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<h1 class="firstHeading">Willie Buchanon</h1>
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<h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>
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<table class="infobox" style="width: 20em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #dcdcdc;" class="fn"><font color="#000"><b>Willie Buchanon</b></font></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; color={{{textcolor1}}};">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><span><a href="../../../../articles/r/e/p/Image%7EReplace_this_image_male.svg_5646.html" class="image" title="Replace this image male.svg"><img alt="" src="../../../../images/local/thumb/7/7e/Replace_this_image_male.svg/200px-Replace_this_image_male.svg.png" width="200" height="200" border="0" /></a></span></div>
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'</td>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td><b><a href="../../../../articles/a/m/e/American_football_positions.html" title="American football positions">Position(s)</a></b>:<br />
<a href="../../../../articles/c/o/r/Cornerback.html" title="Cornerback">Cornerback</a></td>
<td><b><a href="../../../../articles/j/e/r/Jersey_number.html#American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey number">Jersey #(s)</a></b>:<br />
28</td>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td colspan="2"><b>Born:</b> <a href="../../../../articles/n/o/v/November_4.html" title="November 4">November 4</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/5/1950.html" title="1950">1950</a> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1950-11-04</span>)</span> <span class="noprint">(age 57)</span><br />
<a href="../../../../articles/o/c/e/Oceanside%2C_California_ce91.html" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside, California</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><font color="#000">Career Information</font></th>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="../../../../articles/s/e/a/Season_%28sports%29.html" title="Season (sports)">Year(s)</a></b>: <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1977_NFL_season_66e8.html" title="1977 NFL season">1977</a>–<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/8/1982_NFL_season_d734.html" title="1982 NFL season">1982</a></td>
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<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="../../../../articles/n/f/l/NFL_Draft_4cd4.html" title="NFL Draft">NFL Draft</a></b>: <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1972_NFL_Draft_1696.html" title="1972 NFL Draft">1972</a> / Round: 1 / Pick: 7</td>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="../../../../articles/l/i/s/List_of_college_athletic_conferences.html" title="List of college athletic conferences">College</a></b>: <a href="../../../../articles/s/a/n/San_Diego_State_University_abb7.html" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><font color="#000">Professional Teams</font></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/g/r/e/Green_Bay_Packers_4077.html" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a> (<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1972_NFL_season_26fd.html" title="1972 NFL season">1972</a>-<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1978_NFL_season_9c65.html" title="1978 NFL season">1978</a>)</li>
<li><a href="../../../../articles/s/a/n/San_Diego_Chargers_92bd.html" title="San Diego Chargers">San Diego Chargers</a> (<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1979_NFL_season_83d2.html" title="1979 NFL season">1979</a>-<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/8/1982_NFL_season_d734.html" title="1982 NFL season">1982</a>)</li>
</ul>
</td>
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<tr>
<th colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><font color="#000">Career Stats</font></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><i><a href="../../../../articles/i/n/t/Interceptions.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Interceptions">Interceptions</a></i>  </td>
<td align="left">  28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><i><a href="../../../../articles/i/n/t/Interception_%28football%29.html" title="Interception (football)">INT</a> yards</i>  </td>
<td align="left">  278</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><i><a href="../../../../articles/t/o/u/Touchdowns.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchdowns">Touchdowns</a></i>  </td>
<td align="left">  2</td>
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<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th colspan="2"><small>Stats at <b><a href="http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=BUC276857" class="external text" title="http://www.nfl.com/players/profile?id=BUC276857" rel="nofollow">NFL.com</a></b></small></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><font color="#000">Career Highlights and Awards</font></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="left">
<ul>
<li>3x <a href="../../../../articles/p/r/o/Pro_Bowl_580f.html" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a> selection (<a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1974_Pro_Bowl_4312.html" title="1974 Pro Bowl">1973</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1975_Pro_Bowl_5275.html" title="1975 Pro Bowl">1974</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1979_Pro_Bowl_6530.html" title="1979 Pro Bowl">1978</a>)</li>
<li>1x <a href="../../../../articles/a/l/l/All-Pro_c07a.html" title="All-Pro">All-Pro</a> selection (1978)</li>
<li>1972 <a href="../../../../articles/n/f/l/NFL_Defensive_Rookie_of_the_Year_07a9.html" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year">NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year</a></li>
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<p><b>Willie James Buchanon</b> (born <a href="../../../../articles/n/o/v/November_4.html" title="November 4">November 4</a>, <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/5/1950.html" title="1950">1950</a> in <a href="../../../../articles/o/c/e/Oceanside%2C_California_ce91.html" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside, California</a>) was a graduate of Oceanside High School and <a href="../../../../articles/s/a/n/San_Diego_State_University_abb7.html" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a>.</p>
<p>He was a <a href="../../../../articles/c/o/r/Cornerback.html" title="Cornerback">cornerback</a> for the <a href="../../../../articles/n/a/t/National_Football_League_dcce.html" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> <a href="../../../../articles/g/r/e/Green_Bay_Packers_4077.html" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a> and was defensive rookie of the year in <a href="../../../../articles/1/9/7/1972.html" title="1972">1972</a> and a three-time <a href="../../../../articles/p/r/o/Pro_Bowl_580f.html" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a> Player. He finished his career with his hometown <a href="../../../../articles/s/a/n/San_Diego_Chargers_92bd.html" title="San Diego Chargers">San Diego Chargers</a>, retiring with 28 career interceptions and 15 fumble recoveries. He is now a <a href="../../../../articles/r/e/a/Realtor.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Realtor">realtor</a> in San Diego and his son <a href="../../../../articles/w/i/l/William_Buchanon_262c.html" class="mw-redirect" title="William Buchanon">William Buchanon</a> plays <a href="../../../../articles/w/i/d/Wide_receiver.html" title="Wide receiver">wide receiver</a> for the <a href="../../../../articles/o/a/k/Oakland_Raiders_c8ad.html" title="Oakland Raiders">Oakland Raiders</a> and won a national championship with the <a href="../../../../articles/u/n/i/University_of_Southern_California_4e4b.html" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> Trojans.</p>
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<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br />
<b><a href="../../../../articles/i/s/i/Isiah_Robertson_3f6f.html" title="Isiah Robertson">Isiah Robertson</a></b></td>
<td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="../../../../articles/n/f/l/NFL_Defensive_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award_bad4.html" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award">Defensive Rookie of the Year</a></b><br />
1972</td>
<td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br />
<b><a href="../../../../articles/w/a/l/Wally_Chambers_2dc6.html" title="Wally Chambers">Wally Chambers</a></b></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="../../../../articles/w/a/l/Walt_Patulski_9d37.html" title="Walt Patulski">Walt Patulski</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/s/h/e/Sherman_White_%28American_football%29_650c.html" title="Sherman White (American football)">Sherman White</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/l/i/o/Lionel_Antoine_7715.html" title="Lionel Antoine">Lionel Antoine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/a/h/m/Ahmad_Rash%C4%81d_4eee.html" title="Ahmad Rashād">Ahmad Rashād</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/r/i/l/Riley_Odoms_2512.html" title="Riley Odoms">Riley Odoms</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/g/r/e/Greg_Sampson_1011.html" title="Greg Sampson">Greg Sampson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <strong class="selflink">Willie Buchanon</strong><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/r/o/y/Royce_Smith_a3dd.html" title="Royce Smith">Royce Smith</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/j/e/r/Jerome_Barkum_b458.html" title="Jerome Barkum">Jerome Barkum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/j/e/f/Jeff_Siemon_9b63.html" title="Jeff Siemon">Jeff Siemon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/j/e/r/Jerry_Tagge_1e22.html" title="Jerry Tagge">Jerry Tagge</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> Craig Clemons<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/f/r/a/Franco_Harris_8f3a.html" title="Franco Harris">Franco Harris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/j/o/h/John_Reaves_a158.html" title="John Reaves">John Reaves</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/c/l/a/Clarence_Ellis_be82.html" title="Clarence Ellis">Clarence Ellis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/h/e/r/Herb_Orvis_a4d2.html" title="Herb Orvis">Herb Orvis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> Eldridge Small<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/t/h/o/Thom_Darden_1379.html" title="Thom Darden">Thom Darden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/t/e/r/Terry_Beasley_6169.html" title="Terry Beasley">Terry Beasley</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/m/i/k/Mike_Taylor_%28linebacker%29_faa7.html" title="Mike Taylor (linebacker)">Mike Taylor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/m/i/k/Mike_Siani_a7c7.html" title="Mike Siani">Mike Siani</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/t/o/m/Tom_Drougas_8ef4.html" title="Tom Drougas">Tom Drougas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/j/e/f/Jeff_Kinney_5b21.html" title="Jeff Kinney">Jeff Kinney</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/l/a/r/Larry_Jacobson_c024.html" title="Larry Jacobson">Larry Jacobson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="../../../../articles/m/i/k/Mike_Kadish_3ff8.html" title="Mike Kadish">Mike Kadish</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> Bill Thomas</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>1967</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/l/e/m/Lem_Barney_529c.html" title="Lem Barney">Barney</a> | <b>1968</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/c/l/a/Claude_Humphrey_c2e1.html" title="Claude Humphrey">Humphrey</a> | <b>1969</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/o/e/Joe_Greene_%28American_football%29_780b.html" title="Joe Greene (American football)">Greene</a> | <b>1970</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/b/r/u/Bruce_Taylor_%28American_football%29_d7f6.html" title="Bruce Taylor (American football)">B. Taylor</a> | <b>1971</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/i/s/i/Isiah_Robertson_3f6f.html" title="Isiah Robertson">Robertson</a> | <b>1972</b>: <strong class="selflink">Buchanon</strong> | <b>1973</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/w/a/l/Wally_Chambers_2dc6.html" title="Wally Chambers">Chambers</a> | <b>1974</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/a/c/Jack_Lambert_%28American_football%29_8f73.html" title="Jack Lambert (American football)">Lambert</a> | <b>1975</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/r/o/b/Robert_Brazile_593c.html" title="Robert Brazile">Brazile</a> | <b>1976</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/m/i/k/Mike_Haynes_%28cornerback%29_8129.html" title="Mike Haynes (cornerback)">Haynes</a> | <b>1977</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/a/2E/j/A.J._Duhe_f7dc.html" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Duhe">Duhe</a> | <b>1978</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/a/l/_/Al_Baker_0ce0.html" title="Al Baker">Baker</a> | <b>1979</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/i/m/Jim_Haslett_3ce7.html" title="Jim Haslett">Haslett</a> | <b>1980</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/b/u/d/Buddy_Curry_fe29.html" title="Buddy Curry">Curry</a> & <a href="../../../../articles/a/l/_/Al_Richardson_%28American_football%29_b035.html" title="Al Richardson (American football)">Richardson</a> | <b>1981</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/l/a/w/Lawrence_Taylor_b2a4.html" title="Lawrence Taylor">L. Taylor</a> | <b>1982</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/c/h/i/Chip_Banks_dc43.html" title="Chip Banks">Banks</a> | <b>1983</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/v/e/r/Vernon_Leroy_Maxwell_4d7d.html" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Leroy Maxwell">Maxwell</a> | <b>1984</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/b/i/l/Bill_Maas_8d5a.html" title="Bill Maas">Maas</a> | <b>1985</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/d/u/a/Duane_Bickett_cf09.html" title="Duane Bickett">Bickett</a> | <b>1986</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/l/e/s/Leslie_O%27Neal_db02.html" title="Leslie O'Neal">O'Neal</a> | <b>1987</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/s/h/a/Shane_Conlan_085a.html" title="Shane Conlan">Conlan</a> | <b>1988</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/e/r/i/Erik_McMillan_2baa.html" title="Erik McMillan">McMillan</a> | <b>1989</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/d/e/r/Derrick_Thomas_cd7f.html" title="Derrick Thomas">Thomas</a> | <b>1990</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/m/a/r/Mark_Carrier_%28defensive_back%29_dd39.html" title="Mark Carrier (defensive back)">Carrier</a> | <b>1991</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/m/i/k/Mike_Croel_f36c.html" title="Mike Croel">Croel</a> | <b>1992</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/d/a/l/Dale_Carter_ea24.html" title="Dale Carter">Carter</a> | <b>1993</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/d/a/n/Dana_Stubblefield_b00c.html" title="Dana Stubblefield">Stubblefield</a> | <b>1994</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/t/i/m/Tim_Bowens_8d01.html" title="Tim Bowens">Bowens</a> | <b>1995</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/h/u/g/Hugh_Douglas_%28American_football%29_bc82.html" title="Hugh Douglas (American football)">Douglas</a> | <b>1996</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/s/i/m/Simeon_Rice_ddca.html" title="Simeon Rice">Rice</a> | <b>1997</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/p/e/t/Peter_Boulware_4fa0.html" title="Peter Boulware">Boulware</a> | <b>1998</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/c/h/a/Charles_Woodson_30ac.html" title="Charles Woodson">Woodson</a> | <b>1999</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/e/v/Jevon_Kearse_d6c6.html" title="Jevon Kearse">Kearse</a> | <b>2000</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/b/r/i/Brian_Urlacher_b47a.html" title="Brian Urlacher">Urlacher</a> | <b>2001</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/k/e/n/Kendrell_Bell_678b.html" title="Kendrell Bell">Bell</a> | <b>2002</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/u/l/Julius_Peppers_3292.html" title="Julius Peppers">Peppers</a> | <b>2003</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/t/e/r/Terrell_Suggs_3381.html" title="Terrell Suggs">Suggs</a> | <b>2004</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/j/o/n/Jonathan_Vilma_0e36.html" title="Jonathan Vilma">Vilma</a> | <b>2005</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/s/h/a/Shawne_Merriman_775b.html" title="Shawne Merriman">Merriman</a> | <b>2006</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/d/e/m/DeMeco_Ryans_5672.html" title="DeMeco Ryans">Ryans</a> | <b>2007</b>: <a href="../../../../articles/p/a/t/Patrick_Willis_8449.html" title="Patrick Willis">Willis</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 03, 2019
Kansas City TIF Question Persists
Highlights from the constant cowtown struggle to turn a "ghetto to be turned into a gold mine" or vice versa . . . Read more:
Kansas City Tax Abatements: Valuable Tool or Welfare for the Rich?
Anonymous said...
Well, based on what we are told the Primary voting results were, the next Mayor is nothing more than a "House Nigger" for the Kansas Real Estate Developers, no matter who wins, so it doesn't matter what the taxpayers of Kansas City want or need.
Anonymous said...
Jolie Justus making it to the general election was probably the worst thing that could happen. She's basically S'lie 2.0. Which means more heavy incentives for developers and the rich, no focus on crime, no focus on infrastructure aside from raising taxes thru the roof to fund stuff, regressive taxing structure that penalizes and hurts the working class, and no solution for poor education aside from raising taxes and throwing more money at it.
Quinton Lucas talks a big game in terms of capping subsidies for developers. But he doesn't give the impression that he's going to walk the walk and will likely fold like a cheap suit the first time a developer comes calling for incentives and offering him a $50k kickback to his personal bank account to make it happen.
Basically, what we're going to have is more of the same bullshit that has been burying this town for years no matter which of these yahoos gets elected.
Oh well...
Anonymous said...
You people thought Clay would win..hahahahahhaa!!!! 1% of the vote!!!!!!! LOL!!! Where do I get my Clay Chastain yard sign??????
Anonymous said...
Clay was a joke of a candidate. He would have probably actually doomed the city faster the Jolie Justus will with his hair-brained light-rail obsession that is literally, impossible to do fiscally.
The only thing that even made Clay even remotely interesting is the fact that he was least pointing a finger at all the corruption in Shitty Hall and calling it for what it is.
But realistically, there are bums on the street more qualified and less dangerous to the city than Clay is.
Anonymous said...
There is only two large shopping centers of note in the Northland that aren’t TIF supported. With yassaah boss Nolte on the tif Commission, duh, what’s a chapter 100?, we need at least the Q man to shake it up. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9622277617454528}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '43007', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NPXX7NQLEGASXH7RUIALFLZ6HXMV5DFU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:c4e8a93b-52cd-49a1-bf8d-45eae7dfeee9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 18, 4, 39, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.164.179', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JYZECHRT6MTYAB5252WIM2P2HLN2ZDCT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:719fbc37-3e36-4c8d-9ae8-7bc89a2ca2e4>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.tonyskansascity.com/2019/04/kansas-city-tif-question-persists.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1ce62e76-ac7b-45ce-81b3-052cdd5f9c2b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '403', 'url': 'https://www.tonyskansascity.com/2019/04/kansas-city-tif-question-persists.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-81-83.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06816232204437256', 'original_id': '1027317947eee8dee60a5a46801541fe09b74015596d1bc868683bc8ee659037'} |
Thursday, August 28, 2014
Whole Parenting Goods
A few weeks ago, at The Hundred Event, I met Nell. She blogs at Whole Parenting Family. She could not be nicer! Knowing no one before I went, she was the first person I met, and immediately I felt so at ease. She's one of those people who makes the person she is talking to feel like the most interesting, important person in the world at the time. She's lovely, witty, intelligent, kind and sweet as can be. On top of that, she has a precious Etsy shop filled with handmade items!
To go a little off-track for a bit, all of my babies have been spitters. They spit up so much that it at times looks like it could be vomit. Gross mental image, I know. However, it doesn't stop. After multiple outfit changes a day, you just get used to the smell of sour milk. Because of this, my favorite burp cloths have always been these. They provide enough coverage that you can usually escape a change of clothes as well. Usually.
Well, imagine my excitement when I saw that Nell made something very similar. I ordered one immediately.
While perusing her online shop, I couldn't help but think Sophie needed this, too! So, I ordered it as well.
She also had these great hot/cold packs that looked like the perfect ingredient for instant stress relief.
They are!
See what I mean? Cute things, useful things - all handmade!!
This is what came of it all...
If you don't follow her blog or haven't supported her shop, check both out. She's as good as they come. I promise!
1. I met Nell at Edel! I enjoy her blog so much and her shop is adorable! Sophie is the perfect model! Love the skirt....I think I need to do some shopping there myself!
2. Oh you are so so kind!!! She is ADORABLE in this!!!!!
3. Thanks! I'll have to check these out!!! I think they will be more for my husband than for me. Spit up never bothered me much with any of my siblings, but my husband on the other hand……will be needing three cloths at a time =)
4. Cute items :) your baby is precious. Rachel xo
5. Ha ha ha! How adorable! See, a real live dress up doll. I"m telling you, you are gonna love this! | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9659979343414308}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '131996', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FWCFQN6DG3WUTJNTOCQYG6YSZMHFPQMI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:057c9ada-88ea-4c6b-a55b-50fffd69f304>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 11, 15, 0, 14, 9), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.15.115', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:263QXSYLZEVKOPX4UP2FKY2C7HY5OQYQ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d8e97ee5-06a4-4327-b216-67f432dc3006>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.thefiskfiles.com/2014/08/whole-parenting-goods.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:ccd73a4b-4409-4399-ab88-c8367b918d04>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '388', 'url': 'http://www.thefiskfiles.com/2014/08/whole-parenting-goods.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-47\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-165.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.027965426445007324', 'original_id': 'dce900bb621cc25e6028db1d2984e2edda3fb00f86bb3ed8db215a9abafc692b'} |
C++ Document Analysis
Order Description
Write a modular program to do the following: • Ask the user for a file to read.
• Read through that file and count all the vowels
• Create an output file with the same name plus the word “Analysis” that contains a bar graph of the frequency.
At a minimum, there should be: • A main()function that controls the operation of the program • A countFromFile() function that takes an input stream and an array as parameters and fills the array with the counts of the vowels • A reportToFile() function that takes an output stream and an array as parameters and uses the array data to write a report to the selected stream
Submission All parts of the submission are to be uploaded in Canvas by the due date. Refer to the style guide posted in Canvas!
1. Write and submit a C++ source code file that implements your solution. (.cpp) a. Your source code must contain appropriate internal documentation (comments) b. Your source code must be neatly formatted for readability.
2. Write and submit an external documentation file (.docx or .pdf) that documents your solution. a. Program summary b. Documentation of working features (may include screenshots or descriptions of tests) c. Description of any problems you tested that caused the program to break, but you could not fix. (known issues)
3. Upload one test file and the resulting Analysis- file. a. Run your program on your test file. b. Upload that test file with your solution. c. Upload the output file | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8526915907859802}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '22501', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:KGWSS3WDULWLUMYDJ6IDI2BAULPHRSIW', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:4aa947f4-bc47-463c-b0e7-c59d73678f47>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 18, 8, 48, 41), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.18.52.217', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NJI7LADAAOSETJPCV3KYI2TG5BMHU7MX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:fb952182-0690-483f-889f-9602db963d0b>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://bttstudio.com/market/83b0bbd7-26f5-45bc-930d-bb2184d3cd59', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:1c6bf6ee-8cb1-4f4a-a841-711e2af5e21b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '246', 'url': 'https://bttstudio.com/market/83b0bbd7-26f5-45bc-930d-bb2184d3cd59', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-245.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.733487606048584', 'original_id': '8e9ada037dd2f47b818fc24a36dd6e1acf7298ddf26a05ef98b2a8e32ad0cd48'} |
Welcome to Dress Up Lush! A dress up games website that provides girls with the best online girl gaming. We offer you the latest in fashion games, makeover games and barbie games! You could even have fun dressing over your favorite celebrities! There are cooking games, girl games, anime games, fantasy dress up and a whole lot more! Be sure to check in every single day as we add games on a daily basis! We hope you have lots of fun at Dress Up Lush!
Sweet Mermaid UnderThe Sea!
Sweet Mermaid UnderThe Sea!
Enter in the deep waters fairy world and dress up this beautiful mermaid in some of her amazing outfits. Choose her tail, top and jewelries as well as a new hairstyle. At the end you can even print your creation and share it with your friends! | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f76ac831cf06ab8cd030cf7b91b33b446631589d296f8d0564dc91928aeed0a7'} |
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How the death of a cryotherapy worker could affect spas worldwide
After the accidental death of a spa worker in Las Vegas last year, cryotherapy’s image transformed overnight: going from hot new beauty treatment to dangerous, extreme practice.
If you read beauty magazines or blogs last year—or even watched the evening news—you probably heard about it: Chelsea Patricia Ake-Salvacion, an employee of a Las Vegas spa, was found dead in its cryotherapy chamber, which she apparently had entered alone after hours. The next morning, she was found curled up on the floor of the chamber, frozen.
Her beyond-horrific death has led to calls for new safety protocols for cryotherapy, a rapid deep freeze of the body (developed in Japan and popular throughout Europe) that purports to improve sleep, increase metabolism, reduce inflammation, and burn up to 600 calories, all in under three minutes. (Daniel Craig added it to his regimen for getting his ripped Bond bod, and top models Crystal Renn and Maryna Linchuk tout it, too.)
And the Nevada health department is conducting a broader investigation of cryotherapy, which could lead to some of the first regulations of its kind worldwide.
“When you’re dealing with extreme temperatures, there is little room for error,” says Heather Mikesell, editor of American Spa Magazine. “The fact that it’s getting such buzz these days also means you’ve got spas and other facilities jumping on the bandwagon. Unfortunately, that increases the danger factor because many employees don’t necessarily have the knowledge or experience needed to operate and monitor a cryotherapy chamber.”
(To be clear, though, in this case: The county coroner ruled Ake-Salvacion’s death an accident, Las Vegas police say no crime is suspected, and state Occupational Safety and Health investigators said she should not have been using the cryotherapy chamber after hours.)
Deep freeze 101
Cryotherapy, which has not been approved for medical use by the FDA, can seem a bit extreme—this is a no mere post-game ice bath, or cold plunge at the spa.
You enter a chamber of liquid nitrogen (ever have warts burned off by a dermatologist? That stuff) that’s been chilled to negative 264 degrees Fahrenheit, and your skin temperature cools to as low as 32 degrees, in minutes. The short duration keeps your core warm and minimizes discomfort, while stimulating the cold receptors of the body, proponents say: Blood rushes from your extremities, causing an endorphin surge, reduction of inflammation, and a recharging the adrenal glands.
Basically, fans of the procedure say it tricks your body into hypothermia without those pesky drawbacks like frostbite or death. And it has a lot of fans.
“Other bodywork is about unblocking energy, realigning, or strengthening,” says award-winning dancer and choreographer Stephen Petronio, who recently began visiting KryoLife in Manhattan. “This is kind of a workout for your circulatory system.”
The artistic director of his own dance company, Petronio trains every morning (weightlifting, swimming, Pilates) and then conducts four-hour rehearsals. “I’ve been dancing for 40 years. Inflammation is no stranger to me. [Cryotherapy] has my joints feeling great, and my metabolism is tripped off. I’m buzzing when I get out. I feel super consolidated, pulled together.”
snowflakeMy experience with the big chill
During my own visit to Kryolife last September, the cryotherapy chamber (which looked like something out of a cheap ’50s sci-fi film) was cold, but not painfully so—as if I stepped outside in my underwear on a brisk alpine night. But slowly, over seconds, I did feel a burning sensation on the backs of my arms and nipples.
Afterward, in the small waiting area, I chatted to two other clients. One man said the therapy was helping him with his arthritic knees, and a woman, who was warming herself back up on a stationary bike, comes every week. “It’s really helped me with my depression, most of all,” she said, smiling.
I felt an effect as well. That day I was more awake and felt brighter, and later, when I went swimming, I churned through the water with an extra boost of energy. That night, I fell asleep early, for the first time in weeks.
How is KryoLife dealing with the fallout from the tragic mishap in Las Vegas? The company—which plans to open a location in the chic Flatiron District in early March another in Greenwich, CT, later this year—is touting its safety protocols.
Technicians are carefully selected and trained to adhere “to the medical-grade safety standards employed by prescribing physicians in Europe,” explains CEO Joanna Fryben. “In the extremely rare incident that both technician and client are simultaneously incapacitated, our machines are programmed to automatically power down after three minutes.”
For spas like KryoLife, government regulation may not change things at all. But spa owners (and cryotherapy fans) should keep an eye on Nevada: New regulations could set a precedent that puts the industry’s freewheeling deep-freeze days behind it—for good. —Mike Albo
Think cryotherapy is too weird for you? Don’t forget, there was a time not too long ago when wellness was weird… Or maybe floating in a sensory deprivation tank is more your think? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '5', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.934405505657196}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '122754', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:6AGX272GLPYCJB3DPXOPPL5VPCNCDTPK', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:01a68fb1-e37e-4742-91f7-316f9199cb63>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 26, 5, 41, 36), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.31.77', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ARGS2XCB4ABHPXJFR6JD3BMMKRFEK2HC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:221190ac-8a5d-4937-80ee-850c89fbe2b5>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/cryotherapy-safe-worker-death/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f631c7bc-097c-4949-a7ac-6d0de3052ea5>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '858', 'url': 'https://www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/cryotherapy-safe-worker-death/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-212-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019523441791534424', 'original_id': '0d9f6af641f7f3a20cc52b46117cb34949ccd5a86175a561105a205b664e60b4'} |
« #EdShare: Raising the Bar for National Sharing | Main | Discussing Blended Learning and Remote Learning »
An Interview With George Couros About "The Innovator's Mindset"
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Screen Shot 2015-10-30 at 10.03.31 PM.png
One of the hottest new education books is The Innovator's Mindset by my friend George Couros, a division principal of Teaching and Learning with Parkland School Division, located in Stony Plain, Alberta, Canada. He's also a highly-sought-after teaching, learning, and leadership consultant. I caught up with George recently to talk about his book
Q: What was your motivation in writing "The Innovator's Mindset"?
A: "Innovation" in education is in danger of becoming a buzzword because we use it without really thinking about what it means and what it can look like in our schools today. The other trend that I have seen lately is that "innovation" is just used to replace the world "technology," and it can be so much more than that. Ultimately what the word really is about in education is creating new and better ways of learning, which is something educators should all get behind. I wanted this to be more than an education book though, and really something that made connections through telling stories, because that is what helps people move forward. If I can help more educators see themselves as innovators, and help them embrace this mindset, our students will not only have better opportunities in learning, but we as educators will find opportunities for ourselves that are more rewarding. This book is meant to empower people to embrace change and the opportunities that are in front of us.
Q: Who do you see as the primary audience for the book?
A: What I am hoping is that this book really reaches leaders, but when I use that term, I am not reserving it for administrators, but any educator that sees the need for creating something new and better for our students. It is meant to not only help see change as something we embrace and model ourselves, but help create the foundation where change is more likely to happen with others. I try to weave in and out between ideas for leadership and things that can happen in the classroom, because I truly believe that every educator has the potential to be a leader and make a difference on a larger scale, no matter their title.
Q: Why do you think it is important for educators to focus on innovation?
A: If you look at organizations around the world, if they do not innovate they die. Blockbuster actually had the opportunity to buy Netflix but the thinking was that they were good with their current business model, and obviously ended up losing an opportunity to become a truly global organization. Yet many people believe that innovation is for someone else, not our own organizations. If school stays the same while the rest of the world changes, people are going to either find or create something better for our kids. My parents saw education and school as a way to something better, because it was vastly different than what they experienced. I want to continue to make sure that we support this idea and develop not only our students as innovators, but also our educators. We cannot expect our students to become innovative, if we do not create the opportunities for them to do this within the context of school.
Q: Is this more of a mindset for upper grades or is this something that we need to do in K-12?
A: This meant for any level of educator. I share stories of educators from kindergarten to high school who are really trying to challenge the traditional notion of school and develop something better. What my hope is in this book is that we move from "pockets" of innovation, to a "culture" of innovation. These stories should not be the outliers, but should become the norm. If we don't see this as a whole system emphasis, we will spend more time trying to catch up as opposed to moving forward. Innovation has no age barrier, and as discussed in the book, it is about a way of thinking more than anything, that can be a part of what we do at all levels.
Q: As a school and district leader, how would you recommend that educators use this book to engage their schools and communities in a constructive dialogue regarding change?
A: One of the things that I wanted to do is model innovation, even in writing the book. Often authors will provide some type of guide, but I wanted it to be a living and breathing opportunity for not only others to discuss this at their school, but to also be a part of the conversation as the author. By using things like the hashtag #innovatorsmindset, and also creating a list of resources for each chapter on my blog to continue discussion, as well as a Facebook page for the book, I am hoping that I can learn alongside readers. There are also questions at the end of each chapter tmeant to spark conversation and push the idea of innovation in teaching, learning, and leadership within each school. I did not want to write a book that told people how to become an innovative school, because that is the exact opposite of the idea. It is meant to push conversations forward, while also providing ideas and inspiration for schools to become places where creativity flourishes. This will only happen if this book becomes the start to a conversation, not the end of it.
Q: What was your biggest takeaway from writing this book?
A: One of the things that I talk about in the book is the idea of networks being crucial to innovation. As I was writing, I realized how much I have learned from connecting with others and blogging about my learning over the last six years. Stories can truly become the fuel for innovation, and my thinking has been pushed by so many across the world that share their experiences with others. I know that this is not a book I could have written six years ago because my thinking then was isolated, honestly, because I chose it to be that way. One of my favourite quotes is from Linus Pauling who says, "The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas." This book would not have been possible without the connections to so many amazing educators to which I am truly grateful.
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Lanaw ang Oallajávri sa Noruwega. Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Narvik ug lalawigan sa Nordland Fylke, sa amihanan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan sa Oslo ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Oallajávri. Naglangkob kin og ka kilometro kwadrado. Hapit nalukop sa kasagbotan ang palibot sa Oallajávri. Naglukop ni og 1.1 km gikan sa amihanan ngadto sa habagatan ug 0.5 km gikan sa sidlakan ngadto sa kasadpan.
Ang klima boreal. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Marso, sa °C.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga lanaw sa Nordland Fylke | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oallaj%C3%A1vri', 'collection': 'Wikipedia', 'open_type': 'Open Web', 'license': 'CC-By-SA', 'date': '2023.0', 'title': 'Oallajávri', 'creator': 'https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oallajávri&action=history', 'language': 'Cebuano', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '103', 'token_count': '181', '__index_level_0__': '47991', 'original_id': '75e921872951a01791fe53d249ab58992c66402482923b73ba16fea9b7e4669e'} |
Why Jungle Rhythms’ pages are yellow
One of the main reasons to digitize the large summary tables used within the Jungle Rhythms project was to save a digital copy of the physical original. The original copy as stored in the Yangambi herbarium was in a dire state, and preservation was a primary concern. Certain paper, when not stored properly, has the tendency to yellow and slowly become brittle and decay as time passes.
Mainly, newsprint and some other papers are made from ground wood or straw contain more non-cellulose compounds (lignin) compared to cellulose in European paper (pure cellulose) or grass fibers in Asian style paper. These non-cellulose compounds and lignin in particular are subject to oxidation, which alters their molecular structure by turning them into amongst others phenolic acids, and changing the colors we perceive to yellow and brown.
These phenolic acids not only make the paper yellow, they also make it brittle. These days paper will have either all lignin removed, or will contain an alkaline substance (calcium bicarbonate) to neutralize any lignin left, this kind of paper is called acid-free paper.
Luckily the paper used for the summary tables was sufficiently thick to keep it from falling apart due to oxidation. However, even so it was not safe from water damage or the occasional rodent looking for nesting material. The current state of the paper is therefor a mix of internal paper chemistry, adsorption of dust and dirt, water damage and mechanical damage / stress (rodents, manipulation,…).
(sections copy edited from the Smithsonian Institution Archives. For more information see this research abstract and the series of articles.)
© 2018. All rights reserved.
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<?php
namespace app\models;
use Yii;
/**
* This is the model class for table "real_vote_result".
*
* @property int $user_id
* @property int $vote_answer
* @property int $extension
*
* @property User $user
*/
class RealVoteResult extends \yii\db\ActiveRecord
{
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
const ABSTAIN = 0;
const BEHIND_JSK = 1;
const CONTRA_JSK = 2;
const BEHIND_MONEY = 3;
const CONTRA_MONEY_BEHIND_JSK = 4;
const CONTRA_MONEY_CONTRA_JSK = 5;
public $photo;
public $agree;
public static function tableName()
{
return 'real_vote_result';
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function rules()
{
return [
[['user_id', 'vote_answer', 'photo', 'vote'], 'required'],
['vote', 'filter', 'filter'=> 'trim'],
['agree', 'required', 'requiredValue' => true, 'message' => 'без подтверждения нельзя загрузить фото'],
[['user_id', 'vote_answer'], 'integer'],
['vote', 'integer', 'max'=> '100000000'],
['vote_answer', 'unique', 'targetAttribute' => ['user_id', 'vote_answer'], 'message' => 'Вы уже загрузили фото и ответили на вопрос'],
// ['photo', 'unique', 'targetAttribute' => ['extension'], 'message' => 'Вы уже загрузили фото'],
['photo', 'file', 'extensions' => ['jpg', 'png', 'gif', 'jpeg'], 'maxSize' => 7 * 1024 * 1024],
[['user_id'], 'exist', 'skipOnError' => true, 'targetClass' => User::className(), 'targetAttribute' => ['user_id' => 'id']],
];
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function attributeLabels()
{
return [
'vote_answer' => 'Как Вы проголосовали?',
'vote' => 'Общее число голосов участника собрания кредиторов проще говоря сумма стоимости квартиры по ДДУ + ущерб (Указывайте только целые числа без дробей) ',
'photo' => 'Загрузка фото бюллетени',
'agree' => 'подтверждаю, что загрузка фото бюллетени и сообщение моего выбора я делаю добровольно
и в отношении меня НЕ были применены
признаки состава преступления, предусмотренного статьей 141 УК РФ! Я осведомлен,
что загрузка фото бюллетени осуществляется для предотвращения возможных фальсификации со
стороны организаторов и то, что фото будет удалено после подведения итогов голосования
(когда результаты устроят большинство дольщиков!)',
];
}
public function voteResult()
{
return [
'0' => 'Воздержался',
'1' => 'За ЖСК',
'2' => 'Против ЖСК',
];
}
public function voteResult12()
{
return [
'0' => 'Воздержался',
'3' => 'За возврат денег',
'4' => 'Против возврата денег и за ЖСК',
'5' => 'Против возврата денег и против ЖСК',
];
}
/**
* @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
*/
public function afterSave($insert, $changedAttributes)
{
$this->photo->saveAs(Yii::getAlias('@webroot') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'img' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'vote' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'vote_' . $this->user_id . '.' . $this->photo->extension);
parent::afterSave($insert, $changedAttributes);
}
public function getUser()
{
return $this->hasOne(User::className(), ['id' => 'user_id']);
}
}
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17
Jul
Norton Wi-Fi Report
NORTON WI-FI REPORT
Consumers are putting their personal information at risk using public Wi-Fi.
Many people are aware of the risks of public Wi-Fi, but are not necessarily changing their behaviours and may be unknowingly placing their personal information at risk.
60% of consumers globally feel their personal information is safe when using public Wi-Fi, yet over half can’t tell the difference between a secure or unsecure public Wi-Fi network.
A quarter of consumers globally have accessed a Wi-Fi network without the network owner’s permission; 8 percent guessed or hacked the password for access.
Consumers are unable to resist a strong, free Wi-Fi network and access to one can be deciding factor when choosing a hotel, place to eat or even which airline to fly
One in six consumers globally admit to having used public Wi-Fi to watch adult content – many even doing so in the workplace
These findings were revealed in the 2017 Norton Wi-Fi Risk Report, a global omnibus survey of more than 15,000 consumers in 15 countries, conducted by Reputation Leaders. It explored consumer perceptions, practices and knowledge about the safety of public Wi-Fi connections. The research was commissioned by Symantec Corporation (NASDAQ: SYMC) which is the world’s leading cyber security company, helping organizations, governments and people secure their most important data wherever it lives.
“There is a deep divide between what people think is safe when it comes to using public Wi-Fi versus the reality. What someone thinks is private on their personal device can easily be accessed by cybercriminals through unsecure Wi-Fi Networks or even apps with privacy vulnerabilities.”
The Norton Wi-Fi Risk Report is an online survey of 15,532 adults ages 18+ who use Wi-Fi across 15 countries, commissioned by Norton by Symantec and produced by research firm Reputation Leaders through international online panel company Research Now. The margin of error for the total sample is 0.8 percent at a 95 percent confidence level. The U.S. sample reflects input from 1,002 U.S. adults ages 18+ who use Wi-Fi. The margin of error is 3.1 percent for the total U.S. sample. Data was collected from May 18th to June 5th, 2017 by Research Now | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c259ef301ac9c512bec83586604fcc1815042c378193e3e093dd14ca28b411e3'} |
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script charset="utf-8" type="text/javascript" src="../d3/d3.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../d3-tip/d3.tip.old.js"></script>
<title>Slightly interactive LOD curve</title>
<style type="text/css">
.d3-tip {
fill: darkslateblue;
stroke: none;
font-weight: bold;
}
.d3-tip text {
fill: white;
font-size: 12px;
stroke: none;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
.axis path,
.axis line {
fill: none;
stroke: black;
shape-rendering: crispEdges;
}
.axis text {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: 11px;
}
p {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h3 style="font-family:sans-serif">Slightly interactive LOD curve</h3>
<p>Hover over the markers (the pink dots).
<div id="lodchart" style="position:relative;top:10px;"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var w=800, h=400;
var pad = {bottom:50, left:50, top:3, right:3, internal:5}
var n_xTicks = 6, n_yTicks = 7;
var which_chr = "4";
var onedigit = d3.format(".1f");
d3.text("lod.csv", function(datasetText) {
var parsedCSV = d3.csv.parseRows(datasetText);
var onechr = [];
for(var i=0; i<parsedCSV.length; i++) {
if(parsedCSV[i][1] === which_chr) {
onechr.push(parsedCSV[i]);
}
}
var svg = d3.select("#lodchart")
.append("svg")
.attr("width", w)
.attr("height", h);
// tool tips: https://github.com/Caged/d3-tip
var tip = d3.svg.tip()
.orient("right")
.padding(3)
.text(function(d) {
var title = "LOD = " + onedigit(d[3]) + " pos = "+ onedigit(d[2]);
var pattern = /^c.+\.loc-*[0-9]+$/;
if(!d[0].match(pattern)) { // is Marker?
title += " (" + d[0] + ")";
}
return title; })
.attr("class", "d3-tip");
var xMin = d3.min(onechr, function(d) { return Number(d[2]); });
var xMax = d3.max(onechr, function(d) { return Number(d[2]); });
yMin = 0;
yMax = d3.max(onechr, function(d) { return Number(d[3]); });
xScale=d3.scale.linear().domain([xMin, xMax])
.range([pad.left+pad.internal, w-pad.right-pad.internal]);
yScale=d3.scale.linear().domain([yMin, yMax])
.range([h-pad.bottom-pad.internal, pad.top+pad.internal]);
svg.append("rect")
.attr("x", pad.left).attr("y",pad.top)
.attr("width", w-(pad.left+pad.right))
.attr("height",h-(pad.top+pad.bottom))
.attr("fill", "rgb(230,230,230)");
var xAxis = d3.svg.axis().scale(xScale).orient("bottom").ticks(n_xTicks).tickSize(0,0,0);
var yAxis = d3.svg.axis().scale(yScale).orient("left").ticks(n_yTicks).tickSize(0,0,0);
var xTicks = xScale.ticks(n_xTicks);
svg.selectAll("#verline")
.data(xTicks)
.enter()
.append("line")
.attr("x1", function(d) { return xScale(d); })
.attr("x2", function(d) { return xScale(d); })
.attr("id", "verline")
.attr("fill", "none")
.attr("stroke", "white")
.attr("y1", pad.top)
.attr("y2", h-pad.bottom);
var yTicks = yScale.ticks(n_yTicks);
svg.selectAll("#horline")
.data(yTicks)
.enter()
.append("line")
.attr("y1", function(d) { return yScale(d); })
.attr("y2", function(d) { return yScale(d); })
.attr("id", "horline")
.attr("fill", "none")
.attr("stroke", "white")
.attr("x1", pad.left)
.attr("x2", w-pad.right);
svg.append("g")
.attr("class", "axis")
.attr("transform", "translate(0," + (h - pad.bottom) + ")")
.call(xAxis);
svg.append("g")
.attr("class", "axis")
.attr("transform", "translate(" + pad.left + ",0)")
.call(yAxis);
svg.append("text")
.attr("x", w/2)
.attr("y", h-pad.bottom/3)
.style("font-family", "sans-serif")
.text("Position (cM)");
svg.append("text")
.attr("x", pad.left/3)
.attr("y", h/2)
.attr("transform", "rotate(270 " + pad.left/3 + " " + h/2 + ")")
.style("font-family", "sans-serif")
.text("LOD score");
svg.append("rect")
.attr("x", pad.left).attr("y",pad.top)
.attr("width", w-(pad.left+pad.right))
.attr("height",h-(pad.top+pad.bottom))
.attr("fill", "none")
.attr("stroke", "black");
var line = d3.svg.line()
.x(function(d) { return xScale(d[2]); })
.y(function(d) { return yScale(d[3]); })
.interpolate("linear");
svg.append("svg:path")
.attr("fill", "none")
.attr("stroke","slateblue")
.attr("stroke-width", 3)
.attr("d", line(onechr))
var markers = [];
for(i=0; i<onechr.length; i++) {
var pattern = /^c.+\.loc-*[0-9]+$/;
if(!onechr[i][0].match(pattern)) { // is Marker?
markers.push(onechr[i]);
}
}
var circles = svg.selectAll("circle")
.data(markers)
.enter()
.append("circle")
.attr("cx", function(d) { return xScale(d[2]); })
.attr("cy", function(d) { return yScale(d[3]); })
.attr("r", 1.5)
.attr("fill", "hotpink");
var largercircles = svg.selectAll("#lgcircle")
.data(markers)
.enter()
.append("circle")
.attr("id", "lgcircle")
.attr("cx", function(d) { return xScale(d[2]); })
.attr("cy", function(d) { return yScale(d[3]); })
.attr("r", 7)
.attr("opacity", 0)
.attr("fill", "violet")
.on("mouseover", tip.attr("id", "d3tip"))
.on('mouseout', function() { d3.selectAll("#d3tip").remove(); });
});
</script>
</div>
<div><small style="font-family:sans-serif">Makes use of <a href="http://d3js.org/">D3</a> and <a href="https://github.com/Caged/d3-tip">d3-tip</a>.</small></div>
</body></html> | the_stack | {'hexsha': '8ffdaa760c8f5be73b1bf40654e76e090e5fdd31', 'size': '6203', 'ext': 'html', 'lang': 'HTML', 'max_stars_repo_path': 'lod_curve/index.html', 'max_stars_repo_name': 'greenore/d3examples', 'max_stars_repo_head_hexsha': '24655435b62ea9dc8027bef1e395fe1ee49691fc', 'max_stars_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_stars_count': '103', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_min_datetime': '2015-01-02T07:09:52.000Z', 'max_stars_repo_stars_event_max_datetime': '2022-03-22T19:13:51.000Z', 'max_issues_repo_path': 'lod_curve/index.html', 'max_issues_repo_name': 'kbroman/d3examples', 'max_issues_repo_head_hexsha': '8bc06cede2cb46b7b55df12030afe1e2fabd756b', 'max_issues_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_issues_count': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_min_datetime': '', 'max_issues_repo_issues_event_max_datetime': '', 'max_forks_repo_path': 'lod_curve/index.html', 'max_forks_repo_name': 'kbroman/d3examples', 'max_forks_repo_head_hexsha': '8bc06cede2cb46b7b55df12030afe1e2fabd756b', 'max_forks_repo_licenses': "['MIT']", 'max_forks_count': '43', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_min_datetime': '2015-02-01T10:15:00.000Z', 'max_forks_repo_forks_event_max_datetime': '2020-04-04T22:53:17.000Z', 'avg_line_length': '29.2594339623', 'max_line_length': '161', 'alphanum_fraction': '0.5010478801', 'original_id': '532627083caf2bf66a2f656d537d8035be3e51f9e2fdd27b5e6d7a67c22ddcbc'} |
Picture: THE TIMES
Picture: THE TIMES
IS A big business such as First National Bank (FNB) a corporate citizen with responsibilities to society as a whole? Yes, of course it is. It is part of and operates in society.
Does that mean FNB, and any other bank or business for that matter — a car or food manufacturer, mining company, retail chain and the rest — should be a good citizen, not only pay its taxes and follow the spirit as well as the letter of the law, but also be free to play a positive role, even take the lead on issues in the general interest? Again, yes, of course it means that. Companies may choose to run a publicity campaign, for instance, suggesting we eat healthily; urging us not to waste water or litter the countryside; proposing we consume alcohol wisely; or suggesting we buy safer, more fuel-efficient cars rather than bigger and faster ones.
Behaving as a good corporate citizen can mean businesses doing all these things, where appropriate, and where both sides, the general public and the company, can be said to benefit — even if who benefits most is always disputed.
Doesn’t it follow, then, that FNB is also entitled to criticise the government of the day if the government is doing a bad job? Ah, well now, just a minute, hang on.
Why it is worth thinking twice about this question should be obvious.
We have left the area of the general good, strayed outside social and environmental issues and entered the contested and deeply compromising realm of politics. The view we have to take here, as calmly as we can manage it, is not that of the corporate citizen’s rights and responsibilities, but of our own as individual citizens. That means all of us.
Incomprehensible as it seems to those who think the African National Congress (ANC) is doing a bad job, many, perhaps most, South African citizens have until now always decided the ruling party is doing a good one and elected it repeatedly. For which side does FNB speak?
More to the point, who gave the bank the go-ahead to speak for either side in launching its You Can Help advertising campaign? It is not likely to be FNB shareholders even if they could have been consulted. A safe guess would be that FNB shareholders are presently the most unhappy of all South African citizens in this, because what makes corporate or individual shareholders happy are not beaux gestes but beautiful profits and dividends. The ANC’s top brass showed its willingness to punish both by threatening to withdraw the party’s business.
That leaves FNB customers, who will include, we should remember, FNB staff. Although their money is also funding the board’s ill-starred initiative, customers had no say in approving or disapproving of the advertising campaign before it ran and, if the public response to date is anything to go by, are as divided on its merits, not to mention its wisdom, as everyone else.
The conclusion is not so much depressing as baffling.
This latest FNB advertising campaign is not the first seemingly intended to call the governing party out for its shortcomings, only to be withdrawn abjectly at the first sign of the ANC’s anger.
It raises questions that contradict even the lame and misguided defence presented by FNB’s chief marketing officer, Bernice Samuels: that FNB’s advertising was meant "to galvanise".
Galvanise who? FNB customers? ANC opponents? The young? Everyone?
Never mind such blurred communication objectives; the overall direction here seems to lack a hold on reality.
Do at least some among SA’s most senior executives suppose they are more democratic than the citizen body of SA and hope to speak for them?
Do they sincerely believe they can spark off some kind of spontaneous civil society "movement" to bring the government to heel?
Many media commentators are fond of indulging that idea, of harking back to the exciting days but vanished world of the United Democratic Front.
If this is the explanation in the FNB case, those responsible should perhaps ponder that "democracy" is said to be here now, not something still to be won.
And that what South African democracy needs today is an organised, which means well-funded, political party of opposition, not a commercial bank at odds with itself.
They might also conclude that is something they are free to put their money behind without giving themselves and everyone else so much trouble.
Whelan is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a political analyst. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9727963209152222}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '118804', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:7UBV56OTIRPZNTE7M6QUBLM52TH2N5XL', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:059f9af1-36e3-479a-9657-629956788fe6>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 22, 2, 4, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '196.34.62.26', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QLPE5UCGHZQJZ4CHRVYWCQYHJ2IRGDAK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d50fc5a1-0b59-4aa5-bb54-947039ab048e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2013/01/29/does-fnb-have-the-right-to-speak-for-citizens', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:a491839c-ce45-46c6-bcca-579e77f7bfbb>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '755', 'url': 'http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2013/01/29/does-fnb-have-the-right-to-speak-for-citizens', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03983116149902344', 'original_id': 'a53153ed054761eb73ddb360d58d85f10c00ee37aa065ec4b88bd783a30c78ff'} |
The Business of Architecture*
Association of Consulting Architects Australia
* The ACA leads the discussion on business and employment matters in Australian architecture - we provide timely advice, information and resources; promote debate and advocate for better business practices and legislative frameworks. Welcome to the conversation.
Australia's Second Most Overrated Degree?
6 February 2014
Recent mainstream media reportage positioned architecture as "Australia's second most overrated degree". Thinking this sounded dodgy, the ACA dug into the figures further to write this response, first published on ArchitectureAU.
Is architecture really “Australia’s second-most overrated degree”? At first glance the headlines seems like yet more alarming news for a profession already facing difficult times, but looking a bit more closely things starts to come unstuck. The reportage, and the “research” on which it is based is alarmist not alarming.
Does it matter? The Association of Consulting Architects (ACA) thinks so. As a profession, architecture does face some big issues, and remuneration is one of them (as is fees). But this kind of sensationalist “research” and reportage makes little useful contribution. Indeed it undermines important and necessary discussions, and gives the public further false impressions of the profession. It is particularly worrying when such reports and reportage are directly addressed to students and would-be-students.
The news stories are based on a report by McCrindle Research, which defines ‘underrated’ and ‘overrated’ in relation to starting salaries and the number of graduates who have found employment. So, architecture is deemed overrated on the basis that the median starting salary for Bachelor graduates is identified as $32,500, that only 42% of these graduates are available for full-time work, and that of those in a full-time role only 72% are working in architecture.
None of this sounds good, but it is worth looking a little closer at where these figures come from, and what they refer to.
The report is vague about where its data comes from and its method of analysis. It notes that 512 people across Australia were surveyed (you have to wonder how many architects or architectural graduates were included) and that they drew extra data from various other organisations – Graduate Careers Australia, ABS Measures of Australia's Progress, DEEWR Higher Education Reports, DIISRTE, and Open Universities Australia.
Architect Gintas Reisgys was one of many who thought the findings sounded odd. After a couple of minutes on Google he tweeted that the architecture salary figures and employment rates cited looked like they were from Graduate Careers Australia (GCA), an organisation that surveys new graduates every year.
The first thing to note is that the median salary figure cited for architecture – $32,500 – is for graduates of Bachelor degrees aged under 25. This is significant because the standard professional degree is now a coursework Masters. (Effectively, the old five-year BArch degree has been split into two – a three-year undergraduate degree followed by a two-year Masters.) For the McCrindle report this is another factor that contributes to architecture’s “overrated” status – it observes that the four “most overrated” degrees all require further study in order to be able work in the discipline. But is also explains why only 42.2% of the 590 graduates surveyed were available for full-time work – another 44.6% were in full-time study – and why the median salary is so low.
The Architects Award outlines minimum wages for students of architecture, graduates of architecture and newly registered architects. Bachelor graduates who continue in full-time study are still considered “students of architecture” under the award. The median figure of $32,500 cited in the report corresponds to the award wage for students, which is $32,347 for students over 21 years old with less than three years experience. This then increases with every year of experience. Bachelor graduates who are in the period between obtaining a Bachelors degree and commencing the professional Masters – that is, not studying architecture and working in an architectural practice – are covered by the Modern Manufacturing Award (Entry Level C5). (The hourly rate associated for this is $22.31, which is very similar to the graduate of architecture rate of $22.34 per hour, which would result in a higher annual wage than the median salary cited in the study.)
If we turn to the GCA survey’s finding on graduates from coursework Masters degrees, we find that the median salary is $46,000, that 87.3% were available for full-time work and that of those available 76.7% were in full-time employment. (It is worth noting, however, that these figures, as with those for Bachelor graduates, come from the 2012 Graduate Careers survey.) Once again this corresponds to the award salary – this ranges from $44,141 for an entry-level graduate of architecture to $51,032 for an experienced graduate.
It is not clear what information about architecture, if any, came from McCrindle’s own survey of 512 people, or if any of these were architecture graduates, but it is worth noting that almost half those surveyed came from NSW, so it is not really nationally representative, and only 21% (109 respondents) were in the age bracket 19–33 years, which might be assumed to contain the typical graduate.
The GCA figures raise some important issues, which are certainly worth further consideration. Architecture salaries are low compared to most other graduates, there is a 6.25% gap between men and women ($48,000 for men, $45,000 for women), and not all graduates are finding work. But the sensationalist approach doesn’t get us any further in addressing these issues.
Further analysis was done on the GCA figures last year in relation to the question of the gender pay gap. This separated out the data for those following a “traditional” career path. That is, those who:
Had completed an award in architecture at the Master’s degree level.
Had studied full-time.
Were working as architects in an architectural practice.
Were working between 38 and 42 hours per week.
Within this group, the pay gap was much smaller, but what is most interesting is that this sorting dramatically narrowed the sample size from 566 respondents to 77. That is, most graduates of an architecture coursework masters don't fit the "traditional cohort" model. It would be very useful to know more about the profile of the other respondents so that we can better understand the educational and early career trajectory of ‘typical’ architectural graduates.
The last point we would make is that valuing education and careers is a more complicated matter than simply assessing income and employment. The rewards of architecture are not always directly related to monetary derived from it. As Gintas Reisgys also tweeted “In all honesty though, who entered architecture to make money? The pleasure of the job is never conveyed.” That said, the ACA firmly believes that it is imperative that all architectural students, graduates and architects at all levels are fairly recompensed for their work.
The ACA is committed to furthering the serious discussion of business matters in architecture, including remuneration. As a first step in building a better understanding of architectural salaries across the country, the ACA launched the National Salary Survey last year. This will run every six months and will provide a much firmer understanding of architectural salaries across the industry at all levels.
There is not getting around the fact that graduate salaries in architecture are low compared to many other industries and disciplines – and compared to many others in the construction and built environment fields. This is cause for concern. If we want to improve architectural salaries in general we need to improve our business practices, address issues around low fees and fee undercutting, and investigate new business models. This is what the ACA is committed to doing. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'fbe62ed0d7af3aa47e18cd8a5fdff55c3250a2d5ee257f17a7572b4cd4effadf'} |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Instead of displaying all possibilities on terminal screen, as in:
$ ls /etc/<TAB>
Display all 230 possibilities? (y or n)
I want to save all possibilities to a file.
ls /etc/ > file.txt will not always work. apt-get is an example:
$ apt-get <TAB>
autoclean check install update
autoremove clean purge upgrade
build-dep dist-upgrade remove
changelog dselect-upgrade source
I'm looking for a command like tabcompletions 'ls /etc/' which outputs all possibilities, so that I can run a command like the one below, which compares the tab completion possibilities for two commands:
diff <(tabcompletions 'ls ') <(tabcompletions 'cd ')
Is that possible?
share|improve this question
Also see unix.stackexchange.com/questions/23900/… – cwd Dec 31 '12 at 2:50
2 Answers 2
In your ~/.bashrc you probably have something like this:
source /etc/bash_completion
Now, that's where to continue looking, and the header of _quote_readline_by_ref contains the necessary hint:
compgen -f /etc/
Tracing this back, it turns out that (via type compgen) compgen is a "shell builtin", which means it should appear in man bash:
compgen [option] [word]
Generate possible completion matches for word according to the options ...
share|improve this answer
An example using a completion function, as _apt_get would be interesting. – enzotib Sep 27 '11 at 15:59
@enzotib compgen -F _apt_get, except that it's not so simple: you would need to set a bunch of variables to emulate the real completion system. Zsh is even worse, the completion primitives (compadd, compset) only work if called from a completion widget, which in turns only works from the line editor, not from a script or even from a command line. – Gilles Sep 27 '11 at 22:23
@Gilles: thank you. – enzotib Sep 28 '11 at 7:04
Although, a crude method, you could use the command script
$ script -a lsdiff
Script started, file is lsdiff
$ ls <TAB>
a b c ...
$ <Ctrl-D>
Script done, file is lsdiff
Repeat the above for cd and compare the difference.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Q:
hand over only some of the additional Variables for function
sorry for my terrible english
I have a funtion like this
function E(element1, element2 = "yes", element3="no")
{
console.log(`E1: ${element1}\nE2: ${element2}\nE3: ${element3}`)
}
When I call this function, I only wanna change the thrid element and the second can stay the same
Something like this E("test", stay, "yes")
Thanks
A:
See this answer for some help: Is there a way to provide named parameters in a function call in JavaScript?
I rewrote your function as follows:
//In ES2015, parameter destructuring can be used to simulate named parameters.
function E(element1, {element2="yes", element3="no"}={}){
console.log(`E1: ${element1}\nE2: ${element2}\nE3: ${element3}`);
}
// call E without a value for element2. The default is used.
E("test", {element3: "foo"})
Output:
E1: test
E2: yes
E3: foo
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '043c4d5330207091fc8132fb7c5c55f9a0532c8d662653d4aea0d92b86a19c11'} |
Anyone bought from amazon Europe? France, Germany, Italy etc?
(6 Posts)
Cathytwivel Thu 15-Nov-12 20:02:46
Anyone bought from Amazon France? there Lego is cheaper than the UK i have just found out!!! in the case of some dupplo a third of the price!
TwoGirlsNowNoSleep Fri 26-Oct-12 21:15:09
I order from and it's working perfectly well. If it's not directly sent from amazon, postage is might be higher and not all seller sell to other countries, and I also haven't returned anything so far. Once a parcel didn't arrive, but just sent it again without any problems. Definitely would recommend.
I bought a pushchair. Again, fast delivery, no problems.
thehogopogo Fri 26-Oct-12 20:58:38
I too ordered from Amazon E.U (Germany)- a babybay bedside crib, was almost half the price of one from UK, and was delivered within a week. Honestly? I didnt understand the invoice when it arrived, but had no need to return. Great experience overall smile
Chislemum Mon 22-Oct-12 16:56:59
Hi Cathytwivel: we regularly buy from German Amazon and it works just the same. Have to admit that we have never returned anything. Things are sometimes cheaper (very true), some things you only get from the German site and since I am German it is obviously easy for me to use the site. However, DH, who is learning German also uses the site and also finds it easy to use. If it looks the same as the English version, it means the same. Also, if in doubt, Google translate can help. Costs for delivery are okay too.
Cathytwivel Sun 21-Oct-12 00:17:22
I recently signed up for the mumsnet amazon family promotion and I am loving it. I have set as my home page as it tells me the biggish price droops.
Sometimes items are cheaper on a European site? I have never bought from amazon Europe how easy it ? Any experiences? Or tips what happens with returns?
Join the discussion
Join the discussion
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15 May, 2013
#SpecialFeature :: #Spotlight on Alicia Trent Mystery Series by Eileen Harris
Now Presenting:
*** SPECIAL FEATURE - May'13 ***
Antique Magic, is the first in a series about Alicia Trent. She owns an antique store in Scottsdale, Arizona, and has a knack of getting involved with mystery and murder in fascinating environments. Occasionally a little magic occurs.
Carrie on Goodreads Says : "This book is the amazing first book in a new series about an exciting character! Very fun and enjoyable read!!!"
Evelyn Cullet on Goodreads Says: "Antique Forgery was a well-written, well-plotted enjoyable cozy. The characters were interesting and likable."
SMJ on Amazon Says: "Please read all of Eileens Books they are great. Keeps you guessing till the end. Eileen please keep them coming your books are fabulous."
Meet the Characters from the Series
Meet Alicia
Tell us about your teenage years… What were you like?
I don't think I was much different than most teenagers. I have always been interested in mysteries and read quite a lot. I liked sports, played a lot of tennis, and talked about boys with my friends.
How and why did you get into the Antique Business?
As explained in Antique Magic, my mother was in that business as were all her friends, so I was exposed to all areas of the antique business very young. Since I lived with just Mom, I spent a lot of time traveling with her and hearing the fascinating details when members of her group made extraordinary finds. Making a living looking for those kinds of treasures was irrestible.
Do you believe in magic?
I think magic is a wonderful concept and would love to believe it's out there and accessible, but no, I don't believe in magic. I do believe there are lots of things that we don't, as yet, understand. Since there have been humans on this earth, they have always thought of the things they didn't understand as magic.
What are your feelings regarding the Magic Clock & Bottle?
Over the time these items have been in my possession, I've had a whole host of different feelings. At the moment I consider them my most prized possessions, I find them both useful and confusing, and I wouldn't give them up for anything.
If you needed back up and you could choose only one person, who would you choose between Nick, Lawrence and Barry? And why?
If given the choice, I'd choose Barry every time. I would and have trusted both Nick and Lawrence with my life, but I have known Barry a lot longer. Our friendship doesn't contain any element of romance. It is based on mutual respect, and the years have forged a trust that is hard to match.
What are the top 3 things on your bucket list?
Narrowing this down to three is difficult. I definitely want to do a lot more traveling. I hope to find ways to understand the clock and swirling bottle better, and like most women, at some point I'd like to find a soul mate to spend my life with.
I hear that ‘Alicia Trent’ will be taking a break… So what’s on your agenda right now and when do you plan to make a comeback?
Right now I am just trying to adjust to all the changes in my life. I am concentrating on my antique store and my friends. I don't have any specific plans for a “comeback” as you call it, but one never knows when a mystery will pop into their lives.
Meet Nick
You have had a rough childhood. How has that helped shaping up your life/character/personality?
I'm sure that all the experiences of our lives affect and change us. My childhood was worse than some and better than many. These days I don't have any problem facing myself in the mirror in the mornings, and I don't think we can ask for any more than that.
Have you made peace with your family? How is your search for your brother going on?
Things with my Mom are fine, and I think she is content and maybe even happy. As for information regarding my brother, people will just have to read Antique Discovery.
What is it about Alicia that attracted you to her in the first place?
Alicia, is one of a kind. Originally I was attracted to her intense loyalty to her friends, and her determination to do the right thing, no matter what the cost.
Do you see a future for the two of you?
I suppose I have my hopes, but I know better than most that life is full of surprises.
The unique clock & bottle have always been right so far, so why are you so skeptical about them?
Oh, I don't think I'm skeptical any longer. I just prefer to be able to understand the tools I use. I'm not big on trusting the unexplainable.
What are the top 3 things on your bucket list?
There are a million things I still want to do. I couldn't possibly list them all here, but I will say that the main thing is to be able to keep on being thrilled to get up each morning to tackle the day ahead.
Meet Lawrence
We know a bit of your background from ‘Antique Magic’ but not as much as I’d like to know. Can you tell us a bit more?
Well, as you know from Antique Magic, I had a wealthy upbringing, but my family wasn't especially affectionate. Even so, things were fine until I got sick. After that there was more confusion than anything else. Since my most recent medication has made living a normal life possible, I've been happier than ever before.
What was your initial reaction to Alicia Trent when you two met in Antique Magic?
We met under very strange circumstances, and my very first impression was to realize how extremely brave she is. It wasn't long until I also discovered her compassion and loyalty.
You have become quite an important part in Alicia’s life and have been there on all of her adventures. Has your opinion of her changed over the time?
Of course it has. The better I get to know here the more positive qualities I discover. She isn't like anyone else I've ever met.
What is your take on the magic clock & bottle?
Pure and simple fascination and amazement.
What are the top 3 things on your bucket list?
That's an easy question. I only have one, and that's to stay healthy as long as possible.
What is your plan now?
With my condition I try very hard not to plan ahead. I take one day at a time and try to enjoy each one.
Stalk The Author
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Buy the Books
Ms.Harris has the most awesome proposal this month! She will be giving away all the 4 books in the Alicia Trent Series to ONE very lucky winner from US.
I have read 4 of 5 of these books and trust me, they are well worth your time! Now Hurry Up! Enter in the rafflecopter below and remember to come back throught out the month for more posts and entries!
Please note that I will be checking the entries, so enter only genuine links. Other entries will be removed.
a Rafflecopter giveaway
1. What inspired you to start writing?
2. I noticed that all your books are titled with the word antique. Do you have a background in antiques, and if not, how did you come up with the concept of the main character being in the antiques business?
3. This is the first time I've been asked this question. Attending a ton of antique auctions and visiting antique stores has long been a hobby. For the factual information in the books I did a lot of research. As for how I can up with the idea for making Alicia an antique dealer, I have no answer. Ideas just come, but I am never sure from where. Thank you for being interested. The one book Desert Shadow is not part of the Alicia Trent series and I have another completed book I hope will be published soon that is also different.
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The Importance of Massage to your Mental and Physical Wellbeing
Some people only remember or think of massage in the event that they suffer muscular problems. Unfortunately, they fail to acknowledge and appreciate other benefits linked to massage. Well, they miss all the other benefits of massage. There are several health benefits of this practice. Regularly using the therapy can enhance your health by ensuring that you are protected from issues including muscular issues. Regular massage therapy can thus be something you want to think of from now. Massage provides a state of relaxation for you. The massage therapies soothe the muscles ensuring that you feel relaxed. It also provides an added advantage to the skin. It encourages and makes it easy for the body to get rid of toxins. At the same time, if massage is concentrated around the neck, then it can work in eliminating and also reducing the likelihood for early wrinkling. This can clearly explain the rise in use of facial massages in most places today.
Pain relief is a critical benefit of massage. In case of tears, strains as well other injuries particular techniques can be critical in reducing cramping. Additionally, sports workers can take up massage to relax those overworked or sore muscles. Another critical benefit of the practice for sports lovers is it improves their flexibility and body resistance and consequently reduce chances for common injuries. Sports people thus have a whole package of Benefits of Massage to enjoy.
Benefits of Massage also include improvement of mental performance. Well, mental performance improves with increased stress reduction and relief and thus causing an increase in ones’ productivity. Better productivity, on the other hand, comes in as a result of clear thinking as well as good concentration. Various massage techniques can assist you to achieve all these Benefits of massage. Also, you can gain relief from problems including headaches and backaches with the help of various massage therapy techniques. Massage creates inner calmness that enhances stress relief and thus better health.
Finally, massage is an essential natural remedy that improves and enhances both mental and physical health of individuals. You can take it up by selecting a professional who can effectively conduct the various techniques. Maybe you could wish or prefer to learn the various techniques; it is a great idea and you can assist family members or friends. You can also ask our professional masseur to explain and demonstrate the steps as you learn. You may find that you get better at it each day. Finally, ensure that with the knowledge of the Benefits of Massage you take the therapy seriously and make it a regular practice. You can also introduce it to the children and other family members. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9531408548355104}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37544', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XAQLZONBFPAOEKKU5CR2SBEVUTDTE6HZ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:cbf763f3-52ae-476c-a6b5-795f7e6cfef3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 20, 7, 31, 12), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.2.75', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:FTCWCDXZQCYS7CLEOZH3CSU7MULM7SGG', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:30a5f1cd-7d12-4692-b111-aae3a0da06ed>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.pbdmauritius.org/practical-and-helpful-tips-tips-3.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3003c305-a20f-40e3-ab78-f6ab3bd33fba>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '455', 'url': 'http://www.pbdmauritius.org/practical-and-helpful-tips-tips-3.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-218-190-154.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08348530530929565', 'original_id': '8ad7989c06bb957ccd0ddea450f5b7b0110ac1184b4566d9a97bebc2d46a9ec2'} |
Pati Jinich is host of the popular Emmy and James Beard nominated PBS series Pati's Mexican Table, author of two cookbooks, and resident chef at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington, DC. This is her official website where she shares recipes from her show and new recipes in her blog, plus upcoming events, recent news, and more.
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Bean
One of the things that I’m most enthusiastic about in what I do, is breaking down myths about Mexican food and also about Mexicans. One of the biggest misconceptions is that Mexican food is greasy, fatty, cheesy and overloaded in heavy amounts of condiments. Some of the dishes that crossed the Mexican border and have…
A Mexican brunch is the perfect way to ease into the weekend. What kinds of recipes are truly Mexican but truly inspired, too? This episode will look at what a late breakfast/early lunch in Mexico might look like, and what recipes you can prepare in your own home.
If you’re fighting a war, how do you cook food on the run? What sort of meals can you make around ranches, porches, and rustic bonfires? What might Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata have eaten? This episode looks at the culinary legacy of the Mexican Revolution, with recipes that include:
Beans are a crucial part of any Mexican meal, where the black bean is the most common bean used generally speaking. However, speaking regionally, it is favored in the Southern states and also in Veracruz. In the northern areas of Mexico, the lighter colored beans such as the Pinto are more common, and in the center…
Quesadillas–the perfect marriage of heaven and earth, where the basic, simple tortilla meets the ecstasy of cheese. If you can find the right cheese, that is… So, where do you find great Mexican cheeses in the US? If you can’t find Oaxaca Cheese or Manchego, what can you use instead? What about Monterey Jack or…
Fava beans have been around for quite a long time. Ancient Egyptians prized them so much that they were buried with them inside of their tombs! Originally native to Africa and southwest Asia, today Favas are cultivated all over the world. Thanks to the Spaniards, Mexicans have been enjoying them since the XVI century, in…
When I think about my mother, I think about her fava bean soup (fine, and a couple other things too…). That’s how strong an impact that soup has had on me. But not many people are wild about favas, habas in Spanish. Different from pasta or potatoes, Favas haven’t gone mainstream. Okay. I can see…
It is partly because of a soup like this, that I want to write a cookbook. A soup that makes me feel all warm inside when I spoon it into my mouth. A soup that has the earthiness and simplicity that grounds me. A soup that, aside from having a comforting base, has layers of…
We came back home exhausted, after being away for a couple weeks in Canada for a big family reunion. Though we had delicious meals, trying all sorts of Canadian fare, as soon as we walked in I was ready to make some comforting, home tasting food. Few things taste more like home to me, than…
The uses of beans in Mexican cooking are immense. Although you can buy them already made, if you make them at home they have a much nicer flavor and you will give your kitchen an irresistible smell. You can make a lot of them and refrigerate a batch which should last in the refrigerator for about 4 to 5… | mini_pile | {'original_id': '451a9378dc72e689a36f54ed02c396e1fca6b876a403eba3838d9478f5146ceb'} |
In vivo diffuse correlation spectroscopy investigation of the ocular fundus.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements in vivo recorded from rabbits' ocular fundus are presented. Despite the complexity of these ocular tissues, we provide a clear and simple demonstration of the DCS abilities to analyze variations in physiological quantities of clinical interest. Indeed, the reported experimental activities demonstrate that DCS can reveal both choroidal-flow and temperature variations and detect nano- and micro-aggregates in ocular fundus circulation. Such abilities can be of great interest both in fundamental research and practical clinical applications. The proposed measuring system can be useful in: (a) monitoring choroidal blood flow variations, (b) determining the end-point for photo-dynamic therapy and transpupillary thermo therapy and, (c) managing the dye injection and determining an end-point for dye-enhanced photothrombosis. Moreover, it could allow both diagnoses when the presence of nano- and micro-aggregates is related to specific diseases and verifying the effects of nanoparticle injection in nanomedicine. Even though the reported results demonstrate the applicability of DCS to investigate ocular fundus, a detailed and accurate investigation of the limits of detection is beyond the scope of this article. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '678a9a1ebd36872a40790443cb12b6e90aaa204c06e7067f4d8ee5b0497c3853'} |
Through or under them, or either of them, before foreclosed and barred from claiming any right, title or interest in, or lies upon said premises or any part thereof. This summons is published by order of Hon. J. T. Watson; Judge of said Court. In the Corvallis Gazette, for six consecutive weeks, which order bears date September 28th, 1881. FLINN & CHAMBERLAIN. Attorneys for Plaintiff. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Land Office at Oregon City, Oregon, September 19, 1881. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT THE following named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before B. W. Wilson, County Clerk of Benton County, at Corvallis, Oregon, on Wednesday, November 2, 1881, viz: Edwin C. Phelps, Homestead Application No. 2852, for the SW Sec. 4, T. 11 S., B. U.W. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon, and cultivation of said land, viz: R. A. Bertsell of Newport, Benton County, Oregon; Geo. Landreth, of Newport, Benton Co., Oregon; James A. Yaritis of Corvallis, Benton Co., Oregon; U. H. Allen of Halscy, Linn County, Oregon. L. T. SARIN, Register. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Land Office at Corvallis, Oregon. Office at Oregon City, Oregon. Sept. 21, 1831, NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT THE FOL lowing named settler has filed notice of his intention to make final proof in support of his claim, and that said proof will be made before B.W. Wilson, County Clerk of Benton County, at Corvallis, Oregon. Tuesday, November 1, 1881, Viz: Elijah H. Bennett. Preemption D. S. No. 27 for lot No. 4, SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 Sec. 32, T. 10 S., R 11 W., and lot, 1 NW Sec 5, T. 11 S., R 11 W., and lot, 1 NW Sec 5, T. 11 S., R 11 W. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon and cultivation of said land, viz: Columbus Wyatt of Philomath, Benton County Srego; N. A. Thompson of Monroe, Benton County, Oregon; A. B. Newton of Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon. 13t40w It T. BARN, Register. Ho for Yaquina Bay MOUNTAIN HOUSE, C. R. Mays, Proprietor. THIS HOUSE IS SITUATED ON THE SUMMIT 23 miles from Corvallis and 58 from Newport, Have lately built a large and commodious house for the accommodation of the traveling public, and are furnishing it a new. Will keep on hand everything the market affords. Real estate. Good bay as oats always on hand. 18:40r. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'sn84022650_1881-10-07_1_3_2', 'collection': 'US-PD-Newspapers', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1881.0', 'title': 'None', 'creator': 'None', 'language': 'English', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '417', 'token_count': '649', '__index_level_0__': '43884', 'original_id': '159fa902532e255f25fd9494e219d8e94d9aa2bc2aaa1a64f14131f00dd70fdc'} |
Giving the Gift of Caring #KleenexCares
kleenex care kit
One of my most favorite songs of all time is Twila Paris' "It's the Thought That Counts" and I can tell you that I've never once heard it without feeling inspired to do for others. So how do we actually GIVE the gift of caring to our children, our friends, our families? In my world, growing ...
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Members are our most important assets. Individuals, businessses and organizations provide the majority of our content and direction in producing and distributing relevant programming for and about the Westford community.
WestfordCAT maintains a friendly, open and creative environment that allows individual ideas to develop into collaborative productions. Our instructional focus helps members advance their knowledge of video production. And by responding to our crew calls they get to practice their skills and meet others that could help them with their own productions.
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Amaravathi to Pandharpur
Amaravathi (Andhra Pradesh) to Pandharpur (Maharashtra) distance is 667 km and you can get there by car + train + car in just over 14 hours and 9 minutes with fares starting from ₹ 2517. Beautiful weather for sightseeing and other outdoor activity.
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Based in The North West and South East of England, he will travel to paint commissions of Country Houses and homes in his unique style of painting.
He is currently working on commissions of large architectural buildings and famous country houses and due to travel to Venice in Italy in March to take photographs and make drawings of the architecture of Venice in preparation for his exhibition to be held in December 2012. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '17', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.980944812297821}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '16039', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:5C2X5PTSCZITSYAB55UM4UCXROG4SK22', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:95ca4648-138c-4d7d-99eb-1a01b2eaf525>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 20, 20, 10, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.21.91.23', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:YTZ5457YMJ53M6Q3E4XQ3W2LFSTT7FD7', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:b4ee3277-c98b-422b-933b-2db8fdff6455>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.victoralanherbert.com/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:be02e30c-5098-43f3-9d40-50c65a62cc8e>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '94', 'url': 'http://www.victoralanherbert.com/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-168-180-146.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024779796600341797', 'original_id': 'c26c6a1bdf3e06433f0ca31f6c93420e3c41f05e01589cc4f9161331677eface'} |
Alert me about debates like this
Photo of Johnny Mercer Johnny Mercer Conservative, Plymouth, Moor View 7:35 pm, 11th March 2019
I pay tribute to my hon. Friend and to his work on this, as well as that of our mutual friend Nimco Ali, who has championed this from the start. Does he agree that FGM has little to do with religious or racial sensitivities, and is straight-up child abuse and should be called out as such? Does he welcome the first successful prosecution of someone for FGM in this country only two weeks ago, the length of the sentence and the deterrent it can be in some of our communities, where some people will feel that there is no point reporting this because it will not be prosecuted? Does he agree that the length of the sentence sends a message and is encouraging in this fight against FGM? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '11', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9722520112991332}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25889', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZIUJZYWRCTKD54YJD5ONEJRTP5CZBE5F', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:23581dff-9515-4e53-9e54-b3837e37e2cb>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 20, 16, 44, 22), 'WARC-IP-Address': '46.43.39.83', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WHCL2XKYDBDGOHXEVQSB5D45VBUAHUSS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e3053cac-7309-4fda-a800-6a83e89569f3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2019-03-11c.95.3', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:b2346e0d-4189-4b4a-bbc3-70f3bf54298a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '171', 'url': 'https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2019-03-11c.95.3', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-43-187-176.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.020548582077026367', 'original_id': '71ffd06dd22e74902e3887c1d0923eb38d9bbb50735b46761b93e937989db611'} |
Interview: Goli Gabbay
Los Angeles yoga teacher and yoga therapist Goli Gabbay
Goli Gabbay
Goli Gabbay is a multi-talented, seasoned yoga teacher. She has trained in vinyasa, Iyengar, and Kundalini yoga, and is a pioneer of developing a unique system of yoga for psychological health. As the resident yoga therapist of two treatment facilities, Goli’s work is helping transform the lives of myriad individuals. Interest piqued? Read our Q&A:
What makes your style of teaching unique?
My teaching style incorporates my training in multiple disciplines of yoga, and humor and play are its key ingredients. I combine precise alignment and well-rounded sequencing from the vinyasa and Iyengar yoga traditions with the subtle body awareness of Kundalini yoga and meditation. As a healer and energy-sensitive person, I also use techniques such as guided visualization and meditation to do deeper transformational work.
My classes create balance and align all parts of us: Body, mind, energy, emotions, nervous system and soul.
My unique therapeutic expertise has helped countless people heal depression, Anxiety Disorders, trauma, stress, addiction, and so on. For me, teaching is about helping students recognize their distinct value in the world and to create a life of purpose.
What's the most frequently asked question you get being a yoga teacher?
“How did you get started in yoga?” Adversity with my health led me to the yoga path, so it makes sense that the primary focus of my work is working with people who are in recovery from some type of adversity.
What's the strangest thing a student of yours did, said or wore in your class?
In one of the Mental Health Recovery classes that I teach, a young woman would be practicing poses and then all of a sudden, she’d get up and walk around in circles every five minutes. Her interruptions, in the small group setting, distracted me immensely, and I was rather astonished by it. But when I got to work with her individually, I experienced what a lovable soul she was. It taught me not to judge people.
What's the most yogically incorrect, or stereotypical thing you do as a yoga teacher?
I rarely plan my sequences ahead of time. Instead, I tune in with my students’ body language, energy, state of emotions or I simply ask how they are feeling or what their day was like. That way, my classes begin and progress organically, and I am not imposing “my agenda” on my students’ bodies and nervous systems. It allows me to stay deeply attuned with them. I always allow room for surprises, too.
Which profession would your alter ego choose and why?
Many years ago when I DJ’d a friend’s party, my brother told me, “You could make dead people dance.” So my alter ego would definitely be an International Dance Music DJ.
I love music and community, and think dance and music could help us attain the same experience of joy and euphoria that yoga provides.
Who or what inspires your practice and your teaching?
People who have gone through life challenges and are coming to me to re-create them selves and step into their power inspire me.
The most beautiful thing in the world is to help facilitate and witness another human being’s growth, awakening and transformation.
Goli is awesome
I had the pleasure of a private session with Goli that focused on handling anxiety, while in a treatment center. It was so lovely. Her charisma and warmth and desire to help us heal was so amazing. She is an absolutely incredible yoga teacher with one of the sweetest souls I have ever seen. I highly recommend her in general, but especially for those in need of mental healing.
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9521042704582214}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '33755', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XP4W7LBWERWLJN6NXFRKYR3AO4QJ3UQJ', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b55593f8-3f41-4ecb-93e5-9a5897ac6a42>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 10, 21, 9, 53, 31), 'WARC-IP-Address': '173.236.155.34', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:POFG2UN3NRWZGIHED5FKI2I4WRUK3YHJ', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:d5fa3369-d199-4b3d-aad6-1d487722eec6>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.mindfulyogahealth.com/interviews/los-angeles/interview-goli-gabbay-may-13', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:d0e51819-f1a1-4a10-bbbe-364f8f5a80d0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '628', 'url': 'http://www.mindfulyogahealth.com/interviews/los-angeles/interview-goli-gabbay-may-13', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-43\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-191.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04664546251296997', 'original_id': 'b621db74e7c454ef2d9a3588adb23cce9b0618cff14b9d5538d1f725b58ee173'} |
[Free] 2019(Oct) EnsurePass CompTIA SY0-501 Dumps with VCE and PDF 141-150
Get Full Version of the Exam
Question No.141
A system#39;s administrator has finished configuring firewall ACL to allow access to a new web answer.
PERMIT TCP from: ANY to: PERMIT TCP from: ANY to: DENY TCP from: ANY to: ANY
The security administrator confirms form the following packet capture that there is network traffic from the internet to the web server:
TCP; POST/default#39;s
The company#39;s internal auditor issues a security finding and requests that immediate action be
taken. With which of the following is the auditor MOST concerned?
1. Misconfigured firewall
2. Clear text credentials
3. Implicit deny
4. Default configuration
Correct Answer: B
Question No.142
An in-house penetration tester is using a packet capture device to listen in on network communications. This is an example of:
1. Passive reconnaissance
2. Persistence
3. Escalation of privileges
4. Exploiting the switch
Correct Answer: D
Question No.143
A company hires a third-party firm to conduct an assessment of vulnerabilities exposed to the Internet. The firm informs the company that an exploit exists for an FTP server that had a version installed from eight years ago. The company has decided to keep the system online anyway, as no upgrade exists form the vendor. Which of the following BEST describes the reason why the vulnerability exists?
1. Default configuration
2. End-of-life system
3. Weak cipher suite
4. Zero-day threats
Correct Answer: B
Question No.144
A security analyst wants to harden the company#39;s VoIP PBX. The analyst is worried that credentials may be intercepted and compromised when IP phones authenticate with the BPX. Which of the following would best prevent this from occurring?
1. Implement SRTP between the phones and the PBX.
2. Place the phones and PBX in their own VLAN.
3. Restrict the phone connections to the PBX.
4. Require SIPS on connections to the PBX.
Correct Answer: D
Question No.145
transfers within a LAN on comptia.org from example.org. Which of the following commands should the security analyst use? (Select two.)
1. nslookupcomptia.orgset type=ANYls-d example.org
2. nslookupcomptia.orgset type=MXexample.org
3. dig -axfr comptia.org@example.org
4. ipconfig/flushDNS
5. ifconfig eth0 downifconfig eth0 updhclient renew
6. dig@example.org comptia.org
Correct Answer: AC
Question No.146
An application team is performing a load-balancing test for a critical application during off-hours and has requested access to the load balancer to review which servers are up without having the administrator on call. The security analyst is hesitant to give the application team full access due to other critical applications running on the load balancer. Which of the following is the BEST solution for security analyst to process the request?
1. Give the application team administrator access during off-hours.
2. Disable other critical applications before granting the team access.
3. Give the application team read-only access.
4. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Question No.147
A company was recently audited by a third party. The audit revealed the company#39;s network devices were transferring files in the clear. Which of the following protocols should the company use to transfer files?
1. HTTPS
2. LDAPS
3. SCP
4. SNMP3
Correct Answer: C
Question No.148
An auditor is reviewing the following output from a password-cracking tool: User:1: Password1
User2: Recovery! User3: Alaskan10 User4: 4Private User5: PerForMance2
Which of the following methods did the author MOST likely use?
1. Hybrid
2. Dictionary
3. Brute force
4. Rainbow table
Correct Answer: A
Question No.149
1. Logic bomb
2. Trojan
3. Backdoor
4. Ransomware
5. Rootkit
Correct Answer: A
Question No.150
Which of the following types of attacks precedes the installation of a rootkit on a server?
1. Pharming
2. DDoS
3. Privilege escalation
4. DoS
Correct Answer: C
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SY0-501 Dumps
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| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '107', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8567166328430176}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '146059', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:ZCIBWUBG2PBCU22X7UPVITQV3A3LMP5I', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:5332bc9c-43fa-4a53-bb66-251b4372affd>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 20, 9, 30, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.252.106.229', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GHR7KTX6ET72N5PLYEOKYCB2FPAEHOE5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:7cfc0ec9-5c24-4ded-831b-089c45dd532f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.70-741.com/free-2019oct-ensurepass-comptia-sy0-501-dumps-with-vce-and-pdf-141-150/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:055b2896-d9f8-432e-8747-7bbca570bba7>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '697', 'url': 'http://www.70-741.com/free-2019oct-ensurepass-comptia-sy0-501-dumps-with-vce-and-pdf-141-150/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-245.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9999619722366333', 'original_id': '2ae3faa00c1ece4f4e71a664cc841eea0217686fbfea1291fb4c3a11aebe4e3f'} |
A fossil structure.
Digging underground in the Overworld
Configuration of Bone Blocks, resembling a spinal column, ribcage or skull
Sapling inventory Come on! Grow up!
Sapling inventory
A Fossil is a naturally-generated, underground structure implemented in The Frostburn Update.
Fossils can be found buried underground on rare occasions in desert and Swamp Biomes, and they are composed of several Bone Blocks arranged in the shape of a giant spinal column, rib cage, or skull. Some of the bone blocks may be replaced by coal.
Ad blocker interference detected!
| dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '29', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8712790012359619}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '242421', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:J4EYO4EMLAVYJTJ3YLAZUNDL3MKULBGI', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:08ef487f-a3ad-46c8-9448-ac2ee368cbff>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 23, 1, 53, 53), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.192.194', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:BOYLXA5MIKNUA6X464Y7LY64K2DHVCQT', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:c719e696-f336-46b2-9f2d-2accbfa4ffb3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Fossil', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:5f732bbe-7c76-420b-8461-0acb0a62e3f6>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '147', 'url': 'http://minecraft.wikia.com/wiki/Fossil', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-186-163-226.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.23138827085494995', 'original_id': 'a3339d93cad204da06d77bcd176f0afba48452b2097d1e74adfc3464768b6f02'} |
Indicator 1:
Indicator 2:
Symbol / ISIN:
Markets Insider Bumech S.A. Chart Analysis Tool
Use Market Insider's Bumech S.A. chart to find out about Bumech S.A.'s stock price history. You can also get the latest Bumech S.A. stock price chart for today and find all time hight Bumech S.A. stocke prices as well.
Perform technical analysis for Bumech S.A. stock. Compare stocks with the Bumech S.A. stock chart over time. Choose your preferred exchange and stock chart history to customize and make sure to use the chart for Bumech S.A. stock mountain, candlestick, line charts options too. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8030206561088562}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '79720', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Y2F5PAOMA4XAI4DRERSLHO7TBKPXDPME', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d2eb3e13-41d4-4e06-8e8f-b33447f92e80>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 2, 21, 49, 48), 'WARC-IP-Address': '96.7.74.176', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ES5PEV2W7Z5VR2H3MDMYW6UGUWYUQBVM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1e7e8b0b-c06b-4338-824f-7ddcf4eb2ee8>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://markets.businessinsider.com/chart/bumech', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:e6695b38-7303-4d88-9f20-977492c3829d>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '101', 'url': 'https://markets.businessinsider.com/chart/bumech', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-236.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.19523298740386963', 'original_id': 'fe1b45495fbe8a0bea40a914d59ac4e8d8ebd32c467f15d1f9a02934c1fad841'} |
<!--
@license
Copyright (c) 2015 The Polymer Project Authors. All rights reserved.
This code may only be used under the BSD style license found at http://polymer.github.io/LICENSE.txt
The complete set of authors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/AUTHORS.txt
The complete set of contributors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/CONTRIBUTORS.txt
Code distributed by Google as part of the polymer project is also
subject to an additional IP rights grant found at http://polymer.github.io/PATENTS.txt
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title></title>
<script src="../../webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-lite.js"></script>
<script src="../../web-component-tester/browser.js"></script>
<script src="../../test-fixture/test-fixture-mocha.js"></script>
<link rel="import" href="../../polymer/polymer.html">
<link rel="import" href="../../promise-polyfill/promise-polyfill.html">
<link rel="import" href="../../test-fixture/test-fixture.html">
<link rel="import" href="../iron-location.html">
<link rel="import" href="./replace-state-patch.html">
</head>
<body>
<div id='safari-cooldown' hidden>
<div>Danger: URL overheating.</div>
<div>
Safari and Chrome require a cooldown period before we call pushState/replaceState any more.
</div>
<div>Testing will resume after 30 seconds.</div>
<div>
<a href="https://forums.developer.apple.com/thread/36650">More info Safari</a>
<a href="https://codereview.chromium.org/2972073002">Chrome</a>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
window.addEventListener('WebComponentsReady', function() {
function getIframe() {
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
var result = getMessageMatching(iframe, function(message) {
return message.type === 'ready';
});
iframe.src = './initialization-iframe.html';
document.body.appendChild(iframe);
iframe.addEventListener('error', reject);
result.then(function() {
resolve(iframe)
}, reject);
});
}
function onMessage(iframe, callback) {
var f = function(event) {
if (event.source === iframe.contentWindow) {
callback(event.data);
}
};
window.addEventListener('message', f, false);
return function() {
window.removeEventListener('message', f);
}
}
function getMessageMatching(iframe, predicate) {
var revoke = function() {};
var result = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
revoke = onMessage(iframe, function(message) {
if (predicate(message)) {
resolve(message);
}
});
});
result.then(revoke, revoke);
return result;
}
function getUrl(iframe) {
var result = getMessageMatching(iframe, function(message) {
return message.type === 'urlQueryResponse';
})
var revoke = function() {};
result.then(function() {
return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
revoke = onMessage(iframe, resolve);
});
});
result.then(revoke, revoke);
iframe.contentWindow.postMessage({type: 'urlQuery'}, '*');
return result;
}
function timePasses(ms) {
return new Promise(function(resolve) {
window.setTimeout(function() {
resolve();
}, ms);
});
}
suite('<iron-location>\'s initialization', function() {
var iframe;
var error;
setup(function() {
return getIframe()
.then(function(i) {
iframe = i;
function isError(m) {
return m.type === 'error'
}
getMessageMatching(iframe, isError).then(function(m) {
error = m.error;
});
}.bind(this))
.then(function() {
return cooldownFunction.call(this);
}.bind(this));
});
teardown(function() {
if (iframe) {
document.body.removeChild(iframe);
}
var e = error;
iframe = null;
error = null;
if (e) {
throw new Error('Error message from contained iframe: ' + e);
}
return cooldownFunction.call(this);
});
var cases = [
'default-before',
'attached-before',
'ready-before',
// TODO: These tests are failing with Polymer 2 (#95).
// 'default-below',
// 'default-after',
// 'attached-below',
// 'attached-after',
// 'ready-below',
// 'ready-after',
// 'ready-container',
'default-above',
'attached-above',
'ready-above',
'default-container',
'attached-container',
];
cases.forEach(function(caseName) {
test(
'the url takes priority in ' + caseName + ' initialization',
function() {
return getUrl(iframe)
.then(function(url) {
expect(url.search).to.be.eq('');
iframe.contentWindow.postMessage(
{type: 'appendBody', tagName: caseName}, '*');
return timePasses(60).then(function() {
return getUrl(iframe)
});
})
.then(function(url) {
expect(url.search).to.be.eq('');
});
});
});
var expectedFailureCases = [
'timeout-before',
'timeout-after',
'timeout-below',
'timeout-above',
'timeout-container'
];
expectedFailureCases.forEach(function(caseName) {
test(
'the url does not take priority in ' + caseName + ' initialization',
function() {
return getUrl(iframe)
.then(function(url) {
expect(url.search).to.be.eq('');
iframe.contentWindow.postMessage(
{type: 'appendBody', tagName: caseName}, '*');
return timePasses(60).then(function() {
return getUrl(iframe)
});
})
.then(function(url) {
expect(url.search).to.be.eq('?on-timeout');
});
});
});
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html> | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'eb49a78d15e7dd91ed2bea4d6bcb1db889044ab420fa3abe68f301635398cb54'} |
A.W. Johnson, D.W. Simpson
The short-day cultivar Judibell emerges from dormancy 4-5 weeks later than most other strawberry cultivars and crops around 35 days later than the industry standard, Elsanta. The inheritance of this trait was investigated by inter-crossing Judibell with five late and mid-season genotypes in all combinations including selfs, but without reciprocals (half-diallel). Twenty-five seedlings from each of the 21 families (totalling 525) were planted in the field in a randomised block design. The plants were over-wintered and assessed the following year. The seedlings were evaluated weekly for date of emergence from dormancy and date of first flower. Assessment of the progeny indicated that there was segregation in the seedling population for both duration of dormancy and flowering time. These two traits were found to be highly heritable and independent of one another. Inheritance was concluded to be quantitative and additive, as there was no evidence of segregation to suggest that either was under the control of a single major gene. Whilst all the Judibell selfed seedlings had long dormancy, not all had the later flowering trait. This suggests, therefore, that this line does not have the ideal genetic combination to flower as late as possible. By careful selection of parents it may be possible to combine a more extreme expression of long dormancy and late flowering to develop short-day strawberries with an even later fruiting period than the cultivar Judibell. Seedlings with a very late season were selected from the half-diallel progeny and backcrossed to Judibell and another, related line. The seedlings were evaluated, as before, for date of emergence from dormancy and flowering date. Whilst one family contained individuals with a longer average dormancy, another contained plants which flowered the latest. This finding provides further evidence that the two traits are independently inherited.
Johnson, A.W. and Simpson, D.W. (2009). DEVELOPMENT OF STRAWBERRY BREEDING LINES WITH EXTENDED DORMANCY. Acta Hortic. 842, 507-510
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.842.104
Fragaria × ananassa, 'Judibell', short-day, late season, flowering date, inheritance, quantitative, additive
Acta Horticulturae | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.958186686038971}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '98108', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WGXT2G3OK3465LCKC26UP2RSQJ2QCSUO', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:601e1274-00c5-4228-8214-f93953bffb64>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 24, 22, 44, 21), 'WARC-IP-Address': '37.72.163.140', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:LO77LIWPCV4JISTZQXQ3QSFNG4S3VCR2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9e49d58e-2b55-47be-950b-2f809bc03014>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/842_104', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c6d76637-bb83-40a2-8812-da6bebc5b88b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '329', 'url': 'https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/842_104', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-62.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03854966163635254', 'original_id': '8be8d3f3d284fb893d082f7403eb394a7c326c0c3d802e622dbd8b86b3dd6df8'} |
Ask Surly Amy: Heart Trouble and Hypnosis
Ask Surly Amy
Dear Surly Amy,
My mom had some serious heart trouble a few years back, and ever since then, she’s been diligently listening to hypnosis tapes. She swears the tapes decrease her dependence on her pacemaker and generally improve her health. From what I can tell, the tapes claim to use white noise to induce alpha and theta brainwaves, along with subliminal messages to promote inner peace, immunity, etc. I suspect that the tapes are at best well-intentioned woo, or at worst a money-grubbing scam. However, she really believes they are helping her, and I don’t want to pick at something she is already very sensitive about. Surly Amy, is there any way for me to attempt to dissuade my mother from falling for this alternative ‘medicine’ or should I just bite my tongue and be thankful that she’s still around and that she isn’t wasting her resources on something worse, like donating to the Catholic church?
Skeptically confused daughter
My response after the jump!
Dear Skeptically confused daughter,
Your concern is completely justified. When the health of someone we care about is in jeopardy it is important that we do our best to insure that they are receiving genuine science based medicine and not snake oil and fairy dust. That being said, and in this particular instance, I don’t think that you need to be overly concerned.
If your mother is refusing actual medical care or a specific treatment recommended by her doctor and using this method instead or spending her last dime or an exorbitant amount of money on the product then I would do whatever I could to change her mind and help her to understand the facts. You want her to receive the best treatment she can get and have enough money for the necessities of life but if she is just listening to white noise/subliminal tapes to relax then it’s really not such a big deal. While you are correct to assume that the white noise products are pseudoscience and much like binaural beats they are nothing more than an audio illusion sold for profit. No, they can’t actually cure you of anything specific and even the published studies related to white noise and sleep assistance seem iffy at best. A randomized study with infants showed white noise was no help with crying or sleeping but a study funded by a company that sells a white noise product claims it might help heal wounds. Huh, I’m a bit skeptical of that last study. But still, if she enjoys the tapes and they do help her to relax and they aren’t telling her to murder the family then I say let her have them. You need to pick your battles.
I look at it this way, I LOVE Tom Waits. When I listen to Tom Waits it seriously makes me feel better. However, Tom Waits has not been scientifically proven to cure any diseases.
And while I absolutely adore his voice and I’m pretty sure it lowers my blood pressure and cheers me up, I have friends who think he sounds like a garbage disposal. They want to tear their freakin’ hair out when they hear him. Selling Tom Waits as medicine would be unethical on my part (or his) but taking him away from me in times of despair would be a little bit unfair and unnecessary. The subjective results one experiences can at times have psychological value even when objectively nothing has changed. Subjectively, Tom Waits makes Surly Amy feel better.
If your mother asks, by all means absolutely explain that there is no quality empirical evidence that suggests that subliminal messages can treat or cure any specific illness. You can also explain that while hypnosis as a state of mind exists it is not a cure for heart disease or an immune booster although it might help her start a cult. Still, I say let her have the tapes. Relaxation can be very important when you have heart problems.
If she is really into white noise maybe you could even turn it into a musical mother/daughter bonding experience and turn her on to Sonic Youth. They hypnotized a generation with white noise and hypnotic lyrics in much the same way the altmed hypnosis tapes do now. ;)
Amy Roth
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1. I agree. I have a friend who is eager to lend me the book the Secret. Because it has dragged her out of borderline suicidal state she is convinced that it is all true.
I don’t doubt that it has helped her. What I doubt is that the actual “Secret” did it.
I think what did it was hope. She was able to focus herself for a while on something hopeful, which then led to more energy, which led participating in positive enjoyable experiences which no doubt put her in a better mood.
Telling her now, would ruin any positive “placebo” effect that the book offered. I don’t doubt that I will eventually have a discussion with her about my views. But there is no hurry. I can wait until she is standing on her own feet.
And if she never agrees with me, is there much harm to her? No.
2. @Non Believer: Maybe a convesation about how you believed that she helped herself and that she should give credit to herself and not some book would be helpful? Showing her that you believe in her might help her confidence more and you don’t have to focus on why the secret is BS.
p.s. my username now links to my band’s facebook page (not entirely OT since we definitely show some SY influence, just listen to that entire verse of guitar feedback!)
3. @Non Believer:
You should make sure to always look out for her and be their for her, because depression and suicidal thoughts are serious business that are hard to get rid of permanently, especially with a self-help book. It tends to be a chronic illness and even if she seems fine now, she could easily to back to having suicidal thoughts in the future.
4. @mikerattlesnake: That is an excellent point. You are actually helping yourself when you use a bogus treatment to get better. She might be willing to to change her opinion on the product if she can give the credit for improving to herself. Just telling someone they are wrong or what they believe in is bullshit almost never changes someone’s opinion and in fact usually makes them believe in it more.
5. My uncle has a pacemaker and apparently it’s very unpleasant when it goes off resetting his heart rhythm. So I can understand someone trying anything they can to make it go off less. It may even being helping her in a small way by reducing her stress and anxiety over having the pacemaker. Placebos can be a help to some people, as long as she isn’t dumping a lot of money into it or avoiding real medical treatment I think Amy’s advice is spot on.
6. Amy, posting that Tom Waits video made me want to hug you.
Actually, it made me want to invite you onto a street corner to bark into a megaphone together.
More relevantly: I use a similar tactic–namely, biting my tongue–whenever my more new-agey friends start talking about things like raiki and aromatherapy. While it inexplicably annoys the crap out of me, it’s pretty much a futile argument, since I know I can’t change their minds (fads, along with the placebo effect, are powerful forces) and it’s not hurting them in the first place.
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Autistic-like behavior in CHARGE syndrome.
Children with CHARGE syndrome frequently exhibit moderate to severe behavior difficulties, and are often diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder, Tourette syndrome, and autism. Hartshorne and Cypher (2004) surveyed parents of 100 children with CHARGE worldwide and confirmed the prevalence of behaviors that are associated with these disorders. They also found behaviors that could be described as typical of persons who are deafblind. The present study examined whether the autistic-like behaviors of children with CHARGE are more similar to those of children who are deafblind, to those of children who are autistic or are unique to CHARGE. Surveys including the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) were mailed to families of 204 children with CHARGE, and 160 usable surveys were returned (78%). Total scores on the ABC for children with CHARGE were significantly different from the norms for those with autism, and those who were deafblind. However, the variance for CHARGE was larger than for the normative groups, and 27.5% of those with CHARGE could be classified as autistic. The pattern of subscale scores for those with CHARGE differed from the other normative groups. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '79eb50b515f6abcb4ae1ce28ce317cf2fba7dd3e206d2399f28dd5497338c7dd'} |
Ezra Levant’s “Ethical oil” is a bad joke.
I understand that a lot of people have problems buying so-called “conflict oil” from some Arab countries where they do crazy stuff like kill people for being gay or stone women to death for adultery.
EthicalOil.org has created a series of ads that juxtapose images to emphasize why Canadian oil is preferable.
The implication is that these countries’ governments take money for oil and use it for terrible things, so buying that terrorist oil is bad.
But Ezra Levant’s whole “ethical oil” campaign rubs me the wrong way. The concept is intuitive enough — Arab oil helps terrorists, and Canadian oil helps peace-keeping.
There is no way one can uphold the distinction with any seriousness when you actually stop to consider it. Why? It’s blatantly hypocritical!
Here in Canada, we sell a export a lot of oil. And what do we do with that money? Well, a lot of it goes to the Canadian government through taxation. The Canadian government funds the Canadian Armed Forces with taxation, which contributes to the occupation of Afghanistan through our NATO membership. “Hey, that’s peace-keeping, isn’t it?” you ask.
Well you know what? The government we are defending in Afghanistan, the government whose army we are helping to train and equip with weapons, thinks favorably of raping little boys and raping wives.
And don’t forget our wonderful contribution to NATO’s insane war on Libya, where civilians are routinely killed in bombings for absolutely no good reason at all.
Is this an “ethical” use for wealth produced by selling Canadian oil? Dear god, I hope not.
If Arab oil is “conflict oil,” then Canadian oil is “conflict oil” also. In both cases, oil is sold, money enters government coffers, and the government does terrible things with that money. There is only a difference is degree, but not in kind.
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The present invention relates to automated clinical analyzers having the ability to provide multiple assay versatility and flexibility, and more particularly, to a method for controlling the operation of the plurality of interrelated automated analytical and sample preparation devices and for obtaining information about the status of a given sample or device.
Clinical diagnostic analyzers are being developed with increasing levels of complexity and sophistication in order to fully automated the performance of chemical assays and immunoassays of biological fluids such as urine, blood serum, plasma, cerebrospinal liquids and the like. Generally, reactions between an analyte in a patient sample and reagents used during the assay result in generating some sort of signal that can be measured by the analyzer. From this signal the concentration of a analyte in the patient sample may be calculated.
In addition to automation, there is increased emphasis on the capability of an analyzer to provide multiple assay versatility and flexibility and at the same time reducing demand on the skills of the operating technician to perform complex programming and scheduling of assays or other analyzer functions. At the same time, modern clinical analyzers must be more cost and performance effective in terms of operating costs, turnaround time of test results, maintenance, operator training, etc. Thus, during the operation of such an analyzer, it is often critical for a technician to be able to easily and quickly obtain particular information about the assay status of a given sample among a large number of sample also being assayed, the quality performance of an analyzer, and generally be able to access a vast amount of information helpful in providing clinical diagnosis to a patient.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,764 discloses an analytical apparatus which can produce an analytical value on the basis of data entered during manual sample preparation which can be easily traced and used editing of the analytical result of the analyzer. The analytical apparatus has an input device for inputting sample preparation procedures through a display screen, and various computations based on weighed quantities, and constant dilution volume are automatically entered during the manual preparation as to eliminate human error.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,530 describes a high throughput automated immunoassay system which can perform high volume testing on a broad range of analytes while selecting from among a diverse set of immunoassays for any given sample. The immunoanalyzer has the capacity to perform a wide range of different types of immunoassays by facile storage and automated combination aboard the or analyzer among a wide variety of different types of reagents and heterogenous immunoassay beads stored on-board the analyzer. The automated design allows reduced user interface (e.g., tests are performed automatically from computer input) including the ability to order, perform and reassay tests reflexively based on test results without operator intervention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,861 is typical of modern analyzers and discloses a typical modern automated analyzer providing continuous and random access analysis, having apparatus and methodology capable of simultaneously performing multiple assays of liquid samples using different assay methodologies. A method is also disclosed of operating an automated continuous and random access analytical system capable of simultaneously effecting multiple assays of a plurality of liquid samples wherein scheduling of various assays of the plurality of liquid samples is followed by creating a unit do disposable and separately transferring a first liquid sample and reagents to a reaction vessel without initiation of an assay reaction sequence, followed by physical transfer of the unit dose disposable to a processing device, whereby a mixture of the unit dose disposable reagents and sample are achieved during incubation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,838 discloses a multi-tasking clinical laboratory work-flow system for test sample an reagent transfer to semi-automate various laboratory assays. The system includes a controller having a menu of protocols which provide format instructions to a robotic sample transfer device. The sample transfer device includes a work-flow surface having defined coordinates for mounting one or more test racks and one or more reaction mediums, and means for interacting a test sample with one or more reagent(s) or gel in a reaction medium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,726 discloses an automated immunoassay analyzer includes a computer controlled instrument and display. The display provides a real-time presentation of all operations being performed within the instrument. A large number of samples can be loaded into the instrument, and the order of testing the samples can be rearranged according to a priority determined by the operator at any time. A variety of immunoassays can be performed on each sample and different immunoassays can be performed on any one sample. Information related to the type of immunoassays being performed on particular samples is collected by a bar code reader and this information is conveyed to the computer for presentation on the display. The computer tracks the progress of each immunoassay through the reaction circuit to the detection device. The time to completion for particular immunoassays as well as the concentration information for recently completed immunoassays is provided.
Such prior art analyzer interface modules are increasingly unsatisfactory as the degree of analyzer complex and automation increases. For example, many known systems for controlling an analyzer depend simply inputting the assays desired to be completed and do not allow for handling of special informational messages about the samples being analyzer or maintenance of the analyzer. In addition, it is becoming necessary to couple one or more analyzers to one or more sample preparation devices adapted to automatically perform special sample preparation operations like sample identification, aliquotting, dilution, centrifugation, etc, before a sample is presented to an analyzer for analysis. In such instances, the need for controlling the operation of the plurality of interrelated automated devices and for obtaining information about the status of a given sample or automated device exceeds the abilities of known clinical system control and information display modules Accordingly, as the state of the art advances and more demands are made on the analyzer""s control and display systems there is a continuing need for a simple and rapid method to easily provide control and information display modules that are capable of rapidly determining information defining the overall status of the analytical system without an undue amount of operator training or effort obtain the needed information. It is particularly desirable to operate such an improved module without recourse to hand-held mouse-like input devices that consume valuable space in a clinical analytical system.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a computer interface module that allows for a user to easily and quickly access a variety of control screens and status information display screens that full describe a plurality of interrelated automated devices used for sample preparation and clinical analysis of a patient""s biological sample. This and other advantages are accomplished in accordance with the invention by providing a computer interface module having a first information display screen that is directly linked to a plurality of additional information display screens containing on-line information out the operational status of plurality of interrelated automated devices as well as information describing the location of any specific sample and the status of clinical tests to be performed on the sample. The computer interface display module is thus adapted to facilitate interactions between an operator and an automated clinical analytical system wherein the module comprises a visual touch screen adapted to display a menu including icons, scroll bars, boxes and buttons through which the operator may interface with the clinical analytical system and wherein the menu comprises a number of function buttons programmed to display functional aspects of the clinical analytical system. The computer interface further comprises a number of function specific buttons programmed to display detailed functional aspects for each function button so that additional information about the status and performance of the clinical analytical system may be displayed by activating no more than two of said function buttons and function specific buttons. The unique design of the computer interface module and its interface with a clinical laboratory""s patient and operating database allows an operator to access nearly all important information screens using such a flat menu where only two screens are activated whereby the need for a simple and rapid method to easily display information defining the overall status of the analytical system is achieved. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'f5c3f06bba4516d2d7c719b21a6fd308b4845720af5af4eb03bb90131a83f25f'} |
Woodcutting-icon.png Introduction
Woodcutting is a resource-gathering skill used for training Fletching, Firemaking, and Construction, or just for moneymaking. It simply requires a woodcutting axe/hatchet in the inventory or equipped to chop down a tree when you click on one. It is highly recommended to get an Attack level of 40 (done easiest via the quests listed on the Beginner's Guide) if you don't have it already, as equipping your hatchet while cutting obviously frees up an inventory slot for slightly more efficient banking trips.
Bird Nests
While woodcutting any type of tree, there is a flat random chance of a Bird's Nest falling out of the tree and dropping on the ground in front of you. Pick it up fast before it despawns and search it for some random loot (mainly seeds for Farming), fully detailed below:
You may crush the empty nest with a pestle and mortar to make it tradeable; Crushed Nests are used in Herblore to make Saradomin Brews and may fetch a good price with other players.
Because the chance for getting a nest is random each time you cut a log, lower-leveled trees that are faster to cut such as Willows or Oaks are best if one is solely looking for lots of nests to drop.
One may also gain nests from the Giant Mole boss by trading in its drops to Wyson the Gardener in Falador, however these nests have much different loot than from tree nests in that they're strictly worse than them - no magic seeds or high level fruit tree seeds.
Woodcutting can be used to create canoes that allow you to travel up and down the river Lum. There are five canoe stations, from south to north they are:
• Lumbridge, on the east side of the river, just south of the house with the Goblins in it.
• Champions Guild, on the east side of the river, just west of the wheat field.
• Barbarian Village, on the east side of the river, south of the bridge to the village.
• Edgeville, on the east side of the river, south of the bridge.
• Level 35 Wilderness, the lake south of the Moss Giants, between Red Dragon Isle and the Lava Maze. You cannot go back down the river from this station as there is no canoe tree there.
Type of Canoe Level to Make Experience Where it can travel
Log 12 67.5 One station away, cannot enter the wilderness.
Dugout 27 135 Two stations away, cannot enter the wilderness.
Stable Dugout 42 202.5 Three stations away, cannot enter the wilderness.
Waka 57 337.5 Any station on the river, including the wilderness exit.
How to use a canoe:
1. Go to one of the stations; cut down the big tree next to it.
2. Click on the fallen tree and select which canoe you want to make. The higher the Woodcutting level required, the further it can travel.
3. Push the canoe into the water by clicking it.
4. Click on the canoe and select which station you want to travel to.
The best method of training is to cut all the logs needed for Firemaking and/or Fletching. Not for the fastest way to get to 99 woodcutting (that would be doing only Willow trees), but to maximize your experience in other skills and also gain good profits as well.
If you like, you can purchase every type of hatchet (except perhaps Dragon if you cannot afford it at the moment) before you start woodcutting so that you don't have to take a break to go buy or make the next tier once you reach the appropriate Woodcutting level. You level up fast enough to be able to skip certain axes too, like steel or black.
Levels 1-15 : Normal Trees
Start off with an Iron axe if you can, otherwise just use Bronze.
Cut 43 Normal trees. There are many good spots for them - between Lumbridge and Draynor Village, in Seers' Village, between Camelot and Catherby, etc., it doesn't really matter where you go. Seers and Draynor may be slightly better due to the fact that the next tiers of trees you'll be cutting are closer to these locations so keep that in mind if you can't teleport.
Once you hit level 6 use a Steel axe if you have one, and then once you hit level 11 you can use a Black axe if you have it.
Levels 15-30 : Oak Trees
Cut 130 Oak logs. The best place for them is in Seers' Village south of the bank, 2 of them grow next to each other here. You can also try east of Castle Wars, there are many more trees but the proximity from the bank is slightly larger than in Seers'.
Once you hit level 21, use a Mithril axe from then on.
Levels 30-50/65 : Willow Trees
Cut 580 Willow logs to reach level 50. The best place for them is in Draynor Village behind the bank on the shore.
Once you reach level 31 switch to an Adamant axe, and then at level 41 switch to a Rune axe.
If you'd like to level to 65 instead of 50, from level 30 you'll have to cut 2,872 Willow logs.
Levels 50-65 : Maple Trees
Maple trees grant worse woodcutting exp per hour than Willow trees do, but they offer better Fletching exp over Willow logs. If you don't much care about Fletching, you can instead do Willows until 65.
Cut 1,547 Maple logs. The best (and basically only) place for them is in Seers' Village behind the bank.
Once you reach level 61, you can use your Dragon axe if you have one. This is the final tier of axe so well done.
Levels 65-80 : Yew Trees
Yews are when you should start stringing your bows if you're Fletching as you go (which is most recommended), so from now on you can also begin to alch strung bows for good profits.
Cut 3,903 Yew logs. The best place to cut them is in Seer's Village south of the bank in the church graveyard, or in the middle of the Gnome Stronghold by the bank which is right above them.
Levels 80-99 : Magic Trees
Now is when your experience rates will slow down a bit when compared to cutting Yews and Willows, but still quite fast when compared to most other skills anyway.
Cut 19,642 Magic logs. The best place for them is in Seer's Village further south of the Yews by some unicorns. Further south than that in the yard of the Sorceror's Tower are more Magic trees too. There's also the middle of the Gnome Stronghold like the other spot for Yews.
With an equal amount of bowstrings, you will nearly reach 99 Fletching with all these logs as well.
Woodcutting is a simple and fast skill that most players end up getting as their very first 99s, and for good reason - it's one of the easiest to train, quite profitable too, and it links into a lot of other skills. Fletching is recommended to train with Woodcutting first over Firemaking, as Firemaking is considerably less useful and not profitable at all. Feel free to level up past the 99 in order to max out both Fletching/Firemaking if you like though, there's nothing stopping you.
Alternative Method: Oaks
Now that Construction has been released, cutting Oaks has become a highly lucrative business.
Because around 96,452 Oak logs (along with a ton of cash, see the guide for more details) are needed to hit 99 Construction, cutting that number from level 15 would grant approximately 8,140,548.5 exp from level 15 - bringing you just after level 94 in Woodcutting if you cut them all!
Even if you don't plan to train Construction, cutting Oaks for pure profit (as they are in very high demand at this time of writing) would be most beneficial for various reasons.
There's also the fact that Oak trees are the best thing to cut for those looking for Bird's Nests for Herblore (and possibly Farming due to lucky high-level seed drops) training or extra moneymaking. No matter what reason you cut Oaks for, it won't be wasted.
Alternative Method: Yews
You could do Yews from 65-99 instead of 80 if you wish, it may be more beneficial for Firemaking training reasons over Fletching - this would require approximately 32,990 Yew logs to be cut in total.
Either way if you plan to max out both Fletching and Firemaking you'll near-certainly be going over the experience required for 99 Woodcutting, so Yews may be preferable to now to reach the 99 faster because they're quicker to cut.
Why Not Cut Maples/Yews/Magics ASAP?
Maples, Yews, and Magics should not be cut right as you reach the required Woodcutting level for them because they'll be pretty slow in comparison to starting them about 5 levels up from that - the same principle is applied in Fishing as well with higher-leveled resources, but to a more extreme degree.
If you have completed this guide, congratulations! If you're just passing through, thank you for reading!
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Hubble Space Telescope spots fifth moon orbiting Pluto
Jul 11, 2012
Hubble Space Telescope spots fifth moon orbiting Pluto
Pluto may no longer be able to roll with the big boys, but that isn't stopping NASA scientists from continuing to take an interest in it. As it turns out, the Hubble Space Telescope has discovered a fifth moon orbiting the solar system's second-most-massive dwarf planet. P5, as it's being called, is an irregularly shaped moon that's 6 to 15 miles across and whips around Pluto in a 56,000-mile-diameter circular orbit.
P5 was discovered as NASA's Pluto team used the Hubble Space Telescope to scan the area surrounding the planet for debris or anything else (like undiscovered moons, perhaps?) that may damage or destroy NASA's New Horizons spacecraft as it flies through the Pluto system in 2015. NASA says that with New Horizons travelling at 30,000 miles per hour, the spacecraft could be destroyed by a piece of debris the size of a BB. "The discovery of so many small moons indirectly tells us that there must be lots of small particles lurking unseen in the Pluto system," says Harold Weaver of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
Indeed, as strange as it may seem, NASA scientists are discovering moons orbiting Pluto at something of an alarming rate. It was only last year that P4 was discovered, and before that came the discovery of Nix and Hyrda in 2006. Up until that point, we thought that the only moon orbiting Pluto was Charon, which was discovered back in 1978.
As for how P5 came into existence, the Pluto team thinks that it was formed when Pluto collided with another celestial body billions of years ago, much in the same way scientists believe our own moon was formed. Take a look at our story timeline below for more interesting stories from space!
[via NASA]
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This image released by HBO shows Emilia Clarke, left, and Kit Harington in a scene from the final episode of "Game of Thrones." On Tuesday, July 16, 2019, the program was nominated for an Emmy Award for outstanding drama series. (HBO via AP)
This image released by HBO shows Emilia Clarke, left, and Kit Harington in a scene from the final episode of "Game of Thrones." On Tuesday, July 16, 2019, the program was nominated for an Emmy Award for outstanding drama series. (HBO via AP)
LOS ANGELES (AP) — HBO’s “Game of Thrones” slashed its way to a record-setting 32 Emmy nominations Tuesday for its eighth and final season, leading HBO back to dominance over Netflix, the streaming service that bumped it last year from atop the increasingly crowded television heap.
The bloodthirsty saga’s total eclipsed the all-time series record of 27 nods earned by “NYPD Blue” in 1994.
If “Game of Thrones” successfully defends it best drama series title and claims a fourth trophy, it will join the quartet of most-honored dramas that includes “Hill Street Blues,” ″L.A. Law,” ″The West Wing” and “Mad Men.”
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The Emmy voters’ acclaim stands in sharp contrast to fan reaction to the show’s last hurrah, which included howls of laughter for a to-go coffee cup inadvertently included in one scene and a finale that detractors called unsatisfying. But the show’s ratings never faltered for the series based on George R.R. Martin’s novels, setting new highs for HBO.
A wealth of recognition for the cast and guest stars , including the show’s only previous winner, Peter Dinklage with three awards, helped “Game of Thrones” add to its already record haul of nominations, now at 161 total.
Series star Emilia Clarke’s decision to seek a best actress nomination after a series of supporting actress bids paid off. She’s competing in a category that’s notable for its diversity, including past winner Viola Davis for “How to Get Away with Murder” and repeat nominee Sandra Oh for “Killing Eve,” who has another chance to become the first actress of Asian descent to win the trophy. She lost last year to Claire Foy for Netflix’s “The Crown.”
Two actors of color, Billy Porter for “Pose” and previous winner Sterling K. Brown for “This Is Us,” earned drama series nods.
The rest of the drama series field includes “Better Call Saul,” ″Bodyguard,” ″Killing Eve,” ″Ozark,” ″Pose,” ″Succession” and, as the only network entry, “This is Us.” Mandy Moore, who plays the NBC drama’s matriarch, earned her first best actress nod, with fellow cast member Chris Sullivan earning his first nod, for supporting actor.
Last year’s best comedy series, “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,” led the comedy pack with 20 bids, including for its star and defending champion Rachel Brosnahan.
“I’m at the dog park this morning with my fur children and started getting a lot of texts and phone calls all at once. I’m so excited to learn that the ‘Maisel’ family has been invited back to the party. This category is ridiculous. I can’t believe I get to be a part of anything with these amazing women,” Brosnahan told The Associated Press .
She’ll vie with Emmy record-holder Julia Louis-Dreyfus of “Veep,” who didn’t compete in last year’s awards because her breast cancer treatment delayed production of the political satire. Louis-Dreyfus, who with Cloris Leachman shares the record for most Emmys won by a performer, eight, has a shot at solo glory if she wins again.
The final season of “Veep” received nine nominations, including a best supporting actress bid for Anna Chlumsky.
“I’m feeling really jazzed. It might be the coffee I just had. But this feels so much sweeter because it’s the last time around for this show,” she said.
There was no warm and fuzzy goodbye for “The Big Bang Theory,” the long-running sitcom that failed to capture a best comedy nod or any for its actors. The show has company in other hit sitcoms of the past: Neither “Friends” nor “Frasier” were nominated for best series for their final year, both in 2004.
TV academy members’ out-with-the-old approach created openings for a number of buzzy comedy newcomers and their stars and creators, including Phoebe Waller-Bridge’s “Fleabag” and Natasha Lyonne’s “Russian Doll.” Other best comedy contenders include “Barry,” which won acting trophies last year for Bill Hader and Henry Winkler, and sole network entry “The Good Place.”
A surprising entry : the quirky “Schitt’s Creek,” which received its first best comedy series nomination for its penultimate season and bids for stars Eugene Levy and Catherine O’Hara.
Other top nominees include the nuclear disaster miniseries “Chernobyl” with 19 nominations and “Saturday Night Live,” which drew on Robert De Niro’s talents to play Robert Mueller last season, with 18. “When They See Us,” the miniseries that dramatized the Central Park Five case and its aftermath, received 16 bids.
“Thank you to the real men for inviting me to tell their story,” tweeted Ava DuVernay, executive producer of “When They See Us.”
The leading miniseries nominee is “Fosse/Verdon,” the biopic about dancer Gwen Verdon and choreographer Bob Fosse that earned 17 bids, including the first Emmy nominations for stars Michelle Williams and Sam Rockwell.
There was a significant drop in diversity among this year’s group of nominees compared to 2018, when more than a third of the 101 nominees in acting categories were ethnic minorities. This year, the figure was less than a quarter, with diversity especially absent in comedy.
Just two of the 26 acting nominees were people of color — Anthony Anderson for “black-ish” and Don Cheadle for “Black Monday” — and three of the four categories had only white nominees.
Categories dominated by the overwhelmingly white “Game of Thrones” were also short on inclusion , including supporting actress in a drama — zero nominees — and supporting drama actor, with only Giancarlo Esposito of “Better Call Saul” receiving a nomination.
In the overall tally contest among outlets, HBO received a whopping 137 nominations Tuesday, riding the dragon wings of “Game of Thrones” and the big tallies for “Chernobyl” and “Barry.” Netflix, which last year ended HBO’s 17-year reign to win the most Emmy nominations, was bumped to second this year with 117. Amazon’s Prime Video was second to Netflix among streamers with 47 nominations.
Broadcast networks, steadily eclipsed by the rise of cable and now streaming, were far behind, with NBC getting 58 nods to top CBS’ 43, ABC’s 26 and Fox’s 18.
The 71st Emmy Awards will air Sept. 22 on Fox, with the host yet to be announced.
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AP Entertainment writers Andrew Dalton and Jonathan Landrum Jr. contributed to this report.
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This story has been corrected to show that Rachel Brosnahan referred to her “fur children,” not “four children” in her reaction quote. | mini_pile | {'original_id': 'd790cf811b1bb9216aabd1bd1ede1ada225da5ba151d35ba92c5a2b2555a7f5c'} |
K(+)-induced changes in the properties of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current I(h) in rat CA1 pyramidal cells.
The effects of rises in external K(+) (K(ext)) on I(h) were investigated in CA1 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampal slices using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. At the basal K(ext) level (2.5 mM), hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(h)) had a maximal amplitude of -350+/-60 pA which was enhanced by approximately 60 and approximately 95% at 5 and 7.5 mM K(ext), respectively. The midpoint activation voltage was significantly shifted from -80 mV in the negative direction to about -87 mV at both 5 and 7.5 mM K(ext), without appreciable alterations of the current kinetics. The maximal conductance was approximately 2.4 nS under control conditions and significantly increased to approximately 3.3 and approximately 5.6 nS at 5 and 7.5 mM K(ext), respectively. The reversal potential was shifted in the positive direction, from a control value of approximately -30 mV by approximately 6 and approximately 14 mV at 5 and 7.5 mM K(ext), respectively. Our data demonstrate that even moderate changes in K(ext) have a substantial effect on the properties of I(h). | mini_pile | {'original_id': '3206dc35708059f31e89562a1d3c0b8d7d52a061f20d6bff0274930f2dac1851'} |
taxes The taxonomy view with a depth of 0. en IRS to Continue Migration Data <p>" The IRS should be applauded" --- it is hard to imagine a public statement to this effect, other than from a government insider. But this was the Tax Foundation, improbably and correctly complimenting the <a href=";utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%253A+TaxPolicyBlog+%2528Tax+Foundation+-+Tax+Foundation%2527s+%2522Tax+Policy+Blog%2522%2529">Internal Revenue Service in announcing that its annual income tax migration data would continue to be produced</a>. This apparently reverses a decision to discontinue the data. The Tax Foundation noted that there was:</p> <blockquote> <p>... outrage when the IRS announced that they were canceling the program. An IRS economist, informed of the decision by higher-ups, told the Daily Caller: "We were just told this morning that the program is indeed going to be discontinued. It is not our decision at all and we are very disappointed." Jim Pettit, of the activist group Change Maryland, penned a National Review piece noting that the decision came soon after the data put Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley on the defensive (O'Malley has routinely asserted that Maryland has a great tax system and business climate, despite strong evidence to the contrary), and the Washington Examiner followed up with an editorial saying that the data is vital for ascertaining which "model" of states (high-tax, high-service vs. low-tax, low-service) Americans were preferring. Members of Congress also started calling, demanding an explanation. </p> </p></blockquote> <p>We join in the chorus. This data has been valuable for many uses and many will continue to use it in the years to come.</p> data IRS migration taxes Tue, 18 Dec 2012 14:22:44 -0500 Wendell Cox 3330 at Infographic: State Property Tax Data <p>Credit Sesame has created an interactive map showing property tax rates for all 50 states. Based on data from the <a href=>Tax Foundation</a>, the graphic also shows property tax rates as a share of home value and as a share of median income of homeowners. It's important to note that property taxes can vary regionally within states, and property taxes are only one part of overall state and local tax burden. </p> <p><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="" height="357" width="600"><br /> <a href=”” _mce_href=””><font size=-1>Mortgages –</font></A></p> <p>Here's the Tax Foundation's numbers on <a href=>overall state and local tax burden</a>. For more on overall state business climates, check out our <a href=><em>Enterprising States</em> report</a>.</p> business government Politics taxes Fri, 08 Jul 2011 15:44:17 -0400 Mark Schill 2329 at High Cost of Living Drives New York’s Fiscal Deficit with Washington <p>Between now and the end of the year, a hot political topic here in New York will be whether to let the Bush tax cuts expire for people in the highest income bracket, as the Obama administration proposes, or whether to extend those cuts for everyone. Advocates taking the latter position will correctly argue that higher rates will be especially harmful to New York, because of the large number of wealthy people, who live here. </p> <p>What is not likely to be discussed, however, is that because of the exorbitant cost of living in New York and the surrounding suburbs, federal taxes take a supersized bite out of the incomes of all New Yorkers, who in the vast majority are not wealthy at all. The result is that here in New York City, which is arguably the poorest city in America when it comes to what people can actually afford, we end up subsidizing other states and localities, where people pay less to Uncle Sam, even as they enjoy a higher standard of living than we do. </p> <p>How could this be? The answer is that because New York and the surrounding suburbs are so expensive, businesses have to pay higher salaries to recruit people to work for them. According to the ERI Economic Research Institute, a leading data survey company that helps corporate clients set compensation packages and calculate the cost of doing business throughout the United States and elsewhere, these higher salary costs are substantial. </p> <p>They calculate, for example, that a typical registered nurse in metropolitan New York earns $82,712 versus a national average of $65,464. In the case of an accountant, they calculate a figure of $74,388 versus a national average of $58,712. In the case of an administrative assistant, as they define those job responsibilities, they calculate a figure of $59,243 versus $47,961 nationally. And finally, they also provide data for someone working as a janitor. Here the figure they calculate is $38,142 versus $31,220. </p> <p>Sounds great. Who doesn’t want a higher salary? But unfortunately, it’s not that simple. The problem is that the IRS doesn’t care how much you can actually buy with your hard earned dollars. They just want to see the number printed on your W-2. And as we all know, the more you make, the more you pay. </p> <p>For the average registered nurse in New York, filing as an individual, and assuming no special deductions or one-time credits, the tax bite amounts to $14,381 versus $10,219 for the average registered nurse in the rest of the country. An accountant here pays $12,444 versus $8,531 nationally. For an administrative assistant, the figure is $8,656 versus $5,844. And in the case of a janitor, the figure is $3,899 versus $2,864. </p> <p>But wait, it gets worse than that. Based on data from the federal Bureau of Economic Analysis, it turns out that the cost of living in the New York metropolitan area is significantly higher than the difference in salaries alone would indicate. According to their data, the cost of living here is 45 percent higher than in the rest of the country or approximately twice the difference in salaries. </p> <p>Yes, employers have to pay more to recruit people to work here in New York, but they don’t have to make up the whole difference. Economists refer to this as money illusion, which is their way of saying that people find it difficult to distinguish between the nominal value of money and the true purchasing power of that money in the marketplace. </p> <p>If we recalculate salaries to take into account the cost of living, it turns out that the federal tax premium that New Yorkers have to pay is even greater. Thus, if the tax bite were to reflect the actual standard of living for a registered nurse in New York, the real tax would be $8,106 instead of the actual tax of $14,381 or a difference of $6,275. For an accountant, the difference would be $5,775. For an administrative assistant, it would be $4,352, and for a janitor, $1,778. </p> <p>The lessons here are clear. In the short term, New York’s Congressional delegation needs to restrain efforts to raise taxes in Washington, D.C., because the impact here will be greater than elsewhere. And in the longer term, we need to determine why the cost of living in New York is so high and then implement the reforms necessary to fix the problem and give New Yorkers a standard of living that is competitive with rest of America.</p> Cost of Living New York New York City Politics taxes Thu, 19 Aug 2010 17:38:15 -0400 Eamon Moynihan 1728 at A Threat To Home Owners Associations <p> In the 1990s, just about the only site amenity that most suburban developments offered was a fancy entrance monument. Usually, there were no other additions beyond ordinance minimums and even those weren’t generally elaborate. Some of these monuments did cost millions, but once past the gilded gates, the seduction ended, and residents were greeted by familiar monotonous cookie cutter subdivisions.</p> <p>As neighborhood planners, we educate our developer clients regarding the virtues of building site amenities that improve Quality of Life (trails, gazebos, decorative ponds and fountains, etc). You would think these amenities were an easy sell to the cities approving the developments. After all, great developments create a great city, right? It’s not that simple, because all of these amenities require maintenance, and that places a burden on tax payers. No city wants to create a tax burden for all, when the likely benefit accrues to the few within the development.</p> <p>The solution to that problem was simple: The Home Owners Association. We are not talking about the type of Stepford-like association where lifestyles and flower plantings are strictly dictated, but the more limited type that adds a small monthly fee to service the common outdoor site amenities. In other words, only those extra amenities are cared for. Private yards still remain the financial burden of the individual homeowners. In the North, with snow removal, these neighborhood association fees are likely to be higher if the trails and walks are cleared. Since these Associations do not have to maintain private yards or address maintenance of buildings typical of townhome projects, the monthly fees are minimal. Some associations were formed in the North that did give options for snow removal on private driveways, at a very reasonable cost (after all, why not clear a few extra driveways while you are out clearing the trails?). </p> <p>The developer could now offer a much higher living standard and create more valuable lots that would be easier to sell. The majority of the neighborhoods we designed in the late 1990s through 2006 (the recession) offered the advantages that these minimal cost Associations could provide. We encouraged developers to spend less on elaborate entrance monuments and instead spread real value through the development where people lived. </p> <p><B>How HOAs May Be At Risk</B> The recession has not just brought about massive foreclosures and reduced home prices. It has escalated real-estate taxes (the home value may be 40% less but the tax remains at pre-recession rates) and put the very idea of a Home Owners Association at risk. With failed development, there are often also failed Associations. With little or no maintenance of a development that was once cared for by private funding, cities may have to take over the burden until the economy recovers, and in some areas, if it recovers. Comprehensive associations that maintain all of the grounds (where there are no privately maintained yards),including the building exteriors and rooftops, as well as the streets, are at the greatest risk. The limited Associations that were typical of the neighborhoods we designed are not as much of a problem, but could easily be lumped into “all Associations are bad news” category in the minds of those approving future developments, after the economy returns.</p> <p>This affects all types of residential development. </p> <p>Developments that exceed minimum standards typically offer site amenities to make the development more enticing. Someone must maintain these extras. Fear of HOA failures will certainly be more on the minds of cities after the recession, but without HOAs, who will maintain the amenities? A two million dollar entrance monument does not make a neighborhood sustainable. Spreading value through the neighborhood with features that enhance quality of life, is a better investment. The Homeowners Association must not fall victim to the recession.</p> cities housing planning suburbs taxes Wed, 02 Dec 2009 21:52:39 -0500 Rick Harrison 1244 at Balancing the California Budget <p>The battle to find ways to close California's gaping $24 billion budget shortfall continues, with Governor Schwarzenegger calling for deep cuts and reorganization throughout state government. <a href=",0,1783202.story" rel="nofollow">Last week, making a "rare speech to a joint session of the Legislature,"</a> Gov. Schwarzenegger argued that the state has "run out of time," and faces a situation where "Our wallet is empty, our bank is closed, and our credit is dried up". </p> <p>The challenges facing California's policy makers in balancing the budget can be examined by checking out the Los Angeles Times' <a href=",0,95571.htmlstory" rel="nofollow">"Interactive California Budget Balancer"</a>. While the state has many different options available to it, making cuts to potentially popular programs will only serve to irritate interest groups which argue for the efficacy and essential nature of their favored programs. Couple this reluctance to make cuts with popular resistance to tax increases, recently seen when <a href=";sq=California%20Special%20Election&st=cse" rel="nofollow">voters rejected a set of measures on May 19,</a> and one can better understand the true magnitude of the budget impasse facing the state.</p> California Economy state budget taxes Mon, 08 Jun 2009 15:57:27 -0400 Matthew Leiphon 841 at Local and State Tax Burden Maps <p>The Tax Foundation calculates the taxes paid per capita, including what is spent by people on average in neighboring states, including state and local fees. The two maps show, first, the tax burden, taxes paid as a percent of income, the second, the difference in the ranks of states in tax burden and in income.</p> <p>The map for tax burden is colorful, so one might suppose there is a big difference in the local and state burden. There is variation, but the amazing story is how small the differences really are. The variation is from a maximum of 11.8 percent in New Jersey (note that Taxachusetts is in the middle of the pack) to a low of 6.4 percent in Alaska. But most states, 38, are in between 8.6 and 10.2 percent. </p> <p><img src=""></p> <p>The lowest tax burdens are not surprising – Alaska (6.4) and Nevada (6.6), but the next lowest, Wyoming (7) and Florida (7.4), may be a surprise. The highest tax burdens, as may be expected, are megalapolitan New Jersey, New York (11.7), Connecticut (11.1) and Maryland (10.8), but Hawaii (10.6) in this group may be a surprise. The states in the middle, besides Massachusetts, include a contiguous set centered in Chicago – Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Kentucky and West Virginia (all 9.3 to 9.5).</p> <p>The modest range of burdens implies that generally richer states have higher tax burdens and poorer states have lower burdens, but the second map shows that there are many exceptions. Richer states with higher tax burdens include (a small difference in tax and income ranks) District of Columbia, New Jersey, Connecticut, New York and Maryland, and poorer states with a moderately low tax burden are few – Alabama, New Mexico and Montana. Poorer states but with a high tax burden are Arkansas, Kentucky, Utah and Idaho, but this finding perhaps tells us the statistical problem or risk in using per capita rather than per household measures. Strongly Mormon Utah and Idaho, indeed all four states have high average household size, so are not as disadvantaged as the data suggest. For a similar reason, Florida may not be as good as it looks, since it has a quite low average household size.</p> <p><img src=""></p> <p>Most interesting may be the richer states with lower ranking tax burdens, notably Wyoming, New Hampshire, Washington and Nevada. Other states with a relatively low burden (lower tax rank than income rank) include Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Massachusetts, and Texas and other states with a relatively high burden (much higher tax rank than income rank) include Georgia, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia.</p> <p>Finally states with close to the same rank in income and tax burden include a set of contiguous Midwestern states, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas, then Michigan, Oregon and California. </p> <p>But in sum, choosing a state based on its local and state tax burden could be worth the effort, but the effects by themselves could be more limited than commonly supposed.</p> income maps state government taxes Mon, 20 Apr 2009 18:12:51 -0400 Richard Morrill 754 at LA Tax <p>Residents in Los Angeles with home-based business <a href="" rel="nofollow">received letters from the Office of Finance</a> that said, “The following amounts are due and payable immediately: $4,363.81.” </p> <p>People who work as independent contractors and had failed to register their businesses with the city’s tax and permit division by Feb. 28 received the letters in March.</p> <p>The city calculated the number by estimating $200,000 in gross income for each business over the last three years – the annual average for city business taxes – added interest and late penalties and arrived at the $4,000-plus number.</p> <p>The letters arrived at a time when many laid-off employees are working as independent contractors themselves. To add fuel to the fire, many who received the letters might have generated income less than the total amount of the tax.</p> <p>Though the city has denied that the letters were any kind of “scare tactic,” the program stems from a 2002 push to identify unregistered businesses using records “disclosed to the city by the California Franchise Tax Board.” The program has added almost 100,000 businesses to the tax roll and generated $107 million in revenue. </p> <p>This issue has a particular sting at the moment, particularly given LA’s 10% plus unemployment rates.</p> business Los Angeles taxes Wed, 08 Apr 2009 15:16:40 -0400 Ian Lausa 726 at | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '2512', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9449841380119324}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '25114', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EUTFRUJP7OHOVS6GLK5L5Y42DSNNNDNV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9c544c9c-8b00-4a93-ae13-7935fae8d188>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 5, 23, 7, 14, 7), 'WARC-IP-Address': '72.27.230.44', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:4HOUX4HC3PRBSCMJJ6FMJ2XXTSR6NPC5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:39dfb99c-de92-4eaa-9c1a-63e47b0e5fd1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.newgeography.com/taxonomy/term/235/feed', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:fcdad129-6064-459e-8b85-86a0c4764725>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2622', 'url': 'http://www.newgeography.com/taxonomy/term/235/feed', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-224-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-22\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019544541835784912', 'original_id': 'd2a67bcef5b114df649dbd64a33135e0a2430a960b9c3898ba872f6c38ecf7ab'} |
1. IT'S BACK
Bubonic Plague Traps 30K in Chinese City
The 30,000 residents of Yumen, China are not allowed to leave the city after a man died of the bubonic plague last week. Not only has Yumen been sealed off from the rest of the country, but 151 people have been quarantined since last week. The 38-year-old who passed away from the bubonic plague contracted it after being in contact with a dead marmot. The bubonic plague killed tens of millions of people throughout Europe during the 14th century, so the level of public health concern is understandable. The CDC said modern antibiotics should effectively treat the disease, but they must be administered in a timely fashion.
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Amazonian Spagyric Hybridized Essences
For the first time ever, through the ancient art of alchemy, Amazonian botanicals are available in a perfected and potent vibrational form known as Spagyrics.
Spagyrics is a term first coined by Paracelsus to refer to the Alchemical Work within the Plant Kingdom. Our hybridized spagyric essences perfectly integrate the body of each plant with its spirit and soul, represented through the process of purifying and recombining the plant's salt, mercury and sulphur.
These essences represent our most holistically complete line to date.
The salt of a plant relates to its physicality, expressed through its minerals, alkaloids, and structural elements, as well as the physical effect it has on the body once consumed.
The mercury of a plant correlates to the astral realm and addresses spiritual imbalances that affect the life force. It acts primarily on the mental/emotional level of our being.
The sulphur of a plant is its most essential aspect, representing its soul. Its effects manifest on the causal level. On the causal plane, a remedy has the power to invoke the archetypal energies of the planet under which the plant is governed and render its effects on the most essential, unchanging, archetypal aspects of ourselves, the soul.
These unique remedies were created as a multifaceted botanical tool kit for practitioners of the healing arts, astrologers and spiritual students seeking to access higher vibrational frequencies within themselves and embody their divine, archetypal essence more fully.
Unlike our other remedies, these philosophic essences were designed be used in an initiatic context to align, recalibrate and upgrade to more subtle frequencies. Each remedy attunes to a different planetary archetype.
Packaged in 5 ml amber glass and a gorgeous, hand-crafted Shipibo embroidered pouch that can be reused again and again. The set includes 7 of the following 9 essences (please specify which 7 you prefer in the comments section upon checkout):
Sun: Sunday: Camu camu
Moon: Monday: Bobinsana
Mars: Tuesday: Ajo Sacha
Mars: Tuesday: Jergon Sacha
Mercury: Wednesday: Sacred leaf of the Incas
Jupiter: Thursday: Cacao
Venus: Friday: Abuta
Venus: Friday: Coffeeberry
Saturn: Saturday: Chuchuhuasi
To benefit from the initiatic aspects of these plants, we suggest working with one each day, for 7 days, over the course of an entire year. To work with the essences on this level, take 1-3 drops (start at 1 drop and increase dosage incrementally over time) at sunrise, of the essence that correlates to the planet ruling that specific day of the week. After imbibing, take some time to focus inward, through meditation, breathwork, chi gong, yoga or other similar practice before going about your mundane activities.
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Poverty and Development Division
last updated : 27 April 2000
Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 2000
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Survey 2000 contents
Domestic macroeconomic stress
This type of stress relates to those imbalances that affect the economy as a whole, among which are the following:
Fiscal deficit. Large fiscal deficits could lead to excessive domestic credit expansion in order to sustain them. Under a fixed exchange rate regime, this may lead to a loss of international reserves and, if reserves go below a critical level, may precipitate a speculative attack on the currency. This, in fact, is the argument of Paul Krugman mentioned in chapter IV.
Inflation. Excessive inflation without adjustment in exchange rates causes a considerable loss of international competitiveness and can worsen the current account deficit. If exports continue to deteriorate or imports continue to rise, then over time the current account deficit will put pressure on the exchange rate. Alternatively, a boom-and-bust pattern of growth could bring with it the phenomenon of asset inflation. High asset inflation with overvalued exchange rates is symptomatic of a bubble. Asset inflation and high collateral value could in turn feed further expansion of loans. When the bubble bursts, asset values plunge and could cause a crisis in the financial system.
Low real GDP growth. Low real GDP growth, or the more serious case of a recession, can precipitate a financial crisis. Firms may have more difficulty servicing loans in a recession and this may weaken the financial system and lead to a crisis.
Savings-investment gap. A large gap indicates that the economy will have to rely on external resources to support investment. This is not necessarily a vulnerability if the inflow of external resources leads to increases in productivity and the ability to earn foreign currency to service the external liabilities. If not, the flow of new external resources may stop, servicing of current liabilities may become problematic and a crisis can emerge.
Unemployment/underemployment. To a certain extent, this might be subsumed under low real GDP growth or the presence of a recession, as they will usually go together. Additionally, in an export-oriented economy, if the increase in unemployment is due to a decline in exports and has been persistent, it may be a signal that the exchange rate policy will need to be adjusted, failing which a crisis can occur.
Financial markets indices (stock and bond markets). One interpretation is that the stock market index is an expectations variable (the index is theoretically the discounted stream of earnings of a stock). As a proxy for market expectations, a booming stock market is indicative of a rosy economic outlook in the eyes of investors and vice versa for a bearish market. However, excessively high stock market indices can be indicative of irrational investors' euphoria that could be subject to sharp corrections (or crisis), as occurred in some Asian economies.
Government consumption. The level of consumption by a government is a proxy for the size of the government sector in an economy. A high or rising level may indicate a non-productive use of the resources of an economy and so signal a potential problem for sustaining the level of economic growth.
External stress
External stress relates to the imbalances in the sectors of an economy which are involved in foreign trade and investment. The stress may originate in the following:
International reserves. This is an indicator of a country's liquidity; a low level indicates that the country is ill-prepared to service the foreign exchange needs of the economy. An illiquid country is most likely to run into problems when the flow of capital reverses; it will also find it difficult to defend its exchange rate. Speculators being aware of this could exert pressure, leading to a sharp correction and a crisis.
Foreign investment. The composition of investment, whether long-term (FDI) or short-term (portfolio), is important in assessing financial stability. Short-term capital flows are often referred to as "hot money". A country with foreign investment dominated by these flows is very much hostage to changes in investor sentiments. Contagion effects are more serious for countries with this type of flows. There are also trade-offs involved in attracting portfolio flows; they are usually determined by differential interest rates. An emerging economy can attract portfolio investment through high interest rates, but these imply a greater cost of financing investment from domestic sources and may crowd out domestic investment flows.
Exchange rate. This is actually a policy variable under a pegged or managed float system and, if set at an unrealistic level, may lead to crisis. In fact, currency crises are commonly defined as a very sharp devaluation, possibly accompanied by high interest rates and a significant drawdown on reserves. Unwarranted appreciation of real exchange rates can suggest a loss of export competitiveness and contribute to expectations of subsequent devaluation and speculation. In many instances, the presence of a parallel market and a significant premium in the black market price for foreign exchange precedes a crisis. Moreover, an overvalued exchange rate makes foreign liabilities look cheap and may lead to overreliance on external financing. Sharp devaluation also increases the local burden of paying foreign debt by governments, banks and corporations, contributing further to stresses in the domestic financial system and economy.
Trade balance. A growing and persistent current account deficit may be indicative of an overvalued exchange rate (deterring exports and promoting imports). Unless foreigners are willing to finance the deficit by holding on to local assets, the current account deficit will be unsustainable and can prompt a strong correction (which can lead to a currency crisis).
Prices of major exports and imports (terms of trade). Deterioration in export prices reduces foreign currency earnings, with an obvious impact on reserves and the ability of an economy to service external liabilities. This is especially important for resource-based economies. On the other hand, sharp changes in import prices can have adverse implications for reserves and also presage inflation.
OECD growth. This variable proxies the demand for export products of developing countries, as OECD arguably constitutes the major market for these countries. The higher OECD growth, presumably the more positive is the outlook for developing countries.
Financial stress
Financial stress relates to financial markets; examples of possible stress include:
Composition of foreign capital inflows. This mirrors the rationale noted under the composition of foreign investment because banks use foreign capital inflows to relend in the domestic market. Mismatches in the maturity of the debt instruments should be highlighted to help assess vulnerability.
Interest rates. Once again, this is a policy variable that involves trade-offs. Low interest rates facilitate local debt payments. Higher interest rates, on the other hand, increases the burden of paying debts (and lead to non-performing loan problems) but can attract portfolio investments or increase the attractiveness of local assets that yield interest income. It can be recessionary through the effect on investment. Excessively high interest rates may lead to adverse selection in lending operations, leading to poor loan quality and problems with non-performing loans. Whether the interest rate is a positive or a negative indicator will depend on the actual conditions of a country (level of debt, non-performing loans etc.).
Credit growth. Banking crises have often been preceded by high credit growth rates. High credit growth puts stress on the credit quality. There may be moral hazard elements (that is, loans were not extended on the basis of business criteria, but rather on that of political connections). With regard to credit to the private sector, the Asian crisis has demonstrated that high private sector debt can be debilitating.
Money supply. This indicator is related to the inflation variable as well as the financing of the fiscal deficit. M1 and M2 are often used as measures of money supply, M2 being a more comprehensive measure.
M2/international reserves. This is an indicator of the pressure on the exchange rate as it measures the domestic money supply in relation to the international liquidity available.
Parallel financial market premium. The higher the premium, the larger will be the unmet credit needs of the economy. A high level indicates an inefficient or underdeveloped banking system and thus stress on the formal financial sector.
Central bank credit (to banks or to the public sector). Again, moral hazard considerations exist. If the exposure of the central bank to government/private sector banks is huge, the central bank may feel constrained to raise interest rates as part of monetary policy designed to maintain systemic stability, due to the increased costs to the government
Private sector debt. The rationale is very similar to that for excessive credit growth. The Asian crisis was a case where private sector debt had got out of hand. Because the exchange rate was pegged in some economies, it made foreign currency look cheap and encouraged the private sector to increase foreign currency debt.
Institutional stress
This kind of stress relates to the pressures that arise from institutions/practices, albeit these factors may not always be easily quantifiable:
Exchange rate system. Pegged exchange rates are subject to speculation; almost always, the resources of individual governments will not be enough to defend their pegs against serious market pressures.
Risk management measures. Does the financial system have markets for risk? If not, then this is indicative of vulnerability. Globalization of financial/capital markets entails the challenge of developing markets for risk management. The number of players, market turnover etc., are the indicators of the relative robustness of the markets for risk.
Prudential measures. These are qualitative indicators of institutions that govern or regulate financial systems. The presence of these indicators does not imply that they will work, but their effective enforcement is likely to make an economy less vulnerable.
Capital adequacy provisions. This has to do with solvency of banks and can also be considered an example of a prudential measure. Limitations on the extent to which bank capital is tied up with loans prevents bank owners from taking on too much risk in lending.
Level of non-performing loans. This indicates how weak the banking system is; the higher the non-performing loans, the lesser will be the capacity of the banks to lend. This can also be an indicator of the financial vulnerability of banks.
Measures of transparency. These can help prevent the build-up of vulnerabilities and contribute to the proper conduct of corporate governance. Problems of moral hazard are also prevented when the true state of bank or corporate finances is known. Monitoring banks by supervisors will only be meaningful when there is accurate, current, comprehensive and transparent information about the banks' solvency and liquidity as well as the creditworthiness of their clients. Thus, the presence of such measures will minimize the possibility of crises.
Central bank independence. Independence is important for the objective conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the financial system (less susceptible to be influenced by politics, fewer possibilities for bailing out cronies, mitigates moral hazard problems somewhat).
Measures of creditor and property rights. The existence of bankruptcy procedures (which can be proxied by the proportion of bankruptcies resolved) and property laws, and their timely and effective enforcement are indicators of the institutional robustness of an economy.
Table VI.2 summarizes the foregoing discussion into a set of proposed indicators under their respective stress headings. The indicators can be used as they are or combined with other indicators to form new indicators or ratios. Some of the indicators are qualitative; proxy variables may have to be used to quantify them, supplemented by detailed qualitative analysis.
Each country can and should carry out its own empirical investigation of the predictive ability of these indicators, deleting those that test insignificant. Moreover, a country may include additional indicators that the unique characteristics of its economy may suggest.
In summary, indicators can help policy makers feel the pulse of the economy. One should not set too high an expectation for them (for example, to be able to predict the timing of a crisis). They can, however, provide a useful guide for assessing vulnerability. Signs of vulnerability shown by indicators should be accompanied by detailed policy analysis, including the potential for exposure to contagion. As has been noted, there is ample scope for refining the indicators. This can be fertile ground for informal regional consultations, exchange of experience and technical assistance for capacity-building.
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Image Source: Twitter/@deepikapadukone
So are you in love?Got struck by Cupid's arrow?Is there any special one who has taken your breath away?
If yes, You have one more reason to celebrate. Apart from all the good feelings and happiness, love is responsible for good health too. This fact was discovered by the scientists at the Loyola University Chicago.
Love releases feel-good chemicals
According to the research, love release a whole feel-good chemicals that is responsible for the activation of special physical reactions. Not only this, love can help your cheeks flush, hearts race and palms sweat.
There are certain factors involved in this. One is the increase of substances in our body that include dopamine, adrenaline and norepinephrine, when we fall in love. While each generates its own unique reaction: dopamine is responsible for feelings of euphoria, adrenaline and norepinephrine makes the heart go pitter-patter, also responsible for restlessness and overall preoccupation that happens when one experiences love.
Even our brain gets the heat of the love, as certain MRI scans gives evidence of how the pleasure center of the brain lights up with love. Doctors saw increase in blood circulation in this area when we fall in love. This is the same side of the brain which eis responsible for obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
Love helps lower complusive disorders
The research saw lower levels of serotonin in people who are in a relationship. This is a common agent in people with obsessive-compulsive disorders. It is responsible for our behavioural traits at the start of our relationship and the amount of attention and care we give to our partner during the early stages of a relationship.
That's how the phrase 'love is blind' became a valid notion as during the early stages of relationship, we give so much of importance to our partner and make them our world. So even the people who look it from the outside gets a much more objective and rational perspective on the partnership than the two people involved do.
However, the scientists even gives us a piece of advice and warns that these good vibes and responses may go against us in the long run.
We know that there are three phases of love :lust, attraction and attachment. The feeling of lust is when we seek for more desire and is considered a hormone-driven phase. It is during the stage of attraction when the blood flows to the pleasure center of the brain and it is during and the body develops a tolerance to the pleasure stimulants. Apart from this, the three reactions :Endorphins and hormones vasopressin and oxytocin also develops in the body at this point creating an overall sense of well-being and security that is conducive to a lasting relationship.
Love is good for your heart
If you are in love and are involved in a relationship, it is going to benefit your heart.
There are many theories that proves the fact that people who are married or who are in close and are in healthy relationships tend to smoke less , have more chances to remain physically active and are more likely to have a well-developed social structure. Not only that, they may have lower levels of stress and anxiety in their day-to-day lives, may seek medical attention more quickly, and may be more likely to take preventive medications.
Researchers from Finland revealed that married men and women have relatively lower chances of developing heart attacks and dying from a heart attack compared to people who were single.
The study identified the fact that that people who are involved in long-term loving relationships have higher chances of experiencing neuro-hormonal changes that have positive effects on the body, including the cardiovascular system. This in itself is an indication of how certain hormone levels in the body vary depending on the level of an individual's stress and anxiety.
It is good to be in a relationship as long-term positive relationships develop positive effects on your cardiovascular system and negative relationships involving conflict or negativity are associated with an increase in risk for coronary artery disease.
Foods of 'Love'
The scientists have seen a good heart rate when people eat dark chocolates and red wine. So this valentine's, why not gift your loved one a box of dark chocolates and a bottle of red wine, if you care for your partner's heart.
Dark chocolate contains flavonoids, which are antioxidants. Antioxidants have positive effects on many different body systems including the cardiovascular system. The high concentration of cocoa in dark chocolate appears to be what offers the flavonoid benefit.
The researchers believe that dark chocolates have compunds that helps to lower blood pressure, lower blood sugar levels and improvement in the way your blood vessels dilate and relax,
Many doctors recommend dark chocolates and red wine to keep your true love's heart beating strong. It should be consumed on a regular basis and is not just a gift on a specific occasion like Valentine's Day. Generally, red wine and dark chocolate are good health choices and should be taken in moderation.
It is important to note that red wine and dark chocolate should have higher content of cocoa, as cocoa content of 70 percent or higher contain resveratrol that is a natural ingredient to lower blood sugar. Not only that, red wine is also a source of catechins that aids "good" HDL cholesterol.
You can say "I Love You" in eight different ways through diet:
Red Wine - Pinots, shirahs, merlots -- these are all red wines that are a good source of catechins and resveratrol to help 'good' cholesterol.
Dark chocolate, 70 percent or higher cocoa content -- Truffles, soufflés and even hot chocolate are good sources of resveratrol and cocoa phenols (flavonoids) with high content of cocoa in dark chocolate.
Salmon/tuna - Especially white, or albacore, tuna and salmon are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, and canned salmon contains soft bones that give an added boost of calcium intake.
Flaxseeds - They come in brown or golden yellow, and both are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, phytoestrogens.
Oatmeal - Whether cooked for a breakfast porridge or used in breads or desserts, the oatmeal is a good source of soluble fiber, niacin, folate and potassium. The usefulness of black or kidney beans can't be neglected either as they are good source of niacin, folate, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, soluble fiber.
Walnuts and almonds - They both are great sources of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, magnesium, fiber and heart-favorable mono- and polyunsaturated fats.
Blueberries/cranberries/raspberries/strawberries - Berries are a good source of beta carotene and lutein, anthocyanin, ellagic acid (a polyphenol), vitamin C, folate, potassium and fiber. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '3', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9141223430633544}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '58444', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:D4H3223J4SBXWCKB3PCX6HI3K6D7YIT3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:265c2dac-c3cc-4b5a-968d-ce5d4b6ec65a>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 16, 2, 47, 42), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.76.198.200', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:IL22QOM7X2HOKVVEOJF6J3QIWEQW77C2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4808c852-dae6-43b4-af68-db26cb7b2f91>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.prokerala.com/valentines-day/how-love-is-good-for-your-heart-research-facts.htm', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:25fdf3f2-f4bf-4582-99aa-287f72fbe3be>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1052', 'url': 'https://www.prokerala.com/valentines-day/how-love-is-good-for-your-heart-research-facts.htm', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-26\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-123-210-107.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.04688388109207153', 'original_id': '07e48cb6bf2d4c753d2327a568d523000380e3d30573fce6fea250eef3dd1194'} |
Repairing Loose Tiles Laid Over Floor Heating Systems
Published by Shalex Industries on 29th Jan 2018
We have many customers asking if they can use our Stickit Tile Repair Kit to repair loose tiles laid over flooring where an underfloor heating system is installed.
Underfloor heating will actually help speed up cure of the Stickit Tile Repair adhesive and we suggest this is turned on after injecting Stickit.
The key concern is drilling the injection holes and whether this would risk damage the heating system.
‘Wet’ or hydronic heating pipes are usually placed in the concrete and typically tied to the reinforcing steel to keep them close to the centre. Most concrete should be 100mm deep or thicker so the pipes should be at least 20mm under the surface of the concrete but this can vary depending on the diameter of the pipes used.
For electric heating systems the heating elements are typically in the screed or in the adhesive directly under the tiles and these are more at risk of damage if the injection holes are drilled too deeply. We strongly suggest you turn the system off before injecting as a safety precaution.
Our experience is that grout typically does not extend to the full depth of the tiles and is often only 5-7mm deep on a 10mm tile. When tiles delaminate, they will often also raise the grout making the gap underneath larger.
The drill supplied in the Stickit Tile Repair kit is a 2mm solid carbide twist drill. The bit is 45mm long and we suggest placing at least 10mm into the chuck before tightening, leaving a maximum drill depth of 35mm from the top of the tile.
When drilling it is only necessary to drill until you find the ‘pocket’ or void under the tile and this is often less than or the same as the depth of the tile. You can remove a small area of grout to check the depth of your tiles if this is not known.
We suggest placing some tape around the drill bit after you have drilled the first pilot hole and this will act as a depth gauge so you can confidently drill to the correct depth with each subsequent injection hole. You should find the drill changes speed and you can ‘feel’ when you have drilled through the grout layer. If you lift the drill regularly to clear the flutes you will usually see a different texture and colour if you drill too deep past the grout and into the adhesive, screed or concrete.
We have been contacted by many customers who have successfully repaired loose tiles laid over floor heating systems and if you follow the advice given above you should find the project can be safely completed. For under tile heating systems installed in the adhesive the removal of the tile and the heating system is typically required to repair loose tiles which can be very expensive. Stickit Tile Repair Kit provides a cost and time efficient method for the repair of loose tiles over these heating systems. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9386520385742188}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '62154', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:Y4PVPC5TU2MZXL45F3UMUVRKTGASW5GV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:82fd1665-b6e9-4045-bce0-f30ba2a405bf>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 21, 10, 0, 2), 'WARC-IP-Address': '63.141.140.254', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NWCBUDYL435ZVBV5FXDPWHTAYTYSR5KU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:59994018-e2ca-46ec-8a51-2f50bd71ae3e>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://shalex.com.au/blog/repairing-loose-tiles-laid-over-floor-heating-systems/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:47a1409f-a537-4ff5-b923-b5856cb51f6a>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '508', 'url': 'https://shalex.com.au/blog/repairing-loose-tiles-laid-over-floor-heating-systems/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-22\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-7-214-88.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.024040818214416504', 'original_id': 'b59b303913bc1b6014bcaa244290dc1096d50a415a5bcb3affceeb39a2ad4f35'} |
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"/>
<title>注册</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="__PUBLIC__/css/login.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="__PUBLIC__/js/jquery.js"></script>
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<div class="widths">
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<span>姓名</span>
<input type="text" name="name" placeholder="请输入真实姓名" autocomplete="off" id="username">
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<div class="input-box-register" id="aaa">
<span>手机号</span>
<input type="text" name="user" placeholder="请输入手机号" id="mobile_account" autocomplete="off" onchange="changeText()">
<!--
<input type="button" value='获取验证码' class="yz-input" onclick="susses('yzm')" id="yzm" autocomplete="off">
-->
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<input type="text" name="verify" placeholder="请输入验证码" autocomplete="off" id="useryzm" style="text-indent: 15%;width: 100%">
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<div style="clear: both"></div>
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<span>推荐人</span>
<input type="text" name="referrer" placeholder="请输入推荐人ID" autocomplete="off" id="referee" value="{$num}">
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<!--
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<span>银行名称</span>
<input type="text" name="bank_name" placeholder="请输入银行名称" autocomplete="off" id="userbank">
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<span>银行支行</span>
<input type="text" name="bank_adress" placeholder="请输入支行名称" autocomplete="off" id="userbanks">
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<span>银行卡号</span>
<input type="text" name="bank_number" placeholder="请输入银行卡号" autocomplete="off" id="userbanknum">
</div>
!-->
<div class="input-box-register">
<span>登录密码</span>
<input type="password" name="password" placeholder="请输入登录密码" autocomplete="off" id="userpassword">
</div>
<div class="input-box-register">
<span>交易密码</span>
<input type="password" name="trade_password" placeholder="请输入交易密码" autocomplete="off" id="userpasswords">
</div>
<div class="input-box-register" style="border: none;background: none;margin-top: 25%">
<input type="button" name="" value="确认注册" class="zc-input" style="text-align: center;width: 100%;margin-left: 0;height: 110%;color: #000" onclick="susses('zhuce')">
</div>
<div class="re-footer" style="margin-bottom: 28%">
<div class="dd"></div>
<a href="{$url}">{$name}</a>
<div class="dd"></div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="error">
<span></span>
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<script type="text/javascript">
$("#verify_img").click(function() {
// alert(1);
//var verifyURL = "Login/verify";
var time = new Date().getTime();
$("#verify_img").attr({
"src" :"__URL__/verify/" + time
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});
pare();
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if($("#mobile_account").val()!=''&&!/^(((16[0-9]{1})|(19[0-9]{1})|(13[0-9]{1})|(15[0-9]{1})|(17[0-9]{1})|(18[0-9]{1}))+\d{8})$/.test($("#mobile_account").val()))
{
error('手机号码非法',3500);
return false;
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var mse = ['#username','#mobile_account','#useryzm','#referee','#userpassword','#userpasswords'];
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error('姓名不能超过6位',3500);
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var bank_adress=$('input[name="bank_adress"]').val();
var bank_number=$('input[name="bank_number"]').val();*/
var verify=$('input[name="verify"]').val();
var user=$('input[name="user"]').val();
var referrer=$('input[name="referrer"]').val();
//alert(name);
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var data = eval('(' + msg + ')');
//alert(data);exit;
if(data['state']== 1){
error(data['msg'],3500);
setTimeout(function () {
window.location.href='__ROOT__/index.php/Home/Login/login';
},1000)
}else{
error(data['msg'],3500);
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});
}
if(type=='yzm'){
if($("#mobile_account").val()==''){
error('手机号不能为空',3500);
return false;
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request();
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}
</script>
</html> | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'https://github.com/dyjh/punk/blob/master/Application/Pc/View/Login/regist.tpl', 'collection': 'Github Open Source', 'open_type': 'Open Source', 'license': 'BSD-2-Clause', 'date': '', 'title': 'punk', 'creator': 'dyjh', 'language': '', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '323', 'token_count': '2297', '__index_level_0__': '11450', 'original_id': 'cae299abf3df65aac3c9d3393d5801ffa4a3a933bd3fb6407064b00e48093a18'} |
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506Mon, 16 Jul 2018 03:50:19 +0000Jason. For the love of God.Proving that a fat chick can, and sometimes does, marry a really hot guy. Since 2003.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/noreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)Blogger1061125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-1536123301698618617Fri, 02 Oct 2009 17:05:00 +00002009-10-02T12:06:19.054-05:00Introducing!<a href="http://www.stephaniesnowe.com">My new blog</a>. AKA: StephanieSnowe.com<br /><br />Come see me. <br /><br />Update your links.<br /><br />All that jazz!<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Oh snap!http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/10/introducing.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-3352439933199129938Fri, 02 Oct 2009 15:44:00 +00002009-10-02T10:57:19.962-05:00Psst...<em><span style="font-size:85%;">Psst...yes, I know my template changed. Gah. I'm working on the new blog. It will be up soon. Pinkie swear.</span></em>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/10/another-day-another-boy-child-story.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-922758805660208591Thu, 01 Oct 2009 21:39:00 +00002009-10-01T16:40:14.599-05:00I want to be bff's with these people.<object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/4-94JhLEiN0&hl=en&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/4-94JhLEiN0&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/10/i-want-to-be-bffs-with-these-people.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-5939314967436792456Wed, 30 Sep 2009 10:22:00 +00002009-09-30T05:39:37.467-05:00MIL from Hell, In Training.Boy Child and I were on a walk last night. It's a bit chilly here in East Tennessee (chilly for us anyway) and we both had on jackets. Boy Child told me, as we made our way down the winding road, that he was not allowed to wear his hood up while he was in school. He wondered, aloud, what the reason for this could possibly be. I gave him my thoughts.<br /><br />We came upon a family on the path. A large family who seemed completely unconcerned they were covering THE ENTIRE PATH and totally being rude. But whatever. The Boy Child moved behind me as we passed and I said to them, "Good evening!"<br /><br />The totally ignored me.<br /><br />Okay, not true. They looked at me. And said nothing.<br /><br />We walked on.<br /><br />"That was kind of rude," said the Boy Child.<br /><br />"Yeah."<br /><br />"Do you think they think we're in a gang?"<br /><br />"Excuse me?"<br /><br />"I have my hoodie on. Do you think they think we're in a gang?"<br /><br />"Son. My hoodie is PINK. What kind of gang would we be in? A PowerPuff Girl gang?"<br /><br />He considered that for a moment.<br /><br />"We can be in a gang that likes to bake and loves Jesus," he decided.<br /><br />"Good plan."<br /><br />He then did a high kick and shouted, "We kick ass for the Lord!"<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Y'all. I'm not positive. But I'm pretty sure that there will never, ever, EVER be anyone good enough for him.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/mil-from-hell-in-training.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-6117875867950670310Tue, 29 Sep 2009 20:24:00 +00002009-09-29T15:29:47.835-05:00Of course.Yesterday the Boy Child got in the car, shut the door and gleefully asked me:<br /><br />"Guess what I learned in school today?"<br /><br />I knew the answer. I did. But I asked anyway.<br /><br />"What?"<br /><br />"SEX," he told me. Except the way he pronounces it is "sacks". Which is funny in and of itself, but we won't go there. <br />(Sorry dad.)<br /><br />Anyway, I asked him if he had any questions or wanted to talk about anything and he said no, he thought he was good. Then a couple of minutes later he said,<br /><br />"You know what I would say if one of my friends said they needed to do sex to be more manly?"<br /><br />Oh God.<br /><br />"No, what would you say?"<br /><br />"I'd say, 'Don't come crying to me when your penis falls off!'"<br /><br />"So...you learned about STD's, I take it?"<br /><br />"Yes!"<br /><br />It was fine, really, until he was working on his current events homework and instead of political he wrote "poclitical". I really lost it at that point. <br /><br /><br /><br />This is motherhood. Day 4210.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/of-course.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-8619799708456724874Mon, 28 Sep 2009 12:15:00 +00002009-09-28T07:16:48.977-05:00Changing focus.I've set my new book aside. Just for now.<br /><br />Instead, I'm writing a book about being a mother. Not that I'm a good and/or appropriate mother. I'm not. I probably never will be.<br /><br />But I am what I am.<br /><br />And there are stories there too.<br /><br />So. We'll see how that goes.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/changing-focus.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-4029091159809736787Sat, 26 Sep 2009 06:41:00 +00002009-09-26T01:41:00.321-05:00I'm okay. You're okay. We're all okay.I guess this needs to be said.<br /><br />I'm okay. <br /><br />I'm not okay. But I'm okay. <br /><br />I need to reevaluate. I need to do something new. I'm cleaning out the cobwebs of my soul. Or some other poetic sounding crap. <br /><br />There is nothing terribly sinister about any of this. I bought a new domain. I will post the new domain address when it's ready. It's not ready. I have a lot to do and I have a lot of decisions to make about what direction I'm going to go. I'm not hiding and I'm not disappearing.<br /><br />I am attempting to make positive steps. I'm trying to change my life. Part of that is trying to decide what to do next and yes, although that probably seems strange to some of you, that includes my blog.<br /><br />I'm tired y'all. I'm really tired. I put more pressure on myself than anyone else in this world puts on me. I know this. I'm trying, very hard, to get better. People don't know and people don't understand and that's cool. I don't expect other people to understand. I expect that there are people who don't know my financial situation who think I'm really selfish. I suppose there are people who get pissy with me because I'm not funny all the time and I don't give THEM what THEY need. There are a whole, whole lot of people who never, ever consider what is really going on and only consider how it's going to affect them (and this is largely people in my real day-to-day life, and not people who read my blog, mind you). I get that. It's fine. I'm sure I've been guilty of that, at times, in my own life. I can't fix what anyone else feels and I'm not even going to try anymore.<br /><br />Thus, I'm reevaluating. I'm changing my focus a little bit. <br /><br />Also? I hate to even say this, but please don't email other people asking what's going on. It's awkward for my close friends and besides, since they are my close friends? They aren't going to say anything anyway. <br /><br />I'm getting everything figured out.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/im-okay-youre-okay-were-all-okay.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-5300174932549109690Fri, 25 Sep 2009 06:04:00 +00002009-09-25T01:04:01.047-05:00Even if it takes forever to mend this heart, mend this heart of yours and this heart of mine.I'm pretty sure.<br /><br />Not 100% just yet.<br /><br />But pretty sure that this blog is going away soon.<br /><br />Not me. But this blog. I've already secured a new domain name.<br /><br />It's not the same. This used to be my sanctuary. Now, it's just another reminder of all the ways I've failed as a human being. For I? Am not the same either.<br /><br />For what it was, I'm glad for it. I'll probably (maybe?) keep the archives on the new blog. I might even regret this decision and just say the Hell with it and forget it.<br /><br />But I think it's time. It's time for a change.<br /><br />I can't stay stagnant. I can't stay the same. Things have changed and there is no use pretending they haven't.<br /><br />I'll decide soon. I think I already have.<br /><br />So. Be ready.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">(And no, sweet peeps, I don't want to talk about it. But I would appreciate good thoughts and prayers...even if I don't deserve them)</span>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/even-if-it-takes-forever-to-mend-this.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)36tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-5239542773069288842Thu, 24 Sep 2009 06:56:00 +00002009-09-24T08:23:24.582-05:00Thinner.I got on the scale this morning.<br /><br />Technically, I'm not supposed to do this. I tend to get a little bit...addicted to the scale. Manic would be a good way to describe it. I might have, maybe, once or twice, shrieked things like "POINT TWO! THAT'S NOT WEIGHT! THAT'S TAKING A PEE!" But that can't be confirmed because I only get on the scale alone.<br /><br />But anyway. The scale.<br /><br />Today? Its little black number blinking back at me is lower than it's been since...well, since I can remember.<br /><br />So low, in fact, that I stepped on the scale three times. To make sure I wasn't crazy.<br /><br />I'm not thin. But I'm thinner than I used to be.<br /><br />This should not surprise me. I exercise daily. I walk forty miles a week. Sometimes more. My eating is cleaner than it's ever been. I don't even care that I make bread and don't eat it. I made mac and cheese for my kids twice recently and didn't even eat one noodle. I didn't even want it.<br /><br />It's weird. <br /><br />I always want to say I haven't changed. I want to believe that I'm the same person that I've always been. But it's not true anymore. And not just my body is changing. Not just my face. <br /><br />I'm becoming a different person. Hopefully, a better person. In some ways anyway.<br /><br />It's really, really scary to become someone else. To start saying that certain things aren't okay anymore. <br /><br />You know how you watch the Biggest Loser and those people cry and cry and cry? I always wondered why they were crying and maybe even speculated it's because they were attention whores. But that's just not the case.<br /><br />It's hard to change. It's hard to be different. It's hard, for me, to even <em>want </em>more. Much less expect it.<br /><br />It's just...hard.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/thinner.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-719500930717681751Wed, 23 Sep 2009 13:24:00 +00002009-09-23T08:26:01.140-05:00Here's a question!When someone tells you something awful...is it because they want you to know or because THEY want to tell it?<br /><br />I mean something truly awful. Like confessing to an affair or something. If you are never really going to find out, and there is no way you will ever find out, do they tell you just because they want to unburden their soul or because they feel guilty or because it's really something you need to know?<br /><br />Moreover, is that something you really need to know?<br /><br />Would YOU want to know?http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/heres-question.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-4310074603213967000Wed, 23 Sep 2009 00:39:00 +00002009-09-22T19:55:32.971-05:00Open Letters: It's ONLY TUESDAY FOR THE LOVE OF GOD?!!? EditionDear Son,<br /><br />When you make the face like that angry clown that is inexplicably standing at the front door of my gym? You make me remember why I wanted to become a mother.<br /><br />Please don't do that face while I'm driving though. I nearly ran off the road in front of a red-light camera I was laughing so hard. Police really have very little sense of humor about such things, so work with me on that.<br /><br />Love you and love you and love you kid,<br />Your mom<br /><br />PS: The time to tell mom that she has a hole in her work-out pants and God and everyone can see her red underwear? Is BEFORE she goes to the gym. Not after she goes to the gym, your Tae Kwon Do school and through the entire Kroger twice. Thanks. Love you.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Dear douchebag in the line at the Kroger behind me,<br /><br />So sorry that my saving money was such a disruption to your life. I know that I actually purchased something other than a case of beer, a package of bologna and a box of organic butter (for serious? Okay then). And yes, I used coupons. And yes, I spent $92.11 and yes, I SAVED $96.91. So I'm just very sorry that my personal quest to better my financial situation is SO ANNOYING to you that you have to stand behind me drumming your fingers on the counter and blowing your breath out in an irritated way. <br /><br />Also? Kiss the fattest part of my ass. Douche.<br /><br />Love!<br />Stephanie<br /><br />PS: Yes, I specifically dotted all my i's with smiley faces while writing my check. Just so it would take it extra time. Cause I'm sweet like that.<br /><br />PSS: I also wrote a check, which I never do. Just to spend extra time in line.<br /><br />PSSS: Don't mess with a mother. We aren't intimidated by the likes of you. Not even close.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Dear self,<br /><br />For the love of God. Stop doing dangerous things. Just stop. <br /><br />Things suck. That is true. Accept your responsibility in how they got to this level of suckage. Own it and do what you can to fix it. <br /><br />You can't fix anybody but yourself.<br /><br />Yourself? Needs a lot of work.<br /><br />Get to work.<br /><br />I don't love you yet, but I'm working on it. Jerkwad.<br />-Me<br /><br />PS: It's okay to buy yourself some new workout pants. It really is.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/open-letters-it_22.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-8965833485488798228Mon, 21 Sep 2009 23:08:00 +00002009-09-21T18:10:45.144-05:00Girl Lesson #1Dear Girl Child,<br /><br />Please do not wear your blue with rainbow stripe straps bra with your white shirt. The monkeys on the bra cups show through. And mom really doesn't want people to know she bought you a padded bra. Except, you know, the entire internet. They don't care.<br /><br />KTHANXBI!<br />Love,<br />Momhttp://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/girl-lesson-1.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-6088542621419241901Sun, 20 Sep 2009 16:03:00 +00002009-09-20T11:13:42.509-05:00Things I am currently stressed about*1) I have nothing to wear to the <a href="http://www.humanitiestennessee.org/festival/index.php">Southern Festival of Books</a>. I mean nothing.<br />2) Moreover? I have no idea what I'm supposed to wear. Nor do I have a lot of funds to purchase something new.<br />3) Even more moreover? I have not made hotel reservations. Good. Gravy.<br />4) I also generally no plan whatsoever for what to do with my children during the <a href="http://www.avonwalk.org/">Avon Walk</a>. My parents will be around, but I have no idea what to do in Charlotte and no idea where to even start.<br />5) It's raining. I'm supposed to walk sixteen miles today. Technically I suppose I could go to the gym and walk on the treadmill but I might have to stab myself in the face if I walk sixteen miles while watching German Techno crap. Lord.<br />6) There is no Diet Pepsi in my home. CALL. SOMEBODY.<br />7) Someone recently introduced me to the phrase "lick my crack" and I haven't found nearly enough opportunities to use that in conversation.<br />8) I had this horrible realization the other day that I wrote a book. About my own life. And people have read it. And now they KNOW ABOUT MY LIFE. And it really freaked me out all over again.<br />9) I have at least thirty emails that need responses. The thought of responding makes my head hurt.<br />10) I'm behind. I'm sad. I'm pathetic. And I don't know how to change.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">*Not an exhaustive list.</span>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/things-i-am-currently-stressed-about.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-8409988353488048143Fri, 18 Sep 2009 20:36:00 +00002009-09-18T15:54:47.886-05:00What the world needs now.Things are sort of bleak and dark right now in my world, so instead of focusing on that load of <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0">horsepoo</span>, instead I'll have some Stuff I Love:<br /><br />1) My children. Oh my Lord. My children. I have absolutely no idea what I did to deserve two people who rock so hard, but y'all? I'm really lucky.<br /><br />2) This picture right here:<br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrPwFjCQKRI/AAAAAAAABeI/zsg23fLyzs8/s1600-h/003.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382909957732575506" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrPwFjCQKRI/AAAAAAAABeI/zsg23fLyzs8/s320/003.JPG" border="0" /></a><br />I don't care who you are. That's cute as hell.<br /><br />3) I got paperwork from both <a href="http://www.humanitiestennessee.org/festival/index.php">The Southern Festival of Books</a> and the <a href="http://www.sokybookfest.org/">Southern Kentucky <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1">BookFest</span></a>. As puke-inducing as both of those are? It's still pretty rad.<br /><br />4) Also? Thanks to generous donations from a lot of really fabulous people, I'm at the minimum required donation for my <a href="http://info.avonfoundation.org/site/TR/Walk/Charlotte?px=4368664&pg=personal&fr_id=1860">Avon Walk</a>. I am honored and humbled and amazed. Thank you all so much.<br /><br />5) My hair is doing the most awesome, amazing things lately.<br /><br />6) My good friend went to the doctor today and saw a healthy heartbeat. Thank God.<br /><br />7) I am so glad I have a job. I have to work tomorrow and I'm not really looking forward to being up early and whatnot on a Saturday, but I'm so glad I have a job and I love my co-workers so much that it won't be bad.<br /><br />8) My body is also doing awesome, amazing things lately. Namely, it's going the hell away. Which is awesomely amazing.<br /><br />9) My new shoes.<br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrPzcvYFcoI/AAAAAAAABeQ/jT1HN6arfZE/s1600-h/nike.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382913654717248130" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrPzcvYFcoI/AAAAAAAABeQ/jT1HN6arfZE/s320/nike.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br />10) I wore out my old shoes. Oh yes. I did.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/what-world-needs-now.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-921815219121032159Wed, 16 Sep 2009 23:56:00 +00002009-09-16T19:18:40.262-05:00Things which can bite me.*-<a href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621389/20090913/west_kanye.jhtml">Kanye West</a>. Dude, I was so on board with that Golddigger song a few years ago (until the db's at the Jiffy Lube stole my CD's when they changed my oil). Now? You are just a stupid attention whore. STOP IT. NO ONE CARES. YOU ARE AN IDIOT.<br /><br />Moronhole.<br /><br />-<a href="http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20304926,00.html">Kate Major</a>. Dude. Fine. You despise John Gosselin. GET IN LINE. Does anyone NOT despise him?<br /><br />Attention whore.<br /><br />Although, seriously. Does this dude have a beer flavored peen or what? I can't think of any of other explanation for all these women flocking around him because Jesus Lord, child support for eight children cannot be cheap and he's about as attractive as a pile of cat puke.<br /><br /><br /><br />(Sorry dad. Sorry)<br /><br /><br />-My ass.<br /><br />(Admittedly, it would be hard for my own ass to bite me)<br /><br /><br />-The death of <a href="http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20290371_20304981,00.html">Patrick Swayze</a>. So NOT the time of my life.<br /><br /><br />-Biochemistry. Just cause.<br /><br /><br />-My new book. Specifically, my paralyzing fear of said book.<br />(We're in a it's-not-going-well phase. Is it obvious?)<br /><br /><br />-The bizarre rules that come along with middle school. Specifically, the fact that the school can, apparently change the start time, not tell anyone and STILL get pissy with you because your kids are "late".<br /><br />-The equally bizarre hormones that come along with middle school. These include, but are not limited to, sobbing for no reason, panicking over nothing, and sobbing over something that does not require even sniffling.<br /><br />-People who GRAPHICALLY OVERSHARE on the <a href="http://www.facebook.com/">Facebook</a>. It's awesome that you have really strong beliefs on certain issues. It's not awesome to post graphic things to get your point across. Just...no.<br /><br />Also? I don't want to know if you had sex last night. I just don't. I'm very happy for you, but keep that to yourself.<br /><br />-My cell phone. It's a complete piece of crap.<br /><br />-The economy, which is also a complete piece of crap.<br /><br />-The fact that it's not November yet. I need it to be November. Now.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">*Not an exhaustive list</span>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/things-which-can-bite-me.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-5206172020061474653Wed, 16 Sep 2009 00:23:00 +00002009-09-15T19:33:17.923-05:00Lose-A-palooza!<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrAwncZbSlI/AAAAAAAABeA/OisT3NTSW_s/s1600-h/mail.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5381855008903613010" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 156px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 166px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ze2_wvpaySI/SrAwncZbSlI/AAAAAAAABeA/OisT3NTSW_s/s320/mail.jpg" border="0" /></a>As you all know I'm a huge fan of the <a href="http://www.weightwatchers/">Weight Watchers</a>. Today is <a href="http://loseapalooza.com/">Lose-A-Palooza</a> and you can help Weight Watchers fight hunger!<br /><br />Lose-A-Palooza lets members, non-members and other passionate people contribute to the campaign. For this one day, every accepted mention of Lose for Good on Twitter, Facebook, MySpace, blogs and online news sites will be matched with a $1 donation from Weight Watchers to Share Our Strength and Action Against Hunger, up to $25,000!<br /><br /><a href="http://www.weightwatchers.com/templates/marketing/Landing_1col_nonav.aspx?PageId=1039731">Click here for more info about Lose for Good</a>.<br /><br />In celebration of Lose For Good, Weight Watchers is offering a free month of Monthly Pass for any new member who joins during the campaign and that includes FREE registration! I love Weight Watchers Online and if you sign up for a 3 month offer, you’ll get the fourth month free! <a href="http://www.weightwatchers.com/">Weight Watchers</a> has helped me shed almost fifty of the over seventy pounds I've lost!<br /><br />Share the love and spread the word!http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/lose-palooza.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-5513095607884567500Mon, 14 Sep 2009 21:33:00 +00002009-09-14T16:39:20.197-05:00Take THAT Biznatch!That's what my body is saying to me.<br /><br />Like on Friday? I was moving at 10000 miles a minute, like you know, I always do? And I was walking out the door? And my hand was on the doorknob? And I VOMITED ON MYSELF TOTALLY OUT OF NOWHERE.<br /><br />Which, in case you were wondering, really freaks out the small children who live here with me.<br /><br />So I did what you would imagine I would do in this situation. I cleaned up the vomit, changed my shirt, and headed out the door. <br /><br />This? Was not wise. I could pretty much not move the next morning. I felt like I was swimming in Jell-o. I couldn't stay awake. My temperature skyrocketed. <br /><br />I was worthless.<br /><br />So on Sunday? I cleaned my entire house, donated six bags of clothes to the area rescue mission, and walked eleven miles.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />I have to stop this. I don't want to be permanently worthless. I see it looming and it ain't pretty. <br /><br />If you are an overachiever, or a wanna-be overachiever like me, CAN you stop? Is it even possible? Because it doesn't feel possible to me right now.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/take-that-biznatch.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-6904287648471270546Fri, 11 Sep 2009 14:50:00 +00002009-09-11T09:52:08.152-05:00Ebay, here I come!Today? I went to the bathroom? And I pulled down my pants without unbuttoning them (I promise this isn't TMI just stay with me)? And then I realized.<br /><br /><br />I was wearing my <a href="http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/08/lifes-hard-lately-lets-have-some-stuff.html">new pants</a>.<br /><br />My new pants are loose on me.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Holy crap.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/ebay-here-i-come.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-3439479918277132889Thu, 10 Sep 2009 06:22:00 +00002009-09-10T05:40:17.028-05:00BlurryI feel like I'm losing my mind. <br /><br />Every day of my life is one big blob of getting up early, work, more work, walking, more work, highways, children, homework, Tae Kwon Do, dinner, work, more work, more walking, trails, hurty knees, dishes, more work, making lunches, and collapsing.<br /><br />To complicate things? People in my life are being weird. It's...challenging.<br /><br />I mean, I guess it's good. But it's weird. It's unexpected. It's sort of like if someone called you an ass the first two hundred times they saw you and then the 201st time they called you sweetheart and gave you a big hug.<br /><br />It's odd. <br /><br />I don't know if I like it. Or trust anyone. But that could just be the exhaustion talking.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/blurry.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-6448456012394108554Tue, 08 Sep 2009 20:18:00 +00002009-09-08T15:24:22.230-05:00Teenage wasteland.Girl Child? Has a zit.<br /><br />Not just a zit? A HUGE OH MY FREAKING SWEET LORD kind of zit. <br /><br />On her chin.<br /><br />While in the line at the post-office today (consequently, did you know that if you are completely unprepared to mail a parcel that it is acceptable, lo, ENCOURAGED for you to come stand in the line at the post office? And to get to the counter with your parcel in a Wal-Mart bag and absolutely no clue of the recipients address? And then get angry and hateful with the person behind the counter who is being THE NICEST PERSON ON THE PLANET TO YOU EVEN THOUGH YOU SUCK? Well, it's all true. At my post office anyway) I noticed the ginormous zit on her face and I said, because I'm classy,<br /><br />"GIRL CHILD! YOU HAVE A HUGE ZIT ON YOUR FACE!"<br /><br />She made that "OH MY GOD SHUT UP" face at me. Then she smiled because she's a Girl Scout and we do crap like that.<br /><br />"I'm going to take a picture of it," I told her. "For posterity."<br /><br />"We'll put it in an album and label it 'Classic Memories'," said the Boy Child, dreamily.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Girl Child? She doesn't find us very amusing. <br /><br />I'm pretty sure she's Jason kid.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/teenage-wasteland.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-4108900643300462510Tue, 08 Sep 2009 00:34:00 +00002009-09-07T19:36:25.802-05:00Because this needs to be said one more time:Weigh-in today:<br /><br />Lost 4.6 pounds.<br /><br />FOUR. POINT. SIX. POUNDS.<br /><br /><br />I guess walking hinty eleven miles this week WORKED.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/because-this-needs-to-be-said-one-more.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-4265132046890130241Sun, 06 Sep 2009 23:37:00 +00002009-09-06T19:16:25.353-05:00Stephanie Law #1*If you are walking? And you're about to die? And you've stuck your phone in your bra because, really, where the heck else are you supposed to stick your phone? Your phone will ring.<br /><br />When you get around a large group of people.<br /><br />From out of town.<br /><br />Who are Quakers.<br /><br />And don't appreciate the subtle nuances of your "Theme from Sanford and Son" Ringtone.<br /><br />Or the fact that you reached your hand up your shirt to answer your ringing bra while saying, "How're y'all?" and trying desperately not to <em>show them</em> your ringing bra.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Sigh.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">*Similar to Murphy's Law. But much more damaging and emotionally traumatic.</span>http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/stephanie-law-1.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-3591905499760231676Sun, 06 Sep 2009 01:22:00 +00002009-09-05T20:23:09.166-05:00Walking with the Boy Child."Mom? I think I want to join the cross-nation team."<br /><br />"Mom? Did you ever have a bug fly up your nose and then, try as hard as you can, and you can't snoorze it out?"<br /><br />"I hope no mass murderers get us in these woods mom. You aren't a very good runner."<br /><br /><br />Good. Times.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/walking-with-boy-child.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-4859961064373348700Fri, 04 Sep 2009 20:05:00 +00002009-09-04T15:17:01.492-05:00Sometimes I think I done good.I told my best gfriends last night that I couldn't imagine anything sweeter than the Boy and the Girl Child when they are going to bed at night. Our bedtime routine is as follows:<br /><br />1) Hug and kiss mom<br />2) Hug each other and wish each other a Good-night<br />3) Hug the dog and wish her a Good-night<br />4) Hug daddy, if he's home<br />5) Hug mom again<br /><br />My favorite part? Is #2. I've always believed it's the sweetest thing ever. Girl Child always calls Boy Child his nickname, which is what she called him when they were little-bitties.<br /><br />I was wrong, though, about it being the sweetest thing ever.<br /><br />Because today? I got a call from the school telling me I had to pick up Girl Child immediately. She had a temperature of 102.6. When I arrived they told me how very many students had been dismissed today and several students were sitting in the office, looking miserable and forlorn.<br /><br />Girl Child? Has the flu. A big mamba-jamba case of it.<br /><br />I went back to the school at the normal time to pick up the Boy Child. He bounded down the hill to the parking lot and gleefully jumped in the car and said, <br />"Where's Girl Child?"<br /><br />I told him she was at home, sleeping. We live only a few miles from the school and Girl and Boy Child are at the age now that they are okay to be home alone for a short while. I told Boy Child that his sister had the flu and his deeply tan little face went white. He had heard all about the flu...he can't help it what with Jason's obsession with the news. <br /><br />He touched my arm. "You have to tell me...will she be okay?"<br /><br />I assured him she would be okay. That she needs fluids and rest and motrin but that she'll be okay.<br /><br />"She won't die?" he asked.<br /><br />I told him she wouldn't.<br /><br />"Good," he told me. "I could never live without Girl Child."<br /><br />I told him I couldn't imagine I could live without her either.<br /><br />We drove the short distance home (he did tell me, in the car that he felt "Fit as a Fiddle") and he bounded up the porch steps and told me, "I'll go check on my sister."<br /><br />He went to her room, respectfully knocking on her door before he went in. He came in and told her all about his day and what happened at school. He asked if she felt okay and got her a glass of water. He sat next to her and is sitting next to her, on the floor amid all her stuffed animals. Watching a DVD.<br /><br />I love how he cares so much about her. I don't know if it's a twin thing or what. All I know is that it's a very, very good thing.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/sometimes-i-think-i-done-good.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37540506.post-6572283027457987569Thu, 03 Sep 2009 22:20:00 +00002009-09-03T17:20:56.603-05:00I got nothing.Okay, except the fact that today when I was getting ready to leave work? My boss said, "Why does it always get so cold in here in the afternoons?" and I said, "It's because me and my hot ass leave."<br /><br />But that's really all I have.http://jasonfortheloveofgod.blogspot.com/2009/09/i-got-nothing.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (That Chick Over There)6 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '461', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9035099744796752}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '43505', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:T6BCZJFAM364YEN6DJCXYODNQ3XTUVPA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:bbcb2cc1-39d4-4dc2-af16-09110add899c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 17, 10, 48, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.15.78', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/rss+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:VS27OIGD3XMNKJCCFIE5RUF7B7F3EY4W', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:3df4172a-5b4d-4654-bdd7-5889d1113636>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://feeds.feedburner.com/JasonForTheLoveOfGod', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:3ef4fa97-8aab-403e-9919-48a85d047bcf>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '4216', 'url': 'http://feeds.feedburner.com/JasonForTheLoveOfGod', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-203-174-190.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-30\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for July 2018\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022051215171813965', 'original_id': 'ac9bf10c3db62fcee207ca7859f0cceb818769736e5d2f96989f9594707a98b9'} |
This is was a task for a university assignment for a web programming subject. The task: Read in a file containing class availability Display a class timetable Display session times, maximum class size, how many available spots in the class (from file) Provide a channel for the user to book a the class If a […] | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.894750714302063}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '46108', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:PBA62FNCDUV6MGPUWRYS622EBUCHWW44', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:21a048c4-d15a-4cc1-8930-fbc61e41a1b4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 2, 27, 2, 19, 11), 'WARC-IP-Address': '69.89.31.239', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:PZ2S636FMVIK4V6WKAHHIRI6OXOJMS2A', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:44cd1343-8fdd-4a6e-bcef-949d0a3ef585>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://bradley-davis.com/tag/code-snippet/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:076c18f2-0099-44e9-a6e8-0f29f72db198>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '55', 'url': 'http://bradley-davis.com/tag/code-snippet/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-09\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.5519008636474609', 'original_id': 'b5a2fff4d5e0838a0eba6198799ded9b8db83acfd397d29730533a65d817c3f6'} |
1. ngalex
Dealing with public outrage
Ah-ah-ah! If they don't get the joke, never say you're sorry or show sign of remorse or defend yourself, people always punch down, just move on. Did you know, that most YouTube apology videos have 60%+ downvotes? And YouTubers that don't respond to hatred towards them can receive almost no... | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9444008469581604}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '40236', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HCQHKUIRCACT3DUC3FS3IVUUJNIJPOPX', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:514f43cb-20ef-4144-b29b-9416092119b3>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 3, 6, 13), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.7.17', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NDC5YYJI5RJCGYMT52ZCUTQXZ33QQC5G', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e008939e-d13b-4c2c-bcc8-0abd8fbabf17>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.crippical.org/tags/apology/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:2337138d-3dd8-42b1-b2f3-28fd6bbbd99b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '57', 'url': 'https://www.crippical.org/tags/apology/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-18\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-45-61-6.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9976121783256531', 'original_id': '182e80d2bf833ba3ab59a0dd07de992e105bac8a41f390d49d7729a05aa6c066'} |
Are you a human
Sata Drivers For Linux
Sata drivers for linux
Upon termination, you will immediately destroy the Software or return all copies of the Software to Intel. Intel may terminate this Agreement at any time if you violate its terms. Claims arising under this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of California, excluding its principles of conflict of laws and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Sale of Goods. For more complete information about compiler optimizations, see our Optimization Notice. Intel does not warrant or assume responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information, text, graphics, links or other items contained within the Software.
Things are different on Linux. Does Intel have any inhouse developed drivers for these controllers on Linux.
This only attempts to answer part of the question, namely how to find kernel driver code. Except as otherwise expressly provided, Intel grants no express or implied right under Intel patents, copyrights, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights. Would really like to leave Windows behind.
Download Intel SATA RAID Driver SuSE Linux Professional
Your Linux system should automatically detect your hardware and use the appropriate hardware drivers. Smarthome Office Security Linux.
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Do not post advertisements, offensive material, profanity, or personal attacks. You may not sublicense or permit simultaneous use of the Software by more than one user. Use udevadm info as described in the other answer to the link you mentioned. If you do not wish to so agree, do not install or use the Software.
Some manufacturers to provide their own, closed-source, proprietary drivers. These drivers are sometimes developed by hobbyists. Windows needs manufacturer-provided hardware drivers before your hardware will work. Microsoft bundles a lot of these manufacturer-provided drivers with Windows, and hosts many of them on Windows Update. You may need to install drivers for printers, bj 200 printer driver however.
Regardless of what distibution you are using, the best way to be sure you have the correct drivers is to rebuild the kernel. Such a guide might walk you through finding a manufacturer-provided driver and installing it, which will often require terminal commands. Home Questions Tags Users Unanswered.
Linux SATA drivers
The Software may include portions offered on terms in addition to those set out here, as set out in a license accompanying those portions. Only choose options that you think you are actually going to need. Even if you didn't use any M's still run this.
Most of the drivers for hardware on your computer are open-source and integrated into Linux itself. Hemant, if you are using a stock Ubuntu kernel, and it sounds like you are, much of the functionality is in modules, to make the stock kernel as flexible as possible. The Best Tech Newsletter Anywhere. Use of the Software in conjunction with non-Intel component products is not licensed hereunder.
This Software is licensed for use only in conjunction with Intel component products. Try it, and if for some reason it doesn't start your computer properly, you can always fall back to your original kernel by rebooting to the original option. Unless you have an ancient device that only works with older versions of Windows, the manufacturer has done the work of making it work with Windows.
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Decide which options are are appropriate for your setup. But when you do get the concept you will be much more comfortable with your skills. First install the Debian kernel sources package.
Thank you for your feedback. What is the role of moderators? Some Wi-Fi drivers are also still proprietary, so your wireless hardware may not work until you install them. Let me be the first to ask you have you given any thought to your question before you posted it?
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That s not you right
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Firm still recruiting more Kenyans despite scam warming
By Mercy Adhiambo | October 15th 2015
Hundreds of people yesterday turned up for job recruitment despite warnings that the exercise might be a scam.
A month ago, the recruiting organisation, East Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Safe Promotion (EASSASP), invited thousands of Kenyans for a launch of what it termed as 'the biggest career drive in the country' at the Safaricom Stadium, Kasarani.
Jobseekers queue in a line from different regions of Kenya at the African Sub-saharan Africa Safe Promotion (EASSAP) offices where recruitment of unemployed kenyans who are registering with the organisation for different employment positions for people with different education background at the offices in Risa Court Ngong road.The organisation was formerly recruiting unemployed kenyans,jobseekers from Moi Sports Centre, Kasarani on 14th october 2015. (PHOTO: DAVID GICHURU/ STANDARD)
At Kasarani, the organisation allegedly demanded they part with registration fees of between Sh300 and Sh1, 000 for them to be absorbed into the programme.
And yesterday, the same scenario played out, as they had to buy badges worth Sh300 to be vetted for employment.
Some of the job seekers who had travelled from as far as Mombasa complained about how the exercise was being conducted, accusing the organisers of being stingy with information on how the job positions will be given.
EASSASP Chief Executive Officer Julius Kithome disputed the claims saying the organisation is recognised by the Government.
He said they are affiliated to the American government from where they receive their funding.
He said the money they demand from the job seekers was to pay for access to facilities such as the stadium.
Documents obtained by The Standard showed a database of members and the money they had paid for the programme.
A visit to their office at Risa Court on Ngong' Road revealed heaps of paperwork containing records of the job seekers.
The jobs ranged from managerial to casual work, depending on what the applicants indicated they wanted.
One of the applicants, a university graduate, said nobody who applied for a job was turned away.
They were, however, not told where and when they were supposed to report.
The recruits claimed even though they paid money, they were not issued with any receipt to indicate that the organisation received the money.
By yesterday evening, the US Embassy had not responded to our mail on whether its government funds the organisation.
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Hasten EAC integration process, urges President Uhuru
President Uhuru Kenyatta has underscored the need to hasten the East African Community (EAC) integration process to allow free flow of people, goods and services across the borders. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '53', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9526643753051758}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '96674', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:WXJQQLTJWS5CPXJZLZJXQ77ZBACEJJQH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9b0f358a-ef13-4587-8441-173ed9d0b056>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 22, 17, 2, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.22.76.199', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5R5DDQID2CC6CFNS6544LWGUEKYI4CFO', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:edf53bfc-4c2e-4fd7-ab4a-2fec475ffaf7>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000179641/firm-still-recruiting-more-kenyans-despite-controversy', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:43b071cf-d4b8-4671-ae5e-794cc623120c>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '502', 'url': 'https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000179641/firm-still-recruiting-more-kenyans-despite-controversy', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-25\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for June 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-177.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.041033267974853516', 'original_id': '69885f28010554901a3cea06612b3326c04aaaab6ae9ff7b3abda8dec5e17cbe'} |
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Here you will be able to find some frequently asked questions, but if your questions still have not been answered, please do not hesitate and contact us.
Is ordering with Allearplugs Safe?
Absolutely. Your card details are not stored on our server and our payments interface is provided by SagePay & PayPal. If you have any concerns over the security of your information or transaction, please don't hesitate to contact us
When does a noise become potentially damaging to hearing?
Sensitivity to noise is unique to the individual. However, there is a general rule that can be applied. A sound is considered safe to hear if it is 85dB or less, which is the equivalent of a telephone dial tone. Safe sounds include the whisper of a quiet library, the sound of a normal conversation and the noise of city traffic whilst in your car. However, harmful noises can include a train whistle at 500feet, the sound of a tube train, a power mower, motorcycle and power saw at 3feet. Hearing loss may occur with sustained exposure to sounds that are measured between 90-95dB.
It is not only the level of noise, but also the duration of exposure that determines whether it is a threat to your hearing.
Is hearing protection necessary for me to wear if I have already lost some or most of my hearing?
Yes it is, just because you have full or partial hearing damage or loss, doesn’t mean you’re instantly protected from further hearing loss through exposure to loud noises. Hearing protection will help preserve what you have left and can prevent further hearing loss from occurring. It is also known that with the proper use of hearing protection, in some cases, it can help prevent temporary hearing loss and help those who are experiencing temporary hearing loss recover from it, before the loss becomes permanent.
Is it possible that I could get used to the noises that cause hearing loss?
No. If the noise level seems to be duller than usual that is your ears saying that damage to your hearing has already occurred. The level of sound that a damaging noise emits will never change, which means hearing protection is required even more so when the sound appears to be lower. With repeated exposure to excessive noise levels, you’re ears don’t get used it and combat against it, instead it simply deteriorates.
Can I keep a conversation flowing while wearing hearing protection?
Yes. Hearing protection such as ear plugs are designed to lower the level of noise you hear, not block it out. Some ear plugs are designed with different attenuating filters that allow the wearer to control the levels of noise heard and what damaging noises they want to block. Some wearers who do not have any hearing defects have said that in a noisy atmosphere they can hear conversations and music clearer as they filter out background noises.
Are disposable or reusable ear plugs better for me?
It all depends on your preferences are. If you want to have one pair of ear plugs that you have to clean for hygiene reasons then reusable ear plugs are the best choice for you. However, if you are a bit clumsy and tend to lose things or you don’t like the fuss of having to constantly clean your ear plugs then the better choice would be having disposable. A great time and money saver when it comes to disposable ear plugs are to bulk buy them.
What is the difference between disposable and reusable?
Apart from stating the obvious, but I’m going to anyway; disposable ear plugs are designed to be thrown away after a single use and reusable ear plugs are designed to be use time and time again, the main difference is the material they are manufactured in. Disposable ear plugs are generally manufactured using foam, whereas reusable ear plugs are normally made from silicone. Most reusable ear plugs use a non-allergenic soft medical grade silicone, with a majority of them being waterproof, suitable for swimming and water sports.
Do I need custom fit ear plugs or mouldable or pre-mouldable?
Mouldable ear plugs are designed to mould to the shape of your ear whereas pre-mould ear plugs are already moulded to a certain shape and size, which can be ideally suitable for children. These ear plugs tend to last around 4 years. Custom fit ear plugs are designed to fit every shape of ear and generate an extraordinary level of protection. There are the more expensive type of ear plug, but tend to last longer than traditional types making them cost effective.
What should I be looking for in ear plugs?
What you look for in an ear plug depends on what uses you want out of it. What do you need the ear plugs for? Is it for a gig/concert or for swimming? However the main factor you should look for in ear plugs is the NRR (noise reduction rating). Depending on the level of noise you want to block or reduce, depends on the NRR level you need.
Will I be able to hear anything whilst wearing ear plugs?
Yes. There are no ear plugs out there that can block all sounds 100%. Ear plugs are designed to safe guard your ears from harmful sounds, and tend to reduce the level of background noise allowing you to hear some sounds. All of our ear plugs have a Noise Reduction Rating, or NRR. The strongest ear plugs are the ones that have a high NNR.
Can people tell I'm wearing ear plugs?
This all depends on the colour and size that you purchase, but most ear plugs are small and discrete. They only become noticeable if people look directly at your ear canal.
How much noise is too much?
Any noise above 85 decibel can be harmful to your ears after a long duration of time. However, any noise that hurts your ears, causes ringing in your ears or temporary hearing loss should be considered too loud and it is best to protect your hearing with a pair of ear plugs.
Noise Chart
20 dB Rustling leaves, mosquito buzzing
30 dB Whisper
40 dB Stream, refrigerator humming
50-60 dB Quiet office
50-65 dB Normal conversation
60-65 dB Laughter
60-90dB Snoring (yes, really!)
70 dB Vacuum cleaner, hair dryer
75 dB Dishwasher
78 dB Washing machine
80 dB Refuse lorry, city traffic noise
Prolonged exposure to any noise above 85 dB can cause gradual hearing loss.
84 dB Diesel lorry
70-90 dB 4WD vehicle
88 dB Underground station, motorbike engine
85-90 dB Lawnmower
100 dB Train
97 dB Newspaper press
98 dB Farm tractor
Regular exposure of more than 1 minute risks permanent hearing loss.
103 dB Jet flying overhead at 100 feet
105 dB Snowmobile
110 dB Power saw, symphony orchestra
120 dB Clap of thunder, disco
110-125 dB CD player at full volume
110-140 dB Rock concert
130-140 dB Jet taking off, shotgun firing
Do the prices on AllEarplugs include VAT?
Yes, all our prices include VAT as rated within the UK. VAT Registered GB 852 9309 08
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My Cart | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '9', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.943921685218811}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '104079', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:LN2QGBSUCCJV4YV6ECWDAMQRNS3GH233', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b141b599-9e75-4984-973f-f1113c44b9e4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 3, 34, 6), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.28.1.140', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:3T5RFIYIGC2KFOBJAYFBIPHLJNWZRGRM', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:ac717b45-78b1-433a-8971-390bc911adcc>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.allearplugs.com/pages/faqs', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7a4d7a20-fb94-44f3-9b49-473d611801a2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1210', 'url': 'https://www.allearplugs.com/pages/faqs', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-143-243-33.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.3724597692489624', 'original_id': '9f993d571c0ddaba0efef217164ec47b28a1b2dd82d71d082079d539ab1ab748'} |
Tested and Perfected by Food and Wine
Arugula-and-Frisée Salad with Peas, Pistachios and Pecorino
© John Kernick
Arugula-and-Frisée Salad with Peas, Pistachios and Pecorino
• FAST
The bright spring flavors of peas and mint convey an Aries kind of energy. Adding salty roasted pistachios and shavings of Pecorino Romano cheese to the salad give it a great nuttiness.
1. 2 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice
2. 1/3 cup extra-virgin olive oil
3. Salt and freshly ground pepper
4. 5 ounces baby arugula
5. 1 large head frisée, chopped
6. 1 tablespoon chopped mint
7. 1 tablespoon chopped flat-leaf parsley
8. 1 cup frozen baby peas, thawed
9. 1/2 cup salted roasted pistachios, chopped
10. 1 cup shaved Pecorino Romano cheese (3 ounces)
1. In a small bowl, whisk the lemon juice with the olive oil and season the dressing with salt and pepper.
2. In a large bowl, combine the arugula, frisée, mint, parsley and peas. Add the dressing and toss well. Add the pistachios and Pecorino, toss again and serve.
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According to Plumbing Park, the system has two waste options. Once the basin is full of water, the user can either flush it down the main line or recycle it for use in the toilet.
When the water is reused, it goes through a double filtration system to take out bacteria and odors, as well as particles and debris in the stream. The water is also chemically treated before being stored for flushing.
In terms of cost, Roca’s W+W is said to cost about £2645, which, by today’s exchange rate of 0.6389, translates to about $4140. It’s not cheap, but the product represents a striking combination of design, performance, and sustainability that usually doesn’t sell at rock bottom pricing.
Visual credits: Roca. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '58', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9160526990890504}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '198528', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:JAX5EP5CTGVTOSIJDTAN5DFEOLCGPE5C', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:94f4e8ea-82c7-4b79-ad14-b4f91b4a126b>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 22, 2, 54, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.27.133.27', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:2QNSJBFMJHDWSP4S2GLTFKDTCIFEDPNI', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5d81e7dc-b9fe-4d9d-9f91-6ae2f09c7767>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.jetsongreen.com/2010/02/roca-dual-wash-basin-water-closet.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9ec2bf62-705c-486d-9dc3-78d8246f3a0f>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '179', 'url': 'http://www.jetsongreen.com/2010/02/roca-dual-wash-basin-water-closet.html', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-99-209-250.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1655852198600769', 'original_id': '2bddeb63d9d885a470ee9b499efc3fff458d22c00c602fd46654ac90ec14671d'} |
Staatsarchiv Zürich
Staatsarchiv Zürich, or by its native name Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich and commonly shortened to Staatsarchiv, is the name of the state archives of the Swiss Canton of Zürich respectively of the former city republic of Zürich and its preceding statutories.
History
The state archives host the administrative records of the Canton of Zürich, as it was established in 1803 in its current form. It also preserves the administrative records of the predecessor of the Canton of Zürich, so the records of the Helvetic Kanton Zürich, and in particular of the old city-state Zürich until 1798. In addition to being the "official memory of the administration", it is a versatile documentation and facility for scientific research and for the public. The 4 February 1837 marked the beginning of a new era in Zürich's archives, when Hans Jakob Ammann was elected by the cantonal authorities as the director of the Staatsarchiv. He succeeded the previous "registrar" historian Gerold Meyer von Knonau, who was later given the title Staatsarchivar (literally: state archivist), as he first started to merge various special archives to a central archive, among them of Fraumünster, Grossmünster and the former city council, and further non-official archives, but also of the Grand Council (now Kantonsrat), and the Government and cantonal Supreme Court, as well as the documents of the former Kappel and Rüti monasteries and the cantonal Reformed churches. Since 1837, therefore all cantonal, including all municipalities of the canton of Zürich oriented activities have to be recorded and stored by the Staatsarchiv.
Archives and activities
Staatsarchiv is the archive of the public institutions of the Canton of Zurich, so the cantonal parliament, the government, the cantonal central and district administration and the courts and institutions. It stores, opens and permanently preserves the lore worthy documents. As a historical archive, it also keeps the administrative records of the ancient city-state of Zurich since the European Middle Ages. The archives are supplemented by documents stocks of private origin, among them companies, associations, guilds, families and individuals. The retention of these documents allows to make the state action understandable, enables historical research and the use of cultural interests in the broadest sense, accessible for all interested parties in accordance with legal provisions. In addition, it operates as a public reference library with the focus on "History of the Canton of Zurich" and "archival science". It supervises and also advises the municipalities of the canton in matters of archiving.
Staatsarchiv preserves mostly unique and large parts of medieval handwritten documents, but some documents related to the city of Zürich are still housed at the Haus zum Rechberg at Neumarkt, Zürich.
The archival holdings date back to 853 AD, as Zürich was the imperial Pfalz Turicum, thenafter an imperial city, and a federal center of the Reformation in Zürich. This history has been reflected in the holdings of the archive. Noteworthy is the continuity of the Zürich archives, that owes to the absence of large disasters and wars. For example, the government protocols, which can be described as the backbone of history, are nearly completely preserved since the late 15th century. The newer stocks of the Canton of Zurich (since 1798/1803 and since 1831) started quantitatively to be the main focus of the tradition in the archives. Every year, the archives records approximately linear meters of new content in paper. The increased volume origins by the cantonal authorities, as cantonal council, councillor including central and district administration, notaries, cantonal institutions, and courts. In addition, there are also more and more private documents related to the modern history of the Canton of Zurich, so company archives, individual documents, and heritage documents in the widest sense. Currently, more than of paper files are stored, and terabytes of electronic files, but just partially accessible to the public.
As of 3 October 2017, all documents of the former city republic of Zürich back to 1803 have been digitalized and are accessible to the public.
Collections and curiosities
Between 1888 and 1978, more than 50,000 inventive and innovative Zürich citizens applied for more than 50,000 patents at the Swiss Federal Patent Office, united in the collection Patentschriften. Ammong them a bathing suit invented by Hermann Brupbacher in 1894, described as a "bathing suit for people who are unfamiliar with swimming...in which floating bodies made of rubber tubes filled with crushed cork pieces are sewn in". There are not only curiosities to be found, there are also patents for a motor vehicle registered by F. Vogel in Küsnacht in 1905, or the patent for the nuclear reactor of the Sulzer Winterthur industries from 1957 The digitized patent specifications, which in most cases also include a drawing, are available online. The seal stamp of the city seal of 1347, which shows the three saints Felix, Regula and Exuperantius, is the oldest example of the collection Objekte. It also includes younger state objects such as the Zürich standard weight, a dog measuring device from 1909, or the ballotage box of the cantonal council of 1831, which was used to vote on petitions for pardon. The Plansammlung collection of plans consists of around 25,000 documents back to the 17th century, and this valuable collection of plans can also be viewed online.
Organization
As a public institution, the state archives are part of the cantonal administration and associated to the cantonal Department of Justice and Interior (Direktion der Justiz und des Innern). The archives houses also a scientific library, a library housing all magazines published in the canton of Zürich, reading rooms, and an administrativ service to handle also the public access by all interested people. In addition to the archive materials, a digital library is provided, as well a collection of maps and many more 'worthy' content.
The archives are structured into five sections, including
evaluation, selection and acquisition of documents;
order and distribution of the documents received;
advice and support for customers;
conservation of the stocks;
detailed indexing and publishing of key sources.
The staff comprises around 75 employees including historians and restorers. Other responsibilities include assisting in the genealogy, the edition of primary sources, the inventory of monuments, the creation of archival aids for authorities and communities, and the maintenance of various collections, among them maps, charts and pamphlets. As of March 2018, Beat Gnädinger is the director of the Staatsarchiv Zürich.
Locations
Until 1982, the state archives were housed in buildings that had been intended as a temporary, or at least not built for archive purposes: From 1837 to 1876 at the Fraumünster abbey at the site of the present town house, from 1876 to 1919 in an annex of the governmental Obmannamt building (the former Barfüsser abbey, as of today the cantonal courthouse), and from 1919 to 1982 in the choir of the Predigern abbey, as of today the University's library.
Since 1982 the archives are concentrated at the Irchelpark campus of the University of Zürich, in a building specifically constructed for their needs. An extension was obtained in March 2006, the subsequent conversion of the archive building was completed in mid-2007. The building comprises six floors, of which four are located underground, to ensure safe storage, stable climatic conditions, contemporary protection from fire and water damage, and the maximum protection for the archives.
Because the capacities are expected to be exhausted again in 2019, a further extension was approved by the parliament of the Canton of Zürich in March 2016; 25 million Swiss Francs for the construction of Bau 3 (stage 3). The present capacity of running archive room will expanded by a subterranean construction comprising a capacity of further . Adjacent to the present building (stage 2), a cafeteria and conference rooms will be built, including a solar power plant.
Cultural heritage of national importance
Staatsarchiv Zürich is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object of national importance.
Literature
Christian Sieber: Die gedruckten Bestände im Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Zürich 2007.
Meinrad Sutter, Agenes Hohl Otto Sigg, Thomas Weibel, Reto Weiss, Josef Zweifel, Werner Reich (photos): Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich: Kleine Zürcher Verfassungsgeschichte 1218–2000. Published by Direktion der Justiz und des Innern, Chronos, Zürich 2000, .
Otto Sigg: Karten und Pläne als Quelle zur Industrie- und Umweltgeschichte, am Beispiel der Bestände des Staatsarchivs Zürich. In: Cartographica Helvetica'' 6 (1992) p. 29–31.
References
External links
Research on Staatsarchiv Zürich
Category:Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Zürich
Category:Canton of Zürich
Category:Buildings and structures in Zürich
Category:Academic libraries in Switzerland
Category:History of Zürich
Category:1837 establishments in Switzerland
Category:Archives in Switzerland
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1982
Category:Libraries in Zürich | mini_pile | {'original_id': '66e9eb17259f674856fa03b05fe08f886ae4a68b69296e0563e6c718359595f0'} |
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*Photo shows an adult male, credit to Gregor Weidlich. Our animals are juveniles which have not developed their adult colouration.
Animal Information
LATIN NAME Anolis marmoratus marmoratus
DOB: CB2018
SEX Unsexed
ADULT SIZE Males 24cm (10in), Females 16cm (6in)
DIET Insects
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS 21-27C with a basking site at 31C and night time drop to 19C
ADULT ENCLOSURE SIZE 24 x 18 x 36in (60cm x 45cm x 90cm) minimum
LIFE-SPAN 7-10 years
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Global Geckos © 2018 | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.813709557056427}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '66371', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:3YL44ZS4BWPCK5EZKTUWTSWGKGVOVU3L', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:ce000f65-b525-40a6-9deb-ccfe438a7eb9>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 23, 6, 3, 26), 'WARC-IP-Address': '188.121.59.147', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JCTCTUUWMWYAEDE6V5IKJ2PTW5EKJZGC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:96168e0b-26e2-4c71-9ac0-da710d072c9d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.globalgeckos.co.uk/public_html/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=2067', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:8ee5a58a-b1e2-47f0-8cc2-57cffc8dc6c2>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '341', 'url': 'http://www.globalgeckos.co.uk/public_html/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=2067', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-39\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-95-180-234.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.019295930862426758', 'original_id': '6620f3a0c986c3d0954c88d6ffc2c1d92da65acac1a27617d9efd5e138d23716'} |
An easy way to show off your lighter side and add a little fun to your posts, without having to put that much effort in, are GIFs. They can be used to emphasise shorter messages and show off a little brand personality.
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Upload the GIF as you would a photo to your tweet and see how it resonates with your audience.
Remember to stay away from anything controversial or political, and just stick to adding GIFs to light-hearted and fun posts.
Did this answer your question? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9207438230514526}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '17241', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FBBJFOCMITET4PH4TPAFKC7AA27DFNZT', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:435a714a-4c6d-44c8-8702-eaff0f69a018>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 20, 22, 38, 45), 'WARC-IP-Address': '99.84.176.53', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:ZC4YEKA3IZOPOO4QM4NPKR7LTFXVYCRK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:9bdb5f21-e631-4e90-a9d7-c6f16c03b4e2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://help.maybetech.com/en/articles/2840536-show-off-your-lighter-side-with-gifs', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:df45b258-577e-4989-bfff-1cc48106aa81>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '160', 'url': 'https://help.maybetech.com/en/articles/2840536-show-off-your-lighter-side-with-gifs', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-17\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2021\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-88.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1216539740562439', 'original_id': 'eb21083b6e7913376c80d7e4b2ff341de58eae3ea318e4427ac4c5c4bf58ba81'} |
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Info about the full EMF Assessment:
Your Shielded Healing Pro will spend about 3-4 hours testing 6 different types of EMF radiation. The ENTIRE home is tested but we focus in on the bedrooms because that's where we need to start to get results with people who are looking to recover from chronic illness or optimize your innate healing mechanisms.
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Friday, May 21, 2010
A Hobnob With a Hobgob(lin)
I love opening my kitchen to anyone who happens to drop by. Friends, family, friends of friends, kids and pets are all equally welcome in my kingdom of sorts, provided that (most) of the damage incurred is to food and not the furniture! I can even take a decent amount of "damage" to my nerves - after the Boys and Girls Club, I'm pretty sure they're cloaked in neual Scotchgard™! I've even been known to invite some pretty shady characters - some cake-loving devils for instance - and some sweet angels too. But I'd never had a hobgoblin in my fridge, until now.
Mind you, the hobgoblin fit quite comfortably inside there, being a bottle of beer and all. When it came time for me to make my contribution to the Simcoe chapter of the Autism Society of Ontario's Fifth Annual Evening for Autism, I was casting my mind around for ideas as to what to do that was new and unique this time around. There was a request on the books for a similar cake to last year's, so I knew that that would be made, but it wasn't until I saw my dad wearing a shirt from Wychwood Brewery with the imp on it's front that I wondered how it would fare in cake. Ironically, I had bought him that shirt with a bottle of the same beer for Christmas a few years back, for no other reason really than because the logo was neat and hey, the beer came with a shirt! Yeah, that was a real sentimental gift, I tell ya! ;-)
So anyways, I started to search for what the beer actually was supposed to taste like - I know it sounds odd, I mean why not just go crack a bottle and try it myself, right? Well, that nasty little alcohol allergy thing eighty-sixed that kind of plan, but luckily there seem to be some well-worded beer connoisseurs out there that helped clue me in.
Apparently, the brew has coffee, spice almond aromas and a flavour of malt, chocolate, coffee and smoke. Some people claim a caramel or even a toasted bread type of nuance in the bottle. I don't know about you, but these all sound like pretty tasty elements, not the least in a cake! Even the note about "smoke aroma" isn't too far out of left field, really - think of sweet maple or apple wood, or slightly charred marshmallows over a camp fire. Plus, I've used not only smoked salt but liquid smoke in cookies before - remember?
So a new brew for the cake... nice, but I still wanted something really different. Something I'd never used before. Well, to start, I figured I would beef up the chocolate flavour a bit more with a half cup of super-strong espresso. A dig through my pantry cache gave me a few unexpected bonus flavours too - deep, bittersweet Demerara sugar and a bag of previously forgotten malted barley flour! But what to do with the now superfluous 1/2 cup of beer left in the bottle? Well, I would like to say that it was a stroke of genious that brought me to my final plan... but in reality it was really more of a stroke of luck - the Food Network's Ultimate Recipe Showdown: Cookies show was on, and when I was looking up the recipe for one of the other contestant's cookies, the "White Beer Cookies" by Sean LaFond caught my eye. The directions called for reducing the beer with sweetener to make a syrupy drizzle that wouldn't throw off the dry/wet ratio of the mixture, which would then have the intensified flavour of the ale.
That's when the lightbulb went on for me. I could just combine the leftover hobgoblin with a touch of brown sugar and cook it into a thin beery caramel, then add it to the standard cream cheese filling and masking frosting! It would give that added *punch* to the basic recipe! But it involved a form of one of my greatest fears in the kitchen: hot sugar. For me, hot, sticky mixtures are right up there with boiling oil on the "stay away, far away" list. My track record with it's not stellar - I have a few burn marks on both my skin and some oven mitts to prove that. But hey, I was more experienced in the kitchen now, and if it didn't work out this time for whatever reason I could just junk the mixture and nobody would know!
It did work out though - about 20 minutes simmering on the stove brought about a rich, dark syrup that thickened nicely as it cooled down. It wasn't quite liquid candy-thick, more like pancake syrup, but it had reduced way down and would more than serve it's purpose in flavouring the relatively bland filling.
The rest of the cake-making was pretty standard issue, aside from the new flour and sugar I used and the hit of espresso I threw in! The method stayed the same though, because why mess with a good thing? I've done this cake four times in two and a half years - I know it works. The ganache on top of the whole shebang stayed the same too, because it's pretty hard to change up a mixture of two ingredients that is supposed to be simple. A generous sprinkle of decorator's sugar formed a lush grassy field on the dark chocolate, which I then dotted with candy-covered chocolate pebbles, eventually using them to make a nest for a few malt-chocolate Easter eggs.
So how did it all go over? I wasn't able to attend the evening myself, but I heard back from the organizer that weekend, who extended her thanks for the cake and telling me it's final selling price at the auction - $200! Considering that last year's cake fetched a respectable $120, I was flabberghasted at the increase. I'm thinking that hobgoblin just might have been an angel in disguise!
Hobgoblin's Chocolate Cake
Serves 20
1 1/2 cups Hobgoblin Ale (or similar malty stout beer)
1/2 cup brewed espresso
1 1/2 cups salted butter
1 cup Demerara sugar
1 1/2 cups dark cocoa powder
2 cups flour
1 cup cake flour
1 cup malted barley flour
2 cups sugar
1 tbsp baking soda
1 1/2 tsp salt
4 eggs
1 1/3 cups full fat sour cream
1/2 cup Hobgoblin Ale
1 tsp Demerara sugar
2 (8 ounce) packages cream cheese, softened
1/2 cup shortening
1/4 cup butter, softened
1 tsp vanilla
4 cups sifted icing sugar
Poured ganache for finishing
1. Preheat oven to 350°F, grease and line two 9" spring-form pans.
2. In a large saucepan, combine stout and coffee with the butter and bring to a simmer.
3. Stir in brown sugar until blended, simmer 5 minutes.
4. Add cocoa powder, whisking well until the mixture is smooth.
5. Remove from heat and cool 10 minutes.
6. In a medium bowl, whisk together flours, sugar, baking soda, and salt.
7. In another large bowl, beat eggs and sour cream together well.
8. Beat in the slightly cooled beer mixture.
9. Fold flour mixture into the batter until everything is completely combined.
10. Bake cakes about 50 minutes, or until a tester inserted into center of cakes comes out clean.
11. Cool completely in tins before turning out, filling and frosting.
1. In a small pot, cook stout and brown sugar over low heat until reduced to 2 tbsp. Chill completely.
2. Cream together the cream cheese, shortening and butter in a large bowl until creamy.
3. Beat in the reduced stout and vanilla, then gradually add icing sugar to your desired consistency.
4. Chill 2 hours before use, store unused portions in the refrigerator or freeze.
1. Slice each cake layer in half horizontally, to form 4 layers. Place one layer on a cake round.
2. Spread with a generous dollop of filling, top with another layer of cake.
3. Repeat until the cake is stacked. Chill until stable, about 1 hour.
4. Coat the cake in a thin layer of the remaining filling/frosting to seal in the crumbs and even the sides, chill until firm.
5. Make the ganache, allowing it to stand 10-15 minutes to thicken slightly, then pour over the cake (placed over a wire rack to let excess run through) in 2 or 3 coats, waiting 5 minutes in between each coat.
6. Decorate as you wish!
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 654.9
Total Fat: 34.5 g
Cholesterol: 117.0 mg
Sodium: 212.4 mg
Total Carbs: 86.0 g
Dietary Fiber: 3.2 g
Protein: 8.3 g | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '8', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9499433636665344}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '167973', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:AXEUCF2ON22B6W7SB226NNNZQHCKWLB6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:d34405e1-1207-4381-82a8-40fb13e4df99>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2019, 2, 16, 15, 5, 20), 'WARC-IP-Address': '172.217.8.19', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'application/xhtml+xml', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5EXJWZM3VFV2E6U6HJN2J5S6TT4GZ4KX', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:1dea6ce9-a859-4812-9c4a-621010123203>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.yummysmells.ca/2010/05/hobnob-with-hobgoblin.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:559ce47d-905e-472b-8fb4-b2136ac48958>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1409', 'url': 'https://www.yummysmells.ca/2010/05/hobnob-with-hobgoblin.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-159-135-91.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.12564748525619507', 'original_id': 'cebcbd1649d7bca89f13531c9de283f3b550e1d8fef0c720bf86301946101e7a'} |
Q:
Android: Issuing search method too frequently causing crashes
I have a search bar, a search button (as i just converted to using onKeyPress and haven't removed it yet), and a TextView.
It works well, except that each key press issues a new call to Search(), and the old call doesn't stop running. If i type too quickly or for too long, the app crashes. How do I better manage my threads or quit prior Search() executions when onKeyPress() fires?
Thanks!
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="corp.dtc.tel" >
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/tel_ico"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name=".TEL_Main_Activity"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
MainActivity.xml
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/layout"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:paddingTop="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="10dp"
android:paddingRight="10dp"
android:orientation="vertical">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:paddingTop="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="10dp"
android:paddingRight="10dp" >
<EditText
android:id="@+id/search_box"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Here"
android:inputType="text"
android:textSize="12sp"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_weight="1" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/search_button"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="Search..."
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
android:onClick="Search"/>
</LinearLayout>
<TextView
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:layout_marginLeft="5dp"
android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
android:hint="List of Numbers will be here"
android:id="@+id/list_view"
android:maxLines="50"
android:scrollbars="vertical"
android:freezesText="true" />
</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.java
package corp.dtc.tel;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.graphics.Typeface;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBar;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.text.Editable;
import android.text.TextWatcher;
import android.text.method.ScrollingMovementMethod;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import java.io.IOException;
public class TEL_Main_Activity extends ActionBarActivity {
TextView textView;
EditText editText;
Button button;
Employee[] list;
Employee[] employees;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
actionBar.setLogo(R.mipmap.tel_ico);
actionBar.setDisplayUseLogoEnabled(true);
actionBar.setDisplayShowHomeEnabled(true);
LoadArray la = new LoadArray();
try {
employees = la.LoadArray(this, R.raw.droid);
} catch (IOException e) {}
setContentView(R.layout.activity_tel_main);
textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
textView.setHorizontallyScrolling(true);
textView.setMovementMethod(new ScrollingMovementMethod());
textView.setTypeface(Typeface.MONOSPACE);
button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.search_button);
editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.search_box);
editText.addTextChangedListener(new TextWatcher() {
@Override
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int count, int after) {
}
@Override
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before, int count) {
Search(findViewById(R.id.layout));
}
@Override
public void afterTextChanged(Editable s) {
}
});
}
@Override
public void onResume() {
super.onResume();
try {
//check if any view exists on current view
Button style = ((Button) findViewById(R.id.search_button));
} catch (Exception e) {
Intent i = new Intent();
i.setClass(getApplicationContext(), TEL_Main_Activity.class);
i.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
startActivity(i);
}
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_tel_main, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
// Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
// automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
// as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
int id = item.getItemId();
//noinspection SimplifiableIfStatement
if (id == R.id.action_settings) {
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
public void UpdateTextView () {
textView.setText(String.format("%-20s %10s %10s", list[0].name, list[0].number, list[0].support));
for (int x = 1 ; x < list.length & list[x] != null ; x++) {
textView.append("\n" +
(String.format("%-20s %12s %10s", list[x].name, list[x].number, list[x].support)));
}
}
public void Search(View view) {
textView.setText(null);
EditText line = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.search_box);
String[] tokens = line.getText().toString().split(" ");
if (tokens.length == 0)
{
//There was nothing in the search box.
}
else {
list = new Employee[50];
int listCtr = 0; //Keeps ctr for list[]
for (int dbCtr = 0 ; dbCtr < 5000 ; dbCtr++) {
System.out.println(dbCtr);
if (listCtr == 50)
break;
if (employees[dbCtr] == null)
{
//Should have less than 50 listed items and finished searching.
//Now it is okay to update the list view.
UpdateTextView();
break;
}
if (employees[dbCtr].contains(tokens))
{
list[listCtr] = employees[dbCtr];
listCtr++;
}
}
}
}
}
The App purpose: search through company employee listing, display results.(Must have less than 51 results to display)
A:
I don't think that "the other search doesn't stop running" is really a good description of what's going wrong here. I don't see any "threads." I think that the problem is that you're attempting to do the search "on keyPress," therefore "with every keyPress."
A much better way to think of what you're trying to do here would be: "I want to automatically 'push the button' as soon as the user stops typing."
So, basically, when the user starts pressing keys, you'll start a timer (if such a timer isn't already running) set to go off in, say, 1/2-second. Then, in any case, you'll set a flag to true which indicates that "the user has recently pressed a key."
When the timer goes off, it checks to see if this flag is true. If so, it sets the flag to false and reschedules the timer to go-off again in another 1/2-second. Otherwise, it does what "pressing the button" used to do, then it will reset the (separate) flag that indicates that the timer is running.
As long as the user is pressing at least one key every 1/2 second, the timer will continue to reschedule itself (and, no one else will attempt to start the timer since they can see that the timer's running). Eventually, though, the timer will see that the key-has-been-pressed flag has remained false for half-a-second. That's when it "presses the button," causing the search to take place.
For a thorough solution, the timer-routine, after performing the search, would check the "key-has-been-pressed" flag once again. If it's still false, then the user really has stopped typing and it's time to present those search-results. Otherwise, the timer-routine should start rescheduling itself again.
Eventually, the user will stop typing. The timer will run the search, and, having done so, will see that the user still hasn't typed anything more. Results will then be displayed (for the first time).
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '4df775c7e09e3d5a03ddda8e9fded628919ff9889d0f4383a97c03c71a73704b'} |
Q:
mariaDB can't connect from remote host
MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%skip_networking%';
+-----------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+-----------------+-------+
| skip_networking | OFF |
+-----------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
When I try
mysql -uroot -p -h 192.168.0.30
I received this
ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on '192.168.0.30' (111 "Connection refused")
In the file
/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
I have this:
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
# skip-networking
I hope you can help me.
local connection works.
sudo netstat -ntlup | grep mysql
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 11580/mysqld
I see the "127.0.0.1:3306" but I don't know how can I change it.
A:
Credits : https://stackoverflow.com/a/14779244/7499402
What is disabled by default is remote root access. If you want to enable that, run this SQL command locally:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
And then find the following line and comment it out in your my.cnf file, which usually lives on /etc/mysql/my.cnf on Unix/OSX systems. If it's a Windows system, you can find it in the MySQL installation directory, usually something like C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\ and the filename will be my.ini.
Change line
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
to
#bind-address = 127.0.0.1
And restart the MySQL server for the changes to take effect.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '65b9cb30105bb2fbc62f3560a85b5378f4cd5f554fbc4b0576cea6a42254f7f2'} |
Q:
How to calculate the number of results for different columns. SQL
let's say I have a table of dicotomic valued columns "v(n)" (n= 1,..n); like this:
| v1| vn|
---------
| 1 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 |
And I want to show the sum of the values for each columns, like this :
| v1| vn|
---------
| 3 | 1 |
Could someone help me out?
Thanks
A:
Try this:
SELECT
SUM(v1) AS v1
,SUM(vn) AS vn
FROM table;
As you're not grouping against a field you don't need to include a GROUP BY clause.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': '20106be1c977167c52196b74725799fd7f6a72dd8eeeac90d17a5ca2666f4bc0'} |
Insurance Accepted
Ecstasy Addiction Treatment
ectasy-addiction-treatmentEcstasy is a “club drug” taken to ensure users will dance and party the night away, but its addiction destroys lives. If you or someone you know has lost control over ecstasy use, call Treatment Solutions today at 800-890-1956 for compassionate, professional drug addiction treatment.
What is Ecstasy?
Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a synthetic, psychoactive drug that is chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine. Ecstasy produces feelings of increased energy, euphoria, emotional warmth and distortions in time perception. The drug can be highly addictive for some users.
Street names for ecstasy, according to the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, include E, 4 Dot, Beans, Rolls, Wafers, XTC, White Nothing and Hug Drug.
How is ecstasy consumed?
Ecstasy is taken orally, usually as a capsule or tablet. At first, ecstasy was popular among Caucasian adolescents and young adults in the nightclub scene or at weekend-long dance parties known as raves. More recently, ecstasy has spread to a broader range of ethnic groups and is now popular among gay, urban males. Some users take ecstasy as part of a multiple-drug experience that includes marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine and other substances.
How widespread is ecstasy addiction?
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 503,000 Americans aged 12 or older used ecstasy in 2007. Among 12 to 17 year olds, ecstasy use is growing – 1.4 percent of the nation’s youth reported using ecstasy in 2008, up from 1.0 percent in 2005.
What are ecstasy’s short-term effects?
According the federal Drug Enforcement Agency and National Institute on Drug Abuse, ecstasy users experience the following feelings soon after taking the drug:
1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
2. Dehydration
3. Overheating
4. Teeth grinding
5. Confusion
6. Depression
7. Sleep problems
Ecstasy’s long-term effects:
1. Severe anxiety
2. Paranoia
3. Drug craving
4. Damage to the brain’s nerve endings that are responsible for thought and memory
5. Impaired function and bodily production of serotonin, a brain chemical that regulates mood, memory, sleep and appetite
The Drug Abuse Warning Network estimates that in 2001, ecstasy was a factor in 5,542 emergency room visits. For more information on ecstasy treatment, call us at 800-890-1956.
What are the risks of ecstasy addiction during pregnancy?
British researchers have found that ecstasy use by pregnant women causes an increased risk of congenital birth defects. In addition, the Maryland-based Reproductive Toxicology Center has found female infants to be vulnerable to a skeletal defect called clubfoot when they are exposed to ecstasy while still in the womb.
Why is ecstasy addiction difficult to overcome?
Ecstasy is a highly addictive drug — about 43% of users meet the criteria for drug dependence, according the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Ecstasy users who attempt to stop taking the drug often experience intense withdrawal symptoms that make quitting extremely difficult, including:
1. Depression
2. Panic Attacks
3. Paranoid delusions
4. Sleeplessness
5. Difficulty concentrating
In addition, withdrawal from ecstasy may be affected by the fact that street-level ecstasy is often diluted with other stimulants the user is not aware of – stimulants that have their own detox side effects.
Ecstasy addition treatment is the answer.
Clients at the ecstasy treatment centers available through Treatment Solutions are more successful at quitting than users who attempt to stay clean and sober on their own, because drug rehab offers medically-supervised detox that can ease or even eliminate the difficult ecstasy withdrawal symptoms. After detox is complete, recovering addicts participate in intensive individual and group counseling sessions that get to the root causes of their addiction.
With help from highly-trained treatment counselors, as well as fellow recovering addicts, you or your loved one can learn to overcome ecstasy addiction. Call Treatment Solutions today at 800-890-1956 to take advantage of our free referral service.
No matter your insurance, be it Cigna, Aetna, Humana, Blue Cross / Blue Shield (BCBS), Assurant, Unicare, United Health Care, Anthem, Carefirst, Asuris Northwest Health, Golden Rule, Celtic Insurance, Fortis, Health Net, Kaiser, Vista, Shelter, Wellpoint, Tri Care, Accordia or even Medicare, and state insurance — we can help you find ecstasy addiction treatment. We also offer many affordable self pay options as well as club drug detox. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '84', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9112349152565002}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '63985', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:YAHEIUDY3J43VKWVH6QVHQUSTXNVD4PY', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0e962ecb-99aa-4b57-881d-993102059581>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 12, 23, 3, 37, 59), 'WARC-IP-Address': '54.245.111.153', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:NS3SLF4Z5FKE3S7VLGWKCZOCL4EO3TFS', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:54082702-954b-40c5-99eb-421f2a0a22f2>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.treatmentsolutions.com/ecstasy-addiction-treatment/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:dd896836-c089-4b56-9246-1a0b7e112146>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '696', 'url': 'http://www.treatmentsolutions.com/ecstasy-addiction-treatment/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-52\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for December 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.06116098165512085', 'original_id': '89c5292ee3ea610bb3b8a64beac6cce8de7849e770d315603a4d2af397a281d5'} |
Sunday, July 20, 2008
Stalking the Unicorn
Stalking the Unicorn
Mike Resnick
PYR, Aug 2008, $15.00
ISBN: 9781591026488
It is New Year’s Eve in present day Manhattan and private detective John Justin Mallory is having a drink at his office when he sees the elf Murgensturrm; the sleuth assumes he is hallucinating. The elf convinces the shamus he is real and needs his help. On Murgensturn’s Manhattan in a parallel universe he was given an assignment by his guild and he blew it. If he does not find the unicorn Larkspur by the next morning he will die. Leprechaun Flyer Gillespie stole the unicorn on behalf of the demon Grundy.
Gillespie double crosses Grundy so Mallory on this alternate earth searches for the impish leprechaun. He gets helps from Felina the cat-girl, who adores him and is at his side as he makes his inquiries. A small talking horse informs Mallory that Larkspur is special because on her forehead is a magical ruby that is the gateway between earths. Something happens and his quest becomes personal. Mallory must find the ruby or become trapped on this alternate Manhattan that is weirder than his birth side as elves, goblins, dwarves and other make up part of the populace. Worse some want the outsider dead.
Mike Resnick shows why he is a first class storyteller who switches from his more serious works to a lighthearted whimsical urban fantasy filled with interesting characters from various mythological species and of course a somewhat stunned human sleuth. The tale located in Manhattan is fascinating as there is no telling what might crawl out of the subway (sounds actually like the NYC I grew up in). The hero is a Phillip Marlowe type placed in a strange yet similar environs and his investigation is very entertaining as he follows clues that seem slightly off kilter in his mind.
Harriet Klausner
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INTRODUCTION
============
Luigi Galvani's experiments linking electricity with motor activity laid the foundation for current knowledge of signaling in the nervous system as analogous to circuits in modern computer processors. The refined use of electricity in neuroscience, usually with electrodes, has furthered our knowledge of how the brain collects sensory input from the environment, processes this information in the context of experience, and controls the rest of the body in response. Electrodes have become ever more refined in their application as readout and control devices, being now packed into small arrays able to be chronically implanted into salient cortical regions and to observe activity patterns of hundreds of neurons during behavior. Therapeutically, there are established and safe interventions to interrupt or stimulate stereotactically defined targets in patients with Parkinson's disease ([@R1]) or essential tremor ([@R2]), and there are clinical trials for obsessive compulsive disorder ([@R3]) and major depressive disorder ([@R4]). Moreover, electrodes and arrays have seen impressive closed-loop applications for patients with spinal cord injury ([@R5]).
Neurologic disorders account for 7% of total global burden of disease measured in disability-adjusted life years, with just under half of this sum attributed to neuropsychiatric disorders (including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy), and the rest to cerebrovascular diseases (that is, stroke) ([@R6], [@R7]). The social and economic burden of these diseases has motivated and continues to motivate technological advance and development in neuroengineering, medicine, and science. To date, these tools, combined with pharmacology, have been the workhorse of interventional and observational neuroscience research. The past decade, in particular, has seen an explosion in neuroscience research, driven by improved methods and devices, and by the development, distribution, and creative application of novel neuromodulatory and observational tools that have allowed for cell type--specific manipulation in model organisms. These developments have been recognized and stimulated by immense initiatives and funding programs. One example is the United States' BRAIN Initiative ([@R8]), which exists to "accelerate the development and application of new technologies that will enable researchers to produce dynamic pictures of the brain that show how individual brain cells and complex neural circuits interact at the speed of thought," in part to facilitate "progress in diagnosing, treating, and potentially curing the neurological diseases and disorders that devastate so many lives." The Human Brain Project ([@R9]) is a distinct transnational and ambitious effort in Europe to develop informatics and communication infrastructure for neuroscience and to further brain-inspired computing.
Here, we review current efforts aimed to move beyond the limitations of traditional electrode-based recording and intervention protocols. Many of the newer approaches are limited to use in experimental settings, but some early results from the laboratory have shown promise toward translation to clinical settings. We provide an overview of these translational approaches and comment on possible future directions to further improve the link between bench and bedside.
The central nervous system constantly receives sensory information, processes the stimuli, assigns significance based on past experiences, and decides on a course of action that is carried out through neural signaling---for example, by increasing blood pressure or heart rate, controlling movement via muscles, or altering internal processing as with savoring a taste of food and allowing the mind to wander. In working to create better and more effective modalities for clinical neuroscience, it is important to seek understanding of how the myriad neurons of the brain work together to go from sensation to thought to action and to identify key causal components of these distributed neural networks. In this way, it may be possible for dysfunctional tissue to be bypassed through sensing of upstream neural activity and delivery of artificial downstream signals ([@R5]).
The membrane potential of an individual neuron rests at approximately −70 mV. This potential will fluctuate with excitatory (depolarizing) and inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) inputs from other neurons. Given sufficient net excitatory input, an action potential will be generated, and the neuron will "fire": The membrane potential will surpass a threshold (\~−55 mV), causing the opening of voltage-gated channels that flood the neuron with positively charged sodium ions, resulting in rapid depolarization. Upon reaching a potential of +30 to 40 mV, the membrane repolarizes via the expulsion of potassium ions and relaxes back to its resting state. This impulse is propagated down the length of the axon until reaching the synapse, where voltage-gated calcium channels open, subsequently causing vesicles filled with neurotransmitters to release their cargo into the synaptic cleft between the axon and its downstream partner dendrite. These neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory function on the downstream neuron. Thus, this process of information transfer translates electrical signals into chemical signals and then back again as the process repeats, propagating/modifying the initial signal. On a larger scale, the generation of action potentials by ensembles of neurons may be entrained with one another to create oscillations and rhythms that give rise to local field potentials (LFPs) ([@R10]), and these then may act to coordinate activity across even larger brain regions, influencing brain-wide activity and thus behavior.
In taking aim at neurological or psychiatric disease, understanding salient sample size and scale is of critical importance in designing and implementing readout and control devices. The implements of the trade thus include devices and tools capable of neural activity readout at different levels of resolution as well as control modalities that again range from single, defined types of neurons to regional modulators. The need to connect the realm of microelectronics, optics, and medical instrumentation with the soft, ever-evolving circuitry of the brain poses significant challenges. Bridging this inherent mismatch requires us to understand the interaction of these physical tools with living tissue, to manipulate the existing machinery of the cells themselves, and to find new ways to relay information into and out of the brain. The journey to understand how the mind works has advanced hand-in-hand with the application of these tools, and the two benefit from each other enormously, allowing researchers to answer previously unanswerable questions.
In this Review, we discuss recent efforts toward bidirectional neural interfacing based on engineered probes and their evolving materials and form factors, as well as micro- and nanoparticles, molecules, and proteins for localized and specific stimulation and recording. These advancements are roughly grouped by modality, starting with electrical interfacing, and building toward optical, magnetic, and other means of recording or stimulation, including exciting developments in genetically engineered protein neuronal activity indicators, as well as light-activated ion pumps and channels (that is, optogenetics). We address the use of multiple modalities in series and in parallel and conclude with an outlook discussing the current needs and existing hurdles. By bringing together efforts spanning electronics and mechanics through genetics and molecular biology, we hope to highlight the multidisciplinary efforts necessary to bring new tools to neuroscience, neuroengineering, and neurosurgery.
ELECTRICAL RECORDING AND STIMULATION
====================================
Historically, electrodes have been the most commonly used conduit through which the signals of the brain are interrogated for research purposes as well as for diagnostic and for therapeutic applications. Communication between cells in the nervous system is dependent on ion fluxes, which can be recorded as electrical potentials; conversely, these cells can be stimulated through injection of electrical current, allowing for bidirectional electrical interfacing.
The neural signals recorded by most implanted electrodes are changes in the extracellular field due to ion fluxes in the local environment, allowing for recording of population activity in the form of LFPs (\<\~350 Hz), and, in some cases, the spiking activity or action potentials of individual neurons (\~kHz). The potential at a recoding site depends on the magnitude of the nearby events, their polarity, and the distance from the recording site ([@R10]--[@R12]).
The ability to record these physiological and pathological signals or to electrically stimulate a population of neurons depends on the impedance---the resistance to current flow---between the cell/tissue and the recording or stimulating device. Application and materials constraints, as well as availability and proximity of analog signal amplifiers, inform or ease the requirements for electrode impedance. The effective impedance can often be modeled, optimized, and understood through the use of equivalent circuit models, such as the one shown in [Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. In this case, the signaling in the neural tissue can be thought of as a low-impedance voltage source. *R*~spread~, sometimes referred to as *R*~media~, describes the resistance of the extracellular space and depends on the geometry of the recording site. *R*~e~ and *C*~e~ are attributed to the electrode itself---the leakage resistance and electrical double-layer capacitance of the electrode/tissue interface, in the simplest case. The electrode impedance is often modeled using constant phase elements, Warburg impedances, or transfer line models depending on the nature of the said interface, described below. Finally, *R*~s~ is the resistance of the interconnects that leads to higher-level circuitry such as amplifiers; *R*~s~ is often negligible in the case of metallic interconnects but is significant where organic conductors are used to transmit signals ([@R11], [@R13]). All other aspects being equal, a lower impedance interface allows one to more readily "see" the voltage source that is the neural activity.
![Electrical interface in neural tissue.\
(**A**) Equivalent circuit of electrode/tissue interface; in this case, recording is considered \[that is, neurons acting as a voltage source (*V*~e~) and use of an amplifier\]. However, similar concepts apply for stimulation. (**B**) Influence of neuroinflammatory reaction (astroglial scar) on local electrical impedance. The neuroinflammatory response adversely affects the signal from the neurons and the spreading resistance and introduces a scar impedance (*Z*~scar~) due to the formation of a dense layer of inflammatory cells (ED1), astrocytes (GFAP), and a distancing of neurons (NeuN) from the recording site. Fluorescence image is reproduced, in part, from the study of Biran *et al*. ([@R31]). (**C**) Influence of enhanced electrode coatings on improving the impedance of the electrode itself. Nanostructuring of traditional electrode materials, use of CNTs/graphene, or conducting polymers (CPs) allow for intimate ion interaction with the electrode, allowing for a marked drop in impedance. The comparison of impedance and resulting stimulation profile for a given biphasic current pulse and recording quality \[signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)\] is shown for a flat electrode (gray, dotted) and for an electrode with an enhancing coating (black line; for example, CPs).](1601649-F1){#F1}
Similar to recording, electrical stimulation is also enhanced with a lower interface impedance, allowing for a higher charge injection limit and thus more efficient and safer stimulation with micrometer-scale electrodes. Governed by the same equivalent circuit, a stimulation waveform (typically a millisecond-scale biphasic current pulse) leads to a transient voltage output consisting of a rapid step, attributed to *R*~spread~, and a capacitive charging (inversely proportional to *C*~e~) ([@R14]). A low *C*~e~ leads to a large potential drop at the electrode/tissue interface, which can lead to electrolysis of water, electrode degradation, and/or tissue damage. Thus, efforts to minimize impedance are beneficial to both electrical recording and stimulation.
The nature of electrical recording ultimately depends on the application of interest ([@R11], [@R15]). Electroencephalography (EEG), for example, is the least invasive implementation of electrodes, where large electrodes probe the potential, summed over a large population of neurons and attenuated by the skin/skull; the entire regions of the brain are collectively probed to investigate communication within the brain and rhythms arising from specific stimuli or states of consciousness. Its noninvasiveness makes this method a routine tool in clinical settings, where the main challenges include the need to minimize the electrical impedance between the skin and the recording surface. Conformal skin-like form factors, which follow the curvilinear morphology of scalp, have been targeted ([@R16]), as well as compliant, dry electrodes ([@R17]), to minimize the need for gel intermediaries that dry out after a short use period. More invasive approaches, such as epidural interfacing, or recent efforts to introduce stimulation/recording electrodes into cortical veins aboard small stents (stentrode) ([@R18]) represent exciting avenues for electrical interfacing without breaching the blood-brain barrier. However, the need to directly interface with neural tissue is motivated by multiple areas of neuroscience and neuroengineering. For instance, electrical measurement of a single neuron activity is thought to be achievable only with implanted electrodes nearby to firing cells. Unit activity allows us to better understand the low frequency rhythms ([@R10]), to map and understand the wiring of the brain and its link to perception, motion, and memory. Implanted devices can be used for localizing epileptogenic zones and for treating symptoms of Parkinson's disease, among others, and are thought to yield the most useful control signals for brain-machine interfacing applications ([@R19]).
Advancing the state of the art in implanted electrodes
------------------------------------------------------
The principles guiding implantable, electrode-based devices are general for both arrays on the surface of the brain (subdural) and probes/stimulators that penetrate into the tissue. An electrode site must be able to record or stimulate the same, intended, population of cells over a sufficiently long duration while causing minimal damage to tissue and eliciting minimal immune response. Early implanted electrodes relied on insulated metallic microwires or cone electrodes ([@R13]). The rapid developments in the microelectronics industry subsequently opened up the realm of rigid, patterned, and micromachined probes ([@R20]) such as the Michigan-style probes ([@R21]) and Utah arrays ([@R22]), which are considered as today's state of the art in commercially available tools for neuroscience research. Through their many successes, enabling many groundbreaking discoveries in neuroscience (from the discovery of place and grid cells to mapping and stimulation of the motor cortex), implanted electrodes face numerous barriers that limit their broad implementation. Their rigid nature often leads to device encapsulation and degradation of their recording/stimulating capacity due to device failure and immune response ([@R13]).
The quality of recording, capacity to stimulate, and associated lifetime of a device can be boiled down to the device's ability to resist or overcome increases in electrical impedance. Although the invasive nature of implantable devices causes both acute and chronic tissue damage and remodeling, a focus is placed on the effects on electrical interface quality and lifetime rather than the influence on neurological function. The areas of most intense research efforts center around three main pathways that lead to high impedance: (i) device/electrode degradation due to operation in biological environment; (ii) acute and chronic neuroinflammatory response electrically isolating a probe from neural tissue and causing loss of neurons near the electrode site; and (iii) poor inherent electrode performance.
Not surprisingly, certain approaches to alleviate these issues target multiple aspects simultaneously. For example, improved electrode coatings can help overcome the electrical effects from scar formation, and reduction in device degradation can minimize the activated neuroinflammatory pathways.
### Degradation
Deterioration of performance can sometimes be linked to deterioration of the physical device. This includes direct mechanical damage of the probe or electrode components (possibly due to insertion), destruction of barrier properties of the passivation layer, or mechanical damage/corrosion of the electrode material ([@R23], [@R24]).
Cracking and delamination can be caused by poor adhesion, defects, and/or unintended mechanical stresses ([@R13]). Damage to insulating layers is most common in this case and may lead to exposure of metallic interconnects. This has the unintended consequence of introducing parasitic current pathways between tissue and recording system or cross-talk between recording sites. Ingress of water, small molecules, or gasses can have a similar effect, hastening delamination. Dissolution of component materials---an aspect that is used by some to achieve controlled dissolution of devices ([@R25])---when unintended can lead to exposure of interconnects to the biological milieu.
Corrosion, or otherwise degradation of the electrode material, leads to a twofold negative effect: destroying the conductive properties of the electrode or interconnect (increasing *R*~s~ and/or decreasing *C*~e~) and possibly releasing toxic by-products into the tissue (increasing the immune response or cell death). Some metals (tungsten and stainless steel, for example) readily corrode in ionic media and/or decompose upon prolonged biasing ([@R26], [@R27]), which has led to the use of other metals, alloys, and organic conductors (as described in the "Improving electrode performance" section). In addition, some organic electrode coatings, such as the CP polypyrrole (PPy), can overoxidize easily due to defective polymer backbone coupling ([@R28]). Both chemical or electrochemical stability and adhesion issues might be addressed through careful materials selection and/or synthesis.
### Neuroinflammatory response
The neuroinflammatory response is the response of the immune system within the central nervous system and is composed of a combination of chemical and cellular pathways that come together to metabolize or isolate a foreign body, such as an implanted device. Immediately following implantation, activated microglia attach to the surface of the device and release proinflammatory factors. Shortly thereafter, a dense astrocyte encapsulation envelops the probe, forming a scar (astrogliosis) ([Fig. 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R13]). The acute response is initiated to induce wound closure and healing, including recruitment of the inflammatory cells to the injury site. The chronic response \[reviewed in previous works ([@R13], [@R29], [@R30])\] can be caused by a number of factors but is ultimately implicated in neuronal loss and scar formation, as confirmed by Biran and coworkers ([@R31]), who compared the chronic response of implanted microelectrodes to acute "stab wounds" using the same microelectrodes. From an electrical interfacing perspective, the repercussions of the astroglial scar and the death or migration of neural cells are (i) the introduction of additional impedance due to the scar/biofilm formation and (ii) the reduction of the magnitude of the input voltage during recordings because living neurons are fewer and farther away (see [Fig. 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Because the causes and exacerbations of the neuroinflammatory response can be numerous, so must be the approaches taken to minimize them. Mechanical mismatch between brain and probe and micromotions are both implicated in scar formation. Other factors include recruitment of (and persistence of) bound and soluble inflammatory factors. Hence, the general approaches targeted to combat the immune response have been to modify probe materials and/or form factor to more closely match tissue mechanics and to target coatings that will combat inflammation or "trick" the immune system.
Better matching the mechanical properties of the probe with that of the neural tissue is thought to allow the probe to follow the motions of the brain, even if the probe is tethered to a relatively fixed point like the skull ([@R13]). This mechanical matching is approached from two directions. The first is to make the probe out of polymers that are softer than bulk Si and metals \[typically Parylene C (PaC), polyimide (PI), or SU-8\]. While an improvement, these materials are still more than four orders of magnitude stiffer than tissue ([Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Moving toward more compliant materials---for example, elastomers or hydrogel coatings---helps close this gap. The extent to which bulk material mechanical property matching helps minimize the immune response is not fully understood; recent work suggests that it is the device-scale mechanics that are most important ([@R13], [@R32]). The second approach suggests that stiffer component materials (polymers, metals, and semiconductors) can be used as long as the characteristic dimensions are small enough (1 to 10 μm; subcellular scale) to allow for mechanical compliance ([Fig. 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The same materials with different cross sections tested in vivo were found to illicit a reduced inflammatory response when the adjoining struts were minimized to the cellular scale---a finding attributed to differences in mechanical properties ([@R33]). An added benefit is the associated reduction in surface area and, thus, the number of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory soluble factors at the biotic/abiotic interface ([@R34]). The evolution of form factor for implanted devices has followed these principles and is covered in the "Novel form factors" section.
{#F2}
The implementation of certain passive coatings on implanted devices can diminish inflammatory cascades. In addition to helping mechanical matching, hydrogels or other soft coatings can act as passive sinks that help effectively "clear" soluble inflammatory factors ([@R13], [@R35]). The freedom to functionalize or physically entrap biomolecules on or within surface coatings enables one to regulate cell or protein attachment. Passive polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings can, for example, minimize adhesion of noncellular proteins that degrade electrode impedance ([@R36]). Furthermore, passive adsorption or covalent attachment of extracellular matrix (ECM) components can promote neuronal attachment. For example, complex ECM coatings such as fixed astrocyte ECM can effectively reduce microglial activation and can do so more effectively than individual ECM components such as laminin or fibronectin ([@R37]).
### Improving electrode performance
As electrode size is reduced to address individual or small populations of neurons, the impedance of the electrode increases. The electrode area-impedance trade-off is well understood ([@R11]); larger areas reduce *R*~spread~ and increase *C*~e~ while averaging over a larger population of neurons. Although this outcome works well when targeting population-generated low-frequency LFP activity, the need to measure action potentials of individual neurons with a high SNR has led to an overwhelming focus on maximizing *C*~e~ while keeping a small geometric electrode footprint. Similarly, the desire to electrically stimulate small populations of cells with microelectrodes requires high charge injection limits, necessitating low electrode impedance (avoiding large voltage drops at the electrode interface). To this end, electrode coatings and nanostructuring provide a higher effective surface area, the limit of which is soft active materials, such as CPs, that allow for facile penetration of ions at the molecular scale ([Fig. 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Flat electrodes, typically exposed metal/alloy films, such as those based on TiN, Pt, PtIr, stainless steel, and IrO~*x*~, have been evolved toward porous and nanostructured variants ([@R11]) by modification of deposition processes or performing postprocessing steps such as electrodeposition or etching. The nature of interfacial charge transfer can be purely capacitive (as in TiN and stainless steel) or faradic (as in IrO~*x*~)---the latter being acceptable only in cases of confined and reversible redox processes. Nanostructured and porous IrO~*x*~, TiN, and Pt-black allow for a substantial increase in the surface area of the electrode/electrolyte interface and are commonly used for multielectrode arrays. A similar approach has been taken with carbon nanostructures \[carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene\] ([@R38], [@R39]), as well as their composites, with similar results ([@R40]). As the microstructural tortuosity is increased and the physical pore sizes are reduced, regions of the film experience higher ionic and electronic resistances, which complicate the equivalent circuit in [Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, often requiring transmission line models such as that of Bisquert *et al*. ([@R41]) to describe their impedance.
CPs, in particular, offer a unique advantage for improving electrode performance. Materials such as PPy and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are most commonly used because of their versatility of deposition/patterning, hygroscopic nature, and resulting excellent mixed conduction properties. They can be patterned through electrochemical polymerization on prepatterned electrodes, vapor phase polymerization, or solution casting and may be readily combined with dispersed nanowires/CNTs ([@R42]) or graphene oxide ([@R43]) to boost electrical conductivity. Weak intermolecular bonding and the existence of excess polyelectrolyte such as poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) in some CPs (that is, PEDOT:PSS) allow for swelling \>100% and, thus, high ionic mobility ([@R44]) and soft mechanical properties. Hence, ions readily penetrate the bulk of the CP, yielding high volumetric capacitance ([@R45]). The combined ease of ionic penetration and sufficient pathways for electronic transport yield capacitance per unit geometric surface area more than two orders of magnitude higher than flat metallic electrodes and, thus, improve SNR and increase the capacity for stimulation ([@R14], [@R46], [@R47]). For sufficiently hydrated, high ionic mobility CPs, the enhanced mixed conduction properties allow for the *R*~spread~(*R*~e~‖*C*~e~) equivalent circuit model in [Fig. 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"} to be recovered, where *C*~e~ now represents the volumetric, molecular-level electrical double layer (EDL), rather than a geometric, areal EDL ([@R48]).
CPs can take on nanotube morphologies ([@R49]) and can be polymerized through and on hydrogels ([@R50]) or around cells/tissue ([@R51]). Furthermore, they can be readily functionalized via physical entrapment and covalent cross-linking with biomolecules and cells, which can effectively blur the biotic/abiotic interface and promote tissue incorporation \[covered extensively in previous studies ([@R13], [@R15], [@R52], [@R53])\]. Many of these functionalization schemes are similar to the passive coatings described above (see the "Neuroinflammatory response" section).
In describing the number of ways that electrical recording can be improved through materials and device engineering, it is clear that no one route is a panacea; the greatest gains come from using multifaceted approaches that target many of the approaches described above. As an illustrative example, Kozai *et al*. ([@R54]) demonstrate a composite microelectrode that shows stable unit recordings over 5 weeks and significantly reduced neuroinflammation response as compared with Si-based probes. The fiber is based on a 7-μm-diameter carbon microfiber coated with a bioactive functionalization that allows for the probe to readily follow tissue movement (minimizing micromotions) and to effectively prevent ongoing neuroinflammation. The small electrode tip is also coated with PEDOT to provide a low impedance and enhance the SNR of the microelectrode.
Novel form factors
------------------
The escape from rigid, needle-like form factors is bolstered by the inclusion of soft, polymeric, and adaptive passive materials as well as new, ultrathin, and unique form factors. The shift away from microwires and photolithographically patterned or micromachined silicon shanks is desired to address the micromotions and immune response discussed in the "Neuroinflammatory response" section.
The interaction of an implanted device with neural tissue ultimately depends on device-level mechanics (minimizing motion and insertion trauma), not necessarily the bulk mechanics of the component materials. To this end, a device can be made of a low-modulus elastomer, providing a lower mechanical mismatch with biological tissue than, for example, a metallic wire or silicon shank. However, high-modulus materials can be designed with micrometer-scale features to achieve stiffness comparable to their thicker, lower-moduli counterparts ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This device architecture approach (rather than materials approach) is analogous to the compliant and conformable nature of steel wool as compared to bulk steel. These architectures can be composed of micro- and nanoscale wires or fibers, ribbons, and thin substrates or membranes (\<10 μm) and arise due to the cubic scaling of bending stiffness with characteristic dimension ([@R32]). Tissue integration often calls for stretchability (a low-modulus, elastic response to large strain deformations). This can be achieved with inherently elastic materials or through deterministic, composite designs using serpentine structures, wavy structures on prestressed supports, and with mesh-like architectures, as detailed below.
The gains achieved by tailoring devices made from intrinsically soft materials or by using geometrical scaling to achieve lower effective stiffnesses can be observed in the evolution of device geometry ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In the engineering front focused on developing new tools, rigid shanks and microwires/needles ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, A to C) have given way to elastomeric, ultraconformable, mesh-like, and particle-based probes and stimulators. Note that the use of rigid, micromachined tools, such as Utah arrays and Michigan probes, remains strong in neuroscience due largely to their technological maturity (yield, reliability, and support) and potential customizability through commercial entities rather than through academic laboratories.
![Evolution of form factors for neural interfacing.\
(**A** to **C**) Rigid, Si-based probes are commercially available and considered state of the art. (B) Si-based Michigan probe, modified with a patterned waveguide. Reproduced with permission from Son *et al*. ([@R224]). (C) Utah array (Blackrock Microsystems LLC). (**D** to **F**) Thick fiber and polymer-based probes. (E) Thermal drawing of macroscale preforms allows for multifunctional fibers that can bend and flex. A single fiber can contain electrical recording sites (CPE or Sn), guide light, or pass fluid. Reproduced with permission from Canales *et al*. ([@R55]). (F) Polymer probes (based on PI and SU-8) can also be assembled to support optical and fluidic stimulation and electrical interfacing. Reproduced with permission from Rubehn *et al*. ([@R56]). (**G** to **I**) Elastomeric probes are generally thick but are compliant and stretchable. (H) PDMS probe with off-the-shelf components and serpentine metallic structures. Reproduced with permission from Park *et al*. ([@R59]). (I) EDura: PDMS-based probe with electrodes and a microfluidic. Reproduced with permission from Minev *et al*. ([@R58]). (**J** to **L**) Ultrathin arrays and probes. (K) Neurogrid array: PEDOT:PSS-coated Au electrode sites on 4-μm PaC. Reproduced with permission from Khodagholy *et al*. ([@R67]). (L) SU-8 and Au array on silk fibroin that can be dissolved away to leave a mesh. Reproduced with permission from Kim *et al*. ([@R68]). (**M** to **O**) Freestanding mesh probes. (N) Stressed struts allow for global scrolling to form a probe-like geometry or (O) meshes that can be injected through a syringe. Reproduced with permission from Liu *et al*. ([@R74]) and Xie *et al*. ([@R75]). The colors used in the schematics on the left correspond roughly to the Young's modulus scale in [Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}.](1601649-F3){#F3}
### Fibers and thick polymer probes
Fibers are a robust platform for neural interfacing, often in the form of optical fibers used to pipe light from an external source into a specific region of the brain, for example, for optogenetic applications (see the "Optogenetics" section). Canales *et al*. ([@R55]) demonstrated that thermal drawing of carefully selected materials can result in multimodal probes for interfacing with the brain and spinal cord of freely moving rodents. Rather than the typical glasses used in fiber optics, the authors used plastics commonly employed for medical devices, in addition to Sn and conductive polyethylene composites (CPEs), to achieve 70- to 700-μm-diameter multielectrode and multimodal probes ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, E and F). Ultimately, the probes showed less foreign body response compared to microwires and reduced chronic astrocytic and microglial response, allowing for stable brain machine interfacing for 2 months. Although fibers can be readily patterned from prefabricated macroscale preforms and can allow for meters of nearly identical probes to be simultaneously fabricated, the recording and stimulation sites are currently limited to the tips of the fibers, and input/output (I/O) wiring can be tedious. Alternatively, photolithographic patterning and micromachining can be extended to polymeric materials (for example, PaC, SU-8, and PI) to form thick and rigid probes akin to the Michigan array. For example, microelectromechanical system (MEMS)--based fabrication can allow for 85- to 250-μm-thick multimodal optical, fluidic as electrical-based composite polymer probes ([@R56]).
### Low--bulk modulus probes
Elastomeric materials bring to the neural interface the possibility to make probes that are not only flexible but also significantly softer and able to withstand local stretching (as is required for regions such as the spine). An elegant approach is to replace well-known single-site microwires composed of insulated metals with a soft, conductive composite. For example, a PEDOT-based elastomeric composite can be extruded and later insulated to achieve microwires that are five orders of magnitude lower in the Young's modulus than their tungsten counterparts ([@R57]). The mechanical properties of some elastomers, such as PDMS, have drawn comparisons with the properties of the dura mater. Minev and coworkers, for example, developed an elastomeric probe they termed EDura ([Fig. 3I](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), which allows for electrical recording and chemical stimulation ([@R58]). The electrical components are composed of microcracked Au interconnects and Pt-silicone composite electrodes that can accommodate the demanding strains of operating within the spine of a freely moving rodent. EDura can thus record cortical and spinal activity, as well as restore locomotion after spinal cord injury. An alternative approach to allow for stretchable PDMS-based electronic probes is the use of embedded metallic serpentine structures demonstrated by Park *et al*. ([@R59]). These examples suggest that the elastomeric materials can be incorporated as both passive and active components to impart stretchability and mechanical compliance, allowing for reduced immune response and thus longer implantation lifetime.
### Ultrathin and hybrid form factors
Ultrathin form factors can be achieved with more rigid polymeric substrates at thicknesses of 1 to 10 μm. Although these materials may have higher moduli (GPa) compared to the elastomers described above (\~MPa), their thickness is 10 to 100 times lower, allowing for a lower bending stiffness. Thin PI, polyethylene terephthalate, and parylene films have been used for a number of applications. Epidermal, skin-based probes, for example, are a successful case study in conformal, compliant probes enabling new functionality. These applications use ultrathin "imperceptible" form factors or freestanding serpentine structures to allow for a variety of sensing and stimulation modalities ([@R60]--[@R62]). For neural interfacing, thin form factors most readily apply to cases where the probe must lie on a surface without penetrating bulk tissue, as is the case for subdural or epidural two-dimensional (2D) arrays \[electrocorticography (ECoG)\], although guided insertion of ultrathin penetrating probes has been demonstrated ([@R63]--[@R65]). Khodagholy and colleagues have demonstrated 4-μm-thick PaC-based probes, using gold interconnects, and CP (PEDOT:PSS) sensing nodes for both active ([@R66]) and passive ([@R67]) ECoG arrays ([Fig. 3K](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In its most recent iteration, the Neurogrid probe includes 256 electrodes, capable of recording action potentials from the surface of the brain, and has been validated in human patients intraoperatively ([@R67]). Kim *et al*. showed that electrode grids can be made conformal for ECoG recordings when the PI substrate is thinned down to 2.5 μm ([@R68]). By patterning the array into a mesh-like structure, and using dissolvable silk fibroin films as a transient carrier support ([Fig. 3l](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), adhesion forces due to water capillarity are enhanced, enabling conformal contact on a cat's cortex and improving the recording of sleep spindles.
Integration of hybrid components, namely, inorganic semiconductors, enables a degree of higher-level functionality, ranging from logic (amplification and active addressing) to on-board optoelectronic sensing/stimulation, as discussed in the "Optical recording and stimulation" section. Enabled by the ability to grow/pattern high quality semiconductor nanomembranes, researchers have been able to bring high-performance semiconductors to flexible neural interfaces. Viventi *et al*. ([@R69]) used Si nanomembranes to amplify and multiplex an array of 390 sensing electrodes. The strain induced on the inorganic components was minimized by embedding them at the neutral mechanical plane of the 25-μm-thick array ([@R69]). Subsequent hybrid probes with inorganic nanomembranes have achieved thicknesses of 8 μm and show reduced lesioning, neuronal loss, and immunoreactivity ([@R63]).
Some applications benefit from the physical probe completely disappearing after a preprogrammed amount of time. So-called transient electronics have gained interest because the choice of materials and materials thickness can lead to complete dissolution or metabolysis within a preprogrammed time frame. The range of materials includes various conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, with initial biocompatibility and toxicity studies yielding promising results ([@R70]). One application space that has been targeted is the monitoring of intracranial pressure and temperature for the treatment of traumatic brain injury ([@R71]). Mapping or localization of epileptic networks may also find utility in transient ECoG monitoring, where follow-up surgeries are commonplace to remove the devices after weeks or where ambulatory intracranial recording may be desirable for months. Yu *et al*. ([@R72]) have demonstrated these hybrid, transient ECoG arrays. Both passive and active matrix-addressed probes were fabricated on 30-μm poly(lactic-*co*-glycolic acid), with individual materials used dissolving within 1 to 6 months ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
![Transient, bioresorbable electronics.\
(**A**) Transient bioelectronic ECoG array micrographs of active ECoG array with Si transistors under accelerated (high pH) testing conditions. (**B**) Recording from three channels and a control (nonbioresorbable channel) over 33 days in vivo. The transient array is fully functional for \>30 days in vivo. Reproduced with permission from Yu *et al*. ([@R72]).](1601649-F4){#F4}
### 3D mesh-based form factors
The most unconventional probe geometries aim to minimize the volume of the probe to develop an interface that blends into the surrounding tissue. One approach is to embed interconnects and electronics in a mesh-like structure, around which cell and tissue can intercalate ([@R73]). Similar to the geometry of the mesh ECoG probe described above ([@R68]), 3D macroporous, nanoelectronic probes have been developed for neural interfacing ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, N and O) ([@R74], [@R75]). The probes comprised 1-μm-thick elements with SU-8 as a strut/support material, as well as metal interconnects, and sensing elements including nanowire transistors and Pt electrodes. Liu *et al*. ([@R74]) showed that the mesh structure can be engineered with respect to the dimensions and mesh cell geometry to tailor the transverse and lateral bending stiffness to allow the structure to be injected from a syringe. Although such a probe shows promise, especially injection through low profile (100-μm-diameter needles), the I/O connectivity must be performed after injection. An alternative mesh structure, demonstrated by Xie *et al*. ([@R75]), resembles a traditional probe-like structure (with standard I/O connectivity), where built-in strains control the local geometry, allowing for a global scrolling of the probe into a tube-like mesh. The probe recorded LFP and unit activity from a rodent somatosensory cortex. Notably, the \~100-μm-diameter acute void left after insertion was able to "backfill" with neurons. Despite a higher astrocytic response, and lower neural density in the probe core, neuronal processes readily grow among the mesh electronics ([@R75]). Ultimately, mesh-based probes feature unique biocompatibility, which has been attributed to the micrometer-scale features, open/macroporous structure, and the resulting low bending stiffness quoted as four to six orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported neural probes composed of Si, carbon fiber, and PI with thin-film electronics ([@R75]). These probes are promising as an approach that minimizes chronic immune response but require unconventional insertion protocols. In addition, they are limited by the lack of relative or global control of precise sensor placement stemming from the compliant mesh and the evolving positioning due to tissue rearrangement and built-in strains.
### Particle form factors
One of the most creative approaches to reduce the active components of implanted probes is to do away with interconnects altogether. Micro- and nanoparticles can be considered the simplest implementation of an external "probe" used for specific or localized stimulation or recording and, with other modalities described below (see the "Optical stimulation," "Magnetic stimulation," and "Ultrasound stimulation" sections), require untethered "wireless" operation. One example is the concept of "neural dust": cellular-scale particles recently put forth by Seo and coworkers ([@R76], [@R77]) that rely on individual, freestanding sensing nodes \~10 to 100 μm in size and scattered through the brain target area. The neural signal is recorded as a differential signal between two electrodes on the node, which electromechanically modulates a piezoelectric crystal. The piezoelectric modulation varies the ultrasonic backscatter that is interrogated and recorded by a transceiver device implanted subdurally. This concept is still in its infancy. Although a large-scale demonstrator (800 μm) has been reported ([@R77]), challenges include downscaling node size while minimizing SNR losses, addressing power considerations of subcranial ultrasonic transceivers and implantation strategies.
### Implantation strategies
As probe geometries deviate from heavily used commercial probes based on commonly used geometries, the ability to handle, implant, or control the placement of devices becomes nontrivial. Of the technologies described herein, a number of general strategies can be described. Transient or removable shuttle materials are commonly used to allow for handling and insertion. For example, epoxy or SU-8 removable shanks or microneedles can be used to guide insertion before removal ([@R63]--[@R65]). Alternatively, the support material can be dissolved, for example, materials such as silk, sugars, PEG, poly(lactic acid), or gelatin ([@R13]). Mechanoadaptive approaches present an alternative route, potentially removing the need for additional material that displaces/destroys tissue. Such an approach relies on a change in modulus upon insertion. The mesh-based probe shown in [Fig. 3N](#F3){ref-type="fig"} was frozen in liquid nitrogen before insertion ([@R75])---a debatable approach likely to cause thermal shock of surrounding tissue. Alternatively, Capadona and colleagues ([@R78]) have developed mechanically adaptive bioinspired nanocomposites that change mechanical properties on exposure to physiological conditions. The material's Young's modulus changes from 3.4 GPa to 20 MPa on insertion, allowing for reduced neuroinflammatory response. A similar result has been achieved by Ware *et al*. ([@R79]) with ternary thiol-ene/acrylate polymer networks, which were used as probe substrates with patterned electrodes and showed minimal water uptake.
The most nonconventional geometries are the most challenging to implant. The injectable mesh electronics are delivered through a syringe ([@R74]), with reduced control of placement once they exit the syringe tip. Particle-based probes are perhaps the most challenging; the question remains not only how to place them but also will they stay there and for how long before diffusing away or being metabolized?
Intracellular recording
-----------------------
Although extracellular recording and stimulation have been heavily investigated, especially due to its immediate relevance for clinical neuroscience, intracellular recording can enable high SNR recording of individual cells (without traditional patch-clamp approaches) using nanostructures such as nanowires ([@R80]--[@R82]), mushrooms ([@R83]), and straws ([@R84]). In many cases, it is electroporation that allows for recording of transmembrane potentials; however, the use of carefully functionalized wires and nanostraws, patterned with a band of peptides or hydrophobic organic molecules, allows a probe to penetrate through the lipid bilayer for true intracellular access ([@R85]). These approaches push the limits of neural interfacing and nanotechnology and, in the process, allow for direct measurements of the variation in transmembrane potential and potentially fluidic access to the cytosol. However, significant challenges to implementation exist, including the placement, micromotion, and wiring of individual nanowires to external recording/stimulation systems ([@R86], [@R87]).
Active interfacing
------------------
To maintain a high recording quality, ideal signal processing would call for signal amplification as close to the recording site as possible. Using silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, this can be readily achieved and has been implemented in in vitro multielectrode arrays (MEAs) ([@R11]). With limited space constraints, it can be challenging to tightly integrate multiple transistors into a recording array meant for implantation/tissue integration. For this reason, active recording sites have been targeted, whereby the passive electrode is replaced by a transistor. Transistors have an inherent amplification or gain, whereby a small variation in the effective gate voltage, in this case, the effective potential due to tissue activity, leads to a large change in the current through the transistor channel. Hence, early work by Fromherz and colleagues ([@R88], [@R89]) demonstrated transistor arrays that sensitively transduce neural firing events. Depending on the materials or transistor type, either the gate dielectric or the transistor channel itself is placed in direct contact with the biological environment. A recent example garnering attention for implantable applications is the organic electrochemical transistor, where the channel material is a CP ([@R90]). In this case, the high volumetric capacitance of the material (such as CPs discussed in the "Improving electrode performance" section) yields high currents and high effective gains, which allows for improved SNR recordings of physiological and pathological activity ([@R66], [@R91]), as well as stimulation ([@R64]). Transistors have also taken on nanoscale form factors to allow for in-tissue ([@R73]) or even intracellular integration ([@R80]) to record activity and to decode neural circuitry ([@R92]).
One area that should not be overlooked, yet is not covered in detail here, is the higher-level electronics required for multimodal recording and stimulation systems to move beyond the laboratory. This includes active matrix and multiplexing capabilities to increase recording density and minimize the number of physical wires requiring external connection. These active approaches have been used to realize high-density ECoG arrays ([@R69]) and implantable CMOS-based Si probes with electronic depth control ([@R93], [@R94]). To minimize the external electronics and improve recording quality, higher-level logic should be integrated into implantable devices, including amplifiers, spike detection and closed-loop capabilities, calibration, and other analog and digital circuitry ([@R11], [@R93]).
Electrical-based physical and biochemical sensors and stimulators
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The library of electrical-based sensors and actuators that can be integrated into implantable devices is extraordinary, and their role in modern neuroscience tools is unquestionable. The modalities include sensitive pressure and temperature sensing for monitoring tissue state, wound healing and/or blood flow ([@R95], [@R96]), and a variety of chemical sensors. Most of the electrical-based chemical sensors rely on electrochemical reactions or capacitive changes due to specific binding events. In either case, specificity is facilitated by a detector unit such as an ionophore (for ion detection) or enzymes, which lead to direct or indirect charge transfer or variation in local charge that is transduced as electrical signals. The literature on specific binding for biosensors is vast ([@R94]). Alternative approaches call for the detection of the electrochemical signature of a molecule (that is, from cyclic voltammetry) to detect its presence. In this regard, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) can be beneficial but is normally hindered by environmental noise. Coupling FSCV with an electrochemical transistor may overcome these hurdles and has been demonstrated for measuring micromolar dopamine concentrations ([@R97]).
Electrical control of chemical stimulation presents a favorable advantage over fluidic approaches. Fluidic delivery can lead to deleterious solvent effects and increases in physical and osmotic pressure in the tissue. One route to deliver drugs or biomolecules in an implanted form factor, upon demand, has been to electrochemically release entrapped molecules loaded into CPs ([@R98]). This has the downside that the active eluting electrode has a very limited capacity for the biomolecule of interest, limiting delivery lifetime. Organic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) allow for electrophoretic delivery of charged biomolecules (such as neurotransmitters). This means that no fluid is delivered at the release site. Hence, OEIPs have been used to affect sensory function in a guinea pig cochlea ([@R99]), to affect pain pathways in the spinal cord ([@R100]), and, while not implanted, to affect pathological epileptiform or hyperexcited neural activity in rat brain slices in vitro ([@R101]). Because fluidic transport is not required, they can be patterned using common photolithographic techniques on flexible substrates at small sizes. OEIPs require a reservoir of solubilized ions and are often limited by the capacity of their driving source and target electrodes; however, the ability to continuously regenerate the electrodes has been proposed ([@R102]).
Because the transmembrane potential governs the activity of neurons, electrical (and biomolecular) interfacing has been the most tenured approach to recording or stimulating neurons. Although the electrode is still a mainstay in much of neuroscience research, diagnostics, and therapy, in many cases, it cannot always provide the SNR recording, stimulation, and recording specificity/reliability required to answer many questions or solve certain problems. For this reason, significant efforts focus on improving or finding new modalities for interfacing that achieve unprecedented specificity, localization, and noninvasiveness, among others. By bringing together synthetic chemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and cellular biology, as well as electromagnetic radiation in various forms, new tools for stimulation and recording based on engineered probes, particles, molecules, and proteins can be realized.
OPTICAL RECORDING AND STIMULATION
=================================
In the experimental setting, the advantages of using visible and infrared (IR) light as an input control source or readout signal for neural activity are multiple-fold including scalable intensity to allow for analog signals, penetration into tissue (dependent on wavelength), and safety (more so than the ultraviolet component of the spectrum). These same advantages translate to the clinical realm, where less-invasive modalities often allow access to a larger pool of candidate patients, and safety is paramount. The trade-off between commonly used noninvasive imaging \[such as x-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\] and control modalities (magnetic stimulation and ultrasound), compared to the ones described below, is depth for resolution: Visible- and IR-based techniques are still limited by the inherent scattering of these wavelengths by lipid-rich brain tissue but, within their useful working distances, are able to resolve single-neuron and subcellular information. Current and future engineering is working to increase the functional depth of signal readout based on tool design, largely by moving their spectra further into the IR, which is less affected by scattering in the brain.
Optical recording
-----------------
Light is used both experimentally and clinically to read out patterns of natural or induced neural activity. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI; [Fig. 5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) relies on small molecules that change their emission profile based on local potentials; commonly used variants are the ANEP and RH families \[comparison of different dyes in vivo from the study of Grandy *et al*. ([@R103])\]. After loading these in a cortical area of interest using a syringe or in a single neuron using patch-clamp techniques, the dye accumulates in the neuron membrane, and a microscope with a photodetector array is used to rapidly measure signals from the dye of a specified "active" wavelength; changes in the intensity at this wavelength are correlated with changes in the local potential and therefore neuron activity. Developed and characterized predominantly between the mid-1980s and 2000s, these showed early advantages of facile delivery into live preparations, including frogs ([@R104]), rats ([@R105]), and nonhuman primates ([@R106]), and repeatability of measurements over hour time scales. Emissive changes are rapid, on the order of milliseconds, but are limited in their use across preparations and tissue environments because of uneven and varied cellular uptake; for this reason, one of the limitations (or advantages) is utility in being able to image large cortical areas (as opposed to single-neuron resolution). Similar to voltage-sensitive dyes, in concept, inorganic quantum dots have also been proposed as voltage sensors because of their superior photo-stability ([@R107], [@R108]).
{#F5}
A parallel and less-invasive optical approach to cortical imaging takes advantage of the intrinsic and characteristic absorption of visible and IR wavelengths by molecules in blood and neurons that vary their optical properties depending on neuron metabolic activity. Light corresponding to the wavelength of a given molecule or signature is introduced and recorded via fiber optic; the recorded signal will vary depending on the metabolic load. In theory, this signal correlates with the overall amount of neural activity. This "intrinsic imaging" ([Fig. 5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) was first shown to be useful in mapping ocular dominance columns in cats and nonhuman primates ([@R109]) using 500- to 800-nm wavelengths, even being able to show orientation columns. This approach requires minimal equipment, as shown by incorporation of near-IR intrinsic imaging during functional mapping of cortical sites of primary and secondary language function in human patients undergoing partial lobectomy for epilepsy ([@R110]). The use of IR wavelengths has been shown to be able to penetrate the skin and skull and allow for completely noninvasive mapping of cortical motor activity ([@R111]).
Another approach developed over the last 20 years for fast-scale readout of neuron activity is genetically encoded indicators. These indicators have used multiple molecular engineering approaches to couple proteins that are intrinsically fluorescent with other proteins that undergo conformational changes in response to salient cellular events---commonly, voltage-sensitive proteins that embed in the membrane and change conformation in response to membrane potential \[genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs); [Fig. 5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}\] or ones that have calcium-binding domains and have a calcium concentration--dependent conformation \[genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs); [Fig. 5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}\]. It should be noted that sensors for other ions and small molecules have been described, but GECIs are the most widely used and well developed. The main difference between these two families is the type of signal that is read out by the change in fluorescence: GEVIs are able to relay action potentials as well as subthreshold (non--action potential) changes in membrane potential, whereas GECIs report changes in calcium concentration, which is a direct proxy for action potentials (intracellular calcium in the neuron is tightly regulated to approximately 10,000 times less than extracellular Ca^2+^). The practical trade-off is that GECIs are much more well established for use in vivo than GEVIs, although this is changing. Since initially being reported in the late 1990s ([@R112]), GEVIs have undergone multiple iterations ([@R113]--[@R118]), initially being useful for only rough estimates of *Xenopus* oocyte membrane potential over a limited range of voltages, but are now able to track single action potentials and subthreshold potentials at physiologic speeds in neurons. This roughly tracks the progression of GECI development, which was initially useful in a limited number of contexts ([@R119], [@R120]), but, through multiple rounds of rational and screening-based modifications ([@R121], [@R122]), GCaMP, the archetypical member of this protein class, is now useful for the simultaneous readout of thousands of neurons ([@R123]--[@R125]). Because both classes of optical readout tools are genetically encoded, they may also be used in conjunction with a multitude of standard molecular tools in experimental neuroscience that allow for their selective introduction into neurons defined by their anatomic region, connectivity patterns, genetic markers, or a combination thereof.
Optical measurements of neural activity allow for the theoretical online readout of membrane potential across many neurons simultaneously. Genetically encoded sensors, voltage-sensitive dyes, and intrinsic imaging have each taken a different approach to imaging neural activity. Of the three, only intrinsic imaging has found utility in humans. The use of GEVI/GECI and VSDI in humans is unlikely in the near future. Although genetically encoded sensors have been shown to work in multiple mammals and cell types, the use of all genetically encoded tools requires gene delivery, which, in the central nervous system, would almost certainly require the use of a virus (gene therapy) and is not on the horizon for this particular tool set (although trials are under way for other genetically encoded tools; see the "Optogenetics" section). VSDI has been shown to work in stem cell--derived human tissues ([@R126]); however, characterized voltage-sensitive dyes have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) \[nevertheless, note that an FDA-approved compound has recently been found to have voltage-sensitive optical properties ([@R127])\]. However, intrinsic imaging has been used both intraoperatively and at the bedside in humans, and the signals have been validated using EEG and functional MRI (fMRI); however, it does not provide signal quality improvements (speed or depth) over either of these modalities and is unlikely to become a clinical mainstay.
Optical stimulation
-------------------
As a control mechanism, light has revolutionized the neuroscience toolbox, initially as the trigger for experiments using "caged" neurotransmitters, whereby the ligand is inactive because of conformation or linkage with a separate molecule until it absorbs light of the correct wavelength, which effectively unbinds the now active molecule from its photosensitive cage ([Fig. 6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). After being uncaged, the active molecule (that is, neurotransmitter) is free to bind and activate any receptors in the vicinity, allowing neuroscientists to precisely examine the effect of selectively (in space and identity) activated receptors \[for instance, at the resolution of single spines of the dendrites of a single neuron ([@R128])\]. One example of a caged neurotransmitter compound is methoxy-nitroindolino (MNI)--linked version of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate; MNI-glutamate can be uncaged using light from a 720-nm, two-photon laser setup. Many compounds have been developed for caging molecules with various properties; most of these are excited by 300- to 400-nm wavelengths (allowing use with a 700- to 800-nm, two-photon system) ([@R129]). Obvious limitations to this approach are the limited number of characterized compounds that may be caged, the need to know a priori where specific receptors are precisely located, and the need to deliver a caged compound, which may be challenging for most in vivo experiments aimed at linking stereotyped patterns of neural circuit activity with behavior.
{#F6}
### Optogenetics
Beyond uncaging, a separate avenue to control neurons with light is the adaptation of microbial opsin genes for neuroscience ([@R130]). These "optogenetic" tools encode ion channels or pumps that are in a closed or inactive state until absorbing photons of the correct wavelength ([Fig. 6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}); they then either open (in the case of channels, such as the cation channel ChR2) or move a step through their ion pumping cycle (in the case of pumps, such as the chloride pump NpHR). Their ion selectivity allows for the depolarization (activation) or hyperpolarization (silencing) of preselected populations of neurons, ranging from single neurons in culture to awake, behaving animals and from worms to nonhuman primates ([@R131], [@R132]), and with a live human trial under way. Current work in engineering these tools has centered on shifting the activation spectra further into the red ([@R133]--[@R135]) to decrease light scattering and improve penetration depth \[calculator available at [www.optogenetics.org/calc](http://www.optogenetics.org/calc) ([@R136])\] and on creating or discovering variants that conduct chloride ([@R137]--[@R140]), with ongoing work to create potassium-selective tools ([@R141]). More exotic approaches, including the use of lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles to convert incident IR light to shorter-wavelength visible light (capable of activating current opsin proteins), have shown early promise in moving toward stimulation wavelengths that penetrate deeper into the tissue ([Fig. 6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R142]--[@R144]). This approach is hindered by the low nanoparticle quantum yield and therefore requires incident power that is several orders of magnitude higher than standard optogenetic stimulation. With an improved quantum yield, this approach may provide a separate avenue to avoid scattering limitations in optogenetic experimental design and therapeutic application.
At a mechanistic level, the opsin proteins are covalently bound to all-trans retinal, which acts as the light-sensing moiety. There is a sufficient amount of native retinal in the mammalian brain that no separate cofactor needs to be introduced in order for optogenetic tools to function. Unlike the small-molecule caged neurotransmitters, optogenetic tools, as implied by their name, are genetically encoded proteins and are typically delivered to their neural targets as a viral payload. Although gene therapy has been slow for many translational opportunities, the ability to selectively turn specific neurons on or off with light may be useful in many psychiatric and neurological diseases. Among numerous insights and approaches to understanding and curing disease of the nervous system using optogenetics, these tools have been shown to restore some aspects of light detection in mice ([@R145], [@R146]) blinded but with circuitry of the retina largely intact. Following the results in restoring light-sensing function with human retinal explants ([@R145]), a pilot clinical trial is being conducted for gene therapy with optogenetic tools to treat retinitis pigmentosa (identifier NCT02556736), the results of which may inform and direct future avenues of human intervention with optogenetics. However, the main value of optogenetics has always been for basic science discovery itself.
### Photoelectric neural stimulation
Another pathway for optically enabled stimulation of neural activity is achieved by exploiting the photoelectric effect. Both bulk semiconducting films and semiconducting nanoparticles have been used to this effect ([Fig. 6D](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R147]--[@R153]). The principle is similar to the operating mechanism of photodetectors or solar cells, where light is absorbed, generating electron/hole pairs, which can be redistributed/collected to affect the spatial charge distribution. Recently, the Palanker group has used an array of high-resolution (pixel size, 70 μm), high-density silicon photodetectors for robust stimulation of neural activity at low irradiance (0.2 to 10 mW mm^−2^) ([@R154]--[@R156]). Combined with ease of implantation and wireless stimulation, this approach paves the way for efficient retinal prosthesis in blind patients. Semiconducting nanoparticle stimulation approaches ([@R149], [@R150]), on the other hand, may have an additional benefit of being targeted to stimulate certain neural types (for example, ganglion cells). However, this mode of stimulation still requires development for in vivo applications ([@R157]).
### Photothermal neural stimulation
Light can be applied to generate heat, which can be used for modulating neural activity ([@R158]). For example, short-pulse IR light has been demonstrated for photothermal stimulation as a result of thermally sensitive ion channels or due to a change in cell capacitance ([@R159]). Recently, it was reported that IR light could inhibit neural activity with a long and weak exposure ([@R160]). This research is ongoing, and the mechanism of inhibition is poorly understood. Photothermal stimulation may be enhanced further by applying materials that absorb the stimulating light. These materials range from conjugated polymers ([@R160], [@R161]) to gold nanoparticles ([@R162]--[@R165]). In particular, gold nanoparticles/nanorods can exhibit very strong light absorption at their plasmon resonance and convert light to heat during the plasmon resonance decay ([@R166], [@R167]). Lower incident power was sufficient for stimulation/inhibition with both gold nanoparticles and conjugated polymers, which is especially desirable for retinal applications ([@R161], [@R162], [@R168]). Furthermore, genetically targeted photothermal stimulation could be achieved by expressing a heat-sensitive ion channel such as TRPV1 ([Fig. 6E](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R169]). Alternatively, nanoparticles can be functionalized with antibodies against specific ion channels or receptors, avoiding the need for gene therapy ([@R162]).
Hardware for optical stimulation and recording
----------------------------------------------
Optogenetics has largely driven optical hardware development for neuroscience over the past decade ([@R170]). The available light sources for neural stimulation are lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Lasers have been chosen for most optogenetic experiments due to their high power and efficient coupling with fibers for neural stimulation. More advanced design of multiple fiber systems can achieve optogenetic stimulation of many brain sites ([@R171], [@R172]). LEDs are smaller, less expensive, and available in various wavelengths. However, they sometimes do not provide enough power, and their noncoherent light couples inefficiently with optical fibers. Nevertheless, the smaller size of LEDs makes them advantageous for integration into the working end of implantable devices, where they can be used to directly stimulate tissue or can be coupled to on-device waveguides. Micro-LEDs implanted at both deep brain and peripheral sites can be powered wirelessly and have been shown to be sufficient to control neural activity in awake, behaving rodents through optogenetic manipulation ([@R59], [@R63], [@R173]--[@R175]). Many new devices integrating on-probe waveguides and/or micro-LEDs use the approaches discussed for electrical probes (see the "Novel form factors" section), for example, using elastomeric materials, deterministic serpentine structures, and/or thin form factors to impart mechanical compliance and stretchability. These next-generation implantable optical devices show promise for chronic studies: Histological tests suggest that the flexible micro-LED devices produce much less glial activation and lesions than do traditional optical fibers ([@R63]).
Imaging hardware continues to advance, with significant efforts devoted to high-fidelity recording (and stimulation) during freely moving animal experiments. The fiber-based approach is advantageous for its straightforward implantation ([@R176], [@R177]); however, fibers can only record the total fluorescence from the populations of neurons within the attenuation depth of the illuminating fiber tip. Fiber bundles and their attachment with gradient refractive index lenses enable imaging capabilities with fiber approaches ([@R178], [@R179]). Recently, it was shown that seven single fibers can be implanted at various locations of a brain, enabling simultaneous recording in seven different regions of the brain in freely behaving rodents ([@R180]). As an alternative to fiber optics, miniaturized, head-mounted microscopes for direct imaging have been developed ([@R170], [@R181]--[@R183]) and enable stable imaging of thousands of cells over 1 month ([@R124]).
MAGNETIC RECORDING AND STIMULATION
==================================
Magnetic recording/imaging
--------------------------
Magnetic modalities play a major role in both neural recording and stimulation due to their noninvasiveness and high resolution. Most currently used magnetic tools do not require any surgery, implantation, or ingested substances. The most widely used magnetic recording technique is MRI. MRI works by interrogating the magnetic moments (spins) of hydrogen protons that are strongly influenced by their chemical environment. A strong magnet aligns the proton spin in, for example, water molecules; a radio frequency MRI scanner perturbs these spins and then measures their relaxation. Various paramagnetic contrast agents such as gadolinium chelates ([@R184]--[@R186]) have been developed to enhance MRI signal. Recently, genetically encoded contrast agents based on metalloproteins (for example, ferritins) have also been developed for long-term cell labeling ([@R187], [@R188]).
fMRI is used to measure neural activity indirectly. In this case, contrast arises from the oxygen carrier protein hemoglobin. Active neurons consume more oxygen, leading to a decreased oxygen concentration in these brain regions. This phenomenon is called blood oxygen level--dependent (BOLD) effect ([@R189]). The deoxygenated hemoglobin is more paramagnetic than oxygenated hemoglobin, which leads to detectable magnetic contrast. However, biological effects on oxygen concentration and blood flow limit the spatial and temporal resolution to \~1 to 2 s and with a spatial resolution of around 1 mm ([@R190]). To address these limitations, several other molecular imaging methods have been developed to monitor brain activity ([@R188], [@R191], [@R192]). Similar to recording brain activity with fluorescent calcium dyes, Ca^2+^-sensitive domains can be linked to MRI-based contrast agents such that spin relaxation is coupled to changes in Ca^2+^ concentration, yielding response time down to 100 ms ([@R193]). Alternatively, Atanasijevic *et al*. developed a method to control the aggregation of iron oxide particles upon binding of Ca^2+^ ([@R194]). Furthermore, manganese ions (Mn^2+^) can be used as a contrast agent to image neural activity due to its high chemical and functional similarity to Ca^2+^ ([@R195]). Hence, the contrast produced by Mn^2+^ is more directly related to neural activity in comparison to the BOLD method. The main disadvantage of Mn^2+^ is its toxicity at high concentration ([@R195]). More recently, molecular probes have also been developed to sense neurotransmitters such as dopamine ([@R196]) and glutamate ([@R197]), which play an important role in neural signal transduction.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) directly measures the local magnetic field produced by neural currents and can be used for mapping brain activity in a manner analogous to and with similar temporal resolution as EEG (\~1 ms). Because the magnetic fields are less distorted than electrical fields by the skin and skull, MEG has higher spatial resolution (\~1 mm) as compared to EEG (\~1 cm) ([@R198]). However, MEG is much more expensive than EEG, requiring highly sensitive magnetometers such as superconducting quantum interference devices and well-isolated rooms to measure the small magnetic fields generated from the neural currents in the brain.
Magnetic stimulation
--------------------
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been applied as a noninvasive stimulation method for the understanding of neural activity ([@R199], [@R200]) and for therapy applications ([@R201], [@R202]). In contrast to using uniform field in the case of MRI, TMS applies a fast pulse of magnetic field perpendicular to the coil plane, which induces an electric current at the surface of the brain for neural activation ([@R203]). TMS has been applied as a possible treatment for Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, and pain ([@R201], [@R202]). However, TMS can only stimulate neurons near the outer surface of the brain. The development of micromagnetic stimulation (μMS), using micrometer-scale coils, allows for improved resolution of magnetic stimulation, potentially allowing for implantation ([@R204], [@R205]). Previous studies are motivated by claims that the volume of activated neurons arising from μMS should be larger than that of similarly sized electrical stimulation devices, suggesting a reduction in the role of glial scaring ([@R204]); however, the study stops short of directly demonstrating μMS through a glial scar. Nevertheless, microcoil devices may provide a route to better understand the mechanisms of electromagnetic neurostimulation and may be a promising alternative to existing technologies. Despite the improvements in magnetic stimulation, neither TMS nor μMS can stimulate specific types of neurons.
Recently, cell-specific magnetic stimulation methods were suggested by applying the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and certain ion channels. One possible mechanism put forward is the activation of mechanosensitive channels (for example, TREK1 channel) by the magnetic force from synthetic magnetic nanoparticles ([Fig. 7A](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R206]--[@R208]). Another mechanism suggested has been the application of radio frequency alternating magnetic fields to the magnetic nanoparticles for the generation of heat, which can be used to activate heat-sensitive channels such as TRPV1 ([Fig. 7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R209]--[@R211]). Genetically encoded magnetic proteins such as ferritin can also be coexpressed with TRPV4 or TRPV1 channels at the same time ([@R210], [@R212]), which was suggested to control neural activity and animal behavior in vivo ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, C and D) ([@R212], [@R213]). In addition, neural stimulation was reported with a single magnetic protein, MagR, but no explanation was provided as to the mechanism of operation, downstream ion channel coupling, etc. ([@R214], [@R215]). The advantage of these genetic approaches would be that they can achieve genetically targeted neuron stimulation without the implantation of optical devices or injection of nanoparticles. However, a theoretical calculation demonstrated that energy produced from the MagR and ferritin proteins is several orders of magnitude lower than thermal energy in these experiments ([@R216]). Hence, further effort is required to confirm and explain these results and the underlying mechanisms.
{#F7}
ULTRASOUND RECORDING AND STIMULATION
====================================
Ultrasound recording
--------------------
Traditional ultrasound-based recording of activity relies on transduction of sounds (mechanical waves). Ultrasound imaging sends pulsed ultrasonic waves (\>20 kHz) into the body and receives the echoes backscattered by tissues or fluids, which absorb incident vibrations differently, thus producing an image. Functional ultrasound (fUS), for example, can be used to measure the cerebral blood flow as a result of neural activation. Compared to fMRI, fUS results in similar spatial and temporal resolution. Efforts in this field focus on increased frame rate and resolution using plane-wave illumination ([@R217]) and miniaturization of hardware for behavioral studies ([@R218]). In addition, ultrasound contrast agents based on genetically encoded nanostructures might be applied for molecular imaging with ultrasound ([@R219]). Finally, as mentioned in the "Novel form factors" section, ultrasound has recently found use as an interrogator in the neural dust recordings of Seo and coworkers ([@R76]), facilitating the transmission of extracellular potentials transduced through piezoelectric modulated ultrasound backscatter.
Ultrasound stimulation
----------------------
Ultrasound stimulation has also attracted increased attention recently because of its high spatial resolution and noninvasiveness. Ultrasound stimulation has been demonstrated in brain slices ([@R220]), in retina ([@R221]), in vivo in mice ([@R222]), and even in humans ([@R223]). Although higher-frequency ultrasound provides better spatial resolution, lower-frequency ultrasound enables deeper brain penetration and is therefore more effective for brain neuromodulation ([@R224], [@R225]). The mechanism for neural stimulation with ultrasound is still under investigation.
To enhance contrast and specificity for neural stimulation, either genetically encoded ion channels or nanoparticles can also be used, similar to the techniques covered in [Figs. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"} for optical and magnetic modalities. Recently, it was reported that mechanosensitive TRP-4 channels, together with microbubbles, could sensitize neurons to ultrasound and result in behavior effects in *Caenorhabditis elegans* ([Fig. 8A](#F8){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R226]). The authors termed it as "sonogenetics" in an analogy to optogenetics. The successful expression and function of TRP-4 in mammalian neurons are still required for its general utility as an ultrasound stimulation tool. Piezoelectric nanomaterials such as barium titanate nanoparticles have also recently been applied for neural stimulation ([Fig. 8B](#F8){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R227]). This preliminary work demonstrates that these particles could convert ultrasound waves to electric fields and activate voltage-gated ion channels. In a similar vein, core-shell CoFe~2~O~4~-BaTiO~3~ nanoparticles have been reported for magnetoelectric stimulation of neural activity via magnetostrictive-to-piezoelectric coupling ([@R228]). However, further work is needed to thoroughly characterize the magnetoelectric effects of the nanoparticles and the cellular response from this stimulation method. To further confirm these observations and support the mechanisms, more rigorous statistical studies with both cultured neurons and in in vivo studies are needed.
{#F8}
ODDS, ENDS, AND THE AMBIGUITY IN CLASSIFICATION
===============================================
Certain modalities are difficult to categorize in one of the above simple modalities: electrical, optical, magnetic, or mechanical (ultrasound). This includes some common imaging techniques and their derivatives, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-proton emission computerized tomography, which are also alternative imaging techniques to MRI for functional whole-brain imaging. These techniques require the injection of radioisotope (tracers) into patients and the detection of gamma radiation from the tracers. In neural applications, indirect metabolic or biomolecular activity can be recorded (that is, glucose or neurotransmitters), similar to the concept of MRI. Recent advancements, like optical and ultrasound imaging, have been the miniaturization of PET scanners for behavioral studies of freely moving mice ([@R229]).
In an attempt to generalize modalities, it is often challenging to bin one technique to one modality. For example, many electrical-based (non-electrophysiological) sensors or stimulators could be classified as their own modality (that is, thermal or biochemical). Biosensors can detect biomolecules via electrical or optical transduction or other means. Biomolecular stimulation (release of ions or molecules) can be performed through fluidics or through electrophoretic or electromechanical release. In this regard, the modality chosen for categorization can depend on what the chain of signal transduction looks like and is largely arbitrary. Optogenetic probes in the end require electrical control of light sources. Another prime example is the neural dust concept, which technically uses electrodes to transduce local activity (electrical) but whose signal would be read to an implanted transducer "wirelessly" by ultrasound. It is no surprise then that combining modalities in series (aiding the propagation of signal from cell to digital data or vice versa) has and will lead to some of the most intriguing interfacing tools for future neuroscience discoveries.
COMBINING MODALITIES
====================
Each modality described above brings its own advantages such that combining two or more modalities in parallel into a single experiment, diagnosis, or therapy provides an exciting path forward. Of the modalities discussed for stimulation and recording, many require physical probes or nodes to be placed in close proximity to neural tissue to achieve specificity and/or localization. Traditionally, each separate probe (that is, a fiber for optical interfacing or a microwire for electrical interfacing) required individual insertion and separate interfacing. Advancements in micro- and nanofabrication and materials processing techniques have not only pushed the limits on form factors but also allowed for two, even three, separate modalities to be combined on a single probe.
Fluidic or chemical delivery combined with electrical recording, for example, can allow the immediate and local effect of drug delivery on tissue response to be directly monitored. Early advances in this sense relied on fabrication schemes known from MEMS technology and wafer bonding to develop silicon probes with microfluidic channels ([@R230]). These approaches have been translated to, for example, SU-8, parylene, and elastomeric probes ([@R58], [@R231], [@R232]). However, the requirement of a microfluidic channel makes potential integration into ultrathin, \<10-μm form factors challenging. The electrophoretic delivery device described in the "Active interfacing" section, the OEIP, can overcome this challenge and combine chemical delivery with electrical recording at subcellular size scales on thin substrates ([@R101]).
Simultaneous optical and electrical stimulation and recording have gained particular attention with the advent of optogenetics as a means to stimulate a predefined subset of neurons and electrically record the resulting electrophysiological response. For example, carbon-based electrode materials have been used to yield fully transparent ECoG grids through which optical stimulation and imaging can be performed ([@R38], [@R233]). Another approach has been the integration of electrical recording sites along the shaft of an optical fiber, which found early utility ([@R234]). However, recent efforts have pushed for the light-guiding probe to serve a dual functionality, including recording electrical signals, for example, using the transparent semiconductor ZnO to simultaneously guide light and record potentials ([@R235]) or thermally drawing multifunctional fibers (as in [Fig. 3E](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) ([@R55]). Monolithic integration of waveguides also presents a means by which light can be locally guided toward the vicinity of multiple electrical recording sites in both Si-based and polymer probes ([@R56], [@R175], [@R236]) (as in [Fig. 3F](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Rather than piping external light in, integrated micro-LEDs (see the "Hardware for optical stimulation and recording" section) can be patterned on multifunctional ultrathin probes; this approach can allow for integration of multiple light sources (with potentially different stimulation wavelengths) to be colocalized with photodetectors and electrical recording sites ([@R63]).
As components are downscaled, and creative fabrication methods are used, it is foreseeable that three or more modalities could be combined in a space-efficient and easily deployed fashion. The work of Canales *et al*. ([@R55]) with fibers and Rubehn *et al*. ([@R56]) with MEMS-based polymer probes provides two examples of the potential for combined optical, chemical (fluidic), and electrical bidirectional probes ([@R55]).
Finally, as a means to explore the effect of local stimulation on network- and organ-level activity, combining imaging techniques with local stimulators presents an exciting opportunity. One example is the combination of the magnetic modality, such as fMRI, with both optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording to investigate how optogenetic stimulation affects brain-wide activities ([@R237]). This method has been recently demonstrated as a valuable tool to study depression- and schizophrenia-related neural circuits in awake rats ([@R238]).
OUTLOOK AND ROAD MAP
====================
The efforts outlined above present the most recent in a broad set of neuroscience tools necessary to move treatments for brain disease forward: modalities that will enable long-term, minimally invasive, and widespread recording and stimulation of massive numbers of neurons, simultaneously. Work that decreases the neuroinflammatory response is especially important because understanding principles that underpin the rejection of implanted devices will inform future device form and may be applied to existing devices. An instructive parallel may be found in the vascular literature in the development of coronary artery stents, which progressed through many iterations over decades to overcome challenges with delivery, biological/nonbiological interfaces, and long-term function.
As the format and density of collected data grow, the questions of data extraction, handling, and analysis are brought to the fore. For example, at current levels of resolution and channel number, imaging of an entire mouse brain can reach the data range of 1 to 10 terabytes ([@R239]). Furthermore, collecting high-frequency, multisite, and multimodal data during long-term behavioral studies can further exacerbate the problem of data collection bandwidth and storage and becomes a challenge, especially as efforts to minimize the form factor of entire systems (including unwiring) continue. Power, data storage, and wireless transmission protocols and security are glaring areas of development required to indulge the desire to collect more while carrying less.
A separate challenge in the immense amount of exploratory work being carried out in biology and neuroscience is a lack of standardized experimental designs, or standardized reporting of experimental design, that prevents comparisons of results across data sets and that decreases reproducibility ([@R240], [@R241]). The use of standardized, predetermined endpoints in biology is difficult because of natural biological variability but, even so, is commonly used in medicine; the European Union--funded Human Brain Project ([@R9]) aims to create just such a platform for sharing data in standardized formats.
Here, a number of modalities for both stimulation and recording are discussed. The merits of one modality over another depend on a number of factors: use/application, intended duration of interface, accessibility of target region, targeted cell type or size of population, and technological/clinical maturity. For example, are devices intended for clinical use or as research tools? Are they for short-term diagnosis/treatment or long-term implantation? The existing infrastructure and clinical acceptance for bidirectional electrical interfacing suggest that modifications in materials and form factors face fewer hurdles to implementation (with the exception of regulatory procedures); however, baring advancements in power handling and wireless data transmission, these tools require wires or controls using traditional electronic components. In addition, these tools require proximity of device for both recording and stimulation, for which stimulation is indiscriminate. Optical, magnetic, and other modalities face their own challenges in implementation, including downscaling of imaging tools, potential gene therapy, or injection of molecular/nanoparticular material. However, the promise of (parallel and complementary) cell-specific recording and stimulation is a key driver, especially for optogenetics. Many of the other cell-specific stimulation modalities (magnetic, ultrasound) are in their infancy, requiring significant efforts to understand their operating mechanism and efficacy. It is likely too soon to ask if one modality will "win" compared to the others, especially as the need or preference to combine multiple approaches is gaining interest.
Although many of the tools discussed here are meant for fundamental research, including mapping of neural circuits or testing possible mechanisms in progressions of diseases using model systems, a number of these tools ultimately seek clinical implementation for diagnostics and therapeutics. Whether it is a new material that is of interest, a probe architecture, or a molecular indicator dye or protein, the regulatory hurdles required for broad implementation seem insurmountable. Just the timeline for approval can slow and sometimes halt the iterative innovation cycle needed. For example, a new passive medical material used in a preexisting device can take 5 to 10 years to make it from bench to commercial medical device via FDA approvals ([@R242]). Nevertheless, routes to test new concepts exist, including the less stringent requirements for Institutional Review Board approvals for intraoperative studies ([@R67]), as well as creative routes to test deeper concepts, such as the combined use of viral delivery approaches and optogenetic tools to restore vision (identifier NCT02556736), which may inform future optogenetic implementation.
In working toward creating new medical and experimental devices, less invasive generally means more widely applicable. As an example, the number of patients with Parkinson's disease in the 10 most populous countries is projected to double to 9 million by 2030 ([@R243]); the current deep-brain stimulation approach requires implantation of large electrodes, a neurosurgical operating room staff, intensive care unit admission, and close follow-up, and costs around \$35,000 ([@R244]). A cortical surface, epidural, or even wearable device that accomplishes the same therapeutic endpoint would be able to help many more patients. In laying out constraints, it is important to consider that nominally equivalent tools that allow for reliable neural modulation at a distance will be more widely adopted than even the most neuroinflammatory-resistant, biocompatible implants.
With optogenetics alone, the ability to selectively modulate defined populations of neurons not only unlocks countless research opportunities but also has the potential to underpin an entirely new class of therapeutics. A vision of real-time neural activity detection, decoding, and modulation requires distributed, stable signal acquisition, miniaturized decoding hardware, and light delivery devices that escape neuroinflammatory surveillance but would be applicable to virtually any neurological disease.
The progression from Galvani's stimulation of exposed frog leg nerve with charged metal implements to the capabilities of today is remarkable. However, much remains to be done; neuroscientists, material scientists, and physicians must continue to draw from other disciplines. Knowing how the central nervous system functions is a necessary precursor to a quantitative and concrete description of how neurological and psychiatric diseases give rise to behavioral and cognitive deficits. Here, we have described certain creative and diverse routes through which form factor and modality can be engineered to create tools designed to enable researchers and physicians to interrogate neural circuitry. The common link binding the successes of neuroscience in the past, and solving these hurdles in the future, is cross-disciplinary collaboration. These efforts are critical to success in the daunting, and exciting, problems that are within the grasp of neuroscience.
**Funding:** K.D. was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the NSF the Wiegers Family Fund, the Nancy and James Grosfeld Foundation, the H.L. Snyder Medical Foundation, the Samuel and Betsy Reeves Fund, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (cooperative agreement number W911NF-14-2-0013) and is a cofounder of Circuit Therapeutics. H.W. was supported by NIH NRSA F32 postdoctoral fellowship. G.G.M. acknowledges funding from the CURIE Innovative Training Networks OLIMPIA and OrgBio. **Author contributions:** All authors contributed to the writing and analysis of the review article. **Competing interests:** All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Child of Eden Review
• Game release: June 14, 2011
• Reviewed:
• X360
Child of Eden may be over quickly, but it offers emotional highs you'll want to experience again and again.
Child of Eden is a brief but magical journey into a world where the mechanical and the natural fight for survival. Like producer Tetsuya Mizuguchi's previous game Rez, the aim is to eradicate an enemy virus from a computer system through five individually themed levels. Unlike Rez, though, Child of Eden has the option of motion controls via Kinect, resulting in a more engrossing, if slightly more cumbersome, experience than the standard control pad. However it's played though, Child of Eden is a game that offers an abundance of adrenaline rushes and emotional highs. And though you can reach the end credits quickly, the sumptuous visuals, ethereal sounds, and wealth of unlockable content ensure that you'll want to keep coming back for more.
Memorable boss battles stand between you and the mystical Lumi.
Child of Eden has a story, and while it's vague and left to personal interpretation, it's effectively woven into the game without the intrusion of cutscenes. It takes place centuries into the future, when mankind has ventured deep into space, and the internet has become a vault for human knowledge known as Eden. Deep within this system are the memories of the first child born in space, called Lumi; the trouble is that she's under attack from a virus, so it's your job to fend off the invasion. If you successfully "purify" the parasites, you awaken more of Lumi's memories, and images of this young girl are used to great emotional effect as you come closer to waking her from her slumber.
While the mechanics remain the same whether you're using the Kinect or a standard controller, the experience is quite different. The default standard control scheme has you holding the A button to lock on, the X or right trigger button for rapid-fire, and the B button to activate euphoria. On the Kinect, you wave your right hand to lock on to enemies and then flick your hand forward to release the shot; you use your left hand for rapid-fire and put both hands in the air to activate euphoria. There's also an alternative control scheme where you clap your hands to change weapons. Either way, you're only required to move your hands rather than your entire body when using the Kinect.
Child of Eden is an on-rails shooter, but it also features a smattering of rhythm action.
Both control schemes work well, but the standard controller is easier to use. The Kinect tracking is good and the camera sensitivity can be adjusted in the menu system, but there are times when weapon changes will unintentionally move the camera and leave you feeling disorientated. But what the Kinect loses in ease, it makes up for by being the more immersive experience. Aside from allowing you the freedom to move in time to the music, it gives you the feeling of conducting an electronic orchestra as your movements directly affect the music and sound effects. With either control scheme, you can elect to put standard controllers in your pockets and have them vibrate in time to the music, which complements the rhythmic shooting.
Each of the five levels is based around a theme, such as passion or matrix, and each motif has a striking and memorable visual/aural identity. Beauty, for example, sees you flying over lakes, shooting flowers and butterflies, and avoiding enemy projectiles that emit the sound of water droplets as you take them down. Every level ends with a boss battle, and these epic multistage encounters are undoubtedly the highlight of the game. Early on, you face off against a giant whale that turns into a phoenix, and later on, colliding planets transform into giant, running men. Later bosses change into forms which are only susceptible to one type of weapon.
If you're willing to submit to the sensory experience of Child of Eden, you'll find it euphoric, artistic, and downright spine tingling at times. You can finish the five main levels and see the credits in a little over an hour, but thankfully there's plenty of replay value in the form of new difficulty settings, alternative visual styles, and an unlockable challenge level. There's also content that requires repeated plays to unlock, such as concept art, music videos, and items that can be played with in Lumi's garden. Unlocking all of these items means completing the levels many times over, improving your purification rate, and performing specific tasks within each level, such as 50 perfect octa-locks.
Child of Eden boasts striking visuals and an emotive soundtrack, and combined, they're capable of creating euphoric moments.
Child of Eden throws an incredible amount onscreen and suffers only minor instances of slowdown. However, the more impressive achievement comes from its artistic design. Beautiful visuals, superb sound effects, and a sumptuous electronic score combine to make your senses tingle throughout the game. The soundtrack, by the band Genki Rockets (of which Miziguchi is a member) isn't as eclectic as the one in Rez, but it is just as memorable. There are no multiplayer options, but online leaderboards at least afford you a way to compete with friends.
Child of Eden is a bold artistic experiment that's also accessible and fun. It's easy to pick up and play, offers bursts of pure joy, and is even a pleasure to watch others play. It's over quickly, but the amount of unlockable content means it's something you can keep coming back to. Ultimately, if you value novelty and emotional engagement in your games, you'll find Child of Eden a memorable and rewarding experience.
The Good
Beautiful visuals
Incredible soundtrack and audio effects
Kinect and standard controller offer different experiences
The Bad
Doesn't take long to reach the end credits
Kinect controls can be cumbersome
About GameSpot's Reviews
Other Platform Reviews for Child of Eden
About the Author
One of the worst games of all time...
GS loves this artsy fartsy kind of trash
Seeing as how Rez was one of the most unique and entertaining games of all time and also the positive review here, I find your opinion difficult to take seriously.
Child of Eden More Info
First Release on Jun 14, 2011
• PlayStation 3
• Xbox 360
Child of Eden is a unique rail shooter from Ubisoft, where the player's mission is to save Eden from a virus in order to restore hope and peace.
Average User RatingOut of 347 User Ratings
Please Sign In to rate Child of Eden
Developed by:
Q Entertainment
Published by:
On-Rails, Action, 3D, Shooter
Everyone 10+
All Platforms
Mild Fantasy Violence | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '243', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9351292848587036}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '125869', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:XZZ4OLLIOWWA64VRSDRGE6CNIH5QKSBU', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:483626e1-1060-43d3-85f2-546af9492e85>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2014, 8, 2, 4, 55, 51), 'WARC-IP-Address': '64.30.228.81', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:JDDEO5INJFLRSZC55CNFV2V56ALSH2OE', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:4003ec7e-a455-45f6-998c-aa076bb86c17>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/child-of-eden-review/1900-6318967/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:20773312-fec4-4836-b43b-f9105a341f52>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '1310', 'url': 'http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/child-of-eden-review/1900-6318967/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2014-23\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for July 2014\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02594149112701416', 'original_id': '77b0b0dea965d70dc06673f1273ea6358322f31d5ddb83e53925c78c2738468c'} |
ROMNEY WORDSWORTH – Time Magazine has published a column by Hillary Supporter Mark Weston, which is urging Hillary’s 65 million supporters to stop paying their taxes to the IRS. I wonder if that includes the estimated 3 million illegals and tens of thousands of dead people that “voted” for Hillary who already don’t pay any taxes? Anyway, what could possibly go wrong with this plan?
Weston repeats the sore loser refrain that Trump didn’t win the popular vote while ignoring the fact that if you deduct all the DemocRat voter fraud, Trump probably did, in fact, win the popular vote as well. The Left has been on a Jihad to destroy the Electoral College since Al Gore lost the election to George W. Bush. Without the Electoral College, a candidate would only have to campaign in the 13 largest cities in the country, and ignore all the other voters. Clinton campaign operatives, working with George Soros goons, is trying to destroy the Electoral College right now through a coordinated campaign of death threats against Republican Electors, and encouraging some rogue Electors to become “faithless”, voting for John Kasich (yes, you read that right) rather than for Donald Trump or Hillary.
That isn’t how democracy works in a Constitutional Republic.
Weston writes:
“Democrats must, therefore, pester Republicans where it hurts: the pocketbook. Is signing a pledge to not pay taxes legal? Yes, if no overt act of conspiracy is involved, and the pledge itself is hypothetical. No one knows when or if it would be carried out. If the Republicans won’t help amend the Constitution so that America can resume being a democracy, then Democrats, lacking the representation that supporters of a future popular vote-winner ought to have in the executive branch, should not submit to paying taxes to the federal government.”
Actually, what Weston is proposing is very illegal, and violates any number of Federal Statutes regarding treason and sedition, which is what this is. I’m hoping that The Donald has a very Trumpian response to this sort of thing when he gets into office. One that involves handcuffs and frog marches.
The rambling, incoherent piece recommends that “someone” open a bank account in Canada or the U.K. where all the butthurt Hillary supporters can write their checks to, to be held in escrow. Writes Weston: “Funds to be transferred to the IRS as soon as America resumes being a democracy.” Even the delusional and raving Weston admits that such a bank account would also be against Federal Law.
After that improbable event occurring, Weston recommends:
So, once again, the Left wants to destroy the Electoral College, this time by holding tax revenues hostage. That would allow them to enjoy unending electoral victories from their island fortresses of Sanctuary Cities where their teeming millions of illegals and plantation denizens can disenfranchise middle America.
But by publishing the piece, the editors, owners, and publishers of Time Magazine are also in the dock for backing this crackpot sedition. Let the Treason Trials begin. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '126', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9290032386779784}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '23839', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:TSJFENILPQQ5CDA55D6OJ6WJW57A4EEP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:06b2902a-83f5-40f4-9483-c5e1568c2150>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 5, 23, 10, 41, 30), 'WARC-IP-Address': '209.222.25.51', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:GGS446DGD6YQPMVZOCSCBJNRMQQQ5OSF', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:03c68846-2095-466b-b5b2-4a32ab66f94a>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://president45donaldtrump.com/butthurt-leftist-time-magazine-urges-65-million-americans-to-stop-paying-their-taxes/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:cdb49f04-7d7b-44e3-951f-e4025f68c6e4>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '563', 'url': 'http://president45donaldtrump.com/butthurt-leftist-time-magazine-urges-65-million-americans-to-stop-paying-their-taxes/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-224-210.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-22\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.10309535264968872', 'original_id': '7f8c353b27ad5fa25353fc2762ba8e91197a87e29c95500e1295cebcf3912a48'} |
Guided Democracy
Guided Democracy
Sukarno had long been impatient with party politics and suggested in a speech on October 28, 1956, that they be discarded. Soon after, he introduced the concept of Guided Democracy. Although the concept was new in name, its various themes had been part of the president's thinking since before the war. In the first years of independence, his freedom of action had been limited by parliamentary institutions. But on March 14, 1957, the liberal phase of Indonesian history was brought to an end with Sukarno's proclamation of martial law. In an unstable and ultimately catastrophic coalition with the army and the PKI, he sought to rescue the fragile unity of the archipelago.
The year witnessed the move of the PKI to the center of the political stage. In provincial elections held in July 1957 in Jawa Barat and Jawa Tengah provinces, the PKI won 34 percent of the vote, ahead of the other major parties--the PNI, Nahdatul Ulama, and Masyumi--although Masyumi defeated the PKI narrowly in Jawa Timur Province. The PKI's success was attributable to superior grass-roots organization, the popular appeal of its demand for land reform, and its support for Sukarno's Guided Democracy idea. As tensions between the republic and the Netherlands over West New Guinea grew, PKI-controlled unions led a movement to nationalize Dutch-owned firms: on December 3, 1957, the Royal Packetship Company (KPM), which controlled most of the archipelago's shipping, was seized and, two days later, Royal Dutch Shell. Some 46,000 Dutch nationals were expelled from Indonesia, and Nasution ordered officers of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI), which had been involved in economic affairs since the late 1940s, to take a role in managing nationalized firms. This action marked the beginning of the armed forces' role in the economy, a role which grew substantially in later years. Control of the oil industry was seized by ABRI, and Colonel Ibnu Sutowo, Nasution's deputy, was placed in charge of a new national oil company, Permina.
On December 1, 1956, Mohammad Hatta had resigned as vice president in protest against Sukarno's growing authoritarianism. Hatta's exit from the political scene did not improve the relations among the central government, Sumatra, and the eastern archipelago, where Hatta was very popular. On February 10, 1958, when Sukarno was out of the country, a group of Sumatran military officers, Masyumi politicians, and others sent an ultimatum to Jakarta demanding Sukarno's return to a figurehead role as president and the formation of a new government under Hatta and Yogyakarta sultan Hamengkubuwona IX. Five days later, the group proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic (PRRI). On February 17, Permesta rebels in Sulawesi made common cause with them. Although the rebellion was not completely suppressed until 1961, decisive action by the military had neutralized it by mid1958 . There were several important consequences: the forced retirement of many officers from Sumatra and the eastern archipelago, making the officer corps proportionately more Javanese (and presumably more loyal to Sukarno); the firm implantation of central authority in the Outer Islands; and the emergence of Nasution, promoted to lieutenant general, as the most powerful military leader. But the army's victory in suppressing regional rebellion caused Sukarno dismay. To offset the military's power, Sukarno's ties with the PKI grew closer.
The PRRI revolt also soured Sukarno's relations with the United States. He accused Washington of supplying the rebels with arms and angrily rejected a United States proposal that marines be landed in the Sumatra oil-producing region to protect American lives and property. The United States was providing clandestine aid to the rebels and Allen Pope, an American B-25 pilot, was shot down over Ambon on May 18, 1958, creating an international incident. Deteriorating relations prompted Sukarno to develop closer relations with the Soviet Union and, especially, the People's Republic of China.
In July 1958, Nasution suggested that the best way to achieve Guided Democracy was through reinstatement of the 1945 constitution with its strong "middle way," presidential system. On July 5, 1959, Sukarno issued a decree to this effect, dissolving the old House of Representatives. This marked the formal establishment of the period of Guided Democracy which lasted six years. In March 1960, a new legislature, the House of People's Representatives-Mutual Self-help (DPR-GR; later, simply DPR) was established. One hundred fifty-four of its 238 seats were given to representatives of "functional groups," including the military, which became known as Golkar. All were appointed rather than elected. As many as 25 percent of the seats were allocated for the PKI. Another body, the 616-member Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS; later, simply MPR), was established with communist leader Dipa Nusantara Aidit as deputy chairman. In August 1960, Masyumi and the PSI were declared illegal, a reflection of their role in the PRRI insurrection, the MPRS's enmity toward Sukarno, and its refusal to recognize Guided Democracy.
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People with Last Name of Eagar
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Emma Eagar
Eric Eagar
Erik Eagar
Erin Eagar
Esperanza Eagar
Esther Eagar
Ethan Eagar
Ethelyn Eagar
Etta Eagar
Eugene Eagar
Eva Eagar
Evelyn Eagar
Fay Eagar
Faye Eagar
Florence Eagar
Forrest Eagar
Frances Eagar
Francis Eagar
Frank Eagar
Gail Eagar
Gary Eagar
George Eagar
Georgia Eagar
Geraldine Eagar
Gerard Eagar
Gina Eagar
Ginny Eagar
Gisele Eagar
Gladys Eagar
Glenn Eagar
Glenna Eagar
Gloria Eagar
Grace Eagar
Grant Eagar
Grayce Eagar
Greta Eagar
Ha Eagar
Hannah Eagar
Harriet Eagar
Harry Eagar
Hayden Eagar
Heather Eagar
Helen Eagar
Helena Eagar
Henry Eagar
Herbert Eagar
Holly Eagar
Irene Eagar
Jack Eagar
Jacki Eagar
Jackie Eagar
Jackson Eagar
Jacob Eagar
Jacqueline Eagar
Jacques Eagar
James Eagar
Jan Eagar
Jana Eagar
Jane Eagar
Janet Eagar
Janice Eagar
Jannie Eagar
Jason Eagar
Jean Eagar
Jeanine Eagar
Jeff Eagar
Jeffery Eagar
Jeffrey Eagar
Jen Eagar
Jena Eagar
Jenni Eagar
Jennifer Eagar
Jenny Eagar
Jeremy Eagar
Jerri Eagar
Jesse Eagar
Jessica Eagar
Jessie Eagar
Jewel Eagar
Jill Eagar
Jim Eagar
Jimmy Eagar
Jo Eagar
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Joann Eagar
Joanne Eagar
Jodi Eagar
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Jody Eagar
Joe Eagar
John Eagar
Johnathan Eagar
Jon Eagar
Jonathan Eagar
Jonathon Eagar
Jordan Eagar
Jorge Eagar
Jose Eagar
Joseph Eagar
Josephine Eagar
Josette Eagar
Josh Eagar
Joshua Eagar
Joyce Eagar
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Judith Eagar
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Judy Eagar
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Julie Eagar
Justin Eagar
Kara Eagar
Karen Eagar
Kari Eagar
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Kathy Eagar
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Tony Foottit
Anthony Charles "Tony" Foottit (born 28 June 1935) was the Bishop of Lynn from 1999 to 2003.
Footrit was educated at Lancing College and King's College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1961, he was a curate at Wymondham, after which he was vicar of Blakeney, Rural Dean of Cary and finally, before his ordination to the episcopate, the Archdeacon of Lynn (1987–1999). A keen botanist, he is married with three children.
References
Category:1935 births
Category:People educated at Lancing College
Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Category:20th-century Anglican bishops
Category:21st-century Anglican bishops
Category:Living people
Category:Bishops of Lynn
Category:Archdeacons of Lynn | mini_pile | {'original_id': '288b980b5b78a6fbfe79e2c6ac0b5882ea9d5b54452f25864e399f525104afef'} |
Ferret is a new software tool for checking host vulnerabilities. Ferret helps system administrators by quickly finding vulnerabilities that are present on a host. It is designed and implemented in a modular way: a different plug-in module is used for each vulnerability checked, and each possible output format is specified by a plug -in module. As a result, Ferret is extensible, and can easily be kept up-to-date through addition of checks for new vulnerabilities as they are discovered; the modular approach also makes it easy to provide specific configurations of Ferret tailored to specific operating systems or use environments. Ferret is a freely available open-source software implemented in Java and VBScript.
Ferret 1.1 Released!
July 7, 2005
Looking for developers and testers
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Seat Beats Save Lives in Columbia, Missouri & Nationwide
March 22, 2012,
Thumbnail image for stop_fasten.jpgOur Columbia personal injury lawyers recently blogged about the disturbing increase in Missouri car crash fatalities in 2012. In a news release on this subject, the Missouri Highway Patrol reported that "two-thirds of those fatalities involved people who were not wearing a seat belt." On average, according to the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT), "7 out of 10 Missourians killed in traffic crashes are not wearing their safety belts."
Safety advocates (along with MoDOT and the state transportation director) have submitted multiple proposals to change Missouri's seat belt law, making the failure to wear a seatbelt a primary offense. Currently, Missouri statute §307.178 only requires drivers, front-seat passengers, and occupants under age 18 to wear seat belts, and it can only be enforced if the driver is pulled over for another offense, such as speeding, running a red light, or drunk driving. Out of more than 500 state traffic laws, the seatbelt law is the only one with a secondary enforcement provision. Furthermore, safety advocates have encouraged lawmakers to change the law so it requires all passengers - not just those in the front seat or under 18 - to wear seat belts.
According to a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), these changes would have a dramatic impact on Missouri roadway safety. The study examined Missouri data (the number of car accidents and the rate of seatbelt use within the state), and compared those figures to data from 32 states with primary seatbelt laws. Within the first year of its passage, the study found, changing the law would have the following effect:
• It would spare an estimated 63 Missouri lives.
• It would prevent 759 serious injuries.
• It would save Missouri $179 million in medical, insurance, and highway expenses (and it wouldn't cost the state a penny).
• It would make Missouri eligible for $16.2 million in funding, under the terms of the highway reauthorization bill (which was approved by the Senate last week). The bill earmarks these funds "for safety initiatives in states that make seat belts a priority."
Seatbelt.JPGUnfortunately, all proposed changes to the existing seat belt law have stalled in the Missouri Legislature. "When you put it all together - the lives saved, the serious injuries prevented and all the money the state would lose out on - I just can't understand the reluctance," said Leanna Depue, MoDOT's highway safety director.
MoDOT estimates that seatbelts saved 12,713 lives in 2009. According to NHTSA, when accidents happen, drivers and passengers who buckle up are 45% more likely to survive. Overall, Missouri's seatbelt usage rating is 79%, while the national rate is 85%. Missouri teens have a lower rate of seat belt use than any other age group (67%).
It's impossible to say if or when the Legislature will amend statute §307.178 to make seat belt violations a primary offense. What we do know for sure is that seat belts save life. We urge you to buckle up every single time you're a driver or a passenger: it could mean your survival.
At Aaron Sachs and Associates, our attorneys represent car accident injury victims in Columbia, Jeff City and the surrounding areas. To schedule a free initial consultation, contact our office at 1-888-777-AUTO.
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Οποπιοίο γτγορήδια κομιῖπες αὐ σοφηϊίοπεπι θεὶ ἱπ- ἀιιξαί. γί δοπιϊπὶ αὐ αἰδεοπιπαπάαπι ἀοοίτίπαπι δμπῊ. --- γα κεῖ ργορμοία βαρίαπιίδηι ἢ πάθιδπὶ ε05 δύνα - εἷς δὰ Ὀεΐὶ εὐφηϊιίομοηι ἢ Α αιδάδιν ριγί6 πηϑι δεῖ - δἰπι δἱ πηουίϊιι5. πα 15 σοΟρΉ Ἶ8., ποπῖρα βαίμβϑιμ ἐμ πιοράϊυπι λἀάυοοηβ. Εο. ἰπηυΐῖ, δαγνυβ διιπὶ οἱ νετί : ἃ π|6 ΘΟ οἦ15 αἀἰδείι6 ρο(οηιίλπι, νἱγίυϊαπι, ργονίϑοιι - εἰαπι. Νοη δδὶ δηΐμη μος ράγνυην, σηοά ἀυεὶϊ ἰπ οορξεί- τἰοποῖι εἰ. Οὐυὰά αυϊάοιν οχ ογθδίυγίβ ραίδπι (μεϊϊ Ῥγορμιεία, ΄ιιαπάο ἀὲ ε)5 ργονίἀδηιία ἀϊςβεγῖ!., ἐαμι δὰ 5Ξοἴδθηι, οΐυπι, (ΘΓγαπὶ, οἱ δογεπὶ οἰδίυδ, 6Χ ογύϊι 6 δογιμν υς νἱάδηίυν Ορηίεθπι ργιβϊσαι : δι γπηυπθῶι 4υοηια ἀυεῖ! αὐ οι 5δγνίϑβ, δἱ δ)» [15 χιια [080 Δυρίογα οοηιίφογυηι : φυοὰ αυϊάδιι δἰίδι ἰῃ ΑὈγα νιν ουει!. Εἰ οηἰπι ἀϊοαυαηι, δείνεις φμοά α ὕθέο τοπῖ5 ποὺὶς τεκ (Οεη. 95. 6). ὕά46 βοἰι|8 3 Εχ νἱοίοτία, εχ ἰγοραῖδ, ἐσ Β6}19. Ηος οἰἰδιν ἰη λιἀ 45 διοἰἀἰ!. Μίγαουϊα δι 491: ΡΓῸ εἷβ (Ἀοῖἃ βυπῖ, πη ψογβαΒ ΤΘΓΓΩ {Πππογοπὶ δι] - γηὶ, φιοά οἰΐαπι της αἀἰχὶα πιογοιγὶχ {Π8 ἢ] ϑυϊοίννι - εἶπᾶ ; (ὐροίαϊε ἱπ πος τπιον υδείγαηι οἱ ἱγόπιοῦ (706. 2 9). πᾶ 681 ἐγξὸ υἱὰ δὰ αυ:5 δδὶ μῈΓ Ἐγθα ιΓΆ8 : 214. Ὑ- ΤΌ, ὁΔή16 πιδηϊ[δβεῖοῦ, 48 δὶ ρα γ βΌγνυβ : οἱ δῶμα Ὀοιδ ἃ την }{|5 γοῖγο 856 0}}5 ἀοοιγίπῶπι ἀἰδβοιμίπαν ἴῃ υπδηυδλαυο βαπογαδίίοη. ΤΕ βνριίο5 ἰώφυε ἀοουι ἐσ Αὐγαδδιη, Ραῦβᾶδ (α) γυγβιιβ ἐσ δοίξηι, ἰβιιδα 8 εχ 6ἷυ8 παροιυι8., οἱ 105 ἱππιπιθγα ἡ !685, οἱ ΡῈ ὅποοῦ 605 4υὶ παυϊαθαιὶ ἰπ Μοδοροίαηνία. Υ᾽θθ5 υπἰνεγϑυμι (α) 34 Υἱα5., πίρσας. 85 οἱ 4]125 Ομιγγθοβίοπιυβ δοοοῖδθ ΑὈγαῖξθ, οὐπὶ Οογαγί8 μϑὈϊΑγοὶ, ΡΟΓΒΔ5 ρρμβῖϊωι : δι αυὰ γἃ- εἰοπα ἰρϑα υἱάογὶι. Ναπὶ πιοπιηὶ ἀ6 ᾿5 οἰίδπι, αυΐ αἰ ινίλπι ργϑοοββογυηΐ, ἰοηυυϊαπι ΟἸγυϑοβιοπινῖπη, {1105 θοάθιῃ Ρὲτ- δαγιπι πουηίη 6 σοΠιμ ἢ 14556. ΝΙΝ] πΐγυπι ἰρίτυγ 5ὶ ϑόπιιδ- «ἰοτίθαπι αἰ αυϑπάο τοσὲπι Ρογπᾶγινι νοσδυ τι. ᾿ηἴγα οἰϊατα ῬοΓΑΔ5 νοσλτὶ ἃ ὉΠγυβοβίοπιο ἀ6} Γοϊνον 65 Ασϑυγίοϑ δἰ Δ ΌΥ- Ἰοηίοδ ; αυΐα εἰ Αργαλιδτι Γι δᾶπι τουδὶ ἰηΐτα. ΠῚ ΕΧΡΟΒΙΤΙΟΊΝ ΡΒΑΙΜΌΝ ΙΥ, 48 καὶ υἱοὶ "Ὑψίστου πάντες. “Ὑμεῖς δὲ ὡς ἄνθρωποι ἀποθγήσκετε. Καὶ θέα τοῦ Προφήτου τὴν σύνεσιν. Δείξας πρότερον τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν ἰσχὺν, καὶ τὸ εὔπορον, χαὶ τὸ εὐμήχανον, καὶ τὸ χρηστὸν, χαὶ τὸ φιλάνθρω- πον, ὅτι ἐν θλίψει πλατύνει, ὅτι ἐλεῶν ἐπινεύει εἶτα ἐννοῶν τὴν χεχυμένην ἐν ἀνθρώποις κακίαν, χαὶ τῆς ἀσεδείας τὴν τυραννίδα, χαθάπερ ἀποπνιγόμενος ἀπὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας, τρέπει τὸν λόγον πρὸς τοὺς ἐν πονηρίᾳ ζῶντας, μονονουχὶ λέγων, ὅτι Τοιοῦτον ἔχοντες Θεὸν, οὕτω χρηστὸν, οὕτω φιλάνθρωπον, οὕτω δυνατὸν", πῶς εἰς ἀσέδειαν ἐξεχλίνατε ; Καὶ ὅρα τὴν παραίνε- σιν, πόσης μετὰ τοῦ θυμοῦ γέμει καὶ τῆς προσηνείας, πόσης τῆς φιλησοφίας. Τί γάρ φησιν; Υἱοὶ ἀγθρώ- πων, ἕως πότε βαρυκάρδιοι; Ἐνταῦθα σφόδρα ἐστὶ καθαπτομένου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ χρόνου. Εἰ [14] γὰρ τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μὴ συνιδεῖν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν εὐεργεσίαν ἔγχλημα, ποίαν ἕξει συγγνώμην τὸ μέχρι τοσούτου πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τυφλώττειν ; Τί δέ ἐστι, Βαρυχάρδιοι ; Πα- χυχάρδιοι, σαρχιχοὶ, τῇ γῇ προσηλωμένοι, καχίαν διώχοντες, πονηρίαν μετιόντες, ταῖς ἧδυπαθείαις καταση πόμενοι " τοιοῦτος γὰρ ὁ σαρχιχὸς ἄνθρωπος. Καὶ διαδάλλων αὐτῶν τὸν βίον, δείκνυσι τὴν πηγὴν τῆς ἀσεδείας, δηλῶν ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστι τὸ πρὸς τὰ δόγματα αὐτοῖς ἐμποδίζον τὰ ὑψηλά, Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω βαρεῖαν καρδίαν ποιεῖ, ὡς ἐπιθυμία πονηρὰ, καὶ΄ ἢ πρὸς τὰ βιωτιχὰ συμπάθεια, καὶ τὸ προσηλῶσθαι τῇ γῆ. Τὴν τοιαύτην οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι πηλίνην χαρ- δίαν προσειπών - διὸ καὶ βαρεῖαν αὐτὴν ἐχάλεσε " χαὶ τῶν χαχῶν αἴτιον τοῦτο ἔφησεν εἶναι, ὅτι ἡνιόχου τάξιν ἐπέχουσα, οὐ μόνον οὐ χατέχει τὸν ἵππον ταῖς ἡνίαις, ἀλλὰ χαὶ αὐτὴ χαταφέρεται συρομένη " χαὶ δέον πτεροῦν τὴν σάρχα, καὶ μετάραιον ἐργάζεσθαι, καὶ πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνάγειν, ἡ δὲ συγχαθέλχεται τῷ βαρυτάτῳ τῶν νοσημάτων φορτίῳ. Ὅταν οὖν ὁ Ἡνίοχος τοιοῦτος ἧ, ἣ ὁ χυδερνήτης, ποία σωτηρίας ἐλπίς; Ὥσπερ ὅταν λέγῃ, Εἰ τὸ φῶς τὸ ἐν σοὶ ᾿ σχότος ἐστὶ, τὸ σχότος πόσον; Ὅταν ὁ χυδερνή- της μεθύῃ χαὶ τῶν χυμάτων καὶ τῶν πνευμάτων τὸ ἄταχτον μιμῆται, πῶς σωθήσεται ἡ ναῦς; ς΄. ΤΙ οὖν δύναται χούφην τὴν ψυχὴν ποιεῖν; Βίος θαυμαστὸς, τὸ πρὸς μηδὲν τῶν ἐνταῦθα χεχηνέναι, μηδὲ τοῖς ποσὶν αὐτοῦ προσδεσμεῖν τὰ χάτω φερό- μενά τε χαὶ φέροντα, Τῶν γαρ σωμάτων τὰ μὲν χάτω φέρεσθαι εἴωθεν, οἷον λίθοι, χαὶ ξύλα, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα " τὰ δὲ ἄνω, οἷον πῦρ, καὶ πνεῦμα, καὶ πτε- ρῶν φύσις χούφων, ᾽Ἂν οὖν τι τῶν χάτω φερόντων τῷ χούφῳ προσδήσῃς, οὐδὲν τῶν πτερῶν ὄφελος, οὐδὲ τοῦ πνεύματος, τοῦ βάρους ὑπερδαίνοντος τὴν συμ- τρίαν, καὶ νιχῶντος καὶ περιγινομένου. Οὕτω χαὶ πόδας ἂν ἔχῃ τις βεδαρημένους, ἢ χυμοῦ πονηροῦ ἐπεισρέοντος, ἢ ἑτέρου τινὸς νοσήματος, οὐδὲν ὄφελος αὐτῷ τοῦ λοιποῦ σώματος ὄντος κούφου. Εἰ δὲ ἐπὶ σωμάτων τοῦτο, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ χαρδίας, Μὴ τοί- ῦν ποιῶμεν αὑτὴν βαρεῖαν, ἵνα μὴ κατὰ τὰ πλοῖα τὰ πολλὴν ἔχοντα τὴν ψάμμον καταποντίζηται. Ἐν ἡμῖν γὰρ τοῦτο. Οὐ γὰρ τῇ φύσει τοιαύτη ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ τῇ φύσει γέγονε χούφη χαὶ ἀνωφερὴς, ἡμεῖς δὲ αὐτὴν παρὰ φύσιν βαρεῖαν ποιοῦμεν διὸ χαὶ ὁ Προφήτης ἐγχαλεῖ εἰ δὲ φυσικὸν ἦν, οὐχ ἂν ἐνεκάλεσεν. Ὥσπερ οὖν κατὰ φύσιν ἡμῖν τὸ βαδίζειν, ἂν δὲ βαρῶμεν τὰ γόνατα, παρὰ φύσιν γίνεται τὸ πρᾶγμα, πεπεδημέ- νων ἡμῶν’ οὕτω [15] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ποδῶν τῆς διανοίας, λέγω δὴ τῶν λογισμῶν, συμθαίνειν εἴωθεν. Ἴνα τί ἀγαπᾶτε ματαιότητα, καὶ ζητεῖτε ψεῦδος; Ἐν- ταῦθα καὶ τὰ εἰδωλιχά μοι δοχεῖ λέγειν, χαὶ τὸν ἐν πονηρίᾳ βίον. Μάταιον γὰρ ἐχεῖνο λέγεται τὸ κενὸν, ὅταν ὄνομα μὲν ἧ, πρᾶγμα δὲ μὴ ἧ. Ἐγὼ δοῦλός εἰμι, φησὶ, τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀληθοῦς " ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ τοίνυν μάθετε αὑτοῦ τὴν δύναμιν, τὴν ἰσχὺν, τὴν χηδεμονίαν. Οὐ μικρὸν γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ χεφάλαιον εἰς θεογνωσίαν ἄγον. Ποιεῖ μὲν γὰρ τοῦτο φανερὸν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χτισμάτων ὁ Προφήτης, ὅταν περὶ τῆς προνοίας αὐτοῦ διαλέγηται, ἐπὶ τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ τὸν ἀέρα φερόμενος, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὁρωμένοις εὐταξίας τὸν Δημιουργὸν. ἀναχηρύττων " χινεῖ δὲ χαὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν δούλων αὑτοῦ λόγον, καὶ τῶν ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ συμθαινόντων " ὃ δὴ χαὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ᾿Αὐραὰμ γέγονεν. Ἔλεγον γὰρ αὐτῷ, Οἴδαμεν, φησὶν, ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῖν ἥκεις βα- σιλεύς. Πόθεν οἴδατε; ᾿Απὸ τῆς νίχης, ἀπὸ τῶν τροπαίων, ἀπὸ τῶν πολέμων. Τοῦτο χαὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων συνέδη. Τὰ γὰρ θαύματα τὰ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν γινόμενα, πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν εἰς φόδον ἐνέδαλεν" ὅπερ χαὶ ἡ πόρνη τότε ἣ “᾿Ιεριχουντία ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ᾿Επέ- πεσὲν ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὁ φόδος ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ τρόμος. Μία τοίνυν ὁδὸς ἡ διὰ τῶν χτισμάτων " ἑτέρα χαὶ σαφε- στέρα ἡ διὰ τῶν δούλων " χαὶ ταύτην ἄνωθεν ὁ Θεὸς χατέσπειρε χαθ᾽ ἐχάστην γενεὰν τὴν διδασχαλίάν. Τοὺς γοῦν Αἰγυπτίους ἐπαίδευσεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ᾿Αδραὰμ, τοὺς Πέρσας ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πάλιν, τοὺς Ἰσραηλίτας ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχγόνων, καὶ ἑτέρους μυρίους, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Ἰαχὼδ ἑτέρους, τοὺς ἐν τῇ Μέσῃ τῶν ποταμῶν. 49 5. ΦΖΘΑΝΝΙ5. ΟΗΒΥΒΟΒΤΌΜΙ ΔΒΟΝΊΕΡ. ΟΘΟΝΘΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΡ. Εἶδες ἅπασαν τὴν οἰχουμένην παιδευομένην, εἴγε ἔθελον, ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων; Καὶ πρὸ τούτων δὲ ὁ χατα- χλυσμὸς, ἡ τῶν γλωσσῶν διάχυσις, ἱκανὰ διανα- στῆσαι αὑτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν. ἵνα γὰρ μὴ διὰ τὸν χρόνον εἰς λήθην ἐμπέσῃ τὸ συμδὰν, ὁ τόπος λαμ- δάνει τὴν προσηγορίαν, καὶ Βαδυλὼν ἐντεῦθεν λέ- γεται, ἀπὸ τῆς συγχύσεως τῶν γλωττῶν, ἵνα ὁ ἀκροα- τὴς ἀπὸ τῆς προσηγορίας ὁδηγούμενος, ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρ- χὴν ἔλθῃ τῶν συμδάντων, χαὶ μάθῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν ἰσχύν. Οὕτω καὶ οἱ τὴν δύσιν οἰκοῦντες πάντες πάντα ἐμάνθανον, [16] χατ᾽ ἐμπορίαν Αἰγυπτίοις συγγινόμε- νοι. Ἄλλως δὲ ἐν ἀρχαῖς καὶ ἐν προοιμίοις οὐδὲ πολλὰ ἔθνη κατὰ τὸ μέρος τῆς οἰχουμένης ἐχεῖνο ἦν - ἀλλ᾽ ἡ πολυανθρωπία καὶ ἣ πολυοχλία ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι τοῖς κατὰ τὴν ἀνατολὴν συνειστήχει. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ ᾿Αδὰμ, ἐκεῖθεν ἐξῆλθε, καὶ τὰ γένη τοῦ Νῶε ἐχεῖ διέτριβε, καὶ μετὰ τὸν πύργον ἐχεῖ ἦσαν, καὶ ἀνεστρέφοντο ἐπὶ πλεῖον κατὰ ἀνατολάς, ᾿Αλλ᾽ ὅμως καθ᾽ ἑχάστην γενεὰν διδασχάλους αὑτοῖς χατέστησεν ὁ Θεὸς, τὸν Νῶς, τὸν ᾿Αθραὰμ, τὸν Ἰσαὰκ, τὸν Ἰαχὼδ, τὸν Μελχισεδέκ. Διὸ χαὶ ὁ προφήτης οὗτος ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους γενομένων ἀνάγει τοὺς ἐν πονηρίᾳ ζῶν- πας, λέγων" Γγῶτε ὅτι ἐθαυμάστωσε Κύριος τὸν ὅσιον αὐτοῦ. Τί ἐστιν, ᾿Εϑὐαυμάστωσε; θαυμα- στὸν ἐποίησεν, ἐπίσημον, λαμπρὸν, περιφανῆ τὸν ἀναχείμενον αὐτῷ. ᾿Απὸ τοῦ δούλου τοίνυν χαὶ τῶν εἰς αὐτὸν συμδαινόντων μάθετε τοῦ Δεσπότου τὴν δύναμιν. Θὐχ εἶπε, Δέδωχεν ἀγαθὸν, μόνον, ἀλλ᾽, Ἐθαυμάστωσε, δηλῶν ὅτι δέδωχε μετὰ πολλοῦ τοῦ θαύματος, μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς παραδοξοποιίας. Οὕτω χαὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ᾿Αδραὰμ γέγονεν. ()ὐ γὰρ μόνον τὴν γυναῖχα ἔδωχεν ἀνέπαφον, ἀλλὰ καὶ θαυμαστὸν αὐ- τὸν παρεσχεύασεν᾽ ὡς μὴ μόνον ἐν τῷ μὴ παθεῖν τι δεινὸν εἶναι αὐτῷ τὴν δωρεὰν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ λαμ- πρὸν γενέσθαι χατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἐγένετο, τὸ μηδὲν ἀηδὲς πα- θεῖν" τὸ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἐχείνων ὠφέλειαν, τὸ μετὰ πα- ραδοξοπηιίας ἐχεῖθεν ἐπανελθεῖν. Τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν τριῶν παίδων, τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν λεόντων συνέδη, τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ κήτους καὶ τοῦ Ἰωνᾶ, καὶ πανταχοῦ μετὰ θαύματος σώζει, οὐχ ἁπλῶς πάντας, ἀλλὰ τὸν ὅσιον. ζ΄ Εἶδες πῶς μετὰ τῆς θεογνωσίας, χαὶ βίουἀχριδοῦς παραίνεσιν 8 ποιεῖται, παιδεύων μὴ μόνον ἐν τῇ χρη- στότητι τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ τῶν οἰχείων ἔργων ἀρετῇ τὰς ἐλπίδας ἔχειν τῆς σωτηρίας ; Κύριος εἰσ- ακούσεταί μου ἐν τῷ κεχραγέναι μὲ πρὸς αὐτόν, Εἰπὼν ὅτι ἐθσυμάστωσεν, οὐχ ἵσταται μέχρι τούτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον εὐημερίας εἶδος λέγει. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτο; Τὸ διηνεχῶς ἔχειν τὸν Θεὸν σύμμαχον καὶ βοηθὸν, καὶ πανταχοῦ παριστάμενον. Οὐ γὰρ ἅπαξ τοῦτο ποιεῖ χαὶ δὶς χαὶ τρὶς, ἀλλὰ διηνεχῶς, φησὶν, ἐὰν αὐτὸν χαλῶμεν᾽ καὶ ὅρα πάλιν χἀνταῦθα τὸ τά- χος. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἄνω ἔλεγεν, ᾿Εν τῷ ἐπικαλεῖσθαί μδ, εἰσήχουσέ μου ὁ Θεὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης μου" οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα, ᾿Εν τῷ χεχραγέναι μὲ πρὸς αὐτόν. ἢ Πῶς οὖν οὐχ ἀχούονται πολλοὶ, ψησί; Διὰ τὸ ἀσύμφορα αἰτεῖν. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τὸ μὴ ἀχουσθῆναι τοῦ ἀχουσθῆναι βέλτιον. Ὥστε χἂν ἀχουώμεθα, μὴ διὰ τοῦτο χαίρωμεν " ἀλλὰ χαὶ ὅταν μὴ ἀχουώμεθα, χαὶ διὰ τοῦτο δοξάζωμεν. Ἢ γὰρ ἀσύμφορα αἰτοῦν- τες οὐχ ἀχουόμεθα, καὶ τῷ μὴ λαδεῖν χερδαίνομεν" 4 Βερ. χαὶ βίον προνοίας παραίνεσιν, 30 ᾿ ἢ ῥᾳθύμως αἰτοῦμεν, χαὶ τῇ μελλήσει τῆς δόσεως τὴν προσεδρίαν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς σοφίζεται " καὶ τοῦτο δὲ οὐ μικρὸν χέρδος. Εἰ γὰρ ὑμεῖς, φησὶν, οἴδατε δό- ματα ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τοῖς τέχγοις ὑμῶν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν, ἐπιστάμενος τὸ δοῦναι, χαὶ τὸ πότε δοῦναι, καὶ τὸ τί δοῦναι. [17}] Ἐπεὶ καὶ Παῦλας ἤτησε, καὶ οὐχ ἔλαδεν" ἀσύμφορον ν γὰρ ἥτει" καὶ Μωῦσῇς, χαὶ οὐδὲ ἐχείνῳ ἐπένευσεν ὁ Θεός. Μὴ τοῖ- νυν ἀποστῶμεν, ὅταν μὴ ἀχουώμεθα, μηδὲ ἁλύωμεν καὶ ναρχῶμεν', ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ προσεδρίχ καὶ τῇ αἰτήσει. Πάντα γὰρ συμφερόντως ὁ θεὸς ἐργά- ζεται. Ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε" ἃ έγετα ἐν ταῖς καρδίωις ὑμῶν, ἐπὶ ταῖς κοίταις ὑμῶν καταγύγητϑ. “ὑπερ ἔμπροσθεν εἶπον, τοῦτο χκαὶ νῦν λέγω. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πρὸς θεογνωσίαν αὐτοὺς μέλ- λει χειραγωγεῖν, ἀπαλλάττει τὴν ψυχὴν-«ῶὥν νοσημά- των. Οἶδε γὰρ, ὅτι βίος διεφθαρμένος χώλυμα τῆς τῶν ὑψηλῶν δογμάτων ἀχριθείας γίνεται. “Ὅπερ οὖν χαὶ Παῦλος αἰνιττόμενος ἔλεγεν “" Οὐκ ἠδυνήθην ὑμῖν λαλῆσαι ὡς πνευματικοῖς, ἀ.1..} ὡς σαρκι- κοῖς. Καὶ πάλιν: Ὡς γηπίοις ἐν Χριστῷ, γάλα ὑμᾶς ἐπότισα, οὐ βρῶμα. Καὶ πάλιν" Περὶ οὗ πο- «ὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος καὶ δυσερμήγευτος, ἐπεὶ γω- θροί ἐστε τὴν ἀχοήν. Καὶ ὁ Ἡσαΐας πάλιν" Ζητδῖ μὲ ὁ λαὸς οὗτος, καὶ γγῶναί μου τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐπε- θυμοῦσιν, ὡς λαὸς δικαιοσύγην πεποιηκὼς, καὶ κρίσιν Θεοῦ μὴ ἐγκαταιλελοιπώς. Καὶ Ὠσηέ" Σπεί- ρατε ἑαυτοῖς εἰς δικαιοσύνην, ρωτίσατε φῶς γγώ- σεως. Διὸ καὶ ὁ Προφήτης τοῦτο εἰδὼς λέγει" Ὀργί-- ὥεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε. Οὐ γὰρ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀναι- ρεῖ, χρησίμη γάρ οὐδὲ τὰν θυμὸν ἐκχόπτει, χαὶ γὰρ ὠφέλιμος κατὰ τῶν ἀδικούντων γινόμενος χαὶ χατὰ τῶν ῥᾳθύμων " ἀλλὰ τὴν ἄδικον ὀργὴν, τὸν ἄλογον θυμόν. Καὶ καθάπερ ὁ Μωῦσῆς εἰς τὸν ἡθιχὸν ἐμπεσὼν λόγον, ἀπὸ τούτου πρῶτον τῆς νομοθεσίας τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖταε, λέγων, Οὐ φονεύσεις, οὕτω δὴ καὶ οὗτος " ἀλλὰ χαὶ πλεῖον οὗτος, ὅσῳ χαὶ μᾶλλον τὰ τῆς εὐσεθείας γνω- ριμώτερα ἦν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ τὸν φόνον ἐχχόπτει " οὗτος δὲ χαὶ τὴν μητέρα τοῦ φόνου, τὴν ὀργὴν, χαὶ τὴν ῥίξαν,, καὶ τὴν πηγὴν οὖσαν τοῦ χαχοῦ ἀναστέλλει, Διὸ χαὶ ὁ Χριστὸς καταστέλλων τὴν ὀργὴν, ἔλεγεν" Ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδειϊφῷ αὐτοῦ εἰκῆ, ἔνοχος ἔσται εἰς τὴν γέεγγαν τοῦ πυρός. Εἶδες πανταχοῦ μέτρα. Ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνεϊε. Ὁ ὀργι- ῬΆΒορ. οἱ (ο}0. ἀσυμφόρως, οἱ 5ἰς 54.}}. ϑεὰ ὑπ ἃ ΘΑΥΪ]. πιθῃιογαῖυβ ἀσύμφορον ᾿ιδθοι. ς Βορ. οἷδε γὰρ, ὅπορ χαὶ ἐμπροῦθεν εἶπον, ὅτι βίος. .... κώλυμα τῇ... ἀχριθείᾳ... Παῦλος ἔλεγεν. π- 49 ἘΧΡΟΒΙΤΙΟ ΙΝ ῬΌΔΙΝΌΝ ΙΝ. φὸ οΥΡΘΠῚ ἸΟΥΓΆΓΤΙ ΠῚ ζι͵856 ἃ δηπείϊς ἀοοοπάσιη,, 5ὶ πιοιΐο ἰμϑὶ νο!υίϑϑεηι 5 Θυϊπειίδιῃ Δηῖ8 δο5 ἀἰ!υνίυπ οἵ Ἰἴπ- ξυσγαπὶ ΠΟΙ 510 δ ΘχοίΔι νἀ ᾶπὶ Θογιιτὴ πιθ [61 5818 Γιυύγπηῖ, Νὰ οηΐην αμοά ονθηθγαὶ ἰδ ρογί5 ἀϊυυγη αῖ8 οἰ νίοηὶ Ἰγαεϊογοίυγ., Ἰοσὰ5 Δρρο!]διϊοιθπὶ δοοῖρὶς : οἵ εχίηα ΒΆΒΥΙοη ἐχ Πἰπσυάγασπι οοη[ηδίοπα ἀϊείιν, υἱ φυθογ 40. ᾿ρ88. δρρα!αιίοπα ἀδάυοιι5, δὰ ταὶ φαβιϑδ γγιποὶ ρίαν ἀδνθηΐαι εἰ Ὠεὶ υἱγίυϊθη ἱπιδ!] οί. 11ἃ εἰἴληη 41} πα θἀυδηὶ ἴῃ Θοοίάεη!6 Οἴημ65 οπλΐα ἀΐδ66- Βαπῇ, ουπῦ πιογολιοτίδυ5 ΖΕ ΡΥρΙ 5. νογβαηίθβ. Οἰπὶ|- 4πηπι }107ι} ἴῃ τ ποῖρίο ποι ἡρα 188 ΚΘ η165 δγαμ! ἴῃ ἢ τεξίρηθ : 56 πιδχίπη ᾿ιοπιΐηι πη ΓΓαχαθια 26 ταγίκο πλυλἴτ 40 Ἔγαϊ ἴῃ ραγιίθυ5. Οτίδπιῖς. Εἰθηΐπη οἱ Αὐηπὶ {ΠΠπὸ ορτοβϑυβ δϑῖ,, οἱ σθιὺθ ΝΟ6 {Π|Ἃ νογϑαθα- ἴυγ, οἱ ροβὲ τυγγιν Π]Π1Ὸ Ἔγδηὶ, οἱ αἱ ρ] υγίπγυπι γαγϑᾶ- Βαπίυγ ἴῃ Οτίεπιθ. 564 ἰἀπηθη ἴῃ αυϑαυλᾳυδ ροπογα- αἴης Πει5 115 ἀοοίογαβ οθηςιμἷ, ΝΟΟ, Αγ Βαηι, ἰδδας, ὅδοοῦ, Μει οἱ ἰβοά θεῖν, Ουαπιοῦγαπὶ Πίος ργοριοία ἐσ 15, 4υα: βαῃοιΐὶβ Ἔυδηΐυ!, 605. αυΐ ἴμπ ἱπιργοθίιμ16 νἰνυδὶ δχοίίαι, ἀἰσδηϑ : δοίίοί φιοπίαηι πιϊγὶ βοαυὶ! Πο- ταῖπιις δαποίμπι ὁμιηι. Θὰ οδι, Ἡ ἰγὶ βοαυῖ! ἢ Βοος δά- τοϊ ΓΑ Ὀ[]6πι, ᾿ῃκἰφηαπι, οἰάγαπι, οοηβρίσαυπι, δυπὶ ηὐΐ ᾿ρβί δϑυΐοιιβ εϑὶ. Εχ 56γνὸ 6γβῸ οἱ [8 υα ἱρϑὶ δοοὶ- ἄἀυηι δοπιίηϊ ἀϊεείί6 ροιϊδηιΐαπι. Νοη ἀϊχὶ! βου, Βο- πυπὶ ἀφάϊ!, 5εἀ, Αἀπιϊγαδίίοπι [φοῖ(, εἰφη! ἤσδης δυπὴ ἀεάϊεδε Εἰτπὶ πιᾶθπο ταΐγϑου!ο, ργϑίογ ἤδη οἱ ορίνΐο- πεπι. ἔτ εἰἴδιη 'π ΑὈγαίιδπὶ [ϑοίμπι 6ϑῖ. Νοη 50! πὶ εηΐηι ἀθάϊι ἀχόγοπὶ ἱπιδοί,π), 5641 ουπὶ οἰΐαπὶ γοα ἀ{ Δ΄ πλ γα} θῖν : ὧἱ ΠΟη 501ππ| ἀοθηυπὶ ἴῃ 60 οοπϑβίβίογαϊ, 4υοΐ μ}}}}} σγανε ρᾶ55115 5ἰ1, 6 οἰΐδπη ἰῇ 60 φυῃοά οἷ4- τὺ5 ἰῃ ΖΈΖΥριο ἐνδβογί!. 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Αρὶι δηΐη Π δι οπγηΐδ α{{Π||θ’, 5. 1 ἀδοϊηιδι, φῇ ποίϊιε ρέσοανθ ; φμ αἰοϊιἰς ἐπὶ σοτάϊϑιις νοδινῖδ, ἴῃ διιϑὲ- ἐἶϑιις υἐξίτία σοπιριπηϊηιπῖ. Οὐοα ἀμ6 αἰχὶ, ἰὰ οἰἴδπι ἢὰπὸ ἀΐοο. Νὰπι «υἷα δὰ Ποῖ σορσηἠίοποιη 608 6ϑὶ ἀ6- ἀυεσίυγυ, ΠΠλδναι ΔηΪ πηι πὶ ἃ ἀφο υαϊηΐθαβ. 5οῖα δαΐπι ΥἱΙΔΙῺ ΟΟΥΓΌΡΙΔΙΏ 6586 ἐπ ροι πνθηιο, δαοιηίπιβ δι Ὁ- Ἰϊμνΐα ἀοραιδῖα δϑϑεσιαηνηγ. Ουο 4] φίδι Ῥαυ 8 400- 406 ἴππηεη8 ἀἴσευαὶ : Νπ μοιιΐ ἰοφμὶ νοϑὶδ ἰαπιχιαπι ἐρίγιιαἰδιια., ἐ64 Ἰαπιφμαπι δαγπαίϊϑιις (1. (ον. ὅ. 4). Εἰ ΤυΓΒΕ5 : Ταπιηιαπὶ ἰπ[απεἶϑιι5 ἐπ ΟἸινίδίο, ἰας νοὐὶς Ροίμπι ἀφάϊ, πον εἴδμηι (1δά. υ. 4). Ἐπ᾿ τυιγβυβ : δὃ6 4π0 ἐεὶ ποὐὶβ πιμίμι8 δότηιο ὀαρίϊσαια αἱ [βεἰ ἴδ; φμονίαηι ἐειὶς ἠεθείος ἀμάϊιι (Π εὐτ. ὅδ. 11). Ετ' ΙΞαἴλ5 τυγθυβ Οπατῖί πιῈ γοριίιις ἰφί6, οἱ δοῖγα υἷἱαδ πιθαδ σι ρίιπί,, Ῥοριιίιδ φιιὶ }ιδιϊἴαηι (ροογὶ!,, οἰ θεὲ ἡμαϊοΐμηι πον τοὶϊο φιετὶι (1δαἱ. 88. 3). Εἰ Οβ6ὲ : δεπιίπαιε τοδὶδ ἐρεῖς ἐπ ἡμδιλαην, ἐΠπμηύπαιθ ἱπσϑιπ φορφηϊιοηῖς (0666. 10. 12). Εἰ Οἰινίβιυιβ ἀοοθηβ ἀϊςου αὶ : Οπιπὶς φιὰ πιαία [α- εἶ!, οὐδὲ ἰμιοεπι, οἱ ποπ υϑλῖ! αὐ ἱμοϑηὶ (] οαπ. ὅ. 90). Εττυτβὺβ : Ομοηιοο μοι ἐϑιἰδ ἐΥΘάογ, αίοτγίαπι α υυ- δὶδ ἱπυΐσδηι ασοϊρίοη!6ς,, οἱ φίογϊαμι ιι(8 684 α ὁδοῖο θ6ο ποπ γμωτγοπίες (]79απ.ὅ. ἀ4) ἢ ἘΠῚ τυγουβ : Πσο ἀϊοο- ϑαπέ ρατεπίες οἦιιδ, φιῖα (ἡπόϑαπὶ “μάοδ,, πὸ ὀχρείίο- Τεπίιγ α δυπαροσα (2οαπ. 9. 22). Εἰ Γυγϑυβ : μὲ αμίοηι ογοαϊάεγιπί ἴῃ ἱρεμηι, οἱ γγόμίεῦ Ῥδαγίδαρος ποη εοπβιεναπίαν (] αν. 1. 42). Εἰ υθΐᾳυα νἱἀογὶ ροιοϑὶ Υἱἱα οογγυρία δὰ ρογίδοιϊοιοπι ἀορπιδίυπι Δ ΠδΓΓΘ ἰπη- Ραἀϊιηθηίυπι. Ουδημδάινοάμηι, δηΐιῃ ἰθππα ρογϑρίουδο ΟΟυΪοΓαπὶ ρῸΡΙ Πα ἰδ θισ ἰᾳά φυοὰ ᾿Π]Πυβίγαὶ οὈδθουγαὶ οἱ ομιθιοῦγαι, [18 διΐδπν οορίἰΔ([0, φυλην οὈβθάϊι αἱ οὐσαραν δ Υἱ ἔπ πὶ, ΟὈζοπεθγαι πηδηίθι οἱ Ἔχοῦβολῖ. 1τὰ φια ἰἰεῖα ; ἵγα αὐ φιῖά εἰ 8. 1 πιροτοὶθ Πα πθηϊο γγωοὶρὶ!ι. Επχαηῖεπ σοπδοὶοη(ἰ. ---- Ουοοίγοδ οὐπὶ ἰὰ οὔδπι βεῖγοὶ ργορῃδία, ἀἱοίι : 1γαδοϊηιπὶ, οἱ ποίϊ6 ρδε-- σατο. Νοη διΐπλ 10}}Π| ἴγϑηι ; σὲ πδιηηυθ {1118 : 66 οχϑοίπαϊι ἰηὐιδιίοιθδιι ; ργοάθϑὲ διΐπ) δάνογβυδ 608 υὶΐ ἰπ)υγίαπι ἰηἰεγαμ!, οἱ δάνογβυθ πο! φύηί65 ; 568 ἰγδπὶ υϊδ ἰπ͵ 5.6 πηοΥ Θ᾽, 6 Τγόγοπὶ,, 4υἱ ημ}}ἃ Γὰ- ιἰἰοπα γθοίϊυγ. Εἰ υδπιδάπιοαυπὶ Νῆῖο565 οὐπε ἰῃ 56Γ- πιοηύπι (δ τπογίθυϑ ᾿πο ἀϊ58οῖ, Πΐης ρεῖπιο ᾿6ρ5 ἀυοίς ἰπἰ ται, ἴσοι : Νόη οὐοϊάε5 (Εποά. 20. 15) : ἰ(ὰ Ηἷς οἴἴμηι ; ἱτπὸ 60 ΔΠΊΡ]Ν 5, 410 πιδρὶϑ οἱ δγαῖ ἡσίᾷ νβγᾶ Ρἰεἰα5. 1168 δίῃ ἀνα ΠΠ σαλάθπι : ΠΟ γΈΡῸ ἰγᾶπε,, 4018 οὐμἀ}8 πιλιοῦ,, γδαΐὶχ οἱ [08 6ϑὲ τ}, γϑρεὶ πη. Οιο- οἶγοι ΟἸιγ βίυ9. οἰΐλπι ᾿γᾶπι ΠΟΠΊΡΓΪΠΊΘΙΙ5. 6. ΓΘίγθη 8 ἀϊοοθαι : Ο μὲ ἐναδοίίαν [γαιγὶ διιο (δι θν., ὁγὶ( οὔποαιις ἐπ σοἰιθιπαπι ἱᾳπὶδ (Μαιὴ. ὅ. 23). Υἱάϊ511 Οθΐψα6 πλο- ἄυμι : ᾿γαδοϊεμιδ, δὶ ποί 6 ρόοσαγο. Ομ ἰγαβοίμν 18- τὲ 5 5. ΦΟΑΝΝΙΒ ΟἸΥΘΟΘΤΟΝΙ ἈΒΟΠΙΕΡ. ΟΟΝΘΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΡ. 52 “πέῦέ ; Ἰἰοοὶ οηἰπὶ οἰΐμπι [ηδία ἰγαϑοὶ. Νίῖῃ οἱ Ρδυὶὰϑ ΕἸἰγπια βυοοδηδθυῖι! (ΑΔ εἰ. 15), εἰ Ρείγυβ ϑαρρίιγαι (ΑΕ, δ). 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Οοείια ἀρνιὰ (6 ᾳυδληῃ 5[1 ἰμϑῖξπα Υυἱεπὶ, φυδηὰο πιράϊολιμδδ ει πη σοπθπυπὶ οἰΠοϊΐαγ, ΄υληο ρῈΓ φιοὰ δἰϊογυπι σι! πογῖ θυ πηοάδπάυπι 6δῖ, ΡῈ γ ἰά νυ] 6 Γᾶ ἐμ Πίφίπιυβ : φυοιηδάπιοδμθην δἰ 4υΐδ Δεσδρίο ἔδγγο, υἱ 4 ἧπ 4}{18 ρυϊγοίλοιλ οὐπὶ Θχϑοϊηἀδὶ, βοίρϑυμι ἰ6- ππογα οοποϊἀδὶ, 86 ρῈῖῦ ἰοἰυπι ΘΟΓΡυΒ βϑυσίδιβ : γὙδὶ ΞΟΠ ΟΓΠΔΙΟΓ ΡῈΓ Οἰανυπὶ ΟΠ θπὶ δυθιηογᾷαὶ, ΡῸΓ αυθπὶ νδηίογιπι ἱπεροίιπι ορογίεθαϊ σΟμΐθογ. ἢ }ι15- πιοάϊ οδὶ οἰἰδπὶ ἰνα., {16 Ἰηεἰγυηθηΐιπ), 1 ὨΟδΙΓΘΗι ὁχοιιοἱ δοπημοϊοητίαπι,, υἱ Δ ἾΠπ|0 νίφογοπι ἰπάἀαὶ, υἱ 05 Δογίογοβ οἰοιαι, οἱ ργῸ [ν}5 ἱπάϊφιιθιηογ αυΐ δυπὶ Δτοι! ἰπ]υγία., υἱ δὰ ραρηλ8 ἀδ ἰηβἰἀἰδιογὶ 8 βυπιθη- ἀδ5 π08 πονθᾶι. Εδ ἀδ οδιιδὰ ἀϊοὶ! : ᾿γαδοϊηεπὲ, 6 ποι (6 Ρεέζεσαγο. 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Ροβί οπαπὶ, ἱπαιὶὶ, φυδηάἋο ἰκ}5 ἀογιπίιαπι, αιδηο 651:15 ἀδουθίιυγὶ,, οἱ π0}}]0 ργῴϑθηϊα πιυ 8 αυΐθ5, οἱ ῃθιηἶη6 ἱπιογιυγθδηια ργοίυπαδ (ΓΔηΔΌ ἢ 1185., Θχοίία ἡιάϊοίαπι ἰυ5 σοηδοίοηι. 45, 40 ᾿ρθᾶ ΓϑιϊοπαπΊ οχίβα, οἱ 40:8 ἰπιογάἷι πιδία οδρίϑι! οοηβὶ ἃ, γ6] 40108 ὁ0η- δίγυθηβϑ., γὙαὶ ργορίπαυυπι οἰΓουπινοπίθηβϑ,, γαὶ ΡγΓΑΥΆ ἀοδίά τα βυϑοὶ ρίθη5, 6Ὰ οὐπὶ ἴῃ ἢΠΠἸὺ5 φαΐ! }5 ἰΘπροΓα ἦα πιραϊυπιὶ Δἀάιιχοεῖα, οἱ ᾿ργο 5. 1118 δορ αιϊοπὶθυ8 εοηϑβείεπίίδηι ἠυάϊοοπι ἀδάογίβ, 65 (υἀἷοΔ εἰ ἀϊ]δηΐδ, οἱ ἀδ οἷβ ροθπδτη ϑυπι|6,, ἰογυα σοὶ ἰΔιΙοηθη 4125 ΡΘΟ0ᾶ- νι. 1« δαΐηι οἱ δὶ νοι ᾿Πυὰ : Οοπιριπσὶπιϊπὶ, ργῸ 60 αυοὰ ὁδὶ, Ρυπείια, 5ιἰπιαϊαῖο φαώ ἴῃ οογάϊθυ5 γ6ϑι}8 ἀἰϊχίβιὶβ ἱπιδγάϊι : "Ποὺ δϑὶ, πὴ] 4018 οὐρφίΔβι15 ο0ἢ- δἰ] 8, δὰ ἰπ οὐδ! θυβ νϑϑιγίβ, 'π ἰθρογα {Π18 αυΐο- εἰς Ρυπίιο, ἴῃ 64 δηϊηιϑάνθγιϊθ : φυδη40 πο4ι6 ἀπιίουβ ἰωϊογιυγθαι, πος (Διηυ}5 ἱγτίϊαι, ἢ6 6 ἰυγθᾶ ποφοιίογυπὶ ὑγροὶ, ἴυπο νἱίαα ἱπιογάϊα δοίβ8 γαϊοθθπὶ οχἰρίίθ. Εἰ ΟΡ ὑοηὴ αἰχὶϊ, νογθοόγυηι οἱ (Δοιογιιπὶ,, 56 τηϑἰΓΌπι οοφίιδιοηαπ 7 Ηος ἀοοθηβ ἐχ υυπάληι!. 5: δηΐπὶ πιδί βυηί ολδιϊξοπάδ οοη5|}18, υἱ ΠΟη ἴῃ Ορυδ Θχθϑῃῖ : ΤλΌΪΟ ππλφὶβ ργὸ [Δε[18 οἱ ἀϊςι18 ορογίοι ἀπρὶ δηΐηιο. Ἡς ἤδηὶ δίπηχυ! ἀΐοθυθ, π6 6 ργίυ8 ἀογιηϊογὶβ, ὁ ΒΟΙΏΟ, φυᾶπ) πιδῃΐ6 γΘγϑυογὶβ φυς ἃ [0 ἰπιογάϊα ΡῸΓ- ΡΟΓΔἢ) Δοίἃ 50η| : οἱ ἀἶα βεχυσηῖ! ἐγ ἰδ οηνμΐῃο ἰανάΐοῦ δά δὰ ἰρθδ Γιιῦϑθυ5 ἀρργοαϊδἀ. ΕἸ ποιὰ [Δοἷβ ἰῃ μ6- ομηἶα., ΠΟ 5[ηἰ8 αἱ ἀϊο ἀΐ65 ὑγιοίογοδηῖβ, αυΐῃ ουπὶ (Δτηυ}0 γϑιοηθπ ἰπθᾶ8, π6 σομίυπϊοηοιῃ ἰπάπολι οὔ» Ἰνίο, ἴο6 οἰἴδηὶ ἴῃ δοίη θυ5 ς 5ἰηρυ! 5 ἀΐονν8 : νϑϑρεῦὶ δὺ δηΐπιὰ γαϊϊοπαπι εχίξα, οἱ Ἄςορὶἰϑοποῖῃ ΄υς ροοσάνίι σοηάδπηηᾶ ; Θ8πὶ γϑἰαι ἰἰ5η0 βυβροιάσ, ἃς ΟΥ̓, δὲ [06 Π6 Δπηρ] 108 68 ἀρατγοηϊαίυγ. Υάἀ δι ορίϊπνᾶπὶ πιράοηΐ γδιϊοηθπν, 4ιοπιοῦο οἱ ργβογνυδιι- αἰνυ5 οἱ οογτί φοπιίθυβ τηϑἀϊοαπηθη 5 υ8ι18 65. Ὁ Ργ- εἴρϑγα θηΐπι 6 ἴῃ ρεϑϑοδία ἰποϊ 5, ρΓΏβογνδη 8 Πι6- ἀϊοληιοπιὶ ἰοουπι οὈιηδί, Ποῖ ρΡΟ, ᾿γαξοϊπιϊπὶ, εἰ ποία γρόοσοατε ς ᾿ἰἰυὰ δυίοπι, Ὧμα αἰεὶ μὶς ἵπ οοταάϊϑιις υδειτὶς, ἐπ ομθὶ{διι8 υδεδίτὶΣ σοπιρμπσὶπιϊπὶ,, σοτγγίσοηι 8. Ροδί- 4υᾶπι δηΐπιὶ ραοοανῖὶ, δά δαὶ ΓΓΘΙΒ πη οἈπιθηϊἃ, ἃ} ἶρ5ο χυὶ ροοσανῖε ἱπάυοία πηεάϊοὶπα. ΗᾺς ΕΥΩῸ υἱάπιιν πηούϊοίπα,, αυα εἰμι! μαθαῖ οπμηΐπο αἰΠίςυϊ- (4:15. δίῃ δυΐίϑθιῃ ποῃ βυβίϊηθδὶ Δηἰ ΠηᾺ ΠΊΘΙΏΪ Π͵586 ρΘΟΟΆ- (ογυπι, δγυ αϑ θη δὲ ρυάογο 5ιἴα5α; εἷο {ΠΠ} ς ΝΙΜ] Ἰυογδοῖβ, 8ῖ ποὴ πιϑῃιίπογὶβ - βεὰ πιδϑηυπι ροιι5 ἀδπιηυπι δοοίρί8. δ: δπὶπι ποη παπς ἀρυὰ 16 τποιηὶπ ποΙῖθ., ἴπης δηΐα ομηπίαπι) οουΐ08 ἰ0ἃ βιαισδηίυγ ρ6Ὸ- οδία ". 81 δυΐθπὶ ἤὰῃς 68 δυρρυϊανογίβ, οἱ δ} }}15 οἷ ΠΙθογαθογίβ, οἱ ἰῃ δ!ῖα ποῃ ἴδοι !α ἱμοἀ65. Απίπιᾶ θεΐπὶ γεβρογιίπαπι υϑγὶ τὰ ἠυαϊοἰυπι, πθ Θαπιάθηι Γαγϑιι8 5.}}- δδὶ βϑηϊθηιϊ.ὯἋπ|, 5ἷ ἰογιψιθαίυγ οἱ Πδφο!!οἴαγ, γοὰ- ( δὰ ροροδίυπι ἰΔγϊοῦ : εἰ οχ θὰ γὰ ἰδηίυηι δγὶ! δππο υϊπθηϊιπι, αἱ δἱ ἰά ὑπὸ 5010 πιόηδα [δοδγίμν}5, ἰη ρογίοοιο υἱγίαιϊ5. ᾿νδΐλα π05 ἴρβο8. ςοπδβιϊ!θΠλυ8. Νὲ ἰδιῖυμι ἰΐδφαα δοιυπι περ] ἐχογίιηυ5. Θυἱ δηΐπι Ἰοα Ἰυάίοίαπι ᾿ἰς βιαιυδγὶι., ἃοαγθαβ {ΠΣ ροθιιῶβ μοι ἀδ- υἱι. δὲ ἐπίπι ποε ίρεος ἡμαϊσαγεπιις,, ποη μεΐγιιο ἡμάϊεα- τοπηιΓ : α θοπιΐπο αμίοπι ἡμαϊοαιὶ ὀγιαϊ πιαγ, ἰηαυ!!, πᾶ εὰπὶ πιμπάο οοπαθηιπθπιμν (1. ον. 11. 51. 52). Νὅ 680 υῃἀοιηποιηι, Π06 Δοίδπιυ8. 0. δαεγί βοαίε δα- οΥἱ βοίιιπι ἡμδιῖιΒ οἱ δρόταία ἱπ Βοπιπο. ΥἹάἀϊβιὶ δοι56- αιυριίαπι οριἰιπὶ οομβ.}}} 7 υἱαϊδιὶ ρεγίθοίδπι) δάιποηϊ- τἰοποηι Ὁ Ροβίᾳυδπι δηΐπὶ μΓΟΡίοΓ ρθοοᾶίδ οΟπιρυηχὶι, εἰ δὰ οδάδιιν γυγϑὺβ δρφγουϊοιιάδ γι ΐογθβθ οἴεοϊϊ, [υάϊοίυπηφυς. φυοὰ ποη μοί(οδὶ φοτγυπιρὶ οοπϑβίϊαἷϊ,, οἱ νἱία γαιϊίοποπι ἐχοσῖ!, ἰΐὰ δὰ υἱγίιεἰβ ὀχδγοιἰυπὶ ἀ6- ἀυεῖι. Νααυθ δπἰπὶ βυΠποἰϊ 5ἱ ἃ π|8}15 Δ βεϊποδμμυ5, 866 οροτίοι οἰἱαπὶ Ὀ0Π05 δῖ Δοοθάεγα. Θυοείγολ οἰϊλπὶ Ῥγοργεάϊδιβ αὐπιοηοί, ἀΐςθῃβ : δ 6εἰέπα ἃ πιαίο, εἰ [ας ϑοπιμι (Ρεαί. 85. 15). Νοη βοϊυπι δηΐπι ἱπιρτο 1818 8Δ0ῖῖο, 8564 οἰἰδῃ ἃ υἱγίαι 6 οθϑβαῖϊο,, αἵ ρυηΙΑΠΊΏΓ, εἴ- ἐεοῖι. Ναπὶ οἱ }} ᾳυΐ δβυτίεπίοπι 0) ράνογυν!, 86 δἰεἰθπι! ροίαπι που ἀδάδγυπι,, οἱ 4υΐ πυύυπι ἤθη νὸς βίίογυαηι (Μαιι. 45. 42. 4644.}., ποπ [αγϑι] δαπὶ, Ἠ6ς δνατὶ πδγυπὶ, πες θοηδ 8||6η8 ΓϑρΠΘΡιηί : 864 υΐϊλ Ὠθη (δόδγυηῖὶ οἰ ΘΟ ΟϑΥΠΑπΊ,, ῬΓοΟρίθγθα ροθη!8 ἱπηπιοῦ- (8}} ἰγϑάυπιυγ, οἱ βυρρ! οἷο ου͵ὰ8 Ὠυ}}ὺ8 68ι βηΐ8. ἔχ αι ἱπιο! φίπιιιβ,, δδιίπο γα ἃ π|8}}18 ποθὴ 6886 ποδὶδ ργἰποὶρίαπι βα]αἱἷϑ ᾽, πίδὶ δάβὶί διϊδαι ΒΟΠΟΓῸΠΣ Ρρ08- βοϑδίο, οἱ υἱγίαι5 δοίίο. 4 Βα6β., ἀπί6 οππιέμηι οσμίος εἰαδί εἰδὶ ἰγίϑυπαὶ ἑμα οοπι» γεεοαία. 5 31 τοῦ, οὐκ ἀρχὴ σωτηρίας ἡμῖν. Ιπίδγργοα, αυὶ τογιῖι, ποι δαϊὶδ εεἰ ποὺὶδ αὐ καἰμίεηι, ποῦ ἀρχὴ σωτηρίας, ζόμενος εἰκῆ ἔστι γὰρ καὶ δικαίως ὀργίζεσθαι " ἐπεὶ χαὶ Παῦλος ὠργίσθη τῷ Ἐλύμᾳ, καὶ Πέτρος τῇ Σαπφείρᾳ. ᾿Αλλ’ οὐχ ἂν εἴποιμι τοῦτο ὀργὴν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ φιλοτοφίαν, [18] χαὶ χηδεμονίαν, καὶ οἰκονομίαν. Ὀργίζεται χαὶ πατὴρ υἱῷ, ἀλλὰ κηδόμενος. Ἐχεῖνός ἐστιν ὃ ὀργιζόμενος εἰχῇ, ὁ ἑαυτὴν ἐχδιχῶν " ὁ δὲ τὰ ἑτέρων διορθῶν, οὗτο; πάντων ἐστὶν ἡμερώτερος, Ἐπειδὴ χαὶ ὁ Θεὸς, ἐπὰν λέγηται ὀργίζεσθαι, οὐχ ἑαυτῷ ἀμύνων ὀργίζεται, ἀλλ᾽ ἡμᾶς διορθούμενος. Τοῦτον τοίνυν χαὶ ἡμεῖς μιμώμεθα. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ οὕτως ἐπεξιέναι, θεῖον " τὸ δὲ ἑτέρως, ἀνθρώπινον. ᾿ἈΑλλ᾽ ὁ Θεὸς οὐ ταύτῃ ἡμῶν διέστηχε μόνον, ἧ δι- χαίως ὀργίζεται, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι οὐδὲ πάθος περὶ Θεόν ἐστιν ἡ ὀργή. Μὴ τοίνυν μηδὲ ἡμεῖς ὀργιζώμεθα εἰχῆ. Καὶ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἐνετέθη ἡμῖν ἡ ὀργὴ, οὐχ ἵνα ἁμαρτάνωμεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα ἑτέρους ἁμαρτάνοντας χω- λύωμεν᾽" οὐχ ἵνα πάθος χαὶ νόσημα γένηται, ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα “παθῶν φάρμαχον. η΄. Ἐννόησον τοίνυν καχίας ὑπερδολὴν, ὅταν τὸ φάρμαχον δηλητήριον γίνηται, ὅταν δι᾿ οὗ τὰ ἑτέρων τραύματα διορθοῦν χρὴ, διὰ τούτου τραύματα ἔργα- ζώμεθα- ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις σίδηρον λαδὼν, ἵνα τὰς ἑτέρων σηπεδόνας ἐχχόπτῃ, ἑαυτὸν εἰχῆ χαταχόπτῃ, πανταχῇ τοῦ σώματος ἕλχτ ποιῶν " ἣ χυδερνήτης ὧν διὰ τῶν οἰάχων χαταδύῃ τὸ σχάφος, δι᾿ ὧν τῶν ἀτά- χτὼν πνευμάτων τὴν ῥύμην ἐχχόπτειν ἔδει. Τοιοῦτόν τι χαὶ ἡ ὀργή ἐστιν, ὄργανον χρήσιμον, ἵνα τὸ ὑπνη- λὸν ἡμῶν διεγείρῃ, ἵνα τόνον ἐντιθῇ τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα σφοδροτέρου: ἐργάζηται πρὸς τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδιχου- μένων ἀγαναχτήσεις, ἵνα τιμωροὺς ποιῇ τοῖς ἐπιθού- λοις. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτό φησιν, Ὁργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρ- τάνετε. Εἰ δὲ μὴ ἦν δυνατὸν τοῦτο, οὐχ ἂν ἐπέταξε. Τὰ γὰρ ἀδύνατα οὐδεὶς ἐπιτάττει. Εἰσάγων τοίνυν νόμον ἀποστολιχὸν, καὶ φιλοσοφίαν εὐαγγελιχὴν, καὶ «τὰ αὑτὰ εἰπὼν ἅπερ χαὶ ὁ Χριστὸς, ἑτέραν προστί- θησι παραίνεσιν οὕτω λέγων " Ἃ .1έγετε ἐν ταῖς χαρ- δίαις ὑμῶν, ἐπὶ ταῖς κοίταις ὑμῶν καταγύγητε. Τί ἔστι τὸ εἰρημένον ; Δοχεῖ γὰρ ἀσαφὲς εἶναι. Ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῷ μετὰ τὰ δεῖπνα, φησὶν, ἡνίχα ἂν πρὸς ὕπνον ἀπίητε, ἡνίχα ἂν μέλλητε καταχλίνεσθαι, χαὶ μηδενὸς παρόντος πολλὴ ἡ ἡσυχία, βαθεῖα ἡ γαλήνη μηδενὸς διενοχλοῦντος, τὸ δικαστήριον ἔγειρον τοῦ συνειδότος, εὐθύνας ἀπαίτησον αὐτὸ, καὶ ἃ μεθ᾽ ἡμέ- ραν ἑἐδουλεύσω πονηρὰ, ἢ δόλους ῥάπτων, ἣ τὸν πλη- σίον ὑποσχελίζων, ἣ ἐπιθυμίας, δεχόμενος διεφθαρμέ- νας, ταῦτα ἐν τῷ χαιρῷ τῆς ἡσυχία; ἐχείνης εἰς μέ- σον ἀγαγὼν, χαὶ τὸ συνειδὸς ἐπιστήσας τοῖς ἀτόποις τούτοις λογισμοῖς, χατάξαινε αὐτοὺς, χαὶ δίχην ἀπαί- τει, χκατάτεινε τὴν ἁμαρτοῦσαν διάνοιαν. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι, τὸ, Καταγύγητε ἀντὶ τοῦ, Νύξατε, χεντήσατε ἅπερ εἴπατε ἐν ταῖς χαρδίαι; ὑμῶν μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν " τουτέστιν,“ ἑλογίσασθε πονηρὰ βουλεύματα, ταῦτα ἐν ταὶς κοίταις ὑμῶν, ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς ἡσυχίας ἐχείνης χολάζετε, τιμωρήσασθε" ὅταν μήτε φίλος ἐνοχλῇ, μῆτε οἰχέτης παροξύνῃ, μήτε πραγμάτων ὄχλος ἐπείγῃ, τότε τῶν μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν βεδιωμένων ποιεῖσθε λόγον. Καὶ διὰ τί μὴ εἶπε ῥημάτων χαὶ ἔργων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐνθυμημάτων πονηρῶν ; Ἐχ περιουσίας τοῦτο παι- δεύων. [19] Εἰ γὰρ τὰ πονηρὰ βουλεύματα δεῖ χολά- ζειν, ὥστε μὴ εἰς ἔργον ἐξιέναι" πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὑπὲρ πῶν ἔργων καὶ τῶν ῥημάτων ἐπιστύφειν δεῖ τὴν ψυ- χῆν. Τοῦτο καθ᾽ ἐχάστην γενέσθω τὴν ἡμέραν, καὶ μὴ πρότερον γαθυπνώσῃς, ἄνθρωπε, ἕως ἂν ἀναλο- Ρατμοι. 6κ. ΓΥ, ΕΧΡΟΒΙΤΙΟ ΙΝ ΡΘΑΙΜΟΜ ΙΥ. 83 γίσῃ τὰ μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν σοι πεπλημμελτμένα " χαὶ πάν- τως ὀχνηρότερος ἔσῃ τῇ ἐπιούσῃ πρὸς τὸ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιχειρῆσαι. Καὶ ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀργυρίων ποιεῖς, καὶ οὐκ ἀνέχῃ δύο παρελθεῖν ἡμέρας, καὶ μὴ θεῖναι πρὸς τὸν οἰχέτην λόγον, ὥστε μὴ σύγχυσιν γενέσθαι τῇ λήθῃ, τοῦτο χαὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ποίει χαθ᾽ ἐχάστην ἡωμέ- ραν" ἐν ἑσπέρᾳ λογοθέσιον ἀπαίτει τὴν ψυχὴν, χαὶ χαταδίχαζε τὸν ἡμαρτηκότα λογισμὸν, ἀνάρτησον ὡς ἐπὶ ξύλου, καὶ βασάνισον, χαὶ παράγγελλε μηχέτι τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιχειρεῖν. Εἶδες ἰατρείαν ἀρίστην, πῶς χαὶ προφυλαχτιχοῖς χαὶ διορθωτιχοῖς χέχρηται φαρ- μάχοις ; Τὸ μὲν γὰρ παραγγέλλειν μὴ περιπίπτειν εἰς ἁμαρτήματα, προφυλαχτικοῦ φαρμάχου χώραν ἐπ- ἔχει" οἷον, ᾽οργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε" τὸ δὲ, Α λέγετε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν, ἐπὶ ταῖς κοίταις ὑμῶν χαταγύγητε, διορθωτικοῦ. Μετὰ γὰρ τὸ ἀμαρ- τεῖν, πάλιν ἐπάγει φάρμαχα, παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀμαρ- τόντος τὴν ἰατρείαν εἰσάγων. Ποιώμεθα τοίνυν τὴν ἰατρείαν ταύτην, οὐδεμίαν δυσχολίαν ἔχουσαν. Εἰ δὲ οὐχ ἀνέχεται ἡ ψυχὴ μεμνῆσθαι τῶν πλημμελημά. των, αἰσχυνομένη καὶ ἐρυθριῶσα, εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτήν Οὐδέν σοι χέρδος ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ μνημονεύειν, ἀλλὰ χαὶ πολλὴ ἡ βλάθη. Ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ μνημονεύσῃ κατὰ σαυ- τὴν νῦν, τότε πρὸ τῶν ἁπάντων ὀφθαλμῶν χείσεταί σοι τὰ ἁμαρτήματα κ. "Ἂν δὲ νῦν ἀναλογίσῃ ταῦτα, κἀχείνων ἀπαλλαγήσῃ ταχέως, καὶ ἑτέροις οὐ περι- πεσῇ ῥᾳδίως. Ἡ γὰρ ψυχὴ δεδοιχυΐα τὴν ἑσπερινὴν δίκην, μὴ πάλιν ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτὴν ἁλῷ ψῆφον, καὶ κα- τατείνηται καὶ μαστιχθῇ, ὀχνηροτέρα γίνεται περὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν " καὶ τοσοῦτον τὸ χέρδος τοῦ πράγμα- τός ἐστιν, ὅτι μῆνα μόνον ἂν συνεχῶς αὐτὸ ποιήσω- μὲν, ἐν ἕξει λοιπὸν ἀρετῆς ἑαυτοὺς καταστήσομεν. Μὴ δὴ περιίδωμεν τοσοῦτον χαλόν. Ὁ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐνταῦθα χαθίσα; τὸ δικαστήριον, οὐ δώσει πιχρὰς εὐθύνας ἐχεῖ. Εἰ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς ἐχρίγομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐχριγρόμεθα" κρινόμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ Κυρίου παιδευό- μεθα, φησὶν, ἵνα μὴ σὺ» τῷ κόσμῳ καταχριθῶ- μεν. Ἵν᾽ οὖν μὴ καταχριθῶμεν, τοῦτο ἐργαζώμεθα. Θύσατε θυσίαν δικαιοσύνης, καὶ ξικίσατε ἐπὶ Κύριον. Εἶδες ἀκολουθίαν συμδουλῆς ἀρίστης ; εἶδες παραίνεσιν ἀπηρτισμένην ; Κατανύξας γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι, καὶ ποιήσας ὀχνηροτέρους πρὸς τὸ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιχειρῆσαι πάλιν, καὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ἀνα- στήσας τὸ ἀδέχαστον, χαὶ τῶν βεδιωμένων Ρ εὐθύνας ἀπαιτήσας, οὕτως ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐργασίαν ἄγει. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρχεῖ μόνον ἡ ἀποχὴ τῶν χαχῶν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ προσεῖναι καὶ τὴν ἐργασίαν τῶν ἀγαθῶν. Διὸ χαὶ προϊὼν παραινεῖ λέγων" Ἔχκιλιγον ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ ποίησον ἀγαθόν. Καὶ γὰρ ἣ ἀργία τῆς ἀρετῆς χό- λασιν οἷδε προξενεῖν, οὐχ ἢ ἐργασία τῆς πονηρίας μόνον. Ἐπεὶ χἀχεῖνοι οἱ πεινῶντα μὴ θρέψαντες, μηδὲ διψῶντα ποτίσαντες, μηδὲ γυμνὸν περιδαλόντες, οὐχ ἥρπασαν, οὐχ ἐπλεονέχτησαν, οὐ τὰ ἀλλότρια ἔλαθον - ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἐλεημοσύνην οὐχ εἰργάσαντο, [30] διὰ τοῦτο τῇ ἀθανάτῳ παραδίδονται χολάσει, χαὶ τιμωρίᾳ πέρας οὐχ ἐχούσῃ. Ὅθεν μανθάνομεν, ὅτι οὐ τὸ ἀπέχεσθαι χαχῶν ἀρχὴ σωτηρίας ἡμῖν, ἐὰν μὴ προσῇ καὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἡ χτῇσις, χαὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἡ ἐργασία. 4 Περ. Κείσεταί σοι διχαστήριον περιέχον αὖτά. » ἢεβ. πεπληυμελυμένων. ὃ 5. ἸΌΑΝΝΙ5 ΟΗΒΥΘΌΘΤΟΜΙ ΑΠΒΟΠΕΡ. ΟὈΟΝΘΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΡ. 5, υ΄. Διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Προφήτης ἀπαγαγὼν τῆς πο- ντοίας διὰ τῆς χατανύξεως, χαὶ ποιήσας ἐπιτηδειότε- ρον πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐργασίαν, καὶ τὸ σχληρὸν «ἧς διανοίας χαταμαλάξας, ἀπαλὴν τε αὐτὴν ἀπὸ τῆς χατανύξεως ἐργασάμενος, τὸν περὶ δικαιοσύνης εἰσ- ἁγει λόγον, καί φησι" θύσατε θυσίαν δικαιοσύνης, καὶ ἐλπίσατε ἐπὶ Κύριον. Τί ἐστι, θύσατε θυσίαν δικαιοσύνης; Δικαιοσύνην μετέρχεσθε, δικαιοσύνην προπφέρετε" τοῦτο μέγιστον τῷ Θεῷ δῶρον, αὕτη θυσία δεκτὴ, αὕτη προσφορὰ πολλὴν ἔχουσα τὴν ἀρέ- σχειαν, οὐ τὸ πρόθατα θύξιν καὶ μόσχους, ἀλλὰ τὸ δίχαια πράττειν. Ὁρᾷς τῆς Ἐχχλησίας τὴν πολιτείαν ἄνωθεν προδιαγραφομένην, καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἐχείνων τὰ νοητὰ ζητούμενα. Δικαιοσύνην δὲ ἐν- ταῦθα, χαθάπερ ἔμπροσθεν εἶπον, οὐ τὴν μεριχὴν ἀρετὴν φησιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν καθόλου " καθὸ καὶ δίκαιον ἄνθρωπον χαλοῦμεν τὸν ἅπασαν ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχοντα τὴν ἀρετήν. Αὕτη ἡ θυσία οὐ χρημάτων δεῖται, οὐ μα- χαίρας, οὐ θυσιαστηρίου, οὐ πυρός" οὐχ εἰς χαπνὸν διαλύεται χαὶ τέφραν καὶ χνίσσαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀρχεῖται τῇ γνώμῃ τοῦ προσάγοντος αὐτήν. Ταύτῃ οὔτε πενία κώλυμα γίνεται, οὔτε πτωχεία ἐμπόδιον, οὐ τόπος, οὐχ ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων οὐδέν" ἀλλ᾽ ὅπου περ ἂν ἧς, θύειν αὐτὴν δυνήσῃ, αὐτὸς χαὶ ἱερεὺς, καὶ θνσιαστή- “ριον, χαὶ μάχαιρα, καὶ ἱερεῖον γινόμενος. Τοιαῦτα γὰρ τὰ νοερὰ καὶ πνευματικά" πλείονα ἔχει τὴν εὐχο- λίαν, οὐδεμιᾶς δεόμενα τῆς ἔξωθεν ἐργωδίας. Καὶ ἐλπίσατε ἐπὶ Κύριον. “Ἕτερός φησι" Καὶ πεποίθετα τῷ Κυρίῳ. Ὁ γὰρ διὰ τῆςς δικαίας πολιτείας ἵλεων αὑτὸν χτησάμενος χαὶ εὐμενῆ, μεγίστην ἔχει συμμα- χίαν, ἀχείρωτον τὴν βοήθειαν, πολλὴν ἐχεῖθεν τὴν ῥοπήν. Εἶδες τῆς θυσίας τὸν χαρπὸν παρὰ θύραις ὄντα; εἶδες εὐθέως βλαστάνοντα ἀθρόον τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὸν θησαυρόν; Ὁ γὰρ τὸν θεὸν ἔχων σύμμαχον, τίνα φοδηθήσεται λοιπόν ; Οὐδένα. Καὶ τοῦτο δὲ οὐ μιχρὰ ἀρετὴ, τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ θαῤῥεῖν, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῷ πεποιθέ- ναι. Μετὰ δὲ τῆς διχαιοσύνης χαὶ ταύτην ἡμᾶς ἀπαι- «εἴ τὴν ἀρετὴν, τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ πεποιθέναι, τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ ἐλπίζειν, τὸ μηδενὶ τῶν βιωτιχῶν θαῤῥεῖν, ἀλλὰ πάν- «ων ἑαυτὸν ἀποστήσαντα, ἐχεῖ προσηλοῦν τὴν διά- νοιαν. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ παρόντος βίου πράγματα ὀνεί- ρᾶσιν ἔοιχε χαὶ σχιαῖς, χαὶ τούτων ἐστὶν ἀδρανέστερα, ὁμοῦ τε φαινόμενα χαὶ ἀφιπτάμενα, χαὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ παρεῖναι πολλοὺς ἐμποιοῦντα τοὺς θυρύδους τοῖς ἔχουσιν ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ Θεὸν ἐλπὶς ἀθάνατος, ἄτρεπτός, ἀχίνητος, μεταθολὴν οὐ δεχομένη, ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ πάσῃ χαθιστῶσα, χαὶ ἄμαχον ποιοῦσα τὸν αὐτῇ μετὰ ἀχρι- θείας [21] καὶ τῇ; προσηχούσης διαθέσεως χρώμενον. Πο.λ.λοὶ λέγουσι, Τίς δείξει ἡμῖν" τὰ ἀγαθά; Ἔση- μειώθη ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς τὸ φῶς τσῦ προσώπου σου, Κύ- ριδ. ᾿Απαρτίσας τὴν περὶ τῶ» ἠθῶν παραίνεσιν, χαὶ τῇ θεογνωσίᾳ προσαγαγὼν, καὶ πάντα χινήσας τρό- πὸν τὸν δυνάμενον διαναστῆσαι τῶν πεπλανημένων τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ μάλιστα ἀπὸ τῶν ἀναχειμένων αὐτῷ καὶ τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς προνοίας δείξας αὐτοῦ τὴν χηδε- μονίαν, ἀντίθεσίν τινα παρὸ τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων καὶ παχυτέρων εἰσαγομένην τίθησι χαὶ λέγει" Πο.λ.1οἱὶ .16- γουσι, Τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; Οὐχ οἱ ὀλίγοι, οἱ γνήσιοι χαὶ δόχιμοι χαὶ φιλοσοφεῖν εἰδότες ταῦτα λέ- γουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ χεχυμένον πλῆθος, τὸ ἀδιάχριτον, τὸ ἀνοίᾳ προσηλωμένον. Τί δέ ἐστιν ὅ φησι; Τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; Ἐϊΐπί τινες οἱ λέγοντες, οἱ μὲν τοῦ Θεοῦ διαθδάλλοντες τὴν πρόνοιαν, οἱ δὲ ἡδονῆς ὄντες ἐρασταὶ, ἀνέσεως καὶ πλούτου, δόξης καὶ δυναστείας, οἱ καὶ ἐρῶντες αὑτῶν τοιαῦτά φασι" Ποῦ τὰ ἀγαθὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ; Ἐγὼ ἐν πτωχείᾳ. καὶ νόσῳ, καὶ ταλαιπω- ρίᾳ, καὶ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις δεινοῖς, χαὶ ἐπηρείαις, χαὶ συ» χοφαντίαις " ἕτερος δὲ ἐν εὐημερίᾳ, καὶ τρυφῇ, χαὶ δυναστείᾳ, καὶ δόξῃ, καὶ πλούτῳ. Καὶ οἱ μὲν ταῦτα μόνον ζητοῦσι ἃ τὰ ἀγαθὰ, τὰ ὄντως ἀγαθὰ παρατρέ-- χοντες, ἀρετὴν λέγω χαὶ φιλοσοφίαν" οἱ δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, χαὶ τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόνοιαν ἐντεῦθεν διαδάλλουσι, λέγοντες" Ποῦ ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόνοια, τοσαύτης συγχύσεως ἐν τῷ βίῳ γινομένης, χαὶ τῶν πλειόνων ἐν πτωχείᾳ χαὶ πενίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ὄν- τῶν χαχοῖς ; τί τεχμήριον αὑτοῦ τῆς χηδεμονίας : Ταὺτὸν γὰρ ποιοῦσιν οἱ ταῦτα λέγοντες, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἐν σταθερᾷ μεσημδρίᾳ" χαὶ χαθαρᾷ τὸν ἅλιον ἰδεῖν ἐπιζητοίη, χαὶ ἀμφιδάλλοι περὶ τοῦ φωτός. Ὅπερ δειχνὺς ὁ Προφήτης. καὶ ταχίστην ἐπάγων τὴν λύσιν, ἔλεγεν" Ἐσημειώθη ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς τὸ φῶς τοῦ προσ- ὠποῦυ σου, Κύριε. Οὐχ εἶπεν, ἐφάνη " οὐκ εἶπεν, ἔλαμ- ψεν, ἀλλ᾽, Ἐσημειώθη, δηλῶν ὅτι ὥσπερ τὸὲν μετ- ὠπῷῳ σεσημειωμένον πᾶσι χατάδηλόν ἐστι, χαὶ οὐχ ἔστιν οὐδένα αὐτὸ λαθεῖν, οὐδὲ ὄψιν φωτὸς γέμουσαν χαὶ ἀφιεῖσαν Ῥ ἀχτῖνας δύναταί τις ἀγνοῆσαι" οὕτω, φησὶν, οὐδὲ τὴν πρόνοιαν τὴν σήν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ φῶς σεσημειιυμένον. τουτέστιν, ἐντετυπωμένον χαὶ ἔγχε- χαραγμένον ἐν προσώπῳ, πᾶσίν ἐστι χατάδηλον " οὕτω καὶ ἡ πρόνοια τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τῆς σῆς. Φῶς γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τὴν ἀντίληψίν φησι, τὴν κηδεμονίαν, τὴν συμμαχίαν, τὴν πρόνοιαν. Εἶτα ἀποφηνάμενος τοῦτο, καὶ ἀπόδειξιν ἐπάγει. Ποίαν δὴ ταύτην; Ἔδωχας εὑφροσύγην εἰς τὴ» καρδίαν μου. Διαθαλὼν τὸ ἀλόγιστον πλῆθος, ἀπὸ τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων καὶ ὑγιαι- νόντων τὴν ἀπόδειξιν ποιεῖται τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας, καὶ φησιν, ΓἔἜδωχας εὐφροσύνην εἰς τὴν καρδίαν μου" τουτέστι, Φιλοσοφεῖν με ἐπαίδευσας, ὑπερορᾷν τῶν βιωτιχῶν πραγμάτων, εἰδέναι τὰ ἀληθῇ χαὶ μέ- νοντα᾽ χρησταῖς ἐμετεώρησας “ ἐλπίσι, πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν ζωὴν ἐχειραγώγησας " πρὸ τῆς ἀπολαύ- σεως τῶν ἀγαθῶν τῇ προπδοχίᾳ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνεπτέ- ρώσας. Καλῶς οὕτως εἶπεν, ν΄. Εἰ γὰρ χληρονομεῖν τις μέλλων χρήματα, ἣ χαὶ [32] εἰς ἀρχὴν ἱέναι μεγίστην, οὐ κατὰ τὸν χαιρὸν «ἧς ἀπολαύσεως μόνον, ἀλλὰ χαὶ πρὸ τῆς. πείρας ὀρθοῦται τῇ προσδοχίᾳ, πάντα τὸν χρόνον τρυφῶν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐλπίδος " ἐννόησον οἷον εἰκὸς εἶναι τὸν τὴν βασι- λείαν προσδοχῶντα ζῶσαν χαὶ ἀθάνατον, καὶ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐχεῖνα, ἃ οὔτε ὀφθαλμὸς εἶδεν, οὔτε οὗς ἤχουσεν, οὔτε ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ἀνέθη. Διὰ τοῦτό φησιν "Ἔδω- κας δὑφροσύνγνην εἰς τὴν καρδίαν μου. Ὅπερ με- γίστης προνοίας ἧν, τότε ἑτοιμάσαι ἐχεῖνα καὶ εὐτρι- πίσαι. Εἰ δὲ οἱ παχύτεροι, καὶ σὰρξ ὄντες, χαὶ τῇ γῇ προσηλωμένοι, τούτοις οὐ προσέχουσιν, οὐ παρὰ τὸν ὑποσχόμενον, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἐχείνων ἀγνωμοσύνην ἡ ταραχὴ καὶ ὁ θόρυθος γίνεται. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν ἀπλῶς, "Ἔδωχας εὐφροσύνην, ἀλλ᾽, Εἰς τὴν καρδίαν μου, 4 ᾿ αι" Ὁ ἘΠ ΤΕ κυ η ΑἸ ἴον α ἀρ γῆνι κ͵ὴ οσθα ς Ἰλορ. χρησταῖς ἡμᾶς ἀνεπτέρωσας 55 ΕΧΡΟΒΙΤΙ͂Ο ΙΝ ΡΒΑΙΜΌΜ ΥΥ͂. 5, 9. Ομ εἰ! εαοτὶ βεῖμηι Πμϑε 8 ; ιιδ πα ποπῆπο υἱγα ἵμ6 οπεπῖδ; ἐρεὶ ἱπ θεαπι ἱπιπιογίαἰἷς.----Ῥτορίογδᾶ οἰἸΔη} Ῥγορδεια, οὐπὶ οἱ δἢ ἱμιργοῦ ιλ6 ΡῸΡ ΘΟ ρα παι οΠ6 πὶ οὐάυχίϑδοϊ, οἱ δὰ νἰγίι5 δαιίοη6πι αρίϊογαπι [Θοἰσβαῖ., εἰ ἀυγι (ἴλη πηϑη 5 διη0}}} υἱββοὶ, οἱ δῶπὶ ρ6Γ οομρυη- εἰἰοπαίη ἴσηογῶπι το ἀϊ ϊ586ι, ἱμοὶριι νογθα ἴλθογα ἀ6 Ἰυκε ἃ, οἱ ἀἰείι : δαοτίβοαι!ε δαοτί βεῖμπι Ἱιδιδεῖαι., εἰ φρόταίε ἱπ δοπιῖπο. Ουδὰ εδὶ, δαοτγί ἤοαίε δαοτί βοῖμπι ἐμειμίς 2 Ῥογβοχυϊίηὶ [υδιλιϊαπι, οἴσγια πε ἰδηι : Βος εξῖ πιαχίπιιπη Π60 ἀοηαπι, ᾿οα 651 Δοοθρίυπ) δᾶ- ἐγ ποίαν, ἢνππο ΟὈ]αιο να] ὰθ ᾳγαῖλ δῖ, ΠΟΩ ΟΥ̓Θ5 οἱ υἱταΐος δδογβοδγο, 56 αυῶ 50η1 }υ8ί8 ίλοογθ. ὙἹάε5 γψίιῶ5 πῃ Εσοἰοβία ἰμδι δ πά:5 ται οηθιη π}}}5 γοῖγο δἴεου!} β [Γυἷθ56 Δη16 ἀδβοῦρίδπι, δἱ Ῥγὸ ||18 86 η5} 8 }}1- Βυς φὰ φικτί, ηυτ σλάιηῖ κυ} ἰη10}Π Πρ πιΐληι, δ 5:18 π| Δυίοπι ἰνἷς, δου! δηι6 ἀἰχὶ, ποη βἰ προ ϊλγθηι 4}14018Π| ἀϊεῖι νἱγίυίεπι, δε εν γβδπη : 4ιοπηπιοάυπι ἐἰϊϑ τ ψίγυπι ᾿υδίιπι νοσλπιυ8. απΐ οπηπθπ) ἰῃ 86 Υἱγίυΐϊο πὶ εοπτϊηεί. Ταλ]ῖα οηἰπὶ βυηί συ δά πηρηΐ!θ ρου Πθηϊ οἱ ρὶ ἰυἃ- 14; Ρ᾽αγίπηαμ παδηὶ (ΟΠ 8118, υἱ 4υ85 ἢυ1]ὰ Ἔχίογ- ΒΔ Ορεγδιίοηα δροϑμ!. ΕἾ ἐρογαία ἴ; Βομιϊπο. ΑἸ᾿υ8 ἀϊείι : Εἰ οοπβάδιε Βοπιῖπο. Ουἱ διΐπι ρ6Γ [υβίδπι ν᾽ 28 ἐμβεκυοποπι Ὀδυηι δἰ οἱ ργορί ταν οἱ οἰ οιηφηίοπὶ γεά- ἀϊάογία, πιαχίπιδιη ἢ 0)6. ορί(υἱιε!ονναπι., δυχ! ἰα πὶ ἱποχρυσηδθῖ!α,, δἱ μ᾽ υγίπιαὶ {Π πη ργοβίἀΐαιη. ΥἹάϊσεὶ (τυσίυπι 5αεγὶ οἱ, αυὶ δι 'η (οτίθυσ Ὁ υἱαΐκ εἰ ΘΟἸ γγί π}6 ξογηϊδπίοπι Ὀοπογιπὶ {ἢ θϑδιγυπὶ Ὁ Οἱ οπὶπι Ὠουπὶ Βοθοῖ αὐχὶ ἰαΙΟΓ ΠΣ, 4φυ 6 ΠιηΔη} {}π|6 011 Δ πη} 18 3 Νὰ. Βιϊοῖη. ιπὶ ἡΘΓῸ πος 4Π04018 681 ΠΟ ρΆΓνΑ ΥἹΓίι8., ἦἶρθο [γεΐυπιὶ ΒΟΠῸ δηΐπι|0 68:6, δἱ ἴη ἰρ50 δυπίἀαγθ. διεὰ οὐπι ᾿υδι|8 ἃ ἢ0}}5 ἢλης 4ι06116 νἱγτυίοπι οχ αὶ, αἱ ἴῃ 60 οοηἤαάδηλ8, υἱ ἴῃ 60 ΘρΟγθη8., αἱ Π0}}} νὰ - τοδη: γαὶ Πάδιθυβ, 564 Π08 Δ} ΟΠ Ἶ 05 56] Π 46 168., εοφί(Δτίοηοπι οπηπαπι {}Πς ἀςἤσαπιιδ. Β165 δηΐπι υἱί ΡΓαϑθηϊ5 βυπὶ ἀπΊ γα. οἱ ΒΟ ΠΊΝ15 β᾽1η}168., Δίηαα [8 εἰἴληι ἔπι θὲ οἰ ΠΟ Γ6 5, υἱ αυ:8 5ίπιὺ] Ἀρράγθδηι οἱ Δνο θηὶ; δἰ ἰμίεγόα ὀυη) δάδυηί,, [5 4] {1125 Πα θ δὴ πη] πὶ ταγυς 26 πιο] βία: αἤδγδηιϊ;; δρ68 ἀὐυίαπὶ ἴῃ Ὠαιιηὶ δϑὶ ἐπππηογία 15, ἐπι πγυ 1 4}}}}}5, ἱπηπη00}}15, πι}}}} υἱ οἰ οι ἰυἀϊηὶ ο"ποχία, 41:5 ΟἸπηΐ ὁχ ραγία ἰυἱὰπ|Ώ τοι αἰ! οἱ ἰπαχρυ- Φ:8 0116 πὶ δυπὶ ΟΠ οἶς, πε} 68, 4πᾶ ΡΔΓ 651, ουγᾷ δἱ δἵ- [εοἰοπα υἱἱειν. 1. Μαΐὶ αἀἴσαπι,, Ομὶς οείεπαάοί ποϑὶς ϑοπα ῦ δίσηπαίμηι 68ί δ ΡῈ ποδ ἱμηϊθη υμί μια ἐμὶ, Θοηιΐπο. Ῥοβίᾳιδηι ἀθ πιογίνιια ραγίβεϊι δἀπιοπιἰοιιοπὶ, οἱ δὰ θεοὶ δϑάμπχίι δοφηϊ οποπιὶ., Οπμ ΘΙ Π06 τοΥβαν}! γαῖο- ΠΘι, αι: μοιοϑι ογίσογθ πιθο πὶ ΘΟΓῸΠῚ 4ιϊ ἃ 6 ΡΓᾶ- τοηι ; ὀχ πῃ ]Ὸ τηᾶχίηθ δογυπὶ ΄σοΐ ἢΠΠ| 5ιιηΐ δαυ!οι!, οἱ 605 ὀγρᾷ 1105 ργονϊ ἀθηι8., ροϑίαυλπὶ) 502π| οβίθπα δ! δο!]!Πεἰευάίπα πὶ, αυδπνάδπι οἰ ἡ δοιοπαηι Ὁ ἰ ρ6ς.}}10- Ττίθυς ἂς ογαϑϑίογιθυ8 ἱπάἀυοσίαπ) αἴογι., οἱ δἷι: Μμι ἀΐξμπι, Οαἷδ οδἰομ οἰ ποϑὶς ϑοπα 7 Νοῆ ἢ} ραᾳυεὶ ρμτουΐ, ἃς 5ἰηοογί,, δἱ χυῆὶ πογυπὶ Ρ ΝΠ] υϑορ αγί,, μσο ἀΐσυπὲ,, 564 οοηίαδα οἱ ργοπιΐβουδ πρι! Ππυ40, 4188 ἱξποτγαιίοπὶ εἱ βίυΠἰιἰ6 Αἤχα οβί. Οὐυἱὰ 65ὶ δυΐίαπι φυοὰ ἀϊοἰ!} ᾿κἷς οδἰοηοἴ ποδὶ ὕοπα " ϑυηϊ ηιϊάλπι αυὶ ἀΐσυμ!,, 4}}} αυϊάοπι Ὠοὶ ργονί ἀδη ἴδπὶ Δοσυβδη!65, Αἱ ἱΐ σοτοὸ υο}ιι- ΡίΔεῖβ ἀπιαίογοϑ, βοοογάϊβ, ορυπι, φἰυτῖς οἱ ροϊδηι, 4υ] οιἰἴλπι ᾿νπς ἀπηδηῖο8, ἀΐευπι τα]}}4 : ὉΝὶ διπὶ θοηᾶ Ῥεὶ ᾿ Εξο 5ι1πὶ ἴῃ πιδηάίοἰἴ16, οἱ ποῦ, οἱ οἰ λην δία, δ ΘΧΊΓΘΙΠΪΒ 8118, ῬΓΟΌΓΙ5 δἰ σοηίμπι6 15 : αἰΐαβ δὺ- 16πὶ ἴῃ (Ἰ]οἰἴαϊθ, νοϊυρίαιο, ἀ6}1ς}18., ροίοηιία, φ]ογία, οἱ ἀἰν εἰ15. Εἰ 411} φυΐϊάθπι ᾿ς θοη8 ἰἀπίυπι γααυίγηηῖ, Θἃ 4018 γ6γ βυηϊ ὕ"οηᾶ ῥτγβιθγίη 6η168., υἱγίμθπι., ἰπαυδιη, οἱ Ξε ΐπὶ βδρίθωι : 4111 ναγο, υἱ δι16 ἀϊχὶ, θεὶ οἰἴαπι ργονϊ ἀδηίλπι 6χ 60 ογί πὶ πδηΐϊαγ, ἀἰ ΟΘη 168: ὕθὶ 68ι θεἰ ργονί διε, ουπὶ ἰδηΐλ δὶ ἰῃ υἱα ουμι - δἷο, ουπὶ ῥ᾽ τΓ6 5 'π πιοπαϊοἰδίο, ἱπορία οἱ ἴῃ θσίγοιι 8 ΠΊΔΠ 18 ἀοφαι ἢ χαρὰ οϑι Ξεἰσηυπὶ ο᾽υ5 ργονίἀδηιίς ἢ Ὁ υἱ δυΐθ ἢς ἀΐδσυηὶ ρογίη 8 (δου! ἃς 5ἱ 4ιιῖδ οἰαγ881-- 100 πηγάς χυσΓαῖ 5016 πὶ υἱάθγο, οἱ ἀυλίϊοι ἀδ [χ66. 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(γειεῖα [γιπιοπιὶ 4! υἱηὶ, εἰ οἰεὶ διιὶ πιο ἰσαι φιπι, Πὸς ἀυΐθογ οὐμὴ ἀΐ- οἷν, ποῖ) ρᾶγνϑιη (ἀπρὶξ ρᾶγίοηι ο}υ5 ργονμἰθη είν, 4.5 σαγηϊυγ ἰῃ 8 ητιὰ5 δαἷν ἀκροσίαμι οϑάσμ!. αλλ ο δι ΐηὶ ἀϊεὶὶ {γιιηθυίπι.,, νυ), αἱ οἴδυμ, δου πη 1 οορίαπι, ἀϊΐοὶ! οἱ ρ]ενίαπι,, ἰοπιρορίαιιη θόηυι ογι}}- ΠΘΙΏ, ἰΘΓγα σοποδρί απ), ραγίιπι οἱ (δία αὶ, δ γοπι ἀἰϊξ- [ἀβιπὶ,, 50]18. | common_corpus | {'identifier': 'patrologiae_cursus_completus_gr_vol_055_5', 'collection': 'Greek-PD', 'open_type': 'Open Culture', 'license': 'Public Domain', 'date': '1862.0', 'title': 'Patrologiae Cursus Completus - Series Graeca - Volume 55', 'creator': 'Google Books', 'language': 'Greek', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '7790', 'token_count': '29275', '__index_level_0__': '37621', 'original_id': '1f1c777f50ae87446380254f7057c00e5faee493ff0af24b3d90e42c6cb9a298'} |
Sem título-6-1.jpg
Welcome to my page! here you can see more of my work!
London, lovely to meet you!
It was January and we headed to London to make a beautiful editorial. It was my first time but I can imagine myself living there, it's such a cool city. A big one but not a confusing one, just how I like it! As usual, the batch of photos contains a lot of food and flowers, but I'll start with a small sneak peak of the editorial, I can´t show much, at least not yet!
And now, my vision of the city.
It wasn't cold at all (NOT!). (photo: Cristina Macedo)
Meraki Studio
bela + felipe - the greatest love | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9509002566337584}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '104463', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:HQ47CWOBIW5TU7C3ILE3ZRKYY3QNWXY6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:3004e6b3-6d8c-41cb-a2ab-47bcdbbd54e4>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 9, 20, 5, 44, 14), 'WARC-IP-Address': '198.185.159.145', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:Y3UK3HTEGUVWTYC7KYPRYU5WWWJOZSV5', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:37a1064b-b858-4fbc-bdf9-e52ffa649ef1>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://danielasrodrigues.com/blog/2016/3/3/london-lovely-to-meet-you', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:f7deb52c-de80-457e-aca7-54a6aba485c1>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '115', 'url': 'http://danielasrodrigues.com/blog/2016/3/3/london-lovely-to-meet-you', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-142-152-56.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-39\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for September 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.029939353466033936', 'original_id': 'c733284db730e16c9bb8c0a0f3c799855d5b61bd75be2f2acb5629082fdf3c27'} |
EDITORIAL – The problem with crime in Cayman
Some time ago, Compass publisher David R. Legge, along with co-author John McCormack, wrote a book titled, “Self-Made in America.” The first words of the book were:
“Denial. Ask any psychologist what the major obstacle to recovery is, and the likely answer will be denial. It’s fundamental. Until you admit there is a problem, you can’t begin to solve it.”
The Cayman Islands remains in denial about many issues, including the problem of crime. Our homes and businesses are becoming less secure, our courts are jammed beyond capacity, and our prisons are overflowing (the majority being Caymanian offenders). Yet, the routine response from many in our community is that almost all of Cayman’s crime has been “imported” from other countries, and that Cayman is the safest place in the Caribbean.
The first part of that statement is pure fiction, the second part is likely true (thank Heaven).
Accordingly, we regard as supremely troubling the two recent high-profile crimes that occurred at Alfresco restaurant in West Bay and a private residence in North Side. The armed robbery at one end of the island, and the home invasion at the other (both involving tourists) are emblematic of the high-profile (meaning public) criminal activity sweeping across the island.
Let us be clear: The crime issue, at root, is not now, and never was, a police issue. It is a social issue. Some people use the occasion of crime as an opportunity to castigate the police. Such a response is totally misplaced. Police come in to mop up the mess — after it has been made. Opprobrium, first and foremost, ought to be directed at the people who commit crimes, not those who are called in to solve them.
Nevertheless, it is a duty that police must perform with efficiency, integrity and professionalism.
By any of those standards, the response from the Royal Cayman Islands Police Service to the home invasion in North Side was, to borrow a phrase from the police, an “abject failure.”
It is simply inexcusable for an officer to receive a phone call from a victim reporting a crime, and then essentially to hang up on them without providing assistance, alerting other officers or even recording that the phone call was received.
Police Commissioner David Baines took proper action when he personally apologized to the homeowner, who seemed to accept it and who, other than the delay in the start of the investigation, appears to be satisfied with the police response.
What Commissioner Baines must do is ensure that the non-responsive officer is disciplined appropriately. But that is not enough. Going from there, he must identify every single “underperformer” (or worse) in the police service and weed them out. A bad cop is as bad as a bad teacher. Everyone knows who they are, and they have got to be removed — not moved laterally or “retrained.”
In 2014, North Side MLA Ezzard Miller and East End MLA Arden McLean argued strongly for more police officers and resources to be dedicated to their districts. Mr. Miller requested adding $1.3 million to the police budget, in part to pay for six officers to cover North Side and East End.
We seldom agree with Mr. Miller, but in this case, he’s right. Our lawmakers must provide whatever resources and manpower are needed to police the eastern districts. They are an integral part of this country and are centers for tourism. Their importance will only increase as they grow in population and commerce.
Generally speaking, the visible response from our police and Governor Helen Kilpatrick has not nearly been equal to the seriousness of the problem or the direness of the consequences.
Cayman’s reputation for safety is far more fragile than our coral reefs — and far more important to the economic health of our country.
1. And the police need to be ready for the spread of international terrorism which will certainly follow the growth of crime and the criminal underworld. The crime wave has got to be stopped, by reenforcing the police and empowering the police, not by hobbling and shaming them. Caymanians won’t be exempted by ISIS, the next airliner bombed could be in the Caribbean.
2. As beautiful and welcoming as Cayman is, it simply is not Mayberry and this is not the 1950’s. We all need to understand that even in an idillic place like Cayman, in this century we must all be aware of our surroundings and be personally responsible for out possessions. Sheriff Taylor and Deputy Fife are no longer patroling the streets to protect us, our loved ones and our property.
It amazes me how many times I see shoppers in the grocery or other large stores who leave their purses in shopping carts to chase after a wondering child, or to pick out an item 25 or 30 feet away. It would take an instant for someone to snatch her purse or wallet or cell phone. Once the deed is done, the victim, would wonder who would do this to me?
Unfortunately, we all need to be ever vigilant, whether at home our on the beach. You are responsible for yourself and your family first. Take care, take caution and remember there are always people who want what you have…. no matter where you are in the world. Sorry, but that is just a fact of our world today so take the time to be vigilant. help yourself, help the police and help our wonderful island to be as safe as it can realistially be.
• Rodney:
I agree.
But how exactly is one supposed to be vigilant or defend oneself if one is having dinner in an outdoor setting and three armed, masked thugs storm onto the premises demanding you hand over your possessions?
The only way I can imagine is not to be there in the first place.
And THAT my friend is the problem. We’re not talking about purses being snatched from supermarket trolleys but boys who think they are big men because they hide behind masks and big guns.
Boys whose mamma won’t tell on them.
3. It is the culture of silence that is making the job of the police impossible. Crimes happen, people know who did it because suddenly some jobless layabout has money to spend or a cell phone or TV to sell. But no one says a word.
The concept of holding up a restaurant while it is doing business and robbing the customers as well belongs in Honduras or Columbia not Cayman.
It doesn’t take long for a bad name to spread and people to go elsewhere. For many years Pensacola, Florida has had a flood of wild spring breakers having just too much fun. After last year the city past some tough new laws prohibiting, among other things, alcohol on the beach.
I am not defending public drunkenness but word got around that Pensacola wasn’t a fun place anymore.
This spring break it is almost empty. Business is down 90%.
Just what happens to Grand Cayman if our tourist business also drops 90% because of a reputation as an unsafe place to visit?
• Good question. The time to take precautions is before something happens and an over reaction occurs such in Pensacola. Thoughtful planning for public security should be done before a crisis occurs. Governemnt should act rapidly to plan realistic controls for the safety of residents and visitors. Government should then rapidly act to implement those plans making sure there are ways to fine tune them if necessary before unanticipated consequences occur.
4. A fish rots from the head down.
Job Duties of a Police Dispatcher (from a random internet search) involves gathering relevant information, including:
The exact location of the incident
The nature of the call and the urgency of the call
The parties involved in the incident, including their names, ages, build and appearance, and clothing
If the incident is happening now, or if the caller is reporting an incident that happened prior to the call
The presence of any weapons or firearms
The presence of any injuries
As the caller relays the information, police dispatchers transcribe the information into a computer system that records all of the data.
Are there written instructions for a police dispatcher in RCIPS?
Another question. Is the person in question on a paid leave while being investigated? What is there to investigate? The lack of training and written instructions on how to do a job?
5. Unfortunately the damage has already been done. Many people I speak to about visiting the island have no intention of going.
They have done their homework and are aware of what’s been happening. There is way too much crime in every area now to ever feel safe. Those who have enjoyed their Cayman vacations in the past have seen and heard enough. In addition, they can travel somewhere else where the prices to stay are much more reasonable.
And CUBA is coming.
6. Mr Editor
I think you have nailed a few truths in this piece. Sadly, the underperformance that you identify is endemic throughout the Islands public offices, take any Government department and you will find people that simply don’t do their job, safe in the knowledge that they cannot be disciplined or fired. This is seen most at public facing front office level, but is actually indicative of bad management, those that are supposed to train and then monitor performance. It is interesting that there are two moves to investigate or censure the RCIP at the moment, sadly, one represents a serious front office failure to activate a police response, and the other represents an attempt to throw blame at the RCIP for failure to save people at sea, when the blame lies elsewhere.
At the same time, and in one of those petitions, there is a suggestion that part of the solution is to appoint a Caymanian to the senior police post, yes, of course that is desirable, but you have to have the right person, look at the last attempt to do this! That brings us back to the general problem throughout the civil service, jobs for life, bad management, and lax performance levels do not lead to a natural band of people trained and competing for advancement. So, part of the solution is to cull those that cannot, and those that can’t be bothered to, do the job they are paid for. The funds then exist for their replacement by those that can, thats what the MLA’s should be debating, not a “no confidence” vote!
7. The Compass said: “…Going from there, he must identify every single “underperformer” (or worse) in the police service and weed them out….”
How long has the COP been on the job? Let’s not be in denial. The COP has been and abject failure in regards to the above. If he hasn’t accomplished the above by now, why would there be an expectation he could do it in his final year of service?
8. I welcome the reminder that almost all crimes committed here in Cayman are perpetrated by Caymanians. As an ex-pat, I get really upset with the constant mantra that outsiders are to blame for all of Cayman’s problems. Anyone recall the FOI data from early 2015 about the number of residents with criminal convictions? 20% of the total population had a criminal record. According to the latest statistics, 57% of the population is Caymanian. As those on work permits have to show a clean police record to enter the island, therefore, it must be assumed that almost all of the 20% with those convictions are Caymanian. That makes around 35% of Caymanians have a criminal conviction, making the local population one of the most criminalised in the world.
It’s about time the denial ended and the good people of Cayman decided to clean up this mess by no longer tolerating this anti-social behaviour, taking illegal activities seriously, respecting the laws and the police, and speaking up rather than keeping quiet and hoping to get a share of the ill-gotten gains. Lawlessness, violence and corruption seem to go hand in hand with laziness, incompetence and an entitlement attitude. Wake up everyone, and please, do something to stop this continuing to escalate before Cayman becomes more like some of the other destinations where people are afraid to leave the cruise ships.
• @Susan Weeks
A very good point about how criminalized the population of this country is. Total crimes per capita number might have potential visitors jaws dropped.
@Norman Linton
Totally agree. What is the point of living in so called paradise if you can’t have a dinner on your front porch?
Honestly, I see no solutions. This country population is too small for anything to work. May be few generations down the road people’s mentality will change, but I doubt it.
9. The problem with crime in Cayman .
I think that there are too many elements of this issue for one to be blamed for.
I think we need to look at what causes crime , we have corruption , then poverty , then we have incompetence , then we have denial .
When we have all of these things factored in to the problem , then who can we blame ?
When we have many people sharing these elements of the problem we all have to come together and clean it up .
Please correct if I am wrong , didn’t we have a major problem like this many years ago , and the Governor brought in a special British task force that didn’t have to answer to the Cayman Islands Police department, and the mess was cleaned up . Why can’t we do this again ? | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '101', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9622716307640076}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '234457', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:NYFYGSAGR6TGP2G6LR7SITLYAPJ24MLV', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:9bdc8501-d18e-4eb7-9a12-4a121fc22e07>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 25, 1, 33, 39), 'WARC-IP-Address': '104.26.15.2', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CV2ZADVGA3WQWMOQAHAB6HUQ3QXYGOBU', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:5d89d93f-6645-4c93-a042-5c25cd4e3d64>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.caymancompass.com/2016/03/23/editorial-the-problem-with-crime-in-cayman/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:7604ad6f-d6fa-47e7-8c67-07cf33737772>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '2350', 'url': 'https://www.caymancompass.com/2016/03/23/editorial-the-problem-with-crime-in-cayman/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-24\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for May/June 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-84.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.03582984209060669', 'original_id': 'a47d876ab46b5288b8c1b90e1594ca20a72c1cb1ba009edfb48cf6ce60f09c8e'} |
Mid 19th C 'Ura Tube' Suzani 164 x 197cm
The word 'Suzani' literally translates as needle, in reference to the fact that a needle is used to apply the silk the cotton ground. Woven in panels, there is a separate artist or designer who pencils the shape of the flowers, stems and borders onto the ground material and then it is assiduously embroidered by the women of a single family. Many have been made and they vary dramatically in quality and appeal. The very best ones have a large range of bright, natural colours that complement each other and lend energy to a dynamic drawing. It is my opinion that this is an excellent example, demonstrating a lively drawing with a sparkling array of colours, including highlights of light blue, aubergine, saffron yellow and burnt orange in the smaller flowers nestling between the larger scarlet and pink carnations.
The main border is noteworthy not only for the abundance and variety of greens in the vines but also for the corner resolutions- all four corners are properly centred which is no mean feat for a handmade textile. I'm not sure I have see it before.
The embroidery is in excellent condition, with very minor rubbing. There are a few small tears to the ground that are easily fixable and some older repairs of average quality that do not catch the eye. The red lining is modern and I would recommend changing it for a more sympathetic colour- probably a neutral beiger. Priced as is.
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As he warmed up the crowd at a recent gathering of White House hopefuls, Iowa Rep. Steve King delivered a line that seemed sure to please an audience deeply concerned about social issues.
“If we get the culture right, the economy will be right eventually,” the Republican congressman told the roughly 1,000 religious activists gathered in a star-spangled church amphitheater. But first, he insisted, “We’ve got to get the culture right.”
The response was a polite smattering of applause, nothing like the roar that went up when speakers accused President Obama of marching toward socialism, piling up a stratospheric debt and denying America’s exceptional place in the world.
“I want somebody with strong moral values,” Linda Ill, 61, a nurse from West Des Moines, said as she waited for the program, hosted by the Iowa Faith & Freedom Coalition, to begin. But, she said, she also wants a candidate who will “cut the debt, cut taxes, make America strong and secure the borders.”
For the last 25 years, Christian conservatives have played a vital role in Iowa’s Republican caucuses, the first event on the presidential selection calendar, and have thus gone a long way toward shaping the national nominating fight. Their influence shows no sign of waning; if the pattern holds, about half those who turn out for the party caucuses next winter will be self-identified evangelicals.
Winning their support has always rested on fidelity to conservative positions on such issues as abortion and gay rights. But wooing Christian conservatives may be more complicated this time because of both the political environment and the prospective makeup of the 2012 Republican field.
Christian conservatives -- many of whom are working-class -- have hardly been immune to the economic slide that has made pocketbook issues the top voter concern as the presidential contest begins.
“You can’t just go out and talk abortion, abortion, abortion and gay marriage, gay marriage, gay marriage and expect to emerge victorious” in the caucuses, said Doug Gross, a Des Moines lawyer and veteran Republican activist. “While they may be gateway issues” -- earning a candidate consideration among evangelicals -- “I don’t think they’re decisive issues.”
Gross hails from the GOP’s business-oriented wing, which has warred for years with Iowa Republicans more focused on morality. But his view was seconded by Steve Scheffler, head of the Iowa Faith & Freedom Coalition.
Although candidates must still pass muster on social issues, “most people want a candidate who can balance [social and economic] issues,” he said. “One goes hand in hand with the other.”
A recent NBC-Wall Street Journal poll found that 65% of GOP primary voters across the country said they would be more likely to vote for a Republican who focused more on fiscal matters than social issues. The finding was the same even among evangelical voters.
While much of that undoubtedly stems from nervousness about the economic recovery, it may also reflect the fact that religious conservatives can take for granted that just about any of the Republicans running share their personal views. That was not the case in 2008.
One of the front-runners four years ago, former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani, favored legalizing abortion and supported gay rights. Arizona Sen. John McCain and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney were more conservative, but had little passion for social issues and, in Romney’s case, had previously held much more moderate views.
That left Sam Brownback, a senator from Kansas at the time, and former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee as the only candidates who put their religious conservatism front and center. When Brownback quit, evangelicals flocked to Huckabee and he won Iowa handily.
This time, depending on who runs, half a dozen or more candidates who share the same views -- against abortion, opposed to same-sex marriage -- may compete for the support of Iowa’s Christian voters.
While the list of competitors is not yet certain, those who already enjoy support among religious conservatives include Huckabee, former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, Rep. Michele Bachmann of Minnesota, former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum and former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty.
Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich has also courted religious voters assiduously, in part to offset concerns about his three marriages and an extramarital affair. Romney, who finished second in Iowa in 2008, is expected to focus more this time on his business background and has sent mixed signals on how vigorously he will compete in the caucuses.
Huckabee, who is weighing a second try at the White House, enjoys some residual support in Iowa but is hardly a prohibitive favorite among social conservatives. “Once they’re comfortable a candidate has checked the boxes -- pro-life, pro-traditional marriage -- the competition is wide open,” said Craig Robinson, former political director for the Iowa GOP.
The candidates face an additional challenge in Iowa: trying to navigate between two groups vying for support and influence with religious conservatives.
For years, Scheffler and his troops were the major force in the state. But a new organization, The Family Leader, is being directed by Bob Vander Plaats, an unsuccessful gubernatorial aspirant who headed the fight last year to oust three state Supreme Court justices for upholding same-sex marriage. Vander Plaats has drawn several presidential prospects to a monthly lecture series and plans a candidate forum in November.
Several Republicans described relations between the two men as tense, bordering on hostile. Vander Plaats denied that; Scheffler would not discuss the matter.
More importantly, the two groups have split over antiabortion legislation that would outlaw the procedure in Iowa after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Scheffler’s group supports the bill; Vander Plaats’ organization is opposed because it fails to ban abortions outright.
That sort of all-or-nothing approach may appeal to a slice of Iowa Republicans, but it presents a dilemma for any White House candidate who hopes to compete outside the confines of an Iowa caucus. “A presidential race is a national campaign,” Gross said.
At this point, though, it will apparently take more than piety and a stern position on social issues to stand apart in a crowded field, even among the voters who attended the recent forum at Point of Grace Church outside Des Moines.
Iowa’s evangelicals “aren’t looking for someone who’ll throw them tons of red meat,” said Robinson, who operates a website, the Iowa Republican, that closely tracks the presidential race. “They want someone who will seriously talk about the country’s problems and how they’ll solve them.”
mark.barabak @latimes.com | mini_pile | {'original_id': '8315712548e1076e1c351846a401ee4ee6077edb7e46ea576efd48dee26a5caa'} |
London to Bridgend
Depart date
(Return date)
1 suggested route to go from London to Bridgend by flight, train, car, bus
• Get prices
How to travel from London to Bridgend ?
Trip London Bridgend
Modes of transportplane, carpooling, bus, train
Distance149 mi
Direct lineYes
Like many travellers, you're looking for the cheapest transport offers to travel from London to Bridgend? In general, you browse several websites and spend hours without being sure that all transport solutions were considered.
On Vivanoda, a unique travel planner that compares and combines flights, trains, carpooling and buses to go to Bridgend from London, you'll save time and money! Just enter your travel dates to Bridgend then Vivanoda will do the rest. Sorting options and filters are at your disposal to refine your search.
To travel from London, flights, trains, carpooling or buses of First Great Western, National Express, Blablacar, Arriva Trains Wales, FlyBE and MegaBus will carry you to Bridgend.
London to Bridgend bus
This coach route is operated without any change between London to Bridgend
You may wonder whether it's worth travelling by bus between London and Bridgend and what the advantages of this mode of transport may be. That's why we give you some arguments that might convince you to board a bus to Bridgend.
• With very cheap prices, it is almost impossible for train or carpooling companies operating between London and Bridgend to offer cheaper fares.
• Travelling by bus is more environmentally friendly than the use of one's personal car because of the modernization of National Express coach fleets. Running a bus doesn't require building other infrastructures either: the road London Bridgend is already built and shared by others.
• During the trip London Bridgend, no need to worry about the autonomy of your smartphone or computer: electrical outlets in your seat (and USB ports) will prevent you from battery failure.
• The modern buses that you take from London to Bridgend are all comfortable, with toilets and reclining seats.
Which coach companies to travel between London and Bridgend?
Only the coach company National Express operates the direct line London Bridgend.
National Express London Bridgend
Bus stops in London
You will have to arrive at your London stop between 15 minutes and 30 minutes, depending on the bus company, before the departure time indicated on your ticket. In general, the destination 'Bridgend' is displayed at the front of the bus with the other cities served. Finally, have your ticket checked by the driver of National Express and get on board after having your luggage in the hold.
• London Victoria Coach Station
Bus stops at arrival in Bridgend
Once the bus has arrived at Bridgend, check and collect your belongings so as not to forget anything.
• Bridgend
Train London to Bridgend
Is London connected to Bridgend with a direct train?
Yes, the London to Bridgend route is served by a direct train. Be aware that depending the day of the week, the schedule can change and direct trains may not operate every days. To check prices and availabilities, launch now a search for a London-Bridgend train ticket on Vivanoda.
Intercity train London Bridgend
Intercity trains serve the most important cities along the London-Bridgend route with an improved travel duration compared to regional trains.
London Bridgend train companies
The train company that operates this journey is First Great Western.
First Great Western London Bridgend
Departure train stations in London
• London Paddington
Railway stations in Bridgend
• Bridgend
Cheap flights from London to Bridgend
Which airlines fly between London and Bridgend ?
The cities of London and Bridgend are not connected with a direct flight bus FlyBE is the airline you may take to travel to Bridgend.
FlyBE London Bridgend
Departure airport in London
• LCY London City
Carpool from London to Bridgend
The practice of carsharing has greatly expanded in the recent years, so you may have a chance to find a London-Bridgend ride. Instead of driving alone the car from London to Bridgend, it allows drivers to share the travel costs with other passengers.
Ridesharing doesn't have any scheduled timetable on the contrary to rail, bus or air industry. So, you have more probabilities to find London-Bridgend rides five days before your date of travel than three months. Good option for lastminute stay in Bridgend!
When you book a ride between London Bridgend, you'll set directly with the driver how he can pick you up. You can pay online, so you don't need to give any money to your driver.
United Kingdom
Česká republika
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# C12 - 🚕 Side Menu Interaction
Side menu interaction with custom symbols.
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'c64d414e4e117187a17b991df72d44db8c44d6ed6b95972bca028e8c17a58050'} |
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• Review
• Open Access
Cell & Bioscience20111:5
• Received: 22 December 2010
• Accepted: 24 January 2011
• Published:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are the two major forms of primary liver cancers (PLC), accounting for approximately 90% and 5% respectively. The incidence of each is increasing rapidly in the western world, however our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms remains limited and the outcome, dismal. The etiologies of each vary geographically; nevertheless, chronic inflammation has been identified in more than 80% of the cases and appears to be a key mediator in altering the liver microenvironment, increasing the risk of carcinogenesis. However, since not all HCC and especially ICC cases have a recognized risk factor, there are currently two proposed models for liver carcinogenesis. The clonal evolution model demonstrates a multi-step process of tumor development from precancerous lesions to metastatic carcinoma, arising from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in a cell in the setting of chronic inflammation. While the majority of cases do occur as a consequence of chronic inflammation, most individuals with chronic infection do not develop PLC, suggesting the involvement of individual genetic and environmental factors. Further, since hepatocytes and cholangiocytes both have regenerative potential and arise from the same bi-potential progenitor cell, the more recently proposed cancer stem cell model is gaining its due attention. The integration of these models and the constant improvement in molecular profiling platforms is enabling a broader understanding of the mechanisms underlying these two devastating malignancies, perhaps moving us closer to a new world of molecularly-informed personalized medicine.
• Cancer Stem Cell
• Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
• TP53 Mutation
• Biliary Tract Cancer
• Primary Liver Cancer
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third most deadly, with approximately 600,000 deaths annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary malignancy of the hepatocyte, accounts for approximately 85% to 90% of all PLC, out of which 80% of HCC cases occur in either sub-Saharan Africa or in eastern Asia [1, 2]. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignancy of cholangiocytes in the biliary epithelium, is the second most common form and accounts for about 5% to 10% of PLC. CCA is categorized as intrahepatic or extrahepatic according to the anatomic location of the tumor. Since intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC) usually present in small biliary ducts or ductules they are considered a PLC, compared to extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas which are a form of biliary tract cancer. The incidence of CCA varies with regards to the two forms; however, for purposes of this review we will address ICC, which has the highest incidence in eastern Asia, particularly Thailand, with an increasing risk ratio in the western world [35]. The remaining PLC subtypes, which account for less than 5% of cases, are fibrolamellar HCC, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and hepatocellular adenoma.
Risk factors that lead to the multistep development of HCC are well known and it is established that approximately 80% of HCC cases develop in individuals suffering from chronic hepatitis B or C viral infection (HBV or HCV), cirrhosis, and also those with a high exposure to aflatoxin-b1 (AFB). HCC is particularly attributed to these exposures due to the extensive oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines induced by viral infection in the setting of liver inflammation. Diabetes, obesity, smoking and alcohol abuse have also been associated with the development of HCC, but with reduced frequency [68]. Currently, individuals at risk for HCC are routinely screened by ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels but most patients are still diagnosed with an advanced disease stage and therefore a 5-year survival for the majority of HCC patients' remains dismal [9, 10]. Due to the high variability in AFP evaluation, affected by the specificity of the test, ethnic backgrounds and tumor size, an improvement in screening procedures is highly awaited. Furthermore, the impairment of liver function and the expression of multi-drug resistance genes render HCC treatment difficult [11]. This review discusses the mechanistic changes that occur during the development of HCC and the potential targets that are being investigated for new screening techniques, with the hope that this will lead to a more personalized treatment regimen to improve patient outcome.
Risk factors for ICC, on the other hand, are not so well established given that approximately 90% of ICC patients lack a recognized risk factor for the disease [12]. Furthermore, ICC cases appear to develop in otherwise healthy livers, with only 10% resulting from chronic inflammation [3]. Nevertheless, relatively strong CCA associations have been established with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) [1315], liver fluke infestations [14, 16] and hepatolithiasis [3]. Other possible, but not well characterized associations may also exist with HBV or HCV infection [1719] and alcohol consumption [20, 21]. The molecular interactions and genomic alterations in cholangiocytes that drive the development of CCA are not clear and the absence of specific symptoms and diagnostic tests make the disease difficult to identify in premalignant stages. Currently, 5-year survival rate for ICC cases remains below 5% [3], with the only hope for improved survival being complete resection of the tumor. This underscores the need for increased research in this field and for the development of improved diagnostic criteria and treatment options. The increased utilization of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will be particularly useful to identify large-scale genetic variants in PLCs, particularly cholangiocarcinoma, since so little is currently understood.
As mentioned, in this review we will describe the current understanding in the molecular mechanisms, specifically the genetic, epigenetic and signaling alterations that take place, which give rise to the majority of PLC cases observed, separated by HCC and ICC. Furthermore, it is interesting to note the two models for tumorigenesis, a step-wise clonal evolution model and a cancer stem cell (CSC) model, that have arisen as a consequence of our improved understanding in this field. How these models will impact PLC cases in the clinical setting will provide for a stimulating discussion.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Altered signaling pathways in HCC at the genomic and transcriptomic levels
In a setting of chronic inflammation, the organ microenvironment experiences a variety of molecular changes that, in fact, often stem from the process and consequence of inflammation. In liver, cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by inflammatory cells have been shown to mediate liver damage and induce the liver's regenerative response [2226]. This predisposes the proliferating cell to a variety of genetic changes at the genomic and transcriptional levels.
Genomic alterations
Large-scale quantitative comparisons of HCC tumors to non-tumors by the use of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has revealed the occurrence of chromosomal and microsatellite instability in HCC. The most frequently deleted chromosomes arms are 1p, 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 16p, 16q and 17p and regional gains are most often observed in 1q, 6p, 8q and 17q [27, 28], which, in general corresponds to autosome arms that contain allelic deletions identified by LOH: 1p, 1q, 4q, 5q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 16p, 16q and 17p [27, 29, 30]. Unrelated to tumor size, individual HCCs can represent multiple allelic deletions and chromosomal gains and losses, which can accumulate during successive cell proliferation events and results in a heterogeneous mixture of genomic aberrations [31]. The heterogeneity of tumors can help to identify tumor origin and due to the sensitivity of CGH and SNP arrays, genomic alterations can be used as fingerprints to identify whether a tumor is a recurrent event or a second primary tumor [32, 33]. The frequent loss of chromosome regions observed by LOH and SNP arrays has revealed the concomitant loss or mutation of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 (p53), retinoblastoma RB1 (Rb) [34, 35], CDKN2A (p16INK4A) [29, 36] and insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor IGF-2R[37, 38], which are strongly associated with carcinogenetic signaling pathways [29, 34, 39, 40]. Gain of function mutations have also been observed in HCC, for example mutations in CTNNBI (β-catenin), which results in the deregulation of similar signaling pathways in HCC [41, 42].
TP53 gene encodes the p53 protein which plays a pivotal role in the DNA-damage response network, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair and cellular senescence. Therefore, it is not surprising that TP53 loss of function mutations or allelic deletions in chromosome 17p are commonly associated with human carcinogenesis [43], and depending on the extent of damage, p53 can either regulate the production of anti-oxidant genes to initiate DNA repair, or induce apoptosis through the activation of pro-oxidant genes[29]. AFB1 is a particular mutagen of TP53, causing G:C to T:A transversions at the third base in codon 249 (converting arginine to serine), and the rate of TP53 R249S mutation may be accelerated in the presence of viral infection[44, 45]. HBV encodes a viral protein, HBx, which can specifically bind to p53 and suppress p53-induced apoptosis [46]. Strong associations have been observed between TP53 R249S mutation levels and HCC risk, especially with respect to primary tumor development and also the interval between surgical resection and recurrence [47, 48]. A recent study has linked this p53 hotspot mutation to HCC with aggressive tumors, poor prognosis and an acquisition of stem cell-like traits[49], which is not unexpected since a separate study has shown that TP53 mutations have the ability to reprogram terminally differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells[50].
Transcriptomic alterations: the deregulation of signaling pathways in HCC
Structural genomic mutations and epigenetic changes may lead to altered gene expression patterns that significantly affect the signal transduction pathways in HCC and the variability in pathway expressed may allude to the cellular origin of HCC. A selection of the relevant signaling pathways altered in HCC is discussed here (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Signaling Pathways Altered in Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells. Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/PTEN/AKT, TGF-β/IGF-2R and IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 signaling pathways have been shown to be activated in HCC. Activation of the Wnt pathway results in β-catenin accumulation in the cytosol and translocation into the nucleus, where β-catenin forms two major protein-DNA complexes. 1) β-catenin/TCF/LEF is a classic complex of Wnt/β-catenin pathway that mediates Wnt target genes expression, e.g. EpCAM and miR-181; 2) EpICD/FHL2/β-catenin/LEF1-DNA complex represents a cross-talk of Wnt/β-catenin with EpCAM signaling pathway [133]. Cleavage of EpCAM by TACE and PS-2 releases EpICD into cytosol which in turn translocates into the nuclues with β-catenin and FHL2, where EpICD/FHL2/β-catenin forms protein-DNA complex with LEF1and regulates EpCAM target genes expression, e.g. cyclin D1, c-Myc andd miR-181. AKT is activated by two phosphorylation sitess Thr308 and Ser473. Phosphorylation of Thr308 is promoted by PI3K and suppressed by PTEN. Activated AKT induces cell survival through the suppressive phosphorylation of BAD and Caspase 9, two apoptosis mediators in unphophorylated status. AKT also acts as a cell cycle progression regulator through activating the mTOR pathway [134]. Two oncogenic pathways PI3K/PTEN/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin may be interconnected to promote stemness and carcinogenesis. Loss of IGF-2R impacts cell proliferation by accumulating IGF-2 mitogen and activation of TGF-β signaling.
TGF-β is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in an array of functions such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, adhesion, survival and immunity [51]. IGF-2R, a tumor suppressor gene, promotes the degradation of mitogen IGF-2 and also the simultaneous activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, thereby halting cell proliferation and carcinogenesis [52]. Inflammation and subsequent genomic mutations in IGF-2R result in IGF-2 over-expression and a reduction in the inhibitory effects of TGF-β signaling, a feature commonly observed early in the development of HCC [53, 54]. Immunohistochemical analysis of HCC has also revealed a disruption of TGF-β signaling coinciding with an increase in the expression of stem cell markers and the activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6). This indicates a link between IL-6, a major stem cell signaling pathway and the disruption of TGF-β signaling, resulting in CSC driven HCC[55].
Interestingly, IL-6 activation is a frequent event in HCC. Recent studies indicate that gain of function mutations of glycoprotein-130 (gp130), a co-receptor of IL-6, is associated with a marked activation of IL-6 in inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas[56]. Noticeably, rare gp130 alterations are always accompanied by β-catenin activating mutations in HCC, suggesting that these two signaling pathways are converged to contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Additional details about β-catenin involvement in HCC are described below.
Wnt/β-catenin. This developmental pathway is commonly known for its fundamental role in embryogenesis, which aids the cell in differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. In the absence of Wnt signaling, cytoplasmic β-catenin complexes with the tumor suppressors: adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) and Axin1, as well as the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). In this complex, GSK-3β phosphorylates β-catenin, targeting it for ubiquitiniation and subsequent degradation. In the event that Wnt signaling receptors are engaged, conformational changes in the Axin complex cause the release of β-catenin, which then localizes to the nucleus and activates the transcription of Myc, cyclin D1 and COX2 amongst others [5759]. In HCC, our studies and a number of other transcriptomic and proteomic studies have indicated an increase in Wnt signaling, possibly as a result of an accumulation of Axin1 mutations at sites that bind β-catenin and/or CTNNB1 mutations along sites marked for phosphorylation by GSK-3β [60, 61]. It is hypothesized that an increase in signaling from the Wnt pathway is necessary to maintain "stemness" in HCC, characterized by cell proliferation and immortality, an event that may be representative of CSCs [60, 62].
Myc is a potent oncogene, which appears to be constitutively up-regulated in many human cancers, representing a phenomenon of "oncogene addiction." Though about 30% of HCC cases show an up-regulation of Myc because of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway[63], its increased expression in HCC is also attributable to the activation of its locus through chromosome amplification [64] One possible mechanism by which Myc contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis is through the induction of telomerase, which also appears to be active during HCC development[65], thereby bypassing cellular senescence. Moreover, the up-regulation of Myc in a variety of tumors has also been associated with deregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression in many human malignancies [66], which as discussed in the next section, have a significant impact on tumorigenesis and progression. On the other hand, the inactivation of Myc in HCC causes a subpopulation of cells to differentiate while the rest remain dormant, giving rise to a phenotypically diverse tumor population and possibly the origin of CSCs [67].
PI3K/PTEN/Akt. The activation of the Akt pathway is mediated by either an activated tyrosine kinase receptor, or more rarely the constitutive activation of PI3K or the loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene and the PTEN protein functions as a negative regulator of Akt. The loss of PTEN expression via a loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 10q along with an activation of Akt has been reported in 40%-60% of HCC cases [68, 69]. Since Akt is involved in a number of biological processes, such as cell survival, cell growth, apoptosis and differentiation, its deregulation has been implicated in many human cancers. Though the role of Akt in HCC is not confirmed, its activation is interestingly linked to more aggressive tumors in HCC [70] and an activation of β-catenin signaling in intestinal stem cells, suggesting that the two oncogenic pathways: PI3K/PTEN/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin may be interconnected to promote stemness and carcinogenesis [71].
Aberrant expression of miRNAs in HCC
In recent years, the aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in a wide variety of human cancers. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in biological processes of cell development and differentiation and the deregulated expression of miRNAs in HCC has revealed their functional involvement in HCC carcinogenesis and progression [72].
For example, in HCC cases, gene expression profiling reveals that an up-regulation of miR-181 is associated with increased signaling in Wnt/β-catenin pathways and conversely, siRNA mediated inhibition of the TGF-β pathway indicates a decreased expression of miR-181 [73, 74]. Moreover, loss of let-7g expression is associated with HCC metastasis [75]. miR-26 expression has been found to be associated with HCC gender disparity and silencing of miR-26 in tumor cells is linked to a subtype of HCC with an activated inflammatory pathway and a favorable response to interferon therapy [76]. In addition, increased expression of miR-21 has been associated with loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus, consequently activating the Akt pathway and promoting tumorigenesis [77, 78]. Similarly, miRNAs associated with the cell cycle regulation and apoptosis inhibition in HCC have also been identified [79].
A study in our lab has revealed a 20-miRNA-based signature that is associated with HCC venous metastasis, details of which are expanded upon at the end of this article. This signature provides promise to a future of personalized medicine since it can be used clinically to identify patients with early-stage disease or metastases and can even be used to predict survival and recurrence [80].
Epigenetic modifications may improve the early detection of HCC cases
In the last decade there has been increasing evidence to support the occurrence of aberrant DNA methylation patterns in human HCC [27]. Therefore, in addition to genetic mechanisms of deletions or mutations, epigenetic changes can increase or decrease gene expression via regulating DNA methylation. DNA methylation in the mammalian genome is found at the cytosine residues of CpG dinucleotides, often associated with promoter-related CpG islands. Though methylation is imperative for normal development and differentiation, aberrant hypomethylation in HCC and many human cancers can lead to the expression of oncogenes [81], or, similarly, hypermethylation can lead to the silencing of tumor-suppressor genes [82]. In HCC, an increased expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), enzymes which catalyze epigenetic alterations, occurs early in the development of tumorigenesis. The frequency of aberrant DNA methylation increases from precancerous lesions to dysplastic nodules and finally HCC, signifying their important role in tumor progression [83]. For instance, the tumor suppressor genes: RB1[84] and CDKN2A[36] have been shown to be hypermethylated in HCC, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Likewise, PTEN promoter methylation has also been reported in HCC, which allows the progression of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway [85].
Epigenetic changes in HCC have also been reported at the miRNA level. For example, the deregulation of miR-1 due to hypermethylation in HCC was reversed with 5-azacytidine, resulting in decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis [86]. A similar association has been observed with miR-124 and also miR-203, amongst others, in HCC [87].
Since distinct methylation signatures of tumor suppressor genes have been observed in high-risk subjects up to 9 years before clinical diagnosis, DNA methylation profiling may provide a unique tool to reliably predict cancer status. Apart from their potential as a diagnostic platform though, further understanding of methylation patterns in HCC may provide them useful in determining recurrence and survival, as well [88].
Transcription profiles and the identification of HCC tumor subtypes
Recent breakthroughs in technology have provided comprehensive genetic and transcriptomic profiling platforms that are successfully used in identifying tumor subtypes and predicting patient outcome and survival. In addition to classifying tumor aggressiveness, high-throughput molecular profiling systems are also useful in determining how the tumor will respond to treatment.
Global gene expression analysis of HCC has revealed two distinctive subclasses of human HCC that are highly associated with patient survival [89]. The low survival subclass was marked by increased expression of cell proliferation and antiapoptotic genes, such as PCNA and PTMA, respectively. Moreover, the poor survival subgroup also expressed a higher number of genes related to ubiquitination and histone modification, namely UBE2D1 and HRMT1L2, respectively.
Additional transcriptome analysis of HCC samples has classified HCC into 6 subgroups associated with clinical and genetic characteristics, which further identify two tumor groups linked to chromosome instability (Groups 1-3) or stability (Groups 4-6) [90]. The first group was linked to low copy number HBV infection, particularly in Africa, increased Axin 1 mutations, absence of TP53 mutations and possessed an over expression of imprinted genes. The second group was linked to high copy number HBV infection, many regions of LOH, and TP53 and Axin1 gene mutations. These first two groups are the only ones that employed the Akt biological pathway and appeared most genetically distinct from the remaining subgroups. Groups 5 and 6 were also substantially different since they were easily classified based on the abundance of CTNNB1 mutations (near 100%) and the high level of Wnt pathway activation.
Recently, our lab identified another 2 HCC subtypes based on their expression of a hepatic stem cell marker, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and EpCAM-coexpressed genes[91]. EpCAM-positive HCC correlated with increased Wnt pathway activation, cytokeratin 19 and c-Kit, which are all known markers of progenitor cells. On the other hand, EpCAM-negative HCC resembled gene expression patterns of mature hepatocytes. Further analysis based on AFP levels allowed these two subgroups to be further divided into 4 subtypes with the ability to predict prognosis. Based on this classification, poor clinical outcome is correlated with AFP expression and good prognosis was only associated with EpCAM+ AFP- cases.
Insights into tumor response to treatment are being elucidated and our lab recently identified the importance of miR-26a and miR-26b in survival and response to interferon therapy [76]. Compared to paired noncancerous tissue, HCC samples had decreased miR-26 expression correlating with an increase in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and IL-6 signaling. Furthermore, clinical data revealed that those patients with low miR-26 expression had a better response to adjuvant interferon therapy with interferon alpha than those with high miR-26 expression.
Taken together, transcriptional profiling platforms are beginning to provide a vast amount of useful information that can be synthesized to identify HCC subtypes, patient outcome, and survival and treatment options. Still, new insights into the potential cellular origin of HCC and its activated molecular pathways are necessary to improve targeted therapy.
Two models of hepatocarcinogenesis may complement one another
The longstanding clonal evolution model for HCC development is a multistep event, which may take 30 years to unfold. As described earlier, the various etiological factors, particularly inflammation and viral hepatitis, appear to contribute significantly to approximately 90% of HCC cases by creating phenotypically altered hepatocytes. The stepwise progression from altered hepatocytes to dysplastic nodules, or precancerous lesion, occurs as a consequence of chronic inflammation and genomic alterations, which commonly precede HCC [27, 39, 92]. Therefore, the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes, such as the loss of tumor suppressor genes and the gain of an oncogene, gives rise to a mass of primary tumor cells that are considered monoclonal in origin[92, 93]. Though from a scientific standpoint this model has vastly improved our understanding of the various genetic and signaling events underlying HCC development, it is unfortunate that these findings have not been translated into better treatment options as liver resection and transplantation still remain the best choice and only benefits a small population.
A more recently proposed stem cell model for HCC tumorigenesis may provide a more personalized approach to address diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the clinic (Figure 2). This model hypothesizes that HCC could be derived from progenitor cells or de-differentiated transformed cells; based on the observation that embryonic stem cells (ESC) and CSCs behave similarly. This would be able to explain the heterogeneous nature of HCC morphology, clinical behavior, and molecular profiles [60, 94]. Since the liver is an organ with regenerative capacity, it has bi-potential progenitor cells that can give rise to hepatocytes or chloangiocytes, which could possibly develop into HCC or ICC, respectively [95, 96]. Furthermore, cases with a mixed morphology have also been identified. Based on the expression of EpCAM, a substantial number of HCC cases consist of progenitor cells and their heterogeneous progeny with a capacity to self-renew and limitlessly divide [60, 91, 94]. This relatively new hypothesis is not intended to be contradictory to the step-wise model, but merely complementary in explaining the origin of a more comprehensive group of HCC cases and the arising issues in diagnosis and treatment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cancer Stem Cell Model for HCC Tumorigenesis. The generation of a CSC model will more effectively benefit the clinical treatment of HCC patients, allowing therapy directed at the most aggressive cells. So far, there is no compelling data demonstrating that HCC follows this model. To test the CSC model, at least two terms have to be addressed: 1) The vast majority of HCC cells, excluding the small subpopulation of CSCs, lack tumorigenic capacity; 2) These CSC populations are distinguished by epigenetic rather than genetic differences because the CSC model argues that CSCs undergo hierarchical differentiation and the epigenetic changes are irreversible. Two HCC subgroups were recently identified based on the expression of AFP and EpCAM. EpCAM+AFP+ HCC subgroup (HpSC-HCC) had the features of hepatic stem/progenitor cells and EpCAM-AFP- HCC subgroup (MH-HCC) featured as matured hepacytes. HpSC-HCC displayed the ability to self-renew, differentiate and also generate highly invasive HCC. Based on these observations, it is plausible that HCC may represent another solid cancer type that follows the CSC model besides breast, brain and colon cancers. Consistent with the clonal evolution model, HCC CSCs can arise from the mutation of normal hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Though there has not been evidence showing that HCC CSCs can arise from differentiated hepatocytes, the possibility still exits, as there are examples of this in hematopoietic malignancies. Overall, not in contrast to the clonal evolution model, an accumulation of mutations during the normal development of hepatocytes as a consequence of exposure to the various risk factors of HCC might contribute to the rise of the hepatic CSCs; therefore the two models do not contrast but complement each other.
For example, mature hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or bi-potential progenitor cells that acquire mutations through random genetic or epigenetic events can introduce a genetic imbalance in the primary tissue, resulting in the de-differentiation of mature cells and the loss of cell cycle control and/or the ability to continuously self renew. Depending on the extent of genetic alterations, the tumor cells may remain benign or develop and metastasize. Therefore, events initiated by the multistep carcinogenesis model can also result in heterogeneous tumors with stem cell capability and the potential to be more aggressive.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
An increasing global incidence of ICC [5] has recently hastened research in this field to understand the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of this dreadful disease. Reviewing the mechanisms of ICC indicates that similarities can be drawn between ICC and HCC, which may improve the prospects of this disease in a clinical setting. Particularly, the tumorigenesis models proposed for ICC development are remarkably similar to those for HCC. Furthermore, several histopathologic and gene expression profiling studies have shown PLC tumors that exhibit a combination of HCC and CCA traits, suggesting an overlap between these tumor types. A subtype of tumors showing combined characteristics of hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) have been reported and proposed to develop from the bi-potential liver stem cells [97]. Even more recently, a new subtype - cholangiocarcinoma-like HCC (CLHCC) -was discovered and characterized as HCC expressing CCA-like traits. The heterogeneity observed between all 4 tumor subtypes could be indicative of their cellular origins from different developmental stages and may also represent a novel way to approach targeted therapy in CCA and HCC [98].
Comparable to HCC, ICC most commonly arises in the setting of chronic inflammation, often within bile ducts [99] and likely due to liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infestation [100], PSC[101] or hepatolithiasis[102]. The continuous production of inflammatory cytokines and the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) lead to oxidative and nitrosative DNA damage [100], increased cell turnover and inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms [103]. In the stepwise model, an accumulation of inflammatory-mediated genetic and epigenetic alterations has been proposed to lead to the successive development of ICC from biliary epithelial cells to biliary dysplastic lesions and eventually cancer [104].
There is growing evidence supporting a hepatic stem cell model of cholangiocarcinoma [96, 105, 106]. Interestingly, the same bi-phasic progenitor cell can give rise to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, as mentioned earlier, and each of these cells has longevity and repopulating potential [107]. Therefore, in the setting of chronic inflammation, a tumor could arise from the clonal evolution of either mature cholangiocytes which de-differentiate, or progenitor cells; allowing a combination of the two proposals. Furthermore, depending on the degree of differentiation achieved before maturation arrest, one can observe a heterogeneous tumor with a range of neoplastic phenotypes [107]. One author explains that the dysplastic nodules observed during carcinogenesis may be adaptive non-oncogenic responses to carcinogenic substances, rather than a multistep accumulation of genomic alterations [105].
Genetic alterations that manifest in ICC
Genomic alterations
In a study aimed at distinguishing chromosomal changes between HCC and ICC, CGH analysis reveals the frequency of chromosomal losses in ICC is higher [53]. Short segments of chromosomes 1p [108], 3p, 6q and 9q [28, 108] are commonly deleted in ICC, with a frequency of at least 55%, whereas the frequency of such events in HCC are usually less than 40% [28]. Commonly amplified regions in ICC are in segments of 1q, 7q, 7p and 8q [28, 108], with an amplification frequency of at least 30%. Losses in regions of 6q and 3p appear to be highly characteristic of cholangiocarcinoma, but overall the high frequency of gains and losses appears to carry a poor prognostic value [28]. Further studies to detect the loss of tumor suppressor genes during a consistent LOH have indicated a high rate of allelic losses at 5q and 17p [109, 110]. LOH has been observed in other chromosomal regions, but to a lesser extent, and may represent random error. HCC and ICC share similar allelic losses in the 5q and 17p regions, allowing some to propose that these two tumors arise from the same CSC and therefore may share similar genetic changes during tumorigenesis [105, 110]. Persistent structural genomic changes in these cells have been associated with a variety of mutations, conferring a loss in tumor suppression and the amplification of oncongenic pathways.
TP53 mutations in ICC are common and their frequency ranges from 20-80% depending on the geographic region [111, 112]. Though the deregulation of p53 in ICC is similar to HCC, as there is a loss of cell cycle control and a decrease in apoptotic events, the deregulation in ICC is sometimes more associated with an accumulation of inactive wild-type p53 and its inhibitor mdm-2, rather than a loss of function mutation [113, 114]. This renders the p53 regulatory pathway non-functional and supports the notion that either TP53 mutations or an alteration to the p53 pathway may be critical to the development of ICC [115, 116]. The regulation of cell cycle entry by p53 involves, amongst others, the p21WAF1/Cip1 protein, which binds to the cell division kinase (CDK) 4:cyclin D complex and prevents the phosphorylation of Rb protein. The CDK4:cyclin D complex is also influenced by the p16INK4A inhibitory protein[117], which coincidentally is altered by LOH and/or promoter hypermethylation in 25%-83% of resected cholangiocarcinoma specimens [118, 119].
K- ras mutations occurring at codon 12 are often observed in ICC, involving either a glycine to aspartic acid or a glycine to cystine transition [111, 115]. Less frequent mutations have been observed in codon 13 (second nucleotide) and codon 61 (third nucleotide) [120]. K-ras mutations corresponding to over expression are observed early in carcinogenesis, which suggests an important role in ICC development. Furthermore, K-ras has been implicated in aggressive ICC downstream of the biliary tree with increased expression levels in metastatic lymph nodes [121]; therefore K-ras expression correlates to poor prognosis [122].
Transcriptomic alterations: Enhanced proliferation signaling in ICC
The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the concordant amplification of proto-oncogenes, such as TP53 and K-ras, respectively, play a significant role in altering the signaling network and promoting tumorigenesis. The exact mechanism by which these pathways are affected is currently unknown, especially since most of the mechanisms have only been observed in ICC cell lines. Since in vivo studies in animal models poorly correlate with clinical outcome, the need to recreate an ICC model to better understand this disease is underscored. Despite this lack of conclusive data, several studies have identified a selection of important mechanisms contributing to the development of ICC, emphasizing the role of TGF-β, IL-6, STAT-3, COX-2 and β-catenin [99, 123]. Because of the similarities already observed in the etiology and structural changes between HCC and ICC, and since some pathways most likely overlap, one may try to infer the mechanisms underlying HCC on ICC and compare this with gene expression arrays to arrive at a more functional understanding of molecular pathogenesis in ICC.
Transcriptomic alterations: the recent identification of miRNAs in ICC
Just as in HCC, the altered expression of miRNAs in ICC has been reported to contribute to tumor growth. Malignant cholangiocytes appear to be marked by an over-expression of miR-21, miR-141 and miR-200b [124]. The increased expression of miR-21 and miR-200b has been linked to increased cellular proliferation, mediated by a down-regulation of PTEN and ZFHX1B tumor suppressors, respectively [78, 124]. In addition, the decrease in miR-29b has been linked to the increased expression of MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic protein, resulting in decreased apoptosis [125]. Though the network of miRNA involvement is far greater in HCC, the study of miRNAs in ICC is likely to lead to novel diagnostic and prognostic methods once their function is confirmed.
Future Perspectives
Currently, surgery such as liver resection remains the best treatment option for early HCC and ICC but tumor recurrence is still predominant in about 80% of HCC cases [126] and may be higher in ICC cases [127]. To make matters worse, effective treatment is limited for advanced stage carcinoma, which emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of primary liver cancers and consequently help improve patient diagnosis during the early stage. Intervention early in the process will improve treatment and prognosis, which may be conferred by an attempt at personalized medicine.
Individual genetic background has been suggested to contribute to HCC risk, given that only a fraction of patients with chronic liver disease or PSC actually develop HCC or ICC, respectively, even though greater than 50% of cases occur in the setting of inflammation. For this reason, the identification of genetic susceptibility loci and new biomarkers are essential to improving diagnosis and treatment outcome, and GWAS studies in liver cancer are highly necessitated.
The hypothesized CSC model for the development of HCC and ICC, and the molecular pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and miR-181, provide valuable information about tumor growth and invasiveness. Since recently, the role of EpCAM in maintaining a stem cell phenotype in HCC and ICC is being elucidated but our studies, as well as others provide evidence for its role in the promotion of proliferation, migration and invasion potential in cells with activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling [60, 91, 128]. Therefore, β-catenin may be a novel target in the prevention of carcinogenesis [57], highlighting the importance of molecular profiling to characterize the population of cells and their distinct molecular pathways [60].
The role of miRNA signatures has recently been elucidated through the examination of miRNA expression profiles of samples from two different subtypes in HCC, indicating miRNA profiling can be used to indicate tumor origin and aggressiveness. In these studies [60, 91, 129], the two subtypes are hepatic stem cell like HCC (HpSC-HCC; EpCAM+AFP+) and mature hepatocyte like HCC (MH-HCC; EpCAM-AFP-), where HpSC-HCC cells are hepatic CSCs with the ability to self-renew, differentiate and initiate aggressive tumors in vivo [60]. Coincidentally, among HpSC-HCC tissues, miR-181 is found to be up-regulated and functions in promoting stemness by targeting hepatic transcriptional regulators of differentiation, such as CDX2 and GATA6, and nemo-like kinase (NLK), an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling [73].
The exciting identification of miRNA signatures unique to HCC offers new platforms for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. For instance, in addition to the 20-miRNA-based signature described above that is able to differentiate between CSC-like and mature hepatocyte-like HCC tumors, there are additional miRNAs that can help differentiate between benign and malignant tumors, or between alcohol induced or HCV induced HCC [130]. Prognostic miRNA markers of HCC also exist, and in fact they are specific enough to help with determining metastasis [80], recurrence [131] and survival [75, 76, 80], independently.
Studies have also indicated the therapeutic potential of miRNAs, particularly with the observance that anti-miR-181 can reduce tumorigenicity in mice with hepatic CSCs, cells that are otherwise resistant to chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) [60]. Along with others, our studies indicate that miR-26 functionally acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation, and a low miR-26 expression is associated with poor prognosis [76]. miR-26 expression is significantly down-regulated in HCC, but gene therapy with the delivery of miR-26 to hepatocytes considerably blocks Myc-induced HCC [76, 132]. Furthermore, studies in our lab on miR-26, NF-κB and IL-6 have revealed the potential of miRNA expression profiles in the stratification of patients for interferon therapy [76].
The studies of molecular mechanisms involved in the progression to HCC have been investigated at length, and they have helped infer testable hypotheses in ICC. Advances in molecular profiling studies using DNA-microarray based gene-expression profiling have provided increased awareness about the regulatory networks altered in human HCC and have also provided useful gene expression-based signatures that can distinguish tumor subtypes, assist clinical staging and predict patient outcomes. Since molecular profiling is proving to be an efficient way to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis, these techniques should also be employed more extensively in ICC so that we can obtain a more inclusive picture of regulatory elements in pathogenesis.
Advances in the specificity and sensitivity of molecular profiling platforms including expression analysis and comparative genomics with the additional incorporation of PLC databases and bioinformatics tools, we are approaching a new era for understanding the heterogeneity of HCC and ICC tumors. Such integrated platforms are enabling our improved understanding of the etiology, tumor microenvironment and the carcinogenesis of these two devastating diseases, which we hope to integrate with a personalized approach in improving the clinical outcome of these cases.
aflatoxin B1
cell division kinase
comparative genomic hybridization
cancer stem cells
DNA methyltransferases
epithelial cell adhesion molecule
genome-wide association studies
hepatitis B virus
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatitis b virus
hepatic stem cell like HCC
intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
loss of heterozygosity
mature hepatocyte like HCC
primary liver cancer
primary sclerosing cholangitis
single neucleotide polymorphism.
Acknowledgements & Funding
We would like to thank Junfang Ji for her critical review of this manuscript and helpful suggestions and Karen Yarrick for her bibliographical assistance. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Center for Cancer Research, the National Cancer Institute (Z01 BC 010313 and Z01 BC 010876).
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Q:
How to see all plugins installed in Phonegap/Cordova project?
I need to see the list of all installed Cordova plugins.
Does somebody know how to do this?
A:
Just type
cordova plugin ls
or
cordova plugin list
on command line in your project's root folder where you would normally install or remove your plugins, or build or run it.
A:
The newer versions of Cordova also support the following:
cordova plugin
or
cordova plugins
| mini_pile | {'original_id': 'ed9e128fc3a1c7608acb5e3d1396322e6efbed38cc7b162b4648a2cc7dacc565'} |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
my problem is regarding routing. I have a network based on bicycle graph links (SRID: 4326), with bidirected and directed ways. I want to give the user the functionality to draw a route (shortest path) from a given point to a certain location (the input parameters are sent from my app, as two geometric POINTS).
So to approach this problem i did the following steps:
1. Added reverse cost column and assigned an arbitrary high value for the ONE WAY links (Geometry LINESTRING)
2. Used the ST_ClosestPoint function to get the nearest source node from the start position, and the nearest target node from the final destination.
3. Once i have my source node and target_node i launched the Dijkstra Shortest Path function of pgrouting (taking account the reverse_cost for ONE WAY links):
SELECT bz_bike_graph_line.* FROM bz_bike_graph_line JOIN
(SELECT * FROM shortest_path('SELECT gid as id, start_node::int4 as
source, end_node::int4 as target, distance::double
precision AS cost, reverse_cost::double precision
AS reverse_cost FROM bz_bike_graph_line' ,source_node,
target_node, true, true)) AS route
ON bz_bike_graph_line.gid = route.edge_id
All seems to be working in the right way BUT when returning the route the starting point and the starting route node never coincides (idem target and final dest.), obviously i should say, due the fact we return the closest points. Is there a way to resolve it or solve the task in other way? Some GIS expert here :) ?
P.A. Thanks!
enter image description here
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
I believe this is more a problem of user interaction than GIS. IMHO I would:
1. warn the user if the desired start/end point is further away from the nearest point on the graph of, say 30m and offer her a choice to move them or keep them where they are
2. for distances less than 30m perhaps you could simply move the desired start/end point to the nearest point without warning or choice, but I wouldn't recommend it
share|improve this answer
Thank u for the answer. – user12282 May 25 '13 at 16:37
This is what i did, if the start/end is further away (100m). Just wanted to understand one thing: u see the marker with the green point on the map, it is my final destination. The closest point should be somewhere near there, in fact he draws the whole line (LINK) from the returned closed target node, right? Is there a way to draw only the partial Linestring, to extract only the points which are very closed to the closest target point? – user12282 May 25 '13 at 16:44
See: gis.stackexchange.com/a/2082/3895 – unicoletti May 25 '13 at 17:11
Your Answer
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Ahmed Hussain Abdi
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Meet the Somali masters of ice
BBC News meets some of the men behind the African team competing in the world championships for bandy, a fast-paced ball game on ice.
Bandy is not a game that many people know. It is basically ice hockey writ large - played outdoors on a sheet of ice the size of a football pitch, and with a ball not a puck.
Unsurprisingly, the countries that win major competitions are generally from the frozen north - Sweden, Finland or Russia.
But when this year's World Championships take place later this month in Irkutsk in Siberia, there will be a new contender - from Africa.
Somalia are not expected to win many games, but they are likely to gain a lot of new friends.
BBC News visited Ahmed Hussain Abdi and his teammates at their training base in Borlange, Sweden.
Real Time is a series for the BBC News website in which ordinary people tell their own extraordinary stories.
Shot and edited by Nick Woolley. Extra production by Tim Mansel and Mary Harper. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.96201092004776}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '171571', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:EDPWV3UT5EU3BGKGAF2UJB5WXQHH4GA6', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e3a64952-b45b-47ee-9b38-13fdf4e5e22c>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 27, 3, 58, 34), 'WARC-IP-Address': '151.101.32.81', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:L6Y32KBQ4KF7J25SKMCHFQFO4HMEYCJL', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:e859f0b8-b764-41e6-9a62-f08e9bc41fe3>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-25492503/meet-the-somali-masters-of-ice', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:bb0844dc-64dd-4ac6-94e3-442fb4bedcd0>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '185', 'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-25492503/meet-the-somali-masters-of-ice', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-17\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2017\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.08540230989456177', 'original_id': '9bc83ec8b08fc88f905e05c151df8181e43da2f325adc55743b6e380d9f609a3'} |
About this book
Introduction
These volumes record the presentations made at the VIII International Symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Manheld at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA from May 22- May 27, 1994. This was a continuation of meetings held every three years with the idea of bringing clinicians and basic scientists together, which we hope results in cross-fertilization of ideas. Some of the papers presented in this volume represent oral contributions and others are from posters, but we emphasize that both are considered of equal merit. As is obvious from a perusal of the titles of the papers there has been a shift in the focus of this meeting, which reflects a general shift in the area of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. The emphasis has definitely shifted to gene structure and molecular genetics, with the beginnings we hope of gene therapy as an important branch of this area of science. Although many of the inherited diseases discussed in this text can be treated with drugs, the major thrust in the futurewill be in gene therapy, where the gene (or cDNA) will be used to treat the patient with enzyme deficiency, particularly if the patient is young. As can be seen from the Iist of authors there is a remarkable degree of international cooperation in this area across countries and continents. We thank the many participants who have attended these symposia many times, and we welcome the large group of scientists from Eastern Europe who are attending this meeting for the first time. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '5be907110a21ee3aa8076189f628843e39092cdf69b13dc2f1b2737ec9ba09f5'} |
Cat Skinners
The bright post on the outside office wall catches my energy eye each whistling morning. Cat Skinners titles the picture of an animated lion on hungry hunt. What department is Cat Skinners? Not IT or Mail or Imaging or Client Sevier or Marketing or Print Production or Finance or Planning but Cat Skinners. PETA is mad somewhere. Do they really skin cats behind the doors of this office complex?
There is more than one way to skin a cat. I think of that motto as I imagine a modern day cat skinner. Is this the problem solving department? Do they take complicated issues and make them simple?
Maybe, being a cat skinner is like being a mule skinner. These early day truckers hauled and worked with mules. They could get the onery critters to do the work. Stubborn, mule headed beasts of burden resistive to direction and taming were tamed and taught and made functional under the care and cajoling of the mule skinner. What others could not do, they did.
Both is the answer. Do you have a Cat Skinner department? Are you in it?
The original poster was in our client services team of grafacceńt, a digital print publishing group born of innovation. It was a joy birthing and developing and leading this powerhouse team. They found solutions where solutions could not be found. Love the product. Love the client. Love the team. That was our motto. We lived it.
Yesterday, I put the poster up again. Our team at SOLUM is doing it. Love the program. Love the clients. Love the team. Allie, Danny, Danny, Matt, Dawn, Ashli and Phil. Here we are at it. More are joining the team.
A judge and a businessman came to me at separate times yesterday. Both commented, “Tell me about the Hope Program. People are telling me how much they appreciate it.” One was on the phone from another state.
We did not have a title for what we do, we just do it. The streets have given us a title, the Hope Program. People have hope restored and families healed. I like that. My title came from the streets. The Think Doctor came from those we serve. That is stronger than a university acclimation. We love the people. Our Cat Skinners love the product of good thinking and hope. Our Cat Skinners love the people we serve. Our Cat Skinners love each other.
Get a Cat Skinner attitude. Prod problems into possibilities. Coach calamity into calm. Anchor anxiety into assurance. Find a way where there is no way. Get a few folks in your work place to walk that walk and you will find new joy in your journey.
Risk It! Explain
Romans 14:11: For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. 12: So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God. 13: Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this rather, that no man put a stumblingblock or an occasion to fall in his brother’s way
A winner. explains;training a loser explains away
Early in life I found it profitable to have solutions. Managers, directors, executives all seemed to be unconcerned with my problems and mistakes. What they wanted was solutions. Explain the problems and offer a solution. It really did not make a difference whether I caused the problem or not. A winner goes for the solution not the excuse.
God is the same way. He really is not so much interested in punishing us. He is interested in our growth.
This trait of offering honest explanations with solutions is called faithfulness. When we trust a person, we are honest. When we value their opinion in the long term, we are honest. Being that way adds up to being loyal and faithful and it is so returned.
In the computer industry of big systems, there are sometimes some real messes. Blaming it on the computer never flies. It always seems profitable to simply tell people, “We are researching the problem and will get back with you.” and then do it.
A certain hospital had a horrible reputation. Systems crashed daily, sometimes 3 times a day. Nurses screamed. Doctors threatened to throw equipment out the window. One doctor would come in the computer room and bang on the equipment. When the system went down, all the technicians took off their badges and hid from the hospital staff.
As a new manager, Newbie was perplexed. How do you handle this mess? First, he instructed his technicians to get their badges back on and get into the hallways. Take the heat. Own up to the problems and offer assistance. Next, he called all the head nurses and gave them an estimate of when they could expect systems so they could go back to work. Then he called the chief technicians and wanted answers. Real answers. When it was all over he would update the executives to the causes.
It was tough. The reputation of the department was horrid. Over time the nurses began to trust the reports. Even when it was bad news, it was trustworthy news. Systems started getting fixed and executives agreed to spend the right monies to fix the problems. Everyone turned out winners. Eventually the systems that were only up 50% of the time were up 98% of the time. Winners explain.
I Corinthians 4:1: Let a man so account of us, as of the ministers of Christ, and stewards of the mysteries of God. 2: Moreover it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful.
A story is told about Thomas Watson, then chief of IBM. Seems an executive spent a few million dollars on a project that was a total failure. He went in to Watson thinking he would be terminated. Watson looked and him and assured him that he was not about to loose the millions he had invested in the man’s training.
What if he had offered excuses and blamed others? What if he had not been honest with his mistakes.
Adam had that type opportunity. He blamed Eve. What if he had just told God he miffed it and needed forgiveness?
David, king of Israel, committed murder, adultery, and things we don’t even know about. But when it came time to face it, he was honest and simply explained. God forgave and restored him each time. David wasn’t perfect, he just would not try and explain away.
This principle applies in all areas. We all make mistakes. We all have failures. (Failure is an event, not a person.) We all are required to show faithfulness and loyalty by being honest and helping those around us deal with the situation. They need the full scoop so they can work out any side issues, not so they can punish or dig it in.
Take Inventory
Do you have problem that needs fixing? Can you explain? Will you explain?
How can you get past the fear of failure through honest explanations?
Make Application
Write what you are going to specifically do in the next 30 days about this.
Pray To Be Honest In Explanation
Father, open my eyes. Let me see any hindrances to winning with Jesus. So many times in life lessons go unlearned when I don’t hear Your voice. Speak clearly, Lord. Let me hear and act speedily. Open my heart, Father, to give real, honest explanations so I can stay on the road to winning. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '91', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9622476100921632}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '92503', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:FSFLFQ2WPANRBE4AONLU2OD2KISHNBWA', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:25a92639-9295-4703-b335-39afefb212ac>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2022, 11, 27, 4, 25, 44), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.24', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:73EEIUCGGLMBJJG2XXV6JX3LILVBCQN2', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:70f396e3-1311-4778-94ee-75ae8b82b758>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://shepherdok.net/tag/a-better-life-forward/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:9ae1e6e5-12e2-420e-92a4-3d4662c68acd>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '1298', 'url': 'https://shepherdok.net/tag/a-better-life-forward/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2022-49\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for November/December 2022\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-8\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.19 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.4-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.022884130477905273', 'original_id': 'ddd9eaf6c15858d70d1cb9e865de1b1e8d557558ce041770f5066f21b45e226d'} |
Windows Azure Gains Momentum, Forrester Report Shows
AWS remained the undisputed leader, but Windows Azure made a strong showing at second place, surpassing other platforms like Google, Force.com and Rackspace Cloud. This shows that interest for Windows Azure has been constantly growing among developers.
Forrester Research conducted the study in the third quarter of the year.
With a market share of 71 percent, Amazon remained the top dog in the cloud arena, while Microsoft Azure is picking up momentum with almost a quarter of the developers using the platform to deploy custom applications.
Respondents of the survey expect an increase usage on both AWS and Azure next year (at 40 and 20 percent respectively), while showing mixed expectations for all other platforms.
The study conducted from more than 100 developers the world over, showed that speed of delivery remained their top consideration when choosing a cloud environment. Near 60 percent of those surveyed cited this as the main reason why they chose a particular platform.
On the other hand, 45 percent noted that a particular cloud environment suited the types of applications they are developing.
Speaking of apps, the top applications deployed on the cloud were internal business apps — unsurprisingly at 43 percent. Unsurprising still, 41 percent of the respondents are planning to deploy their mobile apps in the cloud next year.
While AWS currently dwarfs any and all platforms, the very strong showing by Windows Azure could mean nothing but good news for the fledging cloud industry. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '3b4d6857a78b25814767139afa537b1c4e0644b230e6b5141ee7fcbe02396437'} |
24 Ryan Gaines
24 Ryan Gaines
Height: 6-1
Weight: 195
Year: Fr.
Hometown: Dunwoody, Ga.
High School: Dunwoody HS
Position: RHP
Bats/Throws: R/R
2014: Appeared in 17 games on the mound, including 3 games started...posted a 4-0 record with a 2.53 ERA and 6.41 Strikeouts/Game...totaled 46.1 IP allowing on 8 walks and 13 earned runs...earned his first collegiate victory in February 15th game at LaGrange, thorwing 4 innings in relief while allwoing only 1 run.
Pre-BSC: Attended Dunwoody HS in Dunwoody, Ga. where he played baseball for Coach Chan English... was named to the DeKalb County All-Star team his junior and senior seasons... was also named DeKalb All-County in 2013... also played football and was a member of the diving team... earned All-County honors in football his junior and senior year and was named All-County diving and All-County diving MVP his senior year... named to the Academic All-Conference and was a member of the German National Honors Society.
Personal: Son of Dana Gaines and Jack Gaines... born Sept. 6, 1994... has a younger sister, Mackenzie... both of his grandfathers played collegiate football, one at William & Mary and the other at Georgia Tech... plans to major in business administration. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9844242930412292}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '27576', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:E5WRAGU2QHJF6EQO7CGQJTWXZQRISDD2', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:e6778842-3b05-49f4-bfb5-c501ff84c1d5>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 6, 11, 32, 43), 'WARC-IP-Address': '67.228.165.36', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': None, 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:5VTBRIH5VJZ55JH4QV4KGM57GGYCUTBH', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:a9d3c182-9109-4be4-80b4-370989780bee>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'http://www.bscsports.net/sports/bsb/2013-14/bios/gaines_ryan_32x2?view=bio', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:79cabffa-2367-4f2a-a319-96a12d02bdf1>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '199', 'url': 'http://www.bscsports.net/sports/bsb/2013-14/bios/gaines_ryan_32x2?view=bio', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-18\r\noperator: CommonCrawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for April 2015\r\npublisher: CommonCrawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.07227063179016113', 'original_id': 'b1644c5915dca9a09f351a189f5a1c564a0c393b49717ba7ce4ae58adbf28b64'} |
What is argumentative thesis
Writing is her life.
How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement
You want to declare your intentions in this essay and guide the reader to the conclusion that you reach. Show the reader how everything fits together.
Any essay type or topic Professional writers. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. Still, there are some basic guidelines to keep in mind when it comes to an argumentative thesis statement.
Argumentative Thesis
Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. Sample Thesis Statement Parents should regulate the amount of television their children watch.
This list contains examples of argumentative thesis topics. Can you imagine having only five paragraphs in a six-page paper? Your strongest point should be revealed in the final body paragraph. It plays a vital role in shaping the views and positions of the younger generation.
Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. Notice that this Assertion is the first reason presented in the thesis statement.
Sample Outline Use the outline below, which is based on the five—paragraph essay model, when drafting a plan for your own essay. Composing a thesis statement does take a bit more thought than many other parts of an essay.
How to Create an Argumentative Thesis Statement
Humans can do without eating meat to be healthy because they can obtain meet all their food needs from meatless foods, and a vegetarian diet can fulfill it quite sufficiently. Informative and Persuasive Just as there are different types of essays, there are different types of thesis statements.
Your ideas and the results are anonymous and confidential. Body paragraphs that include evidential support.Whether you’re writing an argumentative, informative, or a comparative paper, we have some tips for you on how to write a strong thesis statement.
Argumentative Essay Topics From Team At Essay Basics Click To See Examples Of Argumentative Writing. You should also state your argumentative thesis statement in the introduction. The thesis will give you a guideline on how to go about with writing the essay.
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
The thesis should, therefore, be phrased as a general statement of the main idea. Creating an argumentative thesis statement requires honing in on an arguable point and expressing it in a concise way.
Know the purpose of an argumentative thesis. A thesis is a one or two sentence summary of the main purpose of the paper. The thesis statement model used in this example is a thesis with reasons.
Argumentative Thesis Statement
What is argumentative thesis
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International Studies: Saudi Arabia
While not tied to a specific degree program or course of study, this guide provides resources relevant to the studies of continents and specific regions of the world.
Saudi Arabia
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Man accused of smuggling king cobras in potato chip cans
Photo: AP
By
AP
PublishedThursday, July 27, 2017
A man was arrested on federal smuggling charges Tuesday after customs officers intercepted a shipment with three live king cobras hidden inside potato chip canisters that were being mailed to his California home, U.S. prosecutors said.
Rodrigo Franco, 34, was scheduled to be arraigned Tuesday afternoon in Los Angeles on a charge of illegally importing merchandise. It wasn’t immediately clear if he had an attorney who could comment on the allegations.
The three king cobra snakes — each about two feet (just over half a meter) long — were found in March when Customs and Border Protection officers inspected a package that was mailed from Hong Kong, prosecutors said. There were also three albino Chinese soft-shelled turtles in the package, authorities said.
Federal agents removed the cobras but delivered the turtles to Franco’s home in Monterey Park.
The agents later served a search warrant there and found tanks with a live baby Morelet’s crocodile, alligator snapping turtles, a common snapping turtle, and five diamond back terrapins. Prosecutors say all of the reptiles are protected under U.S. law.
Franco admitted to an agent from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that he had previously received 20 king cobras in two other shipments, but he said they all died in transit, according to court documents.
Federal agents also searched Franco’s phone and found that he exchanged messages with an individual in Asia about shipping turtles and snakes between Hong Kong and the U.S., prosecutors said. Franco said in those messages that he had previously received live cobras and planned to give five of the snakes to a relative of the contact in Virginia, court papers said. | mini_pile | {'original_id': '981fdf497d4e452ed4f12e81a641c85be569638b4c231f032f658e99415242d1'} |
The best tool to undertake the task at hand is the simpliest one that handles it
Examples: conversion #0
In this page, you can see the results of applying the conversion #0 to the 100 images that were choosen to represent the holidays' period of the given example. Specifically, above, you can see the slideshow that results from this conversion (created by use of my slideshow program named #slideshow_creator) and, below, you can see each one of the images that compose the slideshow (and were created by my program named #stateful_image_converter).
There are the following two possible ways of navigating the examples' pages: 1) by browsing the conversion examples' pages (click the left and right arrows above), where you can see how each conversion recipe changes the given 100 images; or 2) by browsing the images' example pages (click the images below), where you can see how the given image is changed when the 100 conversion recipes are applied to it.
Whether you choose to browse by conversion type or by image number, the examples change depending on the chosen video frame proportion (4:3 or 16:9) and orientation (landscape or portrait). Notice that the current monitors (and video sites, like youtube.com) use the format 16:9 and the legacy/old ones use the format 4:3.
Last, but not least, the images that result from the use of the current conversion recipe can be seen in the following three sizes (which you can choose, by clicking these sizes): small, medium, and large. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.8964999318122864}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '145179', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:MANC5FTKXRFEGJG6A3IUWADBEE6GWQDP', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:8a811f05-6d0d-49ba-8b3f-90f876001164>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 22, 28), 'WARC-IP-Address': '162.144.211.218', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:WMQTVZWC2WQEIFFQL7X2QJC6OQJ52ATK', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:517a9501-fa55-40d6-ba33-9a103c099a42>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://en.stateful-image-converter.frdafonseca.com/examples_for_4_3_480x640_portrait_by_transform_0000.html', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:4cb07f22-baa1-46fa-9845-add0116ed73b>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '237', 'url': 'https://en.stateful-image-converter.frdafonseca.com/examples_for_4_3_480x640_portrait_by_transform_0000.html', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-146-95-138.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.9571854472160339', 'original_id': '1a9c2d8d639c8e1182936766b599200792d157111d9eec6ff01c4d575477ca1c'} |
• Main Menu
• Electronics
• Symbol Rate
Symbol Rate
The symbol rate is the rate of state changes on a communications circuit. If a circuit can carry two tones per second, the circuit has a symbol rate of two. Circuits then use different modulation techniques to carry multiple bits per symbol. If the circuit is limited to two different tones, the first tone can
• UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
UHF is an acronym for a band of radio frequencies often used to broadcast television signals. Mobile phones and satellite radio also use UHF signals. The letters ‘UHF’ stand for: Ultra High Frequency. UHF Frequencies Any radio frequency between 300 MegaHertz (MHz) and 3,000 MHz (or 3 GigaHertz) is considered to be in the UHF
• Galvanic Isolator
Galvanic Isolator
A galvanic isolator is any device that connects two circuits together without allowing electricity to flow directly from one circuit to the other. Instead of transferring electricity through direct contact, galvanic isolators use other means, such as electromagnetism, mechanical devices, optical systems, or acoustic systems to convert the electricity into another form of energy, transfer
• Retrograde Orbit
Retrograde Orbit
A retrograde orbit is an orbit where the satellite travels in an East to West direction instead of the common West to East orbit. The normal West to East orbits are known as prograde orbits. Retrograde orbits are uncommon due to the much higher velocities necessary for successful launch and the associated higher costs. During
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Tag Archives: mis
Stealing the Story
Let’s be honest–no one was surprised that Anne Hathaway won best supporting actress in the Oscars this weekend. No one. They even made jokes about it before the show because it was so entirely inevitable.
The question now, of course, is why? Why was it so obvious? After all, there was some pretty stiff competition, and while Anne Hathaway is a wonderful actress (I’ve personally followed her career since her “Princess Diary” days), it’s not as though she wins an award every time she’s in a movie.
My answer, as I’m sure you aren’t surprised to hear, is that it’s all in the story. Hathaway played Fantine in Les Miserables, a role that can be lost easily and steal the show if well done. Clearly, Hathaway stole the show with her portrayal.
For those who haven’t seen Les Mis (which you should), a quick explanation is that it’s a very long musical about part of a French revolution that wasn’t very successful, and more specifically, follows a large cast of characters as their lives intertwine. Fantine, the character Hathaway played, is really more a plot device than an actual character. She serves as a sign to Jean Valjean that in his focus on his own troubles (avoiding the persistent Police head, Javert) he has neglected to notice when a woman (Fantine) who works in his factory is being unfairly treated. Because of his inattention to the state of his factory, Fantine goes through a terribly sad list of events until she goes from a single mother trying to make enough to keep herself and her daughter alive to a prostitute on the verge of death. It is here that Jean Valjean finds her again, and here that he has fatherhood of Cosette, Fantine’s daughter, thrust upon him. Fantine dies and Jean Valjean begins the next chapter of his life as a father raising Cosette.
In the scope of things, Fantine is there to remind Jean Valjean of his duty to other human beings and as a way for him to selflessly end up raising a daughter by himself. I have seen Les Mis performed where Fantine’s death was the end of it and I didn’t think of her again, but Hathaway did something much more important–she made me care about Fantine. Hathaway took a very small chunk of the movie and made it the highlight. One of the most powerful moments of the movie was her singing “I dreamed a dream,” perhaps because it portrayed so well what the song is really about.
Many people sing this song every day for auditions, performances, or to show off their vocal talents in general. Generally when I’ve seen it done outside of the movie Les Miserables I have seen it done in an optimistic fashion. People smile at the end, and they make it seem like they’re about to be saved. When Hathaway sang it I realized what the song is really saying–what’s in the lyrics already, but was brought out by her voice and her acting.
“But there are dreams that cannot be
And there are storms we cannot weather
I had a dream my life would be
So different from this hell I’m living
So different now from what it seemed
Now life has killed the dream I dreamed.”
So in other words, Fantine realizes that everything she hoped and dreamed for in her life never came true. She realizes that things really do suck too much to go on, and that even if she’s physically still alive, her dream and spirit have already died. Inspiring? I don’t think so.
lesmishathaway_620_112612This is a woman who has lost everything in her life and has no one else to turn to. She is at her end both mentally and physically and has fallen as far as she can go. That is the Fantine that Hathaway showed us, and that is why it was an award-worthy performance.
So where does this lead the story as a whole? Well, to be honest I was very disappointed when Fantine died in the movie, because it was never the same without her. The rest of the cast did a great job, but the usually inspiring group numbers lost some of their momentum because of the removed intermission and the poor filming choices. Also, the characters introduced for the second part of the show, namely Marius and Cosette, are never going to be as powerful as Fantine’s story because after watching Fantine’s tragic descent, it’s very hard to care about two rich kids who decide they’ve discovered love at first sight.
Hathaway absolutely owned Fantine’s story, and she was rewarded for it. Really, her short screen time owned the epic that is Les Mis, and that’s something to be truly proud of. To be entirely honest, I have never been overly fond of Les Mis, so it is truly impressive that Hathaway captured my interest so well. Congratulations to Anne Hathaway for making me care about a story within Les Mis that I had previously overlooked. I will never think so lightly of Fantine again.
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Filed under Uncategorized | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '0', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9812892079353333}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '37119', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:623UK3PRDANJDQL73Q33KHRW5PBD4DQD', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:b969c560-704e-4207-a3f0-d2f33eb1d8f0>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 18, 5, 49, 57), 'WARC-IP-Address': '192.0.78.13', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:QFC63FFRFBXPOQQM5TTMMHKFWINYQ3KC', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:0fc85edd-cae1-48b6-b973-2c7311772cf9>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://welcometostorytime.wordpress.com/tag/mis/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:c314094a-bae3-467b-a609-c4016906b0ad>', 'WARC-Truncated': 'length'}", 'previous_word_count': '856', 'url': 'https://welcometostorytime.wordpress.com/tag/mis/', 'warcinfo': 'robots: classic\r\nhostname: ip-10-71-180-189.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Nutch 1.6 (CC)\r\nisPartOf: CC-MAIN-2017-43\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for October 2017\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.0\r\nconformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.1573237180709839', 'original_id': 'e53e6cb492fa0d50566714c9e99a4e9a9d4c19e8e254a1247698a817705fa02a'} |
Nathan AndrewsIs the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) all that bad? This is probably a question that many have pondered, including policy makers, non-governmental organizations, private individuals and companies that either work with or receive funding from this agency. 804 more words
Terrence Rundle WestQuick, identify the Canadian battalion that celebrates its 75th anniversary this month.
If you didn’t guess the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion you’re not alone. Few would. 852 more words
Robert RoachFormer Reform Party leader Preston Manning recently wondered out loud if western alienation has been replaced by eastern alienation. Does this mean that the old battle cry of “the West wants in” is going to be replaced by “the East wants in?” The reality is that the East is still very much in and the West has barely one foot in the door. 745 more words
Will Van’t VeldContinued growth in household spending is expected to help power the Canadian economy through another turbulent year of economic uncertainty. It’s pretty evident that much of this growth is being driven by exceedingly cheap credit, but it should be pointed out that this is part of a longer term trend in which Canadian households have been saving less and less. 576 more words
Peter CowleyIt will be much tougher for Alberta parents to ensure their kids are getting a good education if the Alberta government moves ahead with plans to junk the province-wide elementary-school achievement tests. 639 more words | mini_pile | {'original_id': '0c4c1a3a0a664f250bc075a68d46672cf8e343e435d5d8881b825df6c98cf6cc'} |
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Dudley Skyline
Air Quality tells us how good the air is to breathe. If the air quality is bad then it has more harmful things in it. Good air quality tells us that it has less harmful things and is better for us to breathe.
Air is all around us; it is what is known as a gas. Air contains oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live.
Air Pollution
Air pollution describes harmful things in the air we breathe. When we get poor air quality it is because levels of some gases have reached harmful levels. These gases are harmful to humans and animals and plants. The gases which affect our air quality are:
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur Dioxide
• Benzene
• Particulate matter
• Lead
• Carbon Monoxide
• 1,3 Butadience
Air is also polluted by Carbon Dioxide, Methane, CFC's and Ozone. Some of these are causing the earth to warm up - known as Global Warming. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '1', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9328644871711732}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '41479', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:GXS4L4CCLODCXSJL7SKZ4ILV72O2D7U3', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:27ffe66d-9e99-4c57-a6f7-b17361b55970>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 10, 22, 41, 15), 'WARC-IP-Address': '193.105.48.101', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:UVU355RIRKHFRGMWM4SH72NGTHVQKR66', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:2dba3fc8-af93-4259-a845-0e6c5269705f>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://www.dudley.gov.uk/business/environmental-health/pollution-control/air-quality/kids-and-air-quality-information/what-is-air-quality/', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:94ae1112-552a-4368-af89-8c7603777196>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '171', 'url': 'https://www.dudley.gov.uk/business/environmental-health/pollution-control/air-quality/kids-and-air-quality-information/what-is-air-quality/', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2018-51\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for December 2018\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-185-234-147.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.034152448177337646', 'original_id': '3e30201e647d5da98b1f3c61d32fefe6b7a578caeedc04b14a9c2a4418311925'} |
Happy Halloween! (2016 Edition)
Every month, Jessica and I make a black and white SN8X bonus strip for Jessica's Patreon (which, by the way, is over half-way toward reaching the first goal!). You could sort of think of these bonus comics as deleted scenes. They tend to show some amusing aside that adds some extra flavor to the SN8X-verse, but isn't essential to the story (like the two peeping ninjas arguing about whether or not Alex's bedroom belongs to a boy or a girl, or Patrick Hyser's battle with the sensei of the Snake Shi).
This month is our 8th such bonus comic, and it's a flashback to a Halloween when Eddie, at the age of 14, first got up the courage to ask Veronica on a date. Showing you the whole comic wouldn't be fair to Jessica's awesome Patrons, since its a reward for their support, but we hope you enjoy this sneak peak of Eddie and Joe in their Halloween costumes.
In other news, we've recently received an award! As part of our effort to get as many people as possible aware of our comic, we upload it to several webcomic hosting sites. One of those is The Duck (previously known as Drunk Duck), and they hand out annual awards that are determined by the votes of the readers. Someone nominated us for the category of Best Superhero comic, and we ended up winning. Here's the announcement, which was done in comic form.
It's interesting, because as I said in the past, I don't really think of SN8X as a superhero comic, but I can understand how it qualifies as one.
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développement dans la localité par l'entrée des associations diverses, la diffusion de communiqués et informations à caractère d'utilité publique, la vie associative de tous les Arméniens de Grenoble, la promotion de la variété française | common_corpus | {'identifier': '198301330082', 'collection': 'French Open Data', 'open_type': 'Open Government', 'license': 'Licence ouverte', 'date': '1983.0', 'title': 'Station Sevane', 'creator': 'ASSOCIATIONS', 'language': 'French', 'language_type': 'Spoken', 'word_count': '34', 'token_count': '48', '__index_level_0__': '8560', 'original_id': '0ad8ff44c51720dd557d58a4d63a45245ed7e5b5ad8b7f791e412c834ef5f6e8'} |
TDWI Report Examines Data Warehousing and Private Clouds
It's time to consider data warehousing in the clouds as a viable option
It seems as if it's still too soon to be talking about data warehousing (DW) in the clouds, but a majority of data management (DM) practitioners are already thinking about the technology, and many are already planning "private" or infrastructure cloud deployments -- i.e., internal clouds that are hosted and managed by IT itself.
The upshot, says industry veteran Philip Russom, research director for data management with The Data Warehousing Institute (TDWI), is that it's time to consider data warehousing-in-the-cloud as a viable option.
"[I]nfrastructure clouds are already entrenched in IT as successful platforms for virtualizing application servers. It's just a matter of time before DW and BI stores move onto some kind of cloud," writes Russom in a recent TDWI Checklist Report, Consolidating Data Warehousing on a Private Cloud.
"Users who depend on DWs need to control this migration by considering database clouds that are optimized for DBMSs and therefore are capable of handling a wide range of database workloads, plus handling them concurrently, out of the box, and with little or no tweaking," he writes.
"There's a new need for the consolidation of diverse BI databases," Russom told BI This Week in a telephone interview. "The rise of advanced analytics in recent years has driven many user organizations to deploy more analytic databases, data marts, operational data stores, and data staging areas outside of their enterprise data warehouse environments. In another trend, many organizations have deployed departmental systems for BI during the recession because departmental budgets were often more fluid than the capitol budgets that fund most central BI programs. Instead of consolidating these new BI databases into traditional BI and DW platforms, some users are contemplating future-facing platforms, which include different types of clouds."
Certainly, DM practitioners are aware of cloud computing. In a November, 2010 TDWI survey, for example, more than half (53 percent) of respondents said they'd prefer to host their data warehouses in a private cloud context; only 7 percent expressed a preference for public clouds.
Awareness doesn't translate into deployment, of course, but more than one-fifth (22 percent) of respondents said they plan to use a private cloud specifically for data warehousing. "Your peers in other organizations are planning their migrations to private clouds. You should, too," Russom writes.
DW-in-the-cloud makes sense on several levels, he continues. Cloud-based DWs make it easier to consolidate and effectively tune database systems for different kinds of data warehousing and business intelligence (BI) workloads. They should also make it easier to respond to changing capacity requirements, chiefly by exploiting the elasticity of the cloud paradigm to rapidly provision and de-provision new DWs (with workload-specific tunings) as the need arises.
"There are many types of database workloads commonly used in DW and BI, each with its own technical requirements. The diversity of data workloads is a challenge because it's so difficult to design and optimize a single database to run diverse workloads optimally. Database clouds that allocate platform resources based on load characteristics promise to meet the mixed workload challenge," Russom writes. "[C]onsolidating multiple BI data stores into a single DW database is challenging because of the mixed workload problem. A more realistic and modern approach is to consolidate into a private database cloud."
Consolidation should likewise help simplify data management. "When disparate databases are consolidated into a private database cloud, it greatly simplifies data governance, stewardship, master data management, metadata management, and some forms of data quality and data integration," he argues.
Russom lists several use cases that could also benefit from being shifted into the cloud, including bread-and-butter tasks such as reporting ("A cloud can help the DW scale to growing and diversifying report workloads," he points out) and analytics: "Most DWs are optimized for reports, not analytics. Hence many organizations are taking their analytic workloads to various kinds of clouds."
"A bulk data load differs from a real-time trickle feed, although both workloads commit data to a database. Most DWs are optimized for the former, not the latter. So users often build a real-time operational data store ... as a data staging area outside the DW to handle workloads for real-time data," he explains.
The issue is that ODSs of any kind tend to proliferate. New ODSs are typically commissioned in response to new workload challenges; existing ODSs are rarely decommissioned. "This proliferation of BI data stores leads to a heavily distributed DW architecture that's difficult to change, optimize, and govern," Russom notes. Data-warehousing-in-the-cloud can help restore some degree of manageability to this chaotic state of affairs.
"A private cloud can accommodate multiple workloads better than traditional, distributed DW approaches. As DW workloads start up and shut down, the cloud provides generous processor and storage resources to ensure processing speed and volume scalability," he concludes. "The cloud can recover and reallocate these resources efficiently as workload processing ceases or as temporary DW structures -- such as data marts -- are no longer needed. A private cloud has similar advantages for business intelligence ... platforms for reporting and OLAP, where the number of reports and concurrent users varies unpredictably."
TDWI Membership
Individual, Student, & Team memberships available. | dclm_baseline | {'bff_contained_ngram_count_before_dedupe': '15', 'language_id_whole_page_fasttext': "{'en': 0.9461742043495178}", 'metadata': "{'Content-Length': '60216', 'Content-Type': 'application/http; msgtype=response', 'WARC-Block-Digest': 'sha1:4GYG2SUIJD7ZCMHTCD6N3SNV437VKVFH', 'WARC-Concurrent-To': '<urn:uuid:0fe89453-d25e-4a33-81b6-97b99513214d>', 'WARC-Date': datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 28, 19, 45, 49), 'WARC-IP-Address': '66.77.93.108', 'WARC-Identified-Payload-Type': 'text/html', 'WARC-Payload-Digest': 'sha1:CTZDMLH7ZN3NYL2MUPVFLJNWBXJQEFCB', 'WARC-Record-ID': '<urn:uuid:cb30dab9-968d-4a11-9bbc-8f0c5f3c8f9d>', 'WARC-Target-URI': 'https://tdwi.org/articles/2011/06/29/tdwi-report-dw-private-clouds.aspx', 'WARC-Type': 'response', 'WARC-Warcinfo-ID': '<urn:uuid:27727d36-b63e-4dc6-854b-24589f8ef904>', 'WARC-Truncated': None}", 'previous_word_count': '879', 'url': 'https://tdwi.org/articles/2011/06/29/tdwi-report-dw-private-clouds.aspx', 'warcinfo': 'isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05\r\npublisher: Common Crawl\r\ndescription: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020\r\noperator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)\r\nhostname: ip-10-67-67-48.ec2.internal\r\nsoftware: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)\r\nrobots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)\r\nformat: WARC File Format 1.1\r\nconformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/', 'fasttext_openhermes_reddit_eli5_vs_rw_v2_bigram_200k_train_prob': '0.02932208776473999', 'original_id': '1e21dab905b082daa2593e7d6118d61011d48badd5041e0e99695201f93ad75c'} |
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