state, and possible contextual knowledge available for a particular domain. Reasoning about temporal knowledge (i.e., events) and static or evolving knowledge (i.e., facts, rules and ontologies) is a feature beyond of the state of the art in CEP. Taking inference capability into account, logic-based CEP provides a powerful combination of deductive capabilities and temporal features. Related Papers Related Documents Name Date File size Hits PLAY D3.1 Requirements for DCEP 2011-11-17 219.81 KB 1150 PLAY D3.2 Distributed CEP - Specification and Prototype V1 2012-04-02 440.98 KB 1270 PLAY D3.3 Platform - Quality of Service 2013-10-30 1.45 MB 789 PLAY D3.4 Distributed CEP - Specification and Prototype V2 2013-10-30 1.16 MB 615 PLAY D5.2.2 Assessment of the PLAY Integrated Platform V2 2013-12-18 2.25 MB 357	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8909039497375488}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '35702', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SBIVJW3HZQKIKDQCW2ZBNAWMZI2MZ2AI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e56aa4a1-b284-45bd-a4cb-401b085e6189>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 6, 49, 40), 'WARC-IP-Address': '141.21.8.232', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UOTGPV3DTAUXA2ZQJG6GONCE4L2K7YCJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fe767413-ff3f-45bf-a9db-dcb093566b2d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.play-project.eu/solutions/dcep', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c9fd5ef-38eb-4eee-bf2e-001bc8e966df>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '547', 'url': 'http://www.play-project.eu/solutions/dcep', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04694473743438721', 'original_id': 'b40c87d6543be095ec2d94131ca5f91af0320a12d8c95f636147ef655ed911b1'}
'On the Media' Host Brooke Gladstone on Book, 'The Trouble with Reality' Featured Audio As co-host of WNYC's Peabody-award-winning radio program 'On the Media,' Brooke Gladstone views the current relationship between President Donald Trump and the national news media from a unique vantage point. Gladstone investigates how the media shapes our world view and tries to provide listeners with the tools to decipher the often overwhelming media chaos each week alongside co-host Bob Garfield. In her new book, The Trouble with Reality: A Rumination on Moral Panic in Our Time , Gladstone excerpts various interviews and attempts to synthesize them into a guide-to-life where reality is under fire from so-called 'fake news' and 'alternative facts.' "I basically took two weeks off the show and I wrote it during what amounts to a two-week fever dream and tried to find an answer to why the depth of this kind of distress [about] what is it we can't believe, why couldn't we believe it and how did Trump take advantage?" she said. In the current landscape where truth seems at odds with politics, Gladstone argues reality has become a subjective and personal thing. "People will only accept information that comports with their world view. Facts in isolation that are not couched in context and relevance are not even heard," she said. Gladstone recounts an interesting metaphor to describe the antagonistic relationship between Donald Trump and the journalists who report on his presidency. "As Jack Shafer, the media critic for Politico told me: 'The media are like a hill of red ants. You walk around it they won't bother you but if you kick it too much you're going to hurt," she said. On the Media airs Saturdays at 3 p.m. on 90.3 WCPN ideastream. Listen for Dan Polletta's interview with Brooke Gladstone Friday, May 19 at 1:33pm on 90.3. Listen to the full interview: Support Provided By	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9567769765853882}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50504', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7MB6X5R5Q7E6GOQ3I6YWW6V2PM5S2ILH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a19c0ff6-c208-4f3a-9518-0e16c12aa0a1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 7, 50, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '52.205.247.25', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6OYXFLS7VAZ4KQXVYTDQQHF3HJU5AM77', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:8c2bb704-d807-4b06-bb9f-82da33c6540e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://wclv.ideastream.org/news/on-the-media-host-brooke-gladstone-on-book-the-trouble-with-reality', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3c6b4da-b568-4543-a67f-f1e709529381>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '303', 'url': 'http://wclv.ideastream.org/news/on-the-media-host-brooke-gladstone-on-book-the-trouble-with-reality', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-232-145-162.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.25713253021240234', 'original_id': 'ec690f86cea164e9b3bb87ab737847a952b03e5c289e1a202d0e1b182cbcfd30'}
Cutting the Cord: Why People are Ditching Cable What would you do with an extra $100 or more in your pocket every month? You could go on a nice date, buy some great shoes, or beef up your savings account. Well, 7.6 million people in the United States have found a way to do exactly this. They are called “cord cutters,” and they have the power to scare big companies like Comcast and Time Warner Cable. Why? Because they have left traditional television subscription behind and they are never turning back. Cord cutters – for lack of a better term – are people who have ditched cable all together. Instead, they rely on lower-cost services like Netflix, Hulu and Redbox for their entertainment needs. Some young, independent adults have never paid for cable and never plan to. What’s driving this trend? 1. It’s All About the Money This is the most obvious advantage and the one that gets most people interested in cutting the cord. It’s hard not to feel a little cheated when you flip through all 900 channels, find nothing, and turn on Netflix. Enough rounds of this and you’ll find yourself wondering why you’re spending over $1,200/year on cable. 2. Bad Blood with Cable Companies At least 90% of people who have dealt with a cable company have made the face in the gif above. Ok, that’s a made-up statistic, but cable companies do have a bad rap for a reason. Instead of lowering prices for loyal customers, they often raise them. What’s worse, there is often only one or two options to choose from in a given area. It’s easy to see why some people want to give up on these companies all together. 3. The Alternatives are Great Netflix is the perfect rebound after a bad breakup with your cable company. It’s always there, streaming exactly what you want to watch when you want to watch it. Netflix understands you; it recommends shows and movies based on what you like. What’s more, it’s only about $10/month. Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime and iTunes stream favorite shows and movies directly to a user’s tablet, phone, computer or television. With just one or two of these subscriptions, you won’t miss a thing. It’s easy to see how that much lower price tag starts to look appealing, especially when there seems to be no sacrifice. 4. A la Carte is Coming Every penny pincher’s dream is to only pay for what you use, and that’s exactly what a la carte entertainment is. In this ideal world, people would only pay for the 5 or 6 channels they actually watch. Now that HBO and Showtime offer their content without a cable subscription, this dream is becoming a reality. If people can subscribe to their favorite channels separately and save money, why wouldn’t they? The Drawbacks Sports and other live events are keeping some people from making this big switch. However, that might change soon. Some people simply go to bars to watch the big game; others have subscribed to sport-specific services, which allow some games to be watched. What do you think? Will you be cutting the cord soon? Does this change your advertising decisions? Let us know! You can follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram! by Mackenzie Maxwell \| posted \| in Advertising & Marketing, Pop Culture tagged , \| permalink. Email Duncan/Day Advertising Call Duncan/Day Advertising Duncan/Day Advertising's Phone Number: 469-429-1974	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.946450412273407}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '32483', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FMUJEBQIG4BP4KPTAWQCDGZHYUJCC7NJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:15be309d-0ef4-494d-96ae-e21b5e185ac4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 21, 10, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '205.186.183.251', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5YWJ3PLXYEDJ5FT4BZ6EOFHH4MCMAKBZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:56ce0aac-58e9-44e9-8a10-2fd047a26c15>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://duncanday.com/2015/08/cutting-the-cord-why-people-are-ditching-cable/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ad0ae4e2-814c-4a1d-8a1a-6db8870fe587>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '576', 'url': 'http://duncanday.com/2015/08/cutting-the-cord-why-people-are-ditching-cable/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-164-4-238.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.060560405254364014', 'original_id': 'fa856e4944247264ad86858ef3e73f50e1842df34c2f6455342467e370283b4d'}
Ross Leads Women's Swimmers Over Springfield November 28, 2004 11/22/04 - The Middlebury women's swimming and diving team opened up its season with a 184-116 win at Springfield. First-year swimmer Marika Ross (Shorewood, Wis.) had an impressive collegiate debut as she won three events at Springfield. Ross won the 100 fly in 59.30, swam the 200 free in 1:58.67 for the win, while placing first in the 400 IM with a time of 4:39.64. Winning two events on the afternoon were two more rookies, Sara Cowie (N. Palm Beach, Fla.) and Anna Flores (W. Hartford, Conn.). Cowie won the 200 fly (2:15.25) and the 1000 free (10:43.71), while Flores won the 100 breaststroke (1:09.81) and the 200 breaststroke (2:32.97). Also winning two events was sophomore Barbara Van der Veer (Pittsburgh, Pa.). She won the 50 free in 25.46, while picking up a win with a time of 55.64 in the 100 free. Picking up a win in the one-meter diving competition was senior Tessa Truex (Wethersfield, Conn.) with 247.27 points. Two Middlebury relays teams also earned wins on the afternoon. The 400 medley team of Flores, Ross, Van der Veer and sophomore Rebecca Reingold (Oakland, Calif.) won their event with a time of 4:06.33. Van der Veer, first-year simmer Pam Chatikavanij (Bangkok, Thailand), senior Lauren King (Snellville, Ga.) and sophomore Liz Rice (New Canaan, Conn.) comprised the 200 freestyle relay team that won with a time of 1:41.33.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.933671534061432}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '36623', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SK34GKIUNYRLDV7MWUKMXTHOPANIZZXN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2ef51ace-e9c9-4047-b6a2-c4bed56c9755>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 1, 2, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '140.233.2.169', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BXJJNCEPTEQQ43O2WGMLEELI7AFYVR5Z', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dd125e4a-14b7-4cc1-b1d8-83e985afeadb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.middlebury.edu/athletics/sports/swimdiving/archive/2004-2005/news/node/116796', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2c07c904-bbf0-4feb-a7b5-df5d90879011>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '224', 'url': 'http://www.middlebury.edu/athletics/sports/swimdiving/archive/2004-2005/news/node/116796', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.032106220722198486', 'original_id': '9edc5dd4741551a567446e9b84241a988918a52560f27ece6c51418c38645ed8'}
Fleet Management Southeastern Freight Lines Opens New Service Center in Orange, Texas Southeastern Freight Lines announced the opening of a service center in Orange, Texas. The new Orange service center, located at 12532 Farm-to-Market 1442, features 4,000 square feet of space and 49 dock doors. As shipments continue to grow in the region, this new service center will help Southeastern streamline efficiencies for customer shipments throughout southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas. The new service center will enhance delivery performance and reduce travel time between service centers and Southeastern customers. In addition, the additional capacity of the new service center permits Southeastern to handle more freight supporting existing and future customers, with room for business growth.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '56678984e4e31211a365d29058388c6fdc8563e0eb3fba954f303c01748c2c7f'}
Bachelor of Science in Medical Physics BSc. Medical physics at DeKUT is an undergraduate applied physics course which deals with applications of physics concepts, laws and methods to medical diagnosis and therapy. What is Medical physics? What does a Medical physicist do? Medical physicists are concerned primarily with three areas of activity: clinical service and consultation, research and development, and teaching. Medical physicist are involved in number activities in patient diagnosis and treatment. They are responsible for planning and ensuring safe and accurate treatment of patients. Medical physicists use a variety of analytical, computer-aided and bioengineering techniques in their work such as radiotherapy, x-ray imaging, ultrasound, tomography, radiology, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and lasers. They work with patients and with a wide range of medical, technical and administrative staff. The main areas of specialization of medical physicists are: 1. Medical Imaging physics also known as diagnostic and interventional radiology physics where a clinical physicist deals with testing, optimization, quality assurance of diagnostic radiology physics areas such as radiographic X –rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, angiography and computer tomography(CT) , ultrasound and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 2. Radiation therapeutic physics also known as radiotherapy physics or radiation oncology physics. This is the discipline of majority of the medical physics professionals. They deal with linear accelerator systems, kilovoltage X–ray units, medical lasers, ultraviolet and photodynamic therapy as well as nuclear medicine and photomedicine 3. Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses nuclear radiation to provide information about the state and the functioning of specific organs such thyroid, bones, hear, liver and many other organs by imaging and to treat their diseases 4. Health physics also known as radiation safety and protection physics that is concerned with recognition, evaluation and control of health hazards, to permit the safe use and application of ionizing radiation in determined work places, or geographic areas on environmental context 5. Non-ionizing medical radiation physics falls under diagnostic imaging physics that include MRI, ultrasound, optical imaging that include optical microscopy, optical tomography. Sometimes medical lasers are considered under this category Employment opportunities Typical employers of medical physicists include; Hospitals, Universities, Research organizations, Diagnostic or medical instrumentation manufacturers and Entry Criteria A minimum Mean Grade of C+ and a minimum grade of C+ in the Chemistry and Mathematics/Physics. 1. The candidate must have obtained a minimum of C+ (plus) in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) or its equivalent and should have a minimum grade of C+ in Physics 2. Holders of KNEC diploma in Medical Imaging or any related field 3. A holder of any other qualifications recognized by the DeKUT Senate as equivalent to (i and ii) above. Duration of the programme Duration the duration of programme shall be four (4) academic years. Therefore, the minimum time allocated for a student to complete the program shall be four years while the maximum time will be eight (8) years. Mode of Study	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '93', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9278885126113892}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22541', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:27KMRVWJJULLNX5S6HHVTSKPSYZM7JQB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:35378567-6810-4a6a-bb1d-e4d883c85948>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 9, 27, 9, 26, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '41.204.161.150', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3UP2AWNPRBX67M6YB4Y2NT2ATTZQWYWX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:efd192a0-3126-4aa6-9112-d58e1b0ecd8a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://sos.dkut.ac.ke/bachelor-of-science-in-medical-physics/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:57e25ca5-3de0-48bd-a846-99172127fe3d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '550', 'url': 'https://sos.dkut.ac.ke/bachelor-of-science-in-medical-physics/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-40\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-70.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.48659688234329224', 'original_id': '46dc5b27fd6b323c885eb05de6648be65f0e3bf0da64eafecb1d6ec8ed79ca50'}
Full-Suspension No need to fret—we haven’t forgotten about all you alloy fans out there. In fact, the new Stumpjumper Comp Alloy 29 with 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. For real, though. And with new tube shapes and an asymmetrical design, it's going to exceed all of your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the material and shapes. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you’ll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0'' tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want because we're using standard metric shocks. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. The build on this Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, FOX front and rear suspension, and Roval Traverse 29 wheels. - The completely redesigned alloy Stumpjumper frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. All of you die-hard alloy fans can rejoice. Yes, the new Stumpjumper ST comes in an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. And with new tube shapes, an asymmetrical design, and the snappy handling that the 27.5 platform is known for, the Stumpjumper ST Alloy 27.5 is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. - The all-new alloy Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable - The X-Fusion Metric rear shock features rebound adjustment, lockout, and our coveted Rx Trail Tune to ensure you're getting the most out of your Stumpjumper ST - A RockShox Recon RL provides 130mm of travel up front, and it lets you adjust both rebound and lockout All of you die-hard alloy fans can rejoice. Yes, the new Stumpjumper ST comes in an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. And with new tube shapes and an asymmetrical design, the Stumpjumper ST Alloy 29 is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. - The all-new alloy Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable - The X-Fusion Metric rear shock features rebound adjustment, lockout, and our coveted Rx Trail Tune to ensure you're getting the most out of your Stumpjumper ST - A RockShox Recon RL provides 130mm of travel up front, and it lets you adjust both rebound and lockout While carbon often gets all the credit, alloy is far from obsolete, especially the M5 premium aluminum with D'Aluisio Smartweld technology found on the Epic Comp Alloy. It's lightweight, stiff, and can also take a beating. But not only that, you also get a redesigned version of the Brain suspension technology that's made the Epic famous. Race courses have evolved over the past few years. They're more technical, steeper, and simply more challenging to ride. But instead of quivering in their boots, Specialized saw this as an opportunity to make something special—something that both World Cup athletes and XC riders alike can instantly feel the benefit from. They looked at the sum of parts that make a bike handle well, like the head angle, reach, stack, chainstay length, fork offset, etc., and reevaluated all of it. Increasing the reach made a bike that was more stable at speed and generally more comfortable to ride. Dropper posts? Yep, those fit, and not just a short-travel XC option, but full-length droppers that fit in the 30.9mm seat tube. Head angle? Specialized slacked that out, but not without evaluating the overall handling package. It now lands on a custom offset, 42mm fork that works with the slacker head angle in order to behave itself in tight corners and through switchbacks. Next comes the redesigned Brain technology, Brain 2.0. The Brain changed the way the bike world looked at suspension, both its inefficiencies and benefits alike. And oh was it good. It won races and put a flag in the ground for Specialized as a true leader in innovation and suspension development, but they knew they could make it better. Simple physics said that, by moving the Brain closer to the rear axle, it would be in the most sensitive spot. And after countless hours with the RockShox team, the new Brain became more than just a slight upgrade. It's totally new. Now, it reacts seamlessly to bump forces, it has much more consistent damping performance, and finally, it integrates the hoses into the suspension links. This, in turn, improves oil paths, and it creates an incredibly sleek package that outperforms anything on the market. At the heart of the construction, you'll find their M5 alloy with the exclusive D'Aluisio Smartweld Technology, which strategically places more welding material where it's needed, resulting in an aluminum bike that's more compliant and considerably stiffer at nearly every tube juncture. The build of the Epic Comp Alloy is value-packed, featuring an 11-speed SRAM GX groupset, SRAM Level TL brakes, and a Roval Control alloy wheelset. Get ready, because this is going to be Epic. - The M5 Premium Alloy frame with D'Aluisio Smartweld technology finally brings you all the benefits of alloy, like durability, in a lightweight package. - A RockShox Reba RL fork soaks up the bumps up front, and features both compression and rebound adjustments. - An 11-speed SRAM GX groupset handles shifting duties, bringing the convenience of one-by to your XC rig. No need to fret—we haven’t forgotten about all you alloy fans out there. In fact, the new Stumpjumper Comp Alloy 27.5 with a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. For real, though. And with new tube shapes and an asymmetrical design, it's going to exceed all of your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the material and shapes. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you’ll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0'' tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want, since we're using standard metric shocks. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. The build on this Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, FOX front and rear suspension, and Roval Traverse 27.5 wheels. Blistering speed, nimble handling, mega travel length—our Enduro Pro Carbon 27.5 has it all in spades. It's been redesigned from the ground up, and what it delivers is one of the most capable trail bikes we've ever made. Witness the sickness. We gave it a geometry that features a slacker front end, a longer top tube, short chainstays, and a lower bottom bracket. All of this together makes the bike truly feel glued to the ground, and the platform is more responsive and capable then ever. We even added some bits, like integrated storage with a SWAT Door at the down tube, and made "old" new again by making a triumphant return to a threaded bottom bracket. To keep the weight down, the frame is constructed from our top-tier FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber. And to ensure top-level performance on the descents, this material choice is greeted by 170mm of plush rear and 170mm front travel, plus a geometry that can be "adjusted" via a shock extension with a "low/high" setting. And handling suspension duties out back is the revolutionary Ohlins single-tube rear shock. For the build, this Enduro spares no expense at hitting the pinnacle of performance, with a full SRAM X01 Eagle 12-speed groupset, powerful Guide RS brakes, hand-built Roval wheels, a Command Post IRcc Wu dropper post, an Ohlins RXF 36 fork up front, and the revolutionary Ohlins single-tube rear shock handling suspension duties out back. Make the mountain bend to you. - The frame's FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber construction stands as the pinnacle of lightweight, efficient, and tough trail performance. It's been built off our 27.5 Geometry in order to provide an aggressive, well-rounded ride. And with internal Command Post IR routing, a return to a threaded bottom bracket, and an integrated SWAT Door at the down tube, you get a bike that's clean, dependable, and ready for anything that the trail has to offer. - Featuring a three-chamber air spring, the Ohlins RXF 36 fork stays smooth and high in the travel without compromising bump absorption, traction, or stability. It also features low-speed and rebound adjustments, and sports 170mm of plush travel. - SRAM's 12-speed X01 Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. On top of this, the one-by setup is notorious for being next to impossible to drop a chain with, plus it provides a significant weight savings in comparison to a standard two-by setup. Who says that carbon should have all the fun? Not us. Our Enduro Comp flies in the face of this sentiment, with a ground-up redesign that'll have you saying "woah" like Keanu all over the trail. We gave it a whole new geometry, with a slacker front end, a longer top tube, short chainstays, and a lower bottom bracket. All of this together makes the bike truly feel glued to the ground, and the platform is more responsive and capable then ever. We even made "old" new again by making a triumphant return to a threaded bottom bracket. To make the Enduro capable of standing up to any trail, the frame is constructed with our legendary X-Wing layout and M5 alloy. And to ensure top-level performance on the descents, this material choice is greeted by 160mm of plush travel at both the front and rear. And handling suspension duties out back is the talk of the town rear shock, the RockShox Monarch Plus with our Rx Trail Tune. We even made it to be compatible with our 6Fattie wheel system, so you'll always be ready for the trail ahead. For the build, this Enduro is packed with drool-worthy gear, like SRAM one-by 11-speed shifting, powerful Guide R brakes w/ S4 calipers, stupid-fast Roval wheels, and a RockShox Yari fork up front. - The frame has an X-Wing layout with an M5 alloy construction. Together, these elements combine to form the perfect balance of efficiency, weight savings, and unparalleled strength. It's also been built off our 29 Geometry, which lends itself to running 6Fattie wheels and tires (only a 7mm BB drop), in order to provide an aggressive, well-rounded ride. And with internal routing and a return to a threaded bottom bracket, you get a bike that's clean, dependable, and ready for anything that the trail has to offer. - RockShox Yari RC fork features a 15x110mm Maxle Ultimate thru-axle, a Solo Air spring, and 160mm of plush travel to take on big hits and bumpy terrain with supreme speed and efficiency. - SRAM's 11-speed GX rear derailleur serves up powerful and precise one-by shifting, so you can say goodbye to dropped chains and unnecessary grams. "Big wheels" have gotten somewhat of a bad rap as of late, but when paired with the correct geometry, they make for a pretty amazing experience. So, when all-out speed up, down, and all over the trail is what you're after, the Enduro Pro 29/6Fattie will be waiting to answer the call. We gave it a geometry that features a slacker front end, a longer top tube, short chainstays, and a lower bottom bracket. All of this together makes the bike truly feel glued to the ground, and the platform is more responsive and capable then ever. We even added some bits, like integrated storage with a SWAT Door at the down tube, and made "old" new again by making a triumphant return to a threaded bottom bracket. To keep the weight down, the frame is constructed from our top-tier FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber. And to ensure top-level performance on the descents, this material choice is greeted by 160mm of plush rear and 160mm front travel, plus a geometry that can be "adjusted" via a shock extension with a "low/high" setting. Handling suspension duties out back is the revolutionary Ohlins single-tube rear shock. And we even made this Enduro to be compatible with our 6Fattie Wheel/Tire system (wheels/tires not included), so you'll always be ready for the trail ahead. For the build, this Enduro spares no expense at hitting the pinnacle of performance, with a full SRAM X01 Eagle 12-speed groupset, powerful SRAM Code R brakes, stupid-fast Roval carbon wheels, a Command Post IRcc Wu dropper post, and an Ohlins RXF 36 fork up front. - The frame's FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber construction stands as the pinnacle of lightweight, efficient, and tough trail performance. It's been built off our 29 Geometry, which also lends itself to running 6Fattie wheels and tires (only a 7mm BB drop), in order to provide an aggressive, well-rounded ride. And with internal Command Post IR routing, a return to a threaded bottom bracket, and an integrated SWAT™ Door at the down tube, you get a bike that's clean, dependable, and ready for anything that the trail has to offer. - Featuring a three-chamber air spring, the Ohlins RXF 36 fork stays smooth and high in the travel without compromising bump absorption, traction, or stability. It also features low-speed and rebound adjustments, and sports 160mm of plush travel. - SRAM's 12-speed X01 Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. On top of this, the one-by setup is notorious for being next to impossible to drop a chain with, plus it provides a significant weight savings in comparison to a standard two-by setup. When pedal efficiency and downhill-crushing damping are at the top of your list of priorities, a coil shock provides the best of both worlds. Combine this with Ohlins suspension technologies, plus the all-new Enduro frame, and you're left with a bike that slays both climbs and descents with equal prowess. We gave it a geometry that features a slacker front end, a longer top tube, short chainstays, and a lower bottom bracket. All of this together makes the bike truly feel glued to the ground, and the platform is more responsive and capable then ever. We even added some bits, like integrated storage with a SWAT Door at the down tube, and made "old" new again by making a triumphant return to a threaded bottom bracket. To keep the weight down, the frame is constructed from our top-tier FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber. And to ensure top-level performance on the descents, this material choice is greeted by 160mm of plush rear and 160mm front travel, plus a geometry that can be "adjusted" via a shock extension with a "low/high" setting. Handling suspension duties out back is the revolutionary Ohlins twin tube coil shock, making for the perfect combination of pedaling efficiency and downhill-smashing damping that will have you going faster both up, and down. We even made it to be compatible with our 6Fattie Wheel/Tire system (wheels/tires not included), so you'll always be ready for the trail ahead. As for the build, the Enduro Coil makes no compromises in the performance department, yet leaves you enough for a post-ride beverage. It features a full SRAM GX 11-speed groupset, a Race Face Aeffect crankset, powerful Code R brakes with S4 calipers, stupid-fast Roval wheels, a Command Post IRcc Wu dropper post, and an Ohlins RXF fork. The days of coil suspension appearing only on the bikes of Enduro World Series pros, like Curtis Keene and Jared Graves, are over. There's nothing that can stand in your way. - The frame's FACT IS-X 11m carbon fiber construction stands as the pinnacle of lightweight, efficient, and tough trail performance. It's been built off our 29 Geometry, which also lends itself to running 6Fattie wheels and tires (only a 5mm BB drop), in order to provide an aggressive, well-rounded ride. And with internal Command Post IR routing, a return to a threaded bottom bracket, and an integrated SWAT Door at the down tube, you get a bike that's clean, dependable, and ready for anything that the trail has to offer. - Featuring a three-chamber air spring and TTX (Twin Tube) damping, the Ohlins RXF 36 fork perfectly mates stiffness with a plush, responsive ride quality, and stays smooth and high in the travel without compromising bump absorption, traction, or stability. It also features high-/low-speed and rebound adjustments, and sports 160mm of plush travel. - SRAM's 11-speed GX groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. On top of this, the one-by setup is notorious for being next to impossible to drop a chain with, plus it provides a significant weight savings in comparison to a standard two-by setup. True—life is full of compromises. But on the trail, we're adamant believers that you should never have to "settle." That's why our Women's Stumpjumper Comp Carbon 27.5 goes above and beyond to provide you with the ride of your life. Every touchpoint is tailored for female riders, while the frame shatters every rule in the design book with a total disregard for proprietary nonsense, a revolutionary new asymmetrical frame, and custom shock tunes exclusively for women. - The asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction on the Women's Stumpjumper is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off of our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the downtube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all-new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Women's Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front, with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability. Yes, the Women’s Stumpjumper ST 27.5 comes as an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. And with new tube shapes, an asymmetrical design, and the snappy handling that the 27.5 platform is known for, this bike is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. - The all-new alloy Women's Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. - The X-Fusion Metric rear shock features rebound adjustment, lockout, and our coveted Rx Trail Tune to ensure you're getting the most out of your Stumpjumper ST. - A RockShox Recon RL provides 130mm of travel up front, and it lets you adjust both rebound and lockout. Ok, we'll admit. We've been geeking out over the Enduro Elite 27.5 for a while now. We know that we made it and everything, but still, its design just kind of rules. We gave it a geometry features a slacker front end, a longer top tube, short chainstays, and a lower bottom bracket. All of this together makes the bike truly feel glued to the ground, and the platform is more responsive and capable then ever. We even added some cool bits, like integrated storage with a SWAT Door at the down tube, and made "old" new again by making a triumphant return to a threaded bottom bracket. To keep the weight down, the frame is constructed with our legendary X-Wing layout with a FACT 9m carbon fiber chassis and M5 alloy rear end. And to ensure top-level performance on the descents, this material choice is greeted by 170mm of plush rear and 170mm front travel, plus a geometry that can be "adjusted" via a shock extension with a "low/high" setting. For the build, this Enduro is packed with drool-worthy gear, like SRAM one-by 11-speed shifting, powerful Code R brakes, hand-built Roval wheels, and a Öhlins RXF 36 fork up front. And handling suspension duties out back, meanwhile, is the talk of the town rear shock, the RockShox Monarch Plus with our Rx All Mountain Tune, - The frame has an X-Wing layout with a FACT 9m carbon chassis and an M5 alloy rear end. Together, these elements combine to form the perfect balance of low weight, responsive handling, and unparalleled strength. It's also been built off our 27.5 Geometry in order to provide an aggressive, well-rounded ride. And with internal Command Post IR routing, a return to a threaded bottom bracket, and an integrated SWAT Door at the down tube, you get a bike that's clean, dependable, and ready for anything that the trail has to offer. - Featuring a three-chamber air spring, the Ohlins RXF 36 fork stays smooth and high in the travel without compromising bump absorption, traction, or stability. It also features low-speed and rebound adjustments, and sports 170mm of plush travel. - SRAM's 11-speed GX serves up powerful and precise one-by shifting, so you can say goodbye to dropped chains and unnecessary grams. Ever had a ride that felt more like an experience than just a ride? Us, too, and we've been chasing that feeling ever since. With the Stumpjumper Expert 29, we've bottled up that feeling and put into a radical new frame design that's so in-tune with the trail, the bike feels like an extension of your body. Seriously, it's going to make you rethink how a trail bike should ride. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it - With three different compression adjustments—open/pedal/lock—incredible damping performance, and our Rx Trail Tune, the RockShox Deluxe RT3 perfectly complements the Stumpjumper - RockShox's Pike is known for its trail performance, and the RC found here has stiff stanchions, a Charger damper, and plenty of sensitivity True—life is full of compromises. But on the trail, we're adamant believers that you should never have to 'settle.' That's why our Women's Stumpjumper Comp Carbon 27.5, with SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset, goes above and beyond to provide you with the ride of your life. Every touchpoint is tailored for female riders, while the frame shatters every rule in the design book with a total disregard for proprietary nonsense, a revolutionary new asymmetrical frame, and custom shock tunes exclusively for women. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials, shapes, and the layout. We started by creating our own mountain-specific stiffness test, and then we looked at the layout with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to see where we could get the biggest stiffness improvements. This led to a big discovery: The Large and X-Large frames needed more front-end stiffness while the Smalls and Mediums were just fine. We were able to create a frame design that was 20% more efficient. And in the end, this proved to be one of the lightest trail frames on the market, today. When designing the frame with the stiffness targets being a main goal, we developed a radical new sidearm design. The front-end and rear-end are connected at three points, and the sidearm helps keep all these points super stiff and connected, all while taking about 100 grams out of the rear-end. More explicitly, this minimizes frame flex when the rear suspension is active. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Women's Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0' tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want since we're using standard metric shocks. We revamped the SWAT box, too, making it sleeker, lighter, and with more volume. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. Lastly, we seriously couldn't make cable routing any easier on carbon models. Full tubes can be found throughout the carbon frame, so all you have to do is push the cable and it'll come out the other end. No more lazy loop, hidden stashes of magnets, pokey spokes, or pillows to cry in. The build on this Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, FOX front and rear suspension, and Roval Traverse 27.5 wheels. Meanwhile, every point that your body comes into contact with the bike has been tailored specifically for female riders with the inclusion of superlative kit, like a Body Geometry Myth Comp saddle, Sip Grips, and 750mm bars. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all-new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Women's Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. All of you die-hard alloy fans can rejoice. Yes, the new Women's Stumpjumper ST comes in an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. You'll find new tube shapes, an asymmetrical design, and a connected feeling with the trail. So get ready, because the Women's Stumpjumper ST Comp Alloy 29 with a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle groupset is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials and shapes. We continued down the suspension path with a Women's Rx Tune that gives both the fork and rear shock a custom tune specifically for female riders. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Women's Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform and rider size. So, no matter what, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0-inch tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want, since we're using standard metric shocks. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. The build on this Women's Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, a FOX FLOAT Rhythm 34 for with 130mm of travel, a FOX FLOAT DPS rear shock with 120mm of travel, and Roval Traverse 29 wheels. - The all-new alloy Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Women's Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame or wheel size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. If we're being honest with ourselves, alloy has always been at the heart of the EVO family. It's tough, it's stiff, and at least with our bikes, it's pretty damn light. Basically, it embodies everything that's good about mountain bikes, and that's what EVO is all about. But an Epic Comp EVO made out of aluminum? We say, "yeah, it's a perfect fit." And that's because this bike brings all the uphill racing, singletrack-ripping fun you want, and puts it in a durable, on-budget package. So get excited, because this is the most "epic" Epic yet. Take a look around our office and you're going to see plenty Epics—most of them wearing dropper posts, wider tires and bars, and slightly longer forks. That's because the Epics that we're Frankensteining are not only fast off the start line, they're even better suited to masochistically long rides, multi-day stage races, and fast backcountry missions. At some point, we looked around and said to ourselves, “We should offer this bike, right out of the box, right?” So we did. So let's dig into the details. First off, the EVO ups the fork travel from 100mm to 120mm. This gives you some relief up front while also slacking-out the front-end by one-degree to 68.5º. Next up, we added a zero-offset dropper post to give you more control on descents, but this design keeps your saddle over the BB on steep climbs. We also put some meat on the tires with a grippy 2.3" Ground Control at the front and a stiffer Fast Trak at the rear with GRID protection at the sidewalls. The Epic EVO also features our Brain 2.0. The OG Brain changed the way the bike world looked at suspension, and oh was it good. It won races and put a flag in the ground for us as a true leader in innovation and suspension development, but we knew that we could make it better. Simple physics told us that, by moving the Brain closer to the rear axle, it would be in the most sensitive spot. And after some lengthy R&D, it's totally new. Now, it reacts seamlessly to bump forces, it has much more consistent damping performance, and finally, it integrates the hoses into the suspension links. This means that the oil paths are improved, and that creates an incredibly sleek package that outperforms anything on the market. At the heart of the construction, you'll find our M5 alloy with our D'Aluisio Smartweld Technology that strategically places more welding material where it's needed, resulting in an aluminum frame that's more compliant and considerably stiffer at nearly every tube juncture. It's awesome. For the build, we spec'd a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle groupset, SRAM Level TL brakes, and a Roval Control Alloy wheelset. - A RockShox Reba RL fork, with 120mm of travel, soaks up rocks, roots, and bumps, and it also features both compression and rebound adjustments. - The 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle groupset brings the performance of Eagle at a value anyone can appreciate. - An X-Fusion Manic seatpost brings you some much-needed drop for tackling steep descents, but it also features a zero-offset design that keeps your weight over the bottom bracket for the climbs. A perfect introduction to your world of XC riding and racing, the Epic Comp Carbon features all of the same frame technologies that are found in its older siblings, only with a build that lets you give racing a try without breaking the bank. Racecourses have evolved over the past few years. They're more technical, steeper, and more challenging to ride. But instead of quivering in our boots, we saw this as an opportunity to make something special—something that both World Cup athletes and XC riders alike can instantly feel the benefit from. We looked at the sum of parts that make a bike handle well, like the head angle, reach, stack, chainstay length, fork offset, etc., and reevaluated all of it. Increasing the reach made a bike that was more stable at speed and generally more comfortable to ride. Dropper posts? Yep, those fit, and not just a short-travel XC option, but full-length droppers that fit in the 30.9mm seat tube. Head angle? We slacked that out, but not without evaluating the overall handling package. It now lands on a custom offset, 42mm fork that works with the slacker head angle in order to behave itself in tight corners and through switchbacks. Next comes Brain 2.0. The original Brain changed the way the bike world looked at suspension, both in its inefficiencies and benefits alike. And oh, was it good. It won races and put a flag in the ground for us as a true leader in innovation and suspension development, but we knew that we could make it better. Simple physics told us that, by moving the Brain closer to the rear axle, it would be in the most sensitive spot. And after countless hours with the RockShox team, the Brain became more than just a slight upgrade. It's totally reborn. Now, it reacts seamlessly to bump forces, it has much more consistent damping performance, and finally, it integrates the hoses into the suspension links. This, in turn, improves oil paths, and it creates an incredibly sleek package that outperforms anything on the market. The Epic also has a rider Rider-First Engineered™ design that places complex carbon pieces in all the right places, and this greatly increases stiffness in the front-end for a vast improvement in ride quality and control. To go along with this, each frame size has size-specific tubes that result in the stiffest, best riding XC bike we've ever developed—no matter the frame size. And while stiffness, Brain technology, and geometry features are cool and all, we know what you’re thinking, "What about weight?" We’re glad you asked. With the goal of the Epic to be the fastest XC mountain bike we’ve ever made, weight was at the top of our priorities list. We started with an efficient frame layout and tube shapes that feature clean cable routing, an integrated shock oil channel, straight tubes with fewer bends, and optimized torsion profiles in every section. And, if you’re curious, this weight savings is equivalent to shedding a chainstay and shock extension from the previous Epic—nearly 525 grams. The build of the Epic Comp is value-packed, featuring an 11-speed SRAM NX 12-speed groupset, SRAM Level TL brakes, and a Roval Control alloy wheelset. Get ready, because this is going to be Epic. - Full fact 11m carbon fiber frame combines stiffness, strength, and light overall weight to deliver an off-the-hook race bike. Meanwhile, the new geometry, RockShox Brain shock, and 100mm of travel make the Epic the best handling, fastest XC rig you've been on. - A RockShox Reba RL fork soaks up the bumps up front and features both compression and rebound adjustments. - The 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle groupset brings the performance of Eagle at a doable price point. Don't worry, S-Works doesn't get to have all of the fun—the new Stumpjumper Comp Carbon 29 features the same frame as the S-Works, with a full 11m carbon chassis and rear-end. Only here, we've included a solid list of no-fuss components, including a SRAM NX Eagle 12-speed groupset for the everyman's budget. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials, shapes, and the layout. We started by creating our own mountain-specific stiffness test, and then we looked at the layout with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to see where we could get the biggest stiffness improvements. This led to a big discovery: The Large and X-Large frames needed more front-end stiffness while the Smalls and Mediums were just fine. We were able to create a frame design that was 20% more efficient. And in the end, this proved to be one of the lightest trail frames on the market, today. When designing the frame with the stiffness targets being a main goal, we developed a radical new sidearm design. The front-end and rear-end are connected at three points, and the sidearm helps keep all these points super stiff and connected, all while taking about 100 grams out of the rear-end. More explicitly, this minimizes frame flex when the rear suspension is active. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0" tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want, since we're using standard metric shocks. We revamped the SWAT box, too, making it sleeker, lighter, and with more volume. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. Lastly, we seriously couldn't make cable routing any easier on carbon models. Full tubes can be found throughout the carbon frame, so all you have to do is push the cable and it'll come out the other end. No more lazy loop, hidden stashes of magnets, pokey spokes, or pillows to cry in. The build on this Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, FOX front and rear suspension, and Roval Traverse 29 wheels. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all-new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. All of you die-hard alloy fans can rejoice. Yes, the new Stumpjumper ST comes in an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. And with new tube shapes and an asymmetrical design, the Stumpjumper ST Alloy 29 is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials and shapes. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0" tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want since we're using standard metric shocks. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. The build here is no-nonsense with a focus on dependable, high-performing parts, like Shimano SLX front and rear derailleurs, Tektro Gemini disc brakes, a FOX FLOAT Rhythm 34 fork with 130mm of travel, a FOX FLOAT DPS Performance rear shock with 120mm of travel, and wide alloy wheels. - The all-new alloy Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame or wheel size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability. Don't worry, S-Works doesn't get to have all of the fun—the new Stumpjumper Comp Carbon 27.5 features the same frame with a full 11m carbon chassis and rear-end as its older brother, but with a solid list of no-fuss components, including a SRAM NX Eagle 12-speed groupset, for an everyman's budget. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials, shapes, and the layout. We started by creating our own mountain-specific stiffness test, and then we looked at the layout with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to see where we could get the biggest stiffness improvements. This led to a big discovery: The Large and X-Large frames needed more front-end stiffness while the Smalls and Mediums were just fine. We were able to create a frame design that was 20% more efficient. And in the end, this proved to be one of the lightest trail frames on the market today. When designing the frame with the stiffness targets being a main goal, we developed a radical new sidearm design. The front-end and rear-end are connected at three points, and the sidearm helps keep all these points super stiff and connected, all while taking about 100 grams out of the rear-end. More explicitly, this minimizes frame flex when the rear suspension is active. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0" tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want since we're using standard metric shocks. We revamped the SWAT box, too, making it sleeker, lighter, and with more volume. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. Lastly, we seriously couldn't make cable routing any easier on carbon models. Full tubes can be found throughout the carbon frame, so all you have to do is push the cable and it'll come out the other end. No more lazy loop, hidden stashes of magnets, pokey spokes, or pillows to cry in. The build on this Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, FOX front and rear suspension, and Roval Traverse 27.5 wheels. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all-new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. No need to fret—we haven’t forgotten about all you alloy fans out there. In fact, the new Stumpjumper Comp Alloy 29 may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. For real, though. And with new tube shapes and an asymmetrical design, it's going to exceed all of your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. - The completely redesigned alloy Stumpjumper frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front, with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability Don’t worry, S-Works doesn’t get to have all of the fun—the new Stumpjumper Comp Carbon 29 features the same frame with a full 11m carbon chassis and rear-end as its older brother, but with a solid list of no-fuss components for an everyman's budget. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the wheel or frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front, with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability With the same 11m carbon construction as the S-Works, the Stumpjumper ST Comp Carbon 29 brings you transcendent handling, custom-tuned suspension, and an elimination of proprietary headaches—all while keeping the speed you look for with 29-inch wheels. And don’t forget that with its “ST” distinction, this Stumpjumper gets slightly steeper angles and less suspension (130mm front/120mm rear), so you get more nimble and responsive climbing ability and sublime descending prowess. - The Stumpjumper ST's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready for technical climbs and rowdy descents. It's built off of our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and a brand new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Trail Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame or wheel size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability All of you die-hard alloy fans can rejoice. Yes, the new Stumpjumper ST comes in an alloy version, and it may be the most radically designed alloy bike ever made. You’ll find new tube shapes, an asymmetrical design, and a connected feeling with the trail. So get ready, because the Women’s Stumpjumper ST Comp Alloy 29 is sure to exceed your expectations of how a trail bike should ride. - The all-new alloy Women's Stumpjumper ST frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Women’s Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front, with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability. True—life is full of compromises. But on the trail, we're adamant believers that you should never have to "settle"—especially with alloy frames. Nothing is more tried and true, right? That's why our Women's Stumpjumper Comp Alloy 27.5 goes above and beyond to provide you with the ride of your life. Every touchpoint is tailored for female riders, while the frame shatters every rule in the design book with a total disregard for proprietary nonsense, a revolutionary new asymmetrical frame, and custom shock tunes exclusively for women. - The completely redesigned Women's Stumpjumper Alloy frame features an M5 alloy front- and rear-end, an asymmetrical design, and our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Rx Women's Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - A FOX 34 Rhythm fork handles suspension duties up front, with stiff stanchions and plenty of adjustability. Ever had a ride that felt more like an experience than just a ride? Us, too, and we've been chasing that feeling ever since. With the Stumpjumper Expert 27.5, we've bottled up that feeling and put into a radical new frame design that's so agile, lively, and in-tune with the trail, the bike feels like an extension of your body. Seriously, it's going to make you rethink how a trail bike should ride. - The Stumpjumper's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready to take on the trail. It's built off our 27.5 Trail Geometry, so it's just the right amount of both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and an all new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it - With three different compression adjustments—open/pedal/lock—incredible damping performance, and our Rx Trail Tune, the RockShox Deluxe RT3 perfectly complements the Stumpjumper - RockShox's Pike is known for its trail performance, and the RC found here has stiff stanchions, a Charger damper, and plenty of sensitivity With the same 11m carbon construction as the S-Works, the Women's Stumpjumper ST Comp Carbon 29 with 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle brings you transcendent handling, custom-tuned suspension, and an elimination of proprietary headaches—all while keeping the speed you look for with 29-inch wheels. And don't forget that with its "ST" distinction, this Stumpjumper gets slightly steeper angles and less suspension (130mm front/120mm rear), so you get more nimble and responsive climbing ability and sublime descending prowess. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials, shapes, and the layout. We started by creating our own mountain-specific stiffness test, and then we looked at the layout with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to see where we could get the biggest stiffness improvements. This led to a big discovery: The Large and X-Large frames needed more front-end stiffness while the Smalls and Mediums were just fine. We were able to create a frame design that was 20% more efficient. And in the end, this proved to be one of the lightest trail frames on the market, today. When designing the frame with the stiffness targets being a main goal, we developed a radical new sidearm design. The front-end and rear-end are connected at three points, and the sidearm helps keep all these points super stiff and connected, all while taking about 100 grams out of the rear-end. More explicitly, this minimizes frame flex when the rear suspension is active. We continued down the suspension path with a Women's Rx Tune that gives both the fork and rear shock a custom tune specifically for female riders. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Women's Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform and rider size. So, no matter what, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0-inch tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want since we're using standard metric shocks. We revamped the SWAT™ box, too, making it sleeker, lighter, and with more volume. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. Lastly, we seriously couldn't make cable routing any easier on carbon models. Full tubes can be found throughout the carbon frame, so all you have to do is push the cable and it'll come out the other end. No more lazy loop, hidden stashes of magnets, pokey spokes, or pillows to cry in. The build on this Women's Comp model comes with a list of components that deliver undeniable quality, like a like a 12-speed SRAM NX Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, a FOX FLOAT Rhythm 34 for with 130mm of travel, a FOX FLOAT DPS rear shock with 120mm of travel, and Roval Traverse 29 wheels. - The Women's Stumpjumper ST's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready for technical climbs and rowdy descents. It's built off of our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and a brand new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - The FOX DPS Performance rear shock features our Women's Rx Tune, ensuring that no matter the frame or wheel size, your bike is dialed-in perfectly. - SRAM's 12-speed NX Eagle groupset features a wide gear range that delivers climbing and descending efficiency in spades. Ripping around between the tape is one way to worship at the altar of speed, but for all the other long, fast rides or marathon races on technical terrain, there's our all-new Epic Expert EVO. Consider it a more "epic" kind of Epic. Take a look around our office and you're going to see plenty Epics—most of them wearing dropper posts, wider tires and bars, and slightly longer forks. That's because the Epics that we're Frankensteining are not only fast off the start line, they're even better suited to masochistically long rides, multi-day stage races, and fast backcountry missions. At some point, we looked around and said to ourselves, “We should offer this bike, right out of the box, right?” So we did. So let's dig into the details. First off, the EVO ups the fork travel from 100mm to 120mm. This gives you some relief up front while also slacking-out the front-end by one-degree to 68.5º. Next up, we added a zero-offset dropper post to give you more control on descents, but this design keeps your saddle over the BB on steep climbs. We also put some meat on the tires with a grippy 2.3" Ground Control at the front and a stiffer Fast Trak at the rear with GRID protection at the sidewalls. The Epic EVO also features our Brain 2.0. The OG Brain changed the way the bike world looked at suspension, and oh was it good. It won races and put a flag in the ground for us as a true leader in innovation and suspension development, but we knew that we could make it better. Simple physics told us that, by moving the Brain closer to the rear axle, it would be in the most sensitive spot. And after some lengthy R&D, it's totally new. Now, it reacts seamlessly to bump forces, it has much more consistent damping performance, and finally, it integrates the hoses into the suspension links. This means that the oil paths are improved, and that creates an incredibly sleek package that outperforms anything on the market. This is also among our first Rider-First Engineered MTB frames, where the tubes place complex carbon pieces in all the right places, regardless of the frame size. As a result, stiffness is increased in the front-end for a vast improvement in the ride and in control. And to go along with this, each frame size has size-specific tubes that result in the stiffest, best-riding XC bike we've ever developed. And while stiffness, Brain technology, and geometry features are cool and all, we know what you’re thinking, "What about the weight?” We’re glad you asked. The weight-savings on the frame is equivalent to shedding a chainstay and shock extension from the previous Epic—nearly 525 grams. And now, carbon models also feature additional tire clearance to accommodate wider, 2.3-inch tires. More traction, ultimately, equals more speed. The build of the Epic Expert EVO meshes shredability with dependability and value, featuring a 12-speed SRAM GX Eagle groupset, SRAM Level TL brakes, and a hand-built Roval Control Carbon wheelset. - A FOX Step-Cast 34 Performance Series fork handles suspension duties up front with 120mm of travel and a GRIP damper that has Open, Medium, and Firm modes for every kind of terrain. - The hand-built Roval Control Carbon wheels feature a modern 25mm (internal width) hookless rim, so you get a low weight, low rolling resistance, and the best possible grip with the 2.3" tires. - An X-Fusion Manic seatpost brings you some much-needed drop for tackling steep descents, but it also features a zero-offset design that keeps your weight over the bottom bracket for the climbs. - An X-Fusion Manic seatpost brings you some much-needed drop for tackling steep descents, but it also features a zero-offset design that keeps your weight over the bottom bracket for the climbs. When only the best will do, there's nothing faster than our S-Works Epic. But when you need a race-ready steed that leaves you a bit of change left over to put towards racing every weekend this season, the Epic Pro steals the show. Racecourses have evolved over the past few years. They're more technical, steeper, and more challenging to ride. But instead of quivering in our boots, we saw this as an opportunity to make something special—something that both World Cup athletes and XC riders alike can instantly feel the benefit from. We looked at the sum of parts that make a bike handle well, like the head angle, reach, stack, chainstay length, fork offset, etc., and reevaluated all of it. Increasing the reach made a bike that was more stable at speed and generally more comfortable to ride. Dropper posts? Yep, those fit, and not just a short-travel XC option, but full-length droppers that fit in the 30.9mm seat tube. Head angle? We slacked that out, but not without evaluating the overall handling package. It now lands on a custom offset, 42mm fork that works with the slacker head angle in order to behave itself in tight corners and through switchbacks. Next comes Brain 2.0. The original Brain changed the way the bike world looked at suspension, both in its inefficiencies and benefits alike. And oh, was it good. It won races and put a flag in the ground for us as a true leader in innovation and suspension development, but we knew that we could make it better. Simple physics told us that, by moving the Brain closer to the rear axle, it would be in the most sensitive spot. And after countless hours with the RockShox team, the Brain became more than just a slight upgrade. It's totally reborn. Now, it reacts seamlessly to bump forces, it has much more consistent damping performance, and finally, it integrates the hoses into the suspension links. This, in turn, improves oil paths, and it creates an incredibly sleek package that outperforms anything on the market. The Epic also has a rider Rider-First Engineered design that places complex carbon pieces in all the right places, and this greatly increases stiffness in the front-end for a vast improvement in ride quality and control. To go along with this, each frame size has size-specific tubes that result in the stiffest, best riding XC bike we've ever developed—no matter the frame size. And while stiffness, Brain technology, and geometry features are cool and all, we know what you're thinking, 'What about weight?' We're glad you asked. With the goal of the new Epic to be the fastest XC mountain bike we've ever made, weight was at the top of our priorities list. We started with an efficient frame layout and tube shapes that feature clean cable routing, integrated channels through the shock extension, straight tubes with fewer curves, and optimized torsion profiles in every section. And, if you're curious, this weight savings is equivalent to shedding a chainstay and shock extension from the previous Epic—nearly 525 grams. The Epic Pro comes with a no-nonsense build that features a custom RockShox SID fork with top-adjust Brain Fade, the drool-worthy SRAM X01 Eagle groupset, and Roval Control Carbon wheels. Get ready, because this is going to be Epic. - Full fact 11m carbon fiber frame combines stiffness, strength, and light overall weight to deliver an off-the-hook race bike. Meanwhile, the new geometry, RockShox Brain shock, and 100mm of travel make the Epic the best handling, fastest XC rig you've been on. - The hand-built Roval Control Carbon wheels feature a modern 25mm internal width hookless rim, ensuring optimal traction and rolling resistance properties. - The S-Works Carbon Mini Rise handlebars are not only lightweight and stiff but put your hands in the optimal position for XC riding and racing. Trail bikes can't usually 'shred the gnarly stuff' and 'climb with your XC buddies,' but we're confident in saying that the Stumpjumper Expert ST 29 is totally capable of both. It combines precise handling, perfect suspension kinematics, and a complete abandon of proprietary nonsense with a slightly steeper geometry, less travel (130mm front/120mm rear), and 29-inch wheels to make it a true 'do-it-all' trail bike. Our design goal for the new Stumpjumper was simple—build the ultimate trail bike, one that feels telepathic. And it turns out that this feeling all comes down to stiffness. Think of it this way: when the frame's telling your hands one thing and your feet another, your brain gets confused with the imbalance and the bike feels unstable. In order to fix this, we had to get to work on dialing-in the materials, shapes, and the layout. We started by creating our own mountain-specific stiffness test, and then we looked at the layout with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to see where we could get the biggest stiffness improvements. This led to a big discovery: The Large and X-Large frames needed more front-end stiffness while the Smalls and Mediums were just fine. We were able to create a frame design that was 20% more efficient. And in the end, this proved to be one of the lightest trail frames on the market, today. When designing the frame with the stiffness targets being a main goal, we developed a radical new sidearm design. The front-end and rear-end are connected at three points, and the sidearm helps keep all these points super stiff and connected, all while taking about 100 grams out of the rear-end. More explicitly, this minimizes frame flex when the rear suspension is active. We continued down the suspension path with a custom Rx Trail Tune on both the fork and rear shock. Suspension performance is highly dependent on frame, wheel, and rider size, so we use our Rx Tune to get each bike to land in the middle of the adjustment spectrum, and this gives you the biggest possible range to fine-tune your ride. Another focal point of the tune was matching the suspension characteristics between wheel sizes—we developed a specific Rx Tune for each platform. So, no matter what wheel size you prefer, you'll get perfectly linear suspension. Steps were also taken to make this bike easy to live with. Threaded bottom brackets make a triumphant return, and we made room for up to a 3.0" tire. You're also free to run whatever aftermarket rear shock you want since we're using standard metric shocks. We revamped the SWAT box, too, making it sleeker, lighter, and with more volume. And customization is furthered with a Flip Chip that lets you to dial-in your Stumpy to your riding style. Switch it from High to Low and it drops your bottom bracket 6mm and slackens the head tube by half-a-degree. Little details also jump out to surprise you, like a newly designed ribbed chainstay protector that makes chain slap a thing of the past and nearly silences the drivetrain. Lastly, we seriously couldn't make cable routing any easier on carbon models. Full tubes can be found throughout the carbon frame, so all you have to do is push the cable and it'll come out the other end. No more lazy loop, hidden stashes of magnets, pokey spokes, or pillows to cry in. For the build, you get a solid components package with a full SRAM GX1 Eagle drivetrain, SRAM Guide R disc brakes, RockShox Pike RC fork and a Deluxe RT3 rear shock (130/120mm of travel respectively), and Roval Traverse Carbon 29 wheels. - The Stumpjumper ST's asymmetrical, FACT 11m carbon fiber construction is lightweight, stiff, and ready for technical climbs and rowdy descents. It's built off of our 29 Trail Geometry, so it's both capable and comfortable. And with SWAT integration in the down tube, a threaded BB, easy cable routing, and a brand new chain silencer, it's ready for anything the trail, or you, throw at it. - With three different compression adjustments—open/pedal/lock—incredible damping performance, and our Rx Trail Tune, the RockShox Deluxe RT3 perfectly complements the Stumpjumper. - RockShox's Pike is known for its trail performance, and the RC found here has stiff stanchions, a Charger damper, and plenty of sensitivity.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '9a0aee0aa739edcb722e24543635a2e1c3336919fb535a9d609559cf9ba281cd'}
Robert Kiyosaki Net Worth 2020 Robert Kiyosaki is a man who has everything for him: the charisma of an international influencer, great business acumen, and above all an enormous fortune. Robert Kiyosaki is an American entrepreneur specializing in personal development who has managed to find his fortune after many failures. Mainly, he draws his wealth from the personal development coaching sessions he organizes, and from the books he sells, which are in high demand in America and around the world. In this article, we are going to see the non-conformist philosophy of Robert Kiyosaki, who is also his largest book sales force. But before that, we will tell you a little bit about Robert Kiyosaki’s career before he had his fortune, and then about the value of that fortune. Robert Kiyosaki’s journey before he had his fortune As a child, Robert Kiyosaki didn’t have an incredible education. He was not given the wealth and tools he needed to succeed. However, despite the fact that he came from a poor family, he managed to graduate from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1969. After graduation, he travelled extensively. His travels allowed him to see how the world lived and he wondered why people were so poor. Witnessing extreme poverty through his travels had an incredible impact on his life and it was an eye-opening experience for him. In the late 1970s, Robert Kiyosaki was able to start his own company with savings he made from his work as a salesman at Xerox in New York City. Later, he went bankrupt, but he decided to start up again, though unsuccessfully. However, the last company he started made enough money to invest in real estate. Unfortunately, because of his repeated bankruptcies, he went into so much debt that he found himself broke and homeless. However, it must be recognized that giving up was never an option for Robert Kiyosaki, because on the contrary, his failures taught him lessons. That’s why he decided to embrace his situation by teaching others how to avoid bankruptcy and manage their finances. He then became a motivational speaker, an activity that has earned him several million dollars over the years. Where does Robert Kiyosaki’s fortune come from? The book entitled “Rich Father, Poor Father” is a bestseller, and its author is none other than Robert Kiyosaki. The book is so famous because it reflects Robert Kiyosaki’s unique view of money and the right way to make a lot of it. While the American dream encourages us to look for work in order to make money, Robert Kiyosaki is more inclined to the idea that you have to work for yourself in order not to have to work all your life. It is this current of thought that has made Kiyosaki the man who has been able to transform his series of failures into a source of wealth. Indeed, learning from his mistakes, he started writing books full of inspiring quotes so that his readers would not have to make the same mistakes he did. And he adds to this lectures made up of motivational speeches that make him a lot of money. To further increase his fortune, Robert Kiyosaki has acquired a mining company in China and a silver mine in South America and has also invested in hotel complexes. All of these sources of income have earned him an estimated $80 million by 2020. Robert Kiyosaki’s philosophy on the quest for fortune Although being a speaker has made Robert Kiyosaki a multimillionaire, his fame is mainly due to the success of his books. One of his best books is the widely known “Rich Dad, Poor Dad“. In short, this book teaches us to see things differently. For Robert Kiyosaki, poor people are poor forever, not because of how much money they earn or how they spend it, but because of their mentality. For him, the most powerful tool a man has is his mind. And it has to be used to manage money well. So Robert Kiyosaki’s philosophy is that to become rich, you have to think like a rich man. From his point of view, no one has to work all his life for someone else and then live on a pension that is barely enough. For him, the best way to acquire lasting wealth (and in a short period of time) is to bypass the traditional path (study-employment-money) and start your own business. The keys to success are motivation, ambition and prudence, to avoid bankruptcy. It’s a bit unconventional, and it’s not 100% guaranteed for everyone, but it makes sense and that’s what has allowed him to acquire his current fortune. In short, Robert Kiyosaki is known not only for his fortune, but also and above all for his vision and ambition, which he is happy to share in his speeches and books. If you want to know more about this personality and his fortune, we invite you to read this article on To inspire you further on how to get rich, here are some of Robert Kiyosaki’s best quotes: “It is more important to increase your income than to reduce your expenses. It’s more important to increase your mind than to reduce your dreams.” “The most successful people in life are the ones who ask questions. They are always learning. They’re always growing. They’re always pushing further.” “Don’t be addicted to money. Work to learn. Don’t work for money. Work for knowledge.” Please enter your comment! 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Around the Nation 5:18 pm Sun February 16, 2014 West Virginians Still Stocking Up On Water, Fearing Pollution Originally published on Sun February 16, 2014 7:12 pm It's ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR West. I'm Arun Rath. There are some basic things we take for granted, at least in the developed world, that the air we breathe or the water that flows into our homes won't make us sick. So imagine you turn on your local TV news to this. UNIDENTIFIED MAN: State of emergency in several counties tonight after a chemical spills into the water supply. Good evening. I'm... RATH: In Charleston, West Virginia, this was the news on Thursday, January 9th. A one-inch hole had opened up in the side of a chemical storage tank and a substance known as crude MCHM was gushing out into the Elk River and the water supply of some 300,000 people. UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN: Do not drink, use, bathe with, cook with or do laundry with water from West Virginia American Water. The only thing that you can use it for at this time is to flush your toilet or for fire protection. RATH: That was more than a month ago. State and federal authorities have said that the water is now usable for all purposes. But in some areas, the tap water still has a chemical odor, leaving a lot of ordinary West Virginians and some health authorities wondering, is the water really safe? That's our cover story today. RATH: Despite assurances from government officials, many people in West Virginia are still going to great lengths to avoid the tap water. NPR's Brian Naylor went to Charleston. And as he reports, life there is anything but normal. BRIAN NAYLOR, BYLINE: Nate May's Prius is loaded down with water. The back is filled with boxes, each holding three one-gallon jugs that he's just bought at Wal-Mart. He and other volunteers are driving around Charleston, dropping off jugs to people who have contacted his group, the West Virginia Clean Water Hub. It's a citizen effort operating on donations. NATE MAY: There are a lot of people who this has put in a difficult bind. Some of them can't get out, some of them are elderly, some of them it's just too much of a financial burden. NAYLOR: One of his first stops this morning, the second floor apartment of Nakeysha Bennett. MAY: Nakeysha. I'm here to deliver some water. I'm with the Clean Water Hub. Your dad told me about you. NAKEYSHA BENNETT: I'm sorry, I was feeding my baby. MAY: No problem. NAYLOR: Nakeysha's baby is 3-week-old Eli. BENNETT: I actually was, like, in the middle of, like, eating dinner and drinking water, yeah. And I was pregnant, so I started freaking out. NAYLOR: What did the doctors tell you? BENNETT: They just told me to drink the bottled water and stuff. NAYLOR: And so now with his formula, you mix it with bottled water? BENNETT: Yeah, and that's kind of hard to do because we went through cases and cases and cases of water. NAYLOR: Nakeysha says she has no idea how long she'll have to go on fixing Eli's formula and bathing him with bottled water. And she's pretty fed up. BENNETT: I just feel like there are, like, a lot of people who, like, aren't doing their jobs or something. I mean, it's hard. I cannot live like this with the bottled water. It drives me crazy that I can't just use regular water out of my sink. NAYLOR: Charleston is the state's population center, the center of its government. And there are lawyers and lobbyists and other people here who know how to make themselves heard. Maya Nye, who is president of People Concerned About Chemical Safety, says maybe this leak will have an impact in a way that previous accidents in more isolated places in West Virginia have not. MAYA NYE: I do believe it's a tipping point. Three hundred thousand people, you hit them on sort of a basic human survival level and, I mean, this has been ongoing for a month now, you know, and I'm still not drinking the water, using it and a lot of people I know still aren't. NAYLOR: West Virginia's members of Congress have called for laws to ensure testing of storage tanks like the one owned by Freedom Industries that leaked and for more oversight of West Virginia's many other chemical facilities. But University of Charleston professor Brad Deel isn't optimistic that big changes are coming in the state's light-handed regulation of the coal and chemical industry. BRAD DEEL: What I predict will happen is that people are going to make a lot of noise. There will be some minor, minor regulations passed. To the extent anything major is proposed, people will say, well, let's not be too hasty. Let's not make any rash changes. Industry will open its wallets and its lobbying organizations to the politicians and very little will happen. NAYLOR: Meanwhile, in St. Albans, just outside Charleston's water system... JOANNE KIRBY: We came here and did a little pizza picnic, and then now we're finishing with that. NAYLOR: Sounds like a great adventure. KIRBY: It has been. Can you guys say hello? These are my children (unintelligible), OK? KIRBY: (Unintelligible) NAYLOR: Joanne Kirby and her three lively kids are having a pizza picnic. Kirby lives in Charleston but, along with three other families, has rented a small apartment in St. Albans so they can bathe the kids and wash their clothes in clean water. The families use a Google calendar to keep track of whose turn it is to use the place. Kirby, a lawyer, says their family doesn't use the water in their home at all. KIRBY: One day, my daughter was brushing her teeth and she turned on the faucet by mistake and west her toothbrush and then just dropped it and burst into tears. And, you know, that's not a great feeling as a parent. You're doing the best to keep a routine and keep calm, yet the kids pick up on the tension. They're aware. NAYLOR: Aurelia Kirby is 6. AURELIA KIRBY: And mommy said even if other kids are using the water, we do not use the water. NAYLOR: Richard Katz is another lawyer whose family shares the unfurnished apartment. RICHARD KATZ: It works out really well. It's worked out great so far. Unfortunately, I'm afraid we might have to have the place for another month at least. NAYLOR: Katz and the other families know they are fortunate to have the means to escape Charleston's water. Katz says unless it's resolved soon, the water crisis may make some people escape the area for good. KATZ: I can tell you from talking with other professionals here, other highly skilled workers that we're watching. And if there is no meaningful change, there will be a brain drain here. NAYLOR: As these families leave their shared apartment, the last thing they do is turn on the faucet and fill some jugs to take home. RATH: That's NPR's Brian Naylor. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. Related Program	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9680477976799012}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '75553', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:R4RH3C5IV4F5EYPZLE22ZHMWYLEDH7GO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:08163ae3-272b-46d3-b8ef-469fdf58de04>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 22, 2, 4, 10), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.151.232.80', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FCP7BRJQSXAMCCBLWBZIVJ354TB4HAI2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:04e8d682-c454-4292-9d93-9c7f68ec1e7a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://wvpublic.org/post/west-virginians-still-stocking-water-fearing-pollution', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e6b37def-57d5-4f44-adf4-e0e441e34427>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1214', 'url': 'http://wvpublic.org/post/west-virginians-still-stocking-water-fearing-pollution', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08247947692871094', 'original_id': 'b4fa1bb9dc70c6dc8774cb3fdd1cb3d69e59d42e27d347246f896ae733cbac3f'}
Redirecting to different server but same domain. I have 2 servers on different hosts. One has domain.com and the other domain.org. domain.org has more resources. Now i want to create a sub domain on the first one (sub.domain.com) and redirect to (sub.domain.org) whiles maintaining the .com in the urls. There are only two ways to do this, as far as I know. To "Genuinely" keep the domain the .com, you'll need to set up a Reverse Proxy. In Apache, this is very easy. NameVirtualHost :80 <VirtualHost :80> ServerName sub.yourdomain.com ProxyRequests off #optimally, use some sort of local URL. Saves bandwidth, faster. ProxyPass / http://localhost/ ProxyPassReverse / http://localhost/ #alternatively, use the public URL. #ProxyPass / http://domain.org/ #ProxyPassReverse / http://domain.org/ The second way is with an iFrame: <title>Full Page IFrame</title> <style type="text/css"> html {overflow: auto;} <iframe id="tree" name="tree" src="`http://domain.org`" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="100%" height="100%" scrolling="auto"></iframe> Just know that the iFrame would be less forgiving, since Search Engines would see it differently, if SEO matters to you. Another issue is that if you have SSL, it's a totally different ballgame for both iFrames and Apache. And thirdly, if a user has some sort of web filter blocking stuff on the .org, then it will be blocked on the .com. The Apache proxy is a better solution, in my opinion, because it puts all the content on one page. However, it would be a little slower if they are on two different servers. • how do i set up the reverse proxy? in which file? with ssh? – karto Jun 21 '12 at 13:22 • If you have SSH access, it should likely be in the Apache config, at /etc/apache2/sites-available/(site-folder) or you can put it in the httpd.conf file. It just needs to go into the Apache config file for your site, and then don't forget to restart Apache. – ionFish Jun 21 '12 at 13:37 Your Answer	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '125', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7749726176261902}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '167139', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:L267NE3SAQMIGNIPQKUVK553HM752QOR', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3634c491-0061-4a08-9462-bac5dcc18b56>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 5, 40, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.1.69', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KQWKA7TBQMIX3CXBYHQXAT2DMCVY3QOQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e5a81660-087b-4eed-a0a5-09165cf744ff>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/31170/creating-subdomainsub-domain-com-and-redirecting-to-another-server-sub-domain', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7b84f3e8-b27c-4b7f-8c61-115bb10620cc>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '349', 'url': 'https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/31170/creating-subdomainsub-domain-com-and-redirecting-to-another-server-sub-domain', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-74.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.09915363788604736', 'original_id': '86c4be202fb5260fb24956379c80a638df2593e374d5f6dab341cc39d14668b2'}
direkt zum Inhalt springen direkt zum Hauptnavigationsmenü TU Berlin Inhalt des Dokuments The special about Galilea Courses? 1. are interdisziplinary as regards content 2. regard the special interests and competences of female students 3. integrate modern ways of teaching and learning 4. facilitate multidisciplinary competences and "Social Skills" 5. require working in "mixed teams" 6. include project oriented studying 7. include an internship also for natural scientific courses 8. include an extensive optional mentoring program 9. give you space for an individual composition of your courses 10. want to support you individually Zusatzinformationen / Extras Auxiliary Functions	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.7430447340011597}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10630', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NQF4I6EUYP6QLEZJLOHTORGTLN4HJAXV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d89726d7-a8c6-44c7-b02a-8cbcef73bf6d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 11, 3, 30, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '130.149.133.228', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2PYPAFPDJO6PBFMRERHSG7HO7HSNDZXV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:729064f8-0b9f-4b71-9738-50ed7cb13754>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.galilea.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=139&F=0&L=3&H=0', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7b9f0417-69dc-4eb8-ba98-5081a8d44ab1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '94', 'url': 'https://www.galilea.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=139&F=0&L=3&H=0', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9834801554679871', 'original_id': '4010e1d1a8cde66eec8dbcc61a2f2548aad6671e5447b6d53e40d764ae55d907'}
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates in general to the field of microprocessors, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for converting and transferring data between floating point and integer registers without first storing the data in memory. 2. Description of the Related Art One of the fundamental applications of a computer system is the processing and storing of numeric data (sometimes called "number crunching"). To more efficiently perform digital operations on numeric data, scientists and engineers have adopted numerical structures that differ from those used in traditional mathematics. First of all, to perform arithmetic operations, a computer must be capable of storing and retrieving numerical data. The numerical data should ideally be stored in consistent formats designed to minimize space and optimize processing efficiency. Historically, numeric data was stored in structures devised to fit the characteristics of a specific machine. Only recently have common standards been adopted that define mathematical standards for digital computers. In general, modern computer systems treat numerical data as either integer data or floating point data depending on the application, the size of the number required by the application, and the type of operation to be performed on the data. Because of the difference in data formats between integer data and floating point data, microprocessors typically have two separate processing units, one for processing integer data (the Integer Unit, or IU), the other for processing floating point data (the Floating Point Unit, or FPU). Integer data is operated on by the integer unit within a microprocessor, while floating point data is operated on by the floating point unit within a microprocessor. Frequently, data is shared by both an integer unit and a floating point unit. When data is shared, it must first be converted into an acceptable form, depending on whether it will be operated upon by the integer unit or the floating point unit. Conversion of data into an acceptable form is typically accomplished as a single operation that converts the data, from integer to floating point, or from floating point to integer, and then stores the converted data into memory. Thus, before an integer unit can operate on data that is in a floating point unit, the data must first be converted into integer format, and then stored to memory. Alternatively, before a floating point unit can operate on data that is in an integer unit, the data must first be converted into floating point format, and then stored to memory. In modern microprocessors, requiring data to be converted, stored to memory, and then retrieved from memory, is very time consuming for the microprocessor, and adds significant delay in processing the data. Therefore, what is needed is an apparatus and method that converts numerical data into an acceptable format for either an integer unit, or a floating point unit, without requiring the data to be stored to, and later retrieved from memory. Furthermore, what is needed is a microprocessor that shares data between an integer unit and a floating point unit, and separates the steps of format conversion and data movement.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'c2337d6a81e3cec0be016e7216eea079d23472cb7d87154795131a52bc45aa98'}
Few things are more American than college football. Sure, the NFL is entertaining, but there's something about watching the team of your alma mater hit the gridiron. It's even better in the modern age where you can watch on your television, smartphone, tablet, or whatever else you have. But if you've been used to your cable provider's sports channels, it can be a bit daunting to try to find the teams you want after cutting the cord. Here's how to watch college football if you've cut the cord! Watch College Football with an over-the-air antenna This method will take the most time and initial cost, but it'll be the cheapest in the long run — that is, if you don't want a streaming service for anything else. Most CBS, ABC, NBC or Fox affiliates will broadcast college games, though the exact channel will come down to which team or conference you're trying to watch. You'll need to spend time setting up and fine tuning your antenna, so make sure you have that in place a few days before the first game. If you want to watch or record multiple games that are airing at the same time, an over-the-air tuner or streaming box is another great piece of kit. See the best over-the-air antennas The best over-the-air streaming box Watch with a streaming app Most streaming services — especially those that are essentially cable replacements — offer access to local channels. Again, you'll need to find out which channel your team is playing on, and whether the streaming service you have offers that channel. Additionally, many of the streaming services have regional sports of one sort of another. The trick is that what you'll get varies depending on where you live. ESPN and ESPN2 cover about 80% of college games, so chances are your team's game will be broadcast. ESPN is part of most of the streaming bundles, but if not, Watch ESPN is available as well. Here are the streaming services ESPN is part of: Philo Fubo HDHomerun ESPN x x x x x x The CordCutters' Guide Get the latest deals	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9452583193778992}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '80849', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HI2UFNOU4PD5T3EYNX3TUOB5ET67ITTP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c484f7d9-5db5-411b-b658-3c71e889f9b0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 23, 4, 0, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.16.57.71', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZIMCKDK7GYDWEAGKRIIP7JA2PZ24A7WQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b97fc267-2aa4-46be-bf0a-af1aab50cf29>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.cordcutters.com/how-stream-college-football-games-if-youve-cut-cord', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:deb44d6b-5166-41e9-acb2-edbc78490ec6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '375', 'url': 'https://www.cordcutters.com/how-stream-college-football-games-if-youve-cut-cord', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-158-174-231.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.055280208587646484', 'original_id': '09615a6e402c2dcaacb1a26f5d67e29956823aa5894ae668565015c48743cf53'}
--- abstract: \| The degenerate parabolic equation $u_t+\partial_x [u^3\,(u_{xxx} + u_x-\sin x)]=0$ models the evolution of a thin liquid film on a stationary horizontal cylinder. It is shown here that for each mass there is a unique steady state, given by a droplet hanging from the bottom of the cylinder that meets the dry region with zero contact angle. The droplet minimizes the associated energy functional and attracts all strong solutions that satisfy certain energy and entropy inequalities, including all positive solutions. The distance of solutions from the steady state cannot decay faster than a power law. [Keywords]{} Thin liquid film; coating flow; strong solutions; steady state; symmetrization; energy; entropy method; Lyapunov stability; power-law decay. [AMS Subject Classification:]{} 35K25; 35K35; 35Q35; 37L05; 76A20. author: - \| Almut Burchard Marina Chugunova\ University of Toronto\ [{almut,chugunom}@math.utoronto.ca]{}\ \[0.5cm\] Benjamin K. Stephens\ University of Washington\ [benstph@math.washington.edu]{} date: 'November 30, 2011' title: \| Convergence to equilibrium for a thin film equation\ on a cylindrical surface --- Introduction and description of the results =========================================== Degenerate fourth order parabolic equations of the form $$\label{eq:thin-film} u_t + \nabla \cdot (u^n \nabla \Delta u) + \mbox{lower order terms}=0$$ are used to model the evolution of thin liquid films on solid surfaces. Here, $u(x,t)$ describes the thickness of the fluid at time $t$ at the point $x$, the fourth derivative term models the surface tension, and the exponent $n>0$ is determined by the boundary condition between the liquid and the solid. The equations were derived from the underlying free-boundary-value problem for the Navier-Stokes equation by the lubrication approximation, which is valid if the film is relatively thin. ![Thin liquid film on the outer surface of a horizontal cylinder.](rot2.eps "fig:"){height="4cm"}\ An interesting example is Pukhnachev’s model for a thin liquid film on a rotating horizontal cylinder [@Pukh1], as shown in Figure 1. The model equation is $$\label{eq:Pukh} u_t + \partial_\theta \left[ \frac{1}{3} \frac{\sigma}{\rho \nu R^4 } u^3 \left( u_{\theta\theta\theta}+u_\theta \right) - \frac{1}{3} \frac{g}{\nu R} u^3 \sin \theta + \omega u \right] =0\,.$$ Here, $\theta \in \RR/(2\pi\ZZ)$ denotes the angle measured from the bottom of the cylinder, the film is assumed to be uniform in the axial direction, and inertia is ignored. The power $n=3$ indicates a [no-slip]{} boundary condition between the liquid and the solid. The other physical parameters of the system are the surface tension ($\sigma$), the viscosity ($\nu$), the acceleration of gravity ($g$), the density of the fluid ($\rho$), the radius of the cylinder ($R$), and the rotation speed ($\omega$). Note that the surface tension appears with an additional lower-order term that corrects for the curvature of the cylinder. Eq. (\[eq:Pukh\]) refines an earlier model of Moffatt [@Moffatt] that neglects surface tension. Numerical and asymptotical analysis of Pukhnachev’s equation along with numerous open questions can be found in [@Benilov3; @Benilov1; @Kar], and linearizations about steady states are examined analytically and numerically in [@ChKP09; @John]. We will show that the long-time behaviour of Pukhnachev’s model on a [non-rotating]{} cylinder is controlled by steady states. Our results imply that - Eq. (\[eq:Pukh\]) with $\omega=0$ has for every given mass a unique nonnegative steady state; - the steady state minimizes energy and attracts all solutions of finite entropy; - the distance of solutions from the steady state decays no faster than a power law $\sim t^{-\frac{2}{3}}$. Note that solutions of finite entropy are almost everywhere strictly positive. The steady state has the shape of a shallow drop hanging from the bottom of the cylinder, with a dry region at the top that it meets at zero contact angle, see Figure 2 below. We suspect that the distance from the steady state actually behaves as $t^{-\frac{1}{3}}$. This conjecture is supported by simulations, and by analogy with aggregation processes such as late-stage grain growth in alloys [@LifSly] and the formation of drops at a faucet, where the growth of the grain or droplet is limited by the rate of mass transfer through a region of low density to the region of accumulation. Our results are motivated by the work of Carrillo and Toscani, who proved global convergence to self-similar solutions for the thin film equation $$\label{eq:basic} u_t + \partial_x [u^n u_{xxx}]=0$$ on the real line with $n=1$ [@CT]. In contrast with the recent precise convergence results of Giacomelli, Knüpfer and Otto [@GKO], our conclusions are qualitative and global. We work in a large class of nonnegative strong solutions that contains all positive classical solutions, and we do not assume (and do not prove) uniqueness of the solutions. Our lower bounds on the distance from the steady state should be compared with results of Carlen and Ulusoy [@CU], who showed for Eq. (\[eq:basic\]) with $n=1$ that the distance from the self-similar solution satisfies a power-law [upper bound]{}. We will give a more detailed description at the end of this section. Thin liquid films have been the subject of rigorous mathematical analysis since the pioneering article of Bernis and Friedman [@BF]. A vast body of papers is dedicated to existence of solutions, regularity, long-time behaviour, finite-time blow-up, and the interface between wet ($u>0$) and dry $(u=0)$ regions, see for example [@BG; @B2; @BertPugh1996; @B15; @Report; @Otto] and references therein. An even larger part of the literature studies the properties of physically relevant solutions through asymptotic expansions, numerical analysis, and laboratory experiments. A fundamental question is [well-posedness]{}: which initial values give rise to unique nonnegative solutions that depend continuously on the data? The difficulty is that solutions of fourth order parabolic equations generally do not satisfy a maximum principle, and linearization leads to semigroups that do not preserve positivity. To give a simple example, the function $u(x,t) = 1 + t\cos(x)$, which develops negative values after $t=1$, solves Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) (given below) with $n=0$ and $\alpha=1$. Bernis and Friedman proved that initial-value problems in one space dimension have weak solutions in suitable function spaces [@BF]. A far-reaching technical contribution was their use of [energy]{} and [entropy]{} functionals that decrease along solutions. Still, after twenty years, uniqueness remains an open problem. There are many questions surrounding [steady states]{}: Are they uniquely determined by their mass, and if not, how many are there? Are they strictly positive, and if not, what is the contact angle between wet and dry regions [@LaugPugh]? Under what conditions are they stable, do they attract all bounded solutions, and what is the rate of convergence? Since energy decreases along solutions, we expect that steady states should correspond to critical points of the energy, that solutions should converge to steady states, and that minimizers of the energy should be asymptotically stable. However, in the absence of a proper well-posedness theory, the proof of these statements requires more than a standard application of Lyapunov’s principle (as stated, for example, in [@HS]). One strategy for proving convergence to equilibrium is to use entropy in place of energy. The basic thin film equation (\[eq:basic\]) has a family of entropy functionals of the form $ S_\beta(u)= \int_\Omega u^{-\beta}\, dx $ that decrease along solutions. For $\beta=n-2$, this was established by Bernis and Friedman, for $\beta=n-\frac{3}{2}$ it is due to Kadanoff (see [@Kadanoff]), and the range $n-3< \beta < n-\frac{3}{2}$ was developed independently in [@B2; @BertPugh1996]. Other families of entropies have since been discovered [@JM; @Laug]. In their classical papers, Beretta, Bertsch, Dal Passo and Bertozzi, Pugh used these entropies to show that solutions of Eq. (\[eq:basic\]) with $n > 0$ on an interval become positive after a finite time and converge uniformly to their mean [@B2; @BertPugh1996]. Remarkably, this convergence holds for a very broad class of weak solutions, about which little else is known. Several works over the last decade have combined energy and entropy methods by deriving coupled inequalities for the energy and entropy dissipation. In this way, Tudorascu proved exponential convergence to the mean for thin films on finite intervals [@Tudorascu], and Carrillo, Toscani [@CT] and Carlen, Ulusoy [@CU] have proved global (power-law) convergence to self-similar solutions of the thin equation with $n=1$ on the real line [@CT; @CU]. ![The energy minimizing steady state for Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) with $\alpha=1$ and initial data $ u_0 = 0.5, 1, 2$. The minimizer is concentrated if the mass is small, and spreads out over $(-\pi,\pi)$ as the mass increases. ](pic8m.eps){height="5.5cm"} A promising approach, first pursued by Otto [@Otto], treats thin-film equations as [gradient flows]{} that evolve by steepest descent on the space of nonnegative functions of a given mass, endowed with a suitable metric. Since Eq. (\[eq:thin-film\]) has the form $u_t = \left[u^n\left(\frac{\delta E} {\delta u}\right)_x\right]_x$, a formal computation suggests certain variants of the Wasserstein metric. These metrics measure the distance between two mass densities as the cost of an optimal transportation plan that pushes one density forward to the other. Gradient flow methods have been very successful for the porous medium and fast diffusion equations, which are second-order degenerate parabolic equations that share many features of thin films. There also has been some progress on thin film equations with $n=1$, where the metric is just the standard optimal transportation distance [@Otto]. Thin-film equations with $n>1$ have proved resistant to this approach, because the geometry of the relevant Wasserstein distance with mobility is not well understood, and the thin film energy is not geodesically convex [@CLSS]. Yet another strategy is to linearize about the steady state. This linearization is delicate if the steady state has a dry region. Recently, Giacomelli, Knüpfer and Otto have developed a technique specifically for droplets with zero contact angles [@GKO]. They prove well-posedness and convergence to the steady state for initial values in a singularly weighted Sobolev space that forces the solution to vanish to a certain order at the contact point. So far, these techniques have been developed for Eq. (\[eq:basic\]) with $n=1$. We study the role of energy-minimizing steady states for the dynamics of $$\label{eq:PDE} u_t + \partial_x\left[u^n\, (u_{xxx} + \alpha^2u_x -\sin x)\right] = 0\,, \quad x \in \Omega = \RR/(2\pi\ZZ)\,$$ with $n>0 $ and $\alpha>0$. Each of these equations describes the evolution of a thin film. As in Eqs. (\[eq:thin-film\]) and (\[eq:basic\]), the exponent $n$ is related to the boundary condition between the liquid and the solid, the first two terms in the parentheses model surface tension, and the third term accounts for gravitational drainage. The $\alpha^2 \partial_x [u^n \partial_x u]$ term is reminiscent of the porous-medium equation, but appears with the opposite sign, resulting in a long-wave instability [@B15]. The units of time and length are scaled so that the surface tension and gravitational terms appear with coefficient one. The parameter $\alpha>0$ is a geometric constant, with $\alpha=1$ for a horizontal cylinder. Values of $\alpha>1$ appear when inertial effects are taken into account [@Kelmanson Eq. (2.3)]. In general, the geometric coefficient is a function that depends on the curvature of the surface [@MCC Eqs. (64) and (68)]. We are mostly interested in the case where $n=3$ and $\alpha=1$, which corresponds to Pukhnachev’s model at zero rotation speed, but find it illuminating to consider also other values of $n$ and $\alpha$. Many competing definitions of weak solutions have been proposed. Following Bernis and Friedman, we define a [strong solution]{} of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) on a finite time interval $(0,T)$ to be a nonnegative function $u\in L^2\bigl((0,T), H^2(\Omega)\bigr)$ that satisfies $$\label{eq:BF-strong} \int_0^T\int_\Omega \Bigl\{ u\phi_t - (u_{xx} + \alpha^2\,u + \cos x)\bigl(u^n\phi_x\bigr)_x \Bigr\}\, dx dt = 0$$ for every smooth test function $\phi$ with compact support in $(0,T)\times \Omega$. Such solutions are believed to be unique. We will consider strong solutions that exist for all $t>0$ and satisfy additional bounds on the energy and entropy (see Section \[sec:conv\]). In particular, these solutions are almost everywhere strictly positive. Our main results concern the convergence of solutions to steady states. We start from the [energy]{} for Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), given by $$\label{eq:def-E} \label{EF} E(u) = \frac{1}{2} \int_\Omega \bigl(u_x^2 - \alpha^2 u^2\bigr)\, dx - \int_\Omega u\,\cos x\,dx\, ,$$ where the first integral accounts for the surface tension, and the second integral for the gravitational potential energy. Formally, the energy decreases according to $\frac{dE(u)}{dt} = - D(u)$, where $$\label{eq:def-D} D(u) = \int_{\{u>0\}} u^n \bigl(u_{xxx} +\alpha^2u_x -\sin x\bigr)^2\, dx$$ is the [dissipation]{} associated with Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]). Note that the energy is not convex for $\alpha>1$, and not bounded below in $H^1$ for $\alpha\ge 1$. Nevertheless, we show in Section \[sec:min\] that for every choice of $\alpha>0$ the energy has a unique minimizer among [nonnegative]{} $H^1$-functions of a given mass $M$. We denote this minimizer by $u^$. The shape of $u^$ (depending on $\alpha$ and the mass) is described precisely in Theorem \[thm:min\]. The minimization problem is complicated by the fact that the minimizers can have dry regions, where the Euler-Lagrange equation is weakened to an inequality. We combine a careful analysis of the variational inequality with symmetrization techniques. In Section \[sec:steady\], we show that $u^$ is the unique steady state of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) with zero dissipation when $\alpha\le 1$. For $\alpha>1$, we find also saddle points, as well as a continuum of two-droplet steady states that are not critical points for the energy in $L^2$. Since the definition of strong solutions forces steady states to meet any dry spot at a zero contact angle, Theorem \[thm:min\] implies in particular that such steady states exist if $M(1-\alpha^2)\le 2\pi$. For each value of $\alpha$ and $M$, there is also a continuum of time-independent solutions of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) with compact support and positive contact angles, which are analogous to the steady states in [@LaugPugh]. Their role in the long-term evolution of positive solutions remains open. Section \[sec:conv\] contains the main convergence result, Theorem \[thm:conv\]. We show that the energy minimizer $u^$ is a dynamically stable, locally attractive steady state of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]). For $\alpha\le 1$, we show that all solutions that satisfy certain energy and entropy inequalities converge to $u^$. For $\alpha>1$, the convergence holds on a sub-level set of the energy that contains no other strong steady states. The entropy methods of [@B2; @BertPugh1996; @CT; @CU; @Tudorascu] do not apply to Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), because the entropy can increase as well as decrease along solutions. For steady states with dry regions, the entropy is not even finite. We combine Lyapunov’s method with a linear bound on the growth of the entropy to produce a sequence of times along which the solution converges weakly to a steady state, using a recent argument of [@Cheung-Chou]. We pass to convergence in norm along the full solution by proving a local coercivity estimate on the energy near the minimizer (which becomes global for $\alpha\le 1$). Finally, in Section \[sec:rate\], we turn to the rate of convergence. We show that convergence to the steady state is exponential whenever $u^$ is strictly positive. This extends the results of [@B2; @BertPugh1996; @Tudorascu] to examples where the steady state is non-constant (but note that our proof uses energy in place of entropy). When $u^$ has a dry region and $n>\frac{3}{2}$, we show that solutions cannot approach it faster than a power law $\sim t^{-\frac{2}{2n-3}}$. In the proof, we show that Kadanoff’s entropy $S_{n-\frac{3}{2}}$ grows at most linearly. All our results are easily adapted to the long-wave stable case of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) where the $\alpha^2 \partial_x [u^n \partial_x u]$ term appears with the opposite sign (see [@B15]). There, the energy-minimizing steady state is dynamically stable and attracts all solutions of finite entropy. It is strictly positive and exponentially attractive so long as $M(1+\alpha^2)>2\pi$. Otherwise, the rate of convergence is limited by a power-law, at least when $n> \frac{3}{2}$. For $M(1+\alpha^2)=2\pi$, the minimizer has a touchdown zero, and for $M(1+\alpha^2)<2\pi$, it has the shape of a droplet with zero contact angles. This work was partially supported by NSERC though a Discovery grant (A.B., B.S.) and a postdoctoral fellowship (M.C.). We thank Victor Ivrii, Mary Pugh, and Roman Taranets for stimulating discussions, and Rick Laugesen and Vladislav Vasil’evich Pukhnachev for valuable comments on an early version of the manuscript. Energy minimizers {#sec:min} ================= In this section, we study the energy landscape over the space of nonnegative functions of a given mass, $${\cal C}_M=\Bigl\{u\in L^2(\Omega)\mid u\ge 0, \int_\Omega u(x)\, dx=M \Bigr\}\,.$$ We use two topologies on this space, the usual $L^2$-distance $\|\|u-v\|\|_2$, and the $H^1$-topology, with distance function $$d_{H^1}(u,v) = \|\|u_x-v_x\|\|_2\,,\quad u,v\in {\cal C}_M\,.$$ Since $u$ and $v$ have the same mass, their difference has mean zero, and this distance is equivalent to the usual $H^1$-distance. It is clear from Eq. (\[eq:def-E\]) that the energy is continuous in $H^1$. By convention, $E(u)=\infty$ if $u\not\in H^1$. For $\alpha<1$, $E$ is a positive definite quadratic form, and hence strictly convex. This can be seen either from the Wirtinger inequality (see, for example, [@Dac p. 61]), or by writing the energy in terms of the Fourier series of $u$ as $$E(u)=\pi\sum_{p\in\ZZ\setminus{0}} (p^2-\alpha^2)\|\hat u(p)\|^2 -\alpha^2\frac{M^2}{2\pi}- \pi(\hat u(1)+\hat u(-1))\,.$$ For $\alpha=1$, the energy is convex, but not strictly convex on ${\cal C}_M$, because its Fourier expansion depends linearly on $\hat u(\pm 1)$. For $\alpha>1$, convexity is lost. We will show that the energy has a unique minimizer on ${\cal C}_M$, and describe its profile. Our first lemma shows that a minimizer exists. \[Existence of minimizers.\] \[lem:energy-bound\] For every $M< \infty$, $E$ attains its minimum on ${\cal C}_M$. Let $u\in {\cal C}_M$. Since $u$ is nonnegative and has mean $\frac{M}{2\pi}$, it satisfies $$\int_{\Omega} u^2 dx \le M \,\\|u \\|_{L^{\infty}}\,, \quad \|\|u\|\|_{L^\infty} \le \frac{M}{2\pi} + \sqrt{\pi}\|\|u_x\|\|_{L^2}\,.$$ Inserting these estimates into the functional, we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \nonumber E(u) &\ge& \frac{1}{2}\Bigl( \|\|u_x\|\|_{L^2} - \frac{\alpha^2M\sqrt{\pi}}{2}\Bigr)^2 - \frac{\alpha^4\pi}{8} M^2 - \Bigl(1+\frac{\alpha^2}{4\pi}\Bigr)M\,, \label{eq:energy-bound}\end{aligned}$$ which shows that $E$ is bounded below on ${\cal C}_M$. Consider a minimizing sequence $\{u_j\}_{j\ge 1}$. By Eq. (\[eq:energy-bound\]), the sequence is bounded in $H^1$. We invoke the Rellich lemma and pass to a subsequence (again denoted by $\{u_j\}$) that converges weakly in $H^1$ and strongly in $L^2$ to some function $u^$ in ${\cal C}_M$. Since $E$ is weakly lower semicontinuous on $H^1$, we have $$\inf_{u\in {\cal C}_M}E(u) \le E(u^) \le \lim_{j\to\infty} E(u_j)\le \inf_{u\in {\cal C}_M} E(u) \,,$$ and conclude that $E$ attains its minimum at $u^$. The Euler-Lagrange equation for $E$ under the mass constraint is given by $$\label{eq:EL} u_{xx} +\alpha^2 u +\cos x = \lambda \,,$$ where $\lambda$ is a Lagrange multiplier. We need to incorporate also the positivity constraint. If $u\in {\cal C}_M$, we decompose $\Omega$ according to the value of $u$ into the positivity set and the zero set of $u$, defined by $$P(u)=\{ x\in\Omega \mid u(x)>0\}\,, \quad Z(u)=\{ x\in\Omega \mid u(x)=0\}\,.$$ \[lem:EL\] If $u^$ minimizes $E$ on ${\cal C}_M$, then it solves (\[eq:EL\]) on $P(u^)$. The Lagrange multiplier is positive and satisfies $\lambda \ge \sup \bigl\{ \cos x\mid x\in Z(u^)\bigr\}$. Furthermore, $u^$ is of class ${\cal C}^{1,1}$, and $u^_x=0$ on $\partial P(u^)$. Let $\phi$ be a smooth $2\pi$-periodic test function, and set $$u^\eps= \frac{M}{M^\eps} (u^+\eps\phi)\,, \quad M^\eps=\int_\Omega \bigl(u^+\eps\phi\bigr)\, dx\,.$$ We compute the first variation of $E$ about $u^$ as $$\frac{d}{d\eps} E(u^\eps) \Big\vert_{\eps=0} = \int_\Omega \bigl( u^_x\phi_x -\alpha^2 u^\phi - \phi\cos x +\lambda \phi \bigr) \, dx\,,$$ where $$\lambda=-\frac{1}{M}\Bigl(2E(u^) +\int_\Omega u^\cos x\, dx\Bigr)\,.$$ Let $\phi$ be a smooth test function supported in $P(u)$, and set $$\eps^0= \left(\max_{x\in {\rm supp}\phi} \frac{\|\phi(x)\|}{u^(x)}\right)^{-1}>0\,.$$ By construction, $u^\eps(x)\ge 0$ for $\|\eps\|\le \eps_0$, and therefore the first variation of $E$ along $u^\eps$ must vanish. Since this holds for every smooth test function supported on $P(u^)$, the Euler-Lagrange equation holds there. Similarly, the first variation is nonnegative for every nonnegative test function $\phi$, because positive values of $\eps$ yield admissible competitors $u^\eps$ on ${\cal C}_M$. This means that $u^$ satisfies the variational inequality $$u_{xx} +\alpha^2 u + \cos x \le \lambda \quad \ \mbox{on}\ \Omega$$ in the sense of distributions. Taking $\phi\equiv 1$, we that $\lambda\ge \alpha^2 \frac{M}{2\pi}>0$, and by considering nonnegative test functions supported on $Z(u^)$, we obtain the claimed inequality for $\lambda$. To see that the contact angles are zero, assume that $u^(\tau)=0$. The variational inequality implies that $u^(x)- \frac{\lambda+1}{2}(x-\tau)^2$ is concave in $x$. In particular, the graph of $u^$ lies below a support line at $x=\tau$. Solving for $u^(x)$, we see that $$0 \le u^(x)\le \frac{\lambda+1}{2}(x-\tau)^2 + b(x-\tau)\,,$$ where $b$ is the slope of the support line. It follows that $b=0$, and $u^$ is differentiable at $\tau$ with $u^_x(\tau)=0$. Our next goal is to determine the minimizers of $E$ on ${\cal C}_M$ explicitly. At first sight, this appears to be a simple matter of minimizing over the two free parameters in the general solution of the Euler-Lagrange equation. This solution is given by $$\label{eq:EL-sol} u(x) = \frac{\lambda}{\alpha^2} + u^0(x) + A\cos(\alpha x) + B \sin(\alpha x) \,,$$ where $$\label{eq:u-part} u^0(x)= \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\frac{1}{2} x \sin x\,,\quad & \alpha=1\,,\\[0.1cm] \frac{1}{1-\alpha^2} \cos x\,, \quad & \alpha\ne 1\,. \end{array}\right.$$ A moment’s consideration shows that the minimizer cannot be a strictly positive function given by Eq. (\[eq:EL-sol\]), unless $A=B=0$ and $M>\frac{2\pi}{\|1-\alpha^2\|}$ (in which case $\lambda=\frac{M\alpha^2}{2\pi}$). If $u$ vanishes somewhere in $\Omega$, then $\lambda$ depends implicitly on $M$ through a nonlinear equation. The number of components of the positivity set is another unknown, the constants $A$ and $B$ may differ from component to component, and the contact points that form the boundary of the positivity set contribute additional free parameters. We reduce the number of parameters by observing that minimizers of $E$ on ${\cal C}_M$ are necessarily symmetric decreasing on $[-\pi,\pi]$ about $x=0$. To see this, let $u^\#$ be the symmetric decreasing rearrangement of $u$ [@LL Section 3.3]. By definition, each sub-level set $\{x\in\Omega \mid u^\#(x)>s\}$ is an open interval centered at $x=0$ that has the same measure as the corresponding set $\{x\in \Omega \mid u(x)>s\}$. Classical results ensure that $u^\#\in {\cal C}_M$, and that $$\label{eq:rearrange} \|\|u^\#\|\|_{L^2}=\|\|u\|\|_{L^2}\,,\quad \|\|u^\#_x\|\|_{L^2}\le \|\|u_x\|\|_{L^2}\,,\quad \int_\Omega u^\# \cos x \, dx \ge \int_\Omega u \cos x\, dx \,,$$ see [@Kawohl; @PSz]. It follows that $$E(u^\#)\le E(u)\,.$$ If $u$ is a minimizer, then $E(u^\#)=E(u)$, and in particular, the last inequality in (\[eq:rearrange\]) must hold with equality. Since the cosine is strictly symmetric decreasing, this forces $u$ to be symmetric decreasing as well [@LL Theorem 3.4]. It is now easy to determine the minimizer by solving the Euler-Lagrange equation with zero contact angle boundary conditions on a symmetric interval $(-\tau,\tau)$. The remaining three parameters are the coefficient $A$, the Lagrange multiplier $\lambda$, and the contact point $\tau$. The next lemma will be used to show that the positivity set of a minimizer grows with its mass. \[One-sided derivatives.\] \[lem:one-sided\] Assume that $u^$ minimizes the energy on ${\cal C}_M$. If $P(u^)=(-\tau,\tau)$ for some $\tau\in (0,\pi]$, then $u^_{xx}(\tau_-)>0$ and $\lambda>\cos\tau$. Since $u^$ satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equation by Lemma \[lem:EL\], it has bounded derivatives of all orders on $(-\tau,\tau)$. We analyze the sign of the first non-vanishing one-sided derivative of $u^$. By symmetry, it suffices to consider the right endpoint at $x=\tau$. The positivity of $u^$ implies that $u^_{xx}(\tau_-)\ge 0$. Suppose that $u^_{xx}(\tau_-)=0$, then $u^_{xxx}(\tau_-)\le 0$. On the other hand, by differentiating Eq. (\[eq:EL\]), we obtain $u^_{xxx}(\tau_-)=\sin\tau\ge 0$. This leaves only the possibility that $\tau=\pi$. Differentiating once more, we obtain $u^_{xxxx}(\pi_-)=-1$, which is the wrong sign for $u^$ to have a minimum at $\pi$. It follows that $u^_{xx}(\tau_-)>0$. The claimed inequality for $\lambda$ follows from Eq. (\[eq:EL\]). The following theorem summarizes our results, see Figure 3. \[fig:mass-tau\] ![The energy minimizer for $\alpha=0.5, 1, 2$ with initial data $u_0=3$ ([left]{}). Mass versus contact point for $\alpha = 2, 1, 0.5$ ([right]{}).](pic5m.eps "fig:"){height="5.5cm"} ![The energy minimizer for $\alpha=0.5, 1, 2$ with initial data $u_0=3$ ([left]{}). Mass versus contact point for $\alpha = 2, 1, 0.5$ ([right]{}).](mass-tau.eps "fig:"){height="5.5cm"} \[thm:min\] Let $E$ be the energy functional in Eq. (\[eq:def-E\]) for some $\alpha > 0$. For each $M>0$, $E$ has a unique nonnegative minimizer of mass $M$. The minimizer is strictly symmetric decreasing on its positivity set. It depends continuously on $M$ in ${\cal C}^{1,1}$, and increases pointwise with $M$ in the sense that for any pair of minimizers $u_1^,u_2^$ of mass $M_1,M_2$, $$M_1< M_2\ \Longrightarrow\ u_1^(x)< u_2^(x)\,, \quad x\in P(u_1^)\,.$$ If $\alpha<1$ and $M(1-\alpha^2)>2\pi$, then the minimizer is strictly positive and given by $$\label{eq:u-positive} u^(x)=\frac{M}{2\pi} + \frac{1}{1-\alpha^2}\cos x\,, \quad x\in \Omega\,.$$ Otherwise, it is given by $$\label{eq:u} u^(x) = u^0(x) + A\cos(\alpha x)- u^0(\tau)- A \cos(\alpha\tau)\,,\quad \|x\|<\tau$$ and vanishes elsewhere. Here, $\tau$ is a smooth increasing function of $M$ with $\tau\cdot \max\{\alpha,1\}<\pi$, the function $u^0$ is given by Eq. (\[eq:u-part\]), and $A=\frac{u^0_x (\tau)}{\alpha\sin(\alpha\tau)}$. Fix $\alpha> 0$ and $M>0$. By Lemma \[lem:energy-bound\], there exists a minimizer $u^$ of mass $M$. If $u^$ is strictly positive, then Eq. (\[eq:EL-sol\]) holds for all $x\in\Omega$. Since positive minimizers are symmetric about $x=0$, smooth, periodic, and have mass $M$, we conclude that $\alpha<1$ and Eq. (\[eq:u-positive\]) holds. In order for $u^$ to be nonnegative and symmetric decreasing we must have $M(1-\alpha^2)\ge 2\pi$. In that region, $u^$ is clearly strictly increasing in $M$. If, on the other hand, the positivity constraint is active, then $u^$ is symmetric decreasing on some interval $(-\tau,\tau)$ and vanishes for $\|x\|\ge \tau$. By Lemma \[lem:EL\], $u^\in {\cal C}^{1,1}(\Omega)$ and $u^_x(\pm\tau)=0$. On $(-\tau,\tau)$, $u^$ is given by Eq. (\[eq:EL-sol\]). Since $u^$ and $u^0$ are even, $B=0$. The Dirichlet condition at $\tau$ yields $$\lambda=-\alpha^2\bigl(A\cos(\alpha\tau)+u^0(\tau)\bigr)\,,$$ the Neumann condition determines $A$, and we find that Eq. (\[eq:u\]) holds. We denote this function by $u^(x;\tau)$. If $\tau\cdot \max\{\alpha,1\}<\pi$, we claim that $u^(x:\tau)$ is indeed nonnegative, symmetric decreasing in $x$, and strictly increasing with $\tau$. To see this, we differentiate Eq. (\[eq:u\]), and use that $u_x^(\tau;\tau)=0$ to obtain $$\frac{dA}{d\tau}\cdot \alpha\sin\alpha\tau = - u^_{x\tau}(\tau;\tau)= u^_{xx}(\tau;\tau)>0\,.$$ By the chain rule, and using once more that $u^_x(\tau;\tau)=0$, we have $$u^_\tau (x;\tau) = \frac{dA}{d\tau} \cdot \bigl( \cos(\alpha x)-\cos(\alpha\tau) \bigr)>0 \quad\mbox{for}\ \|x\|<\tau\,.$$ Since $u^$ vanishes identically when $\tau=0$, this confirms that it is positive and strictly symmetric decreasing for $\|x\|<\tau$. The mass of $u^$ is given by $M(\tau)=\int_{-\tau}^\tau u^(x;\tau)\, dx$. We use that $u^_x(\tau;\tau)=0$ to compute $$\frac{dM}{d\tau} = \frac{dA}{d\tau}\int_{-\tau}^\tau \bigl(\cos(\alpha x)-\cos(\alpha\tau)\bigr)\,dx>0\,,$$ and infer that we can solve for $\tau=\tau(M)$ as a strictly increasing smooth function of $M$. By the chain rule and the inverse function theorem, $$\frac{d}{d M} u^(x;\tau(M)) = \frac{\cos(\alpha x)- \cos(\alpha\tau)}{ \int_{-\tau}^\tau \bigl(\cos(\alpha x')- \cos(\alpha\tau)\bigr)\, dx'} >0 \,.$$ It remains to determine the ranges where Eq. (\[eq:u-positive\]) and (\[eq:u\]) hold. For $\alpha<1$, the energy minimizer on ${\cal C}_M$ is unique by the strict convexity of $E$. If $M\ge \frac{2\pi }{1-\alpha^2}$, the minimizer is given by Eq. (\[eq:u-positive\]). For smaller values of the mass, we use instead Eq. (\[eq:u\]), and compute that $M\to 0$ as $\tau\to 0$ and $M\to \frac{2\pi}{1-\alpha^2}$ as $\tau\to \pi_-$. Continuous dependence on $M$ follows, since Eq. (\[eq:u\]) agrees with Eq (\[eq:u-positive\]) at $M=\frac{2\pi}{1-\alpha^2}$. When $\alpha \ge 1$, the positivity constraint is always active, because $E$ is not bounded below without it. Therefore, the minimizer is given by Eq. (\[eq:u\]) on some interval $(-\tau,\tau)$. For $\alpha=1$, we must have $\tau<\pi$, because the particular solution $u^0( x )= -\frac{1}{2}x\sin x$ from Eq. (\[eq:u-part\]) cannot be continued as a differentiable $2\pi$-periodic function across $x=\pi$, in violation of Lemma \[lem:EL\]. It is easy to check from Eq. (\[eq:u\]) that $M\to 0$ as $\tau\to 0$ and $M\to\infty$ as $\tau\to \pi$. For $\alpha>1$, we have that necessarily $\alpha\tau<1$, since otherwise the function defined by Eq. (\[eq:u\]) fails to be symmetric decreasing. Since $M\to 0$ as $\tau\to 0$ and $M\to\infty$ as $\tau \to \alpha^{-1}\pi$, the theorem follows. Steady states {#sec:steady} ============= In this section, we investigate the relationship between steady states of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) and critical points of the energy in Eq. (\[eq:def-E\]). For $\alpha\le 1$ and $n\ge 1$, we will show that the global minimizer $u^$ determined in Theorem \[thm:min\] is the unique point in ${\cal C}_M$ where the energy dissipation defined in Eq. (\[eq:def-D\]) vanishes, but for $\alpha>1$ there are additional steady states. We start with some definitions. Let $u\in {\cal C}_M$ such that $E(u)<\infty$, and let $P(u)$ be its positivity set. - $u\in H^2(\Omega)$ is a [strong steady state]{} of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) if for every smooth $2\pi$-periodic test function $\phi$ $$\int_\Omega \bigl(u_{xx} + \alpha^2\,u + \cos x\bigr)\cdot \bigl(u^n\phi_x\bigr)_x \, dx = 0\,;$$ - $u$ is an [$L^2$-critical point]{} of the energy on ${\cal C}_M$ if every differentiable curve $\gamma: (-\eps_0,\eps_0)\to {\cal C}_M$ in $L^2$ with $\gamma(0)=u$ satisfies $$E(\gamma(\eps)) \ge E(u) - o\bigl(\|\|\gamma(\eps)-u\|\|_{L^2}\bigr)\,, \quad \mbox{as}\ \eps \to 0\,.$$ Strong steady states are time-independent strong solutions in the sense of Eq. (\[eq:BF-strong\]). As elements of $H^2$, they are of class ${\cal C}^{1,1}$ and meet dry regions with zero contact angles. The reason why we define critical points in the $L^2$-topology rather than in $H^1$ is that the boundary of ${\cal C}_M$ in $H^1$, which consist of nonnegative functions of mass $M$ that vanish at some point on $\Omega$, contains many curves that are differentiable in $L^2$ but not in $H^1$. By analogy with the subdifferential in convex analysis, we ask only for a lower bound on the energy difference because $E$ is lower semicontinuous, but not continuous, on ${\cal C}_M$ with the $L^2$-norm. The following two lemmas relate these notions to the Euler-Lagrange equation. \[lem:steady\] Let $u\in {\cal C}_M$, and define the dissipation $D(u)$ by Eq. (\[eq:def-D\]). If either - $u$ satisfies Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on each component $C$ of $P(u)$ with a constant $\lambda =\lambda(C)$ and with $u=u_x=0$ on $\partial C$, or, equivalently, - $u\in H^3_{loc} (P(u))\cap H^2(\Omega)$ with $u=u_x=0$ on $\partial P(u)$ and $D(u)=0$, then $u$ is a strong steady state. We first prove the equivalence of the two conditions. Assume that $u\in {\cal C}_M$ satisfies Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on each component of $P(u)$. Since $u_{xxx}=-\alpha^2u_x+\sin x\in H^1(P(u))$, it follows that $u\in H^3_{loc}(P(u))\cap H^2(\Omega)$, and $D$ vanishes. Conversely, if $D(u)=0$ then $u_{xxx} +\alpha^2 u_x-\sin x$ vanishes in $L^2_{loc}(P(u))$. This means that $u_{xx} +\alpha^2 u+ \cos x$ is locally constant on $P(u)$, i.e., $u$ satisfies Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on each component $C$ of $P(u)$ with a constant $\lambda =\lambda(C)$. Let $\{C_j\}$ be the collection of connected components of $P(u)$. If $u$ solves Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on each $C_j$ with some constant $\lambda_j$ and $\phi$ is a smooth $2\pi$-periodic test function, then $$\Big\vert \int_{P(u)} (u_{xx} +\alpha^2 u +\cos x)\cdot (u^n\phi_x)_x\, dx\Big\vert \le \sum_{j} \Big\vert \int_{C_j} \lambda_j \cdot (u^n\phi_x)_x \, dx\Big\vert = 0\,,$$ showing that $u$ is a strong steady state. Although strong solutions need not be regular enough to justify differentiating the energy, for $n\ge 1$ it is not hard to show (by arguments analogous to [@GS Lemmas 1 and 2]) that the dissipation vanishes in all strong steady states of Eq. (\[eq:def-D\]). The next lemma generalizes the description of the minimizers in Lemma \[lem:EL\]. \[Characterization of critical points.\] \[lem:critical\] A function $u\in {\cal C}_M$ is an $L^2$-critical point of the energy if and only if there exists a $\lambda\in\RR$ such that $u$ solves the Euler-Lagrange equation (\[eq:EL\]) with this value of $\lambda$ on every component of $P(u)$ and $u=u_x=0$ on $\partial P(u)$. Suppose that $u\in {\cal C}_M$ solves Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on $P(u)$, and that $u=u_x=0$ on $\partial P(u)$. For $v\in {\cal C}_M$, we compute the directional derivative $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{ds} E((1-s)u + sv) \Big\vert_{s=0^+} &=& \int_\Omega \bigl\{ u_{x}\cdot (v-u)_x - (\alpha^2 u +\cos x)\cdot (v-u)\bigr\} \, dx\\ &=&- \int_{P(u)} \lambda \cdot (v-u)\, dx - \int_{Z(u)} \cos x \cdot (v-u)\, dx\\ &=& \int_{Z(u)} v\cdot(\lambda-\cos x) \,dx\,.\end{aligned}$$ Since $E$ agrees with its second order Taylor expansion about $u$, it can be written as $$\label{eq:Taylor} E(v)= E(u) + \int_{Z(u)} \!\! v\cdot (\lambda\!-\!\cos x)\, dx + \frac{1}{2} \int_{\Omega} \! \bigl\{(v_x\!-\!u_x)^2-\alpha^2 (v\!-\!u)^2\bigr\}\, dx\,.$$ Let $\gamma:(-\eps_0,\eps_0)\to {\cal C}_M$ be a differentiable curve through $u$ in $L^2$. Writing $\gamma(\eps)=u + \eps\gamma'(\eps) + o(\eps)$ in $L^2$, we see that the nonnegativity of $\gamma(\eps)$ implies that $\gamma'(\eps)$ vanishes almost everywhere on the zero set $Z(u)$. By Eq. (\[eq:Taylor\]), $$E(\gamma(\eps)) - E(u) \ge \int_{Z(u)} \gamma(\eps) \cdot (\lambda-\cos x)\, dx - \frac{1}{2} \int_{\Omega} \alpha^2 (\gamma(\eps)-u)^2\, dx = o(\eps)\,,$$ showing that $u$ is an $L^2$-critical point. Conversely, assume that $u$ is an $L^2$-critical point. By considering $\gamma(\eps)=\frac{M}{M^\eps}(u+\eps\phi)$, where $\phi$ is a smooth function with support in $P(u)$, we see that $u$ satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equation on $P(u)$. Since $u\in H^1$, it is continuous and vanishes on $\partial P(u)$. We need to show that $u_x$ also vanishes on $\partial P(u)$. Consider a connected component $C$ of $P(u)$, and let $\ell$ be its length. By Rolle’s theorem, $u_x$ vanishes somewhere on $C$, and by the Euler-Lagrange equation, $\sup_{C} \|u_x\| \le \ell \cdot (\lambda+1+\|\|u\|\|_\infty)$. In particular, $u$ is Lipschitz continuous on $\Omega$. We claim that $u$ has one-sided derivatives at every point $\tau$ with $u(\tau)=0$. If $\tau$ is the limit of an increasing sequence of zeroes of $u$, then it follows from the above estimate that $u_x(\tau_-)=0$. Otherwise, if $\tau$ lies on the right boundary of a component $C$, its left derivative exists because $u$ solves the Euler-Lagrange equation on $C$. Similarly, $u_x(\tau_+)$ exists, and vanishes unless $\tau$ is the left endpoint of a component of $P(u)$. Let $\phi$ be a smooth test function on $\Omega$, and consider variations of the form $$u^\eps(x)= \frac{M}{M^\eps} u (x + \eps\phi(x))\,, \qquad M^\eps = \int_\Omega u(x +\eps\phi(x))\, dx\,.$$ Since $u\in H^1$, the curve $\gamma:u\mapsto u^\eps$ is differentiable in $L^2$ with $\gamma'(0)=\phi u_x$. We compute with the chain rule $$\frac{d}{d\eps} E(u^\eps)\Big\vert_{\eps=0} = \int_\Omega \phi_x \cdot\Bigl( \frac{1}{2} u_x^2 +\frac{1}{2} \alpha^2 u^2 + u\cos x\Bigr)\, dx - \int_\Omega \phi u \sin x\, dx -\lambda \frac{d}{d\eps} M^\eps \Big\vert_{\eps=0}\,,$$ where $$\lambda= - \frac{1}{M} \Bigl(2 E(u) + \int_\Omega u\cos x\,dx\Bigr)\,, \quad \frac{d}{d\eps} M^\eps\Big\vert_{\eps=0} = \int_\Omega \phi u_x \,.$$ Setting the first variation equal to zero yields the (weak) Beltrami identity associated with Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) (see, for example [@Dac Theorem 2.8]). We next write $P(u)$ as the union of its connected components $C_j$ and integrate the first integral by parts on each component. (The number of components may be finite or countable.) Using that $u$ satisfies Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) and vanishes on $\partial P(u)$, we obtain $$\frac{d}{d\eps} E(u^\eps)\Big\vert_{\eps=0} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_j \phi u_x^2 \Big\vert_{\partial C_j}\,.$$ Since $u$ is an $L^2$-critical point, this expression vanishes for every smooth function $\phi$ on $\Omega$. By concentrating $\phi$ at one point $\tau\in \partial P(u)$, we conclude that $\|u_x(\tau_-)\|=\|u_x(\tau_+)\|$. It remains to show that $u_x(\tau_+)=0$. Suppose for the contrary that $u_x(\tau_+)=-u_x(\tau_-)= a>0$. Then $\tau$ is the common boundary point of two components of $P(u)$. Let $I$ be an open interval that contains $\tau$ but no other zeroes of $u$, and consider the variation $$u^\eps(x)= \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \frac{M}{M^\eps} \psi^\eps(u(x))\,,\quad &x\in I\,,\\[0.2cm] \frac{M}{M^\eps} u(x)\,, & \mbox{otherwise}\,, \end{array}\right. \qquad M^\eps= \int_{I^c} u(x)\, dx + \int_I \psi^\eps(u(x))\, dx\,,$$ where $\eps < \min_{x \in \partial I} u(x)$, and $\psi^\eps$ is defined for $y\in [0,\infty)$ by $$\psi^\eps(y) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} y\,, & y\ge \|\eps\|\,,\\ \eps\,,\quad &\eps> 0, \, y\le\eps, \\ \max\{2y +\eps,0\} \,, \quad & \eps < 0, \, y\le -\eps\,. \end{array} \right.$$ Then $\gamma: \eps\mapsto u^\eps$ defines a curve in ${\cal C}_M$ that is differentiable in $L^2$ with $\gamma(0)=u$, and we have $$\gamma'(0)=0\,,\quad \frac{d}{d\eps} E(\gamma(\eps))\Big\vert_{\eps=0} = \frac{a}{2}\,,$$ contradicting the assumption that $u$ is an $L^2$-critical point. Combining Lemma \[lem:steady\] with Lemma \[lem:critical\], we see that the profile of a steady state where the dissipation vanishes is the sum of profiles of critical points of the energy whose supports are mutually disjoint. We next show that all these profiles are symmetric. \[Symmetry.\] \[lem:symmetry\] If $u$ is a positive solution of Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on some interval $C$ with boundary values $u=u_x=0$, then it is symmetric about $x=0$. Let $u$ be a positive solution of Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) on $C=(\tau_1,\tau_2)$. Then $u$ is given by Eq. (\[eq:EL-sol\]). For $\alpha =1$, the boundary conditions $u(\tau_j)=u_x(\tau_j)=0$ read $$\begin{aligned} A \cos(\tau_j) + B \sin(\tau_j) + \lambda - \frac{1}{2} x \sin(\tau_j) &=& 0\,,\\ -A \sin(\tau_j) + B \cos(\tau_j) - \frac{1}{2} \sin(\tau_j) - \frac{1}{2} x \cos(\tau_j)&=& 0\,.\end{aligned}$$ After eliminating $B$, we see that $\cos\tau_j$ for $j=1,2$ both solve the quadratic equation $$\label{eq:quadratic} x^2 -2\lambda x -c=0\,,$$ where the constant $c$ is determined by and $A$ and $\lambda$. For $\alpha\ne 1$, the boundary conditions can be expressed in the single complex equation $$e^{-i\alpha\tau_j}(A+iB) = -\frac{\lambda}{\alpha^2} - \frac{1}{1 - \alpha^2} \cos(\tau_j) + \frac{i}{\alpha(1 - \alpha^2)} \sin(\tau_j)\,.$$ By considering the square modulus $A^2+B^2$, we see again that $\cos \tau_j$ for $j=1,2$ both solve the quadratic equation Eq. (\[eq:quadratic\]), with a constant that depends on $A$, $B$, $\alpha$, and $\lambda$. By Vieta’s theorem, the two roots of Eq. (\[eq:quadratic\]) add up to $2\lambda$. Since $\lambda\ge\cos\tau_j$ by Lemma \[lem:EL\], we conclude that $\cos \tau_1= \cos\tau_2$. This leaves two scenarios: The first is that $C=(-\tau,\tau)$ for some $\tau\in (0,\pi)$, and $u$ is given by Eq. (\[eq:u\]). The other scenario is that $C=\Omega\setminus [-\tau,\tau]$ for some $\tau\in [0,\pi)$, and $u$ is the $2\pi$-periodic continuation of $$\label{eq:u-saddle} u(x) = u^0(x) + A\cos(\alpha(x+\pi))- u^0(\tau)- A \cos(\alpha(\tau+\pi))\,,\quad \tau<x<2\pi-\tau\,,$$ with coefficient $A(\tau)=\frac{u^0_x(\tau)}{\alpha \sin(\alpha(\pi+\tau))}$. In both cases, $u$ is symmetric about $x=0$. \[fig:types\] We conclude from Lemmas \[lem:steady\]-\[lem:symmetry\] that Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) has four types of strong steady states with zero dissipation, see Figure 4. The first three are $L^2$-critical points of the energy, but the last generally is not. While critical points are typically isolated, the fourth type of steady states can form a one-parameter continuum in ${\cal C}_M$. - [Smooth films]{} are positive except possibly for touchdown zeroes. They occur as energy minimizers if $\alpha<1$ with $M(1-\alpha^2)\ge 2\pi$, and as saddle points if $\alpha>1$ with $M(\alpha^2-1)\ge 2\pi$. If $\alpha$ is not an integer, they are symmetric about $x=0$ and given by Eq. (\[eq:u-positive\]). If $\alpha$ is an integer $k>1$ and $M(k^2-1)>2\pi$, there are also non-symmetric solutions of the form $$u(x)= \frac{M}{2\pi} - \frac{1}{k^2-1} \cos{x} + A\cos{k x} + B\sin{kx}\,$$ with $A$ and $B$ small enough. - [Hanging drops]{} are given by Eq. (\[eq:u\]) on an interval $(-\tau,\tau)$ with $0<\tau<\pi$, and have a dry region at the top of the cylinder. Among them are the energy minimizers for $\alpha<1$ with $M(1-\alpha^2)<2\pi$, as well as for $\alpha\ge 1$. The other two types occur only for $\alpha>1$: - [Sitting drops]{} are given by Eq. (\[eq:u-saddle\]) on an interval $(\tau, 2\pi-\tau)$ with $0<\tau<\pi$, and have a dry region at the bottom. They are $L^2$-critical points, but never minimizers of the energy. - [Two-droplet steady states]{} are the sum of a hanging and a sitting drop whose positivity sets are disjoint. They do not correspond to $L^2$-critical points of the energy unless the value of $\lambda$ from Eq. (\[eq:EL\]) agrees in the two droplets. The next theorem is illustrated in Figure 5. \[thm:unique\] Let $M>0$ and $\alpha>0$ be given. If $\alpha\le 1$, then the global minimizer $u^$ is the unique strong steady state of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) on ${\cal C}_M$ with zero dissipation. For $\alpha>1$, there exists for each $M>0$ an energy level $E_1> E(u^)$ such that $u^$ is the unique strong steady state with zero dissipation in the sub-level set $\{u\in {\cal C}_M\mid E(u)<E_1\}$. By Lemmas \[lem:steady\]-\[lem:symmetry\], every strong steady state where the dissipation vanishes is the sum of one or two critical points with disjoint positivity sets. For $\alpha\le 1$, the convexity of the energy implies that the unique minimizer $u^$ (determined in Theorem \[thm:min\]) is the unique critical point. For $\alpha>1$, we use that the minimizer is unique and given by a hanging drop, and then use Lemma \[lem:symmetry\] to see that it is isolated within the set of steady states with zero dissipation. Convergence to equilibrium {#sec:conv} ========================== In this section we will prove our main result, that global strong solutions of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) with $\alpha\le 1$ converge strongly in $H^1$ to the unique energy minimizer of the same mass. We have already described these steady states in the previous sections. As described in the introduction, a global strong solution of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) is a nonnegative function in $L^2_{loc}((0,\infty),H^2(\Omega)\big)$ that satisfies Eq. (\[eq:BF-strong\]) for every smooth test function with compact support in $(0,\infty)\times \Omega$. We consider only strong solutions that additionally satisfy a linear bound on the $H^2$-norm, $$\label{eq:global-strong} \int_0^T\int_\Omega u_{xx}^2\, dx dt \le A + B T\,$$ with some constants $A,B$, and the [energy inequality]{} $$\label{eq:energy-integrated} E(u(\cdot, T)) + \int_0^T\int_{P(u)} u^n \bigl(u_{xxx}+\alpha^2 u_x - \sin x \bigr)^2 \, dx dt \le E(u(\cdot,0)) \,.$$ To convince the reader that this class of solutions is not empty, we paraphrase the existence theory of Bernis and Friedman for $n>2$. We note in passing that the method has been extended to the entire range $n>0$, and that it implies much stronger existence and regularity results [@B2; @BertPugh1996; @Report]. The basic version of the methods exploits that the entropy $$S(u)=\int_\Omega u^{-n+2}\, dx$$ formally decreases under Eq. (\[eq:basic\]) with $n>2$. Note that $S(u)<\infty$ implies that $u$ can vanish only on a set of measure zero. Strictly speaking, $S$ is not an entropy for Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), because it may increase as well as decrease along solutions, due to the presence of the long-wave instability and the gravitational drainage term. These terms can be accommodated with a technique of Chugunova, Pugh and Taranets [@Report], as follows. Along smooth solutions, $$\label{eq:naked-entropy} c_n^{-1} \frac{d S(u)}{dt} = - \int_\Omega u_{xx}^2\, dx +\int_\Omega \bigl(\alpha^2u_x^2 + u\cos x\bigr)\, dx\,,$$ where $c_n=(n-2)(n-1)$. Integrating over time and bounding the second integral with Eq. (\[lem:energy-bound\]), one obtains $$\label{eq:entropy-integrated} S(u(\cdot, T))+ c_n \int_{0}^{T}\!\! \int_\Omega u_{xx}^2 \, dx \, dt \le S(u(\cdot, 0)) + KT \,,$$ where $K$ depends only on the energy and the mass. In particular, classical solutions satisfy Eq. (\[eq:global-strong\]). A similar computation shows that the energy inequality (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) is an identity for classical solutions. Strong solutions that satisfy Eqs. (\[eq:global-strong\]) and (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) are obtained by regularizing $$u_t + \partial_x \left[f_{\epsilon}(u)\, \partial_x(u_{xx} + \alpha^2\,u+ \cos x) \right] = 0\,,\quad x \in \Omega\,,$$ for example with $f_\eps (z) = z^n + \eps$ [@BF]. The regularized equations are known to have unique smooth solutions that exist for all times $t>0$. For these solutions, the energy inequality (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) holds with equality, and the entropy inequality (\[eq:naked-entropy\]) holds for the corresponding entropy functional with the the same constants $c_n$ and $K$. By the usual compactness arguments, there exists a sequence $u^{\eps_j}$ that converges uniformly on compact time intervals to a nonnegative strong solution $u$ on $(0,\infty)\times\Omega$, which is smooth wherever it is positive. Moreover, $u^{\eps_j}_{xx}$ converges to $u_{xx}$ weakly in $L^2(0,T)\times \Omega$ for each $T>0$, and $u^{\eps_j}_{xxx}$ converges to $u_{xxx}$ weakly in $L^2_{loc}(P(u))$. In the limit, the energy and entropy inequalities in Eqs. (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) and (\[eq:entropy-integrated\]) remain intact, because the double integrals are weakly lower semicontinuous due to their convexity in the highest derivative. We turn to the long-time behaviour of solutions. Lyapunov’s principle says that a dissipative dynamical system should converge towards the set of critical points of the energy. Thin film equations present two difficulties: Since well-posedness has not been settled, we are not sure how to view them as dynamical systems, and lower bounds on the dissipation are not easy to obtain. The next lemma bounds the distance from the minimizer in terms of the energy. Since energy decreases along solutions of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), the lemma implies that implies that $u^$ is dynamically stable in the sense of Lyapunov. \[lem:coerce\] Let $\alpha>0$ and $M>0$ be given, and let $u^$ be the energy minimizer on ${\cal C}_M$ obtained in Theorem \[thm:min\]. Then $$\sup \left \{ d_{H^1}(u,u^) \ \Big\vert \ u\in {\cal C}_M, E(u)\le E(u^)+\Delta E\right\} \longrightarrow 0\quad (\Delta E \to 0)\,.$$ For $\alpha<1$, we have the explicit estimate $$\label{eq:coerce} d_{H^1}(u, u^) \le \left(\frac{2\Delta E}{1-\alpha^2} \right)^{1/2}\,$$ for all $u$ with $E(u)\le E(u^)+\Delta E$. We argue by contradiction. If the conclusion fails, then there exists a minimizing sequence $\{u_j\}$ such that $\inf_j d_{H^1}(u_j,u^)>0$. By Lemma \[lem:energy-bound\], a subsequence converges weakly in $H^1$ and strongly in $L^2$ to the minimizer $u^$. But since the minimizer is unique, and all convergent subsequences have the same limit, the entire sequence converges. By the expansion of the energy in Eq. (\[eq:Taylor\]), $$\begin{aligned} d_{H^1}(u_j,u^) &=& \left( 2 \Delta E(u_j) - 2 \int_{Z(u^)} u_j\cdot (\lambda-\cos x)\, dx +\alpha^2 \int_\Omega (u_j-u^)^2\, dx\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\ &\to& 0 \quad (j\to\infty)\,,\end{aligned}$$ contradicting the choice of the sequence. For $\alpha<1$, the bound in Eq. (\[eq:coerce\]) follows immediately from the observation that the linear term in Eq. (\[eq:Taylor\]) is nonnegative, see Lemma \[lem:EL\]. For $\alpha=1$, one can take advantage of the positivity of the linear term in Eq. (\[eq:Taylor\]) to obtain an explicit estimate of the form $ d_{H^1}(u, u^) \le c_1(\Delta E)^{1/2} +c_2\Delta E$, where the constants $c_1$ and $c_2$ depend on the mass. We next construct a sequence of times along which the dissipation goes to zero. \[time-sequence\] Let $u$ be a global strong solution of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) that satisfies inequalities (\[eq:global-strong\]) and (\[eq:energy-integrated\]), and let $E_0$ be its energy at time $t=0$. There exists a sequence of times $t_j\to\infty$ such that $$\sup_j \|\|u_{xx}(\cdot, t_j)\|\|_2 <\infty\,,\quad \lim_{j \rightarrow \infty} D(u(\cdot, t_j)) = 0\,.$$ Eq. (\[eq:global-strong\]) implies that the set $$C_1 = \Bigl\{ t\in (0,T)\Big\vert \|\|u_{xx} (\cdot, t)\|\|_2^2 \ge 4B\Bigr\}$$ has measure bounded by $\mu(C_1)\le \frac{A}{4B} +\frac{T}{4}$. Similarly, for every $\eps>0$, Eq. (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) implies that $$C_2 = \Bigl\{ t\in (0,T)\Big\vert D(u(\cdot, t)) \ge \eps \Bigr\}$$ has measure bounded by $\mu(C_2)\le \frac{E_0-E(u^)}{\eps}$. It follows that for $T>\frac{A}{B}+\frac{4(E_0-E(u^))}{\eps}$, we can find $t\in [\frac{T}{2},T]$ that lies neither in $C_1$ nor in $C_2$. The sequence $t_j$ is constructed by taking sequences $\eps_j\to 0$ and $T_j\to\infty$. We combine this lemma with the stability result from Lemma \[lem:coerce\] to show that $u^$ is in fact asymptotically stable. \[thm:conv\] Let $u$ be a global strong solution of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) of mass $M$ and initial energy $E_0$ constructed by the method of Bernis and Friedman, and let $u^$ be the energy minimizer on ${\cal C}_M$. If $\alpha>1$, assume in addition that the sub=level set $\{E\le E_0\}$ in ${\cal C}_M$ contains no other steady states with zero dissipation. Then $$\lim_{t\to\infty} d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t), u^)=0\,.$$ Let $\{t_j\}$ be the sequence of times constructed in Lemma \[time-sequence\]. Since $\{u(\cdot, t_j)\}$ is uniformly bounded in $H^2$, there is a subsequence (again denoted $t_j$) that converges weakly in $H^2$ and strongly in $H^1$ to some limit $v\in {\cal C}_M$. We want to show that $v = u^$. For $\delta>0$, consider the set $P_\delta(v)=\{x\in\Omega \mid v(x)>\delta\}$. Since $u(\cdot, t_j)$ converges uniformly to $v$, we have that $u(x,t_j)>\frac{\delta}{2}$ on $P_\delta(v)$ for $j$ sufficiently large, and it follows that $$\int_{P_\delta(v)} \bigl(u_{xxx}(\cdot, t_j) +\alpha^2 u_x(\cdot, t_j)- \sin x \bigr)^2\, dx \le \frac{2}{\delta} D(u(\cdot, t_j))\to 0\,.$$ Since we already know that $u_x(\cdot, t_j)$ converges to $v_x$ strongly in $L^2$, this means that $u_{xxx}(\cdot, t_j)$ converges to $\sin x -\alpha^2 v_x$ strongly in $L^2(P_\delta(v))$. The limit agrees with $v_{xxx}$, and we see that $$v_{xxx} +\alpha^2v_x-\sin x = 0 \quad \mbox{on} \ P_\delta(v)\,.$$ Since $\delta$ was arbitrary and $v\in H^2$ by construction, it follows from Lemma \[lem:steady\] that $v$ is a strong steady state of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]). Since $E(v)\le E(u(\cdot, 0))$ and $D(v)=0$, we conclude with Theorem \[thm:unique\] that $v=u^$. We next observe that $E(u(\cdot, t_j))\to E(u^)$ by the continuity of the energy in $H^1$. Since the energy decreases monotonically along solutions by Eq. (\[eq:energy-integrated\]), we have $$\lim_{t\to\infty} E(u(\cdot, t))= E(u^)\,,$$ and the claimed convergence follows with Lemma \[lem:coerce\]. Rate of convergence {#sec:rate} =================== In the final section, we consider the rate of convergence to steady states. We will show that strictly positive energy minimizers are exponentially attractive, while steady states that have zeroes can be approached at most at a polynomial rate. The reason is that the entropy inequality in Eq. (\[eq:entropy-integrated\]) limits the rate at which the solution can converge to zero on a subset of $\Omega$. To obtain the strongest lower bound, we will use Kadanoff’s entropy $$\label{eq:S-Kadanoff} S(u) = \int_{\Omega} u^{-n+\frac{3}{2}}\, dx\,.$$ One can verify by direct calculation (involving repeated integration by parts [@B2; @JM]) that classical positive solutions of the thin-film equation Eq. (\[eq:basic\]) with $n\ne \frac{3}{2}$ satisfy $$\label{eq:Kadanoff} c_n^{-1} \frac{dS(u)}{dt} = \int_\Omega u^{-\frac{1}{2}} u_x u_{xxx}\, dx = -4 \int_\Omega u^{\frac{1}{2}} \Bigl( (u^{\frac{1}{2}})_{xx}\Bigr)^2\, dx < 0\,,$$ where $c_n = \bigl(n-\frac{3}{2}\bigr)\bigl(n-\frac{1}{2}\bigr)$. This is a special case of Eq. (2.13) in [@B2]. For Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), Kadanoff’s entropy can grow at most linearly with time: \[Entropy bound.\] \[lem:entropy\] Fix $n>\frac{3}{2}$, and let $S$ be given by Eq. (\[eq:S-Kadanoff\]). Let $u_0\in {\cal C}_M$ be an initial value of finite energy and entropy. Then the global strong solution of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) constructed by the method of Bernis and Friedman satisfies $$\label{eq:entropy} S(u(\cdot, t)) \le S(u(\cdot,0)) + K_0t\,,$$ where $K_0$ depends on the mass and the initial energy. If $u$ is a positive classical solution of Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]), we differentiate the entropy and integrate by parts to obtain $$c_n^{-1} \frac{dS(u)}{dt} = \int_\Omega u^{-\frac{1}{2}} u_x u_{xxx}\, dx + \alpha^2 \int_\Omega u^{-\frac{1}{2}} u_x^2\,dx - \int_\Omega u^{-\frac{1}{2}}u_x\sin x\, dx\,,$$where $c_n= \bigl(n\!-\!\frac{3}{2}\bigr)\bigl(n\!-\!\frac{1}{2}\bigr)$. The first summand we rewrite with the help of Eq. (\[eq:Kadanoff\]). The second summand we integrate by parts $$\int_\Omega u^{-\frac{1}{2}} u_x^2\, dx = 2 \int_\Omega u (u^{\frac{1}{2}})_{xx}\, dx\,,$$ and combine it with the first by completing the square. This produces a remainder term of the form $\frac{\alpha^4}{4}\int_\Omega u^{\frac{3}{2}}\, dx$. The third summand we integrate by parts as well. We arrive at $$c_n^{-1}\frac{dS(u)}{dt} = - \int_\Omega u^{\frac{1}{2}} \left( 2( u^{\frac{1}{2}})_{xx}- \frac{\alpha^2}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^2\,dx + \frac{\alpha^4}{4} \int_\Omega u^{\frac{3}{2}}\,dx +2\int_\Omega u^{\frac{1}{2}}\cos x\, dx\,.$$By Lemma \[lem:energy-bound\], the last two integrals are bounded by a constant that depends only on the mass and the energy. Integrating along the solution, we see that Eq. (\[eq:entropy\]) holds for classical solutions. By the same computation, Eq. (\[eq:entropy\]) holds for the solutions of a suitably regularized equation with the correspondingly regularized entropy and with the same constant $K_0$. Since the strong solution is a uniform limit of such solutions, the entropy converges as well, and the claim follows. \[thm:decay\] Consider Eq. (\[eq:PDE\]) with parameters $n>0$ and $\alpha>0$, and set $\beta=n-\frac{3}{2}$. Let $u$ be a solution of mass $M$ that satisfies the energy and entropy inequalities in (\[eq:energy-integrated\]) and (\[eq:entropy\]). Assume that $u$ converges in $H^1$ to the energy-minimizing steady state $u^$ of mass $M$. - If $n>\frac{3}{2}$ and $u^$ vanishes on a set of positive length $L$, then $$d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t), u^) \ge \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}\cdot \Bigl(\frac{L}{S_0+K_0t}\Bigr)^{\frac{1}{\beta}}\,;$$ - if $n>2$ and $u^$ vanishes quadratically at a point, then there exist positive constants $K_1$ and $K_2$ (depending on the initial energy and entropy) such that $$d_{H^1}( u(\cdot,t),u^)\ge \bigl(K_1+K_2t\bigr)^{-\frac{2}{2\beta-1}}\,;$$ - if $\alpha<1$ and $u^$ is strictly positive, then $$d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t),u^)\le K_3 e^{-\mu t}\,$$ for some constant $K_3$ (depending on $u$), where $\mu = (1-\alpha^2)(\min u^)^n$. If $Z(u^)$ has measure $L>0$, we estimate $$S(u(\cdot, t)) \ge L \Bigl(\ \sup_{x\in Z(u^)} u(x,t)\Bigr)^{-\beta} \ge L\cdot \|\|u(\cdot, t)-u^\|\|_{L^\infty}^{-\beta}\,.$$ Since $u$ and $u^$ have the same mass, we have $\|\|u(\cdot, t)-u^\|\|_{L^\infty}\le \sqrt{\pi}\, d_{H^1}(u(\cdot,t),u^)$, and the first claim follows from the bound on the entropy in Eq. (\[eq:entropy\]). If $u^$ has a zero of order $\gamma>\frac{1}{\beta}$, we consider the interval $I$ of length $L$ centered at that point and obtain with the same calculation as for the first case that $$\|\|u(\cdot, t)-u^\|\|_{L^\infty} \ge \sup_{x\in I} u(x, t)- \sup_{x\in I} u^(x) \ge \Bigl(\frac{L}{S_0 + K_0t}\Bigr)^\frac{1}{\beta} - O(L^{\gamma})$$ as $L\to 0$. Choosing $L=\eps\cdot(S_0+K_0t)^{-\frac{1}{\beta\gamma-1}}$, we see that for $\eps>0$ sufficiently small $$\|\|u(\cdot, t)-u^\|\|_{L^\infty} \ge (K_1+K_2t)^{-\frac{\gamma}{\beta\gamma-1}}$$ with some constants $K_1, K_2>0$. Setting $\gamma=2$ and adjusting the constants we obtain the second claim. If $u^$ is strictly positive, then $\alpha<1$ by Theorem \[thm:min\]. By Eq. (\[eq:Taylor\]), $$\begin{aligned} E(u(\cdot,t))-E(u^)&=&\frac{1}{2} \int_\Omega \bigl( (u_x-u^_x)^2-\alpha^2 (u-u^)\bigr)^2 \, dx\\ & =& \pi \sum_{p\in\ZZ\setminus{0}} (p^2-\alpha^2)\|\hat u(p)-\hat{u^}(p)\|^2\,.\end{aligned}$$ Since $u$ converges to $u^$ in $H^1$, there exists a time $t_0$ such that $\min u(\cdot, t)>0$ for all $t> t_0$. At all later times, $u$ is a strictly positive, classical solution that can be differentiated as often as necessary. Since $u^$ solves the Euler-Lagrange equation (\[eq:EL\]), the dissipation satisfies $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} E(u(\cdot, t) ) &=& -\int_\Omega u^n \bigl((u-u^)_{xxx}+\alpha^2 (u-u^)_x \bigr)^2\, dx\\ &\le& - (\min u)^n \cdot \int_\Omega \left [ \partial_x((u-u^)_{xx}+\alpha^2 (u-u^))\right]^2 \,dx\\ &=& - (\min u)^n \cdot \pi \sum_{p\in\ZZ\setminus\{0\}} p^2(p^2-\alpha^2)^2 \|\hat u(p)-\hat{u^}(p)\|^2\\ &\le& - \Bigl(\frac{\min u \ }{\min u^}\Bigr)^n \cdot 2\mu \, \bigl( E(u(\cdot, t))-E(u^)\bigr)\,.\end{aligned}$$ In the last two steps, we have used Parseval’s identity to rewrite the integral in terms of the Fourier coefficients of $u-u^$, and estimated the Fourier multipliers by $$p^2(p^2-\alpha^2)^2\ge (1-\alpha^2)(p^2-\alpha^2)\,,\quad (p\ne 0)\,.$$ Since $u(\cdot, t)$ converges uniformly to $u^$ as $t\to\infty$ by Theorem \[thm:conv\], it follows from Gronwall’s lemma that $E(u(\cdot, t))-E(u^)\le Ke^{-2\mu t}$ for some constant $K$. By Eq. (\[eq:coerce\]) of Lemma \[lem:coerce\], this implies the claimed exponential convergence of $d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t),u^)$. If $n=\frac{3}{2}$ and $u^$ vanishes on a set of positive length, we obtain as in the proof of the first case of the theorem yields an exponential bound of the form $d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t),u^)\ge K e^{-\mu t}$, where $K$ and $\mu$ depend on the mass, energy, and entropy of the solution. \[fig:converge\] ![Evolution of a solution with $\alpha=1$, $n=3$ and initial data $u_0=1$. Time shots of the numerical solution at $t = 0, 10^{-2}, 10^{-1}, 1, 10, 10^2, 10^3$ ([left]{}). $L^2$-distance of the solution from the energy minimizer. The dashed line shows the lower bound from Eq. (\[eq:Pukh-rate\]) ([right]{}).](pic2m.eps "fig:"){height="5.5cm"} ![Evolution of a solution with $\alpha=1$, $n=3$ and initial data $u_0=1$. Time shots of the numerical solution at $t = 0, 10^{-2}, 10^{-1}, 1, 10, 10^2, 10^3$ ([left]{}). $L^2$-distance of the solution from the energy minimizer. The dashed line shows the lower bound from Eq. (\[eq:Pukh-rate\]) ([right]{}).](energy-cor.eps "fig:"){height="5.5cm"} [ Let $u$ be a global strong solution of $$u_t + \partial_x\left[u^3\, \partial_x (u_{xx} + u+\cos x)\right] = 0\,, \quad x \in \RR/(2\pi\ZZ)\,$$ constructed by the method of Bernis and Friedman, and let $u^$ be the unique nonnegative energy minimizer of the same mass $M$. Then $$\lim_{t\to\infty} d_{H^1}(u(\cdot,t),u^)=0\,.$$ The minimizer is a droplet with zero contact angles and profile $$u^(x) = -\frac{1}{2}\bigl(x\sin x - \tau\sin\tau) + \frac{1}{2} (1-\tau\cot\tau)(\cos\tau-\cos x)\,, \quad \|x\|<\tau\,.$$ The contact point $\tau$ is a continuous, strictly increasing function of the mass, with $\tau\to 0$ as $M\to 0$ and $\tau\to\pi$ as $M\to\infty$. If, additionally, $$\int_\Omega \bigl(u(x, t)\bigr)^{-\frac{3}{2}}\,dx \le S_0 + K_0 t \,,$$ then $$\label{eq:Pukh-rate} d_{H^1}(u(\cdot, t), u^) \ge \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}\cdot\Bigl( \frac{2(\pi\!-\!\tau)}{S_0+K_0t}\Bigr)^{\frac{2}{3}}\,.$$* ]{} [123]{} The thin-film equation: recent advances and some new perspectives. , [17]{}:S291-S307, 2005. Steady rimming flows with surface tension. , [597]{}:91–118, 2008. A new type of instability: explosive disturbances in a liquid film inside a rotating horizontal cylinder. , [497]{}:201–224, 2003. Nonnegative solutions of a fourth-order nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation. , [129(2)]{}:175–200, 1995. Higher order nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations. , [83(1)]{}:179–206, 1990. Singularities and similarities in interface flows. Trends and perspectives in applied mathematics, 155–208, Appl. Math. Sci., 100, Springer, New York, 1994. The lubrication approximation for thin viscous films: regularity and long-time behaviour of weak solutions. , [49(2)]{}:85–123, 1996. Long-wave instabilities and saturation in thin film equations. , [51(6)]{}:625–661, 1998. Nonlinear mobility continuity equations and generalized displacement convexity. :1273-1309 (2010). J. A. Carrillo and G. Toscani. Long-time asymptotics for strong solutions of the thin film equation. :551-571 (2002). Asymptotic equipartition and long time behavior of solutions of a thin-film equation. :279–292, 2007. . , 3003–3028 (2010). On the nature of ill-posedness of the forward-backward heat equation. , [65]{}:319–344 (2009). Nonnegative Solutions for a Long-Wave Unstable Thin Film Equation with Convection. :1826-1853 (2010). B. Dacorogna. Introduction to the Calculus of Variations. Imperial College Press, second edition 2009. L. Giacomelli, H. Knüpfer, and F. Otto. Smooth zero-contact-angle solutions to a thin-film equation around the steady state. : 1454–1506, 2008. Dan Ginsberg and Gideon Simpson, Analytical and numerical results on the positivity of steady state solutions of a thin film equation. Preprint [arXiv:1101.3261]{}, 2011. M. W. Hirsch and S. Smale. Differential equations, dynamical systems, and linear algebra. Academic Press, New York-London, 1974. Steady state coating flows inside a rotating horizontal cylinder. , [190]{}:321–322, 1988. An algorithmic construction of entropies in higher-order nonlinear PDEs. , [19]{}:633-659, 2006. . , [48(1)]{}:55–64, [2007]{}. B. Kawohl. Rearrangements and convexity of level sets in PDE. Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics [1150]{}, 1985. On inertial effects in the [Moffatt-Pukhnachov]{} coating-flow problem. : 327-353, 2009. . , [4(3)]{}:613–634, 2005. . , [11]{}:293–351, 2000. Analysis. AMS Graduate Studies in Mathematics [14]{}, 1997/2001. , , [19(1,2)]{}:35–50, 1961. A family of nonlinear fourth order equations of gradient flow type. , [34]{}:1352–1397, 2009. The flow and solidification of a thin fluid film on an arbitrary three-dimensional surface. :2788-2803, 2002 Behavior of a viscous film on outer surface of a rotating cylinder. :651-673, 1977. Lubrication approximation with prescribed nonzero contact angle: an existence result. , [23]{}:2077–2161, 1998. Isoperimetric inequalities in mathematical physics. , Princeton University Press, 1952. Motion of a liquid film on the surface of a rotating cylinder in a gravitational field. , [18(3)]{}:344–351, 1977. Asymptotic solution of the rotating problem. , Special Issue on Mathematics and Continuum Mechanics, p. 191–199, 2004. Lubrication approximation for thin viscous films: asymptotic behavior of nonnegative solutions. , [32]{}:1147–1172, 2007.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '209cb40acddc09d0268b3672ded246a2df09c88f737669381d8c3b0e8c56174d'}
Q: hibernating a single process in Windows Is there any library or software or any way of saving the state of a single process in Windows to a file, then restoring the running process to a running state with all the memory already loaded at a later time? I am aware that open handles will have to be re-opened, threads may have to started, etc, but can the heap and a single thread stack at least be restored? I saw this question, but the answers are all for linux and most of them say it can't be done. I know I can make all of my data structures serializable and do it myself, but I'd like to know if it is possible without that. A: Raymond Chen (who may even kick Jon Skeet's ass when it comes to obscure Windows knowledge) says it isn't possible. Essentially, unless your process uses absolutely no system resources (e.g. handles of any kind), there's always going to be some OS state which you can't save and restore. The most practical way of solving this problem is to create a VM running another instance of Windows and run your process inside that: You can make the guest OS as lightweight as possible by using nLite. You can then use the VMWare VIX API to suspend/resume the VM programmatically. This of course suspends the guest OS, and your process with it, solving the OS state problem.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'b602ff39e1058e75d3850b71452d2815ee152d42fbae505ffd57815e1b77685a'}
Project Description self-aligning roller bearing Self-aligning roller bearing, also called spherical roller bearing, has double-row rollers, its outer ring has a common spherical raceway, and the inner ring has two paratactic raceways, and is inclined at an angle relative to the bearing axis. This ingenious structure makes it self-aligning, therefore, it is not easily affected by the angle between the shaft and the bearing housing to the error or bending of the shaft. It can allow some tilt of the shaft during the installation. Besides, self-aligning roller bearings can be used in extremely heavy loads, allowing higher speeds. In addition to bearing radial loads, these bearings can also bear considerable axial loads. Self-aligning roller bearing has a cylindrical or a conical inner bore, for the conical one, normally its bore has a taper ratio of 1:12 or 1:30. The conical inner bore type bearings are generally matched with adapter sleeves or withdrawal sleeves, which can easily and quickly assemble tapered inner bore self-aligning ball bearings on the round shafts or stepper shafts. Self-aligning roller bearings are mainly used in papermaking machinery, rolling mills, crushers, printing machinery, woodworking machinery, and various industrial reducers. pdf download	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.942237377166748}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '100356', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YQPZZCPMU5UBRI3WW4J3UBG22RIMQUII', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c64d8ae8-7076-4307-bac8-1f5d09dd393d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 21, 1, 6, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '45.79.228.81', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:R37GIVTJNBDQZNEPKECNZZW5SJZZ72ES', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:74ee7c34-c35d-4971-a757-a8fe3142fef1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://isutamisolutions.com/product/self-aligning-roller-bearing/?portfolioCats=11', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8034dd60-07fd-41a1-8cbb-9a111790fd5e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '194', 'url': 'https://isutamisolutions.com/product/self-aligning-roller-bearing/?portfolioCats=11', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-45\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-32.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.10582268238067627', 'original_id': 'dcaa985ed2d102f22966c062aeb9d365148ee43e95684f9d59c5930cd7b38fd7'}
Playing God by Barbara Whitehead (book cover) Playing God (Quartet Qrime 1988) British Telecom engineer Tom Churchyard is modestly pleased to have been given the role of God in this year's performance of the world-famous York mystery plays; but then the directory, Bruce Exelby, takes a controversial decision and casts a notorious pop idol as Christ - a move which arouses outrage both among the cast and in the town. A series of potentially dangerous accidents during the rehearsals culminates in the murder of the director, with suspicion falling on the members of the cast. Gradually Tom realises that he holds an important clue to the mystery and that from it he can work out the murderer's identity. But can he play God with another's life? Playing God is an interesting murder story with an unusual and intriguing background. The author is not only intimately acquainted with York, but also has a detailed and deep knowledge of the cycle of medieval mystery plays.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9522123336791992}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '2538', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WDTBMIOFE2L2SKV6M4GW5Y6VWLC2HCFH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:2b8ce3a7-3b95-4066-a717-d6ab0031519d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 21, 53, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '31.193.2.118', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:H55YFHKRWQENOY3G6QA56OUAWZKQI6EG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1a753394-97d4-4eef-95ef-0a9a995c9132>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://barbarawhitehead.com/playinggod.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dce7cccf-3d69-42fc-bf23-aeb0e52f1587>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '160', 'url': 'http://barbarawhitehead.com/playinggod.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-229-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019650757312774658', 'original_id': '21b6da39cb9189f819a5c571f8852e4ed8eab37df1ad13c34d926991fbad01cf'}
North Caucasus 0 North Caucasus From the 94/5 Report of Minority Rights Group International, "The North Caucasus: Minorities at a Crossroads" By Helen Krag and Lars Funch The region There is no general agreement on delimiting the North Caucasus region. Official Russian terms like 'North Caucasus Economic Region' and 'North Caucasus Military District' relate to the new border region to the south of the Russian Federation. These bounda ries have been drawn out of Russian administrative, economic and security considerations, and not out of concern for the peoples in the region. There is also an exclusively ethno graphic term 'North Caucasian peoples', which encom passes ethnic groups who se native languages belong to a distinct linguistic group. In geographical terms, it is the region in the high mountains, and the northern slopes and valleys of the Caucasus mountains which border the steppe and the black earth belt of southern Russia and the Ukraine. These are both wider and more narrow concepts than the one chosen for this report. In this report the primary focus is on the traditional habi tat of the native peoples north and partly south of the Caucasus mountain range, a region very much determined by geographical conditions. Three types of landscape are normally distinguished; the low coastlines along the Black and Caspian Seas, the fer tile plains and low hills and the high mountains. The mountains barred access from outside until new military technology began to connect the region to the outside world and challenge traditional life styles. In the west the mountains rise out of the water, in the east a narrow coast line parts the Caspian Sea from the mountain slopes. Animal husbandry and grazing combined with handicrafts, th e exploitation of natural energy sources and terraced cultivation, especially in the east, predominated the mountaineers' economy. In the lowlands and plains, nomadic or semi-nomadic horse- and stock-breeding together with trading, and farming prevailed. Many of the North Caucasus people share similar cultural traits and values. They have developed due to similar life conditions and these were enforced during the wars against colonization. The North Caucasians were reputed to be fierce warriors, both in t heir engagements against outside invaders and in internal fights against each other. They handled their horses and daggers with equal excel lency. Looting was a way of life, along with herding and cultivating the soil. Paintings show them as slim, hand so me and dark. They have been portrayed by Russian as well as local poets as very hospitable, proud and fearless, and impossible to subdue.~ Today, Caucasians have been brought down from the high stony peaks and many, if not most, speak Russian. The society offers equal opportunities to women and men and it is not unusual to encounter women in the higher politi cal strata and in academic posit ions. Yet traditional gender ½ relations and family patterns are maintained, and men and male values prevail in public life. The native population in the North Caucasus is clearly distinct from the main stream of Russian society, in terms of their own sense of identity and in the perce ption of others. The North Caucasians have common ground in their strnggle for their languages, traditions and values, and against domi nance from outside. They are minority populations gov erned from political centres far away - in many ways economically and/or politically neglected. Much has been sacrificed on the altar of modernization and centralization. During the last century the moun taineers were moved from the high mountains to the plains, farm work was collectivized, and handicraft replaced by industry. The region became tota lly depen dent economically on other regions of the USSR. Gigantic hydropower plants came to replace self-sufficient local energy arrangements. The output of oil fields, mines and industry in the region was exported to other parts of the Soviet Union, whi le the region itself was reimbursed by imports and subsidies. Power plants, oil fields, mineral deposits and factories notwithstanding, great parts of the region, especially in the east, can only be described as poor - one of the poorest of the former Sov iet Union.9 The integration into the Russian and Soviet administrative and political system, on the other hand, also brought the development of urban centres, infrastrnctures and institu tions of education although they are few and badly devel oped compared to other parts of Russia. During the Soviet regime several peoples became 'titular nations' in autonomous republics and districts. This status entailed certain special rights regarding cultural develop ment and political representation. Although their frontiers and territories wer e changed rather frequently, this status had a siguificant effect on the development of national identities in these 'homelands'. The North Caucasus minorities live mainly within seven republics in the Russian Federation (Dagestan, Chechnia, Ingushia, Nor th Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia and Adygea) and in two former autonomous republics in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia).1' Naturally, ethnic groups do not necessarily live in the administrative units which bear their name , and all administrative units are inhabited by more than one ethnic group. Furthermore, Russians live in great numbers in most of the republics in the North Caucasus, especially in the cities and industrial centres in the western part of the region. The history of the region As is often the case with minorities, written sources on the North Caucasus give preferential treatment to the victori ous. The history of the subjugated is mostly iguored and forgotten. Still, there is evidence of eminent principalities in the North Cauc asus formed by the Lezgi in the east and the Circassians in the west. The Circassians expanded from the Black Sea south- and eastward, and the feudal princes of their 'stern, Kabardian, branch dominated the North Caucasus up to the start of the eighteenth century. The Russian Czar Ivan IV (known as Ivan the Terrible) apparently for reasons of power, married a Kabard princess, and Russian rulers sided with feudal lords in order to extend power over the Caucasian peoples until armed conquest and collective punishment became the means of expanding dominance and supremacy. Historical events, particularly Russian colonization poli cies and Soviet deportation practices, play a decisive role in the current claims and grievances of the North Caucasian peoples. History also serves as criteria in identi ty and in legitimizing eth nic and national identities. This goes for the early era of the Great Migration of the fourth and fifth centuries as well as for the latest period of draw ing new frontiers. Insistence on primordial ethnic bonds with clear historical rights to certain ter ritories or cultures going back to antiquity is popular these days although no ethnic group in the region, whether speakers of Caucasian, Turkic or Iranian languages, or adherents of the Jewish, Islamic or Christian faith, can convincingly state if they s tem from one or the other assimilated or converted group of intruders or natives. Claiming history as an ally by using historical arguments that belong to the realm of mythology and imagination has become the norm. Th~re is ample reason for the viability of these arguments because the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus has not been written. During the Communist Party regime national and region al histories were falsified as they became a taboo - one of the harshest legacies of the Soviet system. The conse quences are momentous. The resultant iguorance fostered inadequate research and a scarc ity of information on the region and its peoples. Furthermore, it has given rise to the formation of myths, the use of guesswork and the abuse of facts in the political debate. We therefore include a historical sketch which focuses on those periods, event s and aspects which are of primary importance for the identity formation of the peoples, and which con tribute to an overall understanding of claims and conflicts. This report aims to disentangle historical events and give an account which reflects the ex perience of the region and the peopk"- emselves which has been neglected in many records of the Russian and Soviet history. Early intruders The Caucasus mountains have from time immemorial been at the crossroads of cultures. Once a barrier between early urban civilizations in Mesopotamia and their trade centres in the south, and nomad cultures in the steppes of the north, the scene changed wh en Scythians and Sarmatians, and other linguistically Iranian tribes pene trated the mountains displacing each other. One of the most powerful Sarmatian tribes were the Alans who for some time became the dominating power in the Caucasus. Some of their cla ns settled and mixed with the native pop ulation. According to historical sources the Caucasian Alans were called Os, a name the Ossetes of today still carry. While both Greek and Roman colonies reached up to the shores of the Black Sea, mounted Turkish nomad tribes from the Altai mountains in Mongolia such as the Iluns and later the Avars reached Europe in the first centuries AD, taking the Mans, in the steppes north of the Caucasus and in the Caucasus as their slaves. Some of the Mans moved west, while others continued under Hunnic rule in more or less independent trib al federations. Beginning with the fourth century many peoples in the western part of the Caucasus were converted to Christianity from what later became Georgia", while the eastern parts came under the influence of the Iranian Sasanids. The Arabs brought Islam in the seventh century Out of Turkish and Iranian tribes, defeated Huns and indigenous Caucasians came a new people, the Khazars, who by the year 650 had established a stable state with trading routes across the Caucasus. Despite trade rela tions, the Caucasus belt separating t he Khazar Empire from the Arab lands became the scene of repeated and devastating wars in the eighth and ninth centuries. Each conquest resulted in migrational processes in the region. The conquerors brought thousands of immigrant families, while those conquered were either killed or assimilated, others emigrated or sought refuge in the mountains. The process of changing spheres of influence, changing patterns of settlement as well as blending and superseding of ethnic linguistic and religious groups continued during Mongol raids in the thirteenth century. Ghenghis Khan's troops crossed the Caucasu s mountains from the south forcing the local population up into the high mountains. The mountains themselves protected its inhabitants against the invaders, and more than once nomads who had threatened the population on the fertile plains chose to retreat into the mountains once they were defeated by newcomers. In 1227 Ghenghis Khan's grandson Batu with 120,000 men, predominately Turks, moved westward and firmly established The Khanate of the Golden Horde, also known as the Kipehak Khanate, in the North Caucasus. It became the strongest power north of the mounta ins from the mid-thirteenth century, and was to dominate Russia until the fourteenth century while the Il-Khan Empire, the Persian successor state of Ghengis' Empire extended to the south. At the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth century Timur or Tamer lane conquered a vast empire inclnding the Caucasus and terminated the age of the Mongol yoke. Most peoples of the North Caucasus consider themselves to be descendants either of one of the great conquering tribes or their victims. Ossetes claim to stem from the Mans, Kumyks from the Khazars, and Nogai from the Golden Horde. Arab and Persian reigns have also left an influence on various cultures. However those Caucasian peoples who do not claim such descendances are calling for their indigenous rights. Russian conquest and Caucasian resistance Victimization by conquering powers is a strong element in Caucasian identity. Although there is a very long pre Russian history of violent attempts to cross the mountains with the aim of conquest, it is the Russian colonization which has left the stronges t imprint of disenfranchisement among the peoples of the region. It was when the Golden Horde had disintegrated, that Russia, in the sixteenth century, became involved in the steppes north of the Caucasus. Russia used the Cossacks who had formed self-governing military communes at the fringes of Muscovy, to protect and expand the Russian frontier. Around 1700 Russia was unambiguously rooted in the Stavropol region north of the Caucasus, and Cossacks began to raid Caucasian settlements regularly. Violent counter-raids by the mountain peoples became a frequent enterprise and contributed to the Caucasians' image of fierceness and hostility which is still present in the Russian mind. As time went on, several Caucasian principalities had to retract southwards towards the Caucasian mountain range. After several retreats Russia gained access to the then Persian and Ottoman dominated areas in the low lands and between 1763 and 1793 built a line of fortresses across the country besieging the Caucasus. Practically all towns in the region originate from these fortifications. Parts of Dagestani, Ingush and Chechen territory were conquered in the 1780s giving rise to desperate resistance under the religious and political leadership of Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen. This was to become the first orga nized military manoeuvre unifi'ing the mountain peoples in the North Caucasus: Chechen, Ingush, Ossetes, Kabard Cherkess and the peoples of Dagestan. Some 20,000 were brought under and resisted the attack. When Mansur was captured by the Russians, they had to withdraw. Osset territory as well as the Kabarda became Russian. Russia built the military highway, founding the fortress of Vladikavkaz'2 as the strategic centre for further coloniza tion. It was opened in 1588 and connected Osset and Georgian territory. Georgia became a Russian protec torate in 1801, and by the mid-nineteenth century most of Transcaucasus, the area south of the mountains, was under Russian control. Before it was finally annexed and incorporated as Russian provinces, various charters were sigued with the Caucasian principalities, including Abkhazia and South Dagestan. The colonial war continued with renewed vigour when the mountain peoples once again united under the holy flag of Islam and the charismatic and disciplined Shamil, Imam of Dagestan and an Avar. In the early 1830s he called for strict observance of the Shariat, Islamic law, and for Gazawat - militant holy war against the Christian invaders. Within a very short time a strong Muslim revivahst movement spread through the entire eastern part of the mountains, and united much of the Caucasus regio n in one regional state formation, the Imamat of Shamil, which lasted for nearly 30 years. Abkhaz and Cherkess in the west were not converted to the Soft movement but supported the war for independence. Since then Islam has repeatedly functioned as a mobiliz ing force against dominance from the Russian centres of power. It was only after Russia had won and settled her disagree ments with Turkey, that she threw her massive military force into the Caucasian project of conquest. From the military highway Russia began a methodical advance into the mountains of Dagestan proce eding westwards, placing aul after aul under her rule, razing many of them to the ground. In 1859 Shamil was caught and arrested. By 1864 the Caucasian War was accomplished. The majority of the Cherkess, then the biggest group in the region, but also Abkhaz, Chechen, Muslim Ossetes and Dagestanis were forced to emigrate and many died en route. New esti mates suggest that approximately 1.2 million Caucasians emigrated from Russian-conquered territories, and 800,000 of them lived to settle i n the Ottoman dominions.'~ Their descendants today form a diaspora of one or two millions, mainly in Turkey and the Middle East.'4 Many of those who stayed were forced to move from their settlements in the highest mountains to the slopes, where they were easier to control. Russian revolution and civil war The Russian revolution of 1917 gave rise to new hopes for independence. Already in May that year mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Terek Cossacks united to elect a temporary Terek-Dagestan Government for a free inde pendent state. After the Bolshevi k victory in the Russian centres the government declared its secession from Russia, signed an alliance with Turkey and was formally recognized by the Central Powers. Simultaneously left wing Osset radicals together with socialists from other minorities es tablished a Soviet Terek Republic which was soon overthrown by Terek Cossacks. The military-political movement of the government's White voluntary army under Auton Ivanovich Denikin was initiated by Cossack units from the North Caucasus. Once again aul s were burnt to the ground and North Caucasians were forced to fight. Denikin was unacceptable to the leaders of both governmental structures due to his overt Russian-nation alist policies During 1919 the fighting continued, and by the end of the year the mountainous part of Dagestan, Chechnia, Ossetia and Kabarda once again was declared an independent state - The North Caucasian Emirate - under the conser vative sheikh Uzun-Hadzhi. Caught between the anti-reli gious Red and nationalist White armies, he coopted with the Bolsheviks, who promised full autonom¾ After severe fighting, which brought Red and White in turn to power, Lenin's party was victorious in September 1921 and the Com munist Party of Russia immediately abolished the Emirate. The situation was far from well-defined as there was no unanimity among Communist Party individuals or organizations.'5 A parallel Caucasian Revolutionary Committee was established in V ladikavkaz in 1920 which came to be the core of a Soviet Mountain Republic.'6 it was Stalin himself who visited the region to control the process of change. In the name of his government he sug gested, or rather demanded, a Soviet Republic of all Caucasian Mountaineers. Those in charge agreed to rec ognize Soviet power on condition that shariat and adat were the sole legal foundations of the new autonomous republic. This claim as well as a claim to return territories which had been given to Cossacks during and after the Russian conquest, were accepted, and Cossacks we re forced to leave the North Caucasus. This was convenient for the new Russian leadership who saw Cossacks as a major enemy. Seventy thousand Cossacks are said to have been forcibly deported from their settlements or stanitzas to the other side of the Ural mountains.17 The Autonomous Soviet Mountain Republic, including Ingush, Kabard, Balkar, Karachai, Chechen and Osset dis tricts, and the Autonomous Soviet Republic of Dagestan, were founded in January 1921 on the basis of multi-ethnic territorial self~determination.1½ National fragmentation The Mountaineers' Republic existed in full only for a very short time. Already in 1922 all mountaineer groups had been disarmed and the republic dissolved step by step into districts within the Russian Federation. After a year, only Chechen, Ingush, and N 4rth Ossetes were left in the Mountain Republic, and another year on the Chechen had to content themselves with an autonomous district. In 1924 the remaining Ingush and North Ossetes were split up. Their common capital Vladikavkaz remained with the Ossete s, depriving the Ingnsh of the only urban centre with educational institutions and industry. This split is still a bone of contention. With national fragmentation in many places the system of schools and the infrastructure of the districts deteriorated si gnificantly. Local party lead ers reported to the party headquarters about the arbitrary and insufficient nature of the solution and about the patronizing and discriminating attitude of the Caucasian Committee, which was located in south Russia and was re sponsible for its development.'9 By the mid-1920s a hierarchy of nationally (i.e. ethnically defined) autonomies had been established, headed by local socialist leaders. This meant that significant regional identity was discour aged, and withou t the peoples themselves being involved, specific groups were selected for further national-cultural development. Langnages were standardized, and new alphabets in Latin script constructed, paving the way for further changes. The national fragmentation policies were continued and all autonomies were taken out of the hands of Caucasian leaders.2 The borders and names of the so-called autonomies were changed in connection with repeated instances of insurrection among several of the North Caucasian peoples. The insurrection was a result of the arbitrary fragmentation process and its effects on ethnic land tenure. In 1928-9 the Soviet programme of collec tivization started, farming land was confiscated, the shari- at was abolished, the population disarmed21 and the Caucasian political and intellectual leadership annihilated or deported, accused of bourgeois nationalism and pan- Islamic policies. The former territorial and regional man agement was replaced by leaders sent from Moscow to represent the new centralized administration. The situa tion stabilized only in 1936 when the new Soviet constitu tion finalized a structure with the Autonomous Republics - Dagestan, North Ossetia, Kabardo-Balkaria, Chechen Ingushia and Abldiazia; and the Autonomous Districts - South Ossetia, Karachai-Cherkessia and Adygea. Beginning in 1938-40 the newly created alphabets, which despite their positive effect also barre d access to written sources and documents which had been produced earlier in history, were replaced by the cyrillic alphabet. Fragmentation of the Soviet Mountain Republic: Mountain Republic reduced in January 1922: [2 January 1922 Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous District [6 January 1922 Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous District 27 January 1922 Adygean Autonomous District July 1922 changed to Adygei-Cherkess Autonomous District Mountain Republic reduced in November 1922: Chechen Autonomous District Mountain Republic dissolved in July 1924: Ingush Autonomous District North Osset Autonomous District Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous District dissolved in January 1926: Cherkess National Region Karachai Autonomous District Adygei-Cherkess Autonomous District dissolved in Augnst 1928: Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous District Adygei Autonomous District January 1934 Chechen and Ingush Autonomous District amalgamated December 1936 changes of status: Adygei Autonomous District (part of Krasnodar Province) Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous District (part of Stavropol Province) Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Republic Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic North Osset Autonomous Republic Occupation and deportation Caucasian peoples characterize events which happened during the Second World War as their third catastrophe - after the colonization and the destruction of the native elites. The German Army reached the Caucasus in 1942 on the way to the Caucasian oil fie lds in Maikop, Grozny and Baloi. Parts of the Caucasus were occupied 1942~322, but the mountain range barred further access. Kalkhozes, col lective farms, were closed, mosques reopened in areas where the German Army arrived, and promises for sovere ignty were given to those people who were willing to cooperate. TABLE 1 Deportations24 Total loaded Total reported Total of on trains as deported> whom were Date Peoples 1943-4 1944-6 children Nov.1943 Karachai 69,267 60,139 32,557 Dec.1943 93,139 81,673 32 997 Feb.1944 CKhaemc?;ken & 478,479 400,478 191,100 InC~etllen 387,229 Mar.1944 BIaln~rsh 37,773 32,817 16,386 Following these events, came deportation - the worst peri od in history for the native peoples in the North Caucasus. Between November 1943 and March 1~, on decrees signed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, all Karachai, Ingush, Chechen and Balkar - to mention only the Caucasian peoples - were rounded up, loaded into tens of thousands of cattle waggons and transferred to Central Asia and Siberia in five rounds of deportation reported meticulously to Moscow. The violent deportations were carried out w ith extraordinary speed, on an admittedly mostly unfounded accusation of collaboration with the enemy. The deportations, or repressions as the peoples themselves prefer to call them, can be said to be genuine genocides because ethnicity was the sole criteria for selection, and practically nobody from the selection was spared.223 Some were taken not only from their national territory but also from other Soviet republics, and those at the front were deported after the war. All deportees came under severe surveillance, with up to 20 years in labour camps if they left their assigned place of settlem ent. Wherever they set tled, the local population was told that they were bandits, traitors and criminals, which resulted in their isolation and other additional hardships. They often lived in dugouts or in the open, under hard labour, had little food and many of the children had no schooling at all. One quarter of the Chechen and one third of the Karachai died during trans port or deportations. The former republics of the deported peoples were dis solved and the territory given to other repubhcs or groups. New inhabitants moved into the houses of the deported, others fell into decay. Graveyards and national monuments were destroyed and the names of the collectively punished peoples were deleted from maps, streets, documents and public memory. It was forbidden to enquire on their fate. It was only during Perestroika that the first article on details of the deportations was published in the Soviet Union.27 The first book containing personal recollections was pubhshed in J993,% This experience has left its mark on the peoples of the Caucasus, comparable only to the memories of those who survived the Holocaust in the Second World War. After Stalin's death, some of the deported people began to return to their former homelands even before the official rehabilitation in 1957. Soon after the official rehabilitation 50,000 families returned and claimed their land. The first violent clashes with new Russian settlers were reported as early as 1956.2) After the official rehabilitation, the Republics of Checheno-Ingushia and Kabardino-Balkaria and the District of Karachai-Cherkessia were reestab lished, although not all the former areas were re turned. Areas which remained with Dagestan and North Ossetia, and partly with Russia and Georgia, have caused severe disputes on the issue of land ownership. In all the republics the return of the deportees repeatedly evoked tensions. Among others, new Ru ssian settlers inaugurated a three day pogrom or massacre against returning Ingush and Chechen in 1958. In 1970 the Ingush once again claimed their former habitat by demonstrating in the dis puted Prigorodny (a suburban distijet in North Ossetia), but were driven out. Ten years later violence repeated itself( and the Ingush were explicitly f%L)rbidden from tak ing residence in North Ossetia. With the fading out of the Soviet period new hopes for autonomy and rehabilitation were awakened. k D'tgesta n, returning Chechen found their villages occupied by' Lak who had been forcibly moved from their own settlements in the high mountains into the hoiises of the deported Akki-Chechen. In autumn ~990 all autonomies in the North Caucasus declared themselves sovereign republics, claiming the same status as the Transcaucasian republics of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. However, in Georgia, the status of autonomy for South Ossetia and Abk hazia was abol ished. When the Soviet Union fell apart after the coup in August 1991 against President MiThail Gorbachev, the Transcaucasian republics were recognized as independent states. The status of the republics was ratified for all for mer autonomo us districts and autonomous republics in the Russian Federation. Chechnia has refused to accept this and insists on an independent status. Chechnia left her long time partnership with Ingushia in 1992. With the new Russian constitution of December 1993 th e status of the republics is no longer characterized as 'sovereign' but as equal to that of the Russian Regions. With the transition to a new political system some severe conflicts have arisen. In accordance with Soviet ideology, all means of produc tion, including soil and natural resources, were collectively owned and distributed by the state. After the introduction of the market economy, with land reform and privatiza tion as new guiding prin ciples, the need to define, for the first time ever, the right to land tenure is thought by many to be likely to lead to conflict. In an atmosphere of misin formation and anxiety people are discussing whether indi viduals, peoples or republics are to beco me owners of the land. Soviet ideology, policy and economic planning are difficult legacies in times of transition. This is true for the entire territory of the former USSR but is particularly important for large parts of the impoverished, multi-eth nic N orth Caucasus, which until recently were closed to foreigners. Some of the mountainous parts of the region, especially in North Ossetia, Stavropol Province and Kabardino-Balkaria were well developed tourist resorts and spas receiving visitors from all ove r the Soviet Union. They are now largely deserted due to the overall econom ic situation, to armed conflicts in the region and to general anti-Caucasian sentiment among Russians. Industrial plants are also in difficulties due to a lack of investment and the overall dependency on imports and subsidies. Maintenance of technological installations such as the 1.1 megawatt hydroelectric power plant in Cherke30, is also of gr eat concern to leading engineers. The military complex is still owned by the Russian centre, and important harbour installations in the ports of Dagestan for instance cannot be exploited by the Republic. Unemployment is increasing steadily, and many Cauca sians engage in petty trade all over Russia. The new possibilities on the free market have also produced an emerging upper class which is backed by the traditional Caucasian networks with a reputation of indulging in mafia activities.31 The administrative-territorial units While the Soviet Union still existed, central State policies aimed at creating a common Soviet identity through the dissemination of a standardized educational system, the promotion of heavy industry, the free movement of labour, and the abolition of reli gious and local ties with sanctions for disobedience. Simultaneously, a hierarchy of TABLE 2 The territorial units in the North Caucasus in alphabetical order Name of unit in km2 Inhabitants Capital Major groups in % ABKIIAZIA2 8,600 524,000 Sukhum Georgians: 46, Abkhaz: 17, Armenians: 15, Russians:14 ADYGEA 7,600 432,000 Maikop Adygei: 22, Russians: 68 DAGE STAN 50,300 1,271,000 Grozny Chechen: 58, Russians: 23, Ingush: 13 1,802,000 Makhachkala Avar: 28, Dargin: 16, Kusnyk: 13, Lezgi: 11, Russians: 9, Lak: 5 KABARDINO 12,500 754,000 Nalehik Kabard: 48, Russians: 32 BALKARIA Balkar: 10 KALMYKIA 75.900 323.000 Elista Kalmyk: 45, Russians: 38. Dargin: 4 KARACIIAI 14,100 415,000 Cherkessk Russians: 42, Karachai: 31, CHERKESSIA Cherkess: 10, Abaza: 7 NORTH OSSETIA4 8,000 632,000 Vladikavkaz Ossetes: 53, Russians: 30, Ingush: 5 SOUTH OSSETIA5 3,900 99,000 Tskhinval Ossetes: 66, Georgians: 29 Figures based on 1989 census. In many eases tbey no longer apply (for reasons described in tbe report and in the following notes). A general feature is the out-migration of Russians (Slavs), most markedly from Chechnia and Ossetia. to CoOriection with the Georgian-Abldiaz war all Georgians and many other non Abkhar have left, at least teilporarily. 3 After the 1991-2 partition of Checheno-Ingushia into two republics, Chechnia's capital is Grozoy, a territory of t7.3tit)km2 and Ingushia's capital is Nazran. a territory of 2,000k052. Chechen and Ingush make up 80-90 per cent of t he inhabitants in their respective new republics. From 1994 Chechnia 5 o~ official name is 'Noxcijo Respublika Ickeriy',i.e. Chechen Republic Iclikeria. 4 1989 figures are distorted (e.g. 30,000 Ingush living unregistered in North Ossetia. Furthennore. the share of cads people in tise republic has since changed: all Ingush have left, and approximatley 120,000 refugees came from South Ossetia. 5 Due to war, many Ossetes and Georgians have left the republic. territorial administrative units defined in ethnic terms, was created, which allowed for a certain degree of autono my and national development within the limits of the pri mary aim. This hierarchy was of utmost importance for the development or non-devel opment of national identi ties in the region. The highest degree of self-government was delegated to the fifteen Socialist Republics, all of which are now sovereigu states recoguized by the international communi ty. The North Caucasus Ties today at the crossroads of three of these newly independent s tates: the Russian Federation, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The status of Union Republic implied that members of the titular nation par ticipated in high ranking positions in the authoritative Communist Party and in the republic's government. that the native l anguage of the titular nation had - although not always good, but - better chances of ttsage in the edu cation system and media and that due to this degree of 'sovereiguty' republics could to a certain degree decide on internal structures and opportunitie s for minority partici pation. Azerbaijan thus never became a federation like Georgia, although the number of people belonging to minorities was probably much the same. Within the republics, at a lower hierarchical level, were the autonomous republics (20 in the entire Soviet Union, five of them in the North Caucasus): Abldiazia, Dagestan, Checheno-Ingushia, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia. When Georgia adopted a new constitution, Abkhazia was no longer mentioned as an Autonomous Republic. As a consequence Abkhazia in her own new Ct atstitt ttiou unilaterally reinstated her earlier status of Uititat Reptll)liC. Since the demise of the Soviet Union AI)kltazia lt,t s l)C~ figlititig a wir to retain its autonomy - tutI is stipported iii this w'tr by other North Caucasians.~ ( .'lteclt~tt itid Ingusli tertitinated titeir long tinie partner shi1) iii (~Ii('clie1it)-liigiishit 'tud 110W constitttte two sepa- rate rel)ttl)IiCs, Checituit and Ingushit. beth in the Russian Federation. Clieclini't decl~ired itself' an indepen- deut state and no longer participates in the political struc tures of Russia, however Russia and the international community have n ot recognized this claim. Ingushia and North Ossetia are fighting a cruel war over disputed bor (1cr territory. The Soviet legacy of autonomy has undoubt edly fuelled a desire for a new orrler of self-determination for the peoples of the region. Dagestan is an exception as no one ethnic group is 'titular'. But the entire concept also holds here: some of the most important groups wish to unite with their kin outside the republic and form new ethnically defined units. Adygea, Karachai-Cherkessia and South Ossetia were three out of eight Soviet Autonomous Provinces (Oblasti). When Georgia abolished the autonomy of South Ossetia, after independence this former Autonomous Republic became involved in a war of resist ance and had much of her territory destroyed and the larger part of the popula tion driven out of the country. With their low level auton omy status, the titular groups in Adygea and Karachai-Cherkessia only constituted small minorities within thei r own Province, and had little schooling or materials in their own languages. After the demise of the Soviet state in 1991, whilst Georgia opted for the status of a nation state and disre garded her autonomies, Russia converted all former Autonoinous Republics and Districts into Federal Republics within the Russian Federation. With the new Russian constitution of December 1993, these Republics lost much of their specific status and were transformed into administrative units on a par with other Russian regions.~ They are known formally as 'Subjects of the Russian Federation'. Chechn ia, pleading for indepen dence, has not acknowledged this status. The North Caucasus, as interpreted by the peoples them selves, consists of nine Republics: Abkhazia and South Ossetia (not recognized) in Georgia, and Adygea, Karachai-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnia, Ingushia, North Ossetia, and Dagestan in the Russian Apart from these primary North Caucasian entities, other areas, adjacent to the republics of the Caucasus mountain range, can reasonably be included in the region here, due to their very close proximity to the republics and to their own Caucasian minoriti es: the two Russian Provinces Krasnodar and Stavropol, the Republic of Kalmykia - north of Dagestan, and the northernmost part of Azerbaijan, locally known as Lezgistan TABLE 3 The North Caucasian peoples and minorities in order of size % of group Ethnic Number Language Major resident in group in region group religion republic CHECHEN 957,000 Caucasian Muslim 77 in AVAR 601,000 Caucasian Muslim 82 in Dagestan OSSETES 598,000 Iranian Christian/Muslim 67 in North and South Ossetia2 LEZGJ 466,000 Caucasian Muslim 44 in Dagestan, 50 in Azerbaijan KABARDS 391,000 Caucasian Muslim 93 in Kabardino-Balkaria DARGIN 365,000 Caucasian Muslim 77 in Dagestan KUMYK 282,000 Turkic Muslim 82 in Dagestan INGUSH 273,000 Caucasian Muslim 71 in Ingushia3 KARACHAI 156,000 Turkic Muslim 82 in Karachai-Cherkessia ADYGEI 125,000 Caucasian Muslim 76 in Adygea LAK 118,000 Caucasian Muslim 77 in Dagestan ABKHAZ 105,000 Caucasian Muslim/Christian 85 in Abkhazia TABASARAN 98,000 Caucasian Muslim 78 in Dagestan BALKAR 85,000 Turkic Mushm 89 in Kabardino-Balkaria NOGAI 75,000 Turkic Muslim 37 in Dagestan, 18 in Kabardino-Balkaria ABAZA 33,000 Caucasian Muslim 88 in Karachai-Cherkessia RUTUL 20,000 Caucasian Muslim 72 in Dagestan TSAKHUR 20,000 Caucasian Mushm 26 in Dagestan, 65 in Azerbaijan AGUL 19,000 Caucasian Muslim 69 in Dagestan MOUNTAIN JEWS 18,000 Iranian Mosaic 50 in Kabardino-Balkaria, 20 in Dagestan 4 'Figures according to 1989 Soviet census. The largest non-Caucasian minorities in the Caucasus are Russians (approximately t Irnillion in the seven republics in the Russian Federation), and Armenians (approximately 150,000 dispersed in the region. This nu mber has viereaxed with refugees frorn the war between Arinenia and Azerbaijan). and Azeri (approximately 75,000 in Dagestan). 2 Due to refugee movements the exact distribuono hetween north and south cannot he given. 3 The current percentage includes Ingosh from foriner Checheno-Ingushia and North Ossetia and constitutes up to 90 per cent. 4 Only those registered as Mountain Jews. Others svere registered differently, e.g. as Tat and are not included. Many have moigrated. Ethnic groups The numbers given for distinct ethnic groups in the North Caucasus vary greatly - from 20 to 80. This is due to rather ambiguous criteria of distinctiveness, to conflicting interpretations of the results of assimilation and to the interests of the countin g authorities. The highest numbers of ethnic groups were defined earlier this century by ethnographers and liugnists who described the Caucasus as the 'Mountains of Diversity' or the 'Refuge of Peoples'. Since then natural and artificial processes of assi milation, separation and of reassessment have taken place. Today approximately 40 groups living in the North Caucasus are believed to still have a distinct ethnic identity. The most artificial process has been the categorization ol the peoples by the authorities. Just to give a few examples: the Cherkess (or Circassians or Adyge') were registered as two different groups in Soviet censuses to justiQ the establishment of two autonomies: Adygea and Cherkessia. This instance of separation was not successful however. In addition, early this centur y, all groups of Turkish tongue were collectively called Tatars.~ They were then reassessed, probably due to a strong pan-Turkic move ment which was perceived as threatening the Soviet state. Today, Balkar, Karachai, Kumyk and Nogai perceive themselves as distinct groups. A similar process took place in South Dagestan, where the Lezgi were once the domi nating group, while earlier sub-groups, e.g. the Avar and the Dargin today have distinct identities - the Avar being the dominating group in Dagestan, while the Lezgi have been divided by the state border between Russia and Azerbaijan, and many smaller, formerly distinct groups, are no longer registered separate ly. Soviet policies of ethnic engineering, played an important role in the processes of ethnification and de-ethnification, both by standardizing and promoting a selected number of local laugnages and by creating autonomies for a num ber of selected peoples. Groups with their own written language or their own territory have found it easier to maintain their ethnic identity or develop a national identi ty than others. Ethuification, though, is not an exclusively Soviet enterprise: when, for example, Russia beg an to conquer the Caucasus, Ingush settlements were incorpo rated much earlier than what later became known as the Chechen settlement area. Living under very different conditions for this long period in history resulted in dis tinct ethnic identifications . Ethnicity, therefore, like nationality, in the Caucasus as in anywhere else, is the result of history and not a static or biological concept. Distinctions were then made between the mountain peo ples proper and the inhabitants of the plains. One of the primary ways that ethnic awareness has been preserved is as a consequence of ethnic registration since the 1920s. This identity was supported by the implemen tation of few but explicit collective cultural rights for cer tain groups and territor ial rights for those who gave their name to autonomies. Also punishment was given collec tively to ethnic groups, as was the case with the deporta tions of the Balkar, Karachai, Ingush and Chechen. Forty groups are mentioned explicitly in this report. The omis sion of others is due only to their size, their role or lack of information. Some of the groups are related either by religion, lan guage or way of life, others are not. Although there are many cultural traits that most of the Caucasus peoples share, at least those who have lived in the mountains for centuries, the astonishing div ersity is often ascribed to a time in history when people lived geographically isolated from each other in far off places in the mountains where by their languages and their way of life developed in dif ferent directions. Alternative explanation stress ot her factors: local settlements - or avis as they are called in many places - have fostered quasi-ethnic loyalties to dif ferent chieftains and princes. This is thought to have been enforced by the fact, that settlements in the high moun tains were family-organized. Only after moving to larger settlements and bigger farms in the lower woodlands and plains were the first collective territorial identities encour aged and new social structures evolved around two or three neighbouring avis. They are sometimes called clan loyalties by outsiders, taip in Chechnia and Ingushia and tukhum by Dagestani peoples. They are the basis of these strong quasi-attachments. These social structures deter mined who could get married or trade with whom, who was friend and who was foe. Before national identities began to emerge in the Soviet period, coherent identities of belonging to extended families were strongest, together with a common regional identity, and all have survived. In today's atmosphere of claiming national and territorial rights, Caucasian peoples sometimes make a distinction between indigenous peoples and newcomers, stressing the natives' legitimate right to be there. Indigenous, as the word is used in these cases , relates to the Caucasian peo ples proper, i.e. those whose native tongue belongs to the Caucasian languages. When speaking of relatedness among the peoples of the North Caucasus, the relationship is nearly always mea sured in terms of native languages, and Soviet registration of nationality regularly included one or more groups under a single linguistically moti vated designation. When first investigated and described, many of the languages in the Caucasus could not be placed within known language groups. They had no resemblance to any other languages. They were categorized as Caucasian, and their speakers as indigenous in the region. Although the criteria for rela tionship have been altered through the history of linguis tics, the Caucasian languages are still seen as linguistically related, although many of them are incomprehensible to other Caucasian laugna ge speakers and are clearly differ ent languages.35 Except for native Russian speakers, speakers of Caucasian languages make up the biggest group (3 to 4 million) within the North Caucasus. The Caucasian languages belong to two major language g roups, the North Eastern branch: (Lak, Avar and Dargin in Central Dagestan; Lezgi, Tabasaran and Rutul in Southern Dagestan; Chechen and Ingush in their respec tive republics) and the North Western branch: (Circassian languages - Kabard and Adygei or Cher kess - and Abkhaz, including Abaza). Others speak Turkic languages, especially Western Turki or Kipchak (Nogai, Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar). These langnages were brought by Turkic nomads who first came to live in the region centuries ago. In Dagestan one also finds an Azeri minority, cut off from neighbouring Azerbaijan by state borders. Their language belongs to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. Indo-European languages are spoken by two very differ ent groups: Osset and Tat belonging to the Iranian branch and Russian and Ukrainian as languages are from the Slavic branch. Russians, including Cossacks, have lived in the region since it was incorpor ated into Russia. However. the largest immigration of Russians took place during the Soviet era. Despite extensive out-migration since the demise of the USSR, Russians still have a strong presence in the region, mainly in the cities and industrial centres . Most people in the North Caucasus are bilingual in their native language and Russian. Earlier in history it was quite common for Caucasians to be bilingual with a Turkic lan guage, often Kumyk, as the main language of trade and inter-group communication. Also Arabic was widespread as a second language, and most local languages developing Relationship between the languages spoken in the North Caucasus North Caucasian Turkic Iranian North North West East.~~ 1 Abkhaz 1 Nakh iWest lNorth East Abaza Chechen Kumyk Ossetian 2 Circassian Ingiish Karachai Iron Adyg 2 Dagestan Balkar Digor Kabard a Avar 2 Central Tual Andi Nogai 3.South Azeri 2South West bknk Dargwa Tat C Lezgi Tabasaran written standards used the Arab alphabet. Today, people remember that their parents, born before the Second World War, never became literate in any other alphabet. In the 1920s and 1930s Soviet atithorities encouraged new standardizations for many of th e North Caucasian lan guages, constructed new alphabets (in Latin script) and published newspapers, political literature and schoolbooks in them. It was only in the 1940s that the Russian alpha bet was introduced. In the 1970s and 1980s most educa tional institutions and all administration was Russianized. Many of the local languages have been preserved to a high degree in everyday oral communication. Today most peo ples in the Caucasus want to reinstall their own language in the official sphere, and some are preparing for a change of script. However, newspapers and other publications which are currently published in native languages have few readers and it is becoming common to publish texts in Russian with native language headings.36 During the Soviet period, practised religion did not play an important role in society, at least not overtly. But it has always been an integral part of the peoples' identity. Today, the impact of religion as a factor of distinction is OR the incre ase in the North Caucasus. It is also used for articulating ethnic identity on the political scene. This notwithstanding it must be pointed out explicitly, that conflicts in the North Caucasus are not religious conflicts. Religion is an integrated factor of the cultures, yet does not form the basis for hostility between groups, even though the media, particular Western media, regularly describe them as Christian-Muslim conflicts. There is, on the other hand, a growing tendency to identif~ opponents in int ernal conflicts in terms of religious stereotypes when this is applicable.35 In the North Caucasus three major religions can be iden tified in the individuals' search for identity as well as in the groups' expression of culture - Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The North Caucasus is known as one of Russia's Muslim regions. Islam, in its scholarly variety, came to Dagestan when part of the region was under Persian rule. It was also the religion of the Turkic tribes coming from the northern steppes. But more important, Islam, in its Sufi variety, played a unif~'ing role duri ng the long War of Independence against Russian colonization in the eigh teenth and nineteenth centuries. The heroes of the resis tance, Sheildi Mansur and Imam Shamil, both religious and political leaders gave rise to an ethnic and regional revival of the Sufi tradition, Both traditions have been revived, particularly in the eastern republics and in Dagestan, for example, the importance of the Imam in political life is growing. The Chechen revived the tradition of Sufism, which was so strong during the holy war against Russia and as a force for ethnic networking during the years of deportation in Central Asia. Today it is regaining its strength. Two major tariqat (movemen ts or brotherhoods towards the right way to God), are prevailing, the Naqshbandia and the Qadiri. Both developed from revivalist movements of Muslim mystics into radical North Caucasian political movements, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries respectively, the first being more philosophical, the sec ond more militant, although these are very supefficial generalizations.45 Both survived underground during Soviet anti-religious cam paigns and strengthened during the years of deportation. Membership of one of the tariqat is in principle subject to an individual's free choice, but is in practice often linked to traditional clan loyalties. The various tariqat are clearly distinguished by content, symbolized by distinct rituals and dances, the zikr which regularly are evoked as mobilizing forces.41 When President Dudaev was inaugurated he swore on the Koran - in Russian, and when he declared Chechnia indepen dent, the Friday was chosen as the official day of£ Dagestani's sometimes express dissatisfaction with the fact, that they cannot freely choose their holidays or edu cational system in accordance w ith their own cultural mores as long as they prefer to stay within Russia - which they do. The western republics have taken a much more secularized attitude to religious rituals and symbols to date. Their Muslim identity is predominantly cultural. Religio us emissaries from various countries and congrega tions have visited all the republics in the North Caucasus and mosques and Islam institutes have opened in several places, e.g. Dagestan, Chechnia, Ingushia and Karachai Cherkessia. However, Islamic fundam entalism has little hearing on the situation so far The other great religion is Christianity in its Orthodox version. It once was the predominant religion in the region, especially after the final Russian conquest in 1864, when hundreds of thousands of Muslim Caucasians left Russia for the Ottoman Empire a nd Christians settled in the deserted areas, among them Armenians, Georgians and Russians. This has for instance set its mark on the Abkhaz. This is in contrast to many other groups where the tendency was for societies to be transformed from Christian to Muslim of Soft observancy as part and parcel of the organized resistance against conquest. Ossetes, living amidst a Muslim environment, have trans-. formed the Christian religion into an important part of their national and political identity. This stresses a line of demarcation with their Muslim neighbours, and adds an element of cohesion with the Russians; with Ossetes par ticipating with Russians in the International Conferences of Orthodox Churches. This does not mean that all Ossetes are Christian, or that all are observing Christians. It appears primarily to be a cultural and political co ncept. There is a Muslim minority among the Ossetes, primarily in Digor, and although many Muslim Ossetes themselves tend to stress their religious distinctiveness, they are fre quently left out of official Osset publications. Orthodox Christianity is als o an important element of Cossacks' identity, being the Russians most closely tied to the region The third religious influence comes from the Caucasian Jews who except for religion and language, live the same cultural life as the rest of the Caucasian peoples. In the beginning of the century, communities of Caucasian Jews were numerous and synagogues and rabbinical seminars widespread. Today, the centre of the community is in Nalchik, capital of Kabardino-Balkaria. The most probable explanation for the Jewish presence in the North Caucasus is Jewish immigration in connection with early Persian rule at the turn of the first millennium AD. They played an important role in mediating between the Persian Empire and the Empire of the Khazars, which officially adopted Judaism at that time . As many as two thirds of all Caucasian Jews are said to have emigrated to Israel since the T970s, but the wave of emigration has been explosive since the beginning of the 1990s. Buddhism is the main religion of the Kalmyk, living close to but not within the region described. It is a fact of dis tinction between the Kalmyk and their Muslim neigh bours but has had no cultural impact on them. Also Paganism is a factor to be consider ed. Few of the peoples are religious in a traditional ritual sense, and most remem ber, live or revive traditions from a pre-Christian and pre Muslim period. The traditions live alongside each other in a non-antagonistic fashion. Anthropologists on field work in the region describe rituals and holidays as locally based, often very much alike for Christians, Muslims and Jews and with clear roots in history. Syncretisms of Pagan and different religious rituals are the more rule than the exception. Pagan tra ditions are also upheld as proof of ancient rights to the region. Throughout Caucasian history, travellers have reported on the peaceful coexistence of Jews, Christians and Muslims living in the same towns. Mutual support was a part of everyday life in periods when either Muslims or Jews were persecuted.42 On e important factor to be considered is the number of mixed marriages among all religious groups. Although no reliable statistics seem to exist, peo ple on site report on specific patterns of adaptation, e.g. of Christians adapting to Muslim traditions amo ng the Digor, and of Muslims adapting to Jewish traditions. They also report on the specific difficulties of having to choose in today's atmosphere of ethuification. An overview of the North Caucasian Indigenous North W ~ 10 100,000 of whom live in Abkhazia in Georgia. According to Abkhaz sources, half a million Abkhaz live in exile in Turkey and the Middle East, where they constitute part of the Cerkez diaspora. Abkhaz are closely related to Abaza, who moved east wards between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, where they took to Islam under the influence of their new neighbours. They now live in Karachai-Cherkessia. Until the 1860s they were seen as one peo ple living at the east ern coast of the Black Sea. Abkhaz territory came under Russian rule in 1864, and Abax in the early nineteenth century. Both peoples are absolute minorities in their republics. Many, particularly Muslim Abkhaz, fell victim to a comprehensive population transfer programme between Turkey and Russia. When they left their land was given to Christians. ADYGEI AND CHERKESS (own name: Adyge') see also under Kabard While Cherkess, Adygei and Kabard today are considered distinct peoples by outsiders, they were originally one indigenous North West Caucasian people. They call them selves Adgei, while Cherkess is Turkish. In English they are known under the collective n ame Circassians. When, from the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries onwards, the Circassians expanded their habitat from the Black Sea Coast to the south and east, the Kabard broke away (see under Kabard). The Adgei converted to Islam in the six teenth century under influence from Crimean Tatars but Islam never became deeply rooted. They formed a hierar chically structured feudal society with an aristocracy, free farmers and captured slaves. They fought wars with Russia from the second half of the eight eenth century, but did not support the Shamil uprising due to its non-feudal, more democratic traditions and the fanaticism of the movement. In 1864 the Cherkess and Adygei finally came under Russian rule and their social structure was destroyed. A mass e xodus of up to 90 per cent of the Adgei to the Ottoman Empire followed. Today a diaspora of more than a million Adgei lives in Turkey, the Middle East and the USA. Today, at least ofhcially, Cherkess and Adygei are seen as two different peoples. Slightly more than half of the Russian Circassians live as Adygei in Adygea, approxi mately one quarter as Cherkess in Karachai-Cherkessia, with the remainder primarily in t he Russian Provinces Krasnodar and Stavropol, where they mostly constitute a rural population. Both groups are absolute minorities in their respective republics and regions. The closely related Shapsug still live at the coast of the Black Sea. Their name derives from their original way of income - horse-breeding. see under Lezgi ANDI (o'ii'n name: Andi) See also under Avar. The Audi group consists of Audi, Akhvakh, Bagulal, Botlikh, Chamalal, Godoberi, Karata and Tindi. They have not been registered in domestic censuses since 1926. According to a 1954 estimate there were approximately 50,000 persons belonging to the Audi group then.43 AVAR (own name: Maanilal) An East Caucasian mountain people of nearly 600,000 liv ing primarily in the highest mountains in the west of the The process of restructuring the former USSR has led to tensions and conflicts in many places, also - or specifically - the North Caucasus. Individuals, minorities, nationalities and nations are searching for ways to redefine their identi ties, their legitimacy and their territories. This process is a question of who am I, who are we and who are the others - friends as w ell as foe - and to secure political participation and cultural, social and economic development on the basis of the peoples' own resources. The dynamics of this process as either cooperation or fragmentation is verv much determined by the degree of trust or distrust, i.e. historically motivated anxieties and internal hierurchies of stereotypes between the groups, who are conceived as either minorities or majorities. While the major focus in this report is on the North Caucasus region within the Russian F ederation, similar patterns of trust-distrust and hierarchies exist in the neighbouring states of Georgia and Azerbaijan on the one hand and between the North Caucasus region and the world at large, e.g. relations to Turkey, Iran and Western Europe. Looki ng at the North Caucasus, two major tendencies can be seen: - to secure development and participation through region al cooperation as opposed to the dominating power struc tures in the majority society. - to secure the rights of each group by linking ethnicity to a territory (either by creating new self-determining units, tlirt)~Igh strengthening or federalizing old ones; and either based on a single grottp or in cooperation with related peo pies). i.e. a focus t)1I il)ternal relationships between region al aud locil majorities aod minorities. Beth ten(k~ucies create ct)()peratit)n as well as opposition. The fi)ll()wing major treods tt) strengthen North Caucasian identities an(l loyalties can he singled olit. Creating ethnic republics Many groups in the Caucasus tend in their political argu ments, towards claiming territories defined on the basis of ethnicity. For some, especially the deported peoples who were deprive'd of their lands for decades, this claim is part of a claim for rest itution. This is true not only for those for mally recoguized as deported, but also for those groups which were forcibly removed from their settlements after colonization. Many have very close emotional ties to the places where their ancestors are buried but also to the land they had to leave. The needs of cultural survival and also Soviet policies of registering the Soviet population along ethnic lines have also led to this situation. Adding to this the Soviet policies of establishing autonomies with tit ular nationalities, explains the trend to some extent. Most effec tive in fostering it has however been the iguorance towards the claims of the peoples, and in some places oppression of minorities by old and new majorities. The new Russian constitution's claim for presidencies in republics, and the new Russian parliament's structure with single delegates from republics can tip internal balances within republics where more than one ethnic group share in power. Groups sharing in power within one republic are challeng ing the status quo. Ingushia and Chechnia have already parted due to diverting policies and formed ethnically defined republics. Under certain circumstances similar solutions might be claimed or imp lemented in Karachai Cherkessia and in Kabardino-Balkaria if other viable solu ti~s cannot be found. This is not currently an acute problem, nor in Dagestan either, where 11 peoples share in power while 20 more constitute indigenous minorities. But some o f the people, such as the Kumyk, the Lezgi and the Nogai, are claiming ethnically defined territories or at least wish to unite with their kin outside Dagestan. Also, some Cossacks claim the re-establishment of their former Terek Republic. Ossetes claim a reunion with their south ern kin in Georgia. Any such attempt at reordering internal borders along ethnic lines, or even international borders as is the case with Ossetes, will have to solve insurmountable territorial disputes, as the armed clashes betwe en Ingushia and North Ossetia already show. After decades of life under Soviet control all the territories are ethnically mixed, and territorial claims risk leading to war. There are also many families who are ethnically mixed who would fall vic tim in a scenario of creating ethnic territories. Creating ethnic unions Related to the trend of ethnic territories is a trend towards uniting culturally related minorities in separate units. Balkars and Karachai, both living in republics with ethnically unrelated groups, have discussed the possibili ties of uniting together. Kumyk have suggested a union of all Turkic-speaking peoples. Such a union could consist of Karachai, Balkar, Nogai and Kumyk. Also the reunion of all Cherkess peoples into one republic is a theoretical p05 sibility. This would include the Cherkess proper, the Adygei, and the Kabard. Like ethnic republics, ethnic unions seem doomed unless peaceful solutions can be found in time. Federalizing existing republics The double republics of Karachai-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria could change their internal structures into a federation similar to that of Switzerland. In Dagestan, some representatives of national groups have suggested a federation of Kumyk, Dargin a nd Avar, others of Kumyk, Nogai and Lezgi. This federal solution reflects the deeply rooted idea of a correlation between ethnicity and territory, one of the legacies of the Soviet state. Internal hierarchies The Soviet legacy as well as historical experiences have con tribtited to creating ethno-national hierarchies throughout the North Caucasus region. These hierarchies are the focus of anxiety and discussions expressed in publications and declarations of na tional movements and organizations. At the highest level of the hierarchy is the fear of all groups of what they call 'the hand of Moscow' or 'the hand of Thilisi', i.e. the dominance by the centralized state authorities through military action (intervention, administration, threats, etc.), judicial decisions (constitu tion, privatization decrees, non-recoguition of autonomy or sovereiguty, etc.) or economic interference (blockades, subsidies, etc.). At the regional level, a pyramid is created by numerical majorities in the different republics, by political domi nance through an alleged preference of one people by the authorities, by perceived strength, by the position created through the system of ti tular nations, etc. Thus Kumyk fear Avar dominance, Adygei fear Cossack dominance, Lezgi fear Azerbaijan dominance, and Ingush fear Ossetian dominance. A similar trend can be observed in most of the republics: with Balkar complaints about Kabard dominance , Cherkess about Karachai, etc. At the individual level, there is an anxiety that privatiza tion might attract non-indigenous investment or favour individuals and result in the local population losing their homes, their land and other traditional sources of basic income. Armenians and t he former Soviet party bosses are those most often mentioned. These hierarchies of prejudice are expressions of intermin gled majority-minority relations. They add to the very con crete political and economic difficulties already existing. Cooperating in a transnational regional union Opposing Russian integration While the peoples of the North Caucasus discuss possible scenarios for their future, they also express fears that Russia might once again wish to forcibly re-integrate the peoples in a centralized state and combat dissatisfaction with military means. Seve ral republics, such as Dagestan, are deeply concerned about changes in the new Russian constitution which have diminished constitutional rights to national self-determination for the republics by abolish ing the term 'sovereign', thereby changing their pr ivileged status to one equal to other administrative units such as regions. Chechnia is disturbed by the Russians ignoring their claim for independence and the economic blockade imposed on them. Ingushia has protested at the Russian army's one sided condu ct in their conflict with South Ossetia. And all Caucasian peoples have seen the sign on the wall when Moscow, in 1993, decided not to allow peo ple from the Caucasus to settle or trade in the Russian centre and expelled more than 30,000. If Russia and it s Russian majority population, intended to create a multi ethnic state with equal opportunities for all minorities within its territory, one might argue that the fears of the North Caucasian peoples were unjustified. The problem is that Russia insists on the non-national and non-sovereign character of its republics, while simultaneously promoting a Russian nation state. Symptoms of this intent are the special concern for ethnic Russians, the expulsion of non- Russians from Russian cities and a transparent neglect of minority issues. There is also a trend to unite the region on the basis of historical regional cooperation and the necessity to over come dominance by strong states which do not respect the claims and rights of the peoples of the North Caucasus. This trend is based on a c ommon regional iden tity and is opposed to ethnic cleansing of any kind. It could be implemented peacefully if the states in question were to respect the claims of the North Caucasians and they were given all the necessary guarantees for indepen dent development. Any other scenario could lead to a new war of independence. Three suggestions have come forward so far; a unification of all Muslim peoples in the region; a re-establishment of the Mountain Republic that existed after the Bolshevik Revolution, including all republics except Adygea and Dagestan. The third suggestio n, with the backing of the Assembly of the Peoples of the Caucasus, put forward by almost all groups in the Assembly, is a confederation of the peoples in the North Caucasus in a new independent state-like formation. Such an arrangement has been suggested in order to prevent the atrocities of ethnic cleansing but if this aspiration leads to war, it also might result in renewed fragmentations. Комментарии (0) Вы должны авторизоваться, чтобы оставлять комментарии. 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A tape cassette used in a tape printer, the tape cassette including a thermal stencil paper thermally perforatable by a thermal print head of the tape printer; and a stencil sheet case housing the thermal stencil paper and having a portion shaped the same as a mountable portion of a print tape case housing...http://www.google.com.au/patents/US5771803?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5771803 - Tape cassette housing thermally perforatable stencil paper A tape cassette used in a tape printer, the tape cassette including a thermal stencil paper thermally perforatable by a thermal print head of the tape printer; and a stencil sheet case housing the thermal stencil paper and having a portion shaped the same as a mountable portion of a print tape case housing a print tape. The cassette also includes an indicator for indicating when thermal stencil paper is housed in the cassette. Images(9) Claims(10) What is claimed is: 1. A combination of a print device and cassettes used in the print device, comprising: a tape cassette including: a print tape; and a print tape case housing the print tape and having a portion with a predetermined shape; a thermal stencil paper; and a stencil sheet case housing the thermal stencil paper and having a portion with the predetermined shape; and a print device including: a cassette mounting portion for detachably receiving the portions with the predetermined shape; a thermal print means provided in the tape mounting portion for thermally printing characters and symbols on the print tape and thermally perforating characters and symbols in the thermal stencil paper; a transport means for transporting the print tape in the tape cassette and the thermal stencil paper in the stencil sheet cassette; a cassette identifying means for identifying which of the tape cassette and the stencil sheet cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion; and means for applying energy to the thermal print means according to the identified one of the tape cassette and the stencil sheet cassette. a second identifying portion formed in the stencil sheet cassette and differing from the first identifying portion; and a detector portion provided to the print device for detecting the first identifying portion when the tape cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion and for detecting the second identifying portion when the stencil sheet cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion. 3. A combination as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the detector portion includes a plurality of detectors each having a switch urged to protrude from its detector; the first identifying portion is formed with at least one hole at a position corresponding to one of the switches so that the one of the switches protrudes through the at least one hole when the tape cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion; and the second identifying portion is formed with at least another hole at another position corresponding to another one of the switches so that the another one of the switches protrudes through the at least another hole when the stencil sheet cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion. 4. A combination as claimed in claim 2, wherein the print tape case of tape cassette has the same shape as the stencil sheet case of the stencil sheet cassette except that the first identifying portion differs from the second identifying portion. 5. A combination as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the transport means includes cams rotatably provided in the cassette mounting portion; the tape cassette is formed at the portion with holes at positions corresponding to the cams of the transport means; and the stencil sheet cassette is formed at the portion with holes at the positions corresponding to the cams of the transport means. 6. A combination as claimed in claim 1, wherein the print tape includes: a film tape; an ink ribbon; and a two-sided adhesive tape; the tape case includes: a film tape housing portion for housing the film tape; an ink ribbon housing portion for housing the ink ribbon; and a two-sided adhesive tape housing portion for housing the two-sided adhesive tape; and the stencil sheet case of the cassette includes a stencil sheet housing portion, for housing the stencil sheet, corresponding to the two-sided adhesive tape housing portion of the tape cassette. 7. A cassette as claimed in claim 1, wherein the print tape of the tape cassette includes a film tape, an ink ribbon, and a two-sided adhesive tape, and the tape case of the tape cassette includes a film tape housing portion for housing the film tape, an ink ribbon housing portion for housing the ink ribbon, and a two-sided adhesive tape housing portion for housing the two-sided adhesive tape, wherein: the stencil sheet case of the cassette includes a stencil sheet housing portion, for housing the stencil paper, corresponding to the two-sided adhesive tape housing portion of the tape cassette. 8. The combination of claim 1, wherein the stencil sheet case includes holes formed in a predetermined pattern for allowing the cassette identifying means to identify which of the tape cassette and the stencil sheet cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion. 9. A tape printer, comprising: a cassette mounting potion for detachably receiving one of a print tape cassette and a stencil sheet cassette; a thermal print head for thermally printing characters and symbols on print tape housed in the print tape cassette and for thermally perforating characters and symbols in thermal stencil paper housed in the stencil sheet cassette; a tape feeder for transporting the print tape in the tape cassette and the thermal stencil paper in the stencil sheet cassette; a cassette identifier for identifying which of the tape cassette and the stencil sheet cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion; and means for applying energy to the thermal print head according to the type of cassette identified by the cassette identifier. 10. The tape printer of claim 9, wherein the energy applying means applies a first energy level to the thermal print head when a tape cassette is mounted in the cassette mounting portion and applies a different, second energy level to the thermal print head when a stencil sheet cassette is housed in the cassette mounting portion. Description BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a tape cassette used in a tape printer. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, there has been known a stamp producing device for producing stencil stamps from thermal stencil paper and a stamper. The stamper includes a base member; an ink-impregnated body set to the lower surface of the base member; a pad portion formed by covering the lower surface of the ink-impregnated body with the thermal stencil paper; and a grip freely detachably mounted to the pad portion. The stamp producing device includes a keyboard serving as an input device; a liquid crystal display serving as a display device; and a thermal head for perforating holes in the thermal stencil paper. The stamper is mounted in the stamp producing device and the thermal head perforates the patterns in the thermal stencil paper to form a stamp print surface. In order to print an image using the stamper, a user presses the stamp print surface of the stamper against a sheet to be printed on. Ink from the impregnated body seeps through holes perforated in the thermal stencil paper and clings to the print sheet, thereby forming an ink image. The liquid crystal display used with the stamp producing device is comparatively small, because the stamp producing device itself is small. Because the liquid crystal display is small, it is impossible for a user to confirm the entire image that he or she has prepared using the keyboard of the stamp producing device. The user, therefore, first prints the image onto special thermal paper to confirm the accuracy of the inputted image. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION However, the stamper is assembled so that the ink-impregnated body and the thermal stencil paper are inseparable from a frame surrounding these two components. When it becomes necessary to change the stencil paper, for example, to produce a new stamp print surface or when the thermal stencil paper with the print surface is torn, it becomes necessary to change also the ink-impregnated body and the frame. A special stamp device is necessary to produce the stamper. Further, a special thermal sheet is required to confirm that the stamp print surface is as desired. It is an objective of the present invention to overcome the above described problems and provide a tape cassette usable in a tape printer capable of producing a desired stamp so that a special stamp producing device is not necessary. A tape cassette according to the present invention is used in a tape printer including a cassette mounting portion for detachably receiving a tape cassette having a case and a print tape, the case housing the print tape and having a portion shaped mountable in the cassette mounting portion; a thermal print means provided in the tape mounting portion and for printing characters and symbols on the print tape; and a transport means for transporting the print tape. In order to achieve the above-described objectives, the tape cassette itself includes a thermal stencil paper thermally perforatable by the thermal print means; and a case housing the thermal stencil paper and having a portion shaped the same as the mountable portion of the case housing the print tape. According to another aspect of the present invention the tape cassette includes a thermal stencil paper thermally perforatable by the thermal print means; a case housing the thermal stencil paper; and an indication means formed in the case and for indicating to the tape printer that the thermal stencil paper is housed in the case. A combination of a tape printer and tape cassettes used in the tape printer according to the present invention includes a first tape cassette having a print tape; and a case housing the print tape and having a portion with a predetermined shape; a second tape cassette having a thermal stencil paper; and a case housing the thermal stencil paper and having a portion with the predetermined shape; and a tape printer having a cassette mounting portion for detachably receiving the portions with the predetermined shape; a thermal print means provided in the tape mounting portion and for thermally printing characters and symbols on the print tape and thermally perforating characters and symbols in the thermal stencil paper; and a transport means for transporting the print tape in the first tape cassette and the thermal stencil paper in the second tape cassette. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from reading the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a tape cassette used in a tape printer; FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the tape cassette of FIG. 1 with an upper case removed to facilitate understanding; FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the tape printer in which the tape cassette of FIG. 1 is used; FIG. 4 is a magnified view showing: positional relationship between a thermal head of the tape printer and a head mounting portion of the print cassette; and positional relationship between the thermal head and a roller holder of the tape printer; FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the tape cassette being loaded into a cassette mounting portion of the tape printer; FIG. 6 is a side view in partial cross section showing components allowing the tape printer to distinguish the type of tape cassette loaded in its cassette mounting portion; FIG. 7 is a side view showing a cutter portion of the tape printer when the cutter portion is in its normal condition: FIG. 8 is a side view showing the cutter portion when the cutter portion is in its cutting condition for cutting tapes printed in the tape printer; FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a stencil cassette according to the present invention with an upper case removed to facilitate understanding: FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing thermal stencil paper used in the stencil cassette of FIG. 9; and FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing a stamp unit attached with the thermal stencil paper formed with a stencil pattern. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A tape cassette and tape printer according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described while referring to the accompanying drawings wherein like parts and components are designated by the same reference numerals to avoid duplicating description. A tape printing system according to the present invention will be described while referring to FIGS. 1 to 8. As shown in FIG. 1, a print cassette 1 includes an upper case 2 and a lower case 3. The print cassette 1 is formed with support holes 4, 5, and 6. The support hole 4 is for pivotably supporting a tape spool 21 around which is wrapped a film tape 20. The support hole 5 is for supporting a ribbon take-up spool 24 around which is wound up an ink ribbon 22 drawn out from a ribbon spool 23 when characters, symbols, and the like are printed on the film tape 20 by a thermal head 41 provided in the tape printer 30 (to be described later). The support hole 6 pivotably supports a tape spool 28 around which is wrapped a two-sided adhesive tape 25 formed from a base member, an adhesive layer formed on both surfaces of the base member, and a peel-away sheet attached to one surface of the base member, the two-sided adhesive tape 25 being wrapped around the tape spool 28 so that the peel-away sheet faces outward. It should be noted that although only the support holes 4, 5, and 6 formed in the upper surface of the upper case 2 are shown in FIG. 1, support holes 4, 5, and 6 are also formed in the lower surface of the lower case 3 in the same manner as describe above in opposition to the support holes 4, 5, and 6 formed in the upper case 2. An arm portion 8 is provided in the front surface of the print cassette 1. The arm portion 8 serves as a guide for guiding the film tape 20 drawn from the tape spool 21 and the ink ribbon 22 drawn from the ribbon spool 23 toward an opening portion 7. A head mounting portion 9 is opened to the rear of the arm portion 8. As will be described later, a thermal head 41 of the printer 30 is mounted in the head mounting portion 9. A tape feed roller 10 is rotatably supported in a support hole 11 at a position downstream from the mounting portion 9 with respect to a transport direction of the film tape 20 and the ink ribbon 22. The tape feed roller 10 operates in cooperation with a pressing roller 47, which is provided at a position of the tape printer 30 in confrontation with the tape feed roller 10, to guide the film tape 20 from the tape spool 21 and the two-sided adhesive tape 25 from the tape spool 28. The tape feed roller 10 and the pressing roller 47 adhere the two-sided adhesive tape 25 to the film tape 20 after the film tape 20 has been printed on with characters and symbols via the thermal head 41 and the ink ribbon 22. There are many types of print cassette available with a variety of different film tapes 20 and with a variety of different colored ink ribbons 22. A cassette detection portion 12 formed with a plurality of switch holes 12a in a predetermined pattern for detecting a type of print cassette is provided to the rear right edge of the print cassette 1. The pattern in which the switch holes 12a are formed depends on the type of the print cassette 1. As will be described in detail later, the switch holes 12a operate in cooperation with a plurality of detection switches disposed in the tape printer 30. The pattern of the switch holes 12a produces a combination of ON and OFF signals at the detection switches so that the tape printer 30 can detect the type of print cassette mounted in the tape printer 30. Next, an explanation will be provided for the interior configuration of the print cassette 1 while referring to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the print cassette 1 with the upper case 2 removed. As viewed in FIG. 2, the tape spool 21 on which is wrapped the transparent film tape 20 is rotatably disposed in the support hole 4 at the left upper portion of the lower case 3. The ribbon spool 23 around which is wrapped the ink ribbon 22 is rotatably disposed at the right-lower portion of the lower case 3. The ribbon take-up spool 24 for drawing ink ribbon 22 from the ribbon spool 23, and for taking up spent ink ribbon 22 after it has been used for printing characters and symbols, is rotatably disposed in the support hole 5 between the tape spool 28 and the ribbon spool 23. The film tape 20 is drawn from the tape spool 21 by cooperative operation between the tape feed roller 10 and the pressing roller 47, which is provided to the tape printer 30, and passed below the head mounting portion 9 from the opening portion 7 of the arm portion 8. Afterward,, the film tape 20 is attached to the two-sided adhesive tape 25 and discharged out of the print cassette 1 from the tape discharge port 13. In the same manner, the ink ribbon 22 is drawn from the ribbon spool 23 via the ribbon take-up spool 24 and passed below the head mounting portion 9 from the opening portion 7 of the arm portion 8. Afterward, the ink ribbon 22 is passed through the guide hole 14a of the guide portion 14 and taken up on the periphery of the ribbon take-up spool 24. Next with reference to FIG. 3, an explanation will be provided for the tape printer 30 in which is mounted the print cassette 1 to perform printing operations. The tape printer 30 includes a keyboard 31 serving as an input means for inputting characters, symbols, and the like; a liquid crystal display portion 33 serving as display means capable of displaying characters inputted by the keyboard 31; a switch panel 32 for performing various operations; a cassette mounting portion 30 capable of detachably mounting the print cassette 1; a cover body 34 capable of opening and closing to cover and expose a cassette mounting portion 40; and a cutter portion 35 for cutting printed tape 29 which has been discharged from the print cassette 1. It should be noted that the printed tape 29 is formed from the two-sided adhesive tape 25 and the film tape 20 on which has been printed characters and the like by ink ribbon 23. A heating means for printing on the film tape 20 of the print cassette 1 and a tape transport means for discharging the printed tape 29 from the tape printer 30 are provided in the cassette mounting portion 40. FIG. 4 is a magnified view showing positional relationship between the thermal head 41, which serves as the heating means when the print cassette 1 is mounted on the cassette mounting portion of the 40 of the tape printer 30, and a head mounting portion 9 provided in the print cassette 1; and the positional relationship between the thermal head 41 and the roller holder 45, which serves as a tape transport means. The print cassette 1 is mounted in the cassette mounting portion 40 from above so that the thermal head 41 provided in the cassette mounting portion 40 is inserted through the head mounting portion 9 provided in the print cassette 1. The roller holder 45 is disposed in the cassette mounting portion 40 of the tape printer 30 and supported pivotable around a support shaft 46 in confrontation with the mounted print cassette 1. The pressing roller 47 and a platen roller 48 are rotatably supported in the roller holder 45. As described above, the pressing roller 47 operates in cooperation with the tape roller 10 to perform tape feed operations by pressing against the tape feed roller 10 when characters and symbols are printed on the film tape 20 by the ink ribbon 22 and the thermal head 41. The platen roller 48 can be pivoted with pivoting movement of the roller holder 45 to press against the thermal head 41. FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the print cassette 1 being loaded into the cassette mounting portion 40 of the tape printer 30. First, the configuration of the cassette mounting portion 40 will be explained as viewed in FIG. 5. The thermal head 41 is disposed at the front surface of the cassette mounting portion 40. A drive motor 50 is disposed to the center of the right outer surface of the cassette mounting portion 40. A drive gear 51 is attached to the downward protruding drive shaft of the drive motor 50. The drive gear 51 is meshingly engaged with a gear 52 rotatably supported to the base of the cassette mounting portion 40. The gear 52 is meshingly engaged with a gear 53. A ribbon take-up shaft 57 for performing rotational drive of the ribbon take-up spool 24 is disposed with an upright posture to the upper surface of the gear 53. Cam members 58 are provided around the periphery of the ribbon take-up shaft 57 for engaging with engagement ribs 24a formed on the inner wall of the ribbon take-up spool 24. The gear 53 is meshingly engaged with a gear 54, the gear 54 is meshingly engaged with a gear 55, and the gear 55 is meshingly engaged with a gear 56. A tape drive cam 59 is disposed with upright posture to the gear 56. The tape drive cam 59 has cam members 60 for engaging with drive ribs 15 of the tape feed roller 10. When the print cassette 1 is mounted to the cassette mounting portion 40 from the condition shown in FIG. 5 and the drive motor 50 is driven to rotate in the counter-clockwise direction (as viewed in FIG. 2) by the drive system described above, then the ribbon take-up shaft 57 is driven to rotate in the counter-clockwise direction by transmission of rotational drive by the drive gears 51, 52, and 53. As a result, the cam members 58 of the ribbon take-up shaft 57 and the engagement ribs 25 drive the ribbon take-up spool 24 in a direction indicated by an arrow E of FIG. 5 to take up the ink ribbon 25. Rotation of the gear 53 drives the tape drive cam 59 to rotate in the clockwise direction (as viewed in FIG. 2) via the gear 54, the gear 55, and the gear 56. As a result, the tape feed roller 10 is driven to rotate in the clockwise direction by the cam members 60 of the tape drive cam 59 and the drive ribs 15 of the tape feed roller 10. The tape feed roller 10 in cooperation with the pressing roller 47 presses the film tape 20 against the two-sided adhesive tape 25 while discharging the resultant tape out of the tape print cassette 1 through the tape discharge portion 13. Further, after being discharged from the tape discharge portion 13, the resultant printed tape is discharged out of the tape printer 30 through a tape discharge groove 36. Next, the relationship between a cassette detection portion 61 and detection switches 62 when the print cassette 1 is mounted in the cassette mounting portion 41 will be described while referring to FIG. 6. As can be seen in FIG. 6, the four detection switches 62 are aligned protruding upward from switch support members 63 disposed at the rear (as viewed in FIG. 3) of the cassette mounting portion 40. Those detection switches 62 confronting a switch hole 12a, which as mentioned previously are formed in a predetermined pattern to the switch detection portion 12 of the print cassette 1, pass through the switch hole 12a and form an OFF condition. Those detection switches 62 not confronting a switch hole 12a are pressed downward by the switch detection portion 12 and form an ON condition. Based on the OFF and ON condition of the detection switches 62, the type of the print cassette 1 can be detected so that preparation and editing of patterns can be performed in accordance with the type of the print cassette 1 mounted in the cassette mounting portion 40. Because the amount of energy needed to energize the thermal head varies with the type of ink ribbon, it is necessary to detect the type of ribbon used in the cassette 1. By properly detecting the type of ribbon cassette, problems that would occur when the amount of energy energizing the thermal head is too large, such as melting the ribbon or smudging of printed characters, and also problems that would occur when too little energy is used to energize the thermal head, such as scratchy characters, will not arise and an optimum energy can be applied for printing on the film tape 20. In the example shown in FIG. 6, of the four detection switches 62, the two middle switches are turned OFF and the two edge switches are turned ON. As a result, the detection switches 62 have an ON and OFF pattern, from the left as viewed in FIG. 6, of ON, OFF, OFF, ON. Based on this combination of ON and OFF signals, the type of print cassette 1 can be detected. Next, an explanation will be provided for using the cutter portion while referring to FIGS. 7 and 8. The cutter portion includes a fixed cutter blade 65 and a movable cutter blade 66. A connection member 67 is connected to one tip thereof with the movable cutter blade 66 and an opposite tip thereof with a cutter lever 68. Therefore, by manipulating the cutter lever 68, the connection cutter 67 can be pivoted around its central rotation shaft 69 to move the movable cutter blade 66. When the movable cutter blade 66 is moved toward the fixed cutter blade 65, a printed tape discharged from the tape printer 30 through the discharge groove 36 will be cut off. FIG. 7 shows the movable cutter blade 66 in its normal condition and FIG. 8 shows the movable cutter blade 66 in its operated condition to cut a printed tape. A pulling spring 70 is provided for urging the connection member 67 to pivot in the clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGS. 7 and 8). Therefore, after the cutter lever 68 has been operated, the connection member 67 will be urged to return to its normal condition shown in FIG. 7. Next, a stencil cassette 81 in which is used thermal stencil paper 82 will be explained while referring FIGS. 9 and 10. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the thermal stencil paper 82. The thermal stencil paper 82 is configured with a thermal plastic film 83; a porous support film 84; and an adhesive layer 85 for adhering the thermal plastic film 83 to the porous support film 84. The thermal plastic film 83 is formed from a film of a thermal plastic composite resin material to a thickness of between 1 to 4 μm, or more desirably 2 μm. Examples of the thermal plastic composite resin include polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and a compound formed from vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride. It should be noted that forming the thermal plastic film 83 to 1 μm or less thickness is expensive and the resultant film will be too weak for practical application. On the other hand, if the thermal plastic film 83 were formed to 4 μm or greater thickness, a great deal of energy would be required to form holes therein, so that a normal type of thermal head with an output rating of 50 mJ/mm2 would be insufficient for this task. The porous support film 84 is made from porous thin sheets made mainly from natural fibers, such as manila hemp, paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki), and mitsumata (Edgeworthia papyrifera); synthetic fibers, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol; or semi-synthetic fibers such as rayon. Next, an explanation will be provided for the stencil cassette 81 in which is used in the thermal stencil sheet 82. As shown in FIG. 9, the stencil cassette 81 includes the upper case 2 and the lower case 3 used in the print cassette 1. The stencil cassette 81 is therefore also detachably mountable in the cassette mounting portion 40 of the tape printer 30. Said differently, the stencil cassette 81 and the print cassette 1 have the same shape as far as their mountability to the cassette mounting portion 40 is concerned. In contrast with the print cassette 1, no ink ribbon 22, ribbon spool 23, ribbon take-up spool 34, film tape 20, or tape spool 21 are provided to the stencil cassette 81. Also, in place of the two-sided adhesive tape 25, the thermal stencil paper 82 is wrapped around the tape spool 28 so that the thermal plastic film 83 of the thermal stencil paper 82 faces inward. Also, the pattern of the switch holes 12a formed in the switch detection portion 12 differs between the stencil cassette 81 and the print cassette 1. The detection portions are the only external portions that differ between the stencil cassette 81 and the print cassette 1. The thermal stencil paper 82 is drawn from the tape spool 28, passes through the inside of the arm portion 8, through the opening 7 of the arm portion 8, and through the tape discharge portion 13. The stencil cassette 81 is mounted in the cassette mounting portion 40 of the tape printer 30 in the same manner as with the print cassette 1. When the thermal stencil paper 82 is transported by cooperative operation of the tape feed roller 10 and the pressing roller 47, the thermal head 41 heats up and selectively melts holes in the thermal plastic film 83 of the thermal stencil paper 82 passing in confrontation with the thermal head 41. In this way, characters and other patterns can be formed in the thermal stencil paper 82 from perforations formed by the thermal head 41. Afterward, the thermal stencil paper 82 is discharged through the tape discharge portion 13 and out of the stencil cassette 81. When too great an energy is used to heat the thermal head 41 to form holes in the thermal stencil paper 82, then the melted thermal plastic film 83 can cling to the thermal head 41. This can result in the thermal head 41 being unable to form holes in the thermal plastic film 83 so that portions of the thermal stencil paper 82 in which holes are desired to be formed may not be formed with holes. On the other hand, when too small an energy is used to heat the thermal head 41, then the size of holes formed in the thermal stencil paper 82 can vary or the thermal head 41 can fail to open holes in a desired portion of the thermal stencil paper 82. Because the pattern of the switch holes 12a formed in the switch detection portion 12 of the stencil cassette 81 indicates that the stencil cassette 81 is mounted in the cassette mounting portion 40, the tape printer 30 automatically sets the energizing energy of the thermal head 41 to an optimum setting to prevent melted thermal plastic film 83 from clinging to the thermal head 41 and to prevent failure to open holes in the thermal stencil paper 82. It should be noted that although the example shown in FIG. 9 shows the thermal stencil paper 82 replacing the two-sided adhesive tape 25 of the print cassette 1, instead the thermal stencil paper 82 could be wrapped around the tape spool 21 instead of the film tape 20. The stencil cassette 81 with the above-described configuration is mounted in the tape printer 30. After the thermal stencil paper 82 is formed with a pattern of characters and the like, it is cut to a predetermined length by the cutter portion of the tape printer 30 in the same manner as when cutting a printed print tape 29 from the print cassette 1. FIG. 11 shows a stamp unit 90 to which the thermal stencil paper 82 formed with a stencil pattern can be attached. The stamp unit 90 includes a grip 91; an ink-impregnated body 92 impregnated with ink; and fixing members 93 for fixing the thermal stencil paper 82 so that the porous support film 84 is in contact with the ink-impregnated body 92. To print a stamp using the stamp unit 90 attached with the thermal stencil paper 82, the user grasps the grip portion 91 and presses the thermal stencil paper 82 against a sheet 94 on which the stencil image is desired to be stamped. This pressing action squeezes the ink-impregnated body 92 between the grip portion 91 and the sheet 94. Ink from the ink-impregnated body 92 seeps from stencil holes perforated in the thermal stencil paper 82. In this way, the stamp unit 90 and the thermal stencil paper 82 can be used to print the same stencil image for a plurality of times on the surface of the sheet 94. Because the stencil pattern formed in the thermal stencil paper 82 appears in mirror image and because the pattern is formed in the thermal plastic film 83, which is transparent, it is difficult for users to confirm the stencil pattern formed in the thermal stencil paper 82. However, because the pattern can be prepared in the tape printer 30, the user can print the pattern using the print cassette 1 beforehand and confirm that the pattern is as desired. No special thermal paper needs to be provided to confirm the pattern. If the pattern is confirmed to be as desired, then the printed tape from the print cassette 1 can be attached to the top of the stamp unit 90 and serve as an indication of the stencil pattern that can be stamped using the stamp unit 90. Because the thermal stencil paper is provided to the tape cassette of the present invention, the tape cassette can be mounted in the cassette mounting portion of a tape printer. Therefore, the thermal stencil paper can be formed with a desired stencil pattern without using a special stencil preparation unit. Because the tape cassette can be used with conventional tape printers, there is no need to learn new complicated operations. Also, the stencil image prepared using the conventional tape printer can be confirmed by first printing the image on a print tape housed in the tape cassette. There is no need to separately purchase and install thermal sheets for confirming the stencil pattern. Also, the stencil pattern need not be confirmed using the thermal stencil paper formed with a mirror image of the stencil pattern. Because the tape cassette housing a thermal stencil paper has the same shape as a tape cassette housing a print tape and an ink ribbon, there is no need to produce a new tape cassette for use with the thermal stencil paper. Also, no new components need to be used to mount the tape cassette to a tape printer. Because the switch holes formed in the switch detection portion distinguish that the tape cassette houses thermal stencil paper and not a print tape or an ink ribbon, the tape printer can confirm that the tape cassette houses the thermal stencil paper. Therefore, the tape printer can automatically control the print means as required to optimally form holes in the thermal stencil paper. Because the thermal stencil paper is housed in a portion of the tape cassette corresponding to the portion housing the two-sided adhesive tape, a large amount of thermal stencil paper can be housed in the tape cassette. While the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the attached claims. For example, the stencil cassette 81 need not have the exact same shape as the print cassette 1 as long as a portion of the case is the same so that the stencil cassette 81 is mountable in the cassette mounting portion 40 and usable with some of the cams 59, shafts 57, rollers 47, 48, and other components for transporting any of the film tape 20, the ink ribbon 22, the print tape 29, or, as in the above-described embodiment, the two-sided adhesive tape 25 in the tape printer 30.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'fe0c4e6979c73bdccc58b342e382ff32d27c4b1f8073291dfe1be87e9c13fd18'}
Russian military attack training detachment of Naval Forces of Ukraine in Sevastopol. VIDEO Russians are attacking the 39th training detachment of Naval Forces (a military camp opposite to Lazarevsky barracks) in Sevastopol. The video of the attack was uploaded to Youtube, Censor.NET reports. "After Russian troops invaded the territory of the Ukrainian military unit with their personnel on a KamAZ truck, they had been blocked by a Ukrainian armored personnel carrier. Now the world community can see that Russia not only blocks military units of Naval Forces of Ukraine, but also invades them by force. Part of the Russian military was quickly redeployed out from the Ukrainian unit; others remained inside with weapons and ammunition. City residents are revolted with impudent behavior of the armed people, who threaten with weapons and forbid to conduct photo and video filming. With what we had available, we managed to imprint some moments," description of the video reads. 1. 30 Russian soldiers left the territory of checkpoint #2 of the 39th training detachment and went to the point of their dislocation - across the road. A Russian military unit is located near Lazarevsky barracks. 2. Another group of Russian soldiers with weapons and ammunition in a KamAZ truck was blocked in the military unit of Ukrainian Naval Forces with an armored personnel carrier. 3. The armed people forbid to make photo-video filming and interfere in every possible way with threats... This information was also confirmed by Udar Party MP Dmytro Bilotserkovets. "A Ukrainian officer and MP has been captured. Fire started in one of the buildings. Russian KamAZ (with a shelter, without identification marks) rushed to the territory of the unit through a checkpoint for transport. Our forces blocked off the entrance with an armored personnel carrier. Thus, the Russian KamAZ was cut off from the main forces, which remained behind the perimeter,"- he reported. "The Russians outside the unit exposed machine gunners and threaten to start shooting. Nobody is getting out from the KamAZ car... On the territory, it can be heard that someone fired a round," the politician added.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9639710783958436}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40579', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7W4OXIFKWFZBVON2EILNJAJPCU7OAWPQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5d21dbe5-a0ba-45b4-b62f-a6c0aa1b8e18>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 21, 10, 15, 4), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.100.30', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OS6SKQOY7DA53AWYLT2BEJZEHWCGZC5X', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:06e1dc28-b3c0-40aa-9f4c-4a4f6352f190>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://en.censor.net.ua/news/273671/russian_military_attack_training_detachment_of_naval_forces_of_ukraine_in_sevastopol_video', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9fe42af6-a2fd-411b-b3ee-4c155d04f122>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '340', 'url': 'https://en.censor.net.ua/news/273671/russian_military_attack_training_detachment_of_naval_forces_of_ukraine_in_sevastopol_video', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-164-45-152.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11742907762527466', 'original_id': '4d2d1609abaec3e5414a487a801f93b9c6a844836ed0d66e96e214845d41d9c4'}
The Creation Wiki is made available by the NW Creation Network From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science Jump to: navigation, search Location of Ireland (orange)– on the European continent (camel & white) Map of Ireland Location of Ireland (orange) – on the European continent (camel & white) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "Amhrán na bhFiann" "The Soldier's Song" Patron Saint(s): Saint Patrick (and largest city) Official language(s) Irish, English Ethnic groups (2006) 87% Irish, 13% other Demonym Irish Government Parliamentary republic - President Michael D. Higgins - Taoiseach Enda Kenny - Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore Legislature Oireachtas - Upper house Seanad Éireann - Lower house Dáil Éireann Independence From the United Kingdom - Declared 24 April 1916 - Ratified 21 January 1919 - Recognised 6 December 1922 - Constitution 29 December 1937 - Left the Commonwealth 18 April 1949 - Total 70,273 km2 (120th) 27,133 sq mi - Water (%) 2.00 - 2011 census 4,588,252 (119th) - Density 65.3/km2 (142nd) 168.8/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate - Total $181.595 billion (55th) - Per capita $39,638 (15th) GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate - Total $217.669 billion (42nd) - Per capita $47,513 (14th) HDI (2011) steady 0.908 (very high) (7th) Currency Euro (€)[a] (EUR) Time zone WET (UTC+0) Date formats dd/mm/yyyy Drives on the Left Internet TLD .ie[b] Calling code 353 a. ^ Prior to 2002, the national circulated currency was called the Irish Punt (£), or Irish pound. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency in 1999. Ireland (Irish: Éire) or the Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is a state which covers approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, off the coast of northwest Europe. The remaining sixth of the island of Ireland is known as Northern Ireland and is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint George's Channel to the southeast, and the Irish Sea to the east. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland. The country's official constitutional name is Éire or, in the English language, Ireland. The capital city of the Republic of Ireland is Dublin. In addition to the capital, other urban areas are Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Galway, Dún Laoghaire, and Dundalk. The name Ireland derives from the Old Irish name ÉriuÉire in modern Irish—with the addition of the Germanic word land. Most other western European names for Ireland derive from the same source, such as French: Irlande, Italian, Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese: Irlanda, German: Irland, and Dutch: Ierland. NASA satellite image of Ireland. The island of Ireland is located in northwest Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain. It is approximately 53° north of the equator and 8° west of the Greenwich meridian. The island's total area is 84,412 km² (32,591 square miles).[1] Ireland is separated from Britain by the Irish Sea. The Celtic Sea, to south of Ireland, separates it from mainland Europe. A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low central plains. The highest peak is Carrauntoohil (Irish: Corrán Tuathail) located in County Kerry, which is 1,038 m (3,406 feet) tall. The River Shannon, which runs from North-East to South-West, is the longest river in Ireland, at 386 km (240 miles) long.[2] Other major rivers include the Liffey, which flows through the center of Dublin, the Slaney, which enters the sea at Wexford, and the Lagan, which flows into Belfast Lough. There are a large number of lakes or loughs, of which Lough Neagh is the largest. Other large lakes include Lough Erne and Lough Corrib. Ireland has a relatively mild temperate maritime climate. Typically, summers in Ireland consist of warm, sunny weather with occasional light rain. Winter weather is typically cloudy and rainy with the occasional sunny spell.[3] Snow is rare, but precipitation can occur at any time of the year, with up to 275 days with rain in some parts of the country. Ireland's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent but soft rainfall, earns it the nickname "The Emerald Isle." The major cities on the island are the capital city of Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) on the east coast, Cork (Corcaigh) in the south, Galway (Gaillimh) and Limerick (Luimneach) on the west coast, Waterford (Port Láirge) in the south east, and Belfast (Béal Feirste), Armagh (Ard Mhacha), and Derry (Doire) in the north. Provinces and Counties Ireland has historically been divided into four provinces: Munster (Mumhan), Leinster (Laighin), Connacht (Connachta), and Ulster (Ulaidh). Originally, however, there was a fifth province: Meath (Mídhe) which has since been incorporated into Leinster. During the Tudor period, these were further subdivided into 32 counties for administrative purposes. 26 of these counties comprise the Republic of Ireland while the remaining 6 comprise Northern Ireland. • Munster • County Clare • County Cork • County Kerry • County Limerick • County Tipperary • County Waterford • Leinster • County Carlow • County Dublin • County Kildare • County Kilkenny • County Laois • County Longford • County Louth • County Meath • County Offaly • County Westmeath • County Wexford • County Wicklow • Connacht • County Galway • County Leitrim • County Mayo • County Roscommon • County Sligo • Ulster • Flag of Ireland.png Republic of Ireland • County Cavan • County Donegal • County Monaghan • Flag of Northern Ireland.png Northern Ireland • County Antrim • County Armagh • County Down • County Fermanagh • County Derry • County Tyrone Early History (2300 BC-400 AD) During the era known as the Ice Age, about 3,800 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice. The Ice Age lasted from 2300-1800 BC. Sea-levels were lower then, and Ireland, as with its neighbor Britain, instead of being islands, were part of a greater continental Europe. The first inhabitants arrived some time after 1800 BC. Agriculture arrived around the same time, roughly 1750-1700 BC, when sheep, goats, cattle and cereals were imported from southwest continental Europe. At the Céide Fields in County Mayo, an extensive Neolithic field system—arguably the oldest in the world—has been preserved beneath a covering of peat. Consisting of small fields separated from one another by dry-stone walls, the Céide Fields were farmed for several centuries between 1700 and 1650 BC. Wheat and barley were the principal crops cultivated. The earliest known inhabitants of Ireland were the Picts, a Neolithic people, possibly of Brythonic Celtic origin, described in Irish records as the Fir Bolg and Fomoiri. They were also known as the Cruithne, a name derived from Qritani or Qriteni, which is the Goidelic/Q-Celtic form of the Brythonic/P-Celtic name Pritani or Priteni. From the latter came Britanni, the Roman name for the Britons. The Bronze Age, which began around 1600 BC, saw the production of elaborate gold as well as bronze ornaments, weapons and tools. The Iron Age (500 BC-400 AD) in Ireland is associated with people known as Celts. The first Celtic settlers were Bythronic-speaking Celts (similar to those that also settled in Britain and central Europe) from the northwest European coastal regions from the Netherlands to Armorica (Brittany, France) over a period of 1,000 years, identified as the Tuatha Dé Danann. The Gaels were the last Celtic people to settle in Ireland and who eventually came to dominate it. They were Goidelic-speaking Celts who came from the area of Galicia in northwest Spain, where Gallaecian was spoken, and sailed to Ireland around 504 BC.[4] Genetics research has confirmed that the Irish and Scots are close genetic relatives of the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula and more closely related to Spanish and Portuguese peoples, especially those from Galicia and Asturias, than they are to any other ethnic groups in Europe.[5][6][7] This coincides with what Irish annals such as the Lebor Gabála Érenn have claimed: that that the Gaels (also referred to as the Milesians) of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man, prior to colonizing Ireland, had originally come from Brigantium—an ancient Celtic town, which is identified as being either modern Betanzos or A Coruña in Galicia, Spain—and were descended from the sons of Míl Espáine (Míledh or Milesius, meaning "Soldier of Hispania"), son of Bíle, and a grandson of Breogán, a Celtic king of Galicia. Galicia is still one of the seven recognized Celtic nations and the word itself means "The Land of the Gaelic People." The Gaelic clans of Ireland claim descent from the sons of Míledh's eight sons and ten uncles who are said to have led the Gaelic conquest of Ireland after the death of Míledh in Spain and his brother Íth's murder at the hands of the Tuatha Dé Danann during a scouting expedition in Ireland. The sons of Míl and their kinsmen landed in Inber Scéne, an estuary in south County Kerry (probably Kenmare) and fought their way to Tara, eventually conquering and colonizing the entire island—vanquishing the Tuatha Dé Danann, who previously had gained superiority over the Fir Bolg (Picts) and the Fomorians—and dividing it into five provinces among themselves and their descendants. They still survive today: Mumhan (Munster), Ulaidh (Ulster), Laighin (Leinster), and Connachta (Connacht) with Mídhe (Meath) as the seat of the High Kings. A High King (Ard Rí) was elected from the ranks of these provincial dynasties, although not having an executive function, was a symbolic recognition of the origin and singleness of purpose of the Irish peoples. Thus, the Milesian Gaels are the ancestors of the Irish, Scottish, and Manx peoples. Various Irish traditions declare that Míl Espáine was a descendant of Zerah, a son of Judah.[8] According to The Harmsworth Encyclopedia, Cecrops (identified as Calcol of 1 Chronicles 2:6 and Chalcol of 1 Kings 4:31 – son of Zerah and brother of Dara) was the 'mythical' founder of Athens and its first king. He is thought to be the leader of a band of Hebrew colonists from Egypt around 1700 BC. Historical records tell of the westward migration of the descendants of Calcol along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, establishing "Iberian" (Hebrew) trading settlements. One settlement now called Saragossa or Zaragoza, in the Ebro Valley in Spain, was originally known as Zaragassa meaning "The stronghold of Zerah."[9] From Spain they continued westward as far as Ireland. The Iberian Celts (Celtiberians) gave their name to Ireland, calling the island Iberne which was later abbreviated to Erne, and subsequently Latinized to Hibernia. The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco-Roman geographers. In his 2nd century work Geography, Ptolemy refers to Ireland as Ivernia (Greek: Ἰουερνία, Iouerníā)—a Greek alteration of the Q-Celtic name *Īveriū from which eventually arose the Irish names Ériu and Éire—and recorded its geography, as well as sixteen tribes inhabiting every part of the island. The Romans referred to Ireland as Hibernia and later as Scotia. Scoti or Scotti being the common Late Latin term for the Irish Gaels: Ireland was usually referred to in Latin as Scotia Major while Scotland was referred to as Scotia Minor. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used solely to refer to Gaelic-speaking Scotland, known as Dál Riata (modern Argyll), which Gaels from Ireland had begun to colonize starting some time around the 5th century. The Gaelic settlers in Caledonia soon spread out to most of the rest of the country, merging with the Picts to later form the Kingdom of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba). The Isle of Man (Manx: Ellan Vannin) also came under massive Gaelic influence in its history. Preeminent Celtic scholar of Oxford University, Sir John Rhys, in his book "Early Celtic Britain," gives strong evidences of Hebrew colonization of Ireland and Britain in ancient times. "Ireland was known as Iberion," he says.[10] The ancient name of the Hebrews was Ibri or Iberi, which is derived from the name "Eber" or "Heber," an ancestor and patriarch of that people. The name "Eber" (עבר) comes from a word meaning "to cross over," "across," or "the opposite side"[11] It derivative "Hebrew," intended to denote the people who came "from the other side of the river" (i.e. the Euphrates) from Haran (Genesis 11:31 ) and were the descendants of Eber. The usage is similar to the Greek words πέραν and πέρατος. The phrase ὰ πέρατα τ͡ης οἰκουμένης, or "the opposite ends of the inhabited world" was used by St. Paul in Romans 10:18 . Similarly, Tacitus used the phrase "ends of the earth" in the Agricola to describe the location of Ireland and Britain.[12] Homer used a similar phrase in the Odyssey to describe the other end of the Mediterranean, near Spain. It is at the "other side" of the "inhabited world" that we find so many ancient names like that of Eber, the first Hebrew: Iberia (Spain), the Ebro River (in Spain), Hibernia (Ireland), and the Hebrides (islands off the coast of Scotland). Sir John continues, "... in Ireland it was Ivernii in Ptolemy's time; and he mentions a town there called Ivernis, and a river Ivernios. To these may be added various forms of the name of the island such as Juvenal's Iuverna, distorted more usually by the Romans into Hibernia. Their eponymous ancestor ... is variously called Eber, Emer, and Heber."[13] The exact relationship between the Roman Empire and the tribes of ancient Ireland is unclear; the only references are a few Roman writings. However, a number of finds of Roman coins have been found, for example at Newgrange.[14] In medieval times, the High Kings continued to reign over the (then five) provinces of Ireland throughout its early history. These provinces too had their own kings, who were subject to the monarch, who resided at Tara in County Meath. The written judicial system was the Brehon Law, and it was administered by professional learned jurists who were known as the Brehons. Early Christian Ireland (400-800) A page from the Book of Kells, (folio 292r), circa 800 AD, that opens the Gospel of John. The Chronicle of Ireland records that in 431 AD, Bishop Palladius arrived in Ireland on a mission from Pope Celestine I to minister to the "Irish who believe in Christ"[15], suggesting that there were already Christians living in Ireland. Perhaps the most famous missionary to Ireland was the patron saint of the island, St. Patrick. Patrick was a Romano-Briton or a Brythonic Celt who, at the age of 16, was kidnapped from Britain by Irish raiders and was taken to Ireland to work as a slave. After 6 years, he escaped and returned to Britain. Afterwards, he traveled to Gaul where he studied, was ordained as a Catholic priest in 417 AD, and spent 15 years in the church of Auxerre. Upon the death of Bishop Palladius, in 432 AD, Patrick was ordained a bishop and began his mission to Ireland, later arriving on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. Eventually, the Druid tradition collapsed in the face of the spread of the new faith and virtually the entire island became Christian. Before St. Patrick arrived as a missionary, the population of Ireland was mostly illiterate and there were no books of any kind. The only form of writing used by the pagan Irish were inscriptions, mostly simple memorials, on stone in the Ogham alphabet, the earliest of which date to the 4th century AD. The Druids relied solely on an oral tradition. When St. Patrick and other missionaries began to spread Christianity in Ireland, they discovered that many Christian traditions could be overlaid with the indigenous traditions that they encountered. This brought the graces of Celtic spirituality into the fold of the Christian tradition and led to a gradual, non-violent conversion process in Ireland. The older Druid tradition collapsed in the face of the new religion.[16] There were still bardic schools as there was still paganism in 6th century Ireland, but in the 7th century paganism had all but disappeared and these bardic schools became monastic schools. The monastic schools were frequented by the best of the Irish, and by students from abroad, these latter diffused knowledge over western Europe, and Ireland received and merited the title of the "Island of Saints and Scholars." By the second half of the 6th century, scholarship had become inextricably intertwined with religion, and schools of higher learning invariably were adjuncts of monasteries. The significant scholars all were monks, who revered knowledge and perceived Christian doctrine as the most important component of human knowledge. The holy men who laboured with St. Patrick and immediately succeeded him were mostly bishops and founders of churches; those of the 6th century were of the monastic order; those of the 7th century were mostly anchorites who loved solitude, silence, continued prayer, and the most rigid austerities. Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin and Greek learning and Christian theology. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianization of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the Early Middle Ages in contrast to elsewhere in Europe, where the Dark Ages followed the decline of the Roman Empire.[17][18] Not all art and literature involved religious themes, but much of it did. Thus in the monastery schools, religious art, such as the Ardagh Chalice and the Book of Kells and other illuminated manuscripts, flourished alongside secular artistic achievements, such as the Tara Brooch and the great Irish epic Táin Bó Cúailnge ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley"). During the 6th and 7th centuries, Irish monastery-schools were among the most prominent centers of scholarship in the western world. Students from all over Europe flocked to them, furnishing a dramatic contrast to the low level of scholarship in Europe during the Middle Ages. Irish monasteries also dispatched scholar-missionaries to the rest of Europe. Irish clerics also brought Christianity, as well as literacy, to the pagan Anglo-Saxons. In 563, St. Columba (521-597), a native of Donegal and the dominant scholar and poet of his era, accompanied by a few companions, crossed the sea to Caledonia and founded a monastery on Iona, a small Gaelic-controlled island off the coast of Scotland, where he spent the last 40 years of his life educating the Scots and converting them to Christianity. Fresh arrivals came from Ireland; the monastery with Columba as its abbot was soon a flourishing institution, from which the Scots of Dál Riata in the south and the Picts beyond the Grampians were evangelized; and when Columba died in 597, Christianity had been preached and received in every district in Caledonia, and in every island along its west coast. In the next century, Iona had so prospered that its abbot, St. Adomnán, wrote "Life of St. Columba," in Latin; it is considered the best biography of which the Middle Ages can boast. From Iona, the Irish missionary, under St. Aidan and his companions, had gone south to compete with and even exceed in zeal the Roman missionaries under St. Augustine of Canterbury, and to evangelize Northumbria, Mercia, and Essex; and if Irish zeal had already been displayed in Iona, equal zeal was now displayed on the desolate isle of Lindisfarne. Nor was this all. In 590, St. Columbanus, a student of Bangor, accompanied by twelve companions, arrived in France and established the monastery of Luxeuil, the parent of many monasteries, then laboured at Bregenz, and finally founded the monastery of Bobbio in Italy, which as a centre of knowledge and piety was long the light of northern Italy. And meantime his friend and fellow-student St. Gall laboured with conspicuous success in Switzerland, St. Fridolin along the Rhine, St. Fiacre near Meaux, St. Kilian at Wurzburg, St. Livinus in Brabant, St. Fursey on the Marne, St. Cataldus in southern Italy. By the 9th century, Irish scholars were among the most celebrated in the western world. The towering intellect among them was Johannes Scotus Eriugena, a native Irishman who traveled to France in 845 AD to became the preeminent scholar in the Court of Charlemagne, and the chief professor at the Palace school of the Emperor Charles the Bald. When Charlemagne reigned (771-814), Irishmen were at his court, "men incomparably skilled in human learning." The monastery of Durrow, in County Laois, founded by Columba in the 6th century, a century later had students from 18 different nations. The list of Irish accomplishments in architecture, learning and art, even in astronomy and science in the centuries preceding the Norman invasion is extensive. The Liturgical Rite used in Ireland until 1172 was known as the Celtic Rite. It is comparable to the Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite rather than the Roman Rite but, accept the doctrines of the Catholic Church and accept the legitimacy of the papacy despite having minor discipinary differences such as clerical marriage, methods of computing Easter, tonsures, etc. Similarly, the early Irish Christians adhered to the Celtic Rite. Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom as a whole at a time in which there was significant regional variation of liturgy and structure with a general collective veneration of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) that was no less intense in Celtic areas. In 664 AD, Synod of Whitby decreed Roman authority over the Irish Church in conflict over correct computation of the date of Easter. The latest Roman cycle, indeed, rested on an improved, better system of calculation. St. Columbanus, who had conversed with the disciples of St. Patrick, dying of old age in 615 AD, and who had acquired learning and piety in great monastery of Bangor in Ireland, declares that "the Irish are the scholars and disciples of Rome"; and addressing Pope Boniface IV, he wrote, "The Catholic faith is held unshaken by us as it was delivered to us by you, the successors of the holy Apostles." Early Medieval and Viking Era (800-1167) Although Ireland flourished during the European Middle Ages this golden age was interrupted in the 9th century by 200 years of intermittent warfare with waves of Viking raiders who plundered monasteries and towns. These raids added to a pattern of raiding and endemic warfare that was already deep-seated in Ireland. The first recorded Viking raid in Ireland occurred in 795 when Vikings (probably of Norwegian origin) looted the island of Lambay, off the east coast of Ireland near modern Dublin. They returned for a further monastery raid in 802 and came again in 806, killing 68 unarmed monks. By the early 800s, the Vikings were plundering the mainland of Ireland itself on a regular basis. This was the beginning of a new phase of Irish history, which saw many native communities — particularly ecclesiastical ones — relocate themselves on the continent, or further afield in places like Iceland and the Faroe Islands, to escape the pagan marauders. By 841, Vikings, lead by Ívarr Ragnarsson and Olaf the White, had established small but well fortified settlements at a site near what is now Dublin. Shortly thereafter Dublin (Old Norse: Dyflin; Irish: Duibhlinn) was declared to be a separate state, and was later developed into a walled city. The Vikings began their most ambitious expansion in 914 when they captured Waterford (Irish: Port Láirge; Old Norse: Veðrafjǫrðr); and built a fortress there, then reimposed Viking rule on Dublin. The Vikings also were involved in establishing many other major coastal settlements in Ireland: Limerick (Old Norse: Limaríki; Irish: Luimneach), Cork (Irish: Corcaigh), Wexford (Old Norse: Veisafjǫrðr; Irish: Loch Garman), and also Wiklow (Old Norse: Víkingalág; Irish: Cill Mhantáin), Carlingford (Old Norse: Kerlingfjǫrðr; Irish: Cairlinn), Strangford (Old Norse: Strangrfjǫrðr ; Irish: Loch Cuan), and Arklow (Old Norse: Arnkelllág; Irish: Inbhear Mór). During the 10th century, in Munster, the influence of the Gaelic Dal gCais tribe had grown under Cennétig mac Lorcáin, the King of Thomond, and most notably under his twelfth son Brian mac Cennétig (or Brian Boru), who would later famously be known as a unifying leader who brought the Irish nation together to drive the occupying Vikings out of the country. In their own genealogies, the Dál gCais traced their line back to their eponymous ancestor and progenitor Cormac Cas, who is said to have lived in the 2nd to 3rd century. He was second son of Ailill Aulom from the Deirgtine, a King of Munster and Leath Mogha. Cormac Cas himself was the younger brother of Eógan, founder of the Eóganachta, who would go on to rule Munster for many centuries. Brian had a deep-seated hatred of the Vikings as he grew up during the worst days of the Viking's tyranny in Ireland when the Dál Cassians had been driven in to the present county of Clare. At this time the Danes held the chief fortresses of the province of Munster from which their marauding parties swept continually over the country, murdering and destroying wherever they came. One day, the worst of the village's fears were realized when the Vikings launched a raid against it. Brian and two of his brothers were away during the invasion, as was their father, however Brian's mother Bé Binn was murdered during one of these Viking raids into Dál Cassian territory. Brian was sent away to a monastic school to be educated at the monastery of Clonmacnoise, along the Shannon River, in the modern county of West Meath. After arriving at the monastic school Brian was eager to learn the arts of battle. However, the abbot instead introduced the boy into studying music, mathematics, and languages. His favorite subject was history, it was filled with war stories and by studying it, he learned how great victories had been won in the past. He developed a voracious appetite for reading the histories of the military leaders of Europe, such as Julius Caesar and Charlemagne. Because of this love for reading, Brian learned the tactics of the great military leaders and used them throughout his career, making him one of the greatest of Irish generals. Brian felt that by learning this he would know how to defeat the Vikings that had killed his mother. He soon began to train himself with weapons made of wood. He learned with both his right hand and his left hand. At the beginning of Brian's second year at the school, news came of his father's death. Cennétig was killed fighting the Norse of Limerick in 951. Devastated by this, Brian vowed to kill the Vikings who killed both his father and mother. As the eldest son, Brian's brother Mathgamain (Mahon) eventually succeeded Cennétig as Chief of Dál gCais and King of Thomond in 954 after a series of struggles for both titles between rival kindreds of the Dál gCais. When Brian was 16 years old, his schooling had ended. His brother sent word that he was old enough to take up weapons and be with the tribe to fight. The Dál Cassians were hemmed into Clare by the Norse King Ívarr of Limerick and Mathgamain was willing to accept terms. However, Brian had seen much of the Dál gCais tribe, including his mother, brutally murdered by Vikings when he was only a child and refused to be any part of such a truce. He deserted Mathgamain and, together with a group of soldiers, lived in the hills of Munster and attacked Norse settlements, waging guerrilla war against the Vikings along with his supporters. Brian's fame spread throughout the province and infuriated Ívarr. Although he had only a handful of men, Brian's skill as a tactician led him to defeat vastly superior numerical forces. After a number of small battles, Brian had trained an excellent Dál Cassian army to face the Vikings. The stories of his triumphs had led to vast numbers of young men volunteering to join his side and the feud between Brian and his brother Mathgamain ended. Mathgamain renounced his truce with the Vikings and the brothers rejoined forces. The two men triumphed and in 964, Mathgamain claimed control over the entire province of Munster by capturing the Rock of Cashel, capital of the ancient Eóganachta. Mathgamain was crowned King of Munster on the stone of Cashel (later to be topped with the Cross of St. Patrick, still later the stone removed into the chapel to prevent further weather wearing). None of the Eóganachta branches were strong enough to challenge the Dál gCais. A few years later, in 968 at the Battle of Sulcoit in Tipperary, they overwhelmed Ívarr's forces and marched on Limerick while Ívarr fled back to the Norse lands. In Limerick, Brian found large numbers of enslaved Irish children, enraged he executed 3,000 Vikings in the city. The Viking tyranny in Munster thus collapsed and Mathgamain ruled as King of Munster peacefully for eight years. However, Ívarr returned to Ireland and formed an alliance with Donnubán mac Cathail (Donovan MacCahall), Chief of the of Uí Fidgenti, and Máel Muad Mac Brain (Molloy MacBran), Chief of the Uí Echach Muman (Eóganachta Raithlind) and King of Desmumu (Desmond). Mathgamain's uninterrupted success excited the envy and deepened the hatred of Donnubán, Máel Muad, and Ívarr the Dane; and they laid a base plot for his destruction. In 976, Mathgamain was invited to what was supposed to be a peaceful meeting for reconciliation between the four at Bruree, the residence of Donnubán, who on his arrival was seized by an armed band of, Donnubán's men, who handed him over to a party of Máel Muad and his Danish associates, by whom he was put to death. Brian succeeded his late brother, Mathgamain, in his position and was crowned Chief of Dál gCais and King of Thomond at Maigh Adhair in County Clare in 976. his His first care was to avenge his brother's murder. For two years, Brian fought to avenge the death of his brother and killed those responsible for his brother's death. As King of Munster, Ireland's largest province, Brian began his career as a master negotiator and diplomat. He accomplished as much if not more through negotiation and alliances then by war. The palace of the new King of Munster was at Kincora, located under the present town site of Killaloe, on the eastern edge of County Clare at the bottom shoreline of Lough Derg, where the Shannon River flows to the ocean. Kincora was to become the most magnificent palace of an Irish King to date. Within 3 years of his coronation as King of Munster, Brian subjugated the rest Munster, followed by Leinster, then Dublin, Connacht, Meath, and Ulster during the 980's, 990's, and early 1000's. Brian won control of the southern half of Ireland (Leath Mogha) from the High King Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill in 997, meeting at a peace conference at Port dá Chaineóc. By recognising Brian's authority over Leath Mogha, which included the Provinces of Munster and Leinster (and the Hiberno-Norse cities within them), Máel Sechnaill was simply accepting the reality that confronted him and retained control over Leath Cuinn, that is, the northern half of Ireland, which consisted of the Provinces of Meath, Connacht, and Ulster. Brian made it clear that his ambitions had not been satisfied by the compromise of 997 when, in the year 1000, he led a combined Munster-Leinster-Dublin army in an attack on High King Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill's home province of Meath. The struggle over who would control all of Ireland was renewed. In 1002, Brian forced Máel Sechnaill to surrender his title of "High King of Ireland" to him and recognise him as the High King. He sent word to Máel Sechnaill to demand submission or battle. Máel Sechnaill, finding he was not strong enough to resist, rode into Brian's encampment with a small guard and without any guarantee or protection, and told him that he would have fought had he been strong enough and made his submission to Brian, finally bringing the provinces of Meath and Connacht under Brian's dominion. His next ambition was the province of Ulster, where he still needed to impose his will on the regional rulers. In the following decade, there was several campaigns in the north to force Ulster (Ulaid) and the Northern Uí Néill into submission. He systematically defeated each of the regional rulers who defied him, forcing them to recognise him as their overlord and received hostages and tribute. Brian was crowned the High King of Ireland on the coronation stone at the Rock of Cashel, the traditional seat of the kings of Munster, becoming the undisputed ruler of all Gaelic Ireland in 1002. He had won the crown without shedding a drop of blood. Brian amassed a fortune of royal tributes from lesser or vassal chieftains, consisting of cattle, timber, wine and other items, a tax known as Bóroimhe Laighean. He used these monies raised to restore monasteries and libraries that had been destroyed during the Viking invasions. Brian endowed liberally the scholastic and monastic institutions and sent emissaries to Europe to find and replace the tens of thousands of books that had been destroyed during Viking raids, and to invite Catholic European scholars to come to Ireland where the isle was once more being made into a land of Saints and Scholars. Afterwards he therefore became known as Brian Bóruma ("Brian of the Tributes") or simply Brian Boru. During his reign, domestic political stability invigorated Ireland, and religious and cultural life was able to flourish. "Brian Boru was remarkable in the Ireland of his time," wrote Máire and Liam de Paor in Early Christian Ireland, "because he seems to have thought in terms of the feudal organization which had already developed in Europe rather than in terms of the primitive and unstable kingship-system of Ireland." His achievement has earned him comparisons with another great uniter of warring lands, the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne. Brian's reign as High King of Ireland lasted 12 years, and the country prospered during his rule. Monasteries and schools that had previously been sacked and closed as a result of continuous warfare were reopened, or rebuilt. He decreed the construction of roads and bridges, and built many churches along the Shannon, a symbolic statement since the river had once been the main highway for the Vikings and their plundering inland raids. Bronze artistry, which had fallen into decline, also experienced a revival. Trade increased, and emissaries were even sent across the sea to Scotland and Wales to extract tribute. Brian's advisor, Maelsuthan Ua Cearbhail, documented in the Book of Armagh that, in the year 1005, Brian visited St. Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh where he made an offering of 20 ounces of gold, and expressly acknowledged the ecclesiastical supremacy of the Pope and bishops, thus insuring that his secular sovereignty would not be challenged by the Church. Because few would argue he was not the King of all Ireland after such a long struggle, in 1005, he created the title of "Emperor of the Irish" (Latin: Imperator Scottorum) as a style, having his secretary add a note to the Book of Kells proclaiming him as such. In his obituary in the Annals of Ulster he is styled as "over-king of the Irish of Ireland, and of the foreigners and of the Britons, the Augustus of the whole of north-west Europe." This can be regarded as a claim that he ruled both the Irish Gaels and the Norse-Gaels in Ireland, and may even imply suzerainty over the Gaels of Scotland. He did not crown himself as such however, for as brutal as he was he was an honest Christian man, and crowning oneself Emperor is inherent blasphemy. He did this for very practical reasons, his conquest of Ireland was in many ways special and quite different from previous High Kings, he didn't conquer purely for egotistical gain, he genuinely wanted to strengthen the country, and he needed to make this impression on the kings of Ireland, so he styled himself as Emperor, not of the land but of the people, the Irish. The meaning was lost on no man. More to the point, he was making the High Kingship hereditary, a practice not unheard of but deeply unpopular in certain sections of the islands, the dominant tradition being that royal clans had a gathering of enobled cousins to vote among themselves as to who would be the next king, primogeniture was rare. It has been thought that Brian and the Irish Church were together seeking to establish a new form of kingship in Ireland, one that was modelled after the kingship of France, in which there were no lesser ranks of regional kings—simply one King who had power over all in a unitary state. Under Brian's rule, Ireland was ruled by one King, the Ard Rí na hÉireann (High King of Ireland). The High Kingship was no longer be just a figurehead, it was the central government and all the sub-kings would enforce the orders of that government. In any case, by 1011 all of the regional rulers in Ireland acknowledged Brian's authority. As an Emperor, a claim legitimised by the Church, he was able to articulate a version of authority more compelling than that of his potential opponents. Such a policy, if allowed to develop, could have changed the entire political system of the Irish world, reshaping it into yet another vast European feudal kingdom. Some elements of the clans of Leinster who were envious of Brian, led by Máel Mórda mac Murchada (Malmorda MacMurrough), saw the ageing King as weakening. They struck out seeking to claim the High Kingship from him and in doing so they allied with the Norse of Dublin led by Máel Mórda's nephew, Sigtrygg "Silkbeard" Olafsson, king of the Dublin Norse. Sigtrygg thereafter formed a coalition of the Norse of Ireland, the Hebrides, the Orkneys, the Isle of Man, and Iceland. Enraged at such a shocking disregard for his hardwon authority, Brian took to the field. The King began to assemble his forces to meet those of rebellious Leinster and Dublin, who dared destroy the unity that was then presently being enjoyed on the Emerald Isle. Brian's army had mustered and set off towards Dublin. While Brian himself was too old to do battle, he appeared before his troops to inspire them to their duty in the early sunlight, carrying a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He gave a short but inspiring speech to his warriors assembled to do battle. He reminded them that on that day their good Lord had died for them and rose again; and he exhorted them to fight bravely for their religion and their country. Then giving the signal for battle he withdrew and then retired to the rear, accompanied by a number of personal escorting guards, who formed a shield wall around him. His first son, Murchadh mac Briain, carried his banner into the fray (Irish Kings were very much of the older understanding of kings being by neccessity warlords as well as rulers, their participation in battle was neccessary). The Irish, incensed by years of bloody skirmishes, of loved ones being killed or captured and homes destroyed, prepared to destroy the hated Vikings and their renegade Irish allies. The battle took place at Clontarf, near Dublin, on Good Friday, April 23, 1014, and lasted from the early morning to the setting of the sun. Brian was unwilling to fight on Good Friday, as he would not fight on a fast day, but the Danes forced the battle to the Friday, which fell that year on 23 April. The Irish forces under Brian numbered at around 7,500 men and the combined Norse and Leinster forces of Sigtrygg Silkbeard, the Danish king of Dublin, and his uncle, Máel Mórda mac Murchada of Leinster, numbered at around 7,000 men. Throughout the day, Brian prayed in his tent. An estimated 14,500 men at arms battled on the field that day. With the setting sun came victory to forces of the High King, but at a heavy price. Murchadh mac Briain, the son that Brian Boru had trained to succeed him, was killed late in the day. Murchadh's 15 year old son, Tadc, was found dead in the fishing weir at Clontarf, his fingers still clutching the hair of a slain Viking. Brian's other sons, Conchobhar, Flann, and Domhnall, also fell in battle, as did many of the chieftains and mighty champions of the túatha—such Tadc Mór Ua Cellaigh (King of of Uí Maine), Máel Ruanaid Ua hEidhin (King of Aidhne), Géibennach Ua Dubagáin (King of Fer Maighe), Mac Bethad mac Muireadhach Claen Ua Conchobhair (King of Ciarraighe Lúachra), Domhnall mac Diarmait (King of Corcu Baiscinn), Scannlán mac Cathal (King of the Eóganacht of Loch Léin), and many other nobles—but, Brian's army won the day and the war; they slew over 6,000 Vikings, while only 4,000 Irish lost their lives. The dissenters were scattered and many expected a reckoning to come to the leaders of the traitor clans. Every invading Viking leader was killed during the Battle of Clontarf. Also slain was Máel Mórda of Leinster, together with most of his chieftains. Sigtrygg Silkbeard did not die, however, because he did not fight. With his mother Gormflaith, he watched the entire battle in safety from the walls of Dublin. This battle was a major turning point as it finally subjugated the Norse presence in Ireland who were henceforth considered subordinate to the Kingships of Ireland. The military threat of the Vikings had been ended and they retreated to the urban centres of Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, and Limerick (The Norse that remained in Ireland eventually became completely Christianised and Gaelicised and fully integrated into Gaelic society and culture. They remained in the country as traders and intermarried amongst the native Irish). After the battle, Brian went and prayed, giving thanks to the Almighty for the victory of his forces and for the repose of his slain sons and grandson. He had dismissed his bodygaurds to give chase to the enemy as he prayed in his tent. However, it seems that Bróðir of Man and a few other Norsemen, hiding in the woods, saw Brian in his tent, lightly guarded while most of his men were off in furious pursuit of the fugitives. The Vikings fell upon the few Irish retainers, killing them. Bróðir easily overpowered and beheaded the 73 year old King Brian with one blow. They then retreated, Brodir yelling, "Now let man tell man that Bróðir felled Brian" but, could not escape Brian's servants and were quickly subdued and taken prisoner by the enraged Irish. Brian's brother, Cúduiligh, ordered that Bróðir's men be killed and that Bróðir himself should die a lingering coward's death. In retaliation for the murder of their King, the Irish slit open Bróðir's belly, pulling his intestines out, and attached them to an oak tree and then forced him to walk around and around the oak tree until he died. Bróðir's men were all put to death too. Brian Boru's body, as well as the remains of his son Murchadh, were conveyed with great solemnity to the city of Armagh and buried in a new tomb in the grounds of St. Patrick's Cathedral, near the north end of the church. The chroniclers state that Irish priests said prayers over the late High King's body for twelve days. Brian became a national hero. Later, Irish Nationalists would hold him up as an example of an Irish leader defeating the forces of foreign invaders. They saw the period between Brian's death and the Norman invasion under Strongbow in 1170 as an age when there were no foreigners in Ireland. Upon Brian's death the High Kingship passed to Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill who reigned until his death in 1022, as Brian's eligible sons had been killed during the battle, and Ireland returned to a fractious status quo between the many small, separate kingdoms that had existed for some time. The descendants of Brian through his son Tadc mac Briain, whose son Toirdelbach Ua Briain and grandson Muirchertach Ua Briain rivaled Brian in power and fame, retained the kingship of Munster and were known as the Uí Briain (O’Brien) clan, hence the surnames Ó Briain, O’Brien, O’Brian, etc. Beginning in 1087, the last six High Kings of Ireland appear to have alternated between provincial candidates, with periods where there are no clear high king; these included kings from Aileach (Cenél nEógain), next from Munster (Dál gCais), then Connacht (Uí Briúin), then Tír Conaill (Cenél nEógain), and ending with Ruaidrí Ua Conchobhair (Rory O'Connor) of Connacht (Uí Briúin) in 1186. Ireland returned to its former past; túath fighting túath, king against king, province against province, until 1169 AD, when the Cambro-Normans came under the invitation of the exiled Leinster King, Diarmait mac Murchada, and a new invader was to be encountered. Norman Ireland (1167-1350) By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. In 1166, Diarmait mac Murchada (Dermott MacMurrough), the king of Leinster, was deposed and exiled from Ireland by a confederation of Irish kings led by the new High King, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobhair (Rory O'Connor). In an effort to retake his kingdom, Mac Murchada fled to Aquitaine, France and met with Henry II, the Norman king of England, where he sought and acquired the King's permission to use Henry's subjects to regain his throne. Like the Norman Kings of England who had preceded him, Henry was actually French (as we would understand it today) rather than English. He was born in France, he spoke French, and he spent much of his time on the continent as well (It would be the loss of their lands in Normandy at the beginning of the 13th century that would finally Anglicize the Norman rulers of England). In 1167, Mac Murchada attained the services of the Norman lords in Wales, such as Maurice FitzGerald, Rhŷs ap Gruffydd, and more famously, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, more commonly known as Strongbow. At the time of the Norman invasion, then, we can say that, given the shifting sands and power struggles generally prevalent in Europe, Ireland was a relatively stable unit. In social order, literacy, in art and science, Ireland had produced one of Europe's outstanding cultures. The first Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, but it was not until May 1, 1169 that the actual invasion of Ireland occurred on when a mercenary invasion force, about 600 in number, consisting of Normans, Welsh, and Flemings, landed at Bannow Bay in Wexford from Norman-occupied Wales. Mac Murchada and several hundred of his men promptly joined the Normans, and together they marched on Waterford. The successive waves of Cambro-Norman mercenaries introduced into Ireland by Diarmait mac Murchada in 1167, 1169, and 1170 came to pose a major challenge to Ua Conchobhair's High Kingship. Up to this time many of the other Irish kings and chieftains felt the Normans were simply aiding Mac Murchada in his "private" feud with Ua Conchobhair. However, this all changed on Diarmait mac Murchada's death in May 1171 and the accession of Strongbow, his son-in-law, to the kingship of Leinster. This event caused great concern among the native Irish leaders. In reaction, the tribes of Leinster rose in revolt and the High King called on the Irish provincial kings to drive out the foreigners (or gaill, in Irish). Initially, the Irish campaign to oust the Normans was successful. Diarmait mac Cárthaigh (Dermott MacCarthy) of Desmond recaptured Waterford. The Norsemen of Wexford captured FitzStephen. A large Norse fleet under Askulf mac Torcaill (Hasculf Thorgillsson) returned to lay seige on Dublin, while Ruaidrí's army was approaching Dublin by land. However, the Norse attacked Dublin before the arrival of Ruaidrí's forces and although at first successful, were counter atttacked and outflanked by the superior calvary and archers of Milo de Cogan and his brother Richard. Ua Conchobhair's joint armies—60,000 strong—laid seige to Dublin during the months of July and August in 1171. As their supplies began to run out, the beseiged Normans made a surprise attack on the Ua Conchobhair's forces. Demonstrating their supremacy in arms, the Norman forces routed and dispersed Ruaidrí's forces. Ruaidrí then withdrew to his native Connacht, High King in name only. In 1175, as the Normans set about fortifying their newly captured cities and founding more, Ua Conchobhair realized he would never defeat them militarily and negotiated and signed the Treaty of Windsor which recognized Ruaidrí Ua Conchobhair as High King of Ireland outside Leinster, Meath and the area around Waterford but, also recognized Henry as his overlord. In return Henry demanded tribute from the Irish chiefs under Ua Conchobhair. This arrangement was unsuccessful, for thereafter Ua Conchobhair's position was gradually eroded. He suffered mounting opposition from within his own province and abdicated in favour of his son, Conchobhar, in 1183. Though he later sought to regain power, he never recovered his former status. He died at Cong and was buried in Clonmacnoise. Norman Lords began acquiring land from the Irish chiefs by various means and soon the island began to get interspersed with Irish Lords and Norman Lords of varying degrees of loyalty to the King. The Cambro-Normans, including Richard "Strongbow" de Clare, had conquered a substantial part of eastern Ireland, including the kingdom of Leinster, the towns of Waterford, Wexford, and Dublin, and part of the kingdom of Meath. Partly to avert any chance of Ireland's becoming a rival Norman state, Henry II took action to impose his rule there. In October 1171, Henry landed with a large fleet and army at Waterford (becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil) to assume control of the situation, and to set himself up in the role of the protector against the marauding Norman barons. Both Waterford and Dublin were proclaimed Royal Cities. Strongbow offered to surrender his Irish conquests to Henry and pay him homage. Many of the Gaelic Irish Kings, seeing Henry as a potential ally against the power of the Norman Lords the in country swore fealty too. In November, Henry accepted the submission of the Irish kings in Dublin. In making their submissions to Henry, the Irish kings were adopting a strategy for survival in the wake of the overthrow of the High Kingship of Ireland. In the move the Irish kings were substituting one overlord for another, retaining full possession of and jurisdiction over their original territories, and paying tributes to Henry II, which were no heavier than those they formerly paid to the Irish High King. Shortly after his arrival in Ireland, Henry ordered that a synod be convened at Cashel, which would regulate some affairs of the Church in Ireland and to condemn some abuses, bringing the Church more into alignment with the Roman Rite. This synod is known as the Second Synod of Cashel. It intended to implement the reforms of Pope Gregory VII, also called Gregorian Reforms. As such, it can be seen as a continuation and part of the Irish Church Reforms of the 12th century, including the First Synod of Cashel (1101), the Synod of Ráth Breasail (1111), the Synod of St. Patrick's Island (1148), and the Synod of Kells (1152), proving conclusively that even prior to the Norman invasion, the Irish Church was already, slowly, embracing the Gregorian Reforms. The native liturgies were gradually streamlined and adapted and many aspects of the liturgy of the Roman Rite were adopted. Henry then went to Lismore, the see of the papal legate Gilla Críst Ua Connairche (Christianus O'Conarchy). He also visited Cashel and Dublin, and thus had the opportunity to meet the archbishops Donnchadh Ua hUallacháin (Donatus O'Houlihan) of Cashel and Lorcán Ua Tuathail (St. Laurence O'Toole) of Dublin. Gerald of Wales' account of the synod in his Expugnatio Hibernicæ ("The Conquest of Ireland") lists these three bishops, as well as Archbishop Cadla Ua Dubthaig (Catholicus O'Duffy) of Tuam among the clergy of Ireland attending the synod, "with their suffragans and fellow-bishops, together with the abbots, archdeacons, priors, and deans, and many other Irish prelates." Gilla Meic Liac mac Diarmata (Gelasius MacDermott), Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland did not attend. The Synod, which he caused to be convened, was not attended as numerously as he had expected, and the regulations made thereat were simply a renewal of those which had been made previously at the First Synod of Cashel, the Synod of Ráth Breasail, and the Synod of Kells. The Prelates who assembled for the Second Synod of Cashel, far from having enslaved the state to Henry, avoided any interference in politics either by word or act. Their office was to promote peace. So long as the permanent peace and independence of the nation seemed likely to be forwarded by resistance to foreign invasion, they counselled resistance; when resistance was hopeless, they recommended acquiescence, not because they believed the usurpation less unjust, but because they considered submission the wisest course. Previously in 1155, Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope, issued a Papal bull called Laudabiliter, giving the Henry II the right to intervene in Ireland to "assist" in the reform of the governance of the Irish Church and the Irish system of governance according to the Roman ecclesiastical system. The authenticity of the Laudabiliter is heavily disputed among historians. Though this alleged Bull has been used since to justify the idea that Pope Adrian IV had authorised perpetual and unconditional English occupation of Ireland, a close reading of the Bull does not support that. Adrian wrote: "And may the people of that land receive thee with honor, and venerate thee as their master: provided always that the rights or the churches remain inviolate and entire, and saving to St. Peter and the holy Roman Church the annual pension of one penny from each house." In any event, Henry made no use of Adrian's Bull for some years after receiving it. Henry's indifference about this document, or his reluctance to use it, shows of how little real importance it was considered at the time. Irish prelates were well represented at both the great reform councils of the Middle Ages: the Third Council of the Lateran (1179) and the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215). Henry awarded his Irish territories to his youngest son John with the title Dominus Hiberniæ ("Lord of Ireland") in 1176. When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John, the "Lordship of Ireland" fell directly under the English Crown. The Normans initially controlled the entire east coast, from Waterford to eastern Ulster, and penetrated a considerable distance inland as well. The counties were ruled by many smaller kings. The first Lord of Ireland was King John, who visited Ireland in 1185 and 1210 and helped consolidate the Norman-controlled areas, while ensuring that the many Irish kings swore fealty to him. Throughout the 13th century the policy of the English Kings was to weaken the power of the Norman Lords in Ireland. For example, King John encouraged Hugh de Lacy to destabilise and then overthrow the Lord of Ulster, before naming him as the first Earl of Ulster. The Hiberno-Norman community suffered from a series of invasions that ceased the spread of their settlement and power. Politics and events in Gaelic Ireland served to draw the settlers deeper into the orbit of the Irish. Due to the increasing pressure of the Norman colonists under the Lordship of Ireland, revolts began to flare across Ireland. Tadhg Ua Briain (Teague O'Brien), son of the King of Thomond defeated the colonists in 1257 and plundered their lands. Hugh de Lacy's death in 1243 meant that the Earldom of Ulster was still in a period of lax administration. In 1255, Brian Ua Néill (Brian O'Neill), King of Tír Eoghain, seized this opportunity to raid the colonists' lands across the River Bann into Ulaid and destroy any towns and castles that he encountered. Meanwhile, Aodh Ua Conchobhair (Hugh O'Connor), the son of the King of Connacht, expanded his territory by conquering the neighbouring Kingdom of Breifne in 1256 (with backing from Brian). Brian, Tadhg, and Aodh formed an alliance, and in 1258 they met near a ruined Geraldine castle at Belleek on the Erne. Here Brian was confirmed as High King of Ireland and Aodh's overlordship of Breifne was accepted. However their success was short-lived. Tadhg died the following year, and Brian and Aodh had lost a valuable ally. In 1260, Brian and Aodh assembled an army and attacked the Norman colonists near Downpatrick. Expecting an attack, the Normans had also raised an army. At the Battle of Druim Dearg, Brian and Aodh were heavily defeated, and Brian was killed along with many other important Irish leaders (including a number of O'Cahan chiefs). His head was cut off by the Normans and sent to King Henry III of England with much rejoicing from the colonists. The Gaelic Resurgence (1350-1500) Beginning in mid-1250s, there began a Gaelic Resurgence and a Norman retreat that reversed and overwhelmed Norman advances, due mainly to the fact that the Normans never settled in Ireland in sufficient numbers to fully implement and protect their military conquest. The weakening of the Anglo-Norman Lordship had become manifest following a string of military defeats, demonstrated by the Norman army's defeat at the Battle of Callann to the Gaelic Irish, under of Fínghin mac Cárthaigh (Fineen MacCarthy) the MacCarthys of Kerry in 1261. The O'Connors defeated the Normans of Connacht in 1270 at the Battle of Áth-an-Chip and in 1274 the Normans of Wicklow were also defeated. Prior to the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, the Gaelic Irish had a strong sense of collective identity. This was based around language and custom, together with a shared past which had been promoted by the Gaelic learned classes. However, the common Irish identity was not reflected in political unity, let alone in centralised structures of government. The co-existence of a sense of cultural oneness with political fragmentation was a persistent feature of Gaelic Ireland. The invasion by Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert I of Scotland, during 1315-1318 at a time of famine weakened the Norman economy. The Remonstrance of the Irish Princes to Pope John XXII in 1317 was written during the Bruce's occupation of eastern Ulster. It was partly a response to the English crown's use of armies, money, and supplies from Ireland in its wars against Scotland. Edward Bruce had assumed the title 'King of Ireland' with the support of Domnall Ó Néill and other northern chiefs. The aim of the document, which may have been composed by Gaelic clergy at Armagh, was to justify the actions of Bruce's Irish backers and to persuade the Pope to transfer Ireland from Edward II of England to Edward Bruce of Scotland. Bruce was eventually defeated and killed in Ireland at the Battle of Faughart, near Dundalk, in 1318. The Plague arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate the country again. The Normans, however, in spite of their successes, never conquered Ireland itself and England's influence in native Irish affairs was minimal from 1300-1500. The survival of a Gaelic Irish identity sprang in part from the fact that the Norman conquest remained incomplete. Only in "the Pale," a 30-mile wide bridgehead around Dublin, was there a secure base for English law and custom to take root. The English had little real authority outside of it. Beyond the Pale, the Hiberno-Norman lords intermarried with Gaelic noble families, integrated into Irish society, obeyed Irish law, adopted the Irish language, manners, and customs and sided with the Gaelic Irish in political and military conflicts against the Lordship. During this period, the Normans were said to have become "more Irish than the Irish themselves" (Irish: Níos Gaelaí ná na Gaeil iad féin).[19] That is, to employ a much later term, many of the Normans in Ireland "went native" so that instead of transforming the Irish, they themselves were transformed. They also generally remained Catholic after the Reformation. In the chaotic situation, the native Irish lords won back large amounts of land. By the mid-1400s, the Irish lords had taken back over half of their lost territory, so that Norman-held land, once 75% of the island, was reduced to about 35%. This brought about the Norman decline culminating in 1300 and lead to the Gaelic Resurgence which lasted from 1350 to 1500. Beyond the Pale, the Gaelic areas were ruled by their ancient families—the Uí Néill and Uí Domhnaill in Ulster, the Uí Briain in Munster—while much of what had been the heartland of the Norman-imposed Lordship of Ireland had become virtually independent states. The authorities in the Pale grew so worried about the "Gaelicization" of Ireland that, in 1367 at a parliament in Kilkenny, they passed special legislation (known as the Statutes of Kilkenny) banning those of Cambro-Norman or English descent from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes or intermarrying with the Irish. Since the government in Dublin had little real authority and was restricted to the Pale, the Statutes did not have much effect, as outside the Pale, the Cambro-Norman lords continued to intermarry with Gaelic noble families and speak the Gaelic language. By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had almost disappeared. England's attentions were diverted by the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485). The Lordship of Ireland lay in the hands of the powerful FitzGerald, Earl of Kildare, who dominated the country by means of military force and alliances with Irish lords and clans. The Gaelic and Gaelicized lords expanded their powers at the expense of the central government in Dublin, creating a polity quite foreign to English ways and which was not fully overthrown until the successful conclusion of the Tudor conquest. Early Modern Ireland (1500–1691) The Tudor Conquest of Ireland England launched a more aggressive colonization under the Tudor Dynasty. From 1536, King Henry VIII of England decided to conquer Ireland and bring it under crown control. English rule of law was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century. The most immediate reason for this was that the FitzGerald dynasty of Kildare, who had become the effective rulers of Ireland in the 15th century, had become very unreliable allies of the Tudor monarchs. Most seriously, they had previously invited Burgundian troops into Dublin to crown the Yorkist claimant to the English throne, Lambert Simnel, as King of England in 1487. In 1535, "Silken Thomas" Fitzgerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, went into open rebellion against the crown. Henry put down this rebellion, having Thomas FitzGerald along with several of his uncles executed. He, afterwards, set about to pacify Ireland and bring it all under English government control, perhaps to prevent it being a base for foreign invasions of England (a concern that was to be sustained for another 400 or more years). With the assistance of Thomas Cromwell, he implemented the policy of surrender and regrant. This extended Royal protection to all of Ireland's elite, regardless of ethnicity; in return the whole country was expected to obey the law of the central government; and all Irish lords were to officially surrender their lands to the Crown, and to receive them back in return by Royal Charter. The keystone to the reform was in a statute passed by the Irish parliament in 1541, whereby the lordship was converted to the Kingdom of Ireland. Overall, the intention was to assimilate the Gaelic and Gaelicized upper classes and develop a loyalty on their part to the new crown; to this end, they were granted English titles and for the first time admitted to the Irish parliament. One of the more important was the earldom of Tyrone that was created for the Ui Neill dynasty in 1542. In a felicitous phrase, the king summed up his efforts at reform as "politic drifts and amiable persuasions". In practice, lords around Ireland accepted their new privileges but carried on as they had before. For the Irish Lordships the English monarch was but another over lord similar to that found in the Gaelic system. It was however the Tudors' increasing encroachment upon their local autonomy by the development of a centralised state that was to bring the English system into direct conflict with the Gaelic Irish one. The Reformation fundamentally changed Ireland. After Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church in 1534 when the Act of Supremacy was passed which declared that he was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England," sparking the English Reformation. By 1541, Henry VIII had enjoined the Anglo-Irish Parliament to proclaim him the spiritual head of the Church of Ireland rather than the Pope, obliged all government officials in Ireland to swear allegiance to the new Protestant church, and established the King of England as the "King of Ireland," upgrading the Lordship of Ireland to a full Kingdom. From the period of the original lordship in the 12th century onwards, Ireland had retained its own bicameral Parliament of Ireland, consisting of a House of Commons and a House of Lords. It was restricted for most of its existence in terms both of membership – Gaelic Irishmen were barred from membership – and of powers, notably by Poynings' Law of 1494, which required the approval of the English Privy Council before any draft bills might be introduced to the Parliament. After 1541, Henry VIII admitted native Irish lords into both houses and recognised their land titles, in return for their submission to him as King of Ireland. However, the real power in Ireland throughout this period lay not with the Parliament, but with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, who was nominated by the King of England to govern Ireland. The Parliament met only when called by the Lord Deputy, when he wanted to pass new laws or raise new taxes. The Lord Deputy's permanent advisors were the Irish Privy Council. While the English, the Welsh, and the Scots generally accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic, a fact which determined their relationship with the British state for the next 400 years. The Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland. The religious schism meant that the (Catholic) native Irish and the Hiberno-Normans were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. Henry died in 1547 and was succeeded by his son Edward VI, who reigned from 1547-1553 and was followed by his half-sister, Mary I (r. 1553-1558), the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Mary remained a Catholic and reverted the state to Catholicism, but during her short 5 year reign, she was hostile to Ireland for reasons other than religion, and imposed England's first plantation on Ireland. Mary was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth I who reigned for 43 years (1558-1603), broke again with Rome after 1570, and proved to be the most brutal of all English monarchs in crushing other challenges to the authoritarian power of the Crown. The Munster branch of the FitzGeralds (known as the Geraldines) were holders of the title Earl of Desmond, which at the time of the rebellions was held by Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond. Rebellions and Wars The First Desmond Rebellion (1569–1573) had been an armed protest against English intrusion into the Desmond territories. Specifically it was against the creation of the office of "Lord President" (governor) in the province of Munster and the English pursuit of policies that favoured the FitzGerald's rivals, the Butlers of Ormonde, and various English colonists. The most pressing grievance of the Geraldines had been the government's arrest of Gerald the Earl and his brother John of Desmond in 1568 for their part in a private war against the Butlers in 1565, which had culminated in the Battle of Affane in County Waterford. The First Desmond Rebellion was launched in 1569, in the absence of the Desmond leadership, by James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, the 'captain general' of the FitzGerald army. Following the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I in 1570, Pope Pius V had ruled that Irish Catholics did not owe allegiance to Protestant England. That rebellion was quashed by the English crown forces and their Irish allies (primarily the Butlers, led by Thomas Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormonde), and ended in 1573. The Second Desmond Rebellion (1579-1583) was sparked in July 1579 when James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, landed in Ireland with a force of Papal troops, triggering an insurrection across the south of Ireland on the part of the Desmond dynasty, their allies and others who were dissatisfied for various reasons with English government of the country. During his exile in Europe, he had reinvented himself as a soldier of the Counter-Reformation. Pope Gregory XIII backed the Irish war effort, granting FitzMaurice an indulgence and supplying him the with Papal money and troops. It was also planned that King Philip II of Spain would take over the monarchy of Ireland and Ireland would become a Spanish protectorate. FitzMaurice landed at Smerwick, near Dingle in County Kerry on 18 July 1579 with a small force of Spanish and Italian troops. He was joined in rebellion on August 1 by John of Desmond, a brother of the Earl, who had a large following among his kinsmen and the disaffected swordsmen of Munster. Other Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman families also joined in the rebellion. After FitzMaurice was killed in a skirmish with the Clanwilliam Burkes on 18 August, John FitzGerald assumed leadership of the rebellion. Gerald, the Earl of Desmond, joined the rebellion by sacking the towns of Youghal (on November 13) and Kinsale, and devastated the country of the English and their allies. However, by the summer of 1580, English troops under William Pelham and locally raised Irish forces under the Earl of Ormonde succeeded in bringing the rebellion under control, re-taking the south coast, destroying the lands of the Desmonds and their allies in the process, and killing their tenants. By capturing Carrigafoyle at Easter 1580, the principal Desmond castle at the mouth of Shannon river, they cut off the Geraldine forces from the rest of the country and prevented a landing of foreign troops into the main Munster ports. However, in July 1580, the rebellion spread to Leinster, under the leadership of Gaelic Irish chieftain Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne and the Pale lord Viscount Baltinglass—motivated by Catholicism and hostility to the English. A large English force under the Lord Deputy of Ireland Earl Grey de Wilton were sent to subdue them, only to be ambushed and massacred at the battle of Glenmalure on August 25, losing over 800 dead. However, the Leinster rebels were unable to capitalize on their victory or to effectively coordinate their strategy with the Munster insurgents. In October 1580, 600 Papal troops (Italians and Spaniards) commanded by Sebastiano di San Giuseppe (Sebastiano da Modena) were defeated by the English, as were the Irish lords and rebels. After a three day siege against their fort at Dún an Óir, commander di San Giuseppe surrendered on 10 October 1580. Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton ordered the massacre of the invasion forces, sparing only the commanders. Italian and Spanish troops, as well as Irishmen and women, were beheaded and their bodies thrown into the sea. This event is known as the Siege of Smerwick. By relentless scorched earth tactics, the English broke the momentum of the rebellion by mid 1581. By May 1581, most of the minor rebels and Fitzgerald allies in Munster and Leinster had accepted Elisaneth I's offer of a general pardon. Even worse, John of Desmond, in many ways the main leader of the rebellion, was killed north of Cork in early 1582. For the Geraldine Earl however there would be no pardon, and he was pursued by crown forces until the end. From 1581 to 1583, the war dragged on, with the remaining Geraldines evading capture in the mountains of Kerry. The rebellion was finally ended on 2 November 1583 when the earl was hunted down and killed near Tralee in Kerry by the local clan O'Moriarty. The clan chief, Maurice, received 1000 pounds of silver from the English government for Desmond's head, which was sent to Queen Elizabeth. His body was displayed on the walls of Cork. The most serious threat to English rule in Ireland came during the Nine Years War (1594–1603), when Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone and his ally, Hugh Roe O'Donnell, led the native Irish of Ulster in a rebellion against the English government in Ireland. This war developed into a nation-wide revolt and O'Neill successfully obtained military aid from Spain, which was then in conflict with England during the Anglo-Spanish War. Though the war was fought in all parts of Ireland, the fighting began, and was primarily in, Ulster where O'Neill achieved a series of successes, including a stunning victory over England's Earl of Essex at Yellow Ford in 1598. In 1600, Essex was replaced by a better soldier, Lord Mountjoy, whose first initiative was to inflict a severe scorched earth policy on the Ulster countryside. With the aid of Spain, O'Neill was able to arm and feed over 8,000 men, unprecedented for a Gaelic lord, and so was well prepared to resist any further English attempts to govern Ulster.O'Neill was one of the few clan chieftains who helped the Spanish sailors despite threats of Elizabeth I after the sinking of the Spanish Armada off the coast of Ireland in September 1588. Philip III had been offered the kingship of Ireland in 1595 by O'Neill and his allies, but turned it down. The Irish received aid from Spain in 1602 including money, ammunition, and a Spanish force of 4,000 troops under Don Juan del Águila. The combined Irish and Spanish forces engaged Mountjoy at the Battle of Kinsale (1602). O'Neill and Águila had 9,000 troops against Mountjoy's 6,300 men, but Mountjoy's well trained army won the battle. Though the Battle of Kinsale had effectively ended the war, O'Neill held out for another 15 months. After the Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1602, Hugh Roe O'Donnell left for Spain pleading in vain for another Spanish landing. He died in 1602 probably due to poisoning by an English agent. His brother assumed leadership of the O'Donnell clan. Hugh O'Neill were reduced to guerrilla tactics, fighting in small bands, as the English and their allies swept the countryside. The English scorched earth tactics were especially harsh on the civilian population, who died in great numbers both from direct targeting and from famine. O'Neill and his allies eventually surrendered to the new Stuart King, James I, in 1603. After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised form of justice to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the various lordships, both Irish and Hiberno-Norman. On September 14, 1607, with the remaining Gaelic leadership, O'Neill secretly boarded a ship at Lough Swilly and sailed for the Continent. This event became known as the Flight of the Earls. Although O'Neill and his allies received good terms at the end of the war, they were never trusted by the English authorities and the distrust was mutual. They intended to organise an expedition from a Catholic power in Europe to re-start the war, preferably Spain, but were unable to find any military backers at the time. They hoped to get Spanish help in order to restart their rebellion in Ireland, but King Philip III of Spain did not want a resumption of war with England and refused their request. Hugh O'Neill died in Rome on 20 July 1616. Throughout his nine year exile he was active in plotting a return to Ireland, toying variously both with schemes to oust English authority outright and with proposed offers of pardon from London. Upon news of his death, the court poets of Ireland engaged in the Contention of the Bards. During Eighty Years' War, between 1640-1648, Irish exiles had formed their own regiment in the Spanish Tercios of Flanders, officered by Gaelic Irish nobles and recruited from their followers and dependents in Ireland and composed mostly of members of the clan O'Neill. The regiment was led by Hugh O'Neill's son, John. Prominent officers included Owen Roe O'Neill and Hugh Dubh O'Neill. Owen Roe O'Neill tried unsuccessfully to give military support to King Philip IV of Spain to found a Catholic kingdom in Ireland under Spanish protection. This regiment was more overtly political than its predecessor in Spanish service and was militantly hostile to the English Protestant government in Ireland. Beginning in the 16th century, the final collapse of the Gaelic social and political superstructure at the end of the 17th century due to manipulation by the British government. The devastation of the old Gaelic culture was not begun until the catastrophic 16th and 17th centuries. It was the Tudor / Elizabethan pogroms followed by the Cromwellian invasion, with brutality and savagery, which swept the old Gaelic order completely away. Colonial Ireland The Battle of Kinsale, along with the Flight of the Earls, marked the end of the old Gaelic order, and established England as conqueror of Ireland. What followed next (the 17th Century "Plantations") were perhaps the most important development in Irish history since arrival of the Celts, for they divided Ireland into two hostile fractions. From the mid-16th and into the early 17th century, crown governments carried out a policy of colonisation known as "Plantations." Scottish and English Protestants were sent as colonists to the provinces of Munster, Ulster, and the counties of Laois and Offaly (then known as "King's County" and "Queen's County"). The largest of these projects, the Plantation of Ulster. A series of Penal Laws discriminated against all Christian faiths other than the established Anglican Church of Ireland. The principal victims of these laws were Roman Catholics and (to a lesser extent) Baptists and Presbyterians. Under Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) and James I (r. 1603-1623), English policy towards Ireland became more heavy-handed. This involved the expropriation of Irish-owned land, direct exploitation of Irish labour, and forced resettlement of those whose land had been taken. English policy included attempts to establish "plantations" in Ireland, which were mostly unsuccessful. This basic model was for Protestant English tenants to supplant Catholic Irish tenants and for native Irish to be made the primary labourers, with no rights to own land. The motivation for the initial transportation of the Irish was expressed by James I: "Root out the Papists [Catholics] and fill it [Ireland] with Protestants." Private plantation of the counties of Antrim and Down by wealthy Protestant Scottish landowners began in 1606 and James I initiated the theft of native Irish lands in the rest of Ulster in 1609, creating the Plantation of Ulster, which had settled up to 80,000 English and Scots in the north of Ireland by 1641. All land owned by Irish chieftains and landowners of the Uí Néill and Uí Domhnaill (along with those of their supporters) was "confiscated" and used to settle the Protestant English and Scottish colonists. This land comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) in the counties of Tyrconnell, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine and Armagh. Most of the counties Antrim and Down were privately colonized. The "British tenants," a term applied to the colonists, were mostly from Scotland and England. They were required to be English-speaking and Protestant. The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian and the English mostly members of the Church of England. Ulster was colonised to prevent further rebellion, as it had been the region most resistant to English control during the preceding century. A new rebellion soon began in 1641 (known as the Irish Rebellion of 1641) when Irish Catholics, threatened by expanding power of the anti-Catholic English Parliament and Scottish Covenanters at the expense of the King, rebelled against the domination of English and Protestant settlers. The rebellion developed into an ethno-religious conflict between native Irish Catholics on one side, and English and Scottish Protestant settlers on the other. This began a conflict known as the Irish Confederate Wars (1641-1653), against the background of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651). As a result of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, in which the King and Parliament finally went to war with each other, no English troops were available to put down the uprising and the rebels were left in control of most of Ireland. During this period, the Catholic majority briefly ruled the country as the Irish Catholic Confederation (also known as the "Confederation of Kilkenny," being based in the city of Kilkenny). It was an Irish self-governing Confederal Monarchy which governed two-thirds of Ireland between 1642-1651. It received modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain (who wanted to recruit troops in Ireland) but their main continental support came from the Papacy. The Confederates allied themselves with King Charles I and the English Royalists, though they did not sign a formal treaty with them until 1649. Had the Royalists won the English Civil War, the result could have been an autonomous Catholic ruled Ireland. Pope Urban VIII sent Pierfrancesco Scarampi to liaise with and help the Confederates' Supreme Council in 1643. Pope Innocent X strongly supported Confederate Ireland. Innocent received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who embarked from La Rochelle with the Confederacy's secretary, Richard Bellings. He took with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money. These supplies meant that Rinuccini had a big influence on the Confederates' internal politics and he was backed by the more militant Confederates such as Owen Roe O'Neill. At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property. The Confederates failed to defeat the English armies in Ireland during the period of 1642–1649. The rebels mounted a seven year insurgency which, if all had gone smoothly, might have led to a permanent accommodation with a divided England. Parliament's army, led by Oliver Cromwell (a Puritan member of Parliament) defeated King Charles I in a two phase war. Following a trial, Charles I was beheaded in 1649 and the monarchy was abolished. The Irish Confederate Wars and the ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-1653) on behalf of the English Commonwealth caused massive loss of life and ended with the confiscation of almost all Irish Catholic owned land in the 1650s, though much was re-granted in the 1660s. The end of the period cemented the English colonisation of Ireland in the so-called Cromwellian Settlement. Cromwell and his Puritans spelled disaster for all Catholics in Ireland and elsewhere in the British Isles. The Puritans were virulently anti-Catholic, and England's tolerance for Catholics quickly disappeared, with all Catholics now considered enemies of England. In 1649, Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army landed on Ireland's shores and a reign of terror swept the land leaving death and destruction in its wake. After the town of Drogheda had surrendered, Cromwell had the entire garrison killed, over 2,000 were put to death in the most crude and vile ways. Cromwell's troops massacred 3,500 residents, including unarmed women and children. When over 100 people took refuge in the steeple of St. Peter's Church, the soldiers set fire to the church, burning all to death. The remainder of the town were shipped into slavery in the West Indies. On 11 October 1649, the people of Wexford received the same fate as those in Drogheda. Again over 2,000 were slain and the town was sacked and the women of the town were raped by the New Model Army. Over 300 women were taken to a place known as "The Cross," where they were raped, murdered, and their fingers were hacked off so rings could removed. The outrages would continue, thousands more would die at the hands of Cromwell's men, countless thousands would be displaced and driven from their ancestral lands and thousands more sold into slavery. In the twelve years comprising the the Irish Confederation Wars, the Irish population fell from 1,466,000 to 616,000. Over 550,000 Irish people were killed, and 300,000 were sold into slavery. According to Sir William Petty, 850,000 were "wasted by the sword, plague, famine, hardship and banishment" during the Confederation Wars of 1641-1653. Cromwell regarded the massacres as appropriate retribution for the deaths of the Ulster Protestants in 1641. It was during the Cromwellian era (1649-1660) that anti-Catholic animus reached its highest level in Irish history. As retribution for the rebellion of 1641, the better-quality remaining lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and given to British settlers. Several hundred remaining native landowners were transplanted to Connacht. The Cromwellian conquest therefore left bitter memories in Irish popular culture. An uneasy peace returned with the Restoration of the monarchy in England and King Charles II made some efforts to conciliate Irish Catholics with compensation and land grants. Most Catholics, however were disappointed that the Cromwellian land confiscations were, on the whole, allowed to stand. Protestants, on the other hand, felt that Irish Catholics had been treated far too leniently by Charles, and deserved to be punished for their massacres of Protestant civilians in 1641. In 1678, there was another brief burst of anti-Catholic repression during the "Popish Plot," when it was rumoured that Irish Catholics were planning another rebellion with French help. Two Catholic Bishops, Peter Talbot and Oliver Plunkett were arrested. Talbot died in prison and Plunkett was hanged, drawn and quartered. However, within a generation of the Restoration, Ireland was at war again. In the reign of the Catholic King James II of England, Irish Catholics briefly appeared to be recovering their pre-eminent position in Irish society. James repealed much of the anti-Catholic legislation, allowed Catholics into the Irish Parliament and the Army and appointed a Catholic, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, as Lord Deputy of Ireland. Protestants in Ireland could do little about this turn of events. However, with the so-called "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, James II was deposed by the English Parliament and replaced by William of Orange (known as William III of England), his Protestant son-in-law, with the help of a Dutch invasion force. Irish Catholics backed James to try to reverse the Penal Laws and land confiscations, whereas Irish and British Protestants supported William to preserve their dominance in the country. Richard Talbot, the Lord Deputy, raised a Jacobite army from among Irish Catholics and seized all the strong points around the country, with the exception of Derry, which was besieged by his men. James, backed by the French King Louis XIV, arrived in Ireland in 1690 with French troops, as did William III, with a multi-national force, including British, Dutch, and Danish troops. The two Kings fought for the English, Scottish and Irish thrones in the Jacobite-Williamite War, most famously at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, where James's forces were defeated. Although not militarily decisive, this battle is remembered as a great Williamite victory because James fled Ireland for France after the battle, effectively conceding defeat to William. Jacobite resistance in Ireland continued for another year however, winning a success at the Siege of Limerick in 1690, but was finally ended after the Battle of Aughrim in July 1691, when their main army was destroyed. They surrendered at Limerick shortly afterwards. The Jacobite army left the country under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, negotiated by Patrick Sarsfield, to enter French service (This event is known as the "Flight of the Wild Geese"). Others were also exiled to Spain where they were respected, given noble titles and often integrated into the Spanish Army. A fresh source of recruits came in the early 17th century, when Catholics were banned from military and political office in Ireland. The war, while not as destructive as that of the 1640s and 1650s, was nevertheless a shattering defeat for the old Irish Catholic landed classes, who never recovered their former position in Irish society. Age of Penal Laws (1691–1801) During the Age of Penal Laws, also known as the "Protestant Ascendancy", Ireland was filled with social unrest due to a repressive society in which a small Anglican minority (10% of the population) used its ownership of land and its control of government to deny power, influence and civil rights to Catholics (75% of the population) and to a lesser degree to Presbyterians (15% of the population). Presbyterians could sit in Parliament but, not hold office. Both Catholics and Presbyterians were also barred from certain professions (such as law, the judiciary and the army) and had restrictions on inheriting land. Catholics could not bear arms or exercise their religion publicly. Almost immediately after the Treaty of Limerick in 1691, ending the Jacobite-Williamite War in Ireland, Anglicans took decisive action to further strengthen their dominant position. Notwithstanding the Treaty, the Irish and English Parliaments, both exclusively dominated by Anglicans, enacted a series of Penal Laws which created a three tier, Anglican controlled society in which Catholics would be totally excluded from property and power, and Presbyterians would remain subordinate to Anglicans. The Irish Parliament of this era was almost exclusively Protestant in composition. Catholics had been barred from holding office in the early 17th century, barred from sitting in Parliament by mid-century and finally disenfranchised in 1727. Jacobitism, support for the Stuart dynasty by Gaelic and Catholic Ireland, had been utterly defeated in the Jacobite-Williamite war in Ireland which had ended in 1691. The defeat of the Catholic landed classes in this war meant that those who had fought for James II had their lands confiscated (until a pardon of 1710). The outcome of the war also meant that Catholics were excluded from political power. Power was confined to the Protestant ruling class which enforced its position by the passing of Penal Laws against members of other religions. As a result of these laws, the percentage of Catholic-owned land fell from around 14% in 1691 to around 5% in the course of the next century. This period of defeat and apparent hopelessness for Irish Catholics was referred to in Irish language poetry as the long briseadh, or "shipwreck." Among the discriminations now faced by victims of the Penal Laws were:[20] • Exclusion of Catholics from membership in either the Parliament of Ireland or the Parliament of Great Britain • Exclusion of Catholics from other public offices (since 1607), Presbyterians were also barred from public office in 1707 • Catholics where barred from holding firearms or serving in the armed forces • Presbyterian marriages were not legally recognized by the state • Disenfranchising Act of 1728 - prohibiting Catholics from voting • Exclusion of Catholics from legal professions and the judiciary • Education Act of 1695 - Prohibition of children receiving a Catholic education and being educated abroad[21] • In families, property rights could be gained by conversion to the Church of Ireland; • Popery Act - Catholic inheritances forced to be equally subdivided between all an owner's sons • Prohibition on Catholics owning a horse, valued at over £5 (in order to keep horses suitable for military activity out of the majority's hands) • Ban on converting from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism • Illegal to be a Roman Catholic bishop, vicar, or friar on pain of death • Ban on Catholic holidays • When allowed, Catholic Churches only allowed be built from wood, not stone • "No person of the popish religion shall publicly or in private houses teach school, or instruct youth in learning within this realm." As a result, political, legal, and economic power resided with the Ascendancy to the extent that though a small fraction of the population, 95% of the land of Ireland was calculated to be under minority Protestant control. In the early part of the 18th century, these Penal Laws were augmented and quite strictly enforced, as the Protestant elite were unsure of their position and threatened by the continued existence of Irish Catholic regiments in the French army committed to a restoration of the Jacobite dynasty. From time to time, these fears were exacerbated by the activities of Catholic bandits known as rapparees and by agrarian, peasant secret societies such as the Whiteboys (Irish: Buachaillí Bána), which used violent tactics to defend tenant farmer land rights for subsistence farming. The son of James II, James Francis Edward Stuart, was recognised by the Holy See as the legitimate monarch of the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and the separate Kingdom of Ireland until his death in January 1766, and Roman Catholics were morally obliged to support him. However, after the demise of the Jacobite cause in Scotland at the Battle of Culloden in 1745, and the Papacy's recognition of the Hanoverian dynasty in 1766, the threat to the Protestant Ascendancy eased and many Penal Laws were relaxed or lightly enforced. From 1766, Catholics favoured reform of the existing state in Ireland. Their politics were represented by the "Catholic Committees"—a moderate organisation of Catholic gentry and Clergy in each county which advocated repeal of the Penal Laws and emphasised their loyalty. Reforms on land ownership then started in 1771 and 1778-79. The Papacy did not object to the fact of an established Anglican church, as Roman Catholicism was the established church in countries such as Spain until 1931 and Austria until 1918. It did, however, push for reforms allowing equality within the system. The late 18th century saw the beginning of the repeal of the Penal Laws with the Catholic Relief Acts of 1778 and 1793. However, the long drawn-out pace of reform ensured that the question of religious discrimination dominated Irish politics and was a constant source of division. "Grattan's Parliament" and the Volunteers By the late 18th century, many of the Protestant elite of Ireland had come to see Ireland as their native country. A Parliamentary faction led by Henry Grattan agitated for a more favourable trading relationship with England, in particular abolition of the Navigation Acts that enforced tariffs on Irish goods in English markets, but allowed no tariffs for English goods in Ireland. From early in the century, Irish parliamentarians also campaigned for legislative independence for the Parliament of Ireland, especially the repeal of Poynings' Law that allowed the English Parliament to legislate for Ireland. Many of their demands were met in 1782, when Free Trade was granted between Ireland and England and Poynings' Law was amended. Instrumental in achieving reform was the Irish Volunteers movement, founded in Belfast in 1778. This militia, up to 100,000 strong, was formed to defend Ireland from French or Spanish invasion during the American Revolutionary War, but was outside of government control and staged armed demonstrations in favour of Grattan's reforming agenda. For the "Patriots", as Grattan's followers were known, the "Constitution of 1782" was the start of a process that would end sectarian discrimination and usher in an era of prosperity and Irish self-government. Conservative loyalists such as John Foster, John FitzGibbon, and John Beresford, remained opposed to further concessions to Catholics and, led by the 'Junta', argued that the "Protestant interest" could only be secured by maintaining the connection with Britain. The United Irishmen and the 1798 Rebellion Further reforms for Catholics continued to 1793, when they could again vote, sit on grand juries and buy freehold land. However they could neither enter parliament nor become senior state officials. Reform stalled because of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, but, as the French republicans were opposed to the Catholic Church, in 1795 the government assisted in building St. Patrick's College in Maynooth for Catholic seminarians. Some in Ireland were attracted to the more militant example of the French Revolution of 1789. In 1791, a small group of Protestant radicals formed the Society of the United Irishmen in Belfast, initially to campaign for the end to religious discrimination and the widening of the right to vote. However, the group soon radicalized its aims and sought to overthrow British rule and found a non-sectarian republic. In the words of Theobald Wolfe Tone, its goals were to "substitute the common name of Irishman for Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter" and to "break the connection with England, the never failing source of all our political evils." The United Irishmen spread quickly throughout the country. Republicanism was particularly attractive to the Ulster Presbyterian community, being literate, who were also discriminated against for their religion, and who had strong links with Scots-Irish American emigrants who had fought against Britain in the American Revolution. Many Catholics, particularly the emergent Catholic middle-class, were also attracted to the movement, and it claimed over 200,000 members by 1798. The United Irishmen were banned after Revolutionary France in 1793 declared war on Britain and they developed from a political movement into a military organization preparing for armed rebellion. The Volunteer movement was also suppressed. However, these measures did nothing to calm the situation in Ireland and these reforms were bitterly opposed by the "ultra-loyalist" Protestant hardliners such as John Foster. Violence and disorder became widespread. Hardening loyalist attitudes led to the foundation of the Orange Order, a hardline Freemasonic Protestant society, in 1795. The United Irishmen, now dedicated to armed revolution, forged links with the militant, vigilante agrarian Catholic peasant society, the Defenders (Irish: Cosantóirí), who had been raiding farmhouses since 1792. Wolfe Tone, the United Irish leader, went to France to seek French military support. These efforts bore fruit when the French launched an expeditionary force of 15,000 troops which arrived off Bantry Bay in December 1796, but failed to land due to a combination of indecisiveness, poor seamanship, and storms off the Bantry coast. The Republican ideal of a non-sectarian society was greatly damaged by sectarian atrocities committed by both sides during the rebellion. Government troops and militia targeted Catholics in general and the rebels on several occasions killed Protestant loyalist civilians. In Ulster, the 1790s were marked by naked sectarian strife between Catholic Defenders and Ribbonmen (Irish: Ribinigh) and Protestant groups like the Peep O'Day Boys and the newly founded Orange Order. Union with Great Britain (1801-1910) Largely in response to the Rebellion of 1798, Irish self-government was abolished altogether by the Act of Union on 1 January 1801. The Irish Parliament, dominated by the Protestant landed class, was persuaded to vote for its own abolition for fear of another rebellion and with the aid of bribery by Lord Cornwallis, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The Act of Union, which constitutionally made Ireland part of the British state can largely be seen as an attempt to redress the grievances of the 1798 rising and to prevent it from destabilising Britain or providing a base for foreign invasion. In 1800, the Parliament of Great Britain and the Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union which, from 1 January 1801, abolished the Irish legislature, and merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After one failed attempt, the passage of the act in the Irish parliament was finally achieved, albeit with the mass bribery of members of both houses, who were awarded British and United Kingdom peerages and other "encouragements." Prisoners from the 1798 Rebellion were still being deported to Australia and sporadic violence continued in County Wicklow. There was another unsuccessful rebellion led by Robert Emmet in 1803. Emmet fled into hiding but was captured on 25 August, near Harold's Cross. On 19 September, Emmet was found guilty of high treason, and therefore Chief Justice Lord Norbury's death sentence required that Emmet was to be hanged, drawn and quartered. The following day, 20 September, Emmet was executed in Thomas Street. He was hanged and then beheaded once dead. As various family members and friends of Robert had also been arrested including those who had nothing to do with the rebellion, no one came forward to claim his remains out of fear of arrest. Part of the agreement which led to the Act of Union stipulated that the Penal Laws then in force, which discriminated against Roman Catholics, would be repealed and Catholic Emancipation granted. However King George III blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his coronation oath to defend the Anglican church. A campaign under the Irish Catholic lawyer and politician Daniel O'Connell and the Catholic Association led to renewed agitation for the abolition of the Test Act. Arthur Wellesley, the First Duke of Wellington, was at the peak of his enormous prestige as the victor of the Napoleonic Wars. As Prime Minister he used his considerable political power and influence to steer the enabling legislation through the UK Parliament. He then persuaded King George IV to sign the Act into in law under threat of resignation. The Catholic Relief Act 1829, allowed British and Irish Catholics to sit in the Parliament. Daniel O'Connell became the first Catholic MP to be seated since 1689. As head of the Repeal Association, O'Connell mounted an unsuccessful campaign for the repeal of the Act of Union and the restoration of Irish self-government. O'Connell's tactics were largely peaceful, using mass rallies to show the popular support for his campaign. While O'Connell failed to gain repeal of the union, his efforts led to reforms in matters such as local government, and the Poor Laws. Significant electoral reform acts would enlarge the franchise throughout the UK in the ensuing century. Despite O'Connell's peaceful methods, there was also a good deal of sporadic violence and rural unrest in the country in the first half of the 19th century. In Ulster, there were repeated outbreaks of sectarian violence, such as the celebrated riot at Dolly's Brae, between Catholics and the nascent Orange Order. Elsewhere, tensions between the rapidly growing rural population on one side and their landlords and the state on the other, gave rise to much agrarian violence and social unrest. Secret peasant societies such as the Whiteboys and the Ribbonmen used sabotage and violence to intimidate landlords into better treatment of their tenants. The most sustained outbreak of violence was the "Tithe War" of the 1830s, over the obligation of the mostly Catholic peasantry to pay tithes to the Protestant Church of Ireland. The Royal Irish Constabulary was set up in response to such violence to police rural areas. The Great Famine (1845-1852) Starving Irish family during the famine. From 1845 to 1852[22] the country suffered a very large famine, often referred to as "The Great Irish Famine" or "The Potato Famine." It is known as An Gorta Mór, meaning "The Great Hunger" in the Irish language. In actuality, it was not a genuine "famine" at all, because only the potato crop was affected, while the vast majority of farmland was planted to other crops which were grown in sufficient quantities to feed the populace. The disaster resulted from the fungus called phytophthora infestans, also known as potato blight, that totally ravaged the potato crop 1846 to 1852, and the indifference of the British government. During the famine years, Ireland was exporting enormous quantities of food. Indeed, up to 75% of the soil was devoted to wheat, oats, barley, and other crops which were grown for export, and which were actually exported, all while the populace starved. The problem was that about half the population, all wretchedly poor, worked on farms not for cash wages, but for the right to grow potatoes on tiny plots. They lived on a subsistence diet consisting almost exclusively of potatoes and milk, with a herring once or twice a year. When the potato crop failed, these peasants had neither food for their families, nor money to buy other food. Initially, only the poor died, victims of starvation. Then as typically happens in conditions of starvation, epidemics of typhus and cholera broke out, felling the affluent along with the poor. In total, about 1,000,000 people died. Prior to the famine, the population of Ireland was 8.5 million. Afterwards, the population was only 6.5 million, a decline of two million (23.5%) in eight years.[23] About half of the decline was due to death by starvation or some associated disease (cholera, typhus) which became fatal in the conditions of malnutrition. Britain's economic policy meant that millions were starving, spurring emigration waves to Britain, North America and Australia. Even after the famine, emigration continued, as newly arrived Irish in the United States urged family and friends to follow them. By 1881, the Irish population had declined to 5,000,000; by 1921 (partition), to slightly over 4,000,000. Another significant change caused by this disaster was that prior to the famine Irish Gaelic was the principal language among Catholics. Afterwards, English became the predominant language, largely because death and emigration hit hardest in the poorest areas where Irish Gaelic was most common; the Counties of Kerry and Mayo, for example, lost half their populations. Members of Repeal Association called the Young Irelanders, formed the Irish Confederation which tried to launch a rebellion against British rule in 1848 in Ballingarry, County Tipperary. This coincided with the worst years of the famine, however it was contained by Military action. William Smith O'Brien, leader of the Confederates, failed to capture a party of policemen barricaded in Mrs. Margaret McCormack's house, who were holding her children as hostages, which marked the effective end of the revolt. Though intermittent resistance continued until late 1849, O'Brien and his colleagues were quickly arrested. Originally sentenced to death, this sentence was later commuted to transportation to Van Diemen's Land, where they joined John Mitchel, who had been arrested earlier in 1848. Because of ongoing political tensions between the US and the UK, the large and influential Irish American diaspora created, financed and encouraged the Irish independence movement. In 1858, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), also known as the Fenians, was founded as a secret society dedicated to armed rebellion against the British. An aboveground political counterpart, the Home Rule Movement, was created in 1874, advocating constitutional change for independence. A related organization formed in New York was known as Clan na Gael, which several times organised raids into the British Province of Canada. While the Fenians had a considerable presence in rural Ireland, the Fenian Rising launched in 1867 was a fiasco and was contained by police rather than the British military. Gaelic Cultural Revival The culture of Ireland underwent a massive change in the course of the 19th century. After the Famine, the Irish language went into steep decline. This process was started in the 1820s, when the first National Schools were set up in the country. These had the advantage of encouraging literacy, but classes were provided only in English and the speaking of Irish was prohibited. However, before the 1840s, Irish was still the majority language in the country and numerically (given the rise in population) may have had more speakers than ever before. The Famine devastated the Irish speaking areas of the country, which tended also to be rural and poor. As well as causing the deaths of thousands of Irish speakers, the famine also led to sustained and widespread emigration from the Irish-speaking south and west of the country. By 1900, for the first time in perhaps two millennia, Irish was no longer the majority language in Ireland, and continued to decline in importance. By the time of Irish independence, the Gaeltachtaí (i.e., Irish-speaking regions) had shrunk to small areas along the western seaboard. In reaction, to this, Irish nationalists began a "Gaelic revival" in the late 19th century, hoping to revive the Irish language and Irish literature and sports. While social organisations such as the Gaelic League (Irish: Conradh na Gaeilge) and the Gaelic Athletic Association (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael) were very successful in attracting members, most of their activists were English speakers and the movement did not halt the decline of the Irish language. The form of English established in Ireland differed somewhat from British English and its variants. Blurring linguistic structures from older forms of English (notably Elizabethan English) and the Irish language, it is known as Hiberno-English and was strongly associated with turn of the 19th to 20th century Celtic Revival and Irish writers like J.M. Synge, George Bernard Shaw, and Sean O'Casey. Land War and Agrarian Resurgence In the wake of the famine, many thousands of Irish peasant farmers and labourers either died or left the country. Those who remained waged a long campaign for better rights for tenant farmers and ultimately for land redistribution. This period, known as the "Land War" in Ireland, had a Nationalist as well as a social element. The reason for this was that the land-owning class in Ireland, since the period of the 17th century Plantations of Ireland, had been composed of Protestant settlers, originally from England, who had a British identity. The Irish (Roman Catholic) population widely believed that the land had been unjustly taken from their ancestors and given to this Protestant Ascendancy during the English conquest of the country. The Irish National Land League, was formed to defend the interests of tenant farmers, at first demanding the "Three Fs" – Fair rent, Free sale and Fixity of tenure. Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), such as Michael Davitt, were prominent among the leadership of this movement. When they saw its potential for popular mobilisation, nationalist leaders such as Charles Stewart Parnell, a radical young Protestant landowner, also became involved. The most effective tactic of the Land League was the boycott (the word originates in Ireland in this period), where unpopular landlords were ostracised by the local community. Grassroots Land League members used violence against landlords and their property; attempted evictions of tenant farmers regularly turned into armed confrontations. Parnell, Davitt, William O'Brien, and the other leaders of the Land League were temporarily imprisoned – being held responsible for the violence. From 1870 and as a result of the Land War agitations and subsequent Plan of Campaign of the 1880s, various UK governments introduced a series of Irish Land Acts. William O'Brien played a leading role in the 1902 Land Conference to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the Wyndham Land Purchase Act of 1903. This Act set the conditions for the breakup of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the absentee landlord, finally resolving the Irish Land Question. In the 1870s, the issue of Irish self-government again became a major focus of debate under Charles Stewart Parnell, who became the founder of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP). Prime Minister William E. Gladstone made two unsuccessful attempts to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893, but neither became law. Parnell's leadership ended when he was implicated in a controversial divorce scandal. In 1889, the scandal surrounding Parnell's divorce proceedings split the Irish party, when it became public that Parnell had for many years been living in a family relationship with Mrs. Katharine O'Shea, the long separated wife of a fellow MP. When the scandal broke, religious non-conformists in Great Britain, who were the backbone of the pro-Home Rule Liberal Party, forced its leader W.E. Gladstone to abandon support for the Irish cause as long as Parnell remained leader of the IPP. Parnell was subsequently deposed and died in 1891. But the Party and the country remained split between pro-Parnellites and anti-Parnellites, who fought each other in elections. After the introduction of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which broke the power of the landlord-dominated "Grand Juries," passing for the first time democratic control of local affairs into the hands of the people through elected Local County Councils, the debate over full Home Rule led to tensions between Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists (those who favoured maintenance of the Union). Most of the island was predominantly Nationalist, Catholic and agrarian. The northeast, however, was predominantly Unionist, Protestant and industrialized. Unionists feared a loss of political power and economic wealth in a predominantly rural, Nationalist, Catholic home-rule state. Nationalists believed they would remain economically and politically second-class citizens without self-government. Out of this division, two opposing sectarian movements became prominent, the revived Protestant Orange Order and the Catholic Ancient Order of Hibernians. Unrest and agitation also resulted in the successful introduction of agricultural co-operatives through the initiative of Horace Plunkett, but the most positive changes came after the introduction of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which put the control and running of rural affairs into local hands. However it did not end support for independent Irish Nationalism, as British governments had hoped. Home Rule and Easter Rising (1910-1919) The turn of the century witnessed a surge of interest in Irish Nationalism, including the founding of Sinn Féin ("Ourselves Alone") in 1905 as an open political movement. Until 1917, Sinn Féin, under its founder, Arthur Griffith, had campaigned for a form of government championed first by O'Connell, namely that Ireland would become independent as a dual monarchy with Great Britain, under a shared king. Such a system operated under Austria-Hungary, where the same monarch, Emperor Charles I, reigned separately in both Austria and Hungary. Indeed, Griffith in his book, The Resurrection of Hungary, modelled his ideas on the manner in which Hungary had forced Austria to create a dual monarchy linking both states. Home Rule became certain when in 1910 the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under John Redmond held the balance of power in Commons and the third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. Unionist resistance was immediate with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers. In turn the Irish Volunteers were established in 1913 to oppose them and enforce the introduction of self-government. Arising out of this stand off, the partition of Ireland was proposed in three way talks between the Irish Parliamentary Party, the Unionist Party and the British government. In September 1914, just as the World War I broke out, the UK Parliament passed the Third Home Rule Act to establish self-government for Ireland, but was suspended for the duration of the war. In order to ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war, nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported with Ireland's participation the British and Allied war effort under the Triple Entente against the expansion of Central Powers. The core of the Irish Volunteers were against this decision, but the majority left to form the National Volunteers who enlisted in Irish regiments of the New British Army. Before the war ended, Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule, one in May 1916 and again with the Irish Convention during 1917–1918, but the Irish sides (Nationalist, Unionist) were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions. Until 1918, the Irish Parliamentary Party who sought independent self-government for whole of Ireland through the principles of parliamentary constitutionalism, remained the dominant Irish party. But from the early 20th century, a radical fringe among Home Rulers became associated with militant republicanism, particularly Irish-American republicanism. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) saw an opportunity to create an armed organisation to advance its own ends, and on 25 November 1913 the Irish Volunteers, whose stated object was "to secure and to maintain the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland," was formed. Its leader was Eoin MacNeill, who was not an IRB member. A Provisional Committee was formed that included people with a wide range of political views, and the Volunteers' ranks were open to "all able-bodied Irishmen without distinction of creed, politics or social group." Another militant group, the Irish Citizen Army, was formed by trade unionists as a result of the Dublin Lockout of that year. However, the increasing militarisation of Irish politics was overshadowed soon after by the outbreak of a larger conflict—the First World War—and Ireland's involvement in the conflict. It was from the former Irish Volunteer ranks that the Irish Republican Brotherhood organised an armed rebellion in 1916. Pádraig Pearse. In 1916, a group of IRB activists within the Irish Volunteers led an insurrection in Dublin with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing an independent Irish Republic, known as the Easter Rising. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798. Organized by the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising lasted from Easter Monday 24 to 30 April 1916. Members of the Irish Volunteers, led by schoolteacher and barrister Pádraig Pearse and Thomas J. Clarke, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly, along with 200 members of Cumann na mBan—together, about 1,250 in number—seized control of the Dublin General Post Office (GPO) and other strategic points within the city. After occupying the Post Office, the Volunteers hoisted two republican flags and Pearse read a Proclamation of the Republic, proclaiming the Irish Republic—independent of Britain—and announced the establishment of a provisional government of the Irish Republic. The rebel headquarters was located at the General Post Office where the members of the Military Council—Pádraig Pearse, Thomas Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada, Joseph Plunkett, and James Connolly—were located. Additional positions were occupied by the rebels during the night, and by the morning of April 25 they controlled a considerable part of Dublin. On Tuesday 25 April, British forces began their counteroffensive with the arrival of reinforcements. There were some actions in other parts of Ireland, however, except for the attack on the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks at Ashbourne, County Meath, they were minor. Martial law was proclaimed throughout Ireland. Intense street fighting developed in Dublin, during which the strengthened British forces steadily dislodged the Irish from their positions. By the morning of April 29, the post office building, site of the rebel headquarters, was under violent attack. Recognizing the futility of further resistance, Pearse surrendered unconditionally in the afternoon of 29 April. In a series of courts martial beginning on 2 May, 90 people were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by General John Maxwell and were executed by firing squad between 3 and 12 May. • 3 May: Pádraig Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke • 4 May: Joseph Plunkett, William Pearse, Edward Daly and Michael O'Hanrahan • 5 May: John MacBride • 8 May: Eamonn Ceannt, Michael Mallin, Sean Heuston and Conn Colbert • 12 May: James Connolly and Seán Mac Diarmada Not all of those executed were leaders: Willie Pearse described himself as "a personal attaché to my brother, Patrick Pearse"; John MacBride had not even been aware of the Rising until it began, but had fought against the British in the Boer War fifteen years before; Thomas Kent did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. 1,480 men were interned in England and [[Wales] under Regulation 14B of the Defence of the Realm Act 1914, many of whom, like Arthur Griffith, had little or nothing to do with the affair. Camps such as Frongoch internment camp became "Universities of Revolution" where future leaders like Michael Collins, Terence McSwiney, and J.J. O'Connell began to plan the coming struggle for independence. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for high treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August. The decision by the British-imposed court structure to execute the leaders of the rebellion, coupled with the British Government's threat to extend conscription for the war to Ireland, alienated public opinion and produced massive support for Nationalist political party Sinn Féin in the Irish general election of December 1918. Sinn Féin won a landslide victory, taking almost every seat in Parliament outside of Ulster. On 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin MPs (who became known as Teachta Dála, TDs) refusing to sit in the British House of Commons at Westminster, assembled in Dublin and formed a single chamber Irish parliament called Dáil Éireann (meaning the "Assembly of Ireland" in the Irish language) to form a 32-county Irish Republic with themselves as the legitimate government. This Dáil quickly issued a Declaration of Independence and proclaimed an Irish Republic, unilaterally declaring sovereignty over the entire island which was accepted by the overwhelming majority of Irish people. The Declaration was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. In this new position of strength, the Irish Volunteers, who had been swollen to over 100,000 men in the conscription crisis, were re-organised as the legitimate army of this Republic. Hence they began to refer to themselves as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), or Óglaigh na hÉireann in Irish. War of Independence (1919-1922) The Irish War of Independence (or the Anglo-Irish War) began 21 January 1919, on precisely the same day as the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann, when several IRA members—led by Seán Treacy, Séamus Robinson, Seán Hogan and Dan Breen—acting independently, attacked and killed two officers of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), an armed British police force, who were escorting explosives at Soloheadbeg, in County Tipperary. Technically, the men involved were considered to be in a serious breach of IRA discipline and were liable to be court-martialed, but it was considered more politically expedient to hold them up as examples of a rejuvenated militarism. The British administration outlawed the Dáil and deployed the paramilitary Auxiliary Division of the RIC, commonly known as the "Black and Tans." From 1919 to 1921, the Irish Republican Army (known now as the "Old IRA" to distinguish it from later organisations of that name), under the direction of Michael Collins, engaged in guerrilla warfare against the British army, the RIC, and the Auxiliaries. Attacks on remote Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks continued throughout 1919 and 1920, forcing the police to consolidate defensively in the larger towns, effectively placing large areas of the countryside in the hands of the Republicans. The principle political leader of the republican movement was Éamon de Valera—the President of the Republic. However he spent much of the conflict in the United States, raising money and support for the Irish cause. In his absence, two young men, Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy, rose to prominence as the clandestine leaders of the IRA—respectively Director of Intelligence and Chief of Staff of the guerrilla organization. Michael Collins was the main driving force behind the independence movement. Nominally the Minister of Finance in the republic's government, and IRA Director of Intelligence, he was actively involved in providing funds and arms to the IRA units that needed them, and in the selection of officers. Collins' natural intelligence, organisational capability and sheer drive galvanised many who came in contact with him. There were several failed attempts to negotiate an end to the conflict. In the summer of 1920, the British government proposed the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which passed into law on 3 May 1921) that envisaged the partition of the island of Ireland into two autonomous regions Northern Ireland (six northeastern counties) and Southern Ireland (the rest of the island, including its most northerly county, Donegal). However, this was not acceptable to southern republicans and only the entity of Northern Ireland was established under the Act in 1921. The potential entity of Southern Ireland was superseded in 1922 by the creation of the Irish Free State. By early 1921, more than 700 people had been killed in the conflict, of which almost 75% were RIC or Black and Tans.[24] Southwestern Ireland was under martial law, and it became clear to the British government that the revolution in Ireland could not be suppressed militarily without considerable loss of life. The total number killed in the guerrilla war of 1919-21 between Republicans and British forces in what became the Irish Free State came to over 1,400. Of these, 363 were police personnel, 261 were from the regular British Army, about 550 were IRA volunteers (including 24 official executions), and about 200 were civilians.[25] Some other sources give higher figures.[26] After further failed talks in December 1920, the guerrilla conflict was brought to an end on 11 July 1921, with a truce agreed between Ireland and Britain. On October 11, negotiations between the British and Irish delegations were opened. The Irish team was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins, who had organised the IRA intelligence during the War of Independence. The British team, led by Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, were prepared to make concessions on Irish independence but would not concede a republic. Towards the end of negotiations, Lloyd George threatened, "immediate and terrible war" if the Irish did not accept the terms offered. Due to international, namely US, pressure, the British were not willing to use total force in Ireland if the treaty was accepted. However, if the treaty was rejected, the show of force would have been extreme at a time when the IRA were reduced to hundreds, not thousands, of rounds of ammunition. The Treaty envisaged a new system of Irish self-government, known as "dominion status," with a new state, to be called the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State was considerably more independent than a Home Rule Parliament would have been. It had its own police and armed forces and control over its own taxation and fiscal policy, none of which had been envisaged under Home Rule. However, there were some limits to its sovereignty. It remained a dominion of the British Commonwealth and members of the new Irish Oireachtas (parliament) had to swear an oath of fidelity to the British monarch. The Oath of Allegiance was actually "true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State" (a line drafted by de Valera in his own proposed oath). The reference to the King involved a promise of fidelity, not an Oath of Allegiance. The fidelity to the King was not to him as British monarch but "in virtue of the common citizenship of Ireland with Great Britain and her adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of nations," in other words, in his role as the symbol of the Treaty settlement, not as British King. By the standards of the oaths of allegiance to be found in other British Commonwealth dominions, it was quite mild, with no direct personal Oath to the monarch, only an indirect oath of fidelity by virtue of the King's role in the Treaty settlement as "King in Ireland," a mere figurehead position. The British also retained three naval bases—known as the "Treaty Ports." In addition, the Irish state was obliged to honour the contracts of the existing civil service—with the exception of the Royal Irish Constabulary, which was disbanded, albeit with full pensions—payable by the Irish state. The Irish Treaty delegation set up Headquarters in Hans Place, Knightsbridge, in London and on 5 December 1921 at 11:15 am it was decided by the delegation during private discussions at 22 Hans Place to recommend the Treaty to the Dáil Éireann; negotiations continued until 2:30 am on 6 December 1921 after which the Treaty was signed by the parties on 7 December 1921. That these negotiations would produce a form of Irish government short of the independence wished for by republicans was not in doubt. One point that is always lost in the confusion of the signing of the Treaty was summed up by Arthur Griffith in the Dáil on 7 January 1922. Loosely using de Valera's own words prior to the plenipotentiaries trip to London, Griffith stated: "We went to London not as republican doctrinaires but looking for the substance of freedom and independence ... to attack us on the grounds that we went there to get a republic is to attack us on false and lying grounds." The United Kingdom could not offer a republican form of government without losing prestige and risking demands for something similar throughout the Empire. Furthermore, as one of the negotiators, Michael Collins, later admitted (and he was in a position to know, given his role in the War of Independence), the IRA at the time of the truce was weeks, if not days, from collapse, with a chronic shortage of ammunition. Collins signed the treaty anyway with a heavy heart, realizing that it would be a stepping-stone for the future of Ireland and would lead to complete Irish Independence. Once the British withdrew from Ireland, they would be able to unite the north and south achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916. Collins accepted the treaty in a clever way; he had remembered the Treaty of Limerick of 1691 and how the British had broken that treaty as soon as it was signed and was planning on something similar. Justifying the signing, Collins said he did it for the whole of the country so that Ireland would be able to have a parliament, which would have the power to make laws for future peace and order. The President of the Republic, Éamon de Valera, realizing that a republic was not on offer, decided not to be a part of the treaty delegation and so be tainted by more militant republicans as a "sellout." Yet, his own proposals published in January 1922 fell far short of an autonomous all-Ireland republic. Michael Collins later said that de Valera had sent him as plenipotentiary to negotiate the treaty because he knew that the British would not concede an independent Irish republic and wanted Collins to take the blame for the compromise settlement. He said he felt deeply betrayed when de Valera refused to stand by the agreement that the plenipotentiaries had negotiated with Lloyd George and Churchill. As expected, the Anglo-Irish Treaty explicitly ruled out a republic. What it offered was dominion status, as a state of the British Empire, equal to Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Though less than expected by the Sinn Féin leadership, it was substantially more than the initial form of home rule within the United Kingdom sought by Charles Stewart Parnell from 1880, and a serious advancement on the Home Rule Act of 1914 that the Irish Nationalist leader John Redmond had achieved through parliamentary proceedings. However, it all-but guaranteed the partition of Ireland between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. The treaty was ratified by the Second Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922, splitting Sinn Féin in the process. Irish Free State (1922-1949) The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 brought the end of the war and established the Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) or Éire consisting of the 26 predominately Catholic, southern counties in Munster, Leinster, and Connacht and three counties in Ulster (Cavan, Monaghan, and Donegal). The treaty also recognized the partition of the island into Ireland and Northern Ireland, though supposedly as a temporary measure: the remaining six predominantly Protestant counties in Ulster (Antrim, Armagh, Derry, Down, Fermanagh, and Tyrone) became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom with limited self-government. The Pro-Treaty leadership of Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, organised in a Provisional Government, set about establishing the Irish Free State created by the Treaty. To this end, they began recruiting for a new army, based initially at Beggar's Bush Barracks in Dublin, composed of Pro-Treaty IRA units. They also began recruiting for a new police force, the Civic Guard (quickly renamed An Garda Síochána), to replace the RIC which was disbanded as of August 1922.[27] Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 a split occurred within the IRA. Members who supported the Treaty formed the nucleus of the Irish National Army founded by IRA leader, Michael Collins. However, a significant Irish minority repudiated the Treaty settlement because of the continuance of subordinate ties to the British monarch and the partition of the island. They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Commonwealth and that members of the Free State Parliament would have to swear, what the Anti-Treaty side saw as, an oath of loyalty to the British king. Pro-Treaty forces argued that the Treaty, in Michael Collins' words, gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it." Although the Treaty was negotiated by Michael Collins, the de facto leader of the IRA, and had been approved by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the IRA's senior ranking officers were deeply divided over the decision of the Dáil to ratify the Treaty. Of the General Headquarters (GHQ) staff, nine members were in favour of the Treaty while four opposed it. • Pro-Treaty were Richard Mulcahy (Chief of Staff); Eoin O'Duffy (Deputy Chief of Staff); J. J. O'Connell (Assistant Chief of Staff); Gearóid O'Sullivan (Adjutant General); Seán McMahon (Quartermaster General); Michael Collins (Director of Intelligence); Diarmuid O'Hegarty (Director of Organisation); Emmet Dalton (Director of Training); Piaras Béaslaí (Director of Publicity). • Anti-Treaty were Rory O'Connor (Director of Engineering); Liam Mellows (Director of Purchases); Seán Russell (Director of Munitions) and Séamus O'Donovan (Director of Chemicals). Austin Stack, whose position on the GHQ staff was ambiguous after Cathal Brugha tried to foist him on GHQ, was also Anti-Treaty. This opposition led to further hostilities, sparking the Irish Civil War in the 26 counties from 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923, in which the pro-Treaty Provisional Government defeated the anti-Treaty Republican forces. The latter were led, nominally, by Éamon de Valera, who had resigned as President of the Republic on the treaty's ratification. His resignation outraged some of his own supporters, notably Seán T. O'Kelly. On resigning, he then sought re-election but was defeated two days later on a vote of 60-58. The pro-Treaty Arthur Griffith followed as President of the Irish Republic. Michael Collins was chosen at a meeting of the members elected to sit in the House of Commons of Southern Ireland (a body set up under the Government of Ireland Act 1920) to become Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland (i.e., Prime Minister) in accordance with the Treaty. On 14 April 1922, 200 Anti-Treaty IRA militants, led by Rory O'Connor, occupied the Four Courts and several other buildings in central Dublin in defiance of the Provisional government, resulting in a tense stand-off.[28][29] These anti-treaty Republicans wanted to spark a new armed confrontation with the British, which they hoped would unite the two factions of the IRA against their common enemy. However, for those who were determined to make the Free State into a viable, self-governing Irish state, this was an act of rebellion that would have to be put down by them rather than the British. Arthur Griffith was in favour of using force against these men immediately, but Michael Collins, who wanted at all costs to avoid civil war, left the Four Courts garrison alone until late June 1922, when British pressure also forced his hand. By this point the Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin party had secured a large majority in the general election, along with other parties that supported the Treaty. Collins was coming under continuing pressure from London to assert his government's authority in his capital.[30] Winston Churchill warned Collins that he would use British troops to attack the Four Courts unless the Free State took action. The final straw for the Free State government came on 27 June, when the Four Courts republican garrison kidnapped J.J. O'Connell, a general in the new National Army. Collins, after giving the Four Courts garrison a final ultimatum to leave the building, decided to end the stand-off by bombarding the Four Courts garrison into surrender. The anti-Treaty forces in the Four Courts, who possessed only small arms, surrendered after two days of bombardment and the storming of the building by Free State troops (28–30 June 1922). Shortly before the surrender of the Four Courts, a massive explosion destroyed the western wing of the complex, including the Irish Public Record Office (PRO), injuring many advancing Free State soldiers and destroying the records of several centuries of government in Ireland. The government then appointed Collins as Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. This attack was not the opening shot of the war, as skirmishes had taken place between pro- and anti-Treaty IRA factions throughout the country when the British were handing over the barracks. However, this represented the 'point of no return', when all-out war was ipso facto declared and the Civil War officially began.[31] Pitched battles continued in Dublin until 5 July, as Anti-Treaty IRA units occupied O'Connell Street—provoking a week's more street fighitng. Among the casualties was Republican leader Cathal Brugha. When the fighting in Dublin died down, the Free State Government was left firmly in control of the Irish capital and the Anti-Treaty forces dispersed around the country. With Dublin in Pro-Treaty hands, conflict spread throughout the country, with Anti-Treaty forces briefly holding Cork, Limerick, and Waterford. However, the Anti-Treaty side were not equipped to wage conventional war, lacking artillerry and armoured untis, both of which the Free State obtained off the British. The large towns in Ireland were all relatively easily taken by the Free State in August 1922. Michael Collins, Richard Mulcahy, and Eoin O'Duffy planned a nationwide Free State offensive, dispatching columns overland to take Limerick in the west and Waterford in the south-east and seaborne forces to take counties Cork and Kerry in the south and Mayo in the west. In the south, landings occurred at Union Hall in County Cork and Fenit, the port of Tralee, in County Kerry. Limerick fell on 20 July, Waterford on the same day, and Cork city on 10 August after a Free State force landed by sea at Passage West. Another seaborne expedition to Mayo in the west secured government control over that part of the country. While in some places the Republicans had put up determined resistance, nowhere were they able to defeat regular forces armed with artillery and armour. The only real conventional battle during the Free State offensive, the Battle of Killmallock, was fought when Free State troops advanced south from Limerick. Government victories in the major towns inaugurated a period of inconclusive guerrilla warfare marked by assassinations and executions of leaders formerly allied in the cause of Irish independence. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns, and ammunition boosted Pro-Treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. By the end of the war, the Free State Army had swolen to over 55,000 men, far in excess of what the Irish state needed to maintain in peacetime. The Anti-Treaty IRA were unable to maintain an effective guerrilla campaign, since the great majority of the Irish population did not support them. This was demonstrated in the elctions immediately after the civil war, which Cumann na nGaedheal, the Free State party, won easily. The Roman Catholic Church also supported the Free State, deeming it the lawful government of the country, and refused to administer the Sacrements to Anti-Treaty militants, which would have influenced many Catholic Irish people at the time. President Arthur Griffith died of a stroke during the conflict on 12 August and Commander-in-Chief Michael Collins was assassinated in an ambush by Anti-Treaty Republicans on the road to Bandon, at the village of Béal na mBláth, near his home in County Cork on August 22. Richard Mulcahy took over as National Army Commander-in-Chief. Collins had been pursuing talks with Anti-Treaty leaders Dan Breen, Tom Barry, and others in order to try to stop the fighting. His killing greatly embittered the war and probably prolonged it by several months. As the conflict petered out into a de facto victory for the Pro-Treaty side, de Valera asked for a ceasefire, followed in May 1923 by an order by the leadership of the Irregulars to dump arms rather than surrender them or continue a fight which they were incapable of winning. Some historians suggest that the death of Liam Lynch, an intransigent Republican leader, in a skirmish in the Knockmealdown mountains in county Waterford, allowed Frank Aiken to call a halt to what seemed a futile struggle. Thousands of Anti-Treaty IRA members (including de Valera) were arrested by the Free State forces in the weeks after the end of the war, when they had dumped arms and returned home. William T. Cosgrave's Crown-appointed Provisional Government of Southern Ireland effectively subsumed Griffith's republican administration with the deaths of both Griffith and Collins in August 1922. On 6 December 1922, following the coming into legal existence of the Irish Free State, W.T. Cosgrave became President of the Executive Council, the first internationally recognized head of an independent Irish government. The Roman Catholic Church had a powerful influence over the Irish state for much of its history. The clergy's influence meant that the Irish state had very conservative social policies, forbidding, for example, divorce, contraception, abortion, pornography as well as encouraging the censoring and banning of many books and films. In addition the Church largely controlled the State's hospitals, schools and remained the largest provider of many other social services. Immediately after the Civil War, elections were held in which Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin were allowed to participate. Although many of their candidates, including Éamon de Valera, were imprisoned, they won about one third of the vote. However the Pro-Treaty side, organized in Cumann na nGaedheal (the forerunner of Fine Gael), won a comfortable majority and went on to form the government of the new state until 1932. The Cumann na nGaedheal governments, led by W.T. Cosgrave, were highly conservative—being more concerned with establishing the state's basic institutions after the havoc of the Civil War than with social or political reform. According to Kevin O'Higgins, the Minister for Justice, "we were the most conservative group of revolutionaries ever to have carried out a successful revolution." While the last prisoners of the Civil War were released in 1924, the Free State retained extensive emergency powers to intern and even execute political opponents, under a series of Public Safety Acts (1923, 1926 and 1931). These powers were used after the IRA assassinated Minister Kevin O'Higgins (in revenge for the executions during the Civil War) in 1927 after which several hundred IRA suspects were interned. Having lost the Civil War, the breakaway Anti-Treaty IRA continued (and continues in various forms) to exist, with the intention of overthrowing both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland and achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916. It was not until 1948 that the IRA renounced military attacks on the forces of the southern Irish state when it became the Republic of Ireland. After this point the organization dedicated itself primarily to the end of British rule in Northern Ireland. Up until the 1980s, the IRA Army Council still claimed to be the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic declared in 1918 and annulled by the Treaty of 1921. In 1932, Éamon de Valera, who had discarded Sinn Féin in 1926 to found his own political party, Fianna Fáil, became Prime Minister, known as the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. Initially Cumann na nGaedheal had been popular as the party that had established the state, but by 1932, their economic conservatism and continued repression of Anti-Treaty Republicans was becoming unpopular. Fianna Fáil won the 1932 election on a programme of developing Irish industry, creating jobs, providing more social services and cutting the remaining links with the British Empire. In 1932, Fianna Fáil entered government in coalition with the Labour Party, but a year later they won an absolute majority. They would be in government without interruption until 1948 and for much of the rest of the 20th century. One of Fianna Fáil's first actions in government was to legalize the IRA and to release imprisoned Republicans. IRA members began attacking Cumann na nGaedheal supporters, whom they considered "traitors" at rallies. This greatly antagonized Pro-Treaty Civil War veterans, who in response formed the Fascist Blueshirts (initially called the "Army Comrades Association"), led by the former Garda Commissioner Eoin O'Duffy to oppose the IRA. After Fianna Fáil took power for the first time, it looked possible for a while that the Civil War might break out again between the IRA and the pro-Free State Blueshirts. There were frequent riots and occasional shootings between the two factions in the early 1930s. De Valera banned the Blueshirts in 1933, after a threatened march on the Dáil, in imitation of Benito Mussolini's March on Rome. Not long afterwards, in 1936, de Valera made a clean break with political violence when he banned the increasingly left-wing IRA after they murdered a landlord's agent, Richard More O'Farrell, in a land dispute and fired shots at police during a strike of Tramway workers in Dublin. On 29 December 1937, the new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) came into force, which replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State and re-established the state as Ireland (or Éire in Irish), declared the sovereign nation of Éire to be the whole island of Ireland, and abolished the oath of loyalty to the British crown. The Governor-General was replaced by a President of Ireland and a new more powerful Prime Minister, called the Taoiseach, came into being, while the Executive Council was renamed the "Government." Though it had a president, the new state was not a republic. The British monarch continued to reign theoretically as King of Ireland and was used as an "organ" in international and diplomatic relations, with the President of Ireland relegated to symbolic functions within the state but never outside it. In contrast to many other states in the period, the Free State remained financially solvent as a result of low government expenditure, despite the Economic War with Britain. However, unemployment and emigration were high. The population declined to a low of 2.7 million recorded in the 1961 census. The state remained neutral throughout World War II (known in Ireland as "The Emergency"), which saved it from much of the horrors of the war. It opposed Allied operations in Northern Ireland and the IRA pursued a pro-German line. The British were denied the use of Irish ports, and German and Italian agents were allowed to operate in the country. However, great numbers of Irishmen volunteered to serve with the British armed forces. Ireland was also impacted by food rationing, and coal shortages; peat production became a priority during this time. As with most civil wars, the internecine conflict left a bitter legacy, which continues to influence Irish politics to this day. The two largest political parties in the Republic are still Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, the descendants respectively of the Anti-Treaty and Pro-Treaty forces of 1922. Until the 1970s, almost all of Ireland's prominent politicians were veterans of the Civil War, a fact which poisoned the relationship between Ireland's two biggest parties. Examples of Civil War veterans include: Republicans Éamon de Valera, Frank Aiken, Todd Andrews, and Seán Lemass; and Free State supporters: W. T. Cosgrave, Richard Mulcahy, and Kevin O'Higgins. Moreover, many of these men's sons and daughters also became politicians, meaning that the personal wounds of the Civil War were felt over three generations. Republic of Ireland (1949-Present) The Irish tricolor. In 1948, Taoiseach John A. Costello demanded total independence from Great Britain and reunification with the six counties of Northern Ireland. On Easter Monday, 18 April 1949, the anniversary of the Easter Rising, the Irish Free State officially declared itself a republic, with the description of Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann), completely independent of the British crown and no longer a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and, additionally, formally claimed jurisdiction over the six occupied counties in Ulster. Ironically, it was the political successors of Michael Collins, Fine Gael—a Pro-Treaty party in a coalition with an Anti-Treaty party—and not de Valera of the Anti-Treaty Fianna Fáil, who declared the Irish Free State to be a Republic in 1949. In May, the British Parliament recognized Ireland's status as a republic but declared that the six counties of Northern Ireland would not be severed from the United Kingdom without the assent of the parliament in Northern Ireland. The transition from the Irish Free State to the Republic of Ireland was of chiefly symbolic significance, marking the achievement of a goal sought by Irish Nationalists for many generations. The United Kingdom allowed Ireland to retain the economic benefits of Commonwealth membership, and it extended to Irish citizens living in the United Kingdom the same rights as British citizens. Ireland granted British citizens residing in the Republic similar benefits. Nevertheless, the continued partition of Ireland strained the Republic's relations with the United Kingdom. As a protest against partition, the Republic declined to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), since this would have entailed entering into a military alliance with the United Kingdom. In the Republic's first national election in 1951, Éamon de Valera returned as the Taoiseach. De Valera's willingness to accept an independent country that did not include the six counties of Northern Ireland provoked renewed protests from the Anti-Treaty IRA. During the 1950s, the IRA was banned by both Irish governments and, as a secret organization, it conducted bombing campaigns in Northern Ireland and England. De Valera was forced to take repressive action against the IRA while simultaneously protesting the continuation of partition. Nothing came of the claim to Ulster, and during the 1950s and 1960s the Republic and Northern Ireland improved their economic relations. In the late 1960s, the problem of Northern Ireland flared up again in bitter fighting between Catholic minority and the Protestant majority there, aggravated by the actions of the IRA, which was headquartered in the Republic. More pressing than the question of partition, however, were the social and economic problems that beset the Republic. Particularly serious was the constant loss of young people, who continued to leave the country by the tens of thousands annually in search of greater opportunities in the United Kingdom and the United States. In an effort to assist the agricultural population, and to stem the flow of farm workers to the cities and foreign countries, the de Valera government began an ambitious program of rural electrification and promoted new measures to stimulate local industry. Ireland joined the United Nations in December 1955, after a lengthy veto by the Soviet Union, and in 1959, de Valera became President of Ireland (1959–1973). Turned away by the veto of France in 1961, the state finally succeeded in joining the European Economic Community (now called the European Union) in 1973. The same year, Erskine H. Childers succeeded de Valera as President of Ireland, and Liam Cosgrave, at the head of a Fine Gael–Labour coalition, replaced Jack Lynch, of Fianna Fáil, as Taoiseach. Childers died in 1974 and was succeeded by Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh. Lynch led Fianna Fáil back into office in 1977; in 1979 fellow party member Charles Haughey replaced Lynch as Taoiseach. In 1981 a Fine Gael–Labour coalition headed by Garret FitzGerald defeated Fianna Fáil on an economic platform. Although ousted in 1982, the coalition was governing again six months later.In 1981 a Fine Gael–Labour coalition headed by Garret FitzGerald defeated Fianna Fáil on an economic platform. Although ousted in 1982, the coalition was governing again six months later. In 1987, Haughey again became Taoiseach. As unemployment soared, especially among young people, outmigration increased, reaching a peak of 44,000 in 1989. During the 1990s, the economy grew significantly, buoyed by EU subsidies and new foreign investment. By the end of the decade, unemployment was below the EU average, although pockets of poverty persisted. In 1991, Ireland elected its first female president, Mary Robinson, and in 1997 Mary McAleese became its first president from Northern Ireland. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with the United Kingdom against the violent conflict between paramilitary groups and the British Army in Northern Ireland known as "The Troubles." In late 1994, after the IRA and Protestant militias agreed to a ceasefire, efforts were begun to negotiate a settlement of the the Northern Ireland issue. Despite some setbacks, a peace settlement for Northern Ireland (known as the Belfast Agreement) was reached in April 1998, and approved by voters in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in May. In 1992, Albert Reynolds, of Fianna Fáil, replaced Charles Haughey as Taoiseach, and when the governing coalition collapsed, Reynolds successfully formed another. The Reynolds government fell in 1994, and Fine Gael leader John Bruton succeeded him, heading a Fine Gael–Labour coalition. Bertie Ahern became Taoiseach in 1997, heading a Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrat coalition; his coalition was returned to office in 2002. Revelations in 2006 that Ahern had received loans from business acquaintances in 1993–1994 while he was Finance Minister and had not yet repaid them sparked controversy. Ahern said his attempts to repay them had been refused; he did repay the loans soon after they were became public. In 2007, Ahern led his party to another victory at the polls, but Progressive Democrat losses led to the addition of the Green Party to the governing coalition. Investigation into Ahern's finances revealed he had received additional secret cash payments in the early 1990s, and in May, 2008, he resigned because the investigation was undermining his government. Tánaiste (i.e., Deputy Prime Minister) Brian Cowen succeeded Ahern as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach. In June 2008, Irish voters rejected the European Union's Lisbon Treaty amid concerns over the loss of Irish sovereignty. The Irish, who voted in a referendum because of conflicts between the treaty and the Irish constitution, were the only national electorate given a chance to vote on the treaty. A second vote on the Lisbon Treaty in September 2009, following EU guarantees designed to allay Irish concerns, resulted in the treaty's approval. Ireland officially entered what became a prolonged recession in September 2008, ending more than a decade of growth that had earned its economy the nickname "Celtic Tiger." By the end of 2008, the collapse of Ireland's booming property market threatened the Irish banking system, especially the Anglo-Irish Bank, which was nationalized in early 2009. In September 2010, the total cost of Ireland's bailout of its banking system was estimated to be ultimately €40 billion, with roughly three fourths of that incurred due to the Anglo-Irish Bank. In November, the markets had forced Ireland to agree to an €85 billion international rescue package, and the country was forced to adopt additional austerity measures and radically overhaul its banks. The Green Party remained in the governing coalition but called for an early election, and Cowen, who resigned as party leader in January 2011, was forced to call for an early election when the Green Party quit the government. In the February contest, Fine Gael and Labour placed first and second, with the former almost winning a majority. The two parties formed a coalition government in March, with Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny as Taoiseach. In the Republic of Ireland over 87.4% of the population is Roman Catholic, with the Anglican Church of Ireland representing the largest religious minority at 2.9%. Various other Christian denominations make up 1.9% while other non-Christian religions account for 2.1% of the population. 1.5% identified as unspecified while 4.2% identified with no religion. In Northern Ireland about 53.1% of the population is Protestant (21.1% Presbyterian, 15.5% Church of Ireland, 3.6% Methodist, 6.1% Other Christian) whilst a large minority are Catholic at approximately 43.8% of the population. 0.4% identified with non-Christian religions and 2.7% identified with no religion. The official languages of the Republic of Ireland are Irish (Irish Gaelic or Gaeilge), the native Celtic language, and English, which is constitutionally described as a secondary official language. Native-speakers of the Irish language living in Irish-speaking communities, known as the Gaeltacht, are limited to between 20,000 to 70,000 in isolated pockets largely in the counties of Kerry, Cork, Galway, Mayo, and Donegal.[32] However, there are 355,000 fluent or native speakers of the language altogether.[33] Learning Irish is a compulsory part of the school curriculum with a relatively small (though growing) number of schools teaching all subjects in Irish. However, English is the predominant language today. Public signs are usually bilingual and there are both a national Irish language TV (TG4) and radio channel (Raidió na Gaeltachta). Other languages spoken on the island include Ulster Scots and Shelta. Ulster Scots, also known as Scots-Irish, is a dialect of Scots, a Germanic language, spoken in Northern Ireland and is closely related to English, and quite different from Scots Gaelic, which is a Celtic language related to Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic. It is primarily spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers in Northern Ireland. The Shelta language is spoken by anywhere between 6,000 and 25,000 people, predominantly members of the Irish Traveller community, but has no official status. The Irish people are mainly of Celtic origin, descending from the Gaels, also known as the Milesians, who arrived in Ireland from Spain around 504 BC. The country's only significant native minority descends from the Cambro-Normans who invaded the country in 1169 AD and to a lesser extent, Viking raiders who settled in Ireland during the 9th century. Surnames of Gaelic origin often contain or Mc (occasionally Mac) at the beginning of the anglicized versions of their surname. The O originates from the Gaelic Ó, meaning "grandson of" or "descendant of" a named person. Common surnames that begin with an include: Ó Conchobhair (O'Connor), Ó Néill (O'Neill), Ó Briain (O'Brien), and Ó Maille (O'Malley). Surnames that begin with a Mc or Mac, mean "son of" a named person. Surnames such as these include: Mac Dómhnaill (MacDonnell), Mac Diarmada (MacDermott), Mac Cárthaigh (MacCarthy), and Mac Mathúna (MacMahon, MacMahony). It is common for Irish surnames to have been anglicized, meaning that they were changed to sound more English. This usually occurred with Irish immigrants arriving in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is estimated that there are 80,000,000 people of Irish descent worldwide. • c. 2300 BC–1800 BC: During the Ice Age, Ireland is covered in ice sheets • c. 1750 BC–1700 BC: Agriculture (including the keeping of livestock, and crop farming) begins in Ireland, at sites such as the Céide Fields in Mayo. • c. 1700 BC–1650 BC: The Neolithic peoples of the Boyne Valley build a complex of chamber tombs, standing stones and enclosures called Newgrange over a period of hundreds of years. • c. 1600 BC: Arrival of the first Celts in Ireland. Bronze Age technologies start to arrive in Ireland, including the moulding of Ballybeg type flat axes, and the beginnings of copper mining at Mt. Gabriel in Co. Cork, and Ross Island in Co. Kerry. • c. 500 BC: Arrival of Gaels in Ireland. During the Iron Age in Ireland, Celtic influence in art, language and culture begins to take hold. • c. 200 BC: La Tène influence from continental Europe influences carvings on the Turoe stone, Bullaun, Co. Galway. • c. 100 BC: Additional works expand the site at Emain Macha (first occupied in the Neolithic period). • c. 100 AD: Construction of a series of defensive ditches between the provinces of Ulster and Connacht. • c. 140 AD: Ptolemy draws map of Ireland in his Geographia, providing the earliest known written reference to habitation in the Dublin area, referring to a settlement in the area as Eblana Civitas. • c. 400 AD: Niall Noígíallach is placed by Medieval texts as a legendary Gaelic High King of Ireland (Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign as 368-395 AD) • 367 AD: Irish, Picts, and Saxons attacked Roman controlled Britannia. • 431 AD: Bishop Palladius sent by Pope Celestine I to Ireland to minister to Christians there. • 432 AD: St. Patrick arrives to help convert pagan Gaelic Kings to Christianity. • 455 AD: St. Patrick founds a church at Armagh. • 563 AD: Irish monastic influence during the Golden Age peaks with the foundation of monastic schools by Columba and Brendan at Iona and Clonfert. • 590 AD: Columbanus later sets up similar institutions in continental Europe, Fursa in East Anglia and Gaul, Aidan at Lindisfarne, etc. • 795 AD: First Viking raids on Iona, Rathlin Island, Inishmurray and Inishbofin. • 852 AD: Vikings Ivar Beinlaus and Olaf the White land in Dublin Bay and establish a fortress–close to where the city of Dublin now stands. • 940 AD: The birth of Brian Boru, the son of a chieftain of one of the royal free tribes of Munster. • 980 AD: The King of Dublin Olaf Cuaran abdicates following defeat at the Battle of Tara to Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill. • 1002: Brian Boru becomes High King of Ireland. • 1005: Brian Boru was declared Emperor of the Irish at Armagh. • 1011: High King Brian Boru unites all of Gaelic Ireland. • 1014: High King Brian Boru is killed after his victory over the Vikings and their Irish allies at Battle of Clontarf, marking the beginning of the decline of Viking power in Ireland. • 1072–1086: Ireland's most powerful king was Toirdelbach Ua Briain (Turlough O’Brien). • 1086–1114: Ireland's most powerful king was Muirchertach Ua Briain (Murtagh O’Brien). • 1167: Following exile by High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Rory O’Connor), Diarmait Mac Murchada of Leinster seeks support from Henry II of England to reclaim his Kingship. • 1169: Norman invasion of Ireland. • 1175: The Treaty of Windsor consolidates Norman influence in Ireland. • 1224: Dominican Order enters Ireland. • 1252: The Annals of the Four Masters records a Summer-time heat-wave and drought. • 1297: The first representative Irish Parliament (of the Lordship of Ireland) meets in Dublin. • 1315: Edward Bruce arrives in Ireland and rallies many Irish lords against Anglo-Norman control. • 1366: The Statutes of Kilkenny are passed at Kilkenny to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland. • 1348–1351: The Plague kills a third of population. • 1472: The Annals of the Four Masters records that the King of England sent an exotic animal (possibly a giraffe) to Ireland. • 1490: An earthquake takes place at Sliabh Gamh in Co. Mayo. • 1494: Edward Poyning, Henry VII of England's Lord Deputy to Ireland, issued a declaration known as Poynings' Law under which the Irish parliament was to pass no law without the prior consent of the English parliament. • 1497: The Annals of the Four Masters refers to a famine which "prevailed through all Ireland." • 1534: Thomas FitzGerald, the 10th Earl of Kildare, publicly renounced his allegiance to Henry VIII of England. • 1537: FitzGerald was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn. • 1539: Irish monasteries dissolved. • 1541: Henry VIII of England declared King of Ireland. • 1570: Pope Pius V issued a papal bull, Regnans in Excelsis, declaring Elizabeth I of England a heretic and releasing her subjects from any allegiance to her. • 1577: The Annals of the Four Masters record that the Great Comet of 1577 "was wondered at by all universally." • 1579: Second Desmond Rebellion: James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, a cousin of the 15th Earl of Desmond, landed a small force of rebels at Dingle. • 1592: Trinity College of Dublin established. • 1594: The Nine Years' War commences in Ulster, as Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rebel against Elizabeth I's authority in Ulster. • 1607: The Flight of the Earls: The departure from Ireland of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell. • 1641: Irish Rebellion of 1641: Catholics rebel over land rights. Phelim O'Neill led the capture of several forts in the north of Ireland. • 1642: 800px-Green Flag of Ireland.svg.png Irish Confederate Wars: The Irish Catholic Confederation was established, under the nominal overlordship of Charles I of England, with its capital at Kilkenny. • 1649: Oliver Cromwell, England's Protestant Lord Protector, Cromwell leads an army to conquer Ireland. He lays siege to and captures Drogheda. The townspeople are massacred and the town is plundered. • 1650: A great part of lands in Munster, Leinster and Ulster (Drogheda and Wexford) was confiscated and divided amongst English settlers. The few remaining Catholic landowners are all relocated to Connacht. • 1660: The English monarchy is restored by the accession of King Charles II. • 1688: St Patrick's Saltire.png James II, deposed Catholic King of England, flees to Ireland and gathers an army, starting the Jacobite-Williamite Wars in Ireland. • 1689: King James II's Parliament restores all lands confiscated since 1641. • 1690: William of Orange (William III) lands at Carrickfergus and defeats James II at Battle of the Boyne • 1691: The army of James II is defeated at the Battle of Aughrim. • 1695: Anti-Catholic Penal Laws were introduced. • 1704: Enactment of Penal Laws debarring Catholics from Parliament, holding government office, entering the legal profession, holding commissions in the army and navy, among other things. Catholic Clergy illegal in Ireland since 1697. • 1778: Only 5% of Irish land held by Catholics even though in number of inhabitants, they were in the clear majority. • 1790: Theobald Wolfe Tone, Protestant Barrister supportive of the Catholic cause, comes on the scene. He organizes groups to resist English governance in Ireland and the discrimination against Catholics. • 1798: Irish Rebellion of 1798: United Irishmen, a group organized by Wolfe Tone, rebel. The rebellion, however, is unsucessful. • 1800: By the Act of Union, Ireland becomes a part of the United Kingdom. • 1829: Catholic Emancipation: The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was passed, which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament, thanks to Daniel O’Connell. • 1845–1852: Great Irish Famine: A potato blight destroyed two-thirds of Ireland's staple crop and lead to an estimated 1 million deaths and emigration of a further 1 million people. • 1858: Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded. • 1867: Thousands of Irish-Americans return home to fight for Irish Republican Brotherhood. • 1878: Beginning of Land League agitation. • 1916: Irish Republic Flag.jpg Easter Rising: The IRB seized key government buildings in Dublin, and issued the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. After 7 days of fighting, the Rising was suppressed and its leaders were executed by the British. • 1918: A general election returns a majority for Sinn Féin. • 1919: Irish War of Independence: Nationalists establish the Dáil Éireann and issue a Declaration of Independence from the UK. The War of Independence begins between the Irish Republican Army and British forces. • 1920: British parliament passes the Government of Ireland Act establishing one parliament for the 6 counties of Northern Ireland, and another for the rest of Ireland. • 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty signed. Northern Ireland partitioned off to remain part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. • 1922: Irish Civil War: The Dáil accepts the Treaty despite Republican opposition, resulting in the creation the Irish Free State. Subsequently, the Irish Civil War breaks out and hundreds are killed, ending with a Pro-Treaty victory in the 1923. • 1932: Éamon de Valera heads the Irish Free State government. • 1937: Voters approve a new constitution, abolishing the Irish Free State, and proclaiming Ireland (Éire) as a sovereign, independent state, free from British rule. • 1949: Flag of Ireland.png On Easter Monday, Éire becomes the Republic of Ireland, totally independent from Britain. • 1955: Republic of Ireland joins the United Nations along with 16 other sovereign states. • 1969: Troops are deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the start of the Troubles. • 1972: Bloody Sunday: British troops shoot and kill 13 demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland. • 1973: European Union.png Ireland becomes a member of the European Economic Community (later to become the European Union). • 1985: The governments of the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement. • 1995: Ireland enters the "Celtic Tiger" period which marks great economic growth for the Republic of Ireland; this continues until its end in 2007. • 1999: Ireland yields its official currency the Irish Punt and adopts the Euro. • 2005: IRA announces an end to armed campaign. • 2009: The ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon is enabled through the passing of a second referendum on the subject. • 2011: A financial crisis places significant strain on the coalition government, and the 30th Dáil is dissolved. See Also 1. "Land and People". Information on the Irish State. Government of Ireland. Retrieved on 10-25-2008 2. River Shannon - Shannon Development Website 3. Climate of Ireland 4. The Irish-Celtic, British and Saxon Chronicles by Bill Cooper 5. DNA shows Scots and Irish should look to Spain for their ancestry 6. DNA Research Links Scots, Irish And Welsh To North-western Spain 7. Blood of the Irish: DNA Proves Ancestry of the People of Ireland 8. Hoeh, H.L. (1962) Compendium of World History. Vol. 1. Chap. 18 9. Capt, E. Raymond (1985). Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets: Study of Assyrian Tables that reveal the fate of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Muskogee, OK: Artisan Publishers, p. 65 10. Rhys, J (1908). Early Celtic Britain, p. 201 11. Strong’s #s 5676 and 5677 12. Tacitus, Agricola, chapters 12, 24, and 33. 13. Rhys, J (1908). Early Celtic Britain, p. 262-3. 14. Carson, R.A.G. and O'Kelly, Claire: A catalogue of the Roman coins from Newgrange, Co. Meath and notes on the coins and related finds, p. 35–55. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 77, section C. 17. Ibid. 18. Dowley, Tim, et al., ed. (1977). Eerdman's Handbook to the History of Christianity. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-3450-7. 19. Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis, Late Medieval Ireland 1370-1541 (Dublin, 1981) 20. Penal Laws by Subject Matter 21. The Hedge Schools 22. Christine Kinealy, This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845-52, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994 24. Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence p. 201-202 25. Ibid. 27. Hopkinson, Green Against Green, p. 91 28. [1]. 29. Calton Younger, Ireland's Civil War, Muller, London 1968; pp. 258–259. 30. "The British [after the election] drew what appeared to them to be the obvious conclusion that it was time for the Provisional Government to assert its authority." (Hopkinson, Green Against Green, p. 111) 31. In clashes between Pro- and Anti-Treaty fighters prior to 28 June, eight men had been killed and forty-nine wounded. (Niall C. Harrington, Kerry Landings, p. 22) 32. Endangered Languages in Europe 33. 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See it in action quintly Blog / Social Media Marketing Social Media Marketing How to get started with Social Listening by Marvellous Aham-adi on December 18, 2019 The reputation of any business on the internet is important. Especially positive reviews from social media users reinforce the customer's trust for your brand which in turn can lead to more sales and the growth of your business. The question now is - how can you keep track of both positive and negative reviews? How do you know when someone on Instagram is praising the quality of your new product? How do you know when a customer on Twitter is complaining about your customer care service? This is where social listening comes in. Social media listening allows businesses to keep track of all this data in real-time. In this guide, I'm going to show you how to get started with social listening. What is Social Listening? Social listening is the process of monitoring a brand's presence on social media. It involves tracking mentions of your business, customer feedback, and specific keywords or topics related to your brand, competitors or industry. This is then followed by an in-depth analysis of all the data and acting on the insights you get. From this definition, you can see that social listening occurs in two phases: • Monitoring mentions of your brand, products, and the relevant keywords related to your business/industry. • Analyzing this information and looking for ways to implement the insights you've gotten from the data. What differentiates social listening from social monitoring is the second phase of the process. Social monitoring involves keeping track of mentions of your brand on social media without analyzing the data. Social monitoring concentrates more on vanity metrics like the number of times your brand was mentioned online and engagement rates. Social listening on the other hand, tries to understand why users are engaging with your content in a particular way. It helps you understand your audience, their emotions, and pain points. For any brand that is interested in improving customer experience and building a solid brand reputation, it is important that it makes use of social listening. If you stop at social monitoring, you would keep creating content or products that your customers don't like. This would in turn affect your brand's growth negatively in the long run. Let's look at some reasons why it's important to implement social listening into your social media strategy. Free Stats Why Social Listening should be part of your Social Media strategy If you are interested in increasing the efficiency of your marketing campaign and want to improve your ROI, you shouldn't neglect social listening. It offers valuable insights into your customer needs, the industry and competition. Rather than making assumptions on your customers needs, it is important to develop a system to interpret exactly what they expect to see from your brand. Here are some benefits you get from social listening: 1. Manage your brand's reputation Brands use social listening to track "online mood" or social media sentiment. You'll be able to understand how people feel about your brand. Tracking your brand's mentions on the internet will help you identify negative reviews that could possibly destroy the reputation of your brand on time. This will help you manage any reputation crisis before it becomes too difficult to control. 2. Customer engagement Social listening provides the opportunity to engage in any conversation that concerns your brand – and customers are delighted when brands join their conversation. Reports from Clutch show that 83% of customers expect brands to respond to their comments on social media in less than 24 hours. In addition, nearly half of all social media users (45%) would view a brand more positively if they responded to negative reviews on social media. The advantage that social listening offers, is using the data you have gathered to craft valuable responses to customer comments. The more value you offer, the more engagement you'll receive. 3. Analyze your competition Not only can you track your brand mentions on social media, you are also able to track your competition and monitor what is being said about their products or services on social media. Performing an in-depth analysis of your competitors will help you to compete better: You'll be able to compare important benchmarks against yourself and also improve your product by adding additional perks that customers want but your competitors do not offer. 4. Product feedback When Slack changed their brand logo, they got different reactions from their customers on the internet. Through the use of social listening, they were able to determine how they felt about the logo change. By tracking what customers say about your product online, you are able to understand your audience better. You see how customers react to the changes you make to products or services in real-time. Since the customer is king, it is important that you make them happy. When you conduct customer intelligence research, you'll be able to create content that resonates with them, which in turn will be beneficial for any marketing campaign. When you understand your audience's needs, you create better ads, write better social media copy, and increase customer engagement. The difference between Social Media Analytics & Social Media Intelligence These two terms are often confused or used interchangeably. However, for a business to conduct a successful social media campaign, it is important that you understand the difference between the two terms. Social media analytics involves gathering of raw historical data and analyzing it. It gives detailed insights into how your business is doing in terms of metrics. You analyze profiles or pages and then measure specific KPIs like comments, likes, shares, followers, response time, retweets, or interactions depending on the platform. The success of your brand's content should be analyzed based on these metrics. Social media analytics help to create benchmarks for comparing your social media performance against your competition. This will help you to adjust your strategy so as to improve your overall social media performance. With a social media analytics tool like quintly, you get easy access to quantitative data from all the major social media platforms, you're able to analyze your social media numbers in-depth, and see how you fare against competition. Instagram Study 2019 Social media listening is more about understanding the conversations that people are having about your brand on different social media platforms. It gives insight on where you fit in your industry. Social media listening is essential in finding key influencers in your industry. It helps you to accurately measure the reach of your brand in both owned and earned media. A social media listening analysis helps a brand to understand the performance of content in their own channels and on social media. With social media listening, you are able to understand why, where, and how these conversations are happening. This helps you to improve your future campaigns, create better influencer programs, and outpace your competition. Once data from your social listening tool has been gathered, you can analyze it using the following options: • Sentiment analysis: This option allows you to understand customer sentiment, i.e, how they feel about your brand or product. You get to analyze the amount of positive or negative reviews a product has. You'll also understand if a new campaign is successful or if it is unpopular within your target audience. • Influencer scores: You will able to understand the reach of influencers and analyze who are the best people to work with to push your brand content on social media. • Competitive analysis: Analyze your competition, their reach, and the audience that interacts with them the most. You will be able to create benchmarks and compare your brand's performance against your competition. To summarize both terms, social media listening crawls the web to help you understand where your brand is mentioned on the internet and the important industry trends that will affect the growth of your business. It can help you respond to customer complaints quickly and manage your company's image online. Social media analytics gather data from several networks and put them in a central location so that you can easily access your performance. In order to have a holistic view of your brand's performance, customers, industry, and influencers, you should combine both listening and analytics. Using both strategies will ensure that you have a complete and more efficient social media strategy. Social Listening Strategies to Boost Business Growth Determine your goals The first step to take so as to maximize the performance of your social listening effort is determining the goals you want to achieve. You have to build your social listening strategy around the goals and objectives you are trying to meet. Some of the most popular goals you can aim for can be: • Customer service: find and offer solutions to your customers problems regarding to your product or service. • Reputation management: anticipate and mitigate any crisis that might negatively affect your brand name. • Brand monitoring: research what people are saying about your brand in real-time. • Market research & Competitor analysis: understand your target audience, research what people are saying about your competitors, and have firsthand insights on what is trending in your industry. When you have defined your goals, you'll know where to target your marketing efforts. Understanding your objectives will help you determine the right keywords to monitor the brands you are in competition with, the influencer campaigns to pursue and the conversations that are of direct importance to your brand. 3 KPIs Head of Social Perform market research The reason why social listening works for market research is that any information you get is directly from your users. Unlike surveys and focus groups where you are the one choosing questions being asked, social media listening offers you insights into aspects of your business you may haven't considered before. The first step to performing market research is to identify your target audience. Often, the idea you have of your target audience might be different from the people who actually buy your product. You should define your ideal customer before you start any campaign. To find your target audience, you need to monitor your brand name and the names of your competitors into your social media monitoring tool of choice. (Tip: You need to add any possible abbreviations or misspellings you can think of for a more accurate result). After you have added the names, research the areas where people mentioned your product or service. The next step would be categorizing the individuals mentioning your brand in terms of demographics, locations, preferred social media platforms, psychographics, etc. This information will give you a more rounded view of who your target audience is. Another important aspect of market research you cannot ignore is tracking current and emerging trends Most of the trends that come up are generated from social media. The quickest way to keep up with these trends is by monitoring the activities of social media influencers in your niche. Many social listening tools will help you monitoring the trending keywords and hashtags in your industry. You can also monitor platforms like Reddit, Twitter, community forums, and blogs for keywords that are related to your product or niche. Customer service (respond to complaints and questions quickly) There are over 2.65 billion social media users worldwide, and a large majority of these individuals are making use of social media platforms to connect with brands and businesses. When customers ask questions regarding a brand, they assume that the brand is already on social media and expect an immediate response. Social media users dislike receiving late answers to their questions or complaints. That being said, most users expect to receive answers from a brand an hour after posting. Research also shows that 71% of customers that receive quick and effective responses are more likely to introduce the brand to their friends and family. A good way to answer users' questions is by creating content on hot trends, relevant news and conversations. While it may be impossible to answer every user, you can use the data you have collected to create resources that answer most of these questions. When social listening tools are used efficiently, social media can be an effective customer service channel. Listen to industries closely related to yours While it's important to perform extensive social listening on your business and the industry you are in, it can be very helpful to take a look at other industries for insights. Researching them can help you find creative solutions that might not be popular in your own industry. This can give you an edge over your competitors. For example, a company that sells CRM software can gain valuable insights from social listening on an industry that sells another kind of software. You can research how they solve problems and implement fitting approaches to your business. Instagram Analytics Report Find the right tool If you decide to start doing social listening, you need a good tool. It should meet the following criteria: • It should curate data from all social media platforms that are important to you • Provide in-depth analytics that are easy to access and understand • A user-friendly user interface and dashboard • The ability to respond to messages and interact with customers from within the apps. Here are some of the best social media listening tools you can check out – most of them offer free trials, so you can test them before making any decisions. 1. Brandwatch Brandwatch is a powerful social media monitoring platform that allows you to collect, analyze, and report relevant social media insights that are related to your brand or industry. It crawls the internet and gathers data from up to 90 million sources in 27 languages. An added advantage of this platform is that it comes with image recognition that can track and analyze any logo. 2. Mention Mention is an online platform that monitors brand mentions all over the internet. It utilizes a vast network that monitors billions of online sources in over 40 languages. The platform provides businesses with detailed insights into customer sentiments, trends, keywords and real-time conversations. 3. Review Trackers Review Trackers allows businesses to monitor reviews of their brand on over 85 review websites. You get notified of mentions of your brand 15 minutes after it is posted 4. Talkwalker Talkwalker gives brands access to advanced social listening capabilities. It comes with a virality map that contains comprehensive and highly interactive details of all the trends happening around the world. 5. NetBase NetBase is an online platform that makes use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to help businesses understand customer behaviors and sentiments so as to improve their marketing strategy. Social media trends and consumer behavior is changing rapidly every day. If you don't keep up with the latest trends, it will be hard to compete with other brands in the long run. Additionally, customers are looking for brands that interact regularly with them, provide actionable support and consistently deliver value. You can only achieve these things with an effective social listening strategy. It's important to analyze the conversations people are having about your brand, business or industry. Having these insights will help you improving your social media and business strategies. Free Stats Related articles 10 social media tactics for 2020 How to take your Snapchat strategy to the next level 40 social media buzzwords every marketer needs to know How to collect customer feedback with Instagram Stories Instagram Ad Analytics - spending money wisely Related Categories Social Media Marketing Marvellous Aham-adi Marvellous Aham-adi is a Digital Marketer with over 4 years of experience. He runs the blog at TheZeroed where he writes about digital marketing and productivity optimization. Join the conversation. Leave us a comment below! See where you stand on social media. See it in action	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9321748614311218}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '195053', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5HP3EOECSINO4NIBUN4PU63GETSWIK2P', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:737bd721-7fcb-460c-ac30-06a18a226ebe>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 6, 47, 25), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.17.112.180', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:T5CG7IIUHWHLVNFENUFZCR2TGJGSQWOP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f5873120-294d-46dd-9769-5420baf6a8ae>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.quintly.com/blog/social-media-listening', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:25c265aa-47a0-4149-a30a-2339ed8d33c8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2650', 'url': 'https://www.quintly.com/blog/social-media-listening', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-251.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.11619210243225098', 'original_id': '796899840373900946e5eaa55e5b446922230548ce1510b4109638aa5823290e'}
Sea of colour in the Open jungle Page Tools There are two Australian Open tournaments under way at Melbourne Park. The first is on centre court where three former Australian champions were in action yesterday - Serena Williams, Roger Federer and Andre Agassi. The other tournament is on the back courts. It's a jungle out there. Anything goes. While Federer accounted for Fabrice Santoro of France with a minimum of fuss, a small contingent of chanting Croatian fans, carrying Croatian flags and wearing red, white and blue shirts, wandered in search of someone else to support - one of their heroes, Mario Ancic, having finished his match on court 19. On court 6, supporters in orange shirts cheered on Peter Wessels of the Netherlands. A trio of young Argentinian fans passed by, just three of a record first-day crowd of 36,501. Pressed up against court 10, a scattering of British supporters - one draped in a Union Jack, the other in the red and white cross of St George - watched bespectacled Elena Baltacha prevail in three tight sets over Katarina Srebotnik of Slovakia. Baltacha, 21, was born in Ukraine, has a mother who was a pentathlete for Russia, and has lived in Scotland - hence the blue and white Scottish flag being waved as she finally nailed a forehand to win a marathon multicultural match. On court 8, the French Open champ of 2002, Albert Costa of Spain, was going down, giving all those with red and yellow banners little reason to be cheerful. Ditto the Americans basking in the sunshine beside court 11: the Jan-Michael Gambill fan club. They love Jan-Michael. All men, all with their shirts off, they had spelt this out on their chests, which meant one was spending his day as a hyphen. Despite - or because? - of this, Gambill crashed out to Japan's Takao Suzuki, whose admirers kept their shirts on. So did Englishman Tim Henman, who attracted admirers as he had a practice hit. But on court 5, local hope Lleyton Hewitt practised some serves topless, causing advocates of slip, slop, slap to give up in despair. Heading Hewitt's way was a trio of female fans decked in green and yellow ensembles, with spangly tutus and balls made of tennis balls. They would have easily won the day's oddest outfit award if Serena Williams had not put in a pre-emptive bid. Williams evidently designs her own tennis clothes, which means that any questions about them should be directed to her. Only she understands the thinking behind the button-up yellow jacket and the knee-high superhero leggings with yellow trim in which she appeared on court. In the tennis version of strip poker, these were removed during or after the warm-up, revealing a yellow singlet top and tennis shoes with yellow trim. In the Australian green and gold are J.J. McAteer, Kylie Hammond and Kate LeePhoto:Jason South In all the excitement of playing her first Open match in two years Williams forgot to secure the shoes. So, in the second game against Camille Pin of France (comparatively demure in white), Williams was separated from her right shoe. It stayed left while she moved right, causing a point to be replayed. "I guess I forgot to tie them," she said later. The winners who followed her on and off Centre Court gave fashion writers less food for thought. Neither Federer nor Agassi had any costume changes. They made their entrances ready for action: Federer in vivid blue, with white headband; Agassi in boring black and white. The man from Las Vegas is now 34 and officially the oldest man in the tournament. Gone are the days when he fancied himself as a trend-setter. No more long-sleeved shirts or pirate's bandannas for Andre. Both had straight-sets victories. Federer, the titleholder, was more impressive, losing only four games. His opponent, Santoro, sought assistance from a trainer. But the Frenchman was honest enough later when asked about his problem to reply: "Roger". Actually, Santoro had a wrist ailment, for which he had taken an anti-inflammatory. Agassi is taking similar treatment for the hip injury that threatened to derail his Open campaign late last week. The hip hasn't stopped him. Nor could German qualifier Dieter Kindlmann. Agassi joked that he has "a whole stash" of anti-inflammatory drugs he plans to use. These must be legal. Meanwhile, rumours swirled around of a woman player testing positive for an illicit substance after a recent exhibition match in Belgium. Details were sketchy. One of those involved in the match, reigning US Open champ Svetlana Kuznetsova, made it clear that the media seemed to know more than the players. She declared herself "pretty calm", as "I am definitely not using nothing to push myself up". The conjunction of drugs and sport always causes headlines. But in the sunshine outside, the Open continued. On centre court and back courts. Players winning; players losing. And all those fans searching for someone else to see.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'bac831d4ea88f626d4b80129d2a7830b95665af3dabff417d6fdcdaca1ac2a1a'}
The "sphere of influence" was a type of imperialism that stopped short of full colonial domination. Imperialist powers would agree among themselves to divide up subject territories, usually without the consent of the dominated peoples involved. Once a power secured recognition of a sphere of influence, it would be free to conduct trade and establish railroads and factories and the like without interference from the other powers. The concept of spheres of influence was first articulated at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. Perhaps the most notable use of spheres of influence was in China, which was too big to be colonized outright. Instead, the European nations divided China into spheres of influence, where their traders could establish lucrative monopolies. If a French entrepreneur wanted to trade in the English sphere, he would have to secure England's permission, and vice versa.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9690406918525696}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '18590', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LBIBN7Z3CRFQUI4OOBWMDUSIESIGI3A2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e4909dd4-4667-4571-890a-55bc593f45e5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 17, 21, 45, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.212.251.95', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:DJMU5M3EHPGE4LUEPAMHSX5GYQGS6IBS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7d021a9e-bfb7-468e-a5b2-a9b0107fc3eb>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://everything2.com/title/Sphere+of+influence', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e154ba91-7b8f-4185-94ae-9a2a2207021c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '151', 'url': 'https://everything2.com/title/Sphere+of+influence', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-169-224-157.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-34\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for August 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3031767010688782', 'original_id': 'fbffacbb396482fef805ee0287dc09abcf0d6bc8d6157b4019215f2176df44ad'}
Friday, March 05, 2010 Cats with thumbs Living with a three-year-old is like living with a cat with thumbs. Today, 3B called Mama out to the living room to show her that he had sprayed milk all over the couch. To him, this was a thing of beauty. He'd also managed to hit the entertainment center, floor, blankets and the West Wing second season box set. Perhaps that last was a commentary on how white the cast was. Mama, who reacts better to these things than I do and therefore didn't instinctively exclaim, "Gah! What is this?!" She told 3B that while it looked nice, we try not to put food on the couch to keep bugs away. She's the good parent. On the flip side, three days ago, 3B wrote his first word. OK, the word was "NO," and he was in time out when he did it, but still...Mama walked in and recognized it immediately. But, to ensure it wasn't the random product of 100 monkeys with chalk, she asked 3B what it was. He confirmed it...then started deconstructing and examining it..."Well, this is an 'a' and this line here is a..." Jewel's been breaking things down too, like her bottom gums. As of yesterday, she had her first tooth, on her lower left. While I'm always excited by any new developments, I know what comes shortly after teeth...and I'm not sure I'm ready for two cats with thumbs. I'm working to make cancer history. Will you help me? Subscribe to the Bradstein feed--Vorsprung durch Technik! 1. That's what happens when you feed them. They grow up. I am counting the days until I see them! 2. Your wife must be a saint. I wish I had her patience and way of seeing beauty in those types of situations! 3. Not the West Wing! ANYthing but The West Wing box set!	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9809618592262268}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '86389', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LPDS6Q2MEXX6SWF6Q3TK65UJCOBLSJJE', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f7cfc33d-3797-4486-9b4b-d76eb1df0e86>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 11, 30, 8, 8, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.13.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YTM7NSBCYB6HHCO5BFGZNT4Y6FTVPYVH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:daec119b-c314-4a25-ab95-36e36af6a63b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://bradstein.blogspot.com/2010/03/cats-with-thumbs.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:02115756-4381-4eff-90b4-893acfc013ae>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '315', 'url': 'https://bradstein.blogspot.com/2010/03/cats-with-thumbs.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-50\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-245.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.053215980529785156', 'original_id': '4930e8123da9d8cea38fffc7480e5b6aadc95163a331ceb951ade4abc8cf9b46'}
Nature is not natural and can never be naturalized — Graham Harman Wednesday, October 20, 2010 In Praise of “Western Buddhism” (Object-Oriented Buddhism 25) It seems like everyone who argues with Zizek on Buddhism at least concurs with his assault on what he calls “Western Buddhism,” a New-Agey paradigm that Joe Clement describes well as “ideas of detachment, chakras, karma, impermanence, re-incarnation and past-lives, meditation, and non-duality [absorbed from] from the litany of pop-psycho-therapeutic-new-age-mystic-neopagan-transpersonal-naturalist-buddhist garbage now available.” So I'm going to go out on a limb here and address the scapegoat on to which everyone seems willing to pile, “Western Buddhism.” In particular, it's the general idea that “well-being” is a good thing and something to aim for. Hence some criticisms of the Dalai Lama for muddying the waters by talking about what Aristotle would call eudaemonia. Let's face it, what Zizek hates about Buddhism is that it seems so lax and easy. The Pope is all crusty and dogmatic—that makes him great. I'm beginning to suspect that the term “New Age” is like the term “weed.” It's something that you don't want around, just as a weed is “a flower in the wrong place.” Now don't get me wrong. I've read the most devastating attack on Western (and Eastern actually) forms of “spiritual materialism,” Chögyam Trungpa's Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism. Ironically I gave a copy to Slavoj but he may not have read it. So I know the difference between pursuing spiritual things because you want POWER and pursuing them because you want something else. Like well-being. Not enlightenment, but well-being. And now to let rip a little. What the heck kind of a twisted attitude led us intellectuals to harsh on eudaemonia? It's in OUR traditions too. We have a MAJOR hangover from Christianity, which is that religion is supposed to make you feel BAD. When teachers come from Nepal and Bhutan (and so on), they very often remark how much mental illness they see in the west. They put it in their terms, the terms of the subtle body (prana, nadi, bindu). Does this make them New Agey? So many self-proclaimed Buddhists are so anxious not to appear New-Agey that they skip the vital phase of TAKING CARE OF YOURSELF and achieving what my teacher, Tsoknyi Rinpoche, calls a “healthy human being level.” Okay, it's not becoming a Buddha. But you can use that well-being as a platform to transcend. And you better had, because actual Buddhism is not therapy and it won't necessarily make you feel good. But there is SOME level (at least one) on which Buddhism IS about feeling good. Charles Whitfield calls avoiding this level “spiritual bypassing.” On retreat you meet plenty of self-righteous people who think they don't need therapy. They will tell you this with great smugness and arrogance, betraying themselves in their very tone. There is something wonderfully “lame” and low key about realizing you have to become a decent human being first. Think about Siddhartha. He figured out that he really wanted that bowl of rice pudding from that passing woman. He became KIND to himself. That was the beginning of enlightenment. I reckon you can just about talk about Buddhism in the academy now. But if you say “prana” or “chakra” you are an idiot or insane. But esoteric Buddhism is NOTHING BUT prana and chakras... And prana and chakras are NOTHING BUT psyche and psychosomatic symptoms. We really don't have good terms for this in the west. If you read Aristotle's Poetics (as I've been doing for a class), you read about catharsis. The accepted translation of that is “purgation”—somehow tragedy produces, then relieves you of, pity and fear. But the actual word means “flowing down,” and an equally good if not better translation is “release” or “purification.” In Hinduism, Buddhism, Bön, you name it, there are channels and “winds” (prana) and there is a downward-flowing wind. You know, the tingle you feel when you hear a beautiful piece of music that stirs you. It goes DOWN, right? Into your legs if you're lucky. (So they say.) THAT'S what Aristotle is talking about, I claim. His eudaemonia is well-being, not some abstract happiness. And well-being is some kind of soothed, warm, flowing body state. I want to say “subtle body state” but the Big Other won't let me. This subtle body is an OBJECT in the OOO sense. It's not reducible to the endocrine system or the nervous system. (Another great reason to like OOO. It doesn't beat up on what billions of people take for granted. Ever had acupuncture?) The problem is not mind–body dualism, so much as it is the total erasure of the subtle body. Only New Age fools believe in that, right? If we're really going to go after Zizek, we have to reject his scapegoating of “Western Buddhism.” 1 comment: Nick Guetti said... I know very little about Buddhism. The closest I get is Ram Dass, who seems to me to be more of a Hindu-Jain mix. But I know about Poekoelan, which is the martial art I practice. Well-being and flow-out (what you call "flow-down") and catharsis are SO freaking important to a person's ability to function, on ANY level! I can't rate it highly enough, so I'll break with habit and not even say much about it. But we use Bamboo as a symbol: Bamboo snaps as tight as iron, but that's because it bends and releases. It's ability to be tough is a function of its bendyness. We also use Water, about which you've already said everything necessary in this post.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '27', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9623522758483888}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '145849', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GPWTFS3HFJAO5QKDFGP33BG6QL6RZLO3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:35b8b7c8-e7d7-4fab-94c4-09004d3048bb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 22, 21, 54, 8), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.192.129', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WW3FIPAFZQ6EJYSJZ4WBACXMOMLBHMFZ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ff5f98d9-ced9-4677-adf6-c68d953ed2b7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://ecologywithoutnature.blogspot.com/2010/10/in-praise-of-western-buddhism-object.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a0f0eb1a-504b-4944-8893-111590086c0e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '898', 'url': 'http://ecologywithoutnature.blogspot.com/2010/10/in-praise-of-western-buddhism-object.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.17895251512527466', 'original_id': '4c34e669ea3dbea09f0099d33a8d3beb36c06044bc1fec0a74eb5849e0c1421e'}
Jun 262013 We know that arthritis is one of the most painful disorders that have already influenced the lives of over a million people across the world. One just cannot disregard this disorder as it can make the person lose the impacted joint. Despite the fact that several medications exist to heal arthritis; but due to the fact that one out of three Americans are having arthritis, people are ever eager to find and try out new cures to get rid of this intolerable pain. For obtaining arthritis relief, one such cure is magnetic bracelet. Yes, this is true! After much research on the ways to find about the pain relieving techniques, magnetic bracelets have come up as the approved arthritis relief products. It is among arthritis pain management ways that have been used by many until now and are happy with the effects. Magnetic bracelets belong the category of magnetic therapy. What are these bracelets? Made from copper, titanium, or real silver; magnetic bracelets possess some effectivemagnetic properties that greatly help in the process of arthritis relief. As per a 12-week study conducted by the British Medical Journal in which the findings were revealed about these bracelets, a person wearing such a bracelet experiences a great amount deal of comfort. Such a person will surely report of a reasonable alleviation in the pain. Due to this, much further research is going on these magnetic bracelets. However, it has been proved that the magnetic therapy is effective for treating arthritis provided the bracelet’s magnetic field should be over 170mTelsa. In addition, a general belief holds true that no harm is done by such a bracelet. How these bracelets work? Generally, it is known that a magnet have the power to increase the level of blood circulation.Further, magnetism accelerates in the relocation of calcium ions due to which the tissues as well as the bones of the nervous system get healed. If one applies the magnetic fields properly, scientifically, the body cells get exposed to it and begin to respond via the exchange of ions in the cells. With this, oxygen is utilized in a better way, which is a sure factor needed for healing. In this same manner, a magnetic bracelet deals with the arteries of the wrist. Herein, a plenty of ions are released in the wrist’s blood due to the presence of the magnet. As the ionized blood reaches to the different parts of the body, oxygen also reaches along with it. So, it is proved that both blood circulation and oxygen increases, which aids in lessening the inflammation thereby maximizing arthritis relief. In addition, it is a common belief that a magnet also aids in throwing out the surplus fluids and toxins from the body. How useful the bracelets are for arthritis? Due to lack of scientific evidences, it is a bit tough to directly give an answer for this. But, positive results have been obtained from experiments wherein people with arthritis were considered. However, these results might not be completely accurate because the people might be biased. Nevertheless, researchers have concluded as per the results that arthritis people do benefit from these bracelets due to the scientific effect of the magnetic field. For whom are these magnetic bracelets more beneficial? Prior to the use of magnetic bracelets, it is always better to speak with your doctor about it. Although this magnetic therapy might not do any harm, its impact is dependent upon the intensity of the disease. These bracelets must not be used by pregnant women and folks with electronic medical gadgets such as metal implants. Further, folks already taking some medicines for the disease must first seek the suggestion of their doctors. What is the cost? Surprisingly, magnetic bracelets are not too costly. Depending upon the materials used, the bracelets are charged. A magnetic bracelet is available for $10 and even for $250. But, it is always a wise decision to avoid buying a very low-priced bracelet because it might not have the sterling materials that are useful and so might not aid you. Therefore, go for a moderate one. You can get these bracelets online that are selling products of magnetic therapy. However, no guarantee is offered about the product’s authenticity. So, one more option is to buy them from the shops vending other arthritis relief products. Posted by at 3:04 pm Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9566468596458436}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27055', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KS7V2GH4CMAIEX4WQA3U2EWR2PKGKPB7', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4020aeba-fa1e-49b4-a5c4-5a725fc0a3da>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 30, 2, 34, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '204.15.254.5', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2W37JULADGQBF4U5L2WNMWROCPMZZUC4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7af61732-1e2a-4f03-9cf7-b70130c7a4ea>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://painbehindkneecure.com/magnetic-bracelets-for-arthritis-relief/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:892ed1ec-e9d8-4d4a-b32d-3cebf4bd8dc8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '733', 'url': 'http://painbehindkneecure.com/magnetic-bracelets-for-arthritis-relief/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-06\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for January 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03832077980041504', 'original_id': '6ae6473f610ada08e97f60738e8ff3abe02523c76f64ed28ae1c726284d71a3f'}
Cook: Citrus When weather gets warmer, we start thinking about buying and using more citrus in our kitchens at home. As prices lower, it is tempting to buy entire bags of oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit…having more means you may be tempted to forget (and waste) them if not used. There are several ways you can use an entire piece of citrus – and even preserve it for the future. Here are some tips from our team: 1. ZEST or GRATE the peel. One of the fastest and easiest ways to add instant flavor to any dish you are preparing is to add a tsp or TB of citrus zest. Having a zester tool in your kitchen is a must have. 2. DEHYDRATE the peel. You can use a small paring knife (or vegetable peeler) to carve off small strips. You can dehydrate in the oven at a low temp, or in a dehydrator, or even just air dry in a cool dark space. 3. JUICE the entire fruit. You can: 1, drink the juice (aqua fresca!); 2, freeze the juice in a bag in the freezer (popsicles!); or 3, mix it with some vinegar in a spray bottle to make an eco friendly household cleaner. 4. Fruit started to harden? SLICE the entire fruit and store it in the fridge in cold water for a refreshing beverage on a warm day. All of the tools needed for these items can be purchased at high-end culinary shops like Sur la Table or Williams Sonoma. However, they can also be purchased at Dollar General, Dollar Tree, or your local grocery store (Central Market in Dallas has a great section) that has a kitchen utensils section. Tools (L-R): zester, box grater, paring knife, vegetable peeler, chef’s knife	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9068648815155028}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '56361', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TRXSZHNT7YXOYFFWJAFQBNANNFMXQMDP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:903a1951-4286-4432-8a72-85544000f70a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 19, 22, 18, 58), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.49.23.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KQKZ7TFUK3K6VEU4K25LSC7S4NE6GYTQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f1046fea-7544-4a2e-a3bd-a1fe73d713de>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.turncompost.com/blog/tag/citrus', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fc8de6b9-26fa-4eb2-b9d9-01741c866227>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '290', 'url': 'https://www.turncompost.com/blog/tag/citrus', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-105-41.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.14498132467269897', 'original_id': 'd170d44bff0c4c8083b7350263d429e016cb7974fb5526cfc7585afac522982f'}
Judgment Day A mysterious figure, the Judge, tries to knock off the Rogue's Gallery. Original Airdate: October 22, 1998 Episode # 22 Rating: * * * Credits Cast Written by Rich Fogel & Alan Burnett Directed by Curt Geda Music by Michael McCuistion Animation by Koko/Dong Yang Kevin Conroy as Batman Brooks Gardner as Killer Croc John Glover as The Riddler Richard Moll as Two Face Malachi Throne as The Judge Paul Williams as The Penguin Jodi Baskerville as Anchorwoman Peter Jason as Manny Loren Lester as Mo Steven Weber as Corcoran It's a mark of BTAS's tremendous success that the biggest controversy attending it has nothing to do with its treatment of the iconic characters or stories or their relation to the original comics. Instead it's a purely internal matter having to do with the show's design and style: When it shifted from the BTAS to the TNBA look, was it a step up or a step down? There is something to be said for each conclusion. The visuals are so well-integrated with the narratives they convey that style and story cannot be divorced from each other. Monkey with the look and it will have a possibly perverse effect on the stories. So the old style emphasized the fleshiness of the characters. Not only Bullock and Rupert Thorne, but Gordon and Hill and even Bruce Wayne (in that baggy and ill-fitting suit) bulged and sagged. These were true Gothamites, lump of humanity who looked puffy and corrupt and compromised before they’d even opened their mouths. And that’s where the physical gravity of the BTAS designs contributed to its moral gravity: to look at these characters was to see at once how flawed they were. But TNBA adopted a more slick and stylized look, emphasizing the surface value of well-tailored athleticism; it stood like James Bond to BTAS's Sam Spade. And if the flattened surface let the action flow more fluidly, it also subtly flattened the characters themselves, so that they and their dilemmas never again quite achieved the same solidity and heft. "Judgment Day" well-illustrates the nature of the trade-off. Bruce Wayne, Batman, the Penguin and his lovely ladies: these have never looked more sleek or elegant. The story's peculiar villain, the Judge, is an uncluttered contrast of black & white shadow and line-work, the severe realization of justice in the abstract. And the lack of ornament in places actually accentuates the animated performances; with only a slight furrow of the brow, Wayne here communicates more displeasure than he ever did with even the fiercest glower in BTAS. Even an anonymous henchman has personality in the upturned flip of his bangs. Though the action is busy rather than bravura, the figures glide quickly and easily across the screen without seeming any less real, giving it a quicksilver energy. Though TNBA's suppleness of movement is on better display in other episodes ("Over the Edge," "Mean Seasons," "The Ultimate Thrill") even in makework like this the style confers a professional luster that cannot be denied. But it cannot be denied, either, that some of the characters suffer for the changes. Killer Croc has had his rough edges sanded off, leaving him lean, mean and hungry, but this doesn't make him appreciably more scary. He is more reptilian, but he is also less human and thus less interesting. (Compare "Vendetta" or even "Sideshow" to "Love is a Croc.") Two Face, who here proves the central character, also suffers. He remains mottled, scarred and brutalized, but like Bruce Wayne he's been slicked back, and the ruined side of his face now looks more like a mask and less like the livid, living proof of fate's cruel caprice. The plot borrows heavily from "Lock Up," Mask of the Phantasm, and "Second Chance" (and, with its mysterious, masked vigilante, also echoes "Mean Seasons"), but it keeps things moving so fast that you're unlikely to either care or notice. It also doesn't stint on some nice throwaway dialogue. But paradoxes continue to the very end. The baroque conclusion ties up everything very neatly and satisfactorily, but only at a cost to Two Face's character. The addition of a third personality does not render him either more complicated or interesting, but (ironically) flattens further him by reducing the iconic force of the old good/bad duality. Related Episodes * Two Face * Lock Up * Second Chance * Double Talk What Others Are Saying ... "... a great episode ... in the traditional BTAS style with Batman working alone, a little detective work, a good fight, a nice surprise and an ironic ending."World's Finest Back to Joker's Millions Forward to Knight Time	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9531097412109376}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '16184', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:2F2TMEWRJAGCLYVECWDMGQUTDR4DPHZF', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:68b18b79-8c5e-4f5a-9e62-a902eb806fe4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 0, 39, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.52.94.203', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JV2B2EWCHRX54QMAGJY77LPW3HRQBLAF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2585e400-5774-4f6f-8c0e-e40cb89a8af3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.toonzone.net/anbat/tnba/jd.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2c07c904-bbf0-4feb-a7b5-df5d90879011>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '743', 'url': 'http://www.toonzone.net/anbat/tnba/jd.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020338714122772217', 'original_id': 'f6ab51afc680467c6e78cf68aa9d2916b9ba5952f8bda88aef99db402017ffb7'}
Laser tracker replays competitive rock wall climbs Instructables user [PenfoldPlant] is a big fan of indoor rock climbing, and while watching others make difficult climbs, he has often wondered if he could follow the same route up the wall. Unfortunately, aside from watching the other climbers and hoping to remember the path they have taken, he found there isn’t much you can do to ensure that you have precisely replicated the climb. He thought awhile and came up with a laser tracking system that can be used to record a climber’s ascent, then replay it any number of times. This allows climbers to be able to replicate other climbers’ paths as well as compete against one another in timed races. This works much like the “ghost” feature found in most racing games, though the process is half manual/half automated. The initial ascent is recorded by manually tracing the climber’s route with a laser pointer as they climb. The path is recorded and then can be replayed, courtesy of the onboard Arduino. It really is a neat system, and while it works pretty well already, we think there is still room for enhancement. It wouldn’t be extremely difficult to have the climber wear some sort of light beacon that could be tracked using a web cam or other recording device, taking the manual labor out of the equation. In that case however, we imagine the Arduino would need to be swapped out for something a touch more powerful. Stick around for a quick video of the tracking system in action. 17 thoughts on “Laser tracker replays competitive rock wall climbs 1. Ooh, this could combine with a laser projector- wear some motion-tracking reflectors, get tracked by Kinect/webcam, have laser projector show a stick figure climbing the wall. You might need to put a color filter on the camera to avoid having it track the laser projection instead of the climber, though. 2. I would like to see grips with LEDs and touch sensors in them used in this way. Maybe RGB LEDs so they change colour based on hand or foot use. Kinda like the keyboards that light up to tell you which note to play next. 3. Harvie is right. Without tracking the hand and foot movements of the climber, there’s nothing that you can learn about how the climb was done. To be really useful, it would need to track body position as well. That way you could project a stick figure of the climbers movements. You’d probably have to be a climber to understand why. This isn’t a criticism of the work that he’s done. I think that it’s really cool. It’s just that it would be better suited to tracking something else. 4. For the automated tracking you could use to IR led on the helmet. Then mount a wiimote camera and laser pointer on a pan and tilt rig. That way it could track and then replay the run. 5. if your going to “ghost” it, why not film the climb, run it through some fairly simple image processing (image subtraction should be sufficient) then replay it through a projector. if you get the registration right you have now got a “ghost climber” 6. Ok, that is a good idea, but how is it actually tracking the route? All it’s doing is tracking the person’s position, not the actual holds he/she is using. Good for competing against yourself though. 7. I saw somewhere there was a Flip camera base that some guys were working on that automatically followed a target via a “badge” the target held. It caused a sort of magnetic attraction to be able to pan the camera perfectly. Perhaps this tracker would work better if the initial recording were traced in a similar method. This would prevent jerky movement and provide a more fluid accurate “ghost” on replay. Kewl concept tho. 8. I could imagine using a primesensor to record depth and color thoughout a climb and then program the path from a odd color (not in an environment) for each of ur 4 hands.. use a cnc driver for a path of each color and each laser and instead use 2 calibrated stepper motors for a smother less kaotic trace. asa mater of fact.. find out how cnc machines sense objects alone and traces them without aid to then replicate what they traced. basically ur climb wall will be ur table and ur person is your path tool. make for a big non portable cnc lol or just alter the axis to tilt.. no need for 3 axis either way lol why not project a person on there from recording, 9. Nice to see such a positive streak of critiques and ideas for improvement. Thinking IPv6 like, how about individual addresses for each hold and unique RFID wrist and ankle bracelets for climbers. 10. It’s interesting to see how he put it together from wood, but the setup seems pretty silly and useless and as if it could be done so much better. I guess there’s always time to wait for v2.0. 11. I enjoy a good hack. I also enjoy a good rock climb, primarily outdoors. One thing that confuses the heck out of me about this is that indoor climbing routes are set either with colored tape or colored holds to mark the ones you are supposed to use. This is how climbers guarantee they are climbing the same route. Using holds not marked for the same route is considered cheating, and success and failure has more to do with body position, how you grasp and apply pressure to the holds, and physical conditioning. Now if you were using the tracking device to aim a camera to automatically film the climber, that might have a purpose. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '6', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9475516080856324}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '102744', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:W4O3H56WSVME2ECHJZVVUDXVYOJ7W3Q2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:02a83b19-b54a-471a-b4b2-40515b9228f9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 28, 17, 43, 5), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.79.33', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IYDF3QFKFYOQMZ5U5JDA6IABZT6MI2Q7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fb53c3cf-dc66-4b82-b988-47602ee635e2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://hackaday.com/2011/04/19/laser-tracker-replays-competitive-rock-wall-climbs/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=1a35c759c1', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ba844a92-bde6-44ba-a0b1-4db930e9c336>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1013', 'url': 'http://hackaday.com/2011/04/19/laser-tracker-replays-competitive-rock-wall-climbs/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=1a35c759c1', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1729525327682495', 'original_id': 'a4ab03fd56a61631c42f54e362cb27f81a5d4b60634a596b32120266b56f63e5'}
Monday, 29 October 2007 NFB of Canada: Sauna Safety Here is Jean-Paul's version of the previous video: Sunday, 28 October 2007 A little too long in the sauna.... Holy BLOWOUT, Batman!! You know it's a doozie when you start taking off the shirt and there's poop on his elbow..... Ya. It went all the way up from the diaper, up his back, into his sleeves and started to go down his arms. And, he did all this while STANDING UP in his exersaucer, so gravity was not working with him!! (He had been stockpiling for a day or so..... At least it happened here at home!!) Thursday, 25 October 2007 A boobless Daddy This is one of those "kids say the darndest things" kinda entries. I was at my class tonight, so Jean-Paul was with the kids, as he is every Thursday night. Jean-Paul told Alexandria that he had to go feed Zachary. She replied, "But you can't feed Zachary, you don't have a boob." Thursday, 18 October 2007 Make sure you've read the previous entry first. Today Zach discovered he doesn't have to make a choice! He's got TWO hands so he can play with BOTH at once!! Woo hoo!! Wednesday, 17 October 2007 Penis or feet? Penis or feet? Decisions, decisions!! Zach doesn't know what's more fun to play with - his penis or feet. His feet still generally win out. However, the penis is a much rarer treat (only at diaper changes, really), so he does "seize" the opportunity when he can! And here's some more cute, naked Zach. (We had to put him in his crib because he peed all over the change pad cover. A hazard when allowing him to "play free"). Saturday, 13 October 2007 Another update The last entry was about Alexandria and her current "why" stage. This post is about Zach. He can now grasp a ball and pick it up with one had. I think he surprised himself. He can also move around - slowly, but surely. He's not crawling, but he's definitely scooching! And, I mentioned teething earlier (, well today I can see white buds under his gums, so the teeth are right there. Won't be long. Also, it's almost time for "solids" (if that's what you call the goopy cereal they get). I think we'll try rice cereal Monday night. We'll see how that goes. Fingers crossed that Zach doesn't have any allergies, either. It was pretty easy going with Alex. Thursday, 11 October 2007 I swear, if I hear "why" one more time........!! Yes. Alexandria is officially, undeniably, absolutely, without a doubt into her "why?" stage. Here is an example coming out of the Early Years Centre: Mommy: It's dark outside now. Alexandria: Why? M: Because the sun went down. A: Why? M: Because the sun goes down every night. A: Why? M: So we know it's time to go to bed. A: Why? M: So we can sleep and get up for more fun the next day. A: Why? M: There's no more why. It just is. A: Why? And so it goes.... Or another favourite right now is "and what comes after _____time?" Mommy: It's lunchtime. Alex: What comes after lunchtime? M: Playtime. A: What comes after playtime? M: Naptime. A: What comes after naptime? M: Snacktime. A: What comes after snacktime? M: More playtime. A: What comes after playtime? M: Dinnertime. A: What comes after dinnertime? M: Bathtime. A: What comes after bathtime? M: TV time. A: What comes after TV time? M: Bedtime. A: What comes after bedtime? M: Morningtime. And we could go on and on and on and on...... Depending on my mood this stage can be fun or extremely frustrating!! (Or it can easily go from being fun to frustrating real quick!) Tuesday, 9 October 2007 I HAVE to share this painting! Alex did this at one of the Early Years centres. I asked her to tell me about the painting and this is how she explained it. Those are leaves (the three at the top) and that's the tree (the green to the left). And all this is the wind blowing the leaves around (she points and moves her hand in a circle over the reddish part). I was so impressed! I love this painting!! A Banner Day We had a great day yesterday. We started our day around 8:45am and we had to get the kids out of bed. We could've slept for longer, but we (ok, I) decided we should go to the Oktoberfest/Thanksgiving Parade. It was such a beautiful day, how could we not!? The parade starts at 8:30 in the morning (!!), but the route is long enough that we still had time to get there and park our butts near the end of the parade route before it got there. Alex enjoyed the horses (especially the ones with the "hats") and Zach pretty much just played with his Link-a-Doos. He was SUCH a GOOD baby considering he hadn't eaten since before 7am. I thought for sure I'd have to boob him at the parade. Her hair starts to curl in the humidity. She's going to HATE that when she's older! Yes, it was this hot!! After the parade we grabbed a bite at McD's. And Zach was still content just to be a baby. We decided to go to FunWorX, since it was family day and cheaper than normal. Zach finally had a "bite" there (around 1pm - so that was a long stretch between feedings). Alex had fun running around the play structure. (The socks she's wearing in the pictures were provided by the facility. You can't go barefoot there.) Those are Daddy's fuzzy knees. Not mine! Zach in the ball pit.She was not too sure about Oncle Hans. Wouldn't go near him! The biggest thing that happened though? Alex pooped on the toilet! Yay!! Ok, so it's only been the once, but YAY!! I never thought I'd be so excited to see sh!t in the toilet!! (Maybe when I'm 80 it'll make me that happy again). (No pictures to commemorate that event, sorry). Tuesday, 2 October 2007 Our drama baby! Here is the video of Alexandria I mentioned in the last post. She just started performing, so I got the camera to capture it. It's a bit long, but I've given a summary of events in the comments section next to the video. Also, I figured out how to condense the size of video without losing too much quality, so I re-did the Monkey's New House video. Monday, 1 October 2007 The camera is obviously too accessible! Anyone need a Zach fix? Here's a buttload of video clips!! (There's a bit of Alex on here, too. I have one of her dancing, but it's too long right now. I have to edit it so it will upload.) A babbly baby: A yelling baby (and bits of Alex): And my fav, laughing Zach. This was just today: Daddy playing pool with Zach:	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '4', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9808129072189332}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '101036', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RN4BK3CBC6FLQW24QJPU6TBRHDORHW4X', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:25703471-c2b2-4034-9826-79db5f6aaf26>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 20, 5, 9, 57), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.8.19', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LVDTHPB5WOANO2GVQ4F5FK6NSP3F5754', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:f9de2d41-e729-4936-b62c-1ab0d5dab107>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.ourworldfromatoz.ca/2007/10/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:78b1d309-7e17-4b2d-8088-0d69519d8f09>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1137', 'url': 'http://www.ourworldfromatoz.ca/2007/10/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-113-197-177.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3413928747177124', 'original_id': 'ec4154cb6b6469e127733ccf3597927b4df22a99c430c86a7e8028348ea56a63'}
TaxCalc's Top 10 self assessment questions From an analysis of self assessment queries on AccountingWEB and its own customer support lines, TaxCalc compiled the answers to the top 10 commonly asked questions surrounding self assessment. The tips that follow are drawn from the company's SimpleStep Guide to Self Assessment. AccountingWEB. To see if you are in need of any last-minute technical advice, check your answers to the questions that follow. 1. What is the best way for my client to pay tax? Although you can pay smaller amounts via tax code deductions, the December deadline for this has now passed. Instead, taxpayers will need to use direct debit, debit/credit cards or internet payments. Make sure to factor in up to three working days to process these payments and note that HMRC adds a 1.4% a surcharge if paying with a credit card. 2. What are the penalties for submitting a return after 31 January? Firstly, a fine of £100 will be automatically levied if the tax return isn't submitted on time, whether tax is due or not. From then on, the penalties start escalating according to the following formula: • Over three months: Fixed penalty, plus £10 for each following day over three months (up to a 90 day maximum of £900) • Over six months: Above penalties, plus £300 or 5% of tax due, whichever is higher • Over 12 months late: Above penalties, plus £300 or 5% of tax due, whichever is higher • Interest will also be charged on any tax paid late 3. What are the rules for carrying forward pension allowances? If your client's pension contributions exceed the annual allowance of £50,000 in the current tax year, they can use up the unused allowance for the previous three tax years. use the earliest of the three years first, and if there is an excess amount after the allowances are used, your client will be liable to a tax charge on this. 4. How do I enter or check student loan repayments? Student loan repayments are calculated on total income received. This information has to be entered on the tax return if repayments have been deducted by an employer and/or the repayments are due on any other income. Enter the details on page 2 of the SA100, under the Student Loan Repayments section. 5. Where do I enter the tax code on the tax return? Tax codes are based on a person's personal allowance, adjusted for estimated pension contributions or benefits, tax over/underpayments and the like. At year end, HMRC and tax return software take an individual's income and benefits received and deduct the personal allowances they are entitled to so the can work out how much tax they should pay, or be repaid to them. 6. Why does my client have a tax liability in relation to gift aid donations? If your client has made gift aid donations, these are regarded as if the basic tax rate has been deducted by the client. The charity takes the deduction and claims the basic rate tax as an additional donation. A tax liability may arise if a client hasn't paid enough tax throughout the year to cover that element of charity donations. 7. Why are there no payments on accounts being calculated? The Revenue has increased the threshold for taxpayers when they need to start making payments on account to £1,000. No payments on account are needed if more than 80% of the assessed tax is met by income tax deducted at source. 8. Why has the personal allowance been reduced? According to TaxCalc, if a client's net adjusted income is over £100,000, then their personal allowance is reduced by £1 for every £2 over £100,000. If the net adjusted income is therefore greater than or equal to £114,950, the personal allowance will be reduced to nothing. 9. Why has the age allowance been reduced? If your client is over 65, then they may qualify for an extra age-related allowance on top of their personal allowance of £7,475. The allowance has two rates, depending on your client's date of birth. 10. How far back can I submit a tax return online? You can submit a tax return online for the 2008/9 tax year onward. If you want to refresh your memor on any of these points, download the TaxCalc SimpleStep Guide to Self Assessment. Top 10 self assessment questions acca_Laurence \| \| Permalink Please tell me that none of the above questions were asked by qualified accountants!	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '7', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.954342782497406}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40663', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:IZUSBA765BT5JLAISA72PRXFUI5NRTAM', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e9a84db7-fdb6-4804-b802-c2129bea41e5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 11, 20, 36, 37), 'WARC-IP-Address': '93.93.228.101', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:L5LS2SZNKGNRUMM7UDQA6JS2O5IHWKWO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:16b558f6-b99d-4f62-beb2-5502506ee430>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.accountingweb.co.uk/article/taxcalcs-top-10-tax-self-assessment-questions/536304', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e369ec18-dda3-4d08-ab0b-71576c2fb129>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '728', 'url': 'http://www.accountingweb.co.uk/article/taxcalcs-top-10-tax-self-assessment-questions/536304', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-10\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for March 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04721522331237793', 'original_id': 'd542f2d31e8b4ce9f753c8f9d1a7a9b8a3a30f8bf91d58de1621dc13da42b742'}
What's on the screen affects children's language Last updated 11:22 11/08/2014 In Blue's Clues, a character talks directly to the child through the screen, modelling how to have a conversation, children's media expert Deborah Linebarger says. BUSY BUSY: Sesame Street is too much for children under 2, Deborah Linebarger says. Relevant offers Researchers are increasingly looking at how much time babies and toddlers spend in front of TV, laptops or iPads, but now some are saying the debate needs to shift to what's on the screen. "It's never so simple as it's bad or good. It's content based," says Deborah Linebarger, director of the Children's Media Lab at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, who presented her most recent study over the weekend at the American Psychological Association's annual convention. "There's a lot of research now that shows when you design infant and toddler-directed media in ways infants and toddlers can learn, they can learn from it," she says. "If you use screen media and pick the right stuff, it can be another tool." Linebarger's study of 498 children, ages 8 months to 36 months, isn't an endorsement of those baby-focused videos. Rather, her research shows that some types of programmes help babies and toddlers with their language skills and increase vocabulary, while others do not. Prior research has shown that 74 per cent of infants are exposed to TV before the age of 2, despite a 2011 statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics that viewing by infants and toddlers is not recommended and likely harmful. "The average infant or toddler spends about an hour and half per day watching or interacting with screen media directly and, perhaps more distressing, they're exposed to 5.5 hours of TV that's on in the background," Linebarger says. Babies and toddlers learn best from interacting with humans, which is why screen content that mimics real persons in real situations is best, Linebarger says. Her study's focus is content, with programs that have characters telling a simple story, such as Clifford the Big Red Dog or Blue's Clues. "When you have a show like Blue's Clues specifically where a character talks directly to the child through the screen, that is exactly how you do language intervention. That models how to have a conversation," she says. Babies and toddlers exposed to other types of programming have smaller vocabularies, her research finds. Those programmes include what's been labeled "educational", such as Sesame Street on PBS or those baby videos such as Brainy Baby or Baby Einstein, Linebarger says. She says Sesame Street isn't appropriate for those under age 2 because it doesn't tell a narrative tale and is filled with "an enormous amount of information coming at them quickly." "It keeps their attention, but they're less effective at making sense of it. To an older child, it's a fantastic program, but for kids under 2, it is not appropriate," she says. Baby videos have the same problem, she says, because they don't really have characters telling a story. "They'll show a picture of an apple. There's a lot of content and it's quickly changing. There's too much information for an infant -- too much production features, with lots of cuts and it's fast-paced. It shows objects, but they are not really in context and there are no real characters." Ad Feedback What she calls "entertainment television" is either directed at kids or adults. Young children watching these programs also have smaller vocabularies. Such programs include cartoons, such as SpongeBob SquarePants on Nickelodeon. Background television "wasn't good and wasn't bad," she says. "It's not associated with vocabulary." - USA Today Special offers Featured Promotions Sponsored Content My Career	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '13', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9670856595039368}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '75337', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7QOCW6MKE3CGKTPJULUSWJUJNNRNKBBC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:64d8e34a-c601-4cd5-9f36-bf1e26a5fbed>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 7, 16, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.0.160.19', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:T6WY7ZHXL2YNGFABUPEUALZST44RH4R6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b6792c4b-e364-451e-91b7-c12a84adc75e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/technology/60586933/Whats-on-the-screen-affects-childrens-language', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3c9fd5ef-38eb-4eee-bf2e-001bc8e966df>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '600', 'url': 'http://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/technology/60586933/Whats-on-the-screen-affects-childrens-language', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15574491024017334', 'original_id': '9cef2309a372bb23706c45195b0d9555271233e7a450c568de61c41cfca8ecf7'}
Good User Interfaces for Automated Driving Continues to be Necessary In the study conducted by Dr Lewis Chuang and Ms. Christiane Glatz from the Max Planck Institute of Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen in collaboration with Dr Stas Krupenia from Scania CV employed EEG methods to clarify why auditory notifications, which were designed for task management in highly automated trucks, resulted in different performance behavior, when deployed in two different test settings: (a) student volunteers in a lab environment, (b) professional truck drivers in a realistic vehicle simulator. Behavioral data showed that professional drivers were slower and less sensitive in identifying notifications compared to their counterparts. Such differences can be difficult to interpret and frustrates the deployment of implementations from the laboratory to more realistic settings. Our EEG recordings of brain activity reveal that these differences were not due to differences in the detection and recognition of the notifications. Instead, it was due to differences in EEG activity associated with response generation. Thus, the researchers show how measuring brain activity can deliver insights into how notifications are processed, at a finer granularity than can be afforded by behavior alone. The study was awarded as best paper award at AutomotiveUI 2017 in Oldenburg in September 2017. Their studies were carried out in the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TRR 161), that also connects research groups at the Universities of Stuttgart and Konstanz developing quantitative methods for visual computing.We have asked Lewis more about their latest findings: 1. Why were you interested in this topic? Novel vehicle interfaces are challenging to implement. It is rare for the results of laboratory user testing to replicate under more realistic settings. This is because many variables can influence user behaviour besides how the brain processes information e.g., age differences between truck drivers and university participants. Novel interfaces for automated trucks will be increasingly designed for how the brain responds and processes information, rather than manual vehicle handling. Thus, it makes sense to measure brain activity directly, as well as behaviour. Although professional truck drivers in a truck simulator were slower than students in a laboratory, in responding to novel auditory notifications, designed for truck operations, this was not because of how their brains responded to the sounds. In other words, these sounds that were designed in an unrealistic setting, we're perceived in the same way, even in a virtual truck cabin by professional truck drivers. Thus, designers can invest their time on addressing other factors that could have caused slower reaction times in truck drivers, if necessary, possibly age differences or the response interface. Using neuroimaging techniques can help us more accurately identify where design problems may or may not exist in safety-critical interfaces e.g., vehicles. We presented notifications every 2 secs in this study. This was necessary to ensure that enough data was collected for meaningful EEG analyses. In the real world, notifications will arise less frequently. Thus, factors such as operational fatigue or surprise could have a strong impact on how these notifications are processed, which we did not address in the current study. 5. Is there anything else you would like to add? It was a logistical miracle that we were able to coordinate a realistic truck simulator, recruit professional truck drivers, and assemble state-of-the-art EEG equipment all in the same place within 5 days. This was only achievable by having great colleagues and sponsors for expensive loan equipment. Zur Redakteursansicht	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '14', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9662331938743592}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53217', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6VE6HB2BSETDKU24XDZ5UFGFA7M7XE4N', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:86c55ab0-e532-4ea9-9c96-6a0ea7be14f2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 20, 22, 49, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '134.76.31.205', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:KJCJH4LMKGN6MVQ3OOXB2MJI6JGAETYV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ffd96b59-21d5-48bb-aa1f-7b9c1c9b8297>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/42380/good-user-interfaces-for-automated-driving-continues-to-be-necessary', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:73176adf-d6bb-43fa-ae28-a58c1d165cd8>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '599', 'url': 'https://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/42380/good-user-interfaces-for-automated-driving-continues-to-be-necessary', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-17\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-207.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08201354742050171', 'original_id': 'ce1d2cc1624e1fb23381f2a7dfe87193763ca7a1bc83730b97a87d3dd2f86bda'}
[Patient with massive hemothorax due to blunt trauma saved by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE)]. A 78-year-old man who fell from a step ladder was transported to our hospital by ambulance under the diagnosis of multiple rib fractures and right hemothorax. Since he was in shock on arrival, endotracheal intubation and tube thoracotomy were immediately performed. Though 2 liters of blood was evacuated, persistent hemorrhage was observed, requiring continuous rapid infusion and blood transfusion. Emergency thoracic arteriography revealed active bleeding from a branch of the right internal thoracic artery. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed using vascular embolization coils and porous gelatin particles. These procedures successfully controlled active hemorrhage from the chest. Intrathoracic hematoma was evacuated through the 2nd large chest tube. Chest tubes were removed on the 7th day. He was discharged on the 17th day without any complications.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'e022f3da152a77afdd69bb501b336f43210fd4ec3137bfaf4051fb92b2122b0e'}
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a magnetoresistance-effect thin film head and, more specifically, to a magnetoresistance-effect thin film head capable ensuring high reliability even in operation in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment. 2. Description of the Prior Art FIG. 12 shows a previously proposed magnetoresistance-effect thin film head A comprising a substrate 1, a magnetic field sensing element 2, i.e., a magnetoresistance-effect element (hereinafter referred to as "MR element") formed on the substrate 1 perpendicularly to the sliding surface a of a magnetic recording medium, a conductive layer having electrodes 3A and 3B connected to the front and rear ends of the MR element 2 to supply a sense current to the MR element 2 in the direction of a signal magnetic field created by the magnetic recording medium. The thin film head A employs a bias magnetic field creating conductor (hereinafter referred to simply as "bias conductor") 5 formed on an insulating layer 4 formed over the MR element 2 so as to extend across the MR element 2 as means for applying a bias magnetic field. An optimum bias magnetic field can be created by varying the current flowing through the bias conductor 5. In FIG. 12, indicated at 6 is an insulating layer, at 7 is a magnetic shielding layer formed over the MR element to enhance the resolution, and l.sub.1 is a gap. The construction of the MR element 2 consisting of two magnetic films 2b and 2c, and an intermediate layer 2a formed between the magnetic films 2b and 2c is able to avoid perfectly the generation of Barkhausen noise, namely, noise attributable to domain wall displacement. However, in fabricating the thin film head A of FIG. 12, the bias conductor 5 and the electrode layer having the electrodes 3A and 3B need to be formed separately. Therefore, the thin film head A has a complicated multilayer structure and has difficulty in reducing the gap to increase line recording density. On the other hand, since a sense current is supplied in a direction perpendicular to the sliding surface a for the foregoing thin film head provided with the two-layer MR element 2, the electrodes 3A and 3B of the MR element 2, and the bias conductor 5 can be formed simultaneously as shown in FIG. 13 (Japanese Patent Laid-open (Kokai) No. 1-116912). This thin film head B can be constructed so that the gap l.sub.2 thereof is smaller than the gap l.sub.1 of the thin film head A of FIG. 12 (l.sub.1 >l.sub.2). However, the size of the MR element 2 of the thin film head B of FIG. 13 must be reduced to increase the recording density, and hence the contact areas and widths of the electrodes 3A and 3B cannot be increased. Therefore, if the electrodes 3A and 3B of the MR element 2, and the bias conductor 5 are formed simultaneously, heat and noise increase due to increase in the resistance. Furthermore, since the width of a portion of the bias conductor 5 extending over and across the MR element 2 is small, the bias conductor 5 is unable to apply a bias magnetic field uniformly to the MR element 2. The electrodes 3A and 3B of the foregoing thin film head provided with the MR element 2 having one side exposed in the sliding surface a, and the front electrode 3A having one side exposed in the sliding surface a are formed, in most cases, of a metal having a comparatively low resistance, such as Au, Cu or Al, to suppress heat generation and noise generation. However, Au is expensive and is liable to come off the MR element 2 during machining for forming the sliding surface a because Au is soft and inferior in adhesive property, Cu is readily oxidized, inferior in moisture resistance and corrosion resistance, and unreliable in use in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, and the same may be said of Al.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'bf95460cdc28f98de9666d7581ad6b14574e76a459219d1e40ba65f451a208c5'}
How to write and debug an R function June 8, 2014 I've been asked on a few occasions what is the deal with R user-written functions. First of all, how does the syntax work? And second of all, why would you ever want to do this? In Stata, we don't write functions; we execute built-in commands like browse or gen or logit. You can write an .ado file to make a new command but the language for ado files is different than regular Stata language. Most people who use Stata do not ever write these kinds of files (I definitely never have). In R, there are built-in functions like summary() or glm() or median(), but you can also write your own functions. You just use the same language you always use in R, in the same file as the rest of your code if you like. You can write a quick, one-line function or long elaborate functions. I use functions all the time to make my code cleaner and less repetitive. In this post I'll go over the basics of how to write functions. In the next post, I'll explain what kinds of functions I have used commonly in public health research that have improved my data cleaning and analyses. Basic syntax of a function A function needs to have a name, probably at least one argument (although it doesn't have to), and a body of code that does something. At the end it usually should (although doesn't have to) return an object out of the function. The important idea behind functions is that objects that are created within the function are local to the environment of the function - they don't exist outside of the function. But you can “return” the value of the object from the function, meaning pass the value of it into the global environment. I'll go over this in more detail. Functions need to have curly braces around the statements, like so: name.of.function <- function(argument1, argument2) { The argument can be any type of object (like a scalar, a matrix, a dataframe, a vector, a logical, etc), and it's not necessary to define what it is in any way. As a very simple example, we can write a function that squares an incoming argument. The function below takes the argument x and multiplies it by itself. It saves this value into the object called square, and then it returns the value of the object square. >>>Writing and calling a function <- function(x) { square <- x * x I can now call the function by passing in a scalar or a vector or matrix as its argument, because all of those objects will square nicely. But it won't work if I input a character as its argument because although it will pass “hi” into the function, R can't multiply “hi”. # square a number ## [1] 25 # square a vector, 4, 2)) ## [1] 1 16 4 # square a character (not going to happen)"hi") ## Error: non-numeric argument to binary operator I can also pass in an object that I already have saved. For example, here I have a matrix called matrix1, so I pass that into the function. R takes this matrix1 into the function as x. That is, in the local function environment it is now called x, where it is squared, and returned. matrix1 <- cbind(c(3, 10), c(4, 5)) ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 9 16 ## [2,] 100 25 >>>Local vs global environment Now, it's not necessarily the case that you must use return() at the end of your function. The reason you return an object is if you've saved the value of your statements into an object inside the function - in this case, the objects in the function are in a local environment and won't appear in your global environment. See how it works in the following two examples: fun1 <- function(x) { 3 * x - 1 ## [1] 14 fun2 <- function(x) { y <- 3 * x - 1 In the first function, I just evaluate the statement 3x-1 without saving it anywhere inside the function. So when I run fun1(5), the result comes popping out of the function. However, when I call fun2(5), nothing happens. That's because the object y that I saved my result into doesn't exist outside the function and I haven't used return(y) to pass the value of y outside the function. When I try to print y, it doesn't exist because it was created in the local environment of the function. ## Error: object 'y' not found I can return the value of y using the return(y) at the end of the function fun2, but I can't return the object itself; it's stuck inside the function. Getting more complex Obviously writing a whole function to square something when you could just use the ^ operator is silly. But you can do much more complicated things in functions, once you get the hang of them. >>>Calling other functions and passing multiple arguments First, you can pass multiple arguments into a function and you can call other functions within your function. Here's an example. I'm passing in 3 arguments which I want to be a matrix, a vector, and a scalar. In the function body, I first call my previous function and use it to square the scalar. Then I multiply the matrix by the vector. Then I multiply those two results together and return the final object. <- function(X.matrix, y.vec, z.scalar) { # use my previous function to square the scalar and save result sq.scalar <- # multiply the matrix by the vector using %% operator mult <- X.matrix %% y.vec # multiply the two resulting objects together to get a final object final <- mult sq.scalar # return the result When you have multiple arguments in a function that you call, R will just evaluate them in order of how you've written the function (the first argument will correspond to X.matrix, the second y.vec, and so on), but for clarity I would name the arguments in the function call. In this example below, I already have two saved objects, my.mat and my.vec that I pass through as the X.matrix and y.vec arguments, and then I just assign the z.scalar argument the number 9. # save a matrix and a vector object my.mat <- cbind(c(1, 3, 4), c(5, 4, 3)) my.vec <- c(4, 3) # pass my.mat and my.vec into the function = my.mat, y.vec = my.vec, z.scalar = 9) ## [,1] ## [1,] 1539 ## [2,] 1944 ## [3,] 2025 # this is the same as, my.vec, 9) ## [,1] ## [1,] 1539 ## [2,] 1944 ## [3,] 2025 >>>Returning a list of objects Also, if you need to return multiple objects from a function, you can use list() to list them together. An example of this is my blog post on sample size functions. For example: <- function(sq.matrix, vector) { # transpose matrix and square the vector step1 <- t(sq.matrix) step2 <- vector * vector # save both results in a list and return final <- list(step1, step2) # call the function and save result in object called outcome outcome <- = cbind(c(1, 2), c(3, 4)), vector = c(2, 3)) # print the outcome list ## [[1]] ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 1 2 ## [2,] 3 4 ## [[2]] ## [1] 4 9 Now to separate those objects for use in your further code, you can extract them using the [[]] operator: ### extract first in list ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 1 2 ## [2,] 3 4 ## extract second in list ## [1] 4 9 Tricks for troubleshooting and debugging When you execute multiple statements in a function, sometimes things go wrong. What's nice about functions is that R evalutes every statement until it reaches an error. So in the last function, the dimensions of the objects really matter. You can't multiply matrices of incomptabile dimensions. Like this: = my.mat, y.vec = c(2, 3, 6, 4, 1), z.scalar = 9) ## Error: non-conformable arguments >>>Using the Debug() function When you have an error, one thing you can do is use R's built-in debugger debug() to find at what point the error occurs. You indicate which function you want to debug, then run your statement calling the function, and R shows you at what point the function stops because of errors: ## debugging in: = my.mat, y.vec = c(2, 3, 6, 4, 1), z.scalar = 9) ## debug at <text>#1: { ## sq.scalar <- ## mult <- X.matrix %% y.vec ## final <- mult sq.scalar ## return(final) ## } ## debug at <text>#4: sq.scalar <- ## debug at <text>#7: mult <- X.matrix %% y.vec ## Error: non-conformable arguments We see that the first line calling the function was fine, but then an error occurred in the line defining mult. This debugging is useful especially if you had many more statements in your function that multiplied matrices and you weren't sure which one was causing the issues. So now we know the problem is that X.matrix and y.vec won't multiply. But we still need to know why they won't multiply. More on debugging can be found here. >>>Printing out what's happening (sanity checks) At this point, a good way to troubleshoot this is to print out the dimensions or lengths of the objects or even the objects themselves that are going into the statement causing errors. The great part about functions is that they evaluate all the way until there's an error. So you can see what is happening inside your function before the error. If the object is too long, you can print(head(object)). This helps to see if you're doing what you think you're doing. Note that you have to use the function print() to actually print out anything from within a function. <- function(X.matrix, y.vec, z.scalar) { # use my previous function to square the scalar and save result sq.scalar <- print(paste("sq.scalar=", sq.scalar)) # multiply the matrix by the vector using %% operator mult <- X.matrix %% y.vec # multiply the two resulting objects together to get a final object final <- mult sq.scalar # return the result ## [1] "xmatrix" ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 1 5 ## [2,] 3 4 ## [3,] 4 3 ## [1] "yvec" ## [1] 2 3 6 4 1 ## [1] "Dimensions" ## [1] 3 2 ## [1] 5 ## [1] "sq.scalar= 81" ## Error: non-conformable arguments Now we can see the actual dimensions of the objects and fix them accordingly. This example is really simple, but you can imagine that if you've written a long function that uses many arguments, you could easily lose track of them and not be sure where the issue in your function was. You can also throw in these statements along the way as sanity checks to make sure that things are proceeding as you think they should, even if there isn't any error. >>>Using the stop() and stopifnot() functions to write your own error messages One other trick you can use is writing your own error messages using the stop() and stopifnot() functions. In this example, if I know I need dimensions to be the right size, I can check them and print out a message that says they are incorrect. That way I know what the issue is immediately. Here's an example: <- function(matrix, vector) { if (dim(matrix)[2] != length(vector)) { stop("Can't multiply matrix%%vector because the dimensions are wrong") product <- matrix %% vector # function works when dimensions are right, c(6, 5)) ## [,1] ## [1,] 31 ## [2,] 38 ## [3,] 39 # function call triggered error, c(6, 5, 7)) ## Error: Can't multiply matrix%*%vector because the dimensions are wrong You can do these kinds of error messages for yourself as checks so you know exactly what triggered the error. You can think about putting in a check for if the value of an object is 0 if you are dividing by it as another example. Good function writing practices Based on my experience, there are a few good practices that I would recommend keeping in mind when writing function. 1. Keep your functions short. Remember you can use them to call other functions! • If things start to get very long, you can probably split up your function into more manageable chunks that call other functions. This makes your code cleaner and easily testable. • It also makes your code easy to update. You only have to change one function and every other function that uses that function will also be automatically updated. 2. Put in comments on what are the inputs to the function, what the function does, and what is the output. 3. Check for errors along the way. • Try out your function with simple examples to make sure it's working properly • Use debugging and error messages, as well as sanity checks as you build your function. The next post will go over examples of useful functions that you can use in your day to day R coding. Comments are closed.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '132', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8604269027709961}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '58994', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SHFLUUR4LVW7DP3HUSDFKDNKKVZX6YOX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4045f687-1990-4245-b525-2c163763cd3e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 1, 4, 36, 11), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.24.16', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:I4Z7BUHC75DOIUMJAA72WX2DAO57TLQQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d4c587ce-f637-47f9-9ac8-a023b2e5f94b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.r-bloggers.com/how-to-write-and-debug-an-r-function/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:60f8d1da-7902-4f42-8a30-f5db30029263>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '2064', 'url': 'http://www.r-bloggers.com/how-to-write-and-debug-an-r-function/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-11\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for February 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9111104011535645', 'original_id': '8e1a1c4e32f981062228f85345e2fdf8b7cf09b0cf75447a24e22dce2653c6cc'}
Take the 2-minute tour × I was reading a book in iBooks and clicked on a link in the text which took me to the index at the end of the book. Is there any way I can get back to where I was reading before I tapped on the link (without manually flipping through the pages/table of contents)? There's no obvious back button that I can see. I'm using iBooks 1.5, which I believe is currently the latest version. share\|improve this question 1 Answer 1 up vote 5 down vote accepted If you touch the middle of the screen to show the buttons and controls, there should be a text link at the bottom left saying "Back to p. ###". It is beneath the dots and the slider to scroll quickly through the book. Touch it and you'll be back where you came from. share\|improve this answer how did I miss that? thanks! – Jon Dec 21 '11 at 12:05 Thanks Lizzan, my wife's an avid iBook reader and didn't know this and she's glad to know if now. – Richard Dec 21 '11 at 12:13 It is fairly hard to discover, took me a while too. Glad I could help! – Lizzan Dec 21 '11 at 14:06 Your Answer	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '23', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9424224495887756}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '64833', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZECNYVI4TLIBY56NXL5JKJJ4KGEU5EM6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:83e14b15-bcf1-4548-a883-b0f959fea7a6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 0, 41, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.252.206.16', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WRSCUE2CSTBEWBT45YSHYDL2EH4R4JGR', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4ff44a92-4157-4915-9075-4f925b4586e1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/34314/navigating-back-after-following-link-in-ibooks', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b9d630d8-6c48-4c23-bd7e-351649e1cc22>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '253', 'url': 'http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/34314/navigating-back-after-following-link-in-ibooks', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03986668586730957', 'original_id': '558b8bcd42e5960b14140e1e7252a4aa6bb8a2585fe93fbfba45eb7e0f98d6c4'}
Tips For Staying Creative At Home Hey Everyone, I’m writing to you from my home office as the KB3D team has all taken to our houses for the foreseeable future. We recognize that this might be a difficult adjustment for some people, as it requires considerable changes to all of our personal and professional lives. In an attempt to make this transition a little more comfortable, I’ve compiled a short list here of best practices that I discovered over my years as a freelance artist working from home. The first time I attempted the perpetual home office, I lasted only a mere month before heading back to a studio because I missed the free coffee so much. The second time, I made it 6 months. But the third time, I was able to sustain working from home comfortably for 2 years, before KitBash3d grew to a size that required us to move out of Banks’ garage and into a real office (with a copy machine and everything). Through much trial and error, I’ve learned a lot about what works and doesn’t work for me from my home office and we’re hoping these tips might be helpful for you too: 1. Working from home can feel like you’re living at work: Sometimes, if you let it, working from home can begin to feel like you’re living at work. The computer is always within reach and it can be really tempting to kick off one more render, or add just a little more detail to that painting at all times throughout the day and night. On the flip side, the xbox controller might stare at you from across the living room, while Ori and The Will of the Wisps tantalizingly whisper, "just a few more levels." While that sounds like the most fun thing in the world, a 3-day video game binge might leave you a little depressed making it that much harder to get back your momentum to work. Regardless of which side is pulling you, it's important to find a balance between being productive and having leisure time. We all need both, and we need both in moderation. 2. Be intentional about your day: It's so easy to watch days zip past or reach the end of the day and realize that you didn't make any progress. In life and in work, it's important to feel accomplished and fulfilled, because without this we can begin to feel stagnant or depressed. To control this, I start my day by writing down all of the things I want to accomplish in a journal, so that I have a road map and can go about my day with purpose. Bonus points here if you also write 3 things you’re grateful for. Starting your day with gratitude goes a long way in maintaining a positive outlook. 3. Create a schedule, designate time for each mind set: Routines are extremely important. Normally work or school creates structure for us to follow, but when we're working from home, it's up to us to create our own structure. I do this by sticking very closely to a schedule I've created for myself. From 10am-7pm, I'm in work mode. During that time, I will just be focused on being productive, knowing that leisure time is coming after 7pm up until midnight, or for a couple hours in the morning from 6-10am. Because of this, at 4pm, I'm not thinking about the xbox, and at 10pm, I'm not thinking about work, I've set clear boundaries and stay disciplined with them knowing that it's imperative to the long term sanity of working from home. 4. Keep your computer as far away from your bed as possible: Not everyone has a ton of living space. In an ideal world, you would put your workstation in a separate room with the ability to close the door when you're done with your work day. If you're in a studio or 1-bedroom apartment, at least put the computer in the living room or kitchen, away from your bed. You don't want work staring at you first thing when you wake up, or glaring at you as the last thing before you go to bed. You need to create some physical distance, and if your space is limited, at least create some visual distance. Putting up a foldable screen or covering your workstation with a blanket goes a long way. 5. Make your bed each morning Beyond the psychological impacts of accomplishing a checklist item to start your day, making your bed is a great way to signify that rest time is over, that the option to climb back in to bed and sleep for another 30 minutes is no longer available, and it gives a visual sense of order to your living space. 6. Shower and get dressed as though you were going to an office Yes, you have the option of staying in your pajamas all day long. Yes, no one will know if you don't take a shower today. But you will feel the psychological impacts of this after a certain amount of time. In order to feel healthy and productive for a long period of time, treat your morning as if you were leaving to go to the office. Take a shower, brush your teeth, put on a clean shirt, and treat your work time professionally. You will feel more productive, healthier, and more sane for it. 7. Take regular breaks during the day 4pm coffee break? Yeah, maybe you've been sipping on coffee all day, but it’s 4pm, and you've been starring a computer for 3 hours straight since lunch. Make sure you put time in your schedule where you can step away. It can be easy to lose track of time when you're in the comfort of your own home and in the zone, but putting little milestones and times to step away will help break up your day. 8. Add some movement to your day Limiting your movement to bed, then desk, then couch, then bed is not good for your body. Physical stagnation can lead to mental and emotional stagnation. The pent up energy could lead to energy manifested in negative ways like frustration, anger, or sadness. But this can be easily avoided by just designating a little bit of time each day to move. Whether that's light yoga and stretching at the start or end of your day, or if it’s more intense calisthenics, pushups, pullups, etc. Make sure you move some energy every day. 9. Pick up the phone, call a friend or family member. You might feel isolated during this time, and while there's social media and texting, hearing someone's voice, and talking about absolutely nothing can really help make you feel connected in a way that 280 characters can't. Just because you're working from home doesn't mean you're alone, it just means you have to make a little more of an effort to connect with people. Make that a priority, and spend time each day talking to loved ones, or just goofing around with a friend. There are also a lot of places you can interact with us and other artists. We strongly recommend our community Discord, where thousands of artists are sharing their knowledge, passions, and support. If you have things that you're struggling with, or things you've learned that help, please join the conversation! Now more than ever, the world needs your creativity. Lastly, use your extraordinary gifts! In dark times, we artists have the ability to brighten people’s days. We have the ability to connect with people emotionally. We have the ability to create things of beauty. Let’s create positive imagery. Now more than ever, the world needs your creativity! 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Monday, March 17, 2014 Cultural Insensitivity of Europa Universalis IV Update a year later - most of these issues got fixed. • The New World is about fine as is. Anonymous said... wtf? Why, in god's name, why? France was definitely not a cultural monolith in the 1444s, and neither was the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. I agree that minor Gascon culture is silly, as is non-existent Norman culture, but Occitania, Catalonia, Andalusia, and Lombardia are legitimate cultural regions. taw said... Anonymous: These were tiny regional variations with zero historical relevance. If entire Japan can be a single culture, or entire half of China, getting into some ridiculously tiny resolution from one French village to another is just silly. Anonymous said... Well, I completely agree that "Japanese nationalism" and China being homogeneous is dumb, but I think the way to fix that is just to add cultural diversity to those regions as well. I certainly don't think that Occitania, which was only conquered by the French in the 1200s and doesn't even share the same language as the French, should just be considered "Cosmopolitaine." The same goes for Catalonia and the rest. I think that micro-differences like Gascogne and Provencal should be removed from the game, but actual huge cultural regions should definitely stay, along with the addition of more regions in inconsistent areas like Japan and China. Also, it's stupid how Ryukyu has "Japanese culture" at the beginning of the game when the Japanese spent centuries genociding/culturally assimilating them. T.W. said... Hrmn, a good point. I'd actually like it if the game started with maybe 10-20 cultures MAXIMUM, and then slowly 'nationalized' into microcultures as they reached a modern tech group and late-game year. Example, you have Lang D'oc and D'oil in France, which are two entirely seperate groups for south and north of France. When 1700 hits, they start to flip into micro-cultures within the 'french' group. Perhaps a tag to allow players to 'keep' their previous culture for sentimental reasons if they like. : ) But this would work wonders for most areas, I think. You could have West Slavic and East Slavic for example; with the divisions between such shifting as the game goes on. Hell, I'd be just be happy with Siberiak as a culture... ; P Manchu being East Asian (and Confucian at game start!) pains me. It should probably be Altaic, and Altaic itself could be 'west' altaic and 'east' altaic. I'd argue that Manchu would be shamanist/tengrist at game start, but have mostly confucian provinces. Japan and Korea should both be their own separate group, I think, along with Basque. But having, for example, Japanense culture slowly give way to Shikoku, Edoko etc, would be pretty cool. And seconding poster about the ridiculousness of non-Okinawan Japanese-cultured Ryukyu at game start. Anyway! Good thing to think about. I tend to believe that 'culture' is an illusory thing newer then we think, largely manufactured to maximize chest-thumping patriotism, and that in the time, certainly, it was far less diverse then some would like to imagine. Anonymous said... Why dont you mod the game to fit your own interpretation of history and culture like most people do instead of lobbing your effeminate post modern cultural sensitivity nonsense at a game creator who doesnt even live in your country; oh irony. Anonymous said... ^ ^ ^ See the post immediately above this one? It was written by a butthurt loser. Anonymous said... Eh, Galician isnt a silly culture. Spain is very diverse, dont be ignorant. Anonymous said... "Culture" in EU4 = "where the devs want to railroad blobbing into". It has no real life counterpart. And the Americas were always crap on the game, a shame considering colonization is a huge part of the appeal. Unknown said... I'm sorry, I don't want to be insensitive but the game's name is Europa universalis. What did you expect ? Anonymous said... You've addressed nothing you intellectual coward... Anonymous said... This is very interesting. I wonder if it is related to the creators' backgrounds, education, and world travel. If they were raised in Europe and only traveled in Europe, a less educated view of the rest of the world could be understandable. It would be nice if all continents and countries were represented in equal detail. EU4 Commands	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '931', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9621089100837708}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '149024', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SSJACJILWUMBI33YJURM66RJAK2BMT5W', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:68deb6e0-093b-4de6-b9d1-03b1eb34a9bd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 12, 44, 1), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.7.225', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TOM5V7HGGTUTYYTOXI767HB2CMJ3QCQJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cf01a4c6-f6c4-423d-b3a8-7f160c537033>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://t-a-w.blogspot.com/2014/03/cultural-insensitivity-of-europa.html?showComment=1400815176732', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:923f03d0-f274-407f-9299-7d8dce4fe6f4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1682', 'url': 'http://t-a-w.blogspot.com/2014/03/cultural-insensitivity-of-europa.html?showComment=1400815176732', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-196.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15044111013412476', 'original_id': 'd24bb8558be1d815e89b528f7a165e311c20cfa6bfb7509a3ac1b4115d6cbe12'}
Magniezia africana is een pissebed uit de familie Stenasellidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1945 door Monod. Stenasellidae	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magniezia%20africana', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Magniezia africana', 'creator': 'https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magniezia africana&action=history', 'language': 'Dutch', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '26', 'token_count': '45', '__index_level_0__': '19559', 'original_id': '013781d09d7ef83b28bd8a18d68de8301978dbd34b031dc52e8086a2eea1be3c'}
What Is “Critical Cleaning”? Aerospace systems require critical cleaning processes to ensure safety in flightMicroCare divides the cleaning world into two big segments: critical cleaning, and everything-else, “good enough” cleaning. In the category of “everything else” is hygienic cleaning in restaurants and hospitals; industrial degreasing of metal parts, or commercial cleaning such as transportation systems. Think of a brake cleaner used in an auto repair shop, the cleaning performed in a restaurant, or a big industrial degreaser found in a machine shop. These are industrial cleaning applications. If the cleaning is not perfect, no harm generally happens. “Good enough” rules. But suppose you are cleaning parts for the Space Station. Or a heart pacemaker. Or the autopilot for a jetliner. Or a firefighter’s emergency radio. In these instances, if the cleaning isn’t perfect, the product probably won’t work. If the product doesn’t work then something very expensive, very bad or maybe very deadly will happen very quickly. This is THE signal. This defines the world of high-performance critical cleaning. If your products need to work the first time, every time, all the time, then you have a critical cleaning application and you need the critical cleaning answers from MicroCare.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9083073735237122}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '89774', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EKMWDGVJPBP67RVR7FG5ZSONM6QTEKCG', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:7e6f8883-76c9-4968-97bd-1128e3bcadb5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 14, 12, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.16.249.77', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:7E4CE43PKQHZPVGOCVCJLUATW5BLKC7U', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:95758cae-a85e-4f25-8558-76bebea2e878>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://precisioncleaners.microcare.com/resources/faqs/define-critical-cleaning/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d40c3f6f-f529-47fe-8231-1271e98d5159>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '194', 'url': 'https://precisioncleaners.microcare.com/resources/faqs/define-critical-cleaning/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-14.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.042058587074279785', 'original_id': '2234178aaed24eb4fae870a5c85202d6c203459f5c83ba32ede62244070bc2a8'}
Use loot in a sentence This page helps answer: how do I use the word loot in a sentence? How do you use loot in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word loot? It may also be related to scholarship, private schools elementary education, training, homework help, montessori school teach school, elementary school, and find a school. Example sentences with the word loot, a sentence example for loot, and loot in sample sentence.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9459516406059264}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '3788', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:44OBS6V3I6TXYB5DQZK37SZJ5L5TYSVD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c86790dd-d57d-46aa-93c4-dff261e7f8e1>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 13, 23, 48, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '75.119.212.28', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:OXQ3M3Z4BKFOJ4Y7WKRSSWJ4UJDA2X4Z', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:478ae2f0-a5a3-4196-8137-c2e4095a7588>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://in-a-sentence.com/Use/lo/loot.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3290334d-2bf8-4d63-a47a-13e0e4a5cf28>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '77', 'url': 'http://in-a-sentence.com/Use/lo/loot.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-182-98-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '1.000009536743164', 'original_id': 'f77c81ce89f25057398297fc5f298ca7df50790bbd5de77a0e202b9b1120706a'}
Georgia was designed by award-winning type designer Matthew Carter. Carter created Georgia as a screen typeface, and it is quite readable on screen with high x-heights and wider characters. Georgia was designed to go with one of Carter’s earlier screen typeface, Verdana, a sans serif typeface. Carter created Verdana and Georgia for Microsoft, and Georgia was released in 1996 and became part of the core fonts for the web collection[1]. Georgia was not directly named after the state; Sorry Georgians. The name Georgia came from a joke tabloid headline about alien heads found in Georgia, which was used to test the typeface[2]. According to the New York Times (in 2006) “Georgia is the most fashionable one [typeface] on the Internet.” Inspirationbit provides a great discussion of 32 websites that use Georgia, complete with screenshots. Many typefaces we use are designed for print, not screen, and the two mediums have different needs for clarity, legibility, and readability. Since Georgia and Verdana are designed for the screen, they are more clear, readable, and legible on the screen than other typefaces that were designed for print, such as Arial and Times New Roman. On the other hand, Georgia and Verdana may not work as well in print. I recommend these typefaces for webpage designs, blogs, and other digital media. I often use Georgia in digital media where I want a screen readable serif typeface. Georgia and Verdana make a perfect contrast pair, as they were designed to be, for heading and body text. Category of the typeface[3]: Transitional Serif. Serifs: Wider and blunter than Time New Roman, because they are designed to be seen on screen, but still an Adnate style (serifs curve into the stem of the letter, instead of the squarer and more abrupt Abrupt serif). X-heights[4]: High, especially for a serif typeface. High-ratio. Width and weight[5]: A wider and heavier serif typeface. Structure[6]: The letter stroke is heavier, for screen readability. It has moderate thick/thin transitions, vertical stress, flat arms and cross-strokes. The numbers are “old style”, which means some numbers, like 3 and 4, drop below the line and others, like 6 and 8, do not. This creates a more elegant and old-fashioned look, but also works very well on screen to make the number pop more. Legibility and Readability[7]: Good for both in general. Excellent screen readability, good for print. Used frequently for the body typeface in websites. More readable than legible, as the thick/thin transitions can cause issues, especially at larger sizes. Voice-over and ethos[8]: The serif styling maintains a traditional feel to the face, but the larger sixe x-heights, wider characters, and structure create a friendlier feel. The larger e-heights, especially in print, may look more childish. This may be the voice of a funky grandmother who gives out cookies or maybe a fun Kindergarten teacher who wear pearls and pantyhose and gives out cool animal stickers and hugs. Or maybe the the typeface of someone sipping their second mint julep of a wide white porch in the Georgian evening, fun with a touch of tradition. A professional, but not overall formal, ethos can come with web use, but the larger character size makes this look less professional in print. Typefaces that contrast well with it[9]: Georgia was designed to contrast with Verdana, so the two make a perfect pair for web and digital media. As a serif typeface other contrasts include sans serif faces like Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Calibri, and Bell Gothic. Most script and decorative typefaces should also contrast (Scripts such as Blackadder ITC, Bradley Hand ITC, Brush Script MT, Freestyle Script, Rage Italic; Decoratives such as Burnstown Dam, Algerian, Hobo Std, Jokerman, Ravie, Snap ITC). Typefaces that provide conflict[10]: Other transitional serif will conflict the most including Baskerville, Bell, Bookman, New York, Perpetua, and Georgia). Like the transitional typeface Times New Roman, some Modern (Bodoni, Elephant, Bernard MT Condensed) and Old Style (Book Antiqua, Bookman, Garamond, and Palatino) may also conflict, so it is best to avoid typefaces from both categories. Likely audiences and uses of the typeface: A major use of this typeface is online/digital texts, so a major audience is readers and users of online and digital texts. For print uses, older or young audiences (the elderly and young kids beginning to read), may enjoy the larger character sizes and find them easier to read. Generally this is not recommended for pure print texts (unless for the young or old), but it may make a good typeface for texts designed for print and web use, like a PDF posted online that can easily be printed. Since this is a serif typeface it carries a higher level of professionalism and more traditional feel, so this is good for professional and business websites and digital texts, although a technology-based business may prefer a sans serif face. It is good for longer digital texts (like e-books and books posted online) due to the high readability, and any other text that is designed to be read and not just skimmed. “Georgia On My Mind.” Inspirationbit Rawsthorn, Alice. “Quirky serifs aside, Georgia fonts win on Web – Style – International Herald Tribune.”New York Times [1] All prior info widely available, see for example “Georgia” and Georgia & Verdana Typefaces designed for the screen (finally) [2] Info widely available, see for example “Georgia” and Georgia & Verdana Typefaces designed for the screen (finally) [3] See [4] X-heights: the height of the lowercase x compared to the uppercase letters. The higher the height of the lowercase x, the more readable the typeface. Ideally shoot for more than 50% for print and higher for online readability. [5] Width and weight: Widths is how wide the letters in the typeface are. Weight is how heavy the typeface appears on a page the thickness of the strokes of the letters. A heavy typeface will look black and make the overall page darker, a light typeface will look lighter and make the overall page a shade of gray. [6] Structure: how the face is built including thick/thin transitions, types of strokes, and more. If you were building the typeface out of materials, what would you use? Pipes? Fences? Thread? [7] Legibility: the ability to make out/recognize small amounts of text such as a word or letters. Readability: the ease of reading a long body of text, such as paragraphs [8] Voice-over and ethos: Voice over is the voice of the typeface or the style of the typeface. What style does the typeface suggest. If the typeface could talk, what would it sound like? Is it loud? Sassy? Quite? Formal? Would it be a valley girl or a New Your City business woman? Ethos refers to the authority of the text. When would this typeface be appropriate? [9] Contrast: For good design you want to use typefaces that contrast. Clearly distinct faces contrast and create a strong design. If the faces are similar neither will “pop” and the similarities may look like a mistake and not intentional. Good contrasts are serif typefaces and sans serif typefaces. [10] Conflict: The opposite of contrast. Two typefaces (or other elements) that are so similar they are disturbing (they “conflict”) and not contrasting, thus creating a weak design. Example: Times New Roman & Garamond. Typefaces of the Week Resources: One Response to “Typeface of the Week: Georgia on my mind… for web design” [...] its younger sister typeface Georgia, Verdana was designed by award-winning type designer Matthew Carter. 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Friday, February 3, 2012 The Mathematics Of Snow Time folds into place like a jackknife. A slab of meat sizzles in a frying pan. I can hear the pages of eternity crackle with the physics of black. I am deeply antisocial. Can I get a witness? I can’t. I’m too antisocial. I love books. Books were invented for the antisocial. Books make it possible to be with people without actually having to be with people. My eyes scrape against the page. Reflection is an engine of supposition. I can hear the ghost of my personality walking on the moon. I can hear the snake of the universe crash through arctic ice. I have forged a sword from the pure steel of history. Every story begins with a fire. A skeleton escapes from the museum. It is chased down and riddled with bullets in Pittsburgh. The skeleton laughs. The sound of the laughter is hollow. It is the laughter of a skeleton. It sounds like absolute zero. It sounds like winter ice feeding the glory of summer. Drugs replace reality with sweet illusion. I paint a feeling with a camel-hair brush, two shades of red, a little green, and a dollop of black. My head mutates into an engine of blood and cabbage. A ghost walks through the Laundromat smoking hashish. The wind blows the sea into vivid life. My feeling grows too complex to handle and falls out of my mouth. It creates a fiction to inhabit. A cocoon of words and sounds held together by syntax. One hundred years later it breaks from the cocoon and takes wing over a desolate earth. Its wings are scarlet and yellow and its eyes are blisters of black. I am sitting on a hippopotamus. A robin hops in the snow. I open a box to discover another hippopotamus and a robin hopping in the snow. It is signed Joseph Cornell and includes a map of purple. I put words on paper, one by one, until they form a chain. There is no limit to what we can create. The larynx hammers syllables in the darkness of the throat. The rain attracts whispers. I smell smoke. There is a whisper of eternity in the woods. I develop a poem in the shape of a crustacean. The ocean sparkles and an old man shucks oysters. It is raining. A boat bobs on the horizon. The sky is stippled with birds. The poem resembles a lobster. Its antennas are raised. Its claws hold a jukebox, which it begins to eat. A song bursts into rhubarb. The lobster eats the rhubarb. Max Jacob talks to his parrot on the telephone. Metal groans in the hold of a sunken ship. Words crackle with the fire of ancient caverns. The white gate of eternity creaks open on the ocean floor. What is the smell of revolution? A loaf of pumpernickel barking at a snowman. There are five gallons of blood in the human body. The world is a constant struggle. Bach furnishes music. Mysterious phone calls penetrate the dark. The luggage of heaven puzzles the hills. Space dances on the roof of a restaurant. My emotions are made of ink. I drop a pebble into a well to hear it echo at the bottom. Click click click on rock kerplunk. You cannot live in the U.S. without drugs. We live in a world of twisted perceptions. Illusions, delusions, dreams and exonerations. It is a pleasure to walk in the snow. It seems like it will never stop falling. And then it stops. There has been a momentary retreat. The city is quiet. If you sit in a car that has been covered with snow the effect is enchanting. It is like being in a cocoon. There is nowhere to go. Nowhere to be. It is just you and the quiet. And the snow makes three. Steven Fama said... Love this! And one may indeed need drugs to live in USA, but as has been suggested, and I think very persuasively, poetry is a drug, a dang fine one; it "exalts . . . invigorates the mind like a wad of coca leaf. It is lightning on paper." John Olson said... Thank you, Steve. Yes, pertaining to drugs, I've heard some startling statistics. Over half the U.S. population take a prescribed drug, and 11% take antidepressant medication. A lot of the drugs are for high cholesterol, diabetes, and so on, but evidence would suggest that the need for recreational drugs is also pretty acute. I prescribe colossal amounts of poetry. Whitman for headaches, Dickinson for depression.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9379228949546814}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '69776', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PVGSRDB4XDTZ24UN3WG5AFEAO53QSSX3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ea7f45a0-2017-4471-87ac-779788f9455b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 23, 8, 7, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '216.58.217.97', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CLZGKLFD5JB2SSNZYSV2OW7KRDRCXR6B', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b68f58e8-ebac-4587-8656-d9ab84bf9d72>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://tillalala.blogspot.com/2012/02/mathematics-of-snow.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:af796631-e3eb-45f6-814f-11d679876184>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '765', 'url': 'http://tillalala.blogspot.com/2012/02/mathematics-of-snow.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-170-22-195.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.15296006202697754', 'original_id': '220db9cb3d92174fd4efc74ec9e6c350558003cedc9d74efa6e5db8b2daf27b0'}
Instant Swap With Diablo II: Resurrected Graphics Is Nostalgic Magic Today, the first lucky few are able to head into the Diablo II: Resurrected Technical Alpha test to explore the first few acts in a single-player setting. In my first few hours of tinkering with the game, one of the awesome options that has presented itself is the ability to swap between the new graphics scheme and the old one. So, that’s not a big deal right? A ton of games have done things like that. However… You can hotswap the settings instantly with the touch of a button, whether you’re in the middle of a battle, animation, or quest event, the game instantly switches back and forth seamlessly. The swap is something to behold. While the entire experience of going back and playing Diablo II again is full of nostalgia, watching things flip in real time mid-cast and mid-swing is really incredible. As an old-school Diablo player, seeing the new graphics options that look how my mind remembers the game and the ancient ones overlaid on each other is as close as something gets to mind blowing. How does it work? It’s as simple as tapping the G key during gameplay on PC to swap back and forth to create a magic moment. Going back, you may say to yourself “Wait, it didn’t really look like that did it? Whoa…” Here are a few segments showcasing this new option that I’ve captured. Again, the incredible thing here is that you can create these from scratch at anytime at all. Quest dialogue? In the middle of a meteor blast? You can capture the exact moment that loot explodes from an enemy’s corpse and watch it in both worlds. The current Diablo II: Resurrected Tech Alpha is limited to single-player, two acts, and three characters. However, I’ve been playing around with options and it looks like the famous /players 8 command does in fact work, which changes the game settings so that the monsters get beefed up pretty heavily but also give way more rewards, including gobs of experience points. Since this Alpha is limited to two acts but has uncapped leveling, the command should allow you to keep leveling up to get some of the big skills that would be difficult to acquire otherwise given the scope and scale of this phase. What do you think about the Diablo franchise? Are you looking forward to Diablo IV? How about Diablo Immortal? Let us know in the comments! Source link Leave a Reply CommentLuv badge	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9555864334106444}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '156504', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:BJUOXF27WUUJKRYRIEMFG5WPD3NRP22F', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e1375f7a-2566-4d58-b6b6-3c341127f6b0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 18, 4, 43, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '162.0.229.232', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:6HMNYDFI2Y6TNCILZKBSBML3RT4QXKSS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d01710c0-fe46-4f9b-af30-2a2317fd48f3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tictechbuzz.com/instant-swap-with-diablo-ii-resurrected-graphics-is-nostalgic-magic/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:311abed0-e44d-4e58-b819-bab49757536d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '432', 'url': 'https://tictechbuzz.com/instant-swap-with-diablo-ii-resurrected-graphics-is-nostalgic-magic/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-101.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03266346454620361', 'original_id': '19e9b9ccd4797ff039dae427c22690cedf612106b1cb1af87c34198db7fbb366'}
Statistics for occurrence #1 of “Europe” in chapter 1 of Rebellion Record: a Diary of American Events: Poetry and Incidents., Volume 3.: ...dships Based on mutual distress; For every thinking citizen who draws the sword, knows well The battle's for Humanity — for Freedom's citadel! XVI. Oh, Heaven! how the trodden hearts In Europe 's tyrant world Leapt up with new-born energy When that Flag was unfurled! How those who suffered, fought, and died, In fields, or dungeon-chained, Prayed that the Flag of Washington Might float... Max. Freq. Min. Freq. Entity Corpus Doc Corpus Doc Europe 8,980 24 0 0 0 user votes	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '27', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.878329336643219}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '3565', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:A2PON5ELEYE7BSAHRHNISVXICUT2SB46', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:54bc958c-3e61-4365-b3c9-8444e4a273de>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 3, 25, 7, 48, 3), 'WARC-IP-Address': '130.64.156.11', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:H7S6S23EJX63SOLAY6NVGPAN6KBJRHT4', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5da418f0-0bd3-4cc9-9985-6bbffd456911>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0077:chapter=1&auth=tgn,1000003&n=1&type=place', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:71c846fe-459a-41b1-94e9-ecba0d07a32e>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '124', 'url': 'http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/entityvote?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0077:chapter=1&auth=tgn,1000003&n=1&type=place', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-13\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for March 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06186211109161377', 'original_id': '82dbd9f317bcb7ee9e6085f91fe2a0e58fd4a62e182d6c11112d7d62d45d9c04'}
The Government has unveiled a three-year refugee policy, which includes abolishing a requirement introduced by National. Immigration Minister Iain Lees-Galloway said the Government will remove the former National-led Government's requirement for quota refugees from Africa and the Middle East to have family already in New Zealand. "We are proud to be a welcoming and inclusive nation committed to supporting some of the world's most vulnerable people to rebuild their lives and thrive in New Zealand," the minister said Friday. Three main points: requirement for Middle East and Africa refugees to have a family connection in New Zealand removed quota for large-scale refugee crisis situations increased from 100 to 200 a year focus on Asia-Pacific refugees to be continued with 50 percent of placements to be from the region Lees-Galloway suggested earlier this year that the policy would be reviewed, after describing it as "the very definition of discrimination". Introduced in 2009 by the National-led Government, the policy has led some advocates to compare it to US President Donald Trump's ban on travellers from Muslim-majority countries. National described it as an "opportunity" for family reunification. The majority of refugees resettled in New Zealand through the Refugee Quota Programme are resettled as family groups. The Greens secured a review of the numbers admitted under family reunification for their confidence and supply support. The Greens' immigration spokesperson Golriz Ghahraman New Zealanders were outraged when Trump's "Muslim ban" was put in place, and "even more so when they realised the National Government had quietly done something similar". Lees-Galloway said the Government will prioritise refugee resettlements from Africa and the Middle East where "needs are the highest", and will increase their allocation from 14 percent to 15 percent. The refugee quota was increased by the Government last year from 1000 to 1500 for 2020, and six new settlement locations were announced, including Masterton, Timaru, Ashburton, Blenheim, Levin and Whanganui. The already existing settlement areas include Hamilton, Palmerston North, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill, and Auckland, the latter which in 2016 was restricted to family connected cases.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '70ab8752901ecdc13f2d16fe9ae106903e78d3c1d3f00adc62de3bdb0aaa01fd'}
Permian-Triassic extinction survivor discovered in Antarctica An anomodont skull of Suminia From BigNews Network: Antarctica may have served as climatic refuge in Earth’s greatest extinction event ANI Thursday 3rd December, 2009 Washington: A new fossil species suggests that some land animals may have survived Earth’s greatest extinction event, about 252 million years ago, by taking refuge in cooler climates in Antarctica. Jorg Frobisch and Kenneth D. Angielczyk of The Field Museum together with Christian A. Sidor from the University of Washington have identified a distant relative of mammals, Kombuisia antarctica, that apparently survived the mass extinction at the end of the Permian Period by living in Antarctica. The new species belongs to a larger group of extinct mammal relatives, called anomodonts, which were widespread and represented the dominant plant eaters of their time. “Members of the group burrowed in the ground, walked the surface and lived in trees,” said Frobisch, the lead author of the study. Kombuisia antarctica was not a direct ancestor of living mammals, but it was among the few lineages of animals that survived at a time when a majority of life forms perished. When it served as refuge, Antarctica was located some distance north of its present location, was warmer and wasn’t covered with permanent glaciers, according to the researchers. The refuge of Kombuisia in Antarctica probably wasn’t the result of a seasonal migration but rather a longer-term change that saw the animal’s habitat shift southward. Fossil evidence suggests that small and medium sized animals were more successful at surviving the mass extinction than larger animals. They may have engaged in “sleep-or-hide” behaviors like hibernation, torpor and burrowing to survive in a difficult environment. Earlier work by Fröbisch predicted that animals like Kombuisia antarctica should have existed at this time, based on fossils found in South Africa later in the Triassic Period that were relatives of the animals that lived in Antarctica. The team found the fossils of the new species among specimens collected more than three decades ago from Antarctica that are part of a collection at the American Museum of Natural History. See also here. And here. Relationships & Monophyly of Therocephalian Therapsids: here. An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida): here. Dr Chen and his team are studying the much delayed recovery of marine species after the ‘Great Dying’, which occured 251 million years ago, by examining fossils around the world, particularly in his native South China, which, during the Triassic, enjoyed a temperate climate and was the site of a major re-flourishing of microfloras, then invertebrates and vertebrates following an order from low to high levels comparable to modern ecosystems: here. The end-Permian crisis, by far the most dramatic biological crisis to affect life on Earth, was triggered by a number of physical environmental shocks – global warming, acid rain, ocean acidification and ocean anoxia. These were enough to kill off 90 per cent of living things on land and in the sea: here. Tetraceratops insignis is not a close and nearly unknown relative with 4 horns of the well-known dinosaur Triceratops, but a very ancient mammal-like reptile or sphenacodontid (intermediate between therapsids and pelycosaurs). This classification is still uncertain and controversial among palaeontologists and, consequently, not definitive. In any case, Tetraceratops is considered an early therapsid, maybe the first one and still not completely evolved as such. Scientists have uncovered a lot about the Earth’s greatest extinction event that took place 250 million years ago when rapid climate change wiped out nearly all marine species and a majority of those on land. Now, they have discovered a new culprit likely involved in the annihilation: an influx of mercury into the eco-system: here. Enhanced by Zemanta 11 thoughts on “Permian-Triassic extinction survivor discovered in Antarctica 1. Pingback: Fossil coelacanth discovery \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 2. Pingback: Antarctic fossil fish discovery \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 3. Pingback: Triassic wildlife after mass extinction \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 4. Pingback: South African Permian fossil discovery \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 5. Pingback: Chinese Permian fossils discoveries \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 6. Pingback: How dinosaurs originated \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 7. Pingback: South African Triassic carnivorous reptile Garjainia \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 8. Pingback: Mid-Permian extinction of animals, new study \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 9. Pingback: Before the dinosaur age, the fungi age \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 11. Pingback: Snakes, turtles, giraffes, other animals in 2016 \| Dear Kitty. Some blog Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '166', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9233675599098206}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '63852', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:CA7ZBV6ROGQINKE53FQYSJK3EMQ7PNUJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:a7683692-fe9c-4637-80da-c7ab87747d12>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 22, 19, 42, 52), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.13', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Q7C4HDVIGGBHNQKUBHZ6O6V2RSHNEEZP', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:56882095-5772-48e1-959f-856621b62b4a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/permian-triassic-extinction-survivor-discovered-in-antarctica/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:159da185-7e6b-4a3c-a93c-fd905ad544ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '906', 'url': 'https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/permian-triassic-extinction-survivor-discovered-in-antarctica/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.027342498302459717', 'original_id': 'bccd770b18dc313b6181c07c7d5c0fb2e43415d6c0a9860e2394987ef4885ba0'}
How to Extend the Life of Fresh Cut Flowers Illustration for article titled How to Extend the Life of Fresh Cut Flowers Keep the fresh cut flowers your neighbor or sweetie gave you lively for as long as possible by adding this DIY solution from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden to the water: Mix 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 teaspoon bleach, and 2 tablespoons lemon or lime juice in a quart of warm water. Having noticed that the packet of preservative that comes from some florists was indeed some sort of magical elixir of flower happiness, it's nice to have a DIY option. Additional tips from Cottage Living magazine include cutting the flower stems every few days at a 45 degree angle with a sharp knife or pair of garden shears. Scissors crush the capillaries in the stems and hinder the intake of water. Photo by PleasantPointInn. Make Cut Flowers Last Longer [Cottage Living] The advice about not crushing capillaries is kind of funny, since some people will recommend slightly crushing the ends of cut stems 'for better water absorption.' All plants draw water up their stems by evaporating water from their upper surfaces (leaves, petals and stem surfaces), creating a partial vacuum that brings water into their roots (a process called transpiration). When flowers are cut from the plant, the capillaries (xylem? phloem? can't remember) immediately become blocked with air. In order to remove this blockage, the end of the stem should be cut about a quarter- or half-inch from the end while under water. The vacuum will pull water into the stem to equalize the pressure. Bonus Lifehack Bonus Lifehack When you purchase a package of celery at the grocery store, it is often bagged with the 'root' end in the closed part of the bag, and the 'leaf' end at the opening. The same transpiration effect will cause the celery stalks to lose water from their tops when the bag is opened. By placing the celery in the opposite direction, the stalks are in the high-humidity end of the bag, reducing the water loss. The root end will not lose water at the same rate, even though exposed to the outside. This will help prevent the celery from wilting in storage.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9373558759689332}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '212718', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:UDWRUGCCG7HIILDMSHAKBQ6HWUOWZ7NB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:29e9511e-0487-4831-91e6-5c3ad266998a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 5, 12, 8, 37, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.130.166', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2CN4F3JASPLDKHMHRE4PS2B7QKEOVVEM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7965d94d-5fa2-4001-95d9-e87e64342df9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lifehacker.com/how-to-extend-the-life-of-fresh-cut-flowers-399922', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:6f285ebc-a375-4830-a15f-ee606a595442>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '365', 'url': 'https://lifehacker.com/how-to-extend-the-life-of-fresh-cut-flowers-399922', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-63.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.018186330795288086', 'original_id': '4bb7cfc8091d8db3e1d4040a02378ce25bc59fe3173d8f58759efe8dc3584de3'}
• Packard Foundation Rejects Compaq Plan, Putting Acquisition's Approval in Jeopardy Hewlett-Packard Co.'s largest shareholder, the family foundation of co-founder David Packard, decided to oppose the company's purchase of Compaq Computer Corp., dealing a possibly fatal blow to what would be the largest acquisition ever in the technology industry. Technically, however, approval of the $25.59 billion pact still is possible, and H-P and Compaq both vowed to press ahead, setting the stage for a proxy fight between H-P Chief Executive Carly Fiorina and the heirs of the company's founders. But the families' opposition... Popular on WSJ	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9365524649620056}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '759857', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ROTSE7QFLTCRMQ7FIXGRC4LCXQWCKJUS', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d52f9fa2-e621-495c-9a4f-219588517470>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 22, 23, 51, 8), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.230.195.59', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GDLC7SWGPIXDLWV75AITA7K4GYXKBB5H', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ba244903-c617-4543-8f5c-f8f1a88c9efd>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1007765495217414760', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bcc053b4-5983-48a9-bab7-ea518a32a87f>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '94', 'url': 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1007765495217414760', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-95-184-178.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.21746641397476196', 'original_id': '1383c8d65393fdfa32e8018837baa24778fd7c404ba23a970e620765d3ebaefb'}
Properly set a Cisco router's clock and time zone Does setting the correct time on a router <i>really</i> matter? Actually, it does. In this edition of Cisco Routers and Switches, David Davis reviews the benefits of setting the correct time on your router, and he walks you through the three-step process to configure the correct time. Last year, I wrote an article about why Cisco devices should use Network Time Protocol (NTP) for their time synchronization needs, in which I explained how to configure NTP on your Cisco devices ("Synchronize a Cisco router's clock with Network Time Protocol (NTP)"). Using NTP is the ideal method for medium to large-scale networks. However, if you have only a handful of routers, manually setting the clock may be the easiest way to properly configure your devices' times. Let's walk through the process. If a Cisco router boots up before you've configured a local time or network time source, it will display the date as March 1, 1993. Here's an example: Router> show clock *00:01:10.415 UTC Mon Mar 1 1993 This date's appearance on log files is a good indication that no one has set the router's time source or local time. This is much more likely than the router's log entries actually dating back to 1993. Does setting the correct time on a router really matter? While proper time configuration isn't necessary for a router to fully operate, that doesn't mean you shouldn't set the right time. Here are some of the benefits of setting the correct time on a router: Configure the time zone When setting a router's (or switch's) correct time, the first step is configuring the proper time zone. This is the first step for a reason: If you set the time first and then try to set to the time zone, you'll have to reset the time again. The key point to remember is that it's not enough to know that you're in the Eastern or Pacific time zone. You need to know how many hours you are from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For example, if you're in the Eastern Standard Time zone in the United States, you're five hours behind GMT. You would indicate this to the router with -5. If you're unsure how many hours you are from GMT, the U.S. Navy's Web site offers a great resource—the World Time Zone Map. After you've determined your time zone value, you can set the time zone. For example, I live in the Central Standard Time (CST) zone, so here's how I would configure the router: Router(config)# clock timezone CST -6 Configure Daylight Saving Time After setting the appropriate time zone, you need to configure the router to adjust for Daylight Saving Time. You can use the summer-time command to accomplish this. Using our CST zone example, here's how to configure the router to use Daylight Saving Time: Router(config)# clock summer-time CDT recurring The summer-time command tells the router to refer to Daylight Saving Time as Central Daylight Time (CDT), which will automatically occur according to predefined dates and times on the router. (You can use the same command to manually set the date and time for Daylight Saving Time.) The recurring option tells the router to use the accepted U.S. Daylight Saving Time rules for the annual time changes in April and October. Configure the clock After configuring the time zone and Daylight Saving Time, the last step is to configure the router's clock. You must do this while in Privileged Mode—not Global Configuration Mode. If you've never done this before, the format can be a bit tricky. Here are some things to keep in mind: • Use the clock set command. • Use military time. • Include seconds when setting the time. • Specify the month using its three-letter abbreviation. • Add the date and the year. Here's an example: Router# clock set 10:50:00 Oct 26 2006 View the time After configuring the time zone, Daylight Saving Time, and the clock, you can view the clock using the show clock command. Here's an example: Router# show clock 10:51:33.208 CDT Thu Oct 19 2006 Keep in mind that most Cisco routers and switches don't have internal clocks that store the time when you power them off. That means rebooting a device will lose the set local time. However, the time zone will remain set because the router stores it in its configuration. For more information on Cisco IOS time configuration, check out Cisco's documentation for the various clock commands. How do you set the time on routers or switches? Do you set it manually or use NTP? What other router and switch topics would you like to see covered? Share your comments in this article's discussion. Miss a column? 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Schlagwort-Archiv: Web Scraping Scraping Web Data with Rapidminer After my last post about the chracteristics of Bundesliga players‘ body data by position I have been asked whether there is a relationship between the height of players or teams and their tactics on the field. For example, is a team with taller forwards more likely to make use of crosses and headers to score? While I’m still working on this topic, I thought it would be nice to show how I build a dataset of all Bundesliga goals in the past season to answer this question. So here is a short introduction to scraping web data with Rapidminer. My goal: Build a dataset including all goals of the last Bundesliga season including additional information such as the kind of assist which preceded it. A good data source is, which offers a game sheet for every match. For a few matches, the relevent data can be extracted by hand. The problem arises when you plan to collect data for a whole season. So here is how I did it, step by step. Preparing a list of websites to scrape 1. The first thing to do is to build up a collection of pages that contain the information you’re looking for. Transfermarkt offers a season overview containing all matches and links to their respective game sheets. 2. The next step is to view the source code of the the page which contains all the links. 3. Copy the html-code to Excel or any other spreadsheet application. 4. You’ll realize that you’ve copied thousands of lines of code. In this case only 306, the total sum of matches per season, are of interest. A good procedure to separate the lines containing valueable information is to sort the whole table document. Having a unique structure, the relevant lines will be concentrated in one section, while all others lines can be deleted. 5. When only the relevant lines of code are left, the next step is to separate the relevant links from the remaining html-structure. A good way to do this is to use quotation marks as separators. 6. Having deleted all irrelevant columns, the last step is to add the domain name common to all links in front of them, in this case „“ In Excel you can merge strings by using „&“. The result is a list of all html pages to scrape which can be used in Rapidminer. Scraping with Rapidminer From here on I assume, that you have a basic understanding how Rapidminer works and how processes can be designed. So I won’t start with the absolute basics. If you don’t have already, you should now install Rapidminer along with the newest version of the webmining package. At the end, your main process should look like this: 1. After having opened a new project in Rapidminer, the first thing to do is to make use of the „Read Excel“ operator. It will read the link spreadsheet line by line and submit the websites to the following operator. All operators can be searched in the operators section on the left side. In the parameters section on the right you only have to provide the path to your file and the information whether the first row contains headlines. The import wizard provided should be useful. Important: Make sure the attribute of the variable containing the links is set to „file path“. 2. Next you have to add the „Get Pages“ operator to your process and connect it to the „Read Exel“ operator. The only thing to do here is to define the name of column wich contains the links in the spreadsheet. 3. The third operator to use is „Data to Documents“. Connect it to the output of „Get Pages“. 4. Connect the document output to the „Process Documents“ operator. It is important that the keep text option is checked. Otherwise there will be no text to extract the data from. 5. Double click on the „Process Documents“ operator. You now are at a lower level where you can set the nested operations that will take place within the „Process Documents“ operator. The operators combined inside should look like this afterwards: 6. First operator in here is „Extract Content“ which separates text and html tags. The minimum text block length defines how long the extracts (tokens) have to be at least. You should set the length depending on the the content you want to extract. If you set it to one, all text will be extracted. 7. This step is optional. You can use the „Filter tokens“ operator to decide wich pieces of text you want to keep. You can determine tokens to keep by giving the operator a string by which it is filtered. The standard setting is that tokens containing the defined string are kept. But there is also the possibility to invert the filter by selecting the checkbox in the parameters section. I used this to exclude all social media text like „share on twitter“ etc. But this can be done later as well. 8. The next step is optional too. With the „Cut Document“ operator you can cut your text in parts by selecting strings as starting and ending sequences. The use of this operator makes sense, if you are only interested in a particular part of the text. If a text is well structured, like the game sheets on, every type of information will be found in it’s own section. For example all information of a match’s goals are available between its own header „Tore“ („goals“) and „Wechsel“ („substitutions“) as the header of the next block of information. If you apply this operator, only text between the matching strings will be kept. It is possible to define a great number of matching strings. In the resulting data set each extracted section can be identified by the name you labeled it with. 9. Now you can return to the main process. The final step here is to connect the output of the „Process Documents“ operator to the „Write Excel“ operator. Select a directory and a document type, and Rapidminer will write your dataset in an Excel file. Data Jiu-Jiutsu The rest of the work can be done in Excel again. 1. Depending on whether you cut one or more sections from the text, your dataset will contain the number of cut section X the number of pages you scraped. By sorting the spreadsheet by the label (query key attribute) assigned to each different section, you can easily select the ones you want and copy them to another table. 2. The last steps to create your data set is data jiu-jiutsu. Everybody has different ways to handle it. In my case, I had to think a while before I realised what might be a good solution to get my data in shape, because there where no separators in the text to distinguish goal events. Finally I substituted all score information of goals by simply adding a leading comma. For example „0:1“ was converted to „,0:1“. By just adding a comma for every „digit-:“ combination. This was done within a minute. The rest is a lot of reshaping. I hope this tutorial will be useful to somebody, If there are further questions, don’t hesitate to ask them in the comments section. by Tobias Wolfanger	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8914961814880371}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '147209', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XKHQFFOBRAQMAHZK32SXLMIR3K4MR7UP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:dda85d44-8ea8-4053-ba68-c3acd527d0de>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 29, 3, 26, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '88.198.28.10', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YVOL6CKT2FUMPRHTY5YBXMSJYGGNDMUB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0a876240-1ec3-46b3-ae9d-dbdad50d24d5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.twolfanger.de/tag/web-scraping/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:237d29bb-6c9f-42ec-8df5-e55dd7ff8654>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1196', 'url': 'http://www.twolfanger.de/tag/web-scraping/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-158.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.030928313732147217', 'original_id': '25a92ed604729bc81417cdc1d2d60bb010ef34bb912cc0e7a6bb9920bafd1eb4'}
Q: Does precedence make < to be executed before ==? For following code: int main() { int a, b, c, d; c = 5; d = 5; a = 10; b = 8; if (a == c++ && b < d++); printf("c=%d d=%d\n", c, d); return 0; } Output: c=6 d=5 I know since the first expression in the if statement evaluates to false, the second expression is not evaluated and hence the output. However, I read the following words in ANSI C by Balaguruswamy: Since the operator < enjoys a higher priority compared to ==, b < d++ is evaluated first and then a == c++. Now according to this, shouldn't the value of d become 6 and not c? A: NO. If the book is quoted that for this specific problem then the book is wrong (my advice is to get better one: I would suggest C primer plus). Logical && and \|\| operator always evaluates left to right. In this case b < d++ is not evaluated as a == c++ is false (because of the short circuit behavior of the logical && operator). d is not incremented at all, it is still equal to 5. A: The text of the book is wrong, assuming you have quoted it correctly in context. In a == c++ && b < d++, the expression is grouped as (a == c++) && (b < d++) due to grammar rules. However, the precedence by which things are grouped does not fully determine the order in which they are evaluated.1 Precedence is a compile-time property that tells us how expressions are structured. Evaluation is a run-time behavior that tells us how expressions are computed. 1 Precedence partially determines evaluation order because the operands of an operator must be evaluated before the operator is. E.g., in (ab)+(c-d), ab and c-d must be evaluated before the + can be evaluated. This is not by any rule of grammar or precedence or association but simply because it is impossible to figure out the value of + until you know the values of its operands. But note that precedence does not tell us which of ab and c-d is evaluated first, even though has higher precedence than -.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '3b1e3ab0596fee2369183d5f1121ecf8d271530ef26be2f073bf65387ba53ae0'}
Paul Scruggs Xavier Sophomore RCSI: 32 (2017) Height: 6'4" (193 cm) Weight: 212 lbs (96 kg) Age: 21 Position: PG/SG Jerseys: #1 High School: Prolific Prep Academy (California) Hometown: Indianapolis, IN College: Xavier Current Team: Xavier Win - Loss: 19 - 16 Stephen Curry Select Camp Scouting Reports Mike Schmitz Mike Schmitz Jul 02, 2016, 10:36 am If you put Scruggs next to Stephen Curry and ask a non-basketball follower who the two-time NBA MVP is, they would likely opt for the wide-shouldered, 6' 3.5 200-pounder with a 6' 10 wingspan rather than Curry. Scruggs is as physically impressive of a combo guard prospect as you'll find in the 2017 class, which directly translates to his defensive potential and ability to get into the paint at will once he gets downhill. Defense figures to be Scruggs' initial calling card at the collegiate level, as he's strong and long enough to guard twos, yet has the quickness to guard ones when motivated. The Indianapolis native is also able to use that big body and quickness to get going downhill in transition, where he scored 1.297 points per possession in 12 games for the Indy Hoosiers 17U, as well as the half court. He changes speeds impressively for his size and is a load going to the rim as he doesn't shy away from contact, seen by his 57% conversion rate at the rim. Scruggs isn't overly explosive vertically but his power helps him make up for some of those limitations, at least at the high school level. Aside from his physical profile, defensive potential and aggressive driving ability, Scruggs' game is still a work in progress. The key to maximizing his potential likely revolves around Scruggs' development as a shooter. While he has some touch and gets solid rotation on the ball, his lower body mechanics leave much to be desired and his confidence seems to waver a bit. Scruggs isn't a non-shooter by any means as he even shows flashes of crisp step backs going to his left, but the overall speed at which he gets to his jumper could use improvement as he tends to squat prior to his release. Becoming a more dynamic shot-maker will also be aided by improving his handle, which can be a bit loose and rigid. He's not the most naturally shifty player and becoming tighter with the ball will allow him to get to the rim more frequently in the half court. As a playmaker, Scruggs is more combo than lead guard right now. He can make the majority of basic passes and is unselfish in nature, but he's not quite an instinctual floor general and can do a better job finding a balance between over dribbling and killing his dribble too early. Scruggs can be a bit aloof as a decision maker and in general so it will be interesting to see if he can develop into a point guard in time or operate more as a physical, downhill slashing combo. Even with some areas to work on, all in all there's a lot to like about Scruggs long term. He's a grown man physically, has tremendous defensive potential, sticks his nose in on the glass regularly, can get to the rim at will and shows potential as a shooter and playmaker. The 18-year-old should most certainly be considered a high major prospect and one worth tracking from an NBA perspective. Latest results 03/24/2019 76 - 78 at Texas Texas 03/20/2019 78 - 64 vs Toledo Toledo 03/15/2019 67 - 71 at Villanova Villanova 03/14/2019 63 - 61 vs Creighton Creighton DraftExpress Shop	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9762117862701416}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '48596', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LNXS7V33P5GOA7OVJMQBHJMHHNFJD5PA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e33b42bb-916e-49f3-8584-c4588f02a4c4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 24, 4, 13, 46), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.165.151.91', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GAA64HKM256YUEUA7PV64ZTCY6PQLDBO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:06cb328c-d745-4637-8814-fa6671ebe563>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Paul-Scruggs-90688/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1d81bf07-6ea7-4ce2-9e85-ba7d9274bef7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '593', 'url': 'http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Paul-Scruggs-90688/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-45-61-6.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02633720636367798', 'original_id': '2b6464a828a54fd2c40d721d57429547995e0951ba5217a4f1115d3f08b4678e'}
Design quetions - Call web service multiple times within single transaction We are building a feature to add multiple gift card in an e-commerce application. The authorization of the gift card is handled by service (which in turn would connect to appropriate vendors). The web service is internal one (withing the company) We are debating about 2 options- Service would take only 1 gift card at a time for authorization Service would be capable to authorizing multiple gift card Max number of gift card in our application is 6. Choosing approach 1 would mean that the application would have to call the web service(although internal) 6 times during checkout process and I feel it does not look good from a design view. However, there is another school of thought that choosing option 1 leads to cleaner service interface whereby it performs cohesive operation on a single gift card. I am leaning more towards option 2 just for design sake(yes - though we also get performance benefit) - since I feel calling the same service multiple times with similar data(gift card is always from same vendor) is overkill. Any thoughts on why would we ever want to choose option 1? I would recommend option two. If you know the system can have 6 gift-cards then build a service that can deal with it. The alternative makes unnecessary network calls, which are inherently "expensive". Clearly, you'd want the service to cope with a change in the number of gift-cards - don't hard-code the interface to cope with only 6.	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20252010', 'collection': 'StackExchange', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2013.0', 'title': 'Stack Exchange', 'creator': '', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '257', 'token_count': '324', '__index_level_0__': '18327', 'original_id': '1f98eb04b78636fd91252c6a16776b166155ef675b0676a388aa9374ebcb0f71'}
Leave a Reply to Deva Cancel reply seven + 19 = 1. build a habit to see more people everyday. Need lots of discipline to meet at least 5 prospect everyday. this way will help you to cultivate a good sales habit. You need to build your own contacts in the begining. Once you have a sizeable pool of customers, then you can leverage on their contacts to expand your business further. The best sales lead is from referal. If someone likes your service and recommend it to someone else the closing ratio is much higher. good luck 2. Llike the other person said, see more people everyday…or make a bunch of cold calls. There is no other way to build a business unless you get handed a book of business by an established agent. 3. Dear roma, where to start to get good earnings? is your question. where to start to get good returns? is peoples Question. dont sell, show the good in your side to people. mail me i will sent files regarding best start in insurance business. I can show you how to find just few people for insurance. and how to earn in lakhs through and along with them ! its a lengthy one and some what personalised. so… mail me [email protected] 4. If you want to take up the business visit the company of your choice and they will guide you. For contacts, it’s already there with you. you meet your friends, relatives, neighbours then strangers. good luck [email protected]	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9576907753944396}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '53540', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6365VOEBAQ6K3BEARZ4TAXLRGNM66F4J', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:14c9f68f-82b7-4217-bdfc-3b5054af9698>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 28, 20, 27, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.22.89', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NCHNBLICJP5M7HZGKJTJSBILWKX4KZXX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:dd7dc22e-0c95-416e-925c-2595df9c485b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.investmentkit.com/answerspro/tell-me-hw-to-start-business-wt-max-newyork-life-i-need-sm-contacts-but-how/?replytocom=44782', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d22d2198-91b2-4c9b-b1da-0ab244ca0bb1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '261', 'url': 'https://www.investmentkit.com/answerspro/tell-me-hw-to-start-business-wt-max-newyork-life-i-need-sm-contacts-but-how/?replytocom=44782', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-48.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020823001861572266', 'original_id': '9325084e9144e68cea8a6009bbee5591f86b6171973d7faa2be75b8765c4c467'}
Palmers Barbie Today I gonna open my Treasure Chest again. This time I gonna show you a Palmers Barbie. She is the last one of a series of Special Edition Barbie dolls for a Clothing store chain in Austria. They are primarily specialising in lingerine, swimwear and hosiery. In the late 1990s there were some Special Edition Barbie dolls made for Palmers. All of these dolls came in lingerine. They are hard to find. I recently found mine without box, without one earring and her ring but she’s in mint condition. Palmers Millennium Barbie Palmers Millennium Barbie (close up) Barbie and the Sensations / Barbie and the BiBops Today I gonna open my treasure chest again and show you my Barbie and the Sensations (Barbie and the BiBops called in Europe). Over the years I collected these dolls. I started with Belinda, the black singer of the Sensations. After a while I found Bopsy and Barbie. The last girl that arrived here is Bibi or Becky how she was called in the US, the Asian friend. Interesting to tell is that the member of the group but Barbie have different names in Europe than in the US. In Europe Belinda was not available but the group was joined by a male member called Bobby. Bobby on the other hand was not available in the US. Bobby is the only doll missing in my collection to complete this series. So to give you more information who is who in Europe, I’ ll give you a short list. Barbie (US) = Barbie (Europe) Becky(US) = Bibi (Europe) Belinda (US) = not available in Europe Bopsy (US) = Becky (Europe) not available (US) = Bobby (male member of the band, Europe) The box in the US and Europe is the same with the difference that in Europe the Band is called BiBops while they are called Sensations in the US and the graphic is a little different but discover it yourself. As always it’s interesting to learn about the differences Mattel made in different countries. Barbie and the Sensations/Barbie and the BiBops © Back of the US Box ©Back of the Box in Europe	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9527052044868468}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '80030', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:SHXVVPD3MBDDIA4LNW36FVRD4CR3GMXQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:f3850e35-7a7d-41d7-992b-9f176a917c97>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 2, 27, 9, 24, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '85.13.165.180', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IPN2XQL7R55LHICBNPNPFSAPUMLMRONV', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:73a84c39-b5e5-4662-8ba4-494011f303c8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://barbie.final-memory.org/2014/02/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:03258f25-2303-44a5-9cfc-ce755aa8e4a6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '343', 'url': 'http://barbie.final-memory.org/2014/02/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-10\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February/March 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-127.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3466672897338867', 'original_id': '9a095918f6f3ba83de296aef0f442bde42c53e235d54b13ee3e068caf88f5352'}
102-11-03 Failure of settlement. In the event that the parties are unable to mutually agree to the terms of a settlement, the commission or prosecuting authority, in its discretion, may reinstate any investigation, hearing, or prosecution of the respondent.	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'd3b1b41767f9b33bb5fe72c367fd6ad5a2e6b8e010b30fda81b17752d2d83899'}
{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Parte 10: Aprendizagem Federada com Agregação de Gradientes Criptografada\n", "\n", "Nas últimas seções, temos aprendido sobre computação criptografada através da construção de vários programas simples. Nesta seção, vamos voltar à [demonstração de Aprendizagem Federada da Parte 4](https://github.com/OpenMined/PySyft/blob/master/examples/tutorials/translations/portugu%C3%AAs/Parte%2004%20-%20Aprendizado%20Federado%20por%20meio%20de%20Agregador%20Confi%C3%A1vel.ipynb), onde tivemos um \"agregador de confiança\" que foi responsável pela média das atualizações do modelo de vários _vorkers_.\n", "\n", "Vamos agora usar nossas novas ferramentas de computação criptografada para remover esse agregador confiável, pois ele é menos do que ideal, pois pressupõe que podemos encontrar alguém confiável o suficiente para ter acesso a essas informações confidenciais. Este nem sempre é o caso.\n", "\n", "Assim, nesta parte do tutorial, mostraremos como se pode usar o SMPC para realizar uma agregação segura, de modo a não precisarmos de um \"agregador de confiança\".\n", "\n", "Autores:\n", "- Theo Ryffel - Twitter: [@theoryffel](https://twitter.com/theoryffel)\n", "- Andrew Trask - Twitter: [@iamtrask](https://twitter.com/iamtrask)\n", "\n", "Tradução:\n", "- Jeferson Silva - Github: [@jefersonf](https://github.com/jefersonf)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Seção 1: Aprendizagem Federada Usual\n", "\n", "Primeiro, aqui está um código que realiza o clássico aprendizado federado no _Boston Housing Dataset_. Esta seção do código é dividida em várias partes.\n", "\n", "### Configuração" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import pickle\n", "\n", "import torch\n", "import torch.nn as nn\n", "import torch.nn.functional as F\n", "import torch.optim as optim\n", "from torch.utils.data import TensorDataset, DataLoader\n", "\n", "class Parser:\n", " \"\"\"Parameters for training\"\"\"\n", " def __init__(self):\n", " self.epochs = 10\n", " self.lr = 0.001\n", " self.test_batch_size = 8\n", " self.batch_size = 8\n", " self.log_interval = 10\n", " self.seed = 1\n", " \n", "args = Parser()\n", "\n", "torch.manual_seed(args.seed)\n", "kwargs = {}" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Carregando o Conjunto de Dados" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "with open('../data/BostonHousing/boston_housing.pickle','rb') as f:\n", " ((X, y), (X_test, y_test)) = pickle.load(f)\n", "\n", "X = torch.from_numpy(X).float()\n", "y = torch.from_numpy(y).float()\n", "X_test = torch.from_numpy(X_test).float()\n", "y_test = torch.from_numpy(y_test).float()\n", "# preprocessing\n", "mean = X.mean(0, keepdim=True)\n", "dev = X.std(0, keepdim=True)\n", "mean[:, 3] = 0. # the feature at column 3 is binary,\n", "dev[:, 3] = 1. # so we don't standardize it\n", "X = (X - mean) / dev\n", "X_test = (X_test - mean) / dev\n", "train = TensorDataset(X, y)\n", "test = TensorDataset(X_test, y_test)\n", "train_loader = DataLoader(train, batch_size=args.batch_size, shuffle=True, kwargs)\n", "test_loader = DataLoader(test, batch_size=args.test_batch_size, shuffle=True, kwargs)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Estrutura da Rede Neural## Neural Network Structure" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "class Net(nn.Module):\n", " def __init__(self):\n", " super(Net, self).__init__()\n", " self.fc1 = nn.Linear(13, 32)\n", " self.fc2 = nn.Linear(32, 24)\n", " self.fc3 = nn.Linear(24, 1)\n", "\n", " def forward(self, x):\n", " x = x.view(-1, 13)\n", " x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))\n", " x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))\n", " x = self.fc3(x)\n", " return x\n", "\n", "model = Net()\n", "optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=args.lr)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Criando Gancho do PyTorch" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import syft as sy\n", "\n", "hook = sy.TorchHook(torch)\n", "bob = sy.VirtualWorker(hook, id=\"bob\")\n", "alice = sy.VirtualWorker(hook, id=\"alice\")\n", "james = sy.VirtualWorker(hook, id=\"james\")\n", "\n", "compute_nodes = [bob, alice]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Envie dados para os workers <br>\n", "Normalmente eles já o teriam, isto é apenas para fins de demonstração que nós o enviamos manualmente." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "train_distributed_dataset = []\n", "\n", "for batch_idx, (data,target) in enumerate(train_loader):\n", " data = data.send(compute_nodes[batch_idx % len(compute_nodes)])\n", " target = target.send(compute_nodes[batch_idx % len(compute_nodes)])\n", " train_distributed_dataset.append((data, target))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Função de Treinamento" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def train(epoch):\n", " model.train()\n", " for batch_idx, (data,target) in enumerate(train_distributed_dataset):\n", " worker = data.location\n", " model.send(worker)\n", "\n", " optimizer.zero_grad()\n", " # update the model\n", " pred = model(data)\n", " loss = F.mse_loss(pred.view(-1), target)\n", " loss.backward()\n", " optimizer.step()\n", " model.get()\n", " \n", " if batch_idx % args.log_interval == 0:\n", " loss = loss.get()\n", " print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(\n", " epoch, batch_idx * data.shape[0], len(train_loader),\n", " 100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader), loss.item()))\n", " \n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Função de Teste" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def test():\n", " model.eval()\n", " test_loss = 0\n", " for data, target in test_loader:\n", " output = model(data)\n", " test_loss += F.mse_loss(output.view(-1), target, reduction='sum').item() # sum up batch loss\n", " pred = output.data.max(1, keepdim=True)[1] # get the index of the max log-probability\n", " \n", " test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)\n", " print('\\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}\\n'.format(test_loss))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Treinando o Modelo" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import time" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = time.time()\n", "\n", "for epoch in range(1, args.epochs + 1):\n", " train(epoch)\n", "\n", " \n", "total_time = time.time() - t\n", "print('Total', round(total_time, 2), 's')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Calculando a Performance" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "test()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Seção 2: Adicionando Agregação Criptografada\n", "\n", "Agora vamos modificar um pouco este exemplo para agregar gradientes usando criptografia. A diferença principal é uma ou duas linhas de código na função `train()`, que nós vamos destacar. Por enquanto, vamos reprocessar nossos dados e inicializar um modelo para bob e alice." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "remote_dataset = (list(),list())\n", "\n", "train_distributed_dataset = []\n", "\n", "for batch_idx, (data,target) in enumerate(train_loader):\n", " data = data.send(compute_nodes[batch_idx % len(compute_nodes)])\n", " target = target.send(compute_nodes[batch_idx % len(compute_nodes)])\n", " remote_dataset[batch_idx % len(compute_nodes)].append((data, target))\n", "\n", "def update(data, target, model, optimizer):\n", " model.send(data.location)\n", " optimizer.zero_grad()\n", " pred = model(data)\n", " loss = F.mse_loss(pred.view(-1), target)\n", " loss.backward()\n", " optimizer.step()\n", " return model\n", "\n", "bobs_model = Net()\n", "alices_model = Net()\n", "\n", "bobs_optimizer = optim.SGD(bobs_model.parameters(), lr=args.lr)\n", "alices_optimizer = optim.SGD(alices_model.parameters(), lr=args.lr)\n", "\n", "models = [bobs_model, alices_model]\n", "params = [list(bobs_model.parameters()), list(alices_model.parameters())]\n", "optimizers = [bobs_optimizer, alices_optimizer]\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Construindo nossa Lógica de Treinamento\n", "\n", "A única diferença real está dentro deste método de treino. Vamos vê-lo passo-a-passo.\n", "\n", "### Parte A: Treino:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# this is selecting which batch to train on\n", "data_index = 0\n", "# update remote models\n", "# we could iterate this multiple times before proceeding, but we're only iterating once per worker here\n", "for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " data, target = remote_dataset[remote_index][data_index]\n", " models[remote_index] = update(data, target, models[remote_index], optimizers[remote_index])\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Parte B: Agregação Criptografada" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# create a list where we'll deposit our encrypted model average\n", "new_params = list()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# iterate through each parameter\n", "for param_i in range(len(params[0])):\n", "\n", " # for each worker\n", " spdz_params = list()\n", " for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " \n", " # select the identical parameter from each worker and copy it\n", " copy_of_parameter = params[remote_index][param_i].copy()\n", " \n", " # since SMPC can only work with integers (not floats), we need\n", " # to use Integers to store decimal information. In other words,\n", " # we need to use \"Fixed Precision\" encoding.\n", " fixed_precision_param = copy_of_parameter.fix_precision()\n", " \n", " # now we encrypt it on the remote machine. Note that \n", " # fixed_precision_param is ALREADY a pointer. Thus, when\n", " # we call share, it actually encrypts the data that the\n", " # data is pointing TO. This returns a POINTER to the \n", " # MPC secret shared object, which we need to fetch.\n", " encrypted_param = fixed_precision_param.share(bob, alice, crypto_provider=james)\n", " \n", " # now we fetch the pointer to the MPC shared value\n", " param = encrypted_param.get()\n", " \n", " # save the parameter so we can average it with the same parameter\n", " # from the other workers\n", " spdz_params.append(param)\n", "\n", " # average params from multiple workers, fetch them to the local machine\n", " # decrypt and decode (from fixed precision) back into a floating point number\n", " new_param = (spdz_params[0] + spdz_params[1]).get().float_precision()/2\n", " \n", " # save the new averaged parameter\n", " new_params.append(new_param)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Parte C: Limpeza" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "with torch.no_grad():\n", " for model in params:\n", " for param in model:\n", " param = 0\n", "\n", " for model in models:\n", " model.get()\n", "\n", " for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " for param_index in range(len(params[remote_index])):\n", " params[remote_index][param_index].set_(new_params[param_index])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Vamos Juntar Tudo!!\n", "\n", "E agora que conhecemos cada etapa, nós podemos colocar todas juntas em mesmo ciclo de treinamento." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def train(epoch):\n", " for data_index in range(len(remote_dataset[0])-1):\n", " # update remote models\n", " for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " data, target = remote_dataset[remote_index][data_index]\n", " models[remote_index] = update(data, target, models[remote_index], optimizers[remote_index])\n", "\n", " # encrypted aggregation\n", " new_params = list()\n", " for param_i in range(len(params[0])):\n", " spdz_params = list()\n", " for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " spdz_params.append(params[remote_index][param_i].copy().fix_precision().share(bob, alice, crypto_provider=james).get())\n", "\n", " new_param = (spdz_params[0] + spdz_params[1]).get().float_precision()/2\n", " new_params.append(new_param)\n", "\n", " # cleanup\n", " with torch.no_grad():\n", " for model in params:\n", " for param in model:\n", " param = 0\n", "\n", " for model in models:\n", " model.get()\n", "\n", " for remote_index in range(len(compute_nodes)):\n", " for param_index in range(len(params[remote_index])):\n", " params[remote_index][param_index].set_(new_params[param_index])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def test():\n", " models[0].eval()\n", " test_loss = 0\n", " for data, target in test_loader:\n", " output = models[0](data)\n", " test_loss += F.mse_loss(output.view(-1), target, reduction='sum').item() # sum up batch loss\n", " pred = output.data.max(1, keepdim=True)[1] # get the index of the max log-probability\n", " \n", " test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)\n", " print('Test set: Average loss: {:.4f}\\n'.format(test_loss))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "t = time.time()\n", "\n", "for epoch in range(args.epochs):\n", " print(f\"Epoch {epoch + 1}\")\n", " train(epoch)\n", " test()\n", "\n", " \n", "total_time = time.time() - t\n", "print('Total', round(total_time, 2), 's')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Parabéns!!! - Hora de se juntar a comunidade!\n", "\n", "Parabéns por concluir esta etapa do tutorial! Se você gostou e gostaria de se juntar ao movimento em direção à proteção de privacidade, propriedade descentralizada e geração, demanda em cadeia, de dados em IA, você pode fazê-lo das seguintes maneiras!\n", "\n", "### Dê-nos uma estrela em nosso repo do PySyft no GitHub\n", "\n", "A maneira mais fácil de ajudar nossa comunidade é adicionando uma estrela nos nossos repositórios! Isso ajuda a aumentar a conscientização sobre essas ferramentas legais que estamos construindo.\n", "\n", "- [Star PySyft](https://github.com/OpenMined/PySyft)\n", "\n", "### Junte-se ao Slack!\n", "\n", "A melhor maneira de manter-se atualizado sobre os últimos avanços é se juntar à nossa comunidade! Você pode fazer isso preenchendo o formulário em [http://slack.openmined.org](http://slack.openmined.org)\n", "\n", "### Contribua com o projeto!\n", "\n", "A melhor maneira de contribuir para a nossa comunidade é se tornando um contribuidor do código! A qualquer momento, você pode acessar a página de Issues (problemas) do PySyft no GitHub e filtrar por \"Projetos\". Isso mostrará todas as etiquetas (tags) na parte superior, com uma visão geral de quais projetos você pode participar! Se você não deseja ingressar em um projeto, mas gostaria de codificar um pouco, também pode procurar mais mini-projetos \"independentes\" pesquisando problemas no GitHub marcados como \"good first issue\".\n", "\n", "- [Projetos do PySyft](https://github.com/OpenMined/PySyft/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3AProject)\n", "- [Etiquetados como Good First Issue](https://github.com/OpenMined/PySyft/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)\n", "\n", "### Doar\n", "\n", "Se você não tem tempo para contribuir com nossa base de códigos, mas ainda deseja nos apoiar, também pode se tornar um Apoiador em nosso Open Collective. Todas as doações vão para hospedagem na web e outras despesas da comunidade, como hackathons e meetups!\n", "\n", "[Página do Open Collective do OpenMined](https://opencollective.com/openmined)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.7.3" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 2 }	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'd17b55808534feeebcd0dba34dee994e247ddf2462515fb774f48881cdce6393'}
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Jump to navigation Jump to search There are plenty of reasons one may choose to do a diskless boot for a cluster. For instance, when using old computers do build a beowulf, the use of their old hard disks devices would make the system less reliable, due to their probability of failure.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8898341655731201}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '28080', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6V6QJV6WMA23RLTCFFBGMJH4ERNPVYKC', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b0d2e354-eeaa-4969-987e-a27a1c860bda>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 16, 5, 2, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '208.80.154.224', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WGNUY4KR4MCALLINPSYISZ223WHRL7SQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:347c9f65-11eb-4151-8aa7-3060788ff06e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_a_Beowulf_Cluster/Installation,_Configuration,_and_Administration/Diskless_Boot', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:96dc4f8e-9609-46b9-a846-45b1d2327ef3>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '68', 'url': 'https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_a_Beowulf_Cluster/Installation,_Configuration,_and_Administration/Diskless_Boot', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-29\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-82.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5436580777168274', 'original_id': '28a6f954df215ffd963a97bf847eca0b517a80b237ecbf6d6bb9f2ff6dc56107'}
VANDALS smashed up a church and set it on fire in a late-night raid. A nativity scene and a Christmas tree were attacked in what police described as a “vicious attack” before they set fire to the vestry. Fortunately the fire did not take and St Andrew’s church, in Poplars Avenue, Orford, Warrington, was spared further damage after the raid at 4am on Saturday. A police spokesman said: “Once inside, they caused damage to furniture and decorations, including a nativity scene and Christmas tree. “In a final mindless act of violence, the offenders set fire to the vestry part of the building. “Fortunately, the fire was extinguished before spreading and causing extensive damage or causing any danger or injury.” Nearby cars also had their aerials snapped off. Police said they believe the incidents are linked. Detectives are appealing for information which could help identify the attackers. Contact Warrington Central neighbourhood policing team on 0845 458 0000.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9692182540893556}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '154264', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:RK5WEFUBIV7I53W6S77ZZUN26KMIWDVH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4500ebdf-bc3c-44f8-acd9-ef0e79b4f7d4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 8, 48, 35), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.220.168', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Z53UPDGW7F3YKS7GCMYBO2IAVTRZALXO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a68261a3-a71a-47a5-8d60-6e399bdaf388>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/vandals-attack-nativity-scene-warrington-3437222', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:218669d9-3492-49b6-9f9a-6f0f03d0259e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '152', 'url': 'http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/vandals-attack-nativity-scene-warrington-3437222', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-232-73-119.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.12604576349258423', 'original_id': '08b738e1d0e7e58653e6fce5d60f89529bcb4423cd3fa42b83ac11da467a2e29'}
Tel: 519-357-1818 How Evlon® Film is Made From the earth... back to the earth The cycle of life. From the earth... back to the earth. 1. Plants are grown in the earth and picked by farmers. 2. At the mill the plants are cooked 30 to 40 hours at 50°C. 3. The machines grind the plant to extract the starch. 4. A micro organic process ferments the plant creating lactic acid. 5. Lactic acid is heated creating lactide monomers. 6. Lactide molecules are opened then linked into polylactide polymer. 7. The resulting natural plastic is formed into PLA pellets. 8. Bi-Ax converts pellets into crystal clear high grade Evlon film. 9. Rolls of Evlon film are made into packages. 10. Packaged film is put into composts where it converts to mostly water and CO² within 90 days. Quite simply... NatureWorks® bio-polymer, the polylactide resins used to make Evlon Compostable Plastic Film are manufactured by NatureWorks LLC, a stand alone company wholly owned by Cargill. Through a series of fermentation and extraction processes, plant-based sugar molecules are transformed into lactide monomers and then ultimately, into NatureWorks® bio-polymer pellets. The pellets are then converted into Evlon Compostable Plastic film by BI-AX International. NatureWorks® bio-polymer pellets NatureWorks® (NatureWorks® manufactures polylactide, which is simply a polymer chain made up of lactide monomers.) Visit NatureWorks® for complete information about NatureWorks® bio-polymer. Close »	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8953603506088257}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '14699', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5YP2LGEYMK4BAMFDJZZ2FXH5WDVUDNUY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:20db244b-6f4f-451a-8f9d-d7f26e701aec>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 0, 23, 29), 'WARC-IP-Address': '199.212.143.203', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Y7QD7SWDUENKYO2MZW2JNHY747RYTDG6', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a0631bb6-200e-4cb8-a9e7-20fa64cbb0de>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://evlon.ca/how.php', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3a0b437a-461d-422b-9590-8814c8f7d501>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '227', 'url': 'http://evlon.ca/how.php', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-136-233-116.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.7949638962745667', 'original_id': '30b1a3155b64c35d9a22941612bd3cbb02059ac97a6deaea7a1539fdf65887bc'}
Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1 limits interstitial cell proliferation following ureteric obstruction. Tubulointerstitial renal injury induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is characterized by marked cell proliferation and apoptosis. Proliferation requires cell cycle transit that is positively regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and inhibited by the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs: p21, p27, and p57). We have shown that the absence of p27 results in markedly increased tubular epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis following UUO (V. Ophascharoensuk, M. L. Fero, J. Hughes, J. M. Roberts, and S. J. Shankland. Nat. Med. 4: 575-580, 1998). Since p21 mRNA is upregulated following UUO, we hypothesized that p21 would also serve to limit cell proliferation and apoptosis. We performed UUO in p21 +/+ and p21 -/- mice. Cell proliferation [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)], apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method], interstitial myofibroblast accumulation (actin), macrophage infiltration (F4/80), and collagen I expression were quantified at days 3, 7, and 14. In contrast to p27 -/- mice, there was no difference in tubular epithelial cell proliferation or apoptosis between p21 -/- and p21 +/+ mice at any time point. However, interstitial cell proliferation at day 3 was significantly increased in p21 -/- mice [BrdU, 40.7 +/- 1.9 cells/high-power field (cells/hpf) vs. 28.8 +/- 2, P < 0.005], although, interestingly, no difference was seen in interstitial cell apoptosis. Actin/BrdU double staining demonstrated increased interstitial myofibroblast proliferation at day 3 in p21 -/- animals (10 +/- 0.12 vs. 5.8 +/- 0. 11 cells/hpf, P < 0.05), which was followed by increased myofibroblast accumulation at day 7 in p21 -/- mice. No differences were detected in interstitial macrophage infiltration, collagen I deposition or transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA (in situ hybridization) expression. In conclusion p21, unlike p27, is not essential for the regulation of tubular epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis following UUO, but p21 levels do serve to limit the magnitude of the early myofibroblast proliferation. This study demonstrates a differential role for the CKI p21 and p27 in this model.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '615311a2a700778709d25d17c3eab022029c035abdcd7c34743a53f93dee471a'}
Tuesday, 17 April 2012 Battleship (2012) Review "Man Down," as Rihanna might say. Actually, lots of men down. Just as many ships sunk. This film has action, destruction, humour and it has aliens with beards. Whilst it has that, it lacks good acting and a good story. For example, the film boasts Liam Neeson in posters. Liam Neeson has played Zeus and Oskar Schindler. He is the voice of Aslan. He is the star of thrillers such as Taken and Unknown. I wonder how he's turned up in Battleship, alongside Rihanna. Neeson takes a minor role as a navy admiral, he is on our screens for a very short time and his character's path in the film is very boring. He doesn't even kill anyone, which in a film festooned with weapons and death, is rather pointless. Rihanna's contribution on the other hand was much better. Her performance is good, her character is believable. Her transition from microphone to screen was smooth, unlike Neeson's transition from thriller to 'killer.' That is unfortunately the end of the brief list of stars, and they don't even take the big roles. The first scene sets the tone for the film. The gist of the first scene is Alex Hopper (Taylor Kitsch), a foolish alcoholic and a stolen burrito. He breaks into a shop to steal this burrito to give to Samantha (Brooklyn Decker), a girl who has taken his fancy. The scene ends with Alex getting tasered by the police, as he places the burrito in Samantha's hands to the hysterical laughter of the entire cinema. I personally found it a disappointing way to start a Liam Neeson blockbuster. Advertised an alien film, I was raring to see how these creatures were brought to life. Yet another disappointment. The beasts in this film were ten foot tall humanoids wearing armour. They had flourishes of orange hair protruding from their mouths and thick eyebrows over their reptile eyes. It was rapidly turning in to a farce. Fortunately, the worst was yet to come. After one ship had sunk at the hands of the bearded lizards, the surviving crew had to find a new battleship. They found a seventy year old steam ship, which they unfortunately had no idea how to drive. The bearded lizards seemed to have this in the bag. Until, of course, randomly placed around the ship, twenty navy veterans all in aviators appear. They're raring to help. Cue the slow motion camera and cheesy music. It was official, I was witnessing a farce. After two hours had very quickly passed by, the aliens had been sent home, the crew rewarded medals. The moral of the story had been, 'Steal a burrito and you'll be involved in intergalactic war.' It had been an essential experience, not because it will change my life but because it cheered me up. In a sort of, 'Thank goodness it's over,' way. 1 comment: 1. Aliens with beards?! Did not know it was that sort of movie! Quite looking forward to seeing it now haha	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9835038185119628}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '80477', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LPVE43CRG2VAK45HMJDUXNFVXPROZJPK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6e00d0ec-14ea-4b52-b92b-97cb662ddac8>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 8, 13, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '74.125.228.43', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:K5CFXFZ3VTDKXRVHRHZWNBJIBFUJMPW7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0d7540c0-8e7c-42a5-9159-3a22411c2e98>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.angrywordsblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/battleship-2012-review-man-down-as.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:67b3afbf-a60e-4e3f-9a50-5c2470f8e70f>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '501', 'url': 'http://www.angrywordsblog.blogspot.com/2012/04/battleship-2012-review-man-down-as.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07033085823059082', 'original_id': 'c43eca9c1e8b2a388425d2e3b2dead36d3ad3da137491a0bc4833fd0cbd68328'}
Stop Narendra Dabholkar’s anti-superstition bill Until today, I had not heard of Narendra Dabholkar. He was a rationalist living in Pune, Maharashtra who fought against superstitious practices that ailed society. A doctor by training, he worked to expose those who used superstition and rituals as a tool to exploit ignorant people. I fully share his stand against such ills and bow to his zeal. I was deeply angered and saddened to read that he was murdered by two gunmen while he was out for his morning walk. Being killed simply for espousing different ideas is evil. I hope the perpetrators are caught and punished to the fullest extent allowed by law. I also hope that his tragic death sparks a new vigor in wiping these ills from our society. Narendra Dabholkar was championing an anti-superstition bill in the state of Maharashtra. Some folks are calling for the state to pass this bill as a tribute to the Dr. Dabholkar. I oppose the bill as strongly as I support the fight for rationality. The bill seeks to outlaw various activities that are considered superstitions. Belief in religion or superstitions is an individual’s right. Performing a ritual or asking others to perform one is within one’s right to speech and expression. Don’t criminalize thoughts and words. As bad as various superstitions are, infringing on an individual’s right to practice one is worse. I found a funny slide show on superstitions and rituals that cricketers follow. Apparently, even Sachin Tendulkar whom Indians claim to be God is not immune to superstitions. He wears his left pad first while going out to bad. Are we now going to make it a law that he tosses a coin and chooses a pad at random? Pass the Lok Pal Bill already! In the past few months, most Indians on Facebook and other social networks would have seen some mention of the Lokpal Bill and Anna Hazare. I have discussed this issue with several of my friends and thought I’d summarize my thoughts and spam my friends’ Facebook feed as well :) I support Anna Hazare. For most part, I support his version of the Lok Pal. I would like a few minor changes (that I am not mentioning here). If I were a Member of Parliament, the absence of these changes would not stop me from voting Team Anna’s version. The bill, as I understand it, aims to establish an investigative agency called the Lok Pal that is independent of the Central Government and focuses on public corruption charges. I view the Lok Pal as a combination of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). • The CVC is autonomous, but is not an investigative agency. • The CBI is not autonomous, but it is an investigative agency. • The Lok Pal would be an autonomous investigative agency. India needs such an agency. I support the bill. I am going to use this post to mainly address various arguments I have heard against the bill. Arguments against the content of the bill The bill is draconian. No! The rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India still hold. It is finally up to the judiciary to decide who should be punished and how. The Supreme Court of India gets ultimate say. The bill is unconstitutional. I am yet to see anyone specify a particular section or principle of the Constitution that this bill would violate. What I have read are various arguments that this bill somehow violates the balance of power envisioned in the Constitution. I don’t see how and I’ll wait for the Supreme Court to rule it Ultra Vires if that is the case. The Indian Government has not argued that the bill is unconstitutional. It has merely argued that the bill is bad policy. To be honest though, the Indian Government has not made any argument. They should have televised the proceedings of the drafting committee meeting. The way to fight corruption is by making government smaller. The bill and this argument do not contract each other. You can make government smaller and at the same time have an investigative agency. Investigation and law enforcement are functions that can be performed only the state. Remember what the SEC and other US federal agencies failed to do before the financial meltdown in 2008. The bill’s language is kooky. I agree. This is a minor detail that is not a point of contention between the government and Anna Hazare and can be fixed. The bill won’t work. No comment. We’ll have to wait and see. Arguments against the method of protest employed by Team Anna Team Anna behaves as though they are Parliament. Of course, not! It is finally up to Parliament to pass any bill into law. Team Anna is just like any other group lobbying the government. They are lobbying the administration and Parliament publicly and seem to be quite successful! Unrelated to this issue, but I can’t help pointing these out. 1) I find it ironic that some Parliamentarians talking about the prerogatives of their institution conveniently forget that they did not meet even a single day during last year’s monsoon session. 2) A few years ago Parliament was dealing with how to respond to Greg Chappel. Every person has the right to speak. Every person has the right to petition Parliament. Every person has the right to protest. Every person has the right to go on a hunger strike, a time-honored Indian tradition of non-violent protest. Team Anna is blackmailing Parliament into acting in haste. Karan Thapar made this argument on his show. I find this argument similar to what Republicans made against Obamacare a month before it passed. Healthcare reform was first proposed (and defeated) during the Clinton days. It was discussed for a whole year after Obama got elected and yet the Republicans kept asking for a fresh start. Lok Pal Bills have been introduced eight times in Parliament. Several Parliamentary Standing Committees have issued reports on various bills. This current iteration has lasted more than 8 months. MPs have had enough time to consult experts and their constituents. (I have not heard of any MP claim that their constituents oppose Anna Hazare’s version of the bill.) At what point is it okay for a citizen say, “Enough is enough?” Ad homimen attacks Anna Hazare is a frontman for the RSS and Hindu-fundamentalists. Arundathi Roy makes this claim. I don’t even know if this argument has any basis in reality. It sounds like the “Obama is a Muslim” attacks. Firstly, there is no evidence to support the claim. Secondly, what if it were true? How would it matter? Middle-class folks who support the bill are themselves corrupt and have paid a bribe at some point in their lives. Does one really think that folks like paying bribes? Even so, shouldn’t someone not aspire for what they think will lead to a fairer system and society? This is a media spectacle/conspiracy. Duh. I am an academic descendent of Markov My advisor officially approved my thesis and I am now Dr. Subramanian. Looking up by genealogy was a breeze since my advisor’s advisor is on Wikipedia. I am an academic descendent of the famous mathematician Markov. “Show me your papers”: The statistical version Several commentators have claimed the Arizona’s new immigration law to be unconstitutional. Rightly so. The most controversial provisions are vague in specifying when “reasonable suspicion” exists. It is clear that the only way for a police officer to suspect somebody is their race, which would violate the Equal Protection clause (14th amendment). The law also violates the fourth amendment right against unlawful seizure. However, I do think there is a way to ask someone to show their paper without violating the constitution. State law enforcement should choose people on the streets at “random” and ask them for paper. I am not using the word random to mean arbitrary. I am instead using random to mean the mathematical definition of random. The government decides to ask say thousand folks for their papers every day and the candidates for the check are decided by some random number generator — something that says check the Nth person who drives through the intersection of X and Y cross street. The candidates, or say victims, would be uniformly distributed across the state, thereby not violating the 14th amendment. The tricky issue is the 4th amendment. How can random searches pass the “reasonable suspicion” test? Well, we can rely on probability and the definition of reasonable. Everyone knows that there are undocumented immigrants in Arizona. They constitute around 5% of Arizona’s population. The probability that any randomly chosen person is an undocumented immigrant is therefore 5%. While 5% might be a low number, think about it. If it were 30%, would it satisfy the “reasonable suspicion” requirement? Who gets to decide at what point pure random checks become constitutional? Lawmakers or a judge? Pity the tamil guy trying to get married I recently came across this blog post talking about how your race affects the response you get in the dating site The folks in the worst situation were Indian men, who were replied to only 20.8% of the time (though there are others in the low 20s as well); and Black women, who are replied to 34.3% of the time, which is still way more than what the poor Indian male can manage. I was curious to know how these dynamics play in an Indian match-making context. I don’t run a dating site and I have no way of getting such data. However, I could easily get aggregate counts of women and men of each age by simply searching for it. The chart below plots the number of Tamil women and men by age on The peak for women is at age 25, with 6499 women, while the peak for men is at age 28, with 21265 men. Holy moly, that is 3.27 men competing for each woman. The aggregates are similar: 181,267 men competing for 54,662 women (ratio 3.31). It is hard to explain such a disparity. This is my hypothesis. Men are more economically advanced than women, and are more likely to be in a position to use computers and access the internet. And for this to be the case, lots of families should consist exclusively of male or female children (otherwise the tech-savvy brother could create an match-making profile for their sister). With smaller families being strongly encouraged twenty to thirty years ago, this is a strong possibility. This also means that for identically placed families, the economic advancement of their only child depends on the child’s gender. I find it hard to wrap my head around this. If you are family with ten children, five male and five female, I can understand disproportionately favoring the male children, because of existing social norms at that time. But, if it is a family with only one child, why would a parent not want their only child to do well in life, irrespective of gender. Gender-based economic disparity is likely to be lower in groups that are more socially and economically advanced. The conventional wisdom is that Tambrams are economically better placed in society. The graph below shows the numbers for Tambrams. The ratio of the peaks is 1.82 men for each woman (1313 women aged 25, and 2389 men aged 28). The ratio of the aggregates is 2.07 (8741 women and 18104 men). Whatever you conclude about the reasons why such a disparity exists, one thing is certain: the average male on is getting royally ripped-off. Do you have an explanation for this data? Why does IIT Madras want to know my religion? Clarification: My outrage is in the following order: Religion >>> Age >> National Origin > Paper count. IIT Madras is hiring new faculty. I heard ahead of time that an advertisement was coming out on the 20th and I was eagerly looking forward to see it. What struck me most was how unwelcoming it was. The advertisement started of inviting “applications from Indian Nationals with an established record …” (emphasis mine). I understand IITs are a government institution, but why restrict faculty positions to citizens. State-run universities in the US allow non-US citizens to work, and the USCIS exempts non-immigrants employed in institutions of higher education from their normal H-1B cap. The experience asked of Assistant Professor applicants includes “Candidates preferably should be below 35 years of age.” Ageism is institutionalized in India, but shouldn’t institutes of higher learning lead the way in being non-discriminatory? Even IISc’s unofficial recruitment page is explicit in its discrimination. The UT-Austin faculty recruitment website has a simple line that says “The University of Texas at Austin is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.” Sometime ago, I came across the following statement on D. E. Shaw’s recruitment page (emphasis mine). I would be so happy to work in such a place. The members of the D. E. Shaw group do not discriminate in employment matters on the basis of sex, race, colour, caste, creed, religion, pregnancy, national origin, age, military service eligibility, veteran status, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, or any other protected class. Note that for us, this is more than just legal boilerplate. We are genuinely committed to these principles, which form an important part of our corporate culture. Question on publications And, when it comes to the application form itself, I fail to understand the point of filling out an application form with details that are already in one’s CV. What is the point of asking one to fill in the “number” of papers? What does differentiating between “Journal” and “Conference” publications serve? Journals and conferences are valued differently in different areas. Moreover the tier of each conference/journal itself has to be considered. A quote from an article about journals versus conferences in Computer Science. Some lesser-ranked universities evaluate faculty on the basis of journal publications, because the Dean of Engineering is unable or unwilling to understand computer science. In most scientific fields, journals have higher standards than conferences; computer science is a rare exception. A top-ranked CS department can convince the dean to use the proper evaluation metric. A lower-ranked CS department cannot (the dean may think the department is trying to fool him or her). If you are at one of these universities, you will need to publish in journals, probably by submitting slightly revised versions of your conference papers to journals. The rush for people at lower-ranked universities (some of whom are excellent researchers, and some of whom are not) to submit even marginal results to journals is another regrettable factor that tends to lower the overall quality of journals. And I don’t know what the difference is between an international and a national venue. After all, the famed AAAI Conference, till a couple of years ago was a national conference. Do national conferences and journals allow papers only from “Indian Nationals” just like IIT Madras itself does? Question on religion What offended me the most, and prompted this post is the application asking a person’s religion. How is this even remotely connected to making a decision on a candidate’s application? The only connection I can see is discrimination. I have not seen private sector companies or other educational institutions ask this information, so, I don’t think IIT Madras is mandated to collect this information, even for the purpose of collecting statistics. This application form would have been prepared at the direction of some IIT-M faculty members. After all, they are the people who make decisions and know what information they need to make such a decision. I am surprised they asked for this field to be there, or it was not caught by any one. Words that alernate hands when typed I came across this tweet (original) that claims that “Skepticisms is the longest word that alternates hands when typing.” Well, here are some words that are longer (and are not plural forms). 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Ph 1800 247 119 Brisbane City Views - Night Views to the city and beyond Due to it’s unique location, The Milton triumphs with inspiring outlooks from every apartment. You'll enjoy head turning vistas taking in the city skyline, the Brisbane River or leafy neighbouring suburbs offering a constant enchantment to everyday living. Enquire Here	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8792701363563538}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '10190', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:S7CWIC6XQNLYKQF6Q4LMIIAVRLS7CUGT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5e90b881-bc79-4494-9256-be1746705d5b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 9, 25, 19, 22, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '118.88.28.5', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5S2XVQSLAZXFQPVWQNWU6FNQDJYLR7WL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3689dd5c-bef0-4def-b0a7-6dc07fdfb5a9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.themilton.com.au/views-city-beyond.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eace6226-1003-4c7a-9438-91e83a013e0d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '55', 'url': 'https://www.themilton.com.au/views-city-beyond.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-93\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.033537983894348145', 'original_id': '539073b50efc8c3b8bf2ca823ae654b1e0e013e66ad8a43eedd9fbb1fc2abef5'}
The Reasons Why the World's Languages Are Disappearing Topics: Reason, Language, Evolution Pages: 2 (432 words) Published: March 29, 2011 Fachry Ihdam Alhamdani Topic: The reasons why the world’s languages are disappearing Language is everything; because language is a part of culture which is inseparable with human’s life. People speak by their language regardless of what language they use. There are more than 60.000 languages which do exist in the world; but unfortunately nowadays every fortnight, a language dies; more than half of the world’s languages are in danger; and by the end of this century it is going to disappear completely. The pace of the languages extinctions are faster than the extinction of flora and fauna. The proof is in the last 5 centuries, an estimated half of the world’s languages have become extinct; but now language does not even need much longer period to become extinct; a century and it will be done. The primary reason as to why the world’s languages are disappearing is it has no longer speakers. Research proved that for the minor language, only a few people speak. Ironically, what research means by minor is the local languages; in fact there are much more languages that is considered as minor or local rather than the major. It means that there are lots of languages which potentially extinct. Next, the second reason is the languages are considered old-fashioned. Moreover, some societies are surrounded by people who speak more common language. Therefore, those societies decide to leave their mother tongue because it is some kind of disgrace of still speaking it in the middle of the society who speak more modern languages. The third one, it is because of natural disaster. It just disappeared instantly. People died and also the language. Therefore there is nobody who can spread the language; because they themselves as the native speakers died. Reason number four is because of the complexity. People hate learning a difficult language; lots of minor and local languages have a high complexity as of finally people do not want to learn it and by doing so,... Continue Reading Please join StudyMode to read the full document You May Also Find These Documents Helpful • Kusunda language: What is language death? How to save a dying language? Why is it important to save a language? Essay • Disappearing Languages Essay • The Role of Language and Reason in History Essay • Week 1 2 Disappearing Languages Essay • Language and Identity Essay • Reasons Why Agents Are Appointed Essay • Reasons Why Projects Fail Essay • Reasons Why Friendships End Essay Become a StudyMode Member Sign Up - It's Free	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.957388401031494}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '121274', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VUBKQRW2ZVW7XK4RQ377UN3IRD62AVL2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4ae2bb2e-820b-4852-bd9a-ab829453f62f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 17, 22, 26, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '3.225.99.22', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:E3IVKWIBZBEVGPG7L6VWGWJE2GI42IYT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1fc35254-ac13-4560-9fb5-26430d43f729>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Reasons-Why-The-World%27s-Languages-644082.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2bc11f50-ac46-4562-a963-414e41866d6a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '436', 'url': 'https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Reasons-Why-The-World%27s-Languages-644082.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5760981440544128', 'original_id': 'b7d0ebd9f5692249d3694c1b18fd09ba3b1df097ce0278264d0206911e0249b8'}
Seven Samurai (1954) Movie Review No Comments When watching “Seven Samurai,” one must remember two things: The first is that Asian cinema has been at a great disadvantage to their western counterparts. At a time when Asia was still trying to come out of the shadow of World War II, America and other Western powers were already a dominant force in world cinema. The Asians had a hard time trying to find the balance between art and social commentary and simple entertainment. The second thing to keep in mind is that before 1990 — and even to a point after 1990 — a lot of Asian films were shot on terrible filmstock. Many films were actually using filmstock that were dozens of years old. This usually resorted in grainy pictures and scratches on the film. Filmmaking was an expensive venture and required a lot of time and dedication, not to mention money. Which leads me to this conclusion: I cringe every time I see “Seven Samurai,” because the filmstock is so bad that it tries its damnedest to destroy Akira Kurosawa’s masterpiece. And let’s not talk about the quality of film cameras available back then. “Citizen Kane” is commonly regarded as the greatest movie ever made, especially in light of its time period and the many innovations that Welles pioneered. In that same light, “Seven Samurai” is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, Asian film ever made. Although, as prefaced, its grainy filmstock leaves a lot to be desired. Unlike Welles, Kurosawa had neither the budget nor the technical resources at his disposal to film the movie the way he might have wanted to. Anyone who has seen Kurosawa’s later samurai work understands that the man had a great eye for cinematography. The plot of “Seven Samurai” is well known, so I won’t bother to go in great detail. Long story very short: a town is constantly under attack by bandits so they send out men to hire samurais to defend them. They find one samurai, who recruits others. Like the westerns and other movies that came after it, there is a seventh samurai (gunfighter, mercenary, etc.) who isn’t chosen, but tags along anyway, and is eventually brought into the fold after proving his worth (and in some cases, her worth). The samurai fight and half of them die by movie’s end. The action in “Seven Samurai” is very brief and shown in spurts. The only action scenes that are drawn out are the major battles with the bandits. As in reality, samurai sword battles consisted of long periods of standing and scrutinizing each other — what you might call posing — and then the actual fight, which lasts for less than a second. The person still standing is the winner. In that regard, it’s similar to a gunfight. Long periods of contemplation followed by a brief flash of action. “Seven Samurai” is a masterpiece that has spurred many foolhardy imitators. The American western “The Magnificent Seven” has been the only movie to ever approach “Seven’s” greatness, and it was able to achieve this by transplanting the samurai to the Wild West. The change of scenery worked. Others have not been so lucky. Akira Kurosawa (director) CAST: Takashi Shimura …. Kambei Shimada Toshiro Mifune …. Kikuchiyo Yoshio Inaba …. Gorobei Katayama Buy Seven Samurai on DVD Author: Nix	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '53', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9608070254325868}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '47969', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LICKLNGDPA6RPCLDCSVX3346QQ2QC4VQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8a3cdcd1-45ac-4ad8-87fd-aec55867271e>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 1, 22, 33, 47), 'WARC-IP-Address': '50.31.98.71', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:SJGV4JUJEX6TTQOOQQEJCKGHHE5CBUHN', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3e1395e-ef9b-4f29-a40b-1cb1cfb6a95e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.beyondhollywood.com/seven-samurai-1954-movie-review/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9e233cba-ef15-47fb-9b76-54b9764877d4>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '587', 'url': 'http://www.beyondhollywood.com/seven-samurai-1954-movie-review/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.035587966442108154', 'original_id': 'dd6e3e5062e7bc599dca90b0d93b14d7814a5e572d9bb523d069ffe2c63af188'}
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What is Paid ViewPoint and How Does it Work? What is Paid Viewpoint and how can you leverage it to make money online? These questions are covered right here in this short overview. But first things first - starting with what exactly it is and then moving on to how it works and how to make the best use of it to maximize your earning potential. Let's get going, shall we? What is Paid ViewPoint? Paid ViewPoint is an online survey website designed to be short and sweet and very easy. On any given day you will be asked to give honest answers to various questions. The questions are really random and don't take long to answer as there is no typing involved, you just have to click on an answer like in a multiple choice exam. What Kind of Questions Does Paid ViewPoint Ask You? They will ask you about ten questions per day, thereabouts. Paid Viewpoint will also check your answers to see that they fit in with answers you gave in the past, this is to make sure that your information is in keeping with honesty. You'll be asked things like "Have you researched or purchased any hair conditioners in the last 3 months?" They will ask the same question multiple times over the period of time you are a participant. If you stay consistent you will grow your trait score more quickly over time. Lying just to get you on to the next question is going to make it more difficult for you to remember your answers next time the question is asked. So if they ask you if you've thought about buying a new car in the last 6 months, answer truthfully and next time they ask you, you will easily remember because the truth is easy to remember, right? Don't make life harder than it already is by lying in your answers. It is not a shortcut and slows you down by a great deal. How Much Does it Cost to Join Paid Viewpoint? It is free and easy to join. They will be paying you, that's the whole point of Paid ViewPoint, right? 🙂 How Much Does Paid Viewpoint Pay You? They pay you about 10 cents for ten questions answered. Some special surveys pay more but they aren't offered too often so to keep it simple we'll say a minimum of 10 cents. Think of any higher paying surveys offered as a surprise bonus. In some regions of the world they will only pay you 3 cents per ten questions. This is because of the cost of living in certain countries. Check on that when you join. Information such as that is found in the frequently asked questions (faq) section which is in the menu of your Paid ViewPoint dashboard. What is the Paid ViewPoint Trait Score? What is the TraitScore About? Trait score is something they use to show you how accurate and consistent your answers have been. One example would be that if you said last week that you do not buy hair conditioner and then this week in another question they ask again but this time you said you buy 1 bottle per month, your trait score will be affected negatively. They remember! You will be awarded fewer points for that particular question. If I remember correctly, my traitscore went up by 113 points every time I completed a survey. I reached the maximum 10,000 score quite quickly and have maintained that since then. I kept it honest to reach that score quickly and I keep it honest to maintain it. You should do the same. Easy! Currently, my trait score is at the maximum 10,000 points. When you reach a trait score of the maximum 10,000 points you are in the best shape possible to make more money per survey completed. It's beneficial to be honest, and thorough in your answers as your score will go up faster that way. Who is Paid Viewpoint For? It is for those just starting out with making money online or for those who just want to add a few pennies to their monthly piggy bank. The surveys themselves are not that well paid, you will get about 10 cents per 10 answers. If you're living in certain parts of the world you will get less than that, for example in Thailand they only pay 3 cents per survey completed, it is related to cost of living. If you're in the US or Europe, Australia etc, then you should expect the full 10 cents per survey. Check that little detail first before you decide to join up or not Paid Viewpoint is not for people who are just going to click on a random answer for each survey they are presented with. Keep your answers real to achieve more success and a higher traitscore at Paid Viewpoint surveys. Honesty pays more in the long run. If you want to make money clicking random stuff without having to think too hard you may want to try this. See The #1 Recommended Training That Shows You How to Make Money Online... Learn all you need to know about making money on the internet How Much Time Does Paid Viewpoint Take? Paid ViewPoint takes between 3 and 5 minutes per day. It's not a time drainer like some survey sites are, and it can be done before you've even finished a cup of coffee. You'll be finished the day's survey before you even know it's started. How to Make More Money at Paid Viewpoint Refer a Friend to Paid ViewPoint This is the best bit about Paid Viewpoint. They will pay you up to $25 for referring friends through your affiliate link. A nice little earner if you're good at convincing people to try it out for themselves. Simply get hold of your affiliate link and send it to your friends via email, facebook message, on your twitter or other social media account. You could also place it on your website if you have one. If you'd love to learn about how to build and monetize a website check this out. How and When Does Paid Viewpoint Pay You? Paid ViewPoint has a minimum cash-out threshold of $15 and they pay you into your paypal account. The Pros and Cons of Paid ViewPoint Let's take a look at the benefits of joining Paid ViewPoint and then we'll look at the not so good things. The Pros Paid ViewPoint is very easy to do. It takes a couple of minutes (maximum 5) to complete every day and also has a referral system so you can make extra money on top of the money you make for completing the surveys. I wouldn't bother with PaidViewPoint if I was unable to get referrals for it. The site would simply pay too little. The Cons Depending on where in the world you live you will get as little as 3 cents per survey. The 10 cents per survey is assuming you live in a country where they pay the maximum. Check about that at Paid ViewPoint itself before you join up. If you find yourself getting only 3 cents per survey it is likely that you aren't living in America, The United Kingdom or Australia (and more). Keep in mind the ability to refer people and get paid for that too. Don't concentrate so much on how much you get per survey. Is Paid ViewPoint Legit? Yes, it seems to be completely legitimate. I've checked it out and it works. The only thing is, I wish they'd pay a bit more than what they currently pay for each survey. It would be nice to make $1 a day at Paid Viewpoint with the surveys instead of just the 10 cents. That would be a nice $30 a month for barely any effort, wouldn't it? Never mind, money is money and if I can get 10 cents in three minutes, what the heck, it's worth a shot. If they didn't have the refer a friend system I don't think I would bother to spend even 5 minutes a day there. It's an added opportunity worth leveraging. My Conclusion of Paid ViewPoint It's not going to make you rich unless you get hundreds and thousands of referrals to Paid ViewPoint. It is a good way if you've never made a penny online though. Paid ViewPoint makes a great starting point and once you see it works you can then go on to do other things to supplement your income. Another 5 Ideas To Make Money Online • Like online surveys? You could join other survey companies. • You could write ebooks and publish them on Amazon Kindle. • Perhaps you could join a PTC site which pays you to click and view short ads. • You could get stuff dirt cheap from thrift stores and sell them on eBay. • Or maybe you could learn to do affiliate marketing really make money online. Learn about that here. NAME: Paid ViewPoint Website: PaidViewPoint.com Overall Ranking: 40% My Rating: It's Okay, Just! Now that you know Paid ViewPoint is legitimate, what are you waiting for? You've gotta be in it to win it, right? Start earning now. Thanks for reading about Paid ViewPoint. I hope it was helpful and if you have any experiences with paid surveys online, good or bad, then please leave a comment. If there's a better-paid survey website that you know of let me know below. It was nice talking to you! See you next time! My Name's Jim, to read more about me and the reasons I created this website, check this out. Learn all you need to know about making money on the internet 6 thoughts on “What is Paid ViewPoint and How Does it Work?” 1. I just read the reply you gave to Matthew as well. I agree that this is a great side online job along with building a website, affiliate marketing and so on. Paid Viewpoint and a couple of other online jobs can get to a decent amount of money earned online right?! I will check this one out. If I sign up through your link, are you going to get $25 or I have to accomplish something so that you can get your referral income? • If you get lots of referrals it makes it much more worthwhile. I don’t know how long I would have to wait until you’d earned enough there for them to give me $25, I guess it could be a long time because it takes a while to reach the $15 cashout… Still, the numbers add up and time flies, right? Wealthy Affiliate is a better option for long term success. Thanks Sunny. 2. It’s nice to know that Paid ViewPoint is a legitimate program, but in the end, it’s still a survey site. They’re typically good for a little bit of income, but they quickly become tedious and not really worth your time. 10 cents per survey means you have to complete 100 surveys per day to make $10. Do you have any recommendations for how to make more money online as opposed to taking surveys? • Hi there Matthew, Thanks for pointing that out, yes indeed it is very low paid when you consider how many surveys you’ll actually be given per day. But there is one way to leverage Paid ViewPoint that increases your earnings. What you have to do is get referrals for Paid ViewPoint and they give you up to $25 for each person you send their way. Now…I wouldn’t suggest using just this method of making money online by itself. i would combine it lots of other little things like ptc and other survey sites. And I would definitely combine this survey making opportunity with affiliate marketing, which you can learn here. Thanks for the comment Matthew, pop in again soon! 3. Hey James. I also wrote one on the same company last year, but it wasn’t that long and detailed as yours. I myself have been a member for a little over a year now and it’s honestly going well. At my sense it’s the best of it’s kind right now. However, I’d like to know a little more about your own experience with it. I understand you like it. But, what did you achieve sor far and what are your goals, if I may? • Hi there Sim, In all honesty I don’t really like survey companies that much. The pay is too low. the only good things about Paid Viewpoint are that it only takes a couple of minutes of your day and you can refer people through your affiliate link, making you extra money. Luckily, I don’t rely solely on just Paid ViewPoint, that would be putting all my eggs in one basket. I really don’t have any goals set for Paid ViewPoint or any other survey company site, to be fair. I prefer affiliate marketing and building wordpress niche websites with WordPress. If you’re interested in that little money spinner, sign up here through my link (to get extra help from me personally) and try this affiliate training course for free. Thanks for coming by Sim, All the best! Leave a Comment	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.957835018634796}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '121330', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HJ4GHZ4Q7DIBSO6JTUCGOW4TVEYEWBAJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:75826b1b-3077-4dba-b2a1-587fe1d560d6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 1, 21, 1, 5, 32), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.236.183.100', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3ILSJLDLHLJ74MMAFIEJ6RSQINM4GXTD', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7095ba64-15b4-4f71-930e-9182b6b41d1d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://beststayhomejobs.com/what-is-paid-viewpoint/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e82aa609-9cda-40a8-9d77-595f9eda5be4>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2202', 'url': 'https://beststayhomejobs.com/what-is-paid-viewpoint/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-233.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.17 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04622936248779297', 'original_id': '334bd577d2279f578a3a2095ae666737e40751fe04006f3be8b257a8869380ae'}
Q: Javascript - change css of div to make visible? Using CSS I have set a DIV called 'tidy' to invisible and width 0px. <div id='tidy'>Test div I am hidden</div> I am trying to use just javascript to keep the page light, so cannot use jquery. How can I make a link that when clicked will make the div visible again and set width to xxxpx? A: Use the display style for hide and doesn't occupied space in page: var node = document.getElementById("tidy"); function hideTidy() { node.style.display = "none"; } function showTidy() { node.style.display = ""; } Add simple toggle: var tidyVisible = true; function toggleTidy() { (tidyVisible ? hideTidy : showTidy)(); tidyVisible = !tidyVisible; } A: see demo here function makevisible() { var tidy = document.getElementById("tidy"); tidy.style.display= 'block'; tidy.style.width = '100px'; }	mini_pile	{'original_id': '49fb7f961dd047ab7e1b58df667533955c968a93fd85d1d71374500b934a8b56'}
\section{Prime Number Theorem in Eulerian Logarithmic Integral Form} Tags: Prime Number Theorem, Analytic Number Theory \begin{theorem} The Prime Number Theorem is equivalent to: :$\ds \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \pi x} {\map \Li x} = 1$ where: :$\map \pi x$ is the prime-counting function :$\map \Li x$ is the Eulerian logarithmic integral: ::$\ds \map \Li x := \int_2^x \dfrac {\d t} {\ln t}$ \end{theorem} \begin{proof} Using Integration by Parts: {{begin-eqn}} {{eqn \| l = \map \Li x \| r = \int_2^x \dfrac {\d t} {\ln t} \| c = }} {{eqn \| n = 1 \| r = \dfrac x {\ln x} - \dfrac 2 {\ln 2} + \int_2^x \dfrac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} \| c = }} {{end-eqn}} We have that $\dfrac 1 {\paren {\ln t}^2}$ is positive and decreasing for $t > 1$. Let $x \ge 4$. Then: {{begin-eqn}} {{eqn \| l = 0 \| o = < \| r = \int_2^x \dfrac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} \| c = }} {{eqn \| r = \int_2^{\sqrt x} \dfrac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} + \int_{\sqrt x}^x \dfrac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} \| c = }} {{eqn \| o = < \| r = \dfrac {\sqrt x - 2} {\paren {\ln 2}^2} + \dfrac {x - \sqrt x} {\paren {\ln \sqrt x}^2} \| c = }} {{eqn \| o = < \| r = \dfrac {\sqrt x} {\paren {\ln 2}^2} + \dfrac {4 x} {\paren {\ln \sqrt x}^2} \| c = }} {{eqn \| ll= \leadsto \| l = 0 \| o = < \| r = \dfrac {\ds \int_2^x \frac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} } {x / \ln x} \| c = }} {{eqn \| o = < \| r = \dfrac {\ln x} {\sqrt x \paren {\ln 2}^2} + \frac 4 {\ln x} \| c = }} {{eqn \| n = 2 \| ll= \leadsto \| l = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \dfrac {\ds \int_2^x \frac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} } {x / \ln x} \| r = 0 \| c = }} {{end-eqn}} Then: {{begin-eqn}} {{eqn \| l = \frac {\map \Li x} {x / \ln x} \| r = \dfrac {\dfrac x {\ln x} - \dfrac 2 {\ln 2} + \ds \int_2^x \dfrac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} } {x / \ln x} \| c = from $(1)$ }} {{eqn \| r = 1 - \dfrac {2 \ln x} {x \ln 2} + \dfrac {\ds \int_2^x \frac {\d t} {\paren {\ln t}^2} } {x / \ln x} \| c = }} {{eqn \| ll= \leadsto \| l = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \Li x} {x / \ln x} \| r = 1 - \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \dfrac 2 {\ln 2} \dfrac x {\ln x} - 0 \| c = from $(2)$ }} {{eqn \| n = 3 \| ll= \leadsto \| l = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \Li x} {x / \ln x} \| r = 1 \| c = as $\ds \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \dfrac x {\ln x} = 0$ }} {{end-eqn}} Then: {{begin-eqn}} {{eqn \| l = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \pi x} {x / \ln x} \| r = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \pi x} {\map \Li x} \frac {\map \Li x} {x / \ln x} \| c = }} {{eqn \| r = \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {\map \pi x} {\map \Li x} \| c = from $(3)$ }} {{end-eqn}} {{qed}} \end{proof}	math_pile	{'subset': 'ProofWiki', 'meta': "{'type': 'Theorem_Proof'}", 'original_id': '361a7b48d365bf75471c409ea11c9ff4a5b597e7705bf4dec76d9b9cce9632cf'}
Jules Cravéri. Document d'archives : Jules Cravéri. Né à Roubaix en 1895, Jules Craveri est incorporé au 138e puis au 43e régiment d'infanterie, avec lequel il participe aux combats de 1915 à 1918. Blessé le 16 avril 1917 au plateau de Vauclerc, intoxiqué par hypérite en septembre 1917, il est cité à l'ordre du régiment le 11 décembre 1917. Le service historique conserve :- sa correspondance avec Monseigneur Régent, ancien aumônier du 43e R.I. ;- ses photographies de soldats de son régiment ;- un ouvrage du chef d'escadron d'artillerie Dumord, professeur à l'école d'application de l'artillerie et du génie : Cours de sciences appliquées aux arts militaires. Métallurgie du fer (1876, 240 pages). GR 1KT 1258 Don de M. Charles-Antoine Cardot, neveu de Jules Cravéri avril 2002.	common_corpus	{'identifier': '<urn:uuid:ed987035-4760-41f2-aa5c-78851e44cf2e>', 'collection': 'French Open Data', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Various open data', 'date': '', 'title': 'https://francearchives.gouv.fr/facomponent/8b65181437d2305eefd254589724bf9b6c5c9c59', 'creator': 'francearchives.gouv.fr', 'language': 'Occitan', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '127', 'token_count': '214', '__index_level_0__': '47653', 'original_id': '61f2a6040a1cdb1425ca5b7cb95ec684f74d2e1af6c591896d0f5e6872c4913b'}
close menu Travel Into Deep Space with “Europa Report” It might seem strange in the cinematic world today in which sci-fi movies are huge money makers, not to mention enormous money spenders, but truly there’s not a lot of “science” in science fiction. That’s why it’s so refreshing when a movie like Europa Report gets made that focuses on the drama that would occur from real, or at the very least mostly real, events and doesn’t rely on the fantastical. The film tells the story of a near-future mission to Jupiter’s moon of Europa in the hopes of finding the existence of any form of life beneath the moon’s thick layer of ice. Naturally, things do not go exactly according to plan, and the crew of six, played by an international cast featuring Sharlto Copley and Michael Nyqvist, have to improvise to complete their expedition. The science behind the film was overseen by two real scientists from the Jet Propulsion Lab and the set was a real 360-degree, enclosed capsule with eight mounted cameras capturing the goings-on. The shoot was only 19 days, but the post-production was ten months. Not your typical space adventure film, to be sure. At Comic-Con last week, we sat down with the film’s director, Ecuadorian filmmaker Sebastian Cordero, and one of its stars, Karolina Wydra, to discuss the unique and clever low-budget movie magic used to create Europa Report‘s look and feel. Nerdist: What drew you to Europa Report and how did you get involved? Sebastian Cordero: I felt that I was an unusual choice to direct a sci-fi film. The films I’ve done before this have been very realistic; this is actually my first English language film. Also, the first film I haven’t written myself. What’s interesting when I read the script, what actually drew me to it is that from the first version I read, it felt really grounded in science. It didn’t go into the directions that a genre or sci-fi film would usually go into to be entertaining. If we were to explore that notion to its most extreme outcome, the film would really benefit from it. N: What was the reason behind keeping it as close to hard science as possible? SC: You know, we just did a panel at JPL, who were our science advisers, and one of the things that came up was that there are enough incredible and amazing things in the real universe that are probably much more fascinating than anything you could make up. Why not use them? The fact that we used real science doesn’t mean it can’t be entertaining and thrilling at the same time. So, it was really cool to see a project that could allow for that. When I met with the producers and pitched them on my take on the film, both in sticking with the real science and the conceit of the monitoring cameras, the found-footage element, that if we really took it to the extreme, I thought it could really work and be something quite unique. N: One of the movie’s defining features is the set, which is the command module and living quarters; can you talk a bit about the design and how you incorporated the cameras? SC: 80% of the film takes place inside the spaceship, and in order for it to really work, we really built it from scratch, it was a 360 degree set and we had eight different cameras set up in different spots in the ship. It was a set that worked from every angle, which was also really unique. It added to the realism that all the actors would be in this enclosed space and no one else from the crew, not even myself, was in there. I was talking to them from the outside, playing mission control. It was different from anything I had done and probably will do, in terms of how it was put together. N: Karolina, you play one of the astronauts; since the movie is so true to real science, how much studying did you do? Karolina Wydra: My character was a marine biologist so I actually spoke to marine biologists, and it was really interesting to get into the mind of how they live and who they are and also reading books on oceanography and reading books on Europa and books Sebastian gave us about space travel and what it’s like to mentally prepare for what these people really go through. Packing for Mars is a really fun book to read. It’s fascinating, all the tests they have to take to even be able to go up. So, there was a lot of research and then about three weeks of rehearsal and talking about stuff. N: Since the set was closed off, how was it being directed by a disembodied voice? KW: It was very different. It wasn’t like one-on-one where you talk everything out. It was very strange, because we’re closed off, but it’s also very intimate. When you’re shooting, normally you have “okay, it’s your coverage; okay, it’s your coverage,” but this didn’t have that feel. You’re doing it almost like a theatre ensemble piece where you’re all together and the cameras are picking you up at whatever moment. You didn’t know exactly what was being captured so you really got the chance to live the scene. N: Since it’s a found-footage, documentary-style movie, how did that play into your direction and staging of the scenes? SC: The characters know that there are cameras there, so it was interesting to play with the dynamic of that. You know where the cameras are; some of the characters would be more responsive to placing themselves in front of the camera, some would move away. And it was interesting to see what would happen if you were slightly off screen, if things were not perfectly placed. And also, from a scientific perspective for the people who designed the ship, why would they place a camera here? What is it that they’re trying to capture? How do we enhance that and make it feel natural so it doesn’t feel like everyone is placing themselves in the right position? And that contrasts very strongly with the moments, particularly with Katja, Karolina’s character, when you actually have the extreme close-ups when she’s inside the space suit, and she’s basically reacting to a whole world that is then going to be created. N: So, did you have any idea what you were supposed to be seeing? KW: They showed me photos of what it would look like, of what they were trying to do with it, but you create your own world in your mind to play when you’re looking at black and green. “The most beautiful thing you’ve ever seen” and it’s just nothing. [laughs] Europa 1 N: How did the space in which you were working affect the special effects in the movie, specifically the zero G stuff? SC: We needed to balance how much artificial gravity we would use and how much weightlessness, given that this was a pretty modestly budgeted film. We tried to do as much as we could. We wanted to have our big moments of zero gravity, but use those spaces as much as we could. Also, because on a real trip into deep space, the astronauts would be encouraged to spend as much time as possible in the artificial gravity modules so their bodies can have gravity and their muscles don’t get weak. N: What were some of the bigger effects moments for you? SC: There were a few hero moments for zero gravity where we really had to sell that. The first place it made a lot of sense was when Sharlto Copley’s character, James, showing off the inside when he’s giving the tour of the ship. We thought it would be really cool if he started out with artificial gravity, let go of the ladder, and then float up. And that was actually done with wire work and sometimes a mixture of wire work with the backgrounds being added in digitally later. That was the fancier stuff; we also had moments where one character would be strapped to the seat and another is floating next to them and in some of those we actually had a green yoga ball for the character to lie on and a green man holding their legs or helping so the movement would be smooth. KW: You should have seen it! (she acts out balancing on the yoga ball) SC: At first people were like, “Really? You’re going to do it that way?” But, actually those ended up working really well. Since the cameras are all locked down, it’s not that complicated. It’s a relatively simple effect and it works quite well because the person is already there to begin with. It’s much more difficult to actually integrate that when you have to shoot everything separately and then put it all together. It becomes a much more difficult post-production process and it doesn’t end up looking as good. Europa 2 N: I’m sure being in such a small space with five other actors meant you were pretty close and worked pretty well together. KW: You’re living in that space. Sebastian told us when we were rehearsing, “when we close the door, you’re going to get claustrophobic,” and you really do start to feel like the space is so small. Living in that space, and dealing with people, it gives you more of an authentic feel of how it would be. And the dynamic between all the actors, I felt like it worked really well. We talked about the relationships between each of the characters before we started shooting so you kind of knew what you were getting yourself into when you’re doing the scene. To do it the way we did, it worked incredibly well. The way it was set up, you basically just throw yourself into the scene. N: Was there anything in the movie that isn’t particularly scientifically accurate? SC: One thing the JPL scientists did question and laugh at is, early on in the movie, there are chyrons on the screen that state the mission cost and in the film we say it’s something like $3.7 billion and they were like, “Oh, it would be a hundred times that.” KW: Oh, really? I didn’t know that. SC: For a manned mission; for a robotic mission, like the one NASA is actually preparing to send in about ten years, the Europa Clipper mission, it’s roughly around that cost. The thing is, it’s very different if you’re sending people or if it’s just a probe. To see what happens when you send people to Jupiter, and to see these innovative filmmaking techniques in action, check out Europa Report on-demand and digital download right now and in theaters beginning August 2nd. Europa 3 First Look at Alphonse in the FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST Live-Action Movie First Look at Alphonse in the FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST Live-Action Movie Who's In and Who's Out in AVENGERS: INFINITY WAR? Who's In and Who's Out in AVENGERS: INFINITY WAR?	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '12', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9799068570137024}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '72394', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5X7FECIOLWZYVNFPMR26ZCYDZENJ4OTQ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e5ee767a-1896-4bce-9e85-4fe1e3b8ccf2>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 27, 11, 12, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.20.44.31', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:HDUPCWSMWFPJHRKT735WJKJPMUVX4MQJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c83ec117-715a-4d28-91a2-8659ca492443>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://nerdist.com/travel-into-deep-space-with-europa-report/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b0728b4e-49df-4de2-81dc-c73f7300d5d4>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1881', 'url': 'http://nerdist.com/travel-into-deep-space-with-europa-report/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3716738820075989', 'original_id': '5515b44c20a9e1a1c9f59a7c3b689cd346724a827269b8d5ff115efe560187bf'}
Habaneera on levinud nimetus (muusika või tants Havannas, hisp k la habana) palale "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle", mis on aaria George Bizet' 1875. aasta ooperis Carmen. Ooperid Muusikažanrid	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habaneera%20%28Bizet%29', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Habaneera (Bizet)', 'creator': 'https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habaneera (Bizet)&action=history', 'language': 'Estonian', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '29', 'token_count': '70', '__index_level_0__': '7481', 'original_id': '031df25a345fd4142f6292edb83c30d5da6a40b6721735962f32a2ed41b4ae53'}
There will be times when your class finishes up a subject a little early or has some free time in the school day when you can organize some games to play. These do not require you to leave the classroom and can be played for a few minutes or for an entire class period. A classroom game that has stood the test of time is called Seven-Up. Take each child's name and write it on a piece of paper. Fold them up and place them in a hat. Then, pull from the hat the names of seven children, who will come to the front of the classroom. All of the other students must lay their heads down on the desk and stick their thumbs up in the air. Once all of the kids have their eyes closed, the seven chosen students go among the others and each put down the thumb of one other student. Then they go back to the front of the classroom, when the other children are free to raise their heads. All students who had their thumbs pressed down must stand up and take one guess as to who tagged them. If the student guesses correctly, he switches places with the tagger. If she guesses wrong, she must remain in her seat. This game can continue as long as needed. This game is ideal because students must learn how to cooperate without actually talking. Ask all of the children to stand up. Then give them a command that would require them to put themselves in order in a line. You may ask them to get in order according to their names, alphabetically. You can request them to go by their first name or their last name. You may also ask them to get in order according to their ages. In this case you will want them to write their birthdays out on a piece of sticky paper and then attach the paper to their shirts. This must be done without the children uttering a word. They can point and make gestures, but that is it. Pass the Chicken Bring a stuffed or rubber chicken in to school. Choose one student to be the caller. This caller must hand the chicken to a fellow student. The caller will then announce a category, for which the student who held the chicken must give five examples while the chicken is passed quickly around the room. For instance, if the caller says "Foods that start with the letter T," the student with the chicken might say "Toast, turkey, tuna, tomato and tacos" as the chicken makes its way around the classroom. The five items must be named by the time the chicken has returned to the person calling out the answers. If the student is successful in naming five things, he will become the next caller. If not, the caller will not change and a new person is chosen to hold the chicken.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9742409586906432}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '50873', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:DIUPLL3BFZMJLFBZ7L7IQFPSCEYQJG27', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0286454a-7793-4ec7-aad7-7e49de0f958f>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 0, 13, 23), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.96.220.136', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:TB7YUBRLSRBGHFD5QGPBBS3FD7UAUMVA', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5363b52d-fc0d-4978-8ae3-656510ad9da0>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://classroom.synonym.com/classroom-games-kids-5480832.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7026e7c7-c8c0-4dbf-9565-b7dd0e9c1ecd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '493', 'url': 'http://classroom.synonym.com/classroom-games-kids-5480832.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-167-8-186.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019273877143859863', 'original_id': '5715751b9aefa137574be43a811e4605905ac89a12201fd1da3ecd1ebec0ccf9'}
Most of the 2013 prospects that have significant interest in Arkansas are saying they're in a 'wait and see' phase with the Razorbacks. But that's not the case for at least two Tulsa (Okla.) recruits...	mini_pile	{'original_id': '662b08398685bbd371c05b6c73a9bbec10df233d77df17edacb9d49baa51bb90'}
Obama’s Political Individualism Could Hurt Hillary Clinton in 2016 Following the midterm “repudiation” of Obama’s policies, he largely doubled-down on his unpopular agenda and moved forward with executive actions independent of the “hostile” Congress. But this political individualism may hurt the Democrats in general, and Hillary Clinton in particular, in 2016: Mr. Obama’s willingness to disregard the public’s wishes will hurt Mrs. Clinton in particular. The president’s former secretary of state is already struggling to forge an independent identity without disowning the president. It will be almost impossible for Mrs. Clinton to directly oppose him over the next two years, though she will certainly continue to try to distance herself from Mr. Obama, as she did during her summer book tour. But if the president continues to lose the support of Democrats and moderates—as Mrs. Clinton has—she might have no alternative but to shelve her presidential ambitions. Surely the Democrats have been considering this. But what can they really do? Their options are fraught with dangerous possibilities. Democrats could back the President completely, and jettison moderate and populist support. Or they could reject the President completely, and jettison far-left liberals and any demographics (like African-Americans and Latinos) that likely side with the President’s agenda. Or, as has been the case, Democrats will attempt to skirt the issue and play both sides. But Hillary Clinton is terrible at skirting issues. In an ironic twist for our former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton has trouble being diplomatic. When she tries, she often comes off as a terrible actor. Because, “Just tell me what you want me to say so that you will all agree with me,” is really not an effective message to send to an already distrustful and cynical electorate. Is it the case that Obama doesn’t care what his policies will mean for 2016? Or does he have something up his sleeve to continue his imperial presidency? Or do the Democrats think Republicans will bungle things so badly in the next two years that they won’t even have to talk about their own gaffes when the time comes? Who knows. But this is for sure: watching Hillary Clinton navigate this mess is and will be quite entertaining.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9624662399291992}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '68062', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6TDN5JH2FLNPWAR3NRIZNUU37ST5J4TA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:6e955047-356b-4749-942c-73abb6bb1ba6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 19, 4, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.31.65.31', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4DJ4TANTBLNZWCI4UF3NTBQFLR5JWSIC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ede4d55f-2258-4a60-b906-c80953c7af87>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://lastresistance.com/obamas-political-individualism-hurt-hillary-clinton-2016/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:eed8719f-01b9-46dd-96a7-2d085326fc04>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '363', 'url': 'https://lastresistance.com/obamas-political-individualism-hurt-hillary-clinton-2016/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-04\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-35-204-242.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.05142468214035034', 'original_id': '2731f2c11b4b4de28b213f4329c8f51a180394019f965da797adbbf81515b5a7'}
<?php /* * $Id$ * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. * * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals * and is licensed under the LGPL. For more information, see * <http://www.doctrine-project.org>. / /* * Listener for SoftDelete behavior which will allow you to turn on the behavior which * sets a delete flag instead of actually deleting the record and all queries automatically * include a check for the deleted flag to exclude deleted records. * * @package Doctrine * @subpackage Template * @license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/lgpl-license.php LGPL * @link www.doctrine-project.org * @since 1.0 * @version $Revision$ * @author Konsta Vesterinen <kvesteri@cc.hut.fi> * @author Jonathan H. Wage <jonwage@gmail.com> / class Doctrine_Template_Listener_SoftDelete extends Doctrine_Record_Listener { /* * Array of SoftDelete options * * @var string / protected $_options = array(); /* * __construct * * @param string $options * @return void / public function __construct(array $options) { $this->_options = $options; } /* * Set the hard delete flag so that it is really deleted * * @param boolean $bool * @return void / public function hardDelete($bool) { $this->_options['hardDelete'] = $bool; } /* * Skip the normal delete options so we can override it with our own * * @param Doctrine_Event $event * @return void / public function preDelete(Doctrine_Event $event) { $name = $this->_options['name']; $invoker = $event->getInvoker(); if ($this->_options['type'] == 'timestamp') { $invoker->$name = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', time()); } else if ($this->_options['type'] == 'boolean') { $invoker->$name = true; } if ( ! $this->_options['hardDelete']) { $event->skipOperation(); } } /* * Implement postDelete() hook and set the deleted flag to true * * @param Doctrine_Event $event * @return void / public function postDelete(Doctrine_Event $event) { if ( ! $this->_options['hardDelete']) { $event->getInvoker()->save(); } } /* * Implement preDqlDelete() hook and modify a dql delete query so it updates the deleted flag * instead of deleting the record * * @param Doctrine_Event $event * @return void / public function preDqlDelete(Doctrine_Event $event) { $params = $event->getParams(); $field = $params['alias'] . '.' . $this->_options['name']; $query = $event->getQuery(); if ( ! $query->contains($field)) { $query->from('')->update($params['component']['table']->getOption('name') . ' ' . $params['alias']); if ($this->_options['type'] == 'timestamp') { $query->set($field, '?', date('Y-m-d H:i:s', time())); $query->addWhere($field . ' IS NULL'); } else if ($this->_options['type'] == 'boolean') { $query->set($field, $query->getConnection()->convertBooleans(true)); $query->addWhere( $field . ' = ' . $query->getConnection()->convertBooleans(false) ); } } } /* * Implement preDqlSelect() hook and add the deleted flag to all queries for which this model * is being used in. * * @param Doctrine_Event $event * @return void */ public function preDqlSelect(Doctrine_Event $event) { $params = $event->getParams(); $field = $params['alias'] . '.' . $this->_options['name']; $query = $event->getQuery(); // We only need to add the restriction if: // 1 - We are in the root query // 2 - We are in the subquery and it defines the component with that alias if (( ! $query->isSubquery() \|\| ($query->isSubquery() && $query->contains(' ' . $params['alias'] . ' '))) && ! $query->contains($field)) { if ($this->_options['type'] == 'timestamp') { $query->addPendingJoinCondition($params['alias'], $field . ' IS NULL'); } else if ($this->_options['type'] == 'boolean') { $query->addPendingJoinCondition( $params['alias'], $field . ' = ' . $query->getConnection()->convertBooleans(false) ); } } } }	mini_pile	{'original_id': 'f8525bf924cecc0dc5ea392a527a800a6a6cf985ca0eecde3da42fbc12d69de3'}
【禁聞】鄂萬名退休工人堵城聲討退休金 2012-02-23 06:18:10 Tens of Thousands of Retirees Protest for higher Pensions Hubei-based Gezhouba Group Corp. recently saw a mass protest staged by tens of thousands of retirees. The pensioners blocked local streets in Yichang city to protest against low pension payments. The crowd requested a step-down of Yang Jixue, president of the Gezhouba Group. A clash ensued between the retirees and on-site police, a large number of special force police were on stand-by nearby. On 20th Feb., thousands of retirees of China's Gezhouba Group protested on the main avenues in Yichang city, Hubei province. The protest proceeded on 21st Feb., pensioners involved rose to tens of thousands. Local authorities issued an announcement via local official TV, accusing the crowd of "illegally blocking traffic". Massive numbers of special force police were placed on stand-by at the local police bureau nearby, sources said. The retirees held banners reading increase pension payments, and “strongly urged Yang Jixue to give a clear account.” Mr. Shi, having background knowledge on this issue, reveals that Gezhouba's retirees are mostly paid a very low pension. Yet Gezhouba's president Yang Jixue lately claimed that the company's average salary exceeded RMB 3,000 per capita. Mr. Shi: "The Gezhouba Group was a state-owned enterprise, aided by the central government. Many unsolved problems have been left over. For many years, Gezhouba's employees have continually petitioned against their low wages, but was never addressed. He (Yang Ji learnt) even touted the wage was over RMB 3,000, that really enraged the people." Mr. Shi said he was a local since childhood. His parents, brothers and sisters are all working for Gezhouba. Mr. Shi: "My mother is only paid RMB 800, the amount was obtained after years of petitioning. Earlier on, her salary was less than RMB 300. They went to petition in Beijing, after many years, her salary was increased to RMB 800.” Pu Fei, spokesman for 64tianwang.com, gives his analysis. As there exists a dual pension scheme in China, the average income per capita is certainly low. Pu Fei: “An ordinary civil servant's pension is different from an ordinary citizen's. The civil servant's salary is covered by state expenditure. While an ordinary retiree's pension is paid by the officially touted National Pension Insurance. The gap between the both is about RMB 2,000-3,000, even as high as RMB 10,000-20,000." What's more, the Gezhouba Group has a higher administrative level than that of Yichang municipal government. The city hall's order is void to the Gezhouba Group, Pu adds. Canyu.org revealed another reason behind the protest. The Gezhouba Group's leader spent RMB 7 million to bribe the CCP central leadership to gain official promotions. According to Clearwisdom.net, Yang Jixue is the head of 610 Office set up inside the Gezhouba Group Corp. Since Jiang Zemin launched the persecution of Falun Gong, Yang proactively followed the CCP to secure his position. Moreover, Yang mobilized many officials inside the corporation to persecute Falun Gong practitioners in the Gezhouba Group. The on-the-job employees said that they supported their parents' protest against pension rights violations. However, they have been demanded to go home to persuade their parents to give up their demonstrating and petitioning. Otherwise, these on-the-job workers may face “forced unemployment”. NTD reporters Tang Rui and Zhu Di	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.6910644173622131}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46716', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LUVQ2S5ALCQAUNU2VBEMFLKDNRYNT4WB', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:810b6e40-e21c-4d54-81e4-d6c9c4ce6022>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 8, 59, 38), 'WARC-IP-Address': '125.227.6.210', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:AUKAQD3C6QGUJCTUJDNBWAGDHNHEIGCT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7e5388c7-6a1b-4fb9-a2e1-deba3f80159a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://ap.ntdtv.com/b5/20120223/video/89165.html?%E3%80%90%E7%A6%81%E8%81%9E%E3%80%91%E9%84%82%E8%90%AC%E5%90%8D%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%A0%B5%E5%9F%8E%20%E8%81%B2%E8%A8%8E%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:009340b4-c8f6-4206-a312-0fe6dc3867d5>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '545', 'url': 'http://ap.ntdtv.com/b5/20120223/video/89165.html?%E3%80%90%E7%A6%81%E8%81%9E%E3%80%91%E9%84%82%E8%90%AC%E5%90%8D%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%A0%B5%E5%9F%8E%20%E8%81%B2%E8%A8%8E%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-42\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for October 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04368019104003906', 'original_id': '686ef8d65d0cb7c56890e4a41c12362e464c82d2b97e50364f0574ac3d454d78'}
Skip to main content Levels of food loss are product identify a perishable vegetable important in the Indian food system and map the value chains. Tomatoes were chosen because they are: perishable vegetables, good sources of micronutrients (such as ascorbic acid), produced throughout the year in India, and are widely consumed across regions. Working with a summer intern from TERI School of Advanced Studies, we spoke with different actors along the tomato value chain, from farm to retail, to identify the major actors and activities. Repacking tomatoes at a wholesale collection center (Photo credit: Jocelyn Boiteau) Learning how to conduct our work during normal work hours for the different actors proved to be challenging, but also provided important information and observations. Navigating this work during work hours, I learned about different cultural norms, such as bohni time, as well as the challenges and benefits of interviewing actors and observing activities as they are Bohni, the first sale of the day I first learned the concept of “bohni” during lunch at the TCI-TARINA New Delhi office while discussing different markets around Delhi and negotiation practices. Bohni is a local custom where the first sale of the day determines the luck for sales for the rest of the day. It would be good luck for the seller if the first prospective buyer of the day makes a purchase, and potentially bad luck for the day if the first prospective buyer walks away without making a purchase. This lunchtime conversation proved to be useful in my own work to understand a cultural norm that I would apply during my market visits. During a morning visit to the Azadpur fruit and vegetable wholesale market in Delhi, I stopped by a vendor selling vegetables on a cart nearby the market. The vendor was just setting up his cart for the day, placing tomatoes into a pile for display. I asked him about where he had purchased his tomatoes from and how he had decided which tomatoes to purchase. After a minute of discussion he asked if I was planning to buy anything. Being the first customer of the day, this was bohni Now familiar with the custom, and wanting to contribute to good luck for business that day, I purchased some tomatoes that we would later use in another portion of my project, to measure the ascorbic acid content. Tomatoes ready to be sold by vendor using open cart (Photo credit: Jocelyn Boiteau) Interacting with value chain actors during work hours One of the more challenging aspects of this summer work was engaging with value chain actors as they were carrying out their activities. This was primarily a challenge when interacting with wholesalers, shopkeepers, and vendors during visits to wholesale, weekly and daily markets. At weekly and daily markets and other vendors, there was an expectation that we were customers. Therefore, when approaching actors, we found it most helpful to give an elevator pitch to briefly explain who we are and our objective to understand the tomato market actors and activities. We tried to respect actors’ time by having prepared brief and focused questions. We gauged their level of availability, speaking with some actors a bit longer if they were willing to give us their time. Actors had limited availability if they were setting up their stalls at the beginning of the day, or when the market was ongoing and they were engaging with customers. Wholesalers who sell tomatoes in 25-30 kg crates did not view us as prospective customers. They were often able to give us the most time because there were a number of workers hired to carry out the wholesale activities, such as unloading and loading crates. The wholesale operators were more available to speak with us and describe their business operation, where and how they source tomatoes, the activities of their workers, and the different buyers. Interviewing wholesalers, as activities were ongoing, was helpful in that we could ask about specific activities in real-time to better understand the process of moving tomatoes from one point of the value chain to the next. Observing the tomato wholesale market in Kolar, Karnataka with TERI intern Sindhuja Shukla (left) and Tata-Cornell Scholar Jocelyn Boiteau (right). (Photo credit: Mr. Asgar) Observing activities along the value chain Carrying out visits during working hours allowed us to directly observe the activities at different points along the value chain. Through direct observation, we became aware of the nuanced activities. For example, tomatoes at wholesale markets are repacked into different crates. Tomatoes may be sorted out during the repacking process, either collected into a lower grade collection basket or discarded onto the ground. After crates are nearly full from the repacking, the best looking tomatoes are placed on the top layer. These observations enriched our understanding of the activities that value chain actors mentioned. When conducting direct observation it was important to keep our eyes and ears open not only to absorb the ongoing activities but also to make sure we were not in the way of the activities themselves. The experience of collecting qualitative data through interviews and observations during work hours along the value chain provided important insights that will inform the design and timing of surveys, interviews and other data collection tools. Collecting certain data during work hours can yield important insights into the nuances of activities and decision-making, and can answer questions on-site as activities are occurring. However, because interruptions and distractions are likely to occur while interviewing during work hours, certain data collection tools, such as in-depth interviews, would best take place outside of busy work periods when the value chain actor has time to give full attention. Ultimately, through careful planning, a strong research design will strike the balance of respecting participants’ time and collecting the necessary data for the study. By Jocelyn Boiteau Boiteau is a PhD Student and a Tata-Cornell Scholar in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. Her research focuses on food loss of perishable vegetables from a food and nutrition security perspective.	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '13', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9544658660888672}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '55648', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TCNLS6EOK2JAMANZBG3CL2UFZOHJT6BN', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b9fc9ee9-2e2b-4c24-8ceb-39bbfb6ac354>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 20, 2, 54), 'WARC-IP-Address': '23.185.0.3', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LKWG7HIL5IVS5AVIV3MMNXC5TBULTJTU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:84b049ed-a424-46dd-b51e-c403c81c4bb6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tci.cornell.edu/blog/interacting-with-value-chain-actors-what-to-do-when-your-research-subjects-have-work-to-do/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e4ee9e1b-f3e0-4c59-859f-e0ea1a40eaba>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1050', 'url': 'https://tci.cornell.edu/blog/interacting-with-value-chain-actors-what-to-do-when-your-research-subjects-have-work-to-do/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-179-25-131.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.034282565116882324', 'original_id': '03f9906b153e823865e8888a755ffb6ee529b1c141e9cdb023508104be600264'}
fn foo() { let x = 1..; }	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://github.com/ironyman/rust-analyzer/blob/master/crates/ra_syntax/tests/data/parser/inline/ok/0080_postfix_range.rs', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'Apache-2.0, MIT', 'date': '2019.0', 'title': 'rust-analyzer', 'creator': 'ironyman', 'language': 'Rust', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '8', 'token_count': '13', '__index_level_0__': '3635', 'original_id': '376900bb2fdfc88653c3a51d613c1c795a2184eb087d9cbdda7f4b40d1f0b67e'}
The first scintigraphic detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been identified as a pathogenic factor in many immunologically based diseases and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In this case series, we used radiolabeled technetium anti-TNF-alpha antibody to scintigraphically image TNF-alpha in 3 patients with type 1 CRPS. The results show that TNF-alpha was localized only in affected hands of patients with early-stage CRPS. No uptake was seen in clinically unaffected hands and late-stage CRPS. Our findings support the growing evidence for neuroimmune disturbance in patients with CRPS and may have important further implications for specific anticytokine treatment in patients with CRPS.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '71716136f956674bd86527f55f2dfac89770a79788a14a8e699358ae81009178'}
Q: Find the general formula the taylor series of $e^{2x}$ and $xe^{2x}$ $e^{2x}$ and $xe^{2x}$ I know that $$e^x=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{x^{n}}{n!}$$. So $$e^{2x} =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{(2x)^{n}}{n!}$$ and $$xe^{2x}= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{2^{n}x^{n+1}}{n!}$$ Is this correct, or it should be something else? A: It is correct, except that those sums begin with $n=0$, not $n=1$.	mini_pile	{'original_id': '63d971175906da7f8b726aed145cc2205a88d7ca152e91aee17343003b88d8b8'}
Motorhome Rentals in New York New York Campervan Rentals New York is the largest state in the northeastern United States. It is home to 19,651,127 individuals, which makes it the third most populous state in the United States. It has a land area of 141,300 square kilometres. Albany is the capital of New York, even though New York City dwarfs the size of Albany. Other large cities include Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, Syracuse and Albany. New York State is beautiful countryside. Its rolling hills and mountains, borders with Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and several rivers that cut across the state demand attention. The Great Appalachian valley covers much of the eastern portion on the state, and contains other valleys and lakes. Much of the state is pristine and has been the subject of painters and poets alike. Its hard to imagine seeing everything that New york has to offer, the city alone could take a lifetime to explore. Its home to the Statue of Liberty, The Empire State Building, Coney Island, and a list of other attractions. New York state also offers skiing, the Baseball Hall of Fame, Several professional Football and baseball teams, Niagara Falls, and a wealth of state parks offering scenic trails and vantage points. New York Motorhome Rental Locations	dclm_baseline	{'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9417935609817504}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '16252', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:VO6NXJDRRAYL2QAV2I3DAMFYBH6US5S3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5d2613d7-3bf5-4908-8f84-96660eb91e0d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 16, 23, 25, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.186.199.169', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QEFUDPN2JT7F2HQHKIWOGJZXOLOMIWRY', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:34682b1a-ede1-4331-9e0a-33406db312be>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.compareandchoose.com.au/america/new-york/new-york-campervan-hire', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:0f1016d0-a2a7-4cb4-bffa-5b70f8a34027>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '213', 'url': 'https://www.compareandchoose.com.au/america/new-york/new-york-campervan-hire', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-76.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.6250302791595459', 'original_id': '962215ec5fa5bd612efe6cd781cfd5d1fc8f0373023648f7147b2c5f9a85ce1c'}
import { MergedTypeResolver, MergedTypeResolverOptions } from '@graphql-tools/delegate'; export declare function createMergedTypeResolver<TContext = any>( mergedTypeResolverOptions: MergedTypeResolverOptions ): MergedTypeResolver<TContext> \| undefined;	common_corpus	{'identifier': 'https://github.com/kkckkc/graphql-tools/blob/master/dist-es5/stitch/src/createMergedTypeResolver.d.ts', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'MIT', 'date': '2021.0', 'title': 'graphql-tools', 'creator': 'kkckkc', 'language': 'TypeScript', 'language_type': 'Code', 'word_count': '19', 'token_count': '70', '__index_level_0__': '50809', 'original_id': '217c1200dad191de287a23b4633776befd2dbb9d4c00c6a3fbf2c0ca5a30e5f2'}

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