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歐律狄刻 （; 約前312年以前–前287年），是希臘化利西馬科斯王國公主，後來成為馬其頓王后。
家世
歐律狄刻的家族最早是在希臘的色薩利，後來才移居馬其頓，她的祖父阿加托克利斯在腓力二世時受到重用。歐律狄刻的父親是利西馬科斯，他原本是亞歷山大大帝的將軍，也是繼業者的一員，並以色雷斯為基地，開創了利西馬科斯王國。而歐律狄刻的母親是利西馬科斯第一任妻子妮卡亞，出身馬其頓望族是安提帕特之女。歐律狄刻還有一位兄長阿加托克利斯，和一位妹妹阿爾西諾伊。
歐律狄刻的名字來自她的姨媽歐律狄刻，「歐律狄刻」這個名字也跟馬其頓阿吉德王朝有所關聯，它是王室名字。這名字也從她母系來推斷，透露出她的外祖父安提帕特家族是阿吉德王室的遠親。
生平
歐律狄刻大概出身在前312年以前，對她的生平早年不清楚，但在一個不確的的時間點，她的父王利西馬科斯把士麥那重新命名為「歐律狄基亞」（Eurydiceia）以榮耀她，但這措施沒有很長久，利西馬科斯也為她發行一套錢幣，正面上是戴著頭紗的歐律狄刻肖像，儘管如此歐律狄刻從未控制過士麥那或其他城市過。主要對她了解是從她結婚過後。
後來利西馬科斯把歐律狄刻嫁給她的表兄弟安提帕特一世，他是馬其頓國王卡山德和王后帖撒羅妮加之子。嫁到馬其頓後，歐律狄刻也因此捲入亞歷山大大帝逝世後，各方勢力角逐馬其頓王位的風波中。
歐律狄刻的丈夫安提帕特在前297年登上馬其頓王位，也這樣歐律狄刻成為他的王后。因為帖撒羅妮加偏愛的關係，馬其頓王國還有另一位共治國王亞歷山大五世，也有另一位王后呂珊德拉，他們統治王國另一部份。然而，安提帕特一世受不了母后帖撒羅妮加過度偏袒弟弟亞歷山大五世，他殺了帖撒羅妮加，並試圖把弟弟逐出馬其頓，試圖單獨統治整個王國。
逃到色薩利的亞歷山大五世向占據希臘的安提柯王朝德米特里一世求援，而於是德米特里向北進軍，殺了亞歷山大五世奪取其軍隊和色薩利地區，並繼續攻佔馬其頓，安提帕特一世無法抵擋，只好帶著歐律狄刻逃亡，於是德米特里成為了馬其頓國王。歐律狄刻和她丈夫只得投奔回故國利西馬科斯處，希求利西馬科斯可以出兵。但德米特里很快就與利西馬科斯搞好關係，這使得安提帕特一世對此相當不滿，他和利西馬科斯爭吵馬其頓歸屬問題，於是利西馬科斯處死了安提帕特。而因為歐律狄刻選折與丈夫站在同一陣營，利西馬科斯毒死了自己女兒。
註腳
來源
Ptolemaic Genealogy: Arsinoe I
Ptolemaic Dynasty-Affiliated Lines: The Antipatrids
Lysimachus’ article at Livius.org
H. Bengtson, Griechische Geschichte von den Anfängen bis in die römische Kaiserzeit, C.H.Beck, 1977
H.S. Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, Routledge, 2002
F. Chamoux, Hellenistic civilization, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
W. Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
M. Lightman & B. Lightman, A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women (Google eBook), Infobase Publishing, 2007
馬其頓王后
希臘化色雷斯
安提帕特王朝 |
付晓光（）黑龙江肇源县人，毕业于吉林工业大学。2003年1月担任黑龙江省副省长，在2004年10月“自动”请辞，并被免去省委委员职务。2013年7月，付晓光喝酒时陪酒人醉死，付晓光被免去黑龙江省政府亚布力度假区领导小组常务副组长职务，由副省级待遇降为正局级，留党察看一年。
生平
1952年，付晓光出生于黑龙江省肇源县肇源镇。
1958年9月-1964年7月， 就读于肇源县第一小学（实验小学）。
1964年9月-1966年7月，就读于肇源一中初中，毛泽东发起文化大革命后，停课“闹革命”。
1968年10月-1971年，付晓光参加工作，在国家建委六局机运处汽车队工人。
1971-1973年，肇源县汽车大修厂工人。
1973年夏，付晓光被推荐以“工农兵学员”的身份进入吉林工业大学汽车设计和制造学习，1977年毕业。
1977-1978年，任绥化地区交通局技术员。
1978-1984年，任黑龙江省交通局运输处、基层处干部。
1984-1988年，任黑龙江省交通公安局副局长。
1988-1990年，任黑龙江省交通公安局政委。
1990-1992年，任黑龙江省公路运输管理局党委书记。
1992-1995年，任黑龙江省交通专科学校党委副书记、校长。
1995-1999年，任黑龙江省交通厅厅长、党组书记。
1999年12月，任黑龙江省长助理、省政府党组成员。
2003年1月，任黑龙江省副省长。
2004年10月，辞职。此时，黑龙江省委指出，付晓光等五名副省级干部“涉及问题严重，已不适于担任领导职务”。
2010年，出任黑龙江省乒乓球联合会主席，享受副省级待遇。
2012年，担任黑龙江亚布力旅游区开发指挥部的副总指挥，享受副省级待遇。
2013年7月，付晓光因私公款消费，大量饮酒并造成陪酒人员“一死一伤”严重后果，经中央纪委常委会研究并报中央批准，给予付晓光留党察看一年处分，按程序免去其黑龙江省政府亚布力度假区领导小组常务副组长职务，由副省级降为正局级。
参考文献
中華人民共和國貪腐官員
吉林工业大学校友
肇源人
X |
C-型小行星是含碳的小行星，它們是最普通的小行星，約佔已知小行星的75% ，並且在2.7天文單位之外的小行星帶所佔的比例更高，並且以這種小行星為主。C-型小行星在實際上的比例可能還要更高，因為除了D-型之外，C-型小行星更深入主帶外緣，並且比其他類型的小行星更為暗淡。
特性
這一類型小行星的光譜與:)碳質球粒隕石（CI和CM型）非常相似，除了不含氫、氦和揮發物之外，它們的化學組成和太陽與原始的太陽星雲幾乎一樣，也有水合（含水的）礦物。
C-型小行星有異常低的反照率，典型的範圍在0.03-0.10之間。通常，為數不少的S-型小行星在衝的時候用雙筒望遠鏡就可以看見，但就算最大的C-型小行星仍然需要小的望遠鏡才能看見。324 班堡可能是最明亮的C-型小行星，但是它有極大的離心率，這意味著它只達到最大星等的時間非常短暂。
它們的光譜包含在低於0.4-0.5微米的紫外線波長上有中等強度的吸收，而在較長的波長上沒有明顯的特徵但是有輕微的紅化。在3微米的波長附近有被稱為水吸收的特徵，這表示在礦物內有水的存在。
10 健神星是最明確的一顆C-型小行星，但是SMASS 分類法卻以最大的穀神星取代它的位置，原因無它，只因為在該分類中沒有G-型。
C-群小行星
參見小行星光譜類型.
C-群（托倫）
在托倫分類法，C-型 與另三種為數不少的三種含碳的小行星類型組合成一個大的族群 － C-群，它們包括i
B-型
C-型
F-型
G-型
C-群（SMASS）
在SMASS 分類法，廣泛的C-群包括：
B-型：相當於托倫分類法的B-型和F-型。
核心的C-型，是在集團中光譜最典型的小行星。
Cg和 Cgh型相當於托倫分類法的G-型。
Ch型是在0.7微米周圍有吸收特色的。
Cb型是SMASS分類法中介於B-型和C-型之間過渡的形式。
相關條目
小行星光譜類型
參考資料
S. J. Bus and R. P. Binzel Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy, Icarus, Vol. 158, pp. 146 (2002).
小行星光譜分類 |
不会带孩子怎么办？女人要在生了孩子之后呢？我知道自己的身体呀，肯定是有些不行的。而且那有孩子在因为各种操心，每天呀各种小事一大堆，也特别的累，有时候呢，还没时间吃饭，或者那你还睡不好？在特别心烦的时候，还真的想把孩子再塞回去呢。带孩子确实是有些累的，如果你知道你能够学会怎么带孩子。其实就可以轻松很多了。1、很多宝宝总是就哭了。哭的时间长了，连我们家长都心烦。其实呢，这都是根据他平时的习惯养成的。宝宝一哭闹，家里面的人就把他抱起来了，所以呢，他会经常哭了。我们呢，有时候在她哭的时候，你可以不要抱，让他自个哭一会儿，让他自己明白了，你不能用这个哭呀，就能来让我抱抱你。但是呢，你也要多看着点，不要因为孩子是尿了饿了或者是其它的情况。你还以为它只是短暂的酷耽误的事，这真的是没办法的。2、养成睡觉的好习惯，能够让他自己呢一觉就睡到第二天了。好多孩子呢，就是半夜老得起来。或者是她哭了，或者是饿了就得喂奶，用还得给他去冲奶粉。严重的要好几次，大人小孩呀，一晚上都睡不好，那第二天肯定是很累了。其实呢，晚上起来给他喂奶是真的没有必要的。因为对于小孩子来说的话呢？可以连续睡好几个小时，真的要不半夜起来吃奶要更重要了。所以呢，得差不多的时候一定要给孩子断了，这个吃夜奶的毛病。3、不要晃着孩子。很多老人的在抱起她来总是喜欢左右晃一晃眼前后晃一晃。其实在这是不对的。因为孩子她不需要这样子的。也不需要你抱着他来回的走。不要给孩子穿太多了。我们寝室不要把孩子想的那么脆弱了。他们其实在有些方面比我们都要强。年轻人带孩子还好有一些老人们带孩子就会给他穿的，特别多，总害怕太冷。其实啊，给孩子穿衣服比大人穿的少一件就行了。或者是一样多。太多了真的会把孩子捂出毛病的夏天天气人啊，人们就总洗澡，那就不要用一些沐浴露了。本来孩子就运动出了汗了，各种味道都出来了，所以热的时候最好每天都洗澡。清水洗就行了。 |
肛周脓肿手术后不缝针住院几天？肛周脓肿最重要的治疗方法是手术切开引流，主要是由于肛窦反复发作引起的。一些患者还患有基础疾病，包括糖尿病，这些疾病很容易诱发局部软组织感染。如果不注意肛门的卫生，导致肛门软组织感染，它也会发生继发于肛周脓肿。在局部麻醉或硬膜外麻醉下住院通常需要3-5天进行切开和引流。手术过程中，应详细发现内口，特别是肛窦炎的区域。必要时应进行切口和缝合治疗，以防止手术后形成肛瘘。手术后，应给予患者更多的水，最好避免辛辣和刺激性食物，主要是基于易消化的液体，包括新鲜蔬菜和水果。每次排便时，必须及时清洁，以防止伤口感染。最好每天更换一次药。术后护理肛周脓肿应根据脓肿的不同部位，大小和程度，是否做单一治疗，简单切开引流，不同手术程序等不同的护理措施。对于低脓肿，如果有一个清晰的原发口并且已经进行了一次性根治治愈，随着低脓肿的范围变得越来越小，只需要冲洗敷料并在切开后保持脓肿伤口。引流。具有修复能力，平均愈合时间约为3周。深脓肿，如马后马刺，因为脓肿范围不仅是一个间隙，它可能是2个间隙甚至3个间隙，而且深入盆腔直肠空间，患者经常需要放置，或排出引流管。此时，伤口需要专业护理，因此有必要定期保持伤口周期。深层渗出物应通过敷料排出，使伤口从深到浅愈合，皮肤不能被覆盖。如果有感染的腔，就会出现假性愈合。因此，对于肛周脓肿，术后伤口护理，要掌握的原则是保持排水顺畅，减少粪便污染。肛周脓肿手术成功，敷料变化占重要性的50％，因此换药的重要作用不容忽视。如果不注意肛门的卫生，导致肛门软组织感染，它也会发生继发于肛周脓肿。住院通常需要3-5天 |
The Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. (AMCA) is an American trade body that sets standards for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment. It rates fan balance and vibration, aerodynamic performance, air density, speed and efficiency.
AMCA was formed in 1955 from several earlier trade associations which could be tracked back to the fan-testing requirements of the US Navy in 1923. It is a nonprofit organization that issues over 60 publications and standards, including testing methods, a Certified Ratings Program (CRP), application guides, educational texts, and safety guides.
Membership and Activities
AMCA membership is open to any company that manufactures or holds the design of a product that falls under the AMCA scope.
AMCA publications and standards are developed when sufficient interest has been expressed by AMCA members. Publication and standard writing committees are composed of volunteers, which include both AMCA members and interested individuals with a technical background. All AMCA standards are proposed as American National Standards.
AMCA lobbies code bodies on the behalf of member companies to ensure that member company products are represented in local and national codes.
AMCA hosts two educational seminars in alternating years. The Technical Seminar, next occurring in 2009, provides engineers with basic information regarding devices and engineering principles relevant to the air movement and air control industry. The Engineering Conference is a discussion forum for presentation of engineering papers written by engineers and experts in the air movement and control industry. U.S. licensed engineers attending either seminar are eligible for approximately 12 Professional Development Hours.
The AMCA headquarters is located at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA.
Certified Ratings Program
The AMCA Certified Ratings Program (CRP) is a program which allows all manufacturers of air movement and air control devices to obtain an AMCA Seal when their equipment has been tested and rated in accordance with recognized test standards.
The goal of the AMCA CRP is to ensure that a manufacturer's product lines have been tested and rated in conformance with an approved test standard and rating requirement. Only after the product has been tested and the manufacturer's cataloged ratings have been submitted to and approved by AMCA International's staff, can performance seals be displayed in literature and on equipment. Additionally, each certified / licensed product line is subject to continuing check tests every three years in AMCA International's Laboratory or one of AMCA International's Independent Accredited laboratories.
Publications and Standards
AMCA International publishes over 64 publications and standards, including testing methods, a Certified Ratings Program (CRP), application guides, educational texts, and safety guides. AMCA is an accredited ANSI developer, and all AMCA standards are proposed as American National Standards.
Testing Standards
ANSI/AMCA Standard 204 - Balance Quality and Vibration Levels for Fans addresses the subjects of fan balance and vibration. It defines appropriate fan balance quality and operating vibration levels to those who specify, manufacture, use, and maintain fan equipment.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Certified Aerodynamic Performance Rating establishes uniform test methods for a laboratory test of a fan or other air moving device to determine its aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, pressure developed, power consumption, air density, speed of rotation, and efficiency for rating or guarantee purposes. It applies to a fan or other air moving device when air is used as the test gas with the following exceptions: (a) air circulating fans (ceiling fans, desk fans); (b) positive pressure ventilators; (c) compressors with inter-stage cooling; (d) positive displacement machines; (e) test procedures to be used for design, production, or field testing.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 220 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Curtain Units For Aerodynamic Performance Rating establishes uniform methods for laboratory testing of air curtain units to determine aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, outlet air velocity uniformity, power consumption and air velocity projection for rating or guarantee purposes.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 230 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating and Certification establishes uniform methods of laboratory testing for air circulating fans in order to determine performance in terms of thrust for rating, certification or guarantee purposes. The 1999 version, in general, described a method to determine the thrust developed and used a simple equation to convert the measured thrust to airflow. During the periodic review process it was determined that the calculated airflow was too high, therefore this version no longer artificially calculates airflow, but leaves the measured performance in units of thrust.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 240 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Positive Pressure Ventilators for Aerodynamic Performance Rating establishes a uniform method of laboratory testing of positive pressure ventilators (PPVs) in order to determine the aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, pressure, air density, and speed of rotation for rating or guarantee purposes. PPVs are portable fans that can be positioned relative to an opening of an enclosure and cause it to be positively pressurized by discharge air.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 250 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Jet Tunnel Fans for Performance was developed in response to the need for a standard method of testing jet tunnel fans, sometimes called impulse fans, which have seen increasing use in the United States. The test procedures outlined in this standard are in harmony with those found in ISO 13350. This standard deals with the determination of those technical characteristics needed to describe all aspects of the performance of jet tunnel fans. It does not cover those fans designed for ducted applications or those designed solely for air circulation, e.g., ceiling fans and table fans. The test procedures described relate to laboratory conditions. The measurement of performance under in-situ conditions is not included.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 260 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Induced Flow Fans for Rating establishes a uniform method of laboratory testing of induced flow fans in order to determine their aerodynamic performance in terms of inlet and outlet airflow rate, pressure developed, power consumption, air density, speed of rotation, and efficiency. This standard is an adjunct to AMCA 210 in order to accommodate the induced flow fan's unique characteristics. Induced flow fans are housed fans whose outlet airflow is greater than their inlet airflow due to induced airflow. They are generally used in laboratory or hazardous atmosphere exhaust applications.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 300 - Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans applies to fans of all types and sizes. It is limited to the determination of airborne sound emission for the specified setups. Vibration is not measured, nor is the sensitivity of airborne sound emission to vibration effects determined. The test setup requirements in this standard establish the laboratory conditions necessary for a successful test. Rarely will it be possible to meet these requirements in a field situation. This standard is not intended for field measurements.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 301 - Methods of Calculating Fan Sound Ratings from Laboratory Test Data establishes standard methods for calculating consistent fan sound ratings from laboratory test data.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 320 - Laboratory Methods of Sound Testing of Fans Using Sound Intensity establishes a method of determining the octave band sound power levels of a fan. The sound power levels are determined using sound intensity measurements on a measurement surface that encloses the sound source. Guidelines are provided on suitable test environment acoustical characteristics, the measurement surface, and the number of intensity measurements. Test setups are designated generally to represent the physical orientation of fans as installed following ANSI/AMCA 210 and also used in ANSI/AMCA 300. The method is reproducible when all requirements of the method are met. This standard applies to fans of all types and sizes. It is limited to the determination of airborne sound emission for the specified setups.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 500-D - Laboratory Methods of Testing Dampers for Rating establishes uniform laboratory test methods for dampers including air leakage, pressure drop, dynamic closure, operational torque and elevated temperature testing.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 500-L - Laboratory Methods of Testing Louvers for Rating establishes uniform test methods for louvers including air leakage, pressure drop, water penetration, wind driven rain and operational torque.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 510 - Methods of Testing Heavy Duty Dampers for Rating establishes testing methods to be used in measuring the performance of dampers generally described as “custom design,” “heavy duty” or “severe service” normally used in applications where elevated temperature, erosion and/or corrosion conditions exist, including dampers which are used to control the flow of gas, or to isolate one section of a duct system from another section of the system.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 520 - Laboratory Methods for Testing Actuators establishes an industry standard for minimum rating and testing of actuators used on fire/smoke dampers. Requirements cover torque or force rating, long term holding, operational life, elevated temperature performance, periodic maintenance, production, and sound testing for both pneumatic and electric operators.
AMCA Standard 540 - Test Method for Louvers Impacted by Wind Borne Debris establishes uniform methods for laboratory testing of louvers that are impact tested with the large missile described in ASTM E 1996-04 and E 1886-05.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 610 - Laboratory Methods of Testing Airflow Measurement Stations for Performance Rating establishes a laboratory test method under which a permanently installed airflow measurement station may be tested for rating. Includes descriptions of the test facility requirements, reference airflow sources and presentation of test results.
AMCA Standard 803 - Industrial Process/Power Generation Fans: Site Performance Test Standard establishes uniform methods to determine the aerodynamic performance of large fans in-situ. Includes procedures for determining whether the airflow pattern is such that a test can be conducted with confidence.
Certified Ratings Program
The following publications provide specifications and guidelines for participants in the Certified Ratings Program.
AMCA Publication 11 - Certified Ratings Program Operating Manual contains requirements common to all AMCA International's Certified Ratings Programs. Specific requirements that only pertain to a category of product will be found in a Product Rating Manual for that category. Publication 11 is effective on the same date as a Product Rating Manual that references it.
AMCA Publication 111 - Laboratory Accreditation Program outlines procedure for obtaining AMCA International recognition of a laboratory as qualified to perform tests in accordance with AMCA International test methods. Registration qualifications may be applied to individual test results. The latest revision adds AMCA 260-07, Laboratory Methods of Testing Induced Flow Fans for Rating, to the list of standard test methods in which a laboratory can be accredited to perform.
AMCA Publication 211 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Fan Air Performance describes in detail the certification and check test procedures used in implementing the program under which the AMCA International Certified Ratings Seal for air performance is granted.
AMCA Publication 212 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Smoke Management Fan Performance describes in detail the certification and check test procedures used in implementing the program under which the AMCA International Certified Ratings Seal for Smoke Management Fans is granted.
AMCA Publication 311 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Fan Sound Performance explains in detail the certification procedures for both ducted and non-ducted fans under which the use of the AMCA International Certified Ratings Program Seal for sound performance is granted.
AMCA Publication 511 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Air Control Devices describes the certification procedures under which the AMCA International Certified Ratings Seal is granted for sound, air performance, air leakage, water penetration and wind driven rain for air control products.
AMCA Publication 611 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Airflow Measurement Devices describes in detail the certification procedure for airflow measurement stations under which the use of the AMCA International Certified Ratings Seal for Airflow Measurement Performance is granted.
AMCA Publication 1011 - Certified Ratings Program - Product Rating Manual for Acoustical Duct Silencers provides a detailed description of the procedure under which the AMCA International Certified Ratings Seal is granted for acoustical duct silencers.
Application Guides
AMCA Publication 501 - Application Manual for Louvers provides general information and comments on factors to be considered when designing or specifying installations requiring louvers. It also serves as a guide to understanding the various types of louvers available and includes items to be considered to ensure their proper use.
AMCA Publication 502 - Damper Application Manual for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning is a guide to understanding the various types of dampers available and items to be considered for their proper use. Dampers classified as fire dampers, heat dampers, and smoke dampers are not included. Includes much of the information not found in the companion guide, AMCA Publication 503.
AMCA Publication 503 - Fire, Ceiling (Radiation), Smoke, and Fire/Smoke Damper Application Manual details information for individuals that design, purchase, or specify systems in which fire and/or smoke is a factor. Includes much of the information not found in the companion guide, AMCA Publication 502.
AMCA Publication 600 - Application Manual for Airflow Measurement Stations is intended to assist designers and users with the proper application, performance considerations, selection and limitations of airflow measurement stations.
Educational Texts
AMCA Publication 99 - Standards Handbook is a compilation of important AMCA standards that include the Fan Laws, common industry terminology and symbols, classifications for spark resistant construction, and various other useful data.
AMCA Publication 200 - Air Systems. Part 1 of the Fan Application Manual, this publication provides basic information necessary for the design of energy efficient air systems. This edition includes examples in both the Inch-Pound and SI systems as the reader is provided with basic information on air systems.
AMCA Publication 201 - Fans and Systems. Part 2 of the Fan Application Manual, discusses the effect of inlet and outlet connections on fan performance. It includes separate axial fan factors and is aimed primarily at the designer of the air moving system.
AMCA Publication 202 - Troubleshooting. Part 3 of the Fan Application Manual, helps to identify and correct problems with the performance and operation of the air moving system after fan installation.
AMCA Publication 203 - Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems. Part 4 of the Fan Application Manual, reviews the methods of making field measurements for calculating the actual performance of the fan and system.
AMCA Publication 801 - Industrial Process/Power Generation Fans: Specification Guidelines provides information on testing and rating power plant fans and covers construction features and related accessories. Sample equipment specifications are included which outline the information a fan manufacturer requires to select the best fan for an application. Common fan industry practices are also defined and explained.
AMCA Publication 802 - Establishing Performance Using Laboratory Models outlines methods used to determine the performance of full size power plant fans from tests of models. Provides information on variables that affect fan ratings and establishes rules and limitations in converting the performance of geometrically similar fans.
AMCA Publication 850 - Heavy Duty Dampers for Isolation and Control provides basic pertinent information in order to simplify communications between damper manufacturers and designers, specifiers, and users of such equipment.
External Shading Devices in Commercial Buildings - The Impact on Energy Use, Peak Demand, and Glare Control by John Carmody details the several advantages that contribute to a more sustainable building such as reducing solar gain, peak electricity demand and glare conditions. It is intended to help the designer quickly narrow the range of possibilities and understand the impact of shading devices in commercial office buildings during the early stages of design.
Fan Acoustics - Noise Generation and Control Methods by Alain Guédel discusses the sources of noise generation in fan construction and system installation.
Testing Laboratory
The AMCA testing laboratory is an A2LA accredited laboratory that tests air control and air movement devices for members of the air control and air movement industry.
The AMCA lab comprises the following:
Four Reverberant Sound Rooms ranging in size from 6,300 cu.ft. to 61,700 cu.ft.
Two Water Test Facilities with chambers capable of simulating eight inches (203 mm) of rain-fall per hour and wind speeds of .
Multi Nozzle Chambers that are capable of measuring airflow up to 88,000 cfm.
Circulator Fan Facility capable of testing 96 inch fans.
Acoustic Duct Silencer Facility
ISO/IEC 17025 accredited
AMCA International also oversees 40 accredited laboratories and two independent, accredited laboratories located in Taiwan and Singapore. Additional independent AMCA accredited laboratories are under construction in Korea and China.
History
The Air Movement and Control Association, International was founded in 1955 when the National Association of Fan Manufacturers (NAFM) combined with the Power Fan Manufacturers Association (PFMA) and the Industrial Unit Heater Association (IUHA). Originally known as the Air Moving and Conditioning Association, AMCA was retitled in 1960 to its current name. In 1996, the AMCA Board of Directors added the term 'International' to AMCA's name in order to better indicate the global scope of AMCA's membership.
In 1923, the first edition of the Fan Test Codes was developed as a result of problems encountered by the U.S. Navy in regards to performance ratings of fans being procured during World War 1. To resolve the issue of variations in testing methods and performance ratings, a joint committee of NAFM and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE) was formed to develop a standard test code for fans.
When NAFM combined with PFMA and IUHA, the organization's major concern was the accuracy and practicality of the pitot traverse method of testing, and a committee was formed to study various test methods and develop a new test code. To aid in the study, AMCA sponsored research by the Battelle Memorial Institute to compare the test results using the pitot tube test methods and nozzle test methods. The result of this effort was a new revision of the test code, which was published in 1960 as AMCA Standard Test Code for Air Moving Devices, Bulletin 210. Standard 210 became widely accepted and known as virtually the only standard used in the United States and Canada.
In 1985, AMCA expanded its scope to include air control devices, such as louvers, dampers, and airflow measurement stations.
In 1996, AMCA's first accredited laboratory, ITRI, began testing in Taiwan. In 2008, AMCA's second independent accredited laboratory, AFMA, began testing in Singapore.
See also
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association
ACCA
ASHRAE
ASTM
Centrifugal fan
References
External links
official website
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Professional associations based in the United States
Chemical engineering organizations
Arlington Heights, Illinois
Organizations established in 1955
1955 establishments in the United States |
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering communication networks. It is published by the IEEE Communications Society, the IEEE Computer Society, and the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communications. The current editor-in-chief is Sanjay Shakkottai (University of Texas). The previous editor-in-chief was Ness B. Shroff (Ohio State University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 3.376.
References
External links
Computer science journals
Transactions on Networking
English-language journals
Transactions on Networking
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1993 |
蓝多铁路，位于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟境内，自桑蓝线终点正蓝旗站接轨，向东南至终点多伦站与多丰铁路接轨。正线全长45.221公里。
线路
地方铁路I级标准。单线。限制坡度上行13‰，下行12‰。最小曲线半径一般地段800m，困难地段600m。到发线有效长度880m。DF4D内燃牵引。 牵引质量：3500吨。半自动闭塞。
历史
2006年7月8日开工奠基，同年11月18日正式开工建设，由内蒙古自治区和铁道部利用世行贷款修建，投资4.5亿元，建设单位内蒙古集通铁路有限责任公司。2007年11月30日提前铺通。2008年4月18日开通剪彩。2013年10月全线新建二线。
参考文献
内蒙古自治区铁路线 |
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name=克里斯蒂安·科爾曼
|image=2018 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships (38527552550).jpg
|real_name=Christian Coleman
|english_name=Christian Coleman
|birth_name=Christian Coleman
|nationality=
|national_team=
|ethnicity=
|hometown=喬治亞州亞特蘭大
|citizenship=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=喬治亞州亞特蘭大
| death_date=
| death_place=
| resting_place=
| residence=
| education=田納西大學
| alma_mater=Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School田納西大學
| years_active=2012年－
| height=
| weight=
| spouse=
| website=
| country=
| sport=田徑
| event=三級跳遠、跳遠、短跑
| collegeteam=田納西大學
| team=Nike（2017年－）
| turnedpro=2017年6月16日
| coach=
| retired=
| coaching=
| worlds=
|regionals=
| nationals=
{{collapsible list
|2015年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）：60公尺第六名
|2016年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）：60公尺第三名
|2016年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）（Section 2）：200公尺第一名
|2016年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）（Section 1）：4×400公尺接力第一名
|2016年NCAA室外田徑錦標賽（Division I）：100公尺第二名
|2016年NCAA室外田徑錦標賽（Division I）：200公尺第二名
|2016年美國室外田徑錦標賽：100公尺第六名
|2017年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）：60公尺第一名
|2017年NCAA室內田徑錦標賽（Division I）（Section 1）：200公尺第一名
|2017年NCAA室外田徑錦標賽（Division I）：100公尺第一名
|2017年NCAA室外田徑錦標賽（Division I）：200公尺第一名
|2017年美國室外田徑錦標賽：100公尺第二名
|2017年美國室外田徑錦標賽：200公尺第二名
|2018年美國室內田徑錦標賽：60公尺第一名
|2019年美國室外田徑錦標賽：100公尺第一名
|2019年美國室外田徑錦標賽：200公尺第二名
|2022年美國室內田徑錦標賽：60公尺第一名
|2023年美國室外田徑錦標賽：100公尺第二名
|2023年美國室外田徑錦標賽：200公尺第六名
}}
| olympics=
| highestranking=
| pb=
|medaltemplates=
|show-medals=
|updated=2023年9月29日
}}克里斯蒂安·科爾曼'''（，）是美國田徑運動員，曾在2017年NCAA室外田徑錦標賽（Division I）獲得100及200公尺雙冠。
2018年克莱门森大学邀請賽上，科爾曼以6.37秒打破世界室內60公尺紀錄。世界室外60公尺最佳成績，則是尤塞恩·博尔特在2009年跑出的6.31秒（W：+0.9）。
國際大型運動賽會
統計
參考資料
外部連結
亞特蘭大人
田納西大學校友
美國男子短跑運動員
美國奧運田徑運動員
非洲裔美國田徑運動員
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會田徑運動員
世界田徑錦標賽獎牌得主 |
马尔勒可能指：
马尔勒，法国埃纳省市镇
马勒 (卢瓦尔省)，法国卢瓦尔省市镇
M
M |
Lugogo is an area in the city of Kampala, Uganda's capital.
Location
Lugogo is on the eastern edge of the Kampala Central Division, one of the five administrative divisions of Kampala. It is bisected into north and south by the Kampala–Jinja Highway. The Lugogo Channel, a wetland, drains the neighborhood in a north to south direction, discharging into the Nakivubo Channel and then into Lake Victoria to the south. This is about , by road, east of the city center. The coordinates of Lugogo are 0°19'41.0"N, 32°36'21.0"E (Latitude:0.328056; Longitude:32.605833).
Lugogo is geographically divided into three parts: Lugogo North East, Lugogo North West and Lugogo South.
Lugogo North East
Lugogo North East is bordered by Naguru Road to the north, the Lugogo Bypass to the west, and the Kampala–Jinja Highway to the south. The eastern boundary of this neighborhood is the western boundary of the Uganda Manufacturers Association showground, which is in Nakawa Division.
Lugogo North West
Lugogo North West is bounded by Hesketh Bell Road to the north, Archer Road to the west, Kampala–Jinja Highway to the south and Lugogo Bypass Road to the east.
Lugogo South
Lugogo South is bordered by the Kampala–Jinja Highway to the north and Fourth Street to the west. The eastern boundary stretches from the eastern edge of Star Auto Paradise to the eastern edge of Shell Club. The southern boundary of Lugogo South is marked by a semi-circular drainage channel that stretches from Shell Club to Spring Street.
Overview
Lugogo North contains two shopping malls, an indoor sports complex, offices, an international school, and a hospital. Lugogo South containing a large power substation, an open rugby field, a car dealership and two country clubs.
Points of interest
Lugogo has the following points of interest:
Lugogo Sports Complex in North West Lugogo
Naguru General Hospital
Lugogo Forest Mall
Lugogo Mall
The French School, Kampala
Kyadondo Rugby Club ground, one of the locations bombed by Somalia's Shabab in the July 2010 Kampala attacks
Lugogo Electricity Substation, owned by Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL).
See also
Kampala Capital City Authority
Divisions of Kampala
References
External links
Website of Kampala Capital City Authority
Neighborhoods of Kampala
Kampala Central Division |
莫里斯冰川（），是南極洲的冰川，位於杜費克海岸，全長19公里，最終注入羅斯冰架，由新西蘭探險隊命名，現時由南極條約體系管理。
參考資料
南極洲冰川 |
Talbehat is a nagar panchayat city in Lalitpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
The Fort is situated on Jhansi-Lalitpur four lane road. Raja Thakur Mardan Singh Bundela ruled here from this fort & he fought along with Rani Laxmi Bai against the British in 1857. The Fort contains three temples, dedicated to Angad, Hanuman & Narsimha . The Fort has massive structures and is situated on the bank of massive Mansarovar Lake. This lake is suitable for various water sports activities. In the premises there is Hazaria Mahadev Temple on the banks of Lake. Talbehat is also tehseel headquarter. tehseel talbehat area is divided into six Revenue Inspectors circles.
Demographics
India census, Talbehat has a population of 14,176 divided into 12 wards. Male population is 7,452 and that of female is 6,724. Talbehat has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, higher than state average of 67.68 %, male literacy is 85.20%, and female literacy is 72.96%. In Talbehat, 12.81% of the population is under 6 years of age. Out of the total population, 4,492 are engaged in work or business activity with 3,678 are males and rest 814 are females.
Schedule Caste (SC) and Schedule Tribe (ST) constitutes 19.06 % and 0.23 % of the total population in Talbehat. Based on the census 88.22% of the total population are Hindus, 7.26% are Muslims, 4.32% are Jains and the rest is occupied by Christian, Sikh and Buddhist.
Transportation
The town is located next to a major highway 26 and main line of Delhi & Bombay train route. Talbehat has very few trains stopping at the railway station established in 1980's, the preferable way to reach is by train from Jhansi or Lalitpur.
Places to visit
The places to visit includes nearby Matatila Dam and famous religious temples such as Pawagir Ji Jain Temple, Deva Mata Temple and other tourist places include Talbehat Fort, Boat Club and Mansarovar Lake .
Talbehat is surrounded by stony ridges descending towards the Betwa river valley. The area receives moderate rainfall.
Temples are in Talbehat, Hajaria Mahadev, Madan Mohan Sharkar, Hanuman Gari, Gauri Bhawani, Merahune mata and Dhuruv Kuti Maharaj.
References
Cities and town in Lalitpur district, India
Forts in Uttar Pradesh |
凯莉·J·拉维尼（）是一位美國女模特兒。拉维尼出生於佛羅里達州邁阿密，本身擁有著36E的巨乳，且喜歡衝浪。2015年，拉维尼和模特兒萨博·马蒂（Saab Marty）及攝影師在加利福尼亞州馬里布海灘為礦泉水拍攝廣告時走光而聞名。
事業
拉维尼是《花花公子》雜誌旗下的模特兒之一。
拉维尼較知名的是在2015年2月底，她隨模特兒萨博·马蒂（Saab Marty）和攝影師喬爾·弗洛拉（Joel Flora）在加利福尼亞州馬里布海灘為雜誌《Glamour》拍攝一系列的時尚品牌138 Water廣告；她和马蒂都穿著白色的內褲和一件白色的T卹，身上的水讓這件衣服變得透明。並在此前間，為了配合《海灘遊俠》主題，拉维尼換上了紅色泳裝，但途中被攝影師扯下了她的右邊衣服，而使右乳房走光，其相關圖片已經在網上流傳和被全球各地的出版物收錄。
參考資料
外部連結
Kaylee J Lavigne Saab Marty Water Photoshoot
Kaylee J Lavigne y Saab Marty, dos surfistas calientes
在世人物
美國女性模特兒 |
The 2008–09 season was Olympiacos's 50th consecutive season in the Super League Greece and their 83rd year in existence. The club are competing in the UEFA Cup after an 11-year participation in the UEFA Champions League, as they were eliminated in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round by Anorthosis. In the beginning of the summertime, Olympiacos unveiled Spanish Ernesto Valverde as their new coach.
Squad
Under 20s
Summer squad changes
In:
loan return from AEL 1964
from Real Zaragoza
from Portuguesa
from CSKA Moscow
from Aris
loan from Liverpool
from Iraklis
from Apollon Kalamarias
Total spending: €23.8 million
Out:
Released and moved to Dinamo Zagreb
Released
moved to Independiente
moved to Al-Arabi
Total income: €5.5 million
Out on loan
to Leicester City
to OFI
to Levadiakos
Current national players
34 (1)
84 (3)
4 (0)
2 (0)
3 (0)
20 (1)
9 (2)
13 (3)
Appearances (goals)
Competitions
Overall
Super League Greece
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
All times at EET
Greek Cup
Fourth round
Fifth round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
UEFA Champions League
All times at CET
Third qualifying round
UEFA Cup
All times at CET
First round
Group stage
Round of 32
Team kit
Individual Awards
References
External links
Official Website of Olympiacos Piraeus
Olympiacos F.C. seasons
Olympiacos F.C.
Greek football championship-winning seasons |
江口集站是一个阜淮线上的铁路车站，位于安徽省颍上县江口镇，建于1982年，目前为四等站，邮政编码为236234。目前客运：办理旅客乘降；行李、包裹托运；货运：办理整车货物发到；危险货物仅办理农药、化肥发到；不办理怕湿货物发到。
阜阳市铁路车站
1982年启用的铁路车站 |
廣州電視廣播是指廣州市範圍內的廣播電視服務，目前由廣東廣電網絡及廣州有線珠江數碼兩間公司提供。
免费电视
1990年代之前，廣州市內可以通過魚骨天線或者電視機天線，利用廣東電視台無線信號發射站接收模糊的中央1台、广东电视珠江台（现珠江频道）、廣州台以及来自香港的TVB翡翠台、亚洲电视（ATV）本港台。在1994年至2001曾可以接收广东经济电视台（又名广东商业电视台）。
目前在广州仍然可以使用无线信号接收以下频道：珠江频道、广东卫视、广州台（综合频道）、广东经济科教频道、佛山台及中央1台。
廣州數字地面頻道發射頻率
廣州模擬地面頻道發射頻率（目前已停用）
有线电视机构
广州市共有两间有线电视公司，廣東省廣播電視網絡股份有限公司（广东广电网络，总部于南方电视台）和广州珠江数码集团有限公司（广州有线，总部于广州市广播电视台），简称“省线”及“市线”，分別瓜分及垄断广州市各区的有线电视接入观众。
1990年後廣東開始建設有線電視網絡，在廣州率先實行有線電視，通過數百元的安裝費即可獲得比天線接收清晰的畫面，而且可以一線多機，並同時能收看香港兩台四频道。亦因為有線電視屬於半強制性（就是要看香港電視衹能報裝“省線”或“市線”），無線信號不佳等原因，大多數市民衹能選擇報裝有線電視。但是隨着用戶人數增加，觀眾發現香港兩台被插播廣告的情況愈來愈嚴重，節目質素嚴重下降，遭到市民強烈不滿。
1997年後，大量插播廣告雜誌（於電視劇最後一節，約15分鐘）及政府宣傳語的情況開始減少，改為商業廣告。但發生重大事件時，仍會採用長時間覆蓋廣告或切換全部新聞的方法。
廣州有線和廣東有線使用数字电视形式垄断播放信号传送节目，两公司在2007年起强迫所有市內用戶開始由類比電視的模擬信號逐步地轉向数字信号，其月租收费也相应提高，收费形式則由原先的“一戶一费”轉變為“一機（電視機）一费”，並且必須使用由當地两公司所提供的機頂盒。此举引起市民强烈不满，主要有控制多媒体资讯发放、垄断服务收费高昂、使用不便、传输画面质素不如意等方面。广州市各电视台的综合频道在晚上七点到九点的黄金时段主要以社会新闻、民生类节目为主，与国内其他电视台在该时段密集播放综艺、娱乐、连续剧等节目相比，予人“更具社会责任”的感觉。其中郑达、陈扬、彭维纳等主播因“敢言”风格而受到市民较高关注。不过由于媒体受到当局控制，整体都有存在官方舆论导向趋向，议题表述多时较难理想传达市民诉求。
本地電視
本地有線電視節目內容在1995年前发展相当缓慢，內容長期以政治宣傳為主，新聞形式與中央電視台相同。而娛樂節目則主要從港台外購节目为主。直到2000年本地电视台的議論開始放議論尺度，根据自己的优势进行发展，增加原创节目的比率，并且增加对本地民生问题的报道，逐渐的提高了收视率。近年廣州有線積極把自己的頻道與周邊城市電視對等落地，如深圳電視台、佛山電視台。
境外电视
广州是继深圳之后，普通市民可观看境外电视频道第二多的中国大陆城市。目前已进入两间有线电视公司网络的频道包括香港的两条免费电视频道：无线电视旗下的翡翠台和明珠台，卫星频道有凤凰卫视中文台、澳亚卫视和星空卫视。香港亚洲电视旗下的本港台和國際台（自2016年因未获续牌停播），以及华娱卫视（自2017年1月1日起停播）亦曾进入广州的有线电视网络。由于香港电视使用广州话，语言相通和富娱乐性，加上90年代本地电视频道少、信号差、播放时间短，所以香港四个免费电视频道在那时起就开始被市民以鱼骨架形天线广泛接收，并很快在珠江三角洲普及。本地电视台在80年代末开始大量购入香港剧集，更促进了香港电视在广州的普及程度。不过当时的中共中央领导认为香港电视是“反动宣传”，要求广东当局严厉打击和严惩私自收看人士，此情况直至时任中共广东省委第一书记任仲夷视察后才有所好转。六四事件发生后，当局又开始审查香港电视。四个频道在90年代被纳入有线电视网络，当局务求以清晰的视像令市民放弃自行接收未经过滤的原始讯号。如当局认为节目不当，讯号会被多种方式中断，包括播放预先录制的香港政府宣传片或改播相同电视台较早前录制的其他节目。另外，两间有线电视公司也会在这些境外频道插播廣告牟利，但由于频率过密和时间不当引起市民广泛不满，广州媒体曾多次跟进报道，但情况并无太大改善。
香港地面电视
历史
插播广告问题
广州市一直由“省线”及“市线”提供翡翠台（模擬版）转播服务，该二都喜欢在翡翠台及本港台插播自己的节目信息，而明珠台与国际台则会利用部分日间与深夜时段来播放广告。
在广州市，「省線」插播的本地廣告会比「市线」少，虽然省线有时可以看到翡翠台的原版廣告，但插播廣告的行為已涉及到翡翠台夜晚三節電視劇播出时的字幕部分和後片尾曲，預告部分也長期被廣告覆蓋，部分短片片段亦大部分被覆盖，插播广告超时情况亦经常存在。而「市線」插播廣告的行为更厉害，在黃金時段尤为明显，經常出现插播超时的情况。除了境外电视外，湖南卫视、江苏卫视、浙江卫视、东方卫视等省级卫视晚间部分广告时段也会被插播宣传广告。
2004年9月，无线电视和亚洲电视获广电总局给予广东省的落地权，无线的翡翠台、明珠台与亚视的本港台、国际台可合法地在广东9个城市共10个有线數字电视网络播出，亚视与无线开始与内地摊分插播广告收入。廣州有線、廣東有線與无线分別簽落地合約前，已經各自在廣告時段內插播廣告。在插播廣告時，嚴重影響了播放原有節目的質量。有時候，當原有的節目開始播出時，有線電視台仍未中斷插播廣告，如果還有廣告還未播出，有線電視台會播盡整節廣告，所以有可能出現原有的節目已播映幾分鐘，內地觀眾才能開始觀看情況。一些只有为长几分钟的节目，更因为这情况令观众难以理解。出現這個情況通常因為香港廣告時間較預期為短，或人為因素遲了插播自行製作廣告。
有数据显示，2001年广东省的广告市场约达35亿元人民币，其中香港电视节目的广告收益接近15亿元人民币。2002年，广东全省的电视广告总收入达到45亿港元，其中在亚洲电视和无线电视遭“插播”的广告收益各占6亿和9亿港元。但由于之前两间香港电视台一直没有得到“正式落地”，故根本无法向广东有线方面提出广告分账，造成严重损失。随后，亚洲电视和无线电视分别在2002年8月和2004年9月正式落地广东。落地广东后的无线，要求广东有线给予50%的分账，但广东有线只答应给予10%，但双方没有结论，分账问题搁置至今。
深夜时（约凌晨两时），省线和市线通常会开始停止于翡翠台和本港台商业广告时段中插播自己的广告，直至早上六时左右。可是，明珠台和国际台凌晨至下午播出的节目都大多被插播，当中包括未获落地的外国频道节目、台湾TVBS、东森电视和美国的新闻报道。这时段电视台以公益广告、风景画、或直销广告取代原有节目。
其他境外频道（包括凤凰卫视中文台、澳亚卫视、华娱卫视和星空卫视），节目片断被插播的情况则较上述提到的无线、亚视的电视频道为少。
2009年6月12日前，市线和省线都是使用两条独立的信号源。市线使用自行录制的2004年香港政府宣传片（包括陈慧琳为代言人的“职业英语运动”等等）屏蔽敏感片段，而省线使用较新的香港政府宣传片屏蔽敏感片段。由于有线电视审查境外电视只有大约20秒的判断时间，容易造成误判或漏判。2009年6月六四事件20周年期间某天，市线因漏屏蔽了约十秒的出自翡翠台六点半新闻报道的六四片段，導致部分編輯被停職或處罰，也因此失去了独立接收香港电视的权利。
國家廣電總局規定從2009年6月12日凌晨起，廣東省各有線電視公司轉播無綫和亞视四條頻道（現時為二條頻道）必須採用廣東省有線電視作為信號源，原廣州有線明珠台的丽音功能，因此措施而失去。自此后，市线会双层插播省线播出的商业广告和省线的宣传广告，如果市线原有的广告播完，省线还正在插播省线的广告或香港的广告时，便会插播市线自行制作的公益广告或自行录制的2004年香港政府宣传片。但屏蔽敏感片段的都是来自省线提供的2008年至2009年香港政府公益广告，市线通常不会双层插播。有觀眾反應市有線的香港電視顏色變差，這是有線電視先經省線再經市線轉播時信號損失所致，而且因为经过两层插播。为了覆盖省线广告，市线的广告时间因此更长，几乎所有节目（除了深夜播出的节目外）出现插播超时情况。
2019年1月1日凌晨2時起，廣東省有線及廣州市有線完全停止插播任何商業廣告，但部分時政報道、時政節目及宗教節目仍然會被插播。廣東省有線直到2019年12月逐漸恢復插播，而廣州市有線至今沒有任何動作。
收视份额
数据来源：中国电视收视年鉴2016
参见
参考资料
外部链接
广州市文化广电新闻出版局（版权局）
广州媒体
广东电视 |
下曲乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
下曲乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
胃胀气反酸吃什么缓解？肠胃是我们非常重要的一个器官，如果肠胃出现问题的话会影响到身体。所以，这个时候一定要保护好肠胃。因为肠胃对于身体来说非常重要，所以呢，一定不要伤害了肠胃，影响了肠胃的一个平衡和健康。那么关于胃胀气反酸了吃什么好呢，下面来看看吧。1、豆类食物：这一类食物可能都要被说烂了，但是总是有人抱着侥幸的心理，觉得自己比较幸运，即使吃了，应该也不会出什么问题。但是谁又能做出这样的保证呢?豆类食物进入人体之后极易与胃部的某些物质产生一系列的反应，从而产生大量的气体，这样会极大地加剧胃胀气症状的恶化。2、高脂肪、高蛋白的食物：这一些食物虽然营养丰富，但是在出现胃胀气症状的时候，真的不能沾，这样会直接导致胃部无法分解，那么就无法正常地代谢出去，就变成了废物和垃圾，这是对资源的一种浪费，并且也直接加剧了胃部的负担。3、避免食物搭配不当：我们应该明确地知道有些食物共同食用的话，其中的物质会产生某些物质，对人体造成影响，我们平时就要尽量避免，注意食物的合理搭配，保证营养摄入比较均衡，这样对于人体整个系统都是比较适合的。除了吃的这些食物，一些合适的水果，比如香蕉，柠檬，猕猴桃也是不错的选择。当然除了说吃，饮食也要保证定时定量，吃饭的时候充分咀嚼，不要吃生冷的和辛辣的食物，我们还要保持生活的规律。还有要保持一个好的心情也很重要。如果真的很严重了，饮食也不能够缓解我们的痛苦，大家可以通去医院咨询一下相关的药物，不要耽误了治疗。大家一定要记住这些奥。 |
霸鶲是雀形目霸鶲科（Tyrannidae）下的鳥類，主要生活在北美洲及南美洲的熱帶地區。牠們是地球上最大的鸟类科，本科有104屬437種。其下的物種在外形上、款式及顏色上有很大的不同。一些霸鶲外表上很像鶲科。霸鶲屬於霸鶲亞目，沒有鳴禽的複雜的發聲能力。
大部份的霸鶲較為素色，很多都有直立的冠。牠們大部份是吃昆蟲的，有些吃生果或細小的脊椎動物。最細小的霸鶲是短尾侏霸鶲及黑冠侏霸鶲。牠們只長約6.5-6.8厘米，重4-5克，是世界上最細小的雀形目。最大的霸鶲是大鵙霸鶲，長29厘米及重88克。其他物種如燕尾霸鶲及叉尾王霸鶲的總長度較長，但主要是因牠們有很長的尾巴。
很多原先分類在此科中的物種，現已重新分類在南美霸鹟科中。
棲息地及分佈
霸鶲的物種多樣性相比其棲息地變化更大。牠們在熱帶低地及山區的常綠森林有最高的單一位點物種多樣性，而在河流、棕櫚森林、白沙林、熱帶每年生樹林邊緣、南部熱帶森林及其邊緣、半潮濕／潮濕的山區灌木叢、及北部溫帶草原的單一位點物種多樣性則最低。最高與最低的物種多樣性是很極端的：在熱帶低地常綠森林中就有90個不同物種，但在其他的地方則只有1種。這是由於在某些地區的生態位較小，故可以居住的地方亦較小。
霸鶲的特有性在熱帶低地及山區的常綠森林非常高，在當中的霸鶲亦有最大的特有性。在熱帶低地常綠森林就有49個霸鶲特有種，而在山區常綠森林則有46個特有種。牠們的特有性程度相信是相似的。
保育狀況
Camptostoma imberbe及Pachyramphus aglaiae現正受1918年的《候鳥協定法案》所保護。這砍兩種霸鶲在美國南部都很普遍。但其他在中美洲及南美洲的物種則更受威脅。於2007年，國際鳥盟認為凯氏哑霸鹟 Hemitriccus kaempferi是極危物種。都是巴西的特有種。另外8個物種是瀕危物種及18個物種是易危物種。
分類
霸鶲科下有超過100個屬及約400個物種。蒂拉屬、Pachyramphus、Laniocera及Xenopsaris雖然曾被分類此科中，但證據顯示牠們是屬於Tityridae的。
本科包括以下属：
參考
外部連結
霸鶲影片
B
B
B |
慢性萎缩性胃炎治疗方案？慢性萎缩性胃炎的治疗首先要戒烟戒酒，避免使用损害胃黏膜的药物，积极治疗慢性口、鼻、咽部感染病灶。病人胃酸降低或缺乏，胃内细菌孽生，尤其是幽门螺杆菌检出阳性率很高，应行抗幽门螺杆菌治疗。慢性萎缩性胃炎的治疗方法包括：西药治疗：包括胃黏膜保护剂、胃肠动力药、消化酶等，如活动期胃炎伴有糜烂，且幽门螺杆菌阳性者，应给予根除幽门螺杆菌的药物治疗；中药治疗：根据辨证论治的原则，针对不同的证型对症治疗。具体用药请结合临床，以医生面诊指导为准。慢性萎缩性胃炎也称萎缩性胃炎。是指胃粘膜表面反复受到损害后导致的粘膜固有腺体萎缩，甚至消失，粘膜肌层常见增厚的病理改变。该病是消化系统常见疾病之一，在我国一般人群中，慢性胃炎的发病率甚高，其中萎缩性胃炎占受检人数的13.8％。慢性萎缩性胃炎多由慢性浅表性胃炎失治或误治转化而成。世界卫生组织将其列为胃癌前状态，尤其是伴有肠上皮化生或不典型增生者，癌变可能性更大。祖国医学文献中无萎缩性胃炎这一病名，属于祖国医学中“胃脘痛”，“腹胀”的范畴，因为慢性萎缩性胃炎，以胃脘部脾满疼痛多见，或脾满而无疼痛，尚有少数病人无明显症状，故全国中医学会第三次脾胃学术会议认为慢性萎缩性胃炎辨证可以归属于“胃痞”证，就萎缩性胃炎而论。注意平时多食面食，少食酸甜和油炸食物，食物要求细、软、嫩、烂，另外多吃碱性的食品，同时避免暴饮暴食和辛辣刺激性的食物，还要注意有个好的心情，禁烟酒避免熬夜也很重要。 |
詹姆斯·威尔逊（，），是苏格兰裔美国政治家。他曾于1897年至1913年间的三位共和党总统任期内担任美国农业部长长达16年，他至今一直保持着在任时间最长的美国内阁成员的记录。
参考资料
外部链接
James Wilson at The Political Graveyard
1835年出生
1920年逝世
19世纪美国政治人物
美国农业部长
20世纪美国政治人物
爱荷华州联邦众议员
格林内尔学院校友
爱荷华州立大学教师
移民美国的苏格兰人 |
孕期小腿湿疹是什么引起的？湿疹是一种比较常见的皮肤疾病，孕妇作为一个特殊的群体，体内内分泌的改变是很容易导致湿疹发病的。因此，孕妈妈要想孕期远离湿疹困扰，在生活中一定要做好预防措施。当孕期出现湿疹的时候，也不要随意用药，一定要根据医嘱来进行治疗。在孕期很多孕妈妈都有过患有湿疹的患困扰，湿疹可发生在孕妈妈身体的任何部位，比如面部，头部，小腿，孕肚，严重的时候布满全身。湿疹一旦发作，痒的让人难以忍受，让很多孕妈妈觉得非常的痛苦，所以，孕妈妈患有湿疹的时候一定要积极的找出病因，然后根据病因进行治疗。很多孕妈妈发生湿疹可能是由于内在因素，因为在孕期，孕妇体内的新陈代谢发生了改变，使孕妈妈的肌肤变得很敏感从而导致湿疹的发生。孕期发生湿疹还有可能是因为外在因素，比如鱼，虾，油漆，花粉，尘螨，动物皮毛，化妆品，等外物的刺激导致湿疹的发生，尤其是那些本身就有过敏体质的孕妇更容易发生湿疹。还有一些少数孕妇由于在怀孕时精神过于紧张，焦虑，这种不良的情绪也会成为湿疹发生的导火索。孕期患有湿疹，是不建议用药物进行治疗的。如果孕期出现湿疹的现象，每天可以用药物来擦洗一下身体，一天内可擦洗多次，这样可以缓解湿疹的症状。孕妈妈得了湿疹，尽量不要用手去抓，也不要用力摩擦，避免病情。如果孕妇实在忍受不了湿疹的痒，这时候可以用一些外用药，比如炉甘石，炉甘石洗剂它本身就是矿物质，所以孕妇是可以使用的。孕妇如果患有湿疹非常严重，需要服药治疗的话一定要去医院，根据医生的建议服用药物。孕妇作为一个特殊的群体，如果患有湿疹首先用药应该慎重，需要在医生的指导下用药。在饮食上，孕妇也不能吃太多的海产品和辛辣食品，避免使病情加重。在生活中还应该保持家中居住环境的清洁，保持室内温度，湿度。床单，被套，枕巾要经常换洗保持清洁。 |
妮可·奧利佛（，）是一位加拿大演員，曾配音《彩虹小馬：友情就是魔法》中宇宙公主和采妮，以及《至Q寵物屋》中的Zoe Trent。
參考數據
外部連結
加拿大女配音員
加拿大電視演員
約克大學校友 (加拿大)
加拿大電子遊戲女演員 |
The International is a 2009 action thriller film directed by Tom Tykwer and written by Eric Warren Singer. Starring Clive Owen and Naomi Watts, the film follows an Interpol agent and an American district attorney who jointly investigate corruption within the IBBC, a fictional merchant bank based in Luxembourg. It serves organized crime and corrupt governments as a banker and as an arms broker. The bank's ruthless managers assassinate potential threats, including their own employees.
Inspired by the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) scandal of the 1980s, the film raises concerns about how global finance affects international politics across the world. Production began in Berlin in September 2008, including the construction of a life-size replica of New York's Guggenheim Museum for the film's central shootout scene. The film opened the 59th Berlin International Film Festival on 5 February 2009. The Rotten Tomatoes critical consensus praised the action sequences and locations but criticized the plot.
Plot
Louis Salinger, an Interpol detective, and Eleanor Whitman, an Assistant District Attorney from Manhattan, are assigned to investigate the International Bank of Business and Credit (IBBC), which funds criminal activities such as money laundering, terrorism, arms trading, and the destabilization of governments. Salinger's and Whitman's investigation takes them to Milan, where the IBBC assassinates Umberto Calvini, an arms manufacturer and Italian prime ministerial candidate. The assassin diverts suspicion to a local assassin with political connections to the Red Brigades, who is then promptly killed by a corrupt policeman. Salinger and Whitman get a lead on the second assassin, but the policeman confronts the two and orders them out of the country. At the airport, they are able to check the security camera footage for clues on the whereabouts of the bank's assassin, and follow a suspect to New York City.
In New York, Salinger and Whitman are met by two New York Police Department (NYPD) detectives, Iggy Ornelas and Bernie Ward, who have a photograph of the assassin's face. Salinger, Ornelas, and Ward locate Dr. Isaacson to whose practice the assassin's leg brace has been traced, and they are able to follow him to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
Jonas Skarssen, the chairman of the IBBC, reveals to his lawyer White and security adviser Wexler that Calvini was killed so that they could have his sons buy missile guidance systems in which the bank has invested. Since the bank knows that Salinger and Whitman are close to finding their assassin, they send a team of hitmen to kill him, while Wexler is arrested by Ornelas. As Salinger and Ward speak to the assassin and attempt to arrest him, a shootout at the Guggenheim erupts when a number of gunmen attack them. Ward is killed in the chaos, and Salinger is forced to team up with the assassin to fight off the gunmen. However, the assassin is mortally wounded during their escape and dies of his injuries.
When Salinger goes to interrogate Wexler, a veteran Stasi officer, the latter reveals that the IBBC is practically untouchable due to its connections to terrorist organizations, drug cartels, governments, and powerful corporations, though Wexler indicates a willingness to help Salinger take down the IBBC. Meanwhile, Salinger persuades Whitman to let him continue alone.
In Italy, Salinger tells Calvini's sons of the IBBC's responsibility for their father's murder, prompting them to cancel the deal with the bank and order White to be killed. Salinger then accompanies Wexler to Istanbul, where Skarssen is buying the guidance systems from their only other manufacturer, Ahmet Sunay. Salinger attempts to record the conversation so that he can obstruct the deal by proving to the buyers that the missiles will be useless, but he ultimately fails. Both Wexler and Skarssen are then killed by a hitman contracted by the Calvinis to avenge their father's murder. Salinger is left stunned, his investigation, pursuit, and determination to bring down the IBBC having led to nothing.
Afterwards, the bank successfully continues its operations despite the death of Skarssen, as he had predicted to Salinger before he was killed. However, with the new and more aggressive chairman, the IBBC's increased expansion and aggression ultimately lead to greater scrutiny, leading to a United States Senate investigation headed by Whitman.
Cast
Clive Owen as Louis Salinger
Naomi Watts as Eleanor Whitman
Armin Mueller-Stahl as Wilhelm Wexler
Ulrich Thomsen as Jonas Skarssen
Michel Voletti as Viktor Haas
Patrick Baladi as Martin White
Jay Villiers as Francis Ehames
Fabrice Scott as Nicolai Yeshinski
Haluk Bilginer as Ahmet Sunay
Luca Barbareschi as Umberto Calvini
Alessandro Fabrizi as Inspector Alberto Cerutti
Axel Milberg as Klaus Diemer
Brían F. O'Byrne as "The Consultant", the bank's assassin
Felix Solis as Detective Iggy Ornelas
Jack McGee as Detective Bernie Ward
Nilaja Sun as Detective Gloria Hubbard
Steven Randazzo as Al Moody
Tibor Feldman as Dr. Isaacson
James Rebhorn as New York D.A.
Remy Auberjonois as Sam Purvitz
Ian Burfield as Thomas Schumer
Ben Whishaw as Rene Antall
Production
The screenplay was written by Eric Warren Singer after he developed an interest in the banking scandals from the 1980s and 90s. He was looking for "a paranoid thriller vibe" from that period; "The Godfather III was really the only film up to this point that dealt with the banking scandals, because it was really gangster warfare on a corporate level, and I thought that was the best part of the film." Later reviewers compared it directly to The Parallax View (1974) and All the President's Men (1976). A year later Tom Tykwer got involved through his agent, but decided a contemporary setting would work better. In April 2007, Clive Owen agreed to perform in The International. He said the script interested him because he was reminded of "those '70s paranoia pictures" and because it combined a factual, intelligent basis with an international thriller plot. The following July, actress Naomi Watts was cast opposite Owen. In August, the film received US$5.4 million from the toward its budget. The following month its funding increased to $7.9 million, based on the board's assessment that two-thirds of The International would be produced in Germany and that a number of Germans were in important roles, such as actors Armin Mueller-Stahl and Axel Milberg, cinematographer Frank Griebe, and production designer Uli Hanisch. Filming began in Berlin on 10 September 2007. Part of the production took place in Babelsberg Studios.
Clive Owen called the shoot-out scene "one of the most exquisitely executed sequences I've been involved in". Tom Tykwer planned the scene in detail and toured the museum with the principals months in advance. The lobby entrance scene was filmed in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, but for the shooting sequences a wide, life-size replica, including an audio visual exhibition with works of Julian Rosefeldt, was built in Germany. This set was too large for the studio, so it was instead built in a disused locomotive warehouse outside Berlin; its construction took ten weeks. Having filmed in the real museum interior and on the sound stage in Germany, the film crew had to track the lights and camera angles carefully throughout to ensure continuity. The scene includes a sequence in which the protagonist sends a huge art-chandelier hanging from the ceiling crashing to the ground; the entire stunt was created using computer generated imagery.
Themes
Clive Owen, discussing the film's relevance, said it "ultimately does ask questions about whether banks use people's money appropriately, and if they're completely sound institutions." More boldly put, Philip French, reviewing the film in The Observer, surmised the sentiment as "Let's kill all the bankers", a modern-day version of Dick the Butcher's "First thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers", from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part II. Salinger's (Owen) central revelation is that the world is governed by anonymous forces, staffed by disposable individuals. The powerlessness of the ordinary citizen is symbolised by the huge, impersonal buildings that the villains inhabit.
The film draws on a number of macabre incidents from international banking: the Bank of Credit and Commerce International crisis in 1991; the murder of Roberto Calvi, an alleged banker to the Sicilian Mafia, in London in 1982; and the assassination by poisoning of Georgi Markov in London, in 1978. The bank is making large loans to rogue states and simultaneously acting as their munitions broker. The script offers the chilling insight that the creditors are the real winners of any conflict. A.O. Scott commented on the opportunity to make a film critical of international finance, "that multinational weapons manufacturers can be portrayed as more decent, civic-minded and principled than global financiers surely says something about the state of the world."
Home media
The International was released on DVD,Blu-ray and UMD Video on June 9, 2009 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
Reception
Box office
The International was first screened on 5 February 2009 at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival and was released in the United States and Canada on 13 February 2009. In a six-week run in America, it earned $25 million at the box office. It was released in Australia on 19 February and the United Kingdom on 27 February 2009. Its total theatrical earnings worldwide were $60,161,391.
It was released in France under the title "L'Enquête" ("The Investigation") on 11 March 2009, it earned €264,054 during a three-week theatrical release.
Reviewers called the film "topical" and "remarkably prescient", due to its release just after the financial crisis of 2007–08 during the start of the Great Recession. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on 9 June 2009. It contains a digital copy for portable devices.
Critical reception
, the film holds a 58% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 213 reviews and an average rating of 5.80/10. The consensus statement reads: "The International boasts some electric action sequences and picturesque locales, but is undone by its preposterous plot." Metacritic gives the film a 52% rating based on 34 reviews.
In his review for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "I felt occasionally that Owen's rumpled performance is in danger of becoming a little one-note ... but this is still an unexpectedly well–made thriller with brainpower as well as firepower". Philip French, in his review for The Observer, called the film a "slick, fast-moving conspiracy thriller" and the gunfight in the Guggenheim "spectacular". In his review for The Independent, Anthony Quinn wrote, "It's reasonably efficient, passably entertaining, and strenuously playing catch-up with the Bourne movies: flat-footed Owen doesn't look as good as Matt Damon sprinting through city streets, and the editing doesn't match Doug Liman's whiplash pace". The New Yorker magazine's David Denby wrote, "And there's a big hole in the middle of the movie: the director, Tom Tykwer, and the screenwriter, Eric Warren Singer, forgot to make their two crusaders human beings". In his review for The New York Post, Lou Lumenick wrote, "There, an anticlimactic rooftop chase reminds us that Tykwer, the German director who reinvented the Euro thriller with Run, Lola, Run a decade ago, has been far surpassed by Doug Liman and the Bourne adventures, yet thankfully lacking the rampant and nonsensical roller-coaster style of editing, where no shot lingers for longer than a nano-second.". A.O. Scott, in his review for The New York Times, wrote, "The International, in contrast, is so undistinguished that the moments you remember best are those that you wish another, more original director had tackled".
In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote, "It's got some effective moments and aspects, but the film goes in and out of plausibility, and its elements never manage to unify into a coherent whole". Claudia Puig, in her review for USA Today, wrote, "The dialogue by screenwriter Eric Warren Singer is spotty. There are some great, pithy lines and others whose attempt at profundity ring false". Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "Clive Owen makes a semi-believable hero, not performing too many feats that are physically unlikely. He's handsome and has the obligatory macho stubble, but he has a quality that makes you worry a little about him". Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B−" rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "the star of the pic may well be NYC's Guggenheim Museum and Istanbul's Grand Bazaar, both of which figure in cool action chase sequences that pay handsome dividends".
The film earned an average rating of three stars from five from French critics according to AlloCiné. Reviewing the film for Le Monde, which gave the film one star, Jacques Mandelbaum said that the modern, destructive forces of political fantasy and derivative finance which power the film's plot should have created sparks, "but in reality, the film trudges along. While the film constituted a thrilling geographic tour of the genre tropes, it forgot to focus on characters and mood."
References
External links
2009 films
2009 action drama films
2009 action thriller films
2000s political thriller films
American action drama films
American action thriller films
American political thriller films
English-language German films
German action drama films
German action thriller films
German political thriller films
2000s Danish-language films
2000s English-language films
2000s French-language films
2000s Italian-language films
Films about Interpol
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Istanbul
Films set in Lyon
Films set in Luxembourg
Films set in Milan
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Istanbul
Atlas Entertainment films
Babelsberg Studio films
Columbia Pictures films
Relativity Media films
Films directed by Tom Tykwer
Films produced by Charles Roven
Films produced by Richard Suckle
Films scored by Tom Tykwer
Films scored by Reinhold Heil
Films scored by Johnny Klimek
2009 action films
Films set in art museums and galleries
2009 multilingual films
American multilingual films
German multilingual films
2000s American films
2000s German films |
中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜炎的西医治疗？本病西医常用扩血管的药物和激素类药物，也有采用对症施药，如促进吸收的药物、能量合剂、维生素等。 |
鄭朝明（），台灣政治人物，曾代表民主進步黨任職中華民國立法委員，在2008年立委選舉黨內初選捨棄根據地萬丹鄉所在的第二選區，而投入第一選區與縣議員蘇震清競爭，初選的結果以大幅度差距落敗，阻斷了立委五連霸之路。2019年11月，宣布參選2020年區域立委。
參考資料
外部連結
立法院
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Lickey Hills Country Park is a country park in England. It is south west of Birmingham and north east of Worcester. The park is situated just south of Rednal and close to Barnt Green. It is half a mile west of Cofton Hackett. It is one of the oldest parks managed by Birmingham City Council. The hills rise to above sea level at Beacon Hill.
The park exists in its current form only through the activities and generosity of the early 20th-century philanthropic Birmingham Society for the Preservation of Open Spaces who purchased Rednal Hill and later arranged for Pinfield Wood and Bilberry Hill to be permanently leased on a nominal peppercorn rent. The society included such prominent and public spirited luminaries as T Grosvenor Lee, Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth and several elders of the Cadbury family led by George Cadbury and his wife Dame Elizabeth Cadbury. The society gave the original park to the people of Birmingham in 1888, with further tracts being added progressively until 1933. The park has thus been preserved as a free-entry public open space.
The Lickey Hills immediately became popular as a recreation area and attendance numbers exploded between 1924 and 1953 while the tram service connected with the terminus at Rednal. As early as 1919 as many as 20,000 visitors were recorded on a single August Bank Holiday Monday. The current Country Park status was established with the support of the Countryside Commission in 1971 and today the park still hosts over 500,000 visitors a year. It is considered to be one of the most picturesque public spaces of its type in the West Midlands and is Green Flag recognised.
History
The first evidence of people settling in the Lickey Hills date back to the Stone Age when a Neolithic hunter lost a flint arrow head on Rednal Hill. The arrow head is leaf-shaped and made of flint and is certainly over 4,000 years old. Additionally a 3,000-year-old flint javelin point was found lying on the surface by an observant Mr W H Laurie when the Lickey's road-widening was taking place in 1925. A flint scraping tool was found in the area near the Earl of Plymouth monument. The artifacts are on display at the Birmingham Museum.
The Romans constructed a Roman road over the Lickeys very near to the present Rose Hill gap, before it swung north and followed the route of the present day Bristol Road South. The road would have been used to transport salt and other goods between the Roman encampments at Worcester and Metchley, near where Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital now stands. It would have also been used as a military marching route by Roman soldiers. In 1963 a Roman coin was found near Rednal Hill School by a Janet and Stephen Harris. The coin was a dupondius struck during the reign of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius who ruled Rome and Britain from 138 to 161 AD. The tiny coin was struck from brass and would have been worth about the price of a loaf of bread.
In Norman times the Lickeys formed part of the royal manor of Bromsgrove and were set aside as a royal hunting forest. As well as stocking the area with deer, the Normans deliberately introduced rabbits to the area that were kept in large enclosures, or 'warrens' hence the road and place names. The word 'forest' means 'place of deer' and did not necessarily mean that the area was totally covered with trees.
The manor was sold by crown charter in 1682 to the Earl of Plymouth. The Earl lived at nearby Tardebigge and his descendants would own the lands at Longbridge, Rednal, Cofton Hackett and the Lickey Hills for the next 250 years.
In 1888 the Birmingham Society for the Preservation of Open Spaces purchased Rednal Hill and handed it to the City in trust. They also arranged for Pinfield Wood and Bilberry Hill to be leased on a peppercorn (nominal) rent. Birmingham City Council finally purchased Cofton Hill, Lickey Warren and Pinfield Wood outright in 1920. With the eventual purchase of the Rose Hill Estate from the Cadbury family in 1923, free public access was finally restored to the entire hills.
In 1904 Mr and Mrs Barrow Cadbury gave the Lickey Tea Rooms building at the bottom of Rose Hill to the people of Birmingham, as a place of rest and refreshment and it remained open until the late 1960s. The building still stands but is in use as the Bilberry Hill Centre, a hostel and sports facility run by Birmingham Clubs for Young People nestling at the base of Bilberry Hill. The hostel can accommodate up to 65 persons.
For many Birmingham and Black Country people, the Lickey Hills were a traditional day out. When the Birmingham tram network was extended to the Rednal terminus it would carry the crowds from all over the city to the Lickeys. There are records of crowds as far back as the Rose and Crown on busy Sundays, as families queued for the trams to take them home. The terminus and tram tracks were removed in 1953.
Geography and geology
The park is situated in the Lickey Hills range, which is part of the Clent and Lickey ridge. The hills, which separate the Longbridge and Cofton Hackett end of Birmingham from Barnt Green and Lickey in rural Worcestershire, are 11 miles south of central Birmingham. The total area of the park is .
The area is of significant geological interest due to the range and age of the rocks. The stratigraphic sequence, which is the basis for the area's diversity of landscape and habitat, comprises:
Barnt Green rocks – tuffs and volcanic grits, siltstones and mudstones from the Tremadocian stage of the Ordovician
Lickey Quartzite – an Ordovician quartzite with thin beds of mudstone and possibly tuff
Rubery sandstone – a fossiliferous sandstone of lower Silurian age (Telychian)
Halesowen Formation – a Carboniferous mudstone of Westphalian age
Clent Formation – a breccia of lower Permian age
Bunter Pebble Beds – beds of Triassic water-worn pebbles
Obelisk and toposcope
On the road from Lickey to Lickey Beacon there is an obelisk folly commemorating Other Archer Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth, who created the Worcestershire Yeomanry volunteer regiment of cavalry, which served in the Napoleonic Wars. The obelisk, which is well hidden from the road, is inscribed with the words "To commend to imitation the exemplary private virtues of Other Archer 6th Earl of Plymouth."
Just a kilometre north of the monument, on top of Beacon Hill, is the toposcope made in the early twentieth century by the Cadbury family, standing next to the Ordnance Survey triangulation point. A small castellated structure was built to rehouse the toposcope in 1988 to celebrate the centenary of the park. It is 297 metres above sea level and provides the best views, of the city and surrounding counties, that the park provides.
Amenities
The park includes an 18-hole non-membership golf course, the first such municipal facility in the country which was noted as one of the most difficult municipal golf courses in the country in the 1970s by Tony Jacklin. Also included within the park boundary is a bowling green, tennis and putting green as well as a purpose-built wheelchair pathway and viewing platform allowing easy access to panoramic views over the surrounding countryside.
The visitor centre, which first opened in April 1990, contains an exhibition, leaflets and information on nature trails, guided walks and other activities organised by the Ranger Service. It also has a small café and gift shop. There are three car parks, one for the visitor centre, one by the golf club house and another on the top of Beacon Hill. Also next to the visitor centre are a children's play area and paths for disabled visitors, although these are limited by the steep topography within the park. Between the Bilberry, Beacon and Rednal Hills stands The Rose & Crown hotel and public house which serves meals daily including Sunday lunches.
The Lickey Hills Country Park was awarded a Green Flag Award for seven consecutive years from 2000. A ranger explained in a newspaper interview: "The Green Flag Award is a national scheme which started back in 1996 as a means of recognising and rewarding the best green spaces in the country. They look for a certain standard of quality management within the park, cleanliness, use by the community and so on. There are a total of 27 criteria to pass in order to win the award."
Flora and fauna
There are several deer species and badgers living in the park, together with a range of waterfowl on the lake including Canada geese, mallards, coot, moorhen and mute swans. In spring, there are notable displays of bluebells.
The forests mainly consist of mature spruce and pine trees although there is also a wide-ranging mosaic of deciduous trees on the lower slopes. Bilberry Hill is named after the extensive bilberry bushes that bear fruit in the early to mid autumn and are popular with walkers for the free harvest that is later transformed into jams or bilberry and apple pies.
There are over 380 different species of flowering plant within the park, including 17 species of fern and 30 species of moss. There are a range of woodland invertebrates including insects such as beetles, centipedes and slugs. Together with flies, bees and butterflies, they provide the staple diet for some of the larger wildlife within the park.
Ninety bird species have also been recorded within the park. These include robin, chaffinch, blue tit, great tit, sparrowhawk and common woodpigeon, with common redstarts and tree pipits visiting during the summer and fieldfare and redwing during the winter. Nuthatches are frequently seen on the bird feeders outside the small cafe near the lake.
The damp woodland and the nearby heathland is also home to a variety of reptiles, which include grass snakes, adders and the common lizard. The most evident mammals are the large numbers of grey squirrels throughout the woods and rabbits over the hills, especially during summer evenings. The area is very popular with walkers, families, birdwatchers, other nature lovers and the general public.
Public transport
There is a short to medium walk from all local public transport stops to the main park visitor centre.
Bus
Diamond Worcestershire services 182 and 183 start at Lickey Square and terminate in Redditch. Diamond services 145/145A and National Express West Midlands route X20 from Birmingham City Centre also stop nearby.
Rail
The nearest railway station is Barnt Green, with frequent services on the Birmingham Cross-City line from Bromsgrove/Redditch in the south and the City Centre/Lichfield in the north.
Notable people
In 1904, J. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, moved to Rednal with his mother who was convalescing after an illness. The hills became a favourite haunt of Tolkien's and are thought to be his inspiration for the mythical Shire, where the hobbits lived in his books.
John Henry, Cardinal Newman lived and was buried in the area.
The author Jonathan Coe was born in Lickey in 1961.
See also
Lickey Incline Well-known railway incline south of Barnt Green station.
References
Margaret Mabey, A Little History of the Lickey Hills, The Lickey Hills Society, 1993,
External links
Country park website
Golf club
Country parks in Birmingham, West Midlands
Parks and open spaces in Birmingham, West Midlands
Country parks in Worcestershire
Mountains and hills of the United Kingdom with toposcopes |
Taraxacum mirabile is a type of dandelion that grows between 800 and 1300 meters on salty soils (especially endemic in Lake Tuz) in northern and central Turkey.
References
mirabile
Endemic flora of Turkey
Halophytes
Plants described in 1962 |
治疗女性尿频最好的方法？在生活中，有一些女性发现自己有尿频的症状而感到困惑，不知道是什么原因引起的，其实女性尿频有可能只是短时间出现的症状，这种情况下只要改变饮食和生活方式就可以得到康复。但是长时间出现尿频就应该警惕是某些疾病因素引起的，那么，治疗女性尿频最好的方法？下面为大家详细的介绍下相关的知识。1、按摩曲骨穴位置：在小腹部，由肚脐从上往下推，会触摸到一个拱形的骨头，这块骨头就是耻骨，在这个拱形边缘中点位置就是曲骨穴。方法：掌摩法—双手搓热，一只手掌盖住肚脐，另一只手在曲骨穴上按摩1~2分钟。指揉法—用拇指顺时针按揉曲骨穴约2分钟，然后逆时针方向按揉约2分钟，以局部有酸胀感为佳。功效：曲骨穴为任脉、足厥阴肝经之会。虽然曲骨穴名和水无关，但它所治的疾病却都是和水液有关的，因为它和膀胱泌尿系统的关联最大，因此按摩此穴可用于治疗各种排尿问题。2、运动疗法揉腰腹，中医学认为老年人尿频主要是人体肾气固摄无力，特别是随着年龄增加，“真气”逐渐衰败，尿频更容易发生且日益加重，对尿频的治疗，可以自我推拿腰腹。揉腰：腰部有腰眼穴，位于后腰部，在第4腰椎棘突下，后正中线旁开3.5寸，左、右各1个。方法：按揉时，可以坐在凳子上，两手握拳放在腰后，用拇指突出的关节按住腰眼，用力做旋转按揉，以酸胀为好。每天坚持做可以起到很好的益气固肾作用。治疗女性尿频最好的方法？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对治疗女性尿频最好的方法有所了解了，希望以上的内容可以帮助大家，此外，女性也要保持良好的生活习惯，饮食习惯，还有心态，积极治疗原发的疾病，不要想的太多给自己太大的心理压力。发现自己有尿频症状的时候，应该及时找出病因，然后根据病因做出相应的调整或者是治疗。 |
暾欲谷（Tonyukuk、古突厥語：，Tonyukuk；），后突厥汗国的阿史德氏贵族。出生在唐朝，官至毗伽暾欲谷裴羅莫賀達干，在重建突厥汗庭及突厥事业复兴中立下大功，尤其682年他建議擴大戰略生存空間，並親率兵二千渡過大漠攻陷鐵勒九姓佔領的漠北于都斤山(今蒙古杭愛山)，為當時後突厥招攬群眾以及日後降服鐵勒九姓奠下基礎，历事骨咄禄、默啜及毗伽可汗三朝，为毗伽可汗的岳父、谋主。默啜死后，帮助毗伽和阙特勤振兴了突厥。反对毗伽可汗对唐用兵，通晓唐朝政治，知道唐玄宗与王晙、张嘉贞的矛盾。认为汉化会减弱突厥的战斗力。大约8世纪30年代前，八十余岁时去世。有古突厥文的《暾欲谷碑》。夏德（F. Hirth）於19世紀末提出，暾欲谷與最早建立后突厥的阿史德元珍是同一人，劉茂才、岑仲勉等学者反对。
参考文献
《资治通鉴》
《暾欲谷碑》
E. Denison Ross, The Tonyukuk Inscription, Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's final Danish Rendering, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1930.
Nathan Light. An 8th Century Turkic Narrative: Pragmatics, Reported Speech and Managing Information. Turkic languages. 10.2, 2006. pp 155–186.
外部連結
Tonyukuk Inscriptions complete text in Unicode dead link 18apr17
Tonyukuk’s Memorial Complex , Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan
突厥汗国人物
唐朝人
阵亡军人 |
神经脊髓炎怎么引起的？虽然有些病人的病因尚不为人所知，但有时还是会出现呼吸道感染的症状。临床上来说最常见的转瞬即逝的方式就是喉管扩张再加上支离破碎部分它打破了背部、感情退化、气泡和记忆功能紊乱的程度。通常都高度重视最好去医院接受医生的指导。疾病对与人们的生活来说是极大的破坏因素，例如，神精性脊髓炎就是一种影响非常大的疾病，可造成患者的身体出现极为疼痛的表现，而且脊髓神经的炎症在治疗方面是非常困难的，其治疗过程也非常的漫长，下面就来看看神经性脊髓炎的症状有哪些呢？希望大家能够了解一下。视神经脊髓炎是一种主要累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病。临床以视神经和脊髓同时或相继受累为主要特征。任何年龄均可发病，平均发病年龄为30～40岁，女性多见。目前通常将单时相的视神经脊髓炎称为Devic病，多时相者称为复发型视神经脊髓炎。临床表现一般呈急性或亚急性起病，分别在数天内和1～2个内月达到高峰。少数慢性起病者病情在数月内稳步进展，呈进行性加重。1.视神经损害双眼常同时或先后受累，开始时视力下降伴眼球胀痛，尤其在眼球活动时更明显。急性发病者患眼几小时或几天内部分或完全视力丧失。视野改变主要为中心暗点及视野向心性缩小，也可出现偏盲或象限盲。2.脊髓损害表现为脊髓完全横贯性损害，在数小时至数天内双侧脊髓的运动、感觉和自主神经功能严重受损，运动障碍可迅速进展为截瘫或四肢瘫。若病变在颈段，可出现Lhermitte征阳性，重症者由于严重的脱髓鞘使神经冲动扩散，导致痛性痉挛发作、阵发性抽搐。经过上面的相关介绍，希望能给大家带来帮助。在治疗的时候讲究的时候对症治疗，所以症状是非常的重要的，希望大家能早日康复，有个好的明天。 |
局灶性子宫内膜复杂性增生啥意思？子宫内膜复杂性增生，其实就是在子宫内膜的一组增生性病变，如果发展严重的话，有一小部分会慢慢发展成癌，所以如果发现的话，需要及时的治疗。如果是性病变的现象的话，可以使用药物治疗，如果已经演变成癌的话，要采取手术的方法进行治疗。子宫内膜复杂性增生有好几种情况，第一种就是单纯性的增生，第二种是复杂性增生，还有第三种就是不典型增生，第一种单纯性增生和第二种复杂性增生，这两种属于失调性子宫出血，一般都是青春期和更年期。第三种不典型增生就比较厉害了，这种属于癌前病变，需要到医院去做进一步的检查才可以确诊。如果发现自己的月经异常，一定要多注意一下，因为一般来说，月经异常是子宫内膜复杂性增生的突出状况,一般的表现为，阴道不规则出血，月经特别的少，或是没有月经，然后一段时间之后，大量的阴道出血,现在也有很多的年轻子宫内膜，有这种情况，结婚后却发现自己不孕,在自己身体有这种症状的时候，一定要去医院及时就诊，子宫内膜复杂性增生需要到医院检查才可以检查来。如果在体检的时候发现自己有子宫内膜复杂性增生。子宫内膜复杂性增生，其实是一个很厉害的病症，子宫内膜复杂性增生者具有一定的癌变倾向，所以它被列为癌前病变，但是有一大部分的，子宫内膜复杂性增生，是一种可逆性的病变，也就是说它很有可能不会变成癌症，或者是一直就保持良性的状态。对于子宫内膜，复杂性增生的治疗。第一步先要去医院检查，如果确诊，查不清原因，我们需要，对症治疗，可以根据医生的建议，采用手术治疗或者药物治疗，子宫内膜复杂性增生，在用药了之后有可能转晴，或者是恢复正常，甚至可以妊娠，但是有可能停药之后还会反复发作，所以这个时候一定要和医生积极沟通配合治疗。 |
Arctolamia fruhstorferi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1902. It is known from Vietnam, China and Laos.
References
Lamiini
Beetles described in 1902 |
Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 460 genera in 33 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying mantis.
The closest relatives of mantises are termites and cockroaches (Blattodea), which are all within the superorder Dictyoptera. Mantises are sometimes confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea), other elongated insects such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera), or other more distantly related insects with raptorial forelegs such as mantisflies (Mantispidae). Mantises are mostly ambush predators, but a few ground-dwelling species are found actively pursuing their prey. They normally live for about a year. In cooler climates, the adults lay eggs in autumn, then die. The eggs are protected by their hard capsules and hatch in the spring. Females sometimes practice sexual cannibalism, eating their mates after copulation.
Mantises were considered to have supernatural powers by early civilizations, including ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and Assyria. A cultural trope popular in cartoons imagines the female mantis as a femme fatale. Mantises are among the insects most commonly kept as pets.
Taxonomy and evolution
Over 2,400 species of mantis in about 430 genera are recognized. They are predominantly found in tropical regions, but some live in temperate areas. The systematics of mantises have long been disputed. Mantises, along with stick insects (Phasmatodea), were once placed in the order Orthoptera with the cockroaches (now Blattodea) and ice crawlers (now Grylloblattodea). Kristensen (1991) combined the Mantodea with the cockroaches and termites into the order Dictyoptera, suborder Mantodea. The name mantodea is formed from the Ancient Greek words (mantis) meaning "prophet", and (eidos) meaning "form" or "type". It was coined in 1838 by the German entomologist Hermann Burmeister. The order is occasionally called the mantes, using a Latinized plural of Greek mantis. The name mantid properly refers only to members of the family Mantidae, which was, historically, the only family in the order. The other common name, praying mantis, applied to any species in the order (though in Europe mainly to Mantis religiosa), comes from the typical "prayer-like" posture with folded forelimbs. The vernacular plural "mantises" (used in this article) was confined largely to the US, with "mantids" predominantly used as the plural in the UK and elsewhere, until the family Mantidae was further split in 2002.
Phylogeny
One of the earliest classifications splitting an all-inclusive Mantidae into multiple families was that proposed by Beier in 1968, recognizing eight families, though it was not until Ehrmann's reclassification into 15 families in 2002 that a multiple-family classification became universally adopted. Klass, in 1997, studied the external male genitalia and postulated that the families Chaeteessidae and Metallyticidae diverged from the other families at an early date. However, as previously configured, the Mantidae and Thespidae especially were considered polyphyletic, so the Mantodea have been revised substantially as of 2019 and now includes 29 families.
Fossil mantises
Mantises are thought to have evolved from cockroach-like ancestors. The earliest confidently identified mantis fossils date to the Early Cretaceous. Fossils of the group are rare: by 2022, 37 fossil species are known. Fossil mantises, including one from Japan with spines on the front legs as in modern mantises, have been found in Cretaceous amber. Most fossils in amber are nymphs; compression fossils (in rock) include adults. Fossil mantises from the Crato Formation in Brazil include the long Santanmantis axelrodi, described in 2003; as in modern mantises, the front legs were adapted for catching prey. Well-preserved specimens yield details as small as 5 μm through X-ray computed tomography. Extinct families and genera include:
†Baissomantidae
†Gryllomantidae
†Cretomantidae
†Santanmantidae
†Amelidae
Incertae sedis:
†Jersimantis
†Chaeteessites
†Cretophotina
†Ambermantis
Similar insects in the Neuroptera
Because of the superficially similar raptorial forelegs, mantidflies may be confused with mantises, though they are unrelated. Their similarity is an example of convergent evolution; mantidflies do not have tegmina (leathery forewings) like mantises, their antennae are shorter and less thread-like, and the raptorial tibia is more muscular than that of a similar-sized mantis and bends back farther in preparation for shooting out to grasp prey. Another example of confusion caused by convergent evolution is Titanoptera, an order of insect that lived in the Triassic period and also shared the Raptorial forelegs of a mantis.
Biology
Anatomy
Mantises have large, triangular heads with a beak-like snout and mandibles. They have two bulbous compound eyes, three small simple eyes, and a pair of antennae. The articulation of the neck is also remarkably flexible; some species of mantis can rotate their heads nearly 180°.
The mantis thorax consists of a prothorax, a mesothorax, and a metathorax. In all species apart from the genus Mantoida, the prothorax, which bears the head and forelegs, is much longer than the other two thoracic segments. The prothorax is also flexibly articulated, allowing for a wide range of movements of the head and fore limbs while the remainder of the body remains more or less immobile. Mantises also are unique to the Dictyoptera in that they have tympanate hearing, with two tympana in an auditory chamber in their metathorax. Most mantises can only hear ultrasound.
Mantises have two spiked, grasping forelegs ("raptorial legs") in which prey items are caught and held securely. In most insect legs, including the posterior four legs of a mantis, the coxa and trochanter combine as an inconspicuous base of the leg; in the raptorial legs, however, the coxa and trochanter combine to form a segment about as long as the femur, which is a spiky part of the grasping apparatus (see illustration). Located at the base of the femur is a set of discoidal spines, usually four in number, but ranging from none to as many as five depending on the species. These spines are preceded by a number of tooth-like tubercles, which, along with a similar series of tubercles along the tibia and the apical claw near its tip, give the foreleg of the mantis its grasp on its prey. The foreleg ends in a delicate tarsus used as a walking appendage, made of four or five segments and ending in a two-toed claw with no arolium.
Mantises can be loosely categorized as being macropterous (long-winged), brachypterous (short-winged), micropterous (vestigial-winged), or apterous (wingless). If not wingless, a mantis has two sets of wings: the outer wings, or tegmina, are usually narrow and leathery. They function as camouflage and as a shield for the hindwings, which are clearer and more delicate.
The abdomen of all mantises consists of 10 tergites, with a corresponding set of nine sternites visible in males and seven visible in females. The abdomen tends to be slimmer in males than females, but ends in a pair of cerci in both sexes.
Vision
Mantises have stereo vision. They locate their prey by sight; their compound eyes contain up to 10,000 ommatidia. A small area at the front called the fovea has greater visual acuity than the rest of the eye, and can produce the high resolution necessary to examine potential prey. The peripheral ommatidia are concerned with perceiving motion; when a moving object is noticed, the head is rapidly rotated to bring the object into the visual field of the fovea. Further motions of the prey are then tracked by movements of the mantis's head so as to keep the image centered on the fovea. The eyes are widely spaced and laterally situated, affording a wide binocular field of vision and precise stereoscopic vision at close range. The dark spot on each eye that moves as it rotates its head is a pseudopupil. This occurs because the ommatidia that are viewed "head-on" absorb the incident light, while those to the side reflect it.
As their hunting relies heavily on vision, mantises are primarily diurnal. Many species, however, fly at night, and then may be attracted to artificial lights. Mantises in the family Liturgusidae collected at night have been shown to be predominately males; this is probably true for most mantises. Nocturnal flight is especially important to males in locating less-mobile females by detecting their pheromones. Flying at night exposes mantises to fewer bird predators than diurnal flight would. Many mantises also have an auditory thoracic organ that helps them avoid bats by detecting their echolocation calls and responding evasively.
Diet and hunting
Mantises are generalist predators of arthropods. The majority of mantises are ambush predators that only feed upon live prey within their reach. They either camouflage themselves and remain stationary, waiting for prey to approach, or stalk their prey with slow, stealthy movements. Larger mantises sometimes eat smaller individuals of their own species, as well as small vertebrates such as lizards, frogs, fish, and particularly small birds.
Most mantises stalk tempting prey if it strays close enough, and will go further when they are especially hungry. Once within reach, mantises strike rapidly to grasp the prey with their spiked raptorial forelegs. Some ground and bark species pursue their prey in a more active way. For example, members of a few genera such as the ground mantises Entella, Ligaria, and Ligariella run over dry ground seeking prey, much as tiger beetles do.
The fore gut of some species extends the whole length of the insect and can be used to store prey for digestion later. This may be advantageous in an insect that feeds intermittently. Chinese mantises live longer, grow faster, and produce more young when they are able to eat pollen.
Antipredator adaptations
Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants. Some hunting wasps, such as some species of Tachytes also paralyze some species of mantis to feed their young. Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey. Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence. The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire-ravaged landscape (fire melanism).
When directly threatened, many mantis species stand tall and spread their forelegs, with their wings fanning out wide. The fanning of the wings makes the mantis seem larger and more threatening, with some species enhancing this effect with bright colors and patterns on their hindwings and inner surfaces of their front legs. If harassment persists, a mantis may strike with its forelegs and attempt to pinch or bite. As part of the bluffing (deimatic) threat display, some species may also produce a hissing sound by expelling air from the abdominal spiracles. Mantises lack chemical protection, so their displays are largely bluff. When flying at night, at least some mantises are able to detect the echolocation sounds produced by bats; when the frequency begins to increase rapidly, indicating an approaching bat, they stop flying horizontally and begin a descending spiral toward the safety of the ground, often preceded by an aerial loop or spin. If caught, they may slash captors with their raptorial legs.
Mantises, like stick insects, show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic, repetitive side-to-side movements. Functions proposed for this behavior include the enhancement of crypsis by means of the resemblance to vegetation moving in the wind. However, the repetitive swaying movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by their relative movement, a visual mechanism typical of animals with simpler sight systems. Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion of objects in the visual field. As ants may be predators of mantises, genera such as Loxomantis, Orthodera, and Statilia, like many other arthropods, avoid attacking them. Exploiting this behavior, a variety of arthropods, including some early-instar mantises, mimic ants to evade their predators.
Reproduction and life history
The mating season in temperate climates typically takes place in autumn, while in tropical areas, mating can occur at any time of the year. To mate following courtship, the male usually leaps onto the female's back, clasping her thorax and wing bases with his forelegs. He then arches his abdomen to deposit and store sperm in a special chamber near the tip of the female's abdomen. The female lays between 10 and 400 eggs, depending on the species. Eggs are typically deposited in a froth mass-produced by glands in the abdomen. This froth hardens, creating a protective capsule, which together with the egg mass is called an ootheca. Depending on the species, the ootheca can be attached to a flat surface, wrapped around a plant, or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitoid wasps. In a few species, mostly ground and bark mantises in the family Tarachodidae, the mother guards the eggs. The cryptic Tarachodes maurus positions herself on bark with her abdomen covering her egg capsule, ambushing passing prey and moving very little until the eggs hatch. An unusual reproductive strategy is adopted by Brunner's stick mantis from the southern United States; no males have ever been found in this species, and the females breed parthenogenetically. The ability to reproduce by parthenogenesis has been recorded in at least two other species, Sphodromantis viridis and Miomantis sp., although these species usually reproduce sexually. In temperate climates, adults do not survive the winter and the eggs undergo a diapause, hatching in the spring.
As in closely related insect groups in the superorder Dictyoptera, mantises go through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult (mantises are among the hemimetabolous insects). For smaller species, the eggs may hatch in 3–4 weeks as opposed to 4–6 weeks for larger species. The nymphs may be colored differently from the adult, and the early stages are often mimics of ants. A mantis nymph grows bigger as it molts its exoskeleton. Molting can happen five to 10 times before the adult stage is reached, depending on the species. After the final molt, most species have wings, though some species remain wingless or brachypterous ("short-winged"), particularly in the female sex. The lifespan of a mantis depends on the species; smaller ones may live 4–8 weeks, while larger species may live 4–6 months.
Sexual cannibalism
Sexual cannibalism is common among most predatory species of mantises in captivity. It has sometimes been observed in natural populations, where about a quarter of male–female encounters result in the male being eaten by the female. Around 90% of the predatory species of mantises exhibit sexual cannibalism. Adult males typically outnumber females at first, but their numbers may be fairly equivalent later in the adult stage, possibly because females selectively eat the smaller males. In Tenodera sinensis, 83% of males escape cannibalism after an encounter with a female, but since multiple matings occur, the probability of a male's being eaten increases cumulatively.
The female may begin feeding by biting off the male's head (as they do with regular prey), and if mating has begun, the male's movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male's head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilization while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behavior appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behavior is natural in the field or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms and notice any disturbance in the laboratory or field, such as bright lights or moving scientists. Chinese mantises that had been fed ad libitum (so that they were not hungry) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in a courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating. Under such circumstances, the female has been known to respond with a defensive deimatic display by flashing the colored eyespots on the inside of her front legs.
The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated; experiments show that females on poor diets are likelier to engage in sexual cannibalism than those on good diets. Some hypothesize that submissive males gain a selective advantage by producing offspring; this is supported by a quantifiable increase in the duration of copulation among males which are cannibalized, in some cases doubling both the duration and the chance of fertilization. This is contrasted by a study where males were seen to approach hungry females with more caution, and were shown to remain mounted on hungry females for a longer time, indicating that males that actively avoid cannibalism may mate with multiple females. The same study also found that hungry females generally attracted fewer males than those that were well fed. The act of dismounting after copulation is dangerous for males, for it is the time that females most frequently cannibalize their mates. An increase in mounting duration appears to indicate that males wait for an opportune time to dismount a hungry female, who would be likely to cannibalize her mate. Experiments have revealed that the sex ratio in an environment determines male copulatory behavior of Mantis religiosa which in turn affects the cannibalistic tendencies of the female and support the sperm competition hypothesis because the polyandrous treatment recorded the highest copulation duration time and lowest cannibalism. This further suggests that dismounting the female can make males susceptible to cannibalism.
Relationship with humans
In culture, literature and art
One of the earliest mantis references is in the ancient Chinese dictionary Erya, which gives its attributes in poetry, where it represents courage and fearlessness, and a brief description. A later text, the Jingshi Zhenglei Daguan Bencao ("Great History of Medical Material Annotated and Arranged by Types, Based upon the Classics and Historical Works") from 1108, gives accurate details of the construction of the egg packages, the development cycle, anatomy, and the function of the antennae.
Although mantises are rarely mentioned in Ancient Greek sources, a female mantis in threat posture is accurately illustrated on a series of fifth-century BC silver coins, including didrachms, from Metapontum in Lucania.
In the 10th century AD, Byzantine era Adages, Suidas describes an insect resembling a slow-moving green locust with long front legs. He translates Zenobius 2.94 with the words seriphos (maybe a mantis) and graus, an old woman, implying a thin, dried-up stick of a body.
Mantises are a common motif in Luna Polychrome ceramics of pre-Columbian Nicaragua, and are believed to represent a deity or spirit called "Madre Culebra".
Western descriptions of the biology and morphology of the mantises became more accurate in the 18th century. Roesel von Rosenhof illustrated and described mantises and their cannibalistic behavior in the (Insect Entertainments).
In the early 1900s, people in the United States Ozarks region referred to them as Devil's horses.
Aldous Huxley made philosophical observations about the nature of death while two mantises mated in the sight of two characters in his 1962 novel Island (the species was Gongylus gongylodes). The naturalist Gerald Durrell's humorously autobiographical 1956 book My Family and Other Animals includes a four-page account of an almost evenly matched battle between a mantis and a gecko. Shortly before the fatal dénouement, Durrell narrates:
M. C. Escher's woodcut Dream depicts a human-sized mantis standing on a sleeping bishop.
A cultural trope imagines the female mantis as a femme fatale. The idea is propagated in cartoons by Cable, Guy and Rodd, LeLievre, T. McCracken, and Mark Parisi, among others. It ends Isabella Rossellini's short film about the life of a praying mantis in her 2008 Green Porno season for the Sundance Channel.
The Deadly Mantis is a 1957 American science fiction monster film, with a giant mantis threatening mankind.
In the 1967 film Son of Godzilla and other related films, the kaiju called "Kamacuras" are giant mantis monsters.
Zorak, a character from the 1966 Hanna-Barbera cartoon Space Ghost, is a mantis and a variant of an alien species called "Dokarians", who resemble anthropomorphic insects. He and several other mantis-like Dokarians in the original series have the same appearance, with the exception of differently-colored gloves and outfits. In some incarnations, such as his Space Ghost Coast to Coast version, his species would also be bought up for the occasional joke.
In the Pokémon franchise, the species Scyther, Leavanny, Lurantis, and Kleavor are all based on types of mantises.
In the Kung Fu Panda franchise, the character Mantis is a praying mantis
Martial arts
Two martial arts separately developed in China have movements and fighting strategies based on those of the mantis. As one of these arts was developed in northern China, and the other in southern parts of the country, the arts are today referred to (both in English and Chinese) as 'Northern Praying Mantis' and 'Southern Praying Mantis'. Both are very popular in China, and have also been exported to the West in recent decades.
In mythology and religion
According to local beliefs in Africa, this insect brings good luck. The mantis was revered by the southern African Khoi and San in whose cultures man and nature were intertwined; for its praying posture, the mantis was even named ("god of the Hottentots") in the Afrikaans language that had developed among the first European settlers. However, at least for the San, the mantis was only one of the manifestations of a trickster-deity, ǀKaggen, who could assume many other forms, such as a snake, hare or vulture. Several ancient civilizations did consider the insect to have supernatural powers; for the Greeks, it had the ability to show lost travelers the way home; in the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, the "bird-fly" is a minor god that leads the souls of the dead to the underworld; in a list of 9th-century BC Nineveh grasshoppers (buru), the mantis is named necromancer (buru-enmeli) and soothsayer (buru-enmeli-ashaga). Some pre-Columbian cultures in western Nicaragua have preserved oral traditions of the mantis as "Madre Culebra", a powerful predator and symbol of female symbolic authority.
As pets
Mantises are among the insects most widely kept as pets. Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who want to keep mantises often breed them. In 2013 at least 31 species were kept and bred in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. In 1996 at least 50 species were known to be kept in captivity by members of the Mantis Study Group. The Independent described the "giant Asian praying mantis" as "part stick insect with a touch of Buddhist monk".
For pest control
Naturally occurring mantis populations provide plant pest control. Gardeners who prefer to avoid pesticides may encourage mantises in the hope of controlling insect pests. However, mantises do not have key attributes of biological pest control agents; they do not specialize in a single pest insect, and do not multiply rapidly in response to an increase in such a prey species, but are general predators. They therefore have "negligible value" in biological control.
Two species, the Chinese mantis and the European mantis, were deliberately introduced to North America in the hope that they would serve as pest controls for agriculture; they have spread widely in both the United States and Canada.
Mantis-like robot
A prototype robot inspired by the forelegs of the praying mantis has front legs that allow the robot to walk, climb steps, and grasp objects. The multi-jointed leg provides dexterity via a rotatable joint. Future models may include a more spiked foreleg to improve the grip and ability to support more weight.
See also
List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe
References
External links
Mantis Study Group – Information on mantises, phylogenetics and evolution.
Mantodea Species File
Extant Cretaceous first appearances
Insects used as insect pest control agents
Insects in culture
Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister |
乌洛托品片的副作用（不良反应）？部分病人可引起膀胱刺激症状及血尿，停药后可缓解。本品对胃有刺激性，服用时间过长有时可能产生尿频、血尿等副作用。 |
《约瑟之书》（）是約瑟·斯密在分析他在 1835 年获得的埃及纸莎草纸后，确定的未翻译文本。约瑟·斯密認為该文本包含了古代圣经裡族长约瑟的著作。
与约瑟之书相关的卷轴已被埃及古物学家認定为一份亡灵之书，常见的丧葬文件，与圣经中的族长约瑟无关。
参考文献
死者之書 |
长梗黄精（学名：）是百合科黄精属的植物，是中国的特有植物。分布于中国大陆的福建、江西、湖南、江苏、广东、安徽、浙江等地，生长于海拔200米至600米的地区，常生长在灌丛、林下以及草坡，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
参考文献
长梗黄精 |
只楚街道，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
只楚街道下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
Bullet Tree Falls is a village located along the Mopan River in Cayo District, Belize. It lies approximately five kilometers (three miles) northwest of San Ignacio. According to the 2010 census, Bullet Tree Falls has a population of 2,124 people in 426 households. The population consists mainly of Spanish-speaking mestizos, along with a smaller number of Yucatec Maya and Creoles.
Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Bullet Tree Falls had a population of 2,124. Of these, 91.0% were Mestizo, 3.4% Mixed, 1.1% Creole, 1.0% Yucatec Maya, 0.9% Caucasian, 0.8% Mopan Maya, 0.7% Ketchi Maya, 0.3% East Indian and 0.1% Mennonite.
Government
Bullet Tree Falls is governed by a seven-person village council. As of 2019, the chairperson of the council is Sabino Pinelo.
History
Bullet Tree Falls was originally settled by loggers, and by the late 1800s had attracted a small number of Maya families. After the Caste War of Yucatán numerous Maya refugees from the north settled in the area. During the early 20th century, an influx of mestizos migrated to the village from Guatemala and Mexico. The first Creoles settled in Bullet Tree Falls in the 1950s, arriving from San Ignacio.
During the early days of the chicle and timber industries in Belize, the village was an important trading post. In 1961, Hurricane Hattie caused significant damage to the village, destroying a school building and church. In 1988, the Salvador Fernandez Bridge was completed, replacing an older wooden bridge.
Attractions
Bullet Tree Falls has developed a small tourist economy facilitated by its location between San Ignacio and the El Pilar Maya archeological site. The village hosts several lodges and a small botanical garden. Buses between Bullet Tree Falls and San Ignacio run several times a day and taxi service is available to San Ignacio and El Pilar.
Gallery
References
External links
Bullet Tree Falls at Belize LocalWiki
Map of Bullet Tree Falls at OpenStreetMap
Populated places in Cayo District
Cayo North |
新营乡可以指： |
荏原郡（）为过去日本东京府（今东京都）辖下的郡，辖区包含现在东京都品川区、目黑区、大田区三区全域、世田谷区的大半区域，已于1932年10月1日，17町2村全编入东京市，荏原郡因无管辖町村而废除。
沿革
1878年7月22日 - 随着郡区町村编制法的施行，旧武藏国荏原郡成立。
1889年5月1日 - 町村制施行，荏原郡下辖品川町以及18个村。（1町18村）
1890年 - 郡制施行，郡役所设置于品川町。
1897年7月20日 - 大森村改制为大森町。（2町17村）
1907年10月8日 - 羽田村改制为羽田町。（3町16村）
1908年8月1日 - （5町14村）
大井村改制为大井町。
大崎村改制为大崎町。
1919年8月1日 - 入新井村改制为入新井町。（6町13村）
1922年10月10日 - 蒲田村改制为蒲田町。（7町12村）
1922年12月1日 - 目黑村改制为目黑町。（8町11村）
1923年4月1日 - 世田谷村改制为世田谷町。（9町10村）
1925年10月1日 - 驹泽村改制为驹泽町。（10町9村）
1926年4月1日 - 平冢村改制为平冢町。（11町8村）
1926年8月1日 - 池上村改制为池上町。（12町7村）
1927年4月1日 - 碑衾村改制为碑衾町。（13町6村）
1927年8月1日 - 平冢町更名为荏原町。
1928年1月1日 - 马込村改制为马込町。（14町5村）
1928年2月11日 - 矢口村改制为矢口町。（15町4村）
1928年4月1日 - （17町2村）
六乡村改制为六乡町。
调布村施行町制，改称东调布町。
1932年10月1日 - （荏原郡废除）
品川町、大井町、大崎町合并新设东京市品川区。
目黑町、碑衾町合并新设东京市目黑区。
荏原町改设东京市荏原区。
大森町、入新井町、池上町、马込町、东调布町合并新设东京市大森区。
蒲田町、羽田町、矢口町、六乡町合并新设东京市蒲田区。
世田谷町、驹泽町、玉川村、松泽村合并新设东京市世田谷区。
1947年3月15日
品川区、荏原区合并新设品川区。
大森区、蒲田区合并新设大田区。
神奈川縣已廢除的郡 |
宫外孕症状是什么症状？宫外孕一般在胎查的时候检查出，患有宫外孕的孕妇一般会出现以下的情况。停经：有宫外孕的孕妇会出现较长时间的停经现象，一般有6-8周停经，有部分患者无明显的停经史，不过经期短，只有两三天。阴道出血：宫外孕导致胎儿死亡后，会出先阴道不规则出血，量少，一般不超过月经量。晕厥与休克：腹腔急性内出血及剧烈腹痛，轻者出现晕厥，严重者出现失血性休克。很多人对于宫外孕的原因不是很了解，其实引起宫外孕的原因很多，与下面的原因有着极大的关系。输卵管炎症：输卵管黏膜发炎会引起引起管腔完全阻塞而致不孕，炎症较轻者导致黏膜黏连和纤毛缺损，影响受精卵的运行受阻而在该处着床，引起宫外孕。输卵管手术影响：做过绝育手术输卵管再通或瘘，导致宫外孕。输卵管发育不良或功能异常影响受精卵的正常运行。对于宫外孕的治疗方法有多种选择，可以根据患者是否有生育要求、宫外孕的位置、自身状况、宫外孕的大小等情况决定的，主要的治疗原则为在保证患者生命安全下最大限度保留患者的生育能力。一般采用腹腔镜手术、药物疗法、行输卵管开窗术等治疗方式。对于早期发现宫外孕未破裂者和生育没有要求可以使用药物保守治疗。宫外孕一般通过手术进行治疗，进行手术后身体比较虚弱，合理健康的饮食建议对宫外孕患者身体的恢复有着直接的影响，要引起重视：补充水分：由于患者手术后身体虚弱，容易出汗，可以多补充灰分，保证身体机能的正常运行和加快生陈代谢；可以多吃富含维生素和纤维素的新鲜蔬菜和水果，防止便秘，平衡营养。控制好脂肪的摄入量，尤其是在手术后一周内，减少脂肪的摄入，饮食以清淡为主。可以多吃富含高蛋白质的食物，例如瘦肉、牛奶、蛋类等，可以及时补充能量，提供自身的抵抗力。 |
Skodje Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ålesund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Skodje. It is the church for the Skodje parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1860 using plans drawn up by the architect Fritz Meinhardt. The church seats about 330 people.
History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to 1432, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Skodje was a wooden stave church that may have been built in 14th century. The church was originally a long church design, but some time during the early-1600s, the church was remodeled by adding a timber-framed transepts to the north and south sides of the nave which ultimately created a cruciform floor plan. In 1750 the old church was in such poor condition that it was torn down and a new timber-framed, cruciform church was built on the same site. In 1859 this church too was torn down, and the present church building was constructed. This new church was designed by Fritz Meinhardt and built by the builders Gjert Lien and Alias Tonning. The new church was consecrated in 1860.
See also
List of churches in Møre
References
Buildings and structures in Ålesund
Churches in Møre og Romsdal
Long churches in Norway
Wooden churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1860
14th-century establishments in Norway |
腾克镇，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
腾克镇下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
For Sentimental Reasons may refer to:
For Sentimental Reasons (Nat King Cole album), 1997
For Sentimental Reasons (Ella Fitzgerald album), 1955
For Sentimental Reasons (Linda Ronstadt album), 1986
For Sentimental Reasons, a 2007 album by Bobby Hutcherson
"For Sentimental Reasons" (1936 song), a song popularized in the 1930s by Tommy Dorsey
"(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons", a song written by William "Pat" Best |
馬克思描述的異化（）是指原本自然互屬或和諧的兩物彼此分離、甚至互相對立。異化一詞最重要的用法是表示人與其「類本質」（）的異化。馬克思主張異化是資本主義的結果，他的立論基於路德維希·安德列斯·費爾巴哈在《基督教的本质》（1841年）中提出的理論，費爾巴哈在此書中力證「上帝」觀念是人類特徵的異化；麥克斯·施蒂納則進一步主張「人性」觀念是個人的異化；馬克思與恩格斯在《德意志意識形態》（1845年）中反駁了他的觀點。
異化的種類
劳动异化
劳动异化（英文：），即马克思理论中，工人感到自己失去对自己从事的劳动的控制的状况。随着流水线作业和分工的细化，劳动异化作为结果之一在现代社会体现得越来越明显。
马克思认为，被异化的劳动者与他自己的生产活动、劳动目标、生产过程分离。使得工作成为非自发性的活动，因此劳动者无法对劳动产生认同或者领略到劳动的意义。
馬克思的異化論基於他對資本主義工業生產過程的觀察：工人不可避免地失去對自己工作的控制，從而失去對生活及自我的控制。工人從來都不是自主、自我實現的人類存在，他只能以資產階級欲其所是的模式而存在。
資本主義社會造成異化，因為每個人藉著勞動為社會添磚加瓦，然而個體的這個社會面向是透過私有制表現的，其中個體只是工具，而非社會的存在：
馬克思將資本主義下勞動的異化劃為四類：
工人與他的「類本質」的異化。
工人之間的異化，這是因為資本主義將勞動化約為市場上待價而沽的商品，而非社會關係。
工人與其勞動產品的異化，因為產品脫離工人自身的控制，反而成為異己的、敵對的關係。
工人與其勞動行為本身的異化，勞動成為無意義的活動，無法帶來真正的滿足。
女性主義的勞動異化
潔格就著馬克思的四類異化再行發揮，他認為強制性的兩性分工制度同樣會使得女性產生勞動異化，潔格分成三類：
女性與家務勞動的異化
女性與身體的異化
女性與男性間的親密關係的異化
異化論的地位
黑格爾與費爾巴哈的異化觀念
在黑格爾的歷史哲學中，精神處在一個擺脫無知，邁向自我了解的歷史進程中。在青年馬克思的相應理論中，精神的無知成為異化，而歷史的超越終結成為人實現。
這種馬克思哲學的目的論解讀（亚历山大·科耶夫在第二次世界大戰前特別支持）被路易·皮埃爾·阿爾都塞在關於「隨機唯物主義」（）的論著中抨擊。阿爾都塞認為這種解讀讓無產階級成為歷史的主體（一如盧卡奇在名著《歷史與階級意識》中闡述的），這是被黑格爾唯心主義所污染，此流「主體哲學」已經流行了五百年，阿爾都塞批評這是資產階級哲學意識形態。
異化與馬克思的歷史理論
在《德意志意識形態》中，馬克思寫道「這樣一來，現在情況就變成了這樣：各個人必須佔有現有的生產力總和，這不僅是為了實現他們的自主活動，而且就是為了保證自己的生存。」換言之，馬克思似乎認為儘管人類需要自我實現，這在歷史上還是次要的，因為他認為資本主義給工人如此迅速地堆積無產階級的苦難，以致於他們必須採取社會革命以求生存，而無暇顧及自我實現的問題。等人的馬克思人本主義在這點上著力較深。
異化與階級
在《神聖家族》（1845年）第四章中，馬克思述及資本家與無產者同樣遭受異化，只是經驗方式不同。資本家在異化中得到了輕鬆與力量，他們在這種異化中彷彿獲得了人類的存有感；無產階級在異化中感到無力及非人的存在。馬克思以黑格爾辯證法中的正題、反題敘述兩者在歷史進程中的位置。
註記
參見
商品拜物教
喬治·盧卡奇的階級意識及物化理論。
延伸閱讀
Althusser, Louis. 1965. For Marx. Verso.
Avineri, Shlomo. Hegel's Philosophy of Right and Hegel's Theory of the Modern State.
Axelos, Kostas. Alienation and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx.
Blackledge, Paul. 2008. "Marxism and Ethics ." International Socialism 120.
Cohen, G. A. 1977. "Alienation and Fetishism." Ch. 5 in Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.
Dahms, Harry. 2006. "Does "Alienation" Have a Future? – Recapturing the Core of Critical Theory." In The Evolution of Alienation.
Elster, Jon. 1985. Making Sense of Marx.
Geras, Norman. Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend. — discusses alienation and the related concept of human nature.
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1980. "Alienation: From Hegel to Marx." Pp. 177–98 in The Two Marxisms. New York: Oxford University Press.
Langman, Lauren, and Devorah K. Fishman, eds. 2006. The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium. Lanham.
Mandel, Ernest. 1970. "The Causes of Alienation ." International Socialist Review 31(3):19–23, 49–50.
Mandel, Ernest, and George Novack. 1973. The Marxist Theory of Alienation (2nd ed.).
Marcuse, Herbert. 1941. Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory.
Mészáros, István. 1970. Marx's Theory of Alienation .
—— Lukács' The Young Hegel and Origins of the Concept of Alienation.
Ollman, Bertell. 1976. Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Pappenheim, Fritz. 1964. "Alienation in American Society ." Monthly Review 52(2).
Plamenatz, John. 1975. Karl Marx's Philosophy of Man.
Schacht, Richard. 1970. Alienation.
Wolff, Jonathan. Why Read Marx Today? — an introduction to the concept and types of Entfremdung.
Wood, Allen W. "Part I: Alienation of Karl Marx." In The Arguments of the Philosophers.
"Alienation ," Glossary of Terms. Encyclopaedia of Marxism.
"Ludwig Feuerbach ." Encyclopaedia of Marxism.
外部連結
Bertell Ollman on Alienation
馬克思主義
哲学术语
各类情绪
社会排斥
德语词汇或短语 |
胰腺癌手术费用标准？胰腺癌是一种恶性程度很高，诊断和治疗都很困难的消化道恶性肿瘤，约90%为起源于腺管上皮的导管腺癌。其发病率和死亡率近年来明显上升。5年生存率＜1%，是预后最差的恶性肿瘤之一。胰腺癌早期的确诊率不高，手术死亡率较高，而治愈率很低。本病发病率男性高于女性，男女之比为1.5～2:1，男性患者远较绝经前的妇女多见，绝经后妇女的发病率与男性相仿。胰腺癌临床表现取决于癌的部位、病程早晚、有无转移以及邻近器官累及的情况。其临床特点是整个病程短、病情发展快和迅速恶化。最多见的是上腹部饱胀不适、疼痛。虽然有自觉痛，但并不是所有病人都有压痛，如果有压痛则和自觉痛的部位是一致的。疼痛是胰腺癌的主要症状，不管癌位于胰腺头部或体尾部均有疼痛。除中腹或左上腹、右上腹部疼痛外，少数病例主诉为左右下腹、脐周或全腹痛，甚至有睾丸痛，易与其他疾病相混淆。当癌累及内脏包膜、腹膜或腹膜后组织时，在相应部位可有压痛。黄疸是胰腺癌，特别是胰头癌的重要症状。黄疸属于梗阻性，伴有小便深黄及陶土样大便，是由于胆总管下端受侵犯或被压所致。黄疸为进行性，虽可以有轻微波动，但不可能完全消退。黄疸的暂时减轻，在早期与壶腹周围的炎症消退有关，晚期则由于侵入胆总管下端的肿瘤溃烂腐脱，壶腹肿瘤所产生的黄疸比较容易出现波动。胰体尾癌在波及胰头时才出现黄疸。能进行胰腺癌手术的医院基本上都是三级医院，胰腺癌手术本身难度较大，对手术医生及医院都有一定的要求，各个医院有各自的收费标准，因此胰腺癌手术治疗费用也有差异。一般来讲，如果患者手术以后整个过程恢复较顺利，胰腺癌手术治疗费用在8-10万元左右。 |
Shout magazine may refer to:
Shout (magazine), a British Teen Magazine
Shout NY (magazine), a NY Cult Thought and Culture Magazine (1998–2003) |
一直咳嗽胸口中间就非常疼是怎么回事？咳嗽会将异物或呼吸道分泌物咳出体外，所以压力性咳嗽对身体无害，但频繁剧烈的咳嗽会给患者带来不适，有时咳嗽会给患者带来胸痛症状，那么咳嗽引起的胸痛是怎样的呢？咳嗽和胸痛是感冒引起的胸膜炎的临床症状。胸膜炎，也称为胸膜炎，是胸膜的炎症。胸膜炎是由致病因素(通常是病毒或细菌)刺激胸膜而引起的胸膜炎症。胸腔内可能有积液(渗出性胸膜炎)或无积液(干燥性胸膜炎)。炎症消退后，胸膜可恢复正常或两层胸膜相互粘连。护理者应该保持冷静，病人的房间应该安静，以减轻他的不安。让患者侧卧，疼痛部位向下，以尽量减少受影响部位的运动。对于持续剧烈疼痛的患者，当呼吸困难影响睡眠时，可酌情使用止痛药或镇静剂。癌症引起的胸痛可以在晚期用麻醉剂间歇性治疗(基于不成瘾原则)。呼吸困难的病人通常需要吸氧。对于伴有剧烈咳嗽的胸痛患者，可采用热湿敷缓解疼痛。冷湿敷可用于咯血。对于胸痛并影响呼吸的患者，可以用绷带或胶带固定，以限制胸部活动。发烧时呆在床上。饮食是基于易于消化吸收和营养丰富的原则。如果上呼吸道感染的症状发生在早期，深呼吸时疼痛加剧，咳嗽发生在后期，正常呼吸时疼痛。屏住呼吸后疼痛减轻了。这种情况被认为是由炎症和胸膜引起的胸膜炎引起的疼痛，治疗主要是抗感染。其次，肋软骨炎和肋间神经炎也能引起长期慢性胸痛，咳嗽时会加重。如果咳嗽伴有咯血、胸痛、低烧等症状，这种情况被认为是由肺部疾病引起的，而肺结核和肺癌是最常见的。气胸通常表现为咳嗽和胸痛，但气胸通常伴有急性发作、疼痛和咳嗽以及胸闷。心肌梗死和主动脉夹层也可导致咳嗽时胸痛加重，主要是疼痛，疼痛严重，咳嗽不明显。无论什么原因引起咳嗽伴胸痛，我们都应该去医院检查。胸部x光可以识别大多数病变，必要时可以进行胸部CT检查。 |
棘苞菊属（学名：Acantholepis）是菊科下的一个属，为被绵毛草本植物。该属仅有棘苞菊（Acantholepis orientalis）一种，分布于西亚。
参考文献
J |
The Magnolias are an American band from Minneapolis, fronted by John Freeman. They formed in 1984 and have had numerous line up changes throughout their history, with Freeman being the only continuing member. They have released six albums, including their latest, Pop The Lock, in 2011.
History
The Magnolias formed in 1984 in Minneapolis, fronted by singer/guitarist/songwriter John Freeman. They played their first gig in early 1985 and by the end of that decade they had released three albums on the local Minneapolis label Twin/Tone Records.
With a twin buzz-saw guitar attack, sturdy yet flexible rhythm section, John Freeman's inimitable caterwauling and top-notch song writing, the band created a sound that was instantly identifiable, as well as enduring. The Magnolias' high-energy American punk is consistently compared favorably to the band's influences, including The Clash, The Only Ones, The Undertones, The Real Kids and Buzzcocks.
They signed to Alias Records and issued one LP, 1992's Off The Hook and an EP Hung Up On, featuring some tracks taken from Off The Hook. Another album, Street Date Tuesday, followed in 1996, with the band back on Twin/Tone.
The late 1990s and early 2000s saw a period of reduced activity for the band. In 2007, an album of unreleased demos and outtakes was issued, titled Better Late Than Never. They undertook their first European tour in 2008 and returned again in 2009.
The band released a new album in 2011 titled Pop The Lock. it was funded thanks to Kickstarter.com, the online donation site. They continue to play sporadic gigs.
Discography
Concrete Pillbox (1986) - Twin/Tone
For Rent (1988) - Twin/Tone
Dime Store Dream (1989) - Twin/Tone
Off The Hook (1992) - Alias
Hung Up On (1992) - Six track EP - Alias
Street Date Tuesday (1996) - Twin/Tone
Better Late Than Never (2007) - 13 unreleased demos
Pop The Lock (2011) - Veto Records
References
External links
Pardon Me video
Hello or Goodbye video
Alternative rock groups from Minnesota
Indie rock musical groups from Minnesota |
This is a list of Swedish football transfers in the winter transfer window 2016–17 by club.
Only transfers in and out between 8 January – 31 March 2017 of the Allsvenskan and Superettan are included.
Allsvenskan
AFC Eskilstuna
In:
Out:
AIK
In:
Out:
BK Häcken
In:
Out:
Djurgårdens IF
In:
Out:
GIF Sundsvall
In:
Out:
Halmstads BK
In:
Out:
Hammarby IF
In:
Out:
IF Elfsborg
In:
Out:
IFK Göteborg
In:
Out:
IFK Norrköping
In:
Out:
IK Sirius
In:
Out:
Jönköpings Södra IF
In:
Out:
Kalmar FF
In:
Out:
Malmö FF
In:
Out:
Örebro SK
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Out:
Östersunds FK
In:
Out:
Superettan
Dalkurd FF
In:
Out:
Degerfors IF
In:
Out:
IF Brommapojkarna
In:
Out:
Falkenbergs FF
In:
Out:
IK Frej
In:
Out:
GAIS
In:
Out:
Gefle IF
In:
Out:
Helsingborgs IF
In:
Out:
Norrby IF
In:
Out:
Syrianska FC
In:
Out:
Trelleborgs FF
In:
Out:
Varbergs BoIS
In:
Out:
IFK Värnamo
In:
Out:
Åtvidabergs FF
In:
Out:
Örgryte IS
In:
Out:
Östers IF
In:
Out:
References
External links
Official site of the SvFF
Trans
Trans
2016-17
Sweden |
弗兰肯施泰因（德语：）是德国莱茵兰-普法尔茨州的一个市镇。总面积13.82平方公里，总人口991人，其中男性484人，女性507人（2011年12月31日），人口密度72人/平方公里。
参见
莱茵兰-普法尔茨州市镇列表
参考
莱茵兰-普法尔茨州市镇 |
音浊不扬的鉴别诊断？感冒失音：有感受外邪病史，有外感表证可辨。1.妊娠晚期出现声音嘶哑，甚则不能出声。2.必要时可作喉科检查，排除局部病变。1.肺肾阴虚证：妊娠八、九月，声音嘶哑，甚至不能出声，颧红，头晕耳鸣，手心灼热，心烦，或咽干，舌红苔少，脉细数。滋养肺肾。2.气滞声带证：声音重浊低沉，或不能出声，身体壮实，喉间有痰，咳咯不爽，胸闷不舒，大便不畅，舌苔薄腻，脉弦滑。理气开音。 |
更年期失眠吃什么食物水果蔬菜？人的一生中会经历很多时期，包括现在的青春期等，还有就是会进入中年后，就会经历更年期，更年期人群会在情绪上有所变化，而且还会在身体上感觉到不适，因此对更年轻人群而言，在平时生活中，也是可以通过饮食进行调节，来帮助自己缓解更年期。只要在了解的时候，就可以看到，很多人对更年期吃什么食物好是比较关注的。因此在这个时候，有这样的几种食物，成为目前更年轻人群可以选择食用的，通过这样的食物，帮助更年期人群更好地缓解自己的更年期症状。第一种：谷物类食物。这样的食物，可以包括燕麦以及糙米等食物，这样的食物中会含有大量的维生素，而且还会有大量的矿物质等，因此通过食用这样食物，可以提高人们的新陈代谢，缓解情绪。更年期吃什么食物第二种：坚果类的食物。坚果一类的食物中，可以说含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸，而且还有维生素E等，所以更加的利于辅助更年期人群进行新陈代谢。第三种：豆制品。这样的食物中会含有大豆异黄酮，对改善更年期还是会有一定效果的，也能帮助人们补充所需要的钙质。第四种：奶类食物。这样的食物，可以改善更年期人群的睡眠质量，从而帮助更年轻人群拥有不错的睡眠质量。尤其是更年期人群，总是会遇到睡眠问题，通过这样的奶类食物就能帮助人们更好睡眠。现在的更年期人群，只要在了解更年期吃什么食物好之后，就能在生活中，让自己在更年期通过这样的食物，进行缓解，也能保证更年期人群的情绪稳定，因此这样的几类食物，也成为目前更年期人群可以选择到的食物，让众多人群可以顺利的度过更年期。 |
Johann Kaspar (Jean-Gaspard) Reichsgraf Basselet von La Rosée (30 April 1710 – 12 April 1795) was a leading Bavarian general.
Basselet von La Rosée was born at Arlon, Province of Luxembourg, Belgium. Advancing his career in the army of his new fatherland Bavaria, his positions included electoral Privy Councillor, Lieutenant Field Marshal and Director of the War Council.
In 1761, he was appointed an honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, in 1764 created an Imperial Count (title recognized in Bavaria in 1766). In approximately 1760, he purchased the villages of Feldafing and Possenhofen as well as Rose Island, thus becoming the owner of the longest connected waterfront of Lake Starnberg. In 1834, his heirs sold the whole property to Duke Maximilian in Bayern, while King Ludwig I became proprietor of the island.
In 1770, Count Basselet von La Rosée purchased the estate of Mauern near Moosburg.
He died, aged 84, in Munich. His tomb can still be found in the vault chapel of the Counts La Rosée in Inkofen, today part of Haag an der Amper.
He was married to a daughter of the salt trader Johann Baptista Ruffini, who was at the same time a niece of the Bavarian State Chancellor Franz Xaver Josef von Unertl. His son was the electoral Bavarian chamberlain, Privy Councillor and President of the High Court of Appellation Aloys Reichsgraf Basselet von La Rosée.
Bibliography
Moritz Graf Strachwitz: Die Nachkommen des Johann Caspar Graf Basselet de la Rosée: kurbayerischer General der Kavallerie und Hofkriegsratspräsident (1710 - 1795). Type-written manuscript Munich: M. Strachwitz 1996.
1710 births
1795 deaths
People from Arlon
Bavarian generals
Counts in Germany |
奎特（葡萄牙语：）是巴西帕拉伊巴州的一个市镇。总面积735.334平方公里，总人口19343人，人口密度26.3人/平方公里。
参见
帕拉伊巴州市镇列表
参考
帕拉伊巴州市镇 |
On July 9, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy. When nominated, Kavanaugh was a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a position he was appointed to in 2006 by President George W. Bush.
The Senate Judiciary Committee questioned Kavanaugh and heard witness testimonies concerning his nomination to the Supreme Court over the course of a four-day hearing, September 4–7, 2018. Several days later, it was revealed that psychology professor Christine Blasey Ford had written a letter to Senator Dianne Feinstein in July accusing Kavanaugh of sexual assault while they were both in high school in 1982. The Committee postponed its vote and invited both Kavanaugh and Blasey Ford to appear at a public Senate hearing. In the interim, two other women, Deborah Ramirez and Julie Swetnick, accused Kavanaugh of separate past instances of sexual assault.
Both Kavanaugh and Blasey Ford testified before the Committee on September 27; the following day the nomination was forwarded to the full Senate on an 11–10 vote. Then, on October 6, 2018, following a supplemental FBI investigation into the allegations, the Senate voted 50–48 to confirm Kavanaugh's nomination to the Supreme Court.
Nomination
Potential candidates
Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, a pivotal "swing" vote on the Supreme Court announced on June 27, 2018, that he would retire at the end of July, after having served on the Court for over 30years. His departure gave President Donald Trump his second opportunity to appoint a justice to the Supreme Court (following the nomination of Neil Gorsuch a year earlier).
During the 2016 presidential campaign, then-candidate Trump released two lists of potential Supreme Court nominees, along with a supplemental list in November 2017. While responding to reporters' questions following Kennedy's announcement, President Trump said that the vacancy would be filled by "somebody from that list." Those considered front-runners for the nomination by press reports, in addition to Kavanaugh, were: Amy Coney Barrett, Raymond Gruender, Thomas Hardiman, Raymond Kethledge, William H. Pryor Jr. and Amul Thapar. It was reported by Politico that Kennedy had expressed partiality towards Kavanaugh in his conversations with Trump and was more inclined to retire after Kavanaugh's addition to Trump's list.
Announcement
President Trump announced that he would nominate Kavanaugh, then a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to succeed Justice Anthony Kennedy on July 9, 2018. Trump's stated reasons for choosing Kavanaugh included his "impeccable credentials, unsurpassed qualifications, and a proven commitment to equal justice under the law", and he went on to emphasize that "what matters is not a judge's political views, but whether they can set aside those views to do what the law and the Constitution require."
From 1993 to 1994, Kavanaugh had served as a law clerk for Justice Kennedy. His name was not on either of the Trump campaign's pre-election "potential nominees" lists, but was one of those added in November 2017; a decision designed perhaps to make Kennedy more comfortable with retiring.
Voting alignment
In reference to Kavanaugh's voting alignment if confirmed, FiveThirtyEight used Lee Epstein et al.'s Judicial Common Space scores (which are not based on a judge's behavior, but rather the ideology scores of either home state senators or the appointing president) to find that Kavanaugh would likely be more conservative than justices Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch, but less conservative than Justice Clarence Thomas, if placed on the Supreme Court. Also, a Washington Post statistical analysis estimated that the ideologies of most of Trump's announced candidates were "statistically indistinguishable" and placed Kavanaugh between Justices Neil Gorsuch and Samuel Alito.
Responses to the nomination
American Bar Association rating
The American Bar Association (ABA) gave Kavanaugh a unanimous "well qualified" rating for his nomination. However, on October 5, after Kavanaugh was accused of sexual impropriety, the chairman of the ABA Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary announced that the committee had reopened its evaluation "regarding temperament" and that reassessment and re-vote would not be completed before the Senate vote. Following Kavanaugh's confirmation, the standing committee discontinued the re-evaluation because there is "no process for the evaluation of sitting judges or justices."
Support
Senate Republicans leaders expressed support for Kavanaugh's nomination. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated his intent to support the nomination, referring to Kavanaugh as "highly regarded throughout the legal community". Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Chuck Grassley also had high praise for Kavanaugh, calling him "one of the most qualified Supreme Court nominees to come before the Senate."
Stanford Law School professor Nathaniel Persily, a scholar of constitutional law, election law, and the democratic process, responded to the nomination writing that Kavanaugh "is eminently qualified and a very talented jurist." However, he went on to observe, "that is all quite beside the point in today’s political environment. The norms of Supreme Court confirmations have been degrading for some time."
Yale Law School professor Akhil Reed Amar, an expert on constitutional law and originalism, whose notable students include Kavanaugh, Chris Coons, and Cory Booker, called the nomination of Kavanaugh Trump's "finest hour, his classiest move". Amar also remarked that Kavanaugh "commands wide and deep respect among scholars, lawyers, and jurists".
Robert S. Bennett, an attorney who represented President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal (opposite Kavanaugh, who worked for independent counsel Kenneth Starr), stated that he supported Kavanaugh's confirmation.
In their blog, The Libre Initiative, a group funded by Freedom Partners, a nonprofit group backed by the Koch brothers and other conservative donors, encouraged Latinos to support Kavanaugh. The Latino Coalition (TLC), established in 1995 by Hispanic business owners and whose chairman is Hector Barreto, Administrator of the United States Small Business Administration from 2001 to 2006, also supported Kavanaugh.
Opposition
A number of Senate Democrats, including Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, stated their intent to oppose Kavanaugh's confirmation shortly after his nomination was announced.
A progressive group, Demand Justice, pledged $5 million to block the nomination. Demand Justice is a Sixteen Thirty Fund initiative. It purchased ads on Twitter, Facebook, and TV.
It was reported by Vox that some social conservatives were disappointed that Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh. The American Family Association, a socially conservative organization founded in 1977, immediately called on its members to rally against Kavanaugh. March for Life also expressed concerns that Kavanaugh's leadership bore similarities to that of Vice President Mike Pence, saying that the judge lacked the "backbone" to overturn Roe v. Wade.
An open letter rebuking Yale Law School over a press release celebrating Kavanaugh's nomination was signed by over 600 of its alumni.
The American Civil Liberties Union stated that Kavanaugh's record "demonstrates hostility to international law as a constraint on government action as well as an unwillingness to hold the government to account when it violates the constitutional and human rights of U.S. citizens and noncitizens" and that his "approach would give the president exceedingly broad and dangerous powers".
A number of progressive groups joined together to launch a campaign known as #WhipTheVote to rally opposition to Kavanaugh's nomination, aimed particularly among moderate and conservative Democrats. "Democratic senators should be united in opposition to Kavanaugh, instead of letting Republican senators ram through the confirmation of a nominee who was selected to protect the president from prosecution,” read a statement from the effort's website. An open letter from Native Americans called upon Senators to closely examine Kavanaugh's record regarding Native peoples, and felt he had failed to acknowledge the sovereignty, natural resources, and history and heritage of native people.
Benjamin Wittes, an official at the Brookings Institution and the Hoover Institution and a vocal critic of Donald Trump, initially expressed support for Kavanaugh but said that he would be confirmed "for all the wrong reasons" in an article attacking partisanship surrounding Supreme Court nominations. Wittes withdrew his support after Ford and Kavanaugh's testimony before the Senate, finding Ford "wholly credible" and Kavanaugh's account not credible on his drinking habits, and his performance improper and "unacceptable in a justice."
More than 2,400 American law professors signed a letter opposing Kavanaugh's confirmation on the basis of his "intemperate, inflammatory and partial manner" during his congressional testimony, without referencing any of the accusations about his behavior decades earlier.
Former Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens, 98 years old at the time, stated on October 4, 2018, that he previously thought Kavanaugh "had the qualifications for the Supreme Court should he be selected," but "his performance in the hearings ultimately changed my mind."
Between September 10 and 16, 2018, Kavanaugh had the highest opposition (42%) of any of the eleven Supreme Court nominees Gallup has polled about since Robert Bork in 1987.
The interdenominational National Council of Churches, which represents 100,000 congregations and 45 million churchgoers, released a statement on October 3, saying that Kavanaugh "possesses neither the temperament nor the character essential for a member of the highest court in our nation.”
On October 4, a Washington Post editorial came out opposing Kavanaugh's confirmation, their first opposition to a nominee since Robert Bork, citing his "hyperpartisan rhetoric" that "poisoned any sense that he could serve as an impartial judge."
That same day, three of Kavanaugh's Yale "drinking buddies" published an opinion piece opposing his confirmation, asserting he was dishonest in his sworn testimony and in a Fox News interview, without referencing any of the sexual abuse accusations against him.
Hearing preparations
Kavanaugh's nomination was officially submitted to the Senate on July 10, 2018. Immediately afterward, he began preparing for the confirmation hearings to come. White House officials provided him with legal background materials, and Kavanaugh, along with key senators of the Judiciary Committee, hold intensive on the full range of questions that might be asked by Judiciary Committee members. As confirmation hearings approached, Committee members and staff were also busy preparing, closely studying Kavanaugh's public record and investigative information compiled on him. Leonard Leo played a crucial role in orchestrating political and financial support for Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings.
Kavanaugh's guide through the confirmation process, informally titled "chief sherpa", was Jon Kyl. Kyl was tasked with creating a smooth path for Kavanaugh by acting as his advance man, media messenger and etiquette advisor. At the time he agreed to be Kavanaugh's guide, Kyl was a former U.S. senator. After Senator John McCain's death on August 25, 2018, the governor of Arizona Doug Ducey named Kyl as McCain's successor. He was sworn in on September 5, 2018, the opening day of the confirmation hearing.
Documents battle
Shortly after being nominated, Kavanaugh began making courtesy visits to senators at their Capitol Hill offices. By the first week of August, Kavanaugh had met with 47 senators, all but one of them (Joe Manchin) Republican. According to the Senate Historical Office, this custom was initiated by Supreme Court nominee Harry Blackmun in 1970, and has been an important part of the process since.
Senate Democrats initially refused to meet with Kavanaugh, saying that before they did, the Republican leadership needed to agree to make available for their review all documents (perhaps exceeding 1 million pages) pertaining to Kavanaugh's: tenure as White House staff secretary in the George W. Bush Administration, work on the 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida and on Independent Counsel Ken Starr's investigations concerning President Bill Clinton. By mid-August, however, several Democrats had either met with or had scheduled meetings with Kavanaugh.
As of August 10, when Judiciary Committee chairman Grassley announced the confirmation hearing start-date, the committee had received more than 184,000 pages of records from Kavanaugh's work as a White House lawyer and his work for Independent Counsel Ken Starr. It had also received documents detailing the 307 cases in which Kavanaugh wrote an opinion as an appeals court judge, the hundreds more opinions he joined, and the more than 17,500 pages of material he provided in response to the committee's bipartisan questionnaire. Subsequently, on September 3, the day before the hearing began, an additional 42,000 pages of documents became available to the committee. Altogether, about 415,000 pages of information had been transmitted to the committee, with about 147,000 of them withheld from public view. Though the Trump Administration had released to the committee the largest number of Executive Branch records ever for the consideration of a Supreme Court nominee, it blocked release of over 101,000 additional pages of records citing executive privilege.
Confirmation hearing
September 4, 2018
The Kavanaugh confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Chuck Grassley, began September 4, 2018, in the Hart Senate Office Building. The hearing quickly became chaotic with protesters and also Senator Kamala Harris interrupting Senator Grassley's opening statement. The hearings were delayed by one hour because of procedural questions by Harris, Cory Booker and others, who called for a delay in the proceedings because of the last-minute release by former president George W. Bush's lawyer of 42,000 pages of documents from Kavanaugh's service under then-president Bush. Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer called for a delay prior to the proceedings saying that, "Not a single senator will be able to review these records before tomorrow to delay the proceedings."
Once the hearing was underway, the nominee first listened to senators’ opening statements before being formally introduced by the testimony of former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Senator Rob Portman, and liberal appellate attorney Lisa Blatt. Kavanaugh then read his own statement, in which he praised his parents, his daughters, his favorite sports teams, and professed that "I'm not a pro-prosecution or pro-defense judge. I am a pro-law judge."
The Capitol Police reported that 17 protestors were arrested in the first hour of the hearing. Linda Sarsour was one of the first in line for the hearing and was one of the first to be arrested. Ultimately, 70 people were arrested that day. Altogether, at least 227 protestors were arrested over the course of the four-day hearing, with most being charged with disorderly conduct, crowding or obstructing with fines paid between $35 – $50 USD. Senator Orrin Hatch said, "These people are so out of line they shouldn't even be allowed in the doggone room." His statements were echoed by President Trump who expressed concern over "...why don't they take care of a situation like that..." and "I think it's embarrassing for the country to allow protestors, you don't even know which side the protestors were on."
September 5, 2018
The second day of the hearing began with the senators asking direct questions at Kavanaugh about specific incidents, or his personal position on cases or general ideas. Members of the committee were allowed 30 minutes per individual to question the Judge on his record, with key points being his judicial philosophy, Roe v. Wade, and his role in programs implemented after 9/11 by the Bush administration. Kavanaugh testified that he believed Roe was "settled as a precedent of the Supreme Court" and that Planned Parenthood v. Casey was "precedent on precedent". He explained that he "did my level best in an emergency posture" when voting to deny a detained teenager an abortion in Garza v. Hargan.
There were several contentious exchanges between Kavanaugh and Democratic senators during the day. During one, Cory Booker implied that Kavanaugh had been open to racial profiling tactics, citing an email exchange between Kavanaugh and a colleague, emails marked "committee confidential," meaning that they could not be discussed publicly. In another, Kamala Harris pointedly asked Kavanaugh if he had ever discussed the Robert Mueller investigation with anybody at the Kasowitz Benson Torres firm, that was founded by Marc Kasowitz, a former personal attorney of President Trump. Kavanaugh was reticent about answering, saying that he would need the names of people who worked there to know if he spoke with anyone about it. Harris repeated her question over and over again as Kavanaugh repeatedly evaded giving a direct answer.
Interruptions from protestors continued to be seen in the courtroom, with both Judge Kavanaugh and Senator Grassley and others speaking about the disruptions, with Grassley placing blame on the Democrat Senators. According to Capitol Police officials, 73 protesters were arrested and charged for unlawful demonstrations during the day of the hearing including 66 who were removed from the hearing room.
September 6, 2018
The third day of the hearing saw Kavanaugh answering some questions posed to him by the Committee, but declining to answer others. One such refusal came when he was asked to comment on Senator Richard Blumenthal's concern over President Trump's "blatant, craven and repeated attacks" on the federal judiciary, referring specifically to then-candidate Trump's July 2016 tweet asserting that Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg had "embarrassed all by making very dumb political statements about me. Her mind is shot – resign!"
The hearing also saw highly charged arguing between senators about whether key documents were being withheld. Cory Booker released a series of documents containing communications Kavanaugh had made while serving President Bush, including the email regarding racial profiling that Senator Booker referenced on the second day of the hearing. Senator John Cornyn accused Booker of being disruptive because he was "running for president" and threatened him with expulsion from the United States Congress. Booker responded by stating, "I understand the penalty comes with potential ousting from the Senate", and, viewing the release of emails that were marked confidential as an act of "civil disobedience", defiantly declared that this was his "I am Spartacus moment." Former president Bush's attorney later announced that he had already granted Booker's request to make the documents public the day before, and criticized Booker for "histrionics".
September 7, 2018
On the fourth day, outside witnesses in support or dissent of Judge Kavanaugh being appointed to the Supreme Court gave testimony to the committee on their position. One such invited individual was John Dean, a former Nixon administration White House counsel, who testified against the administration during the Watergate scandal. Senators also heard from a survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the attorney who represented an undocumented teenager whose request for an abortion Kavanaugh was legally involved in, former law clerks, students, representatives of the American Bar Association, former U.S. solicitors general during the G. W. Bush administration and former Boston Marathon running partners.
Sexual assault allegations
During the confirmation process, Kavanaugh was accused of sexually assaulting Christine Blasey Ford while they were both in high school. Ford's accusations were made public in a Washington Post report on September 16, 2018, four days before the Judiciary Committee was scheduled to vote on whether to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the Senate floor for final consideration. Several senators, including Jeff Flake and Lindsey Graham, said the committee should hear from Ford before the vote.
Kavanaugh issued a statement on September 17, denying Ford's allegations, saying he has "never done anything like what the accuser describes — to her or to anyone." In response, Trump expressed his complete confidence in Kavanaugh and stated firmly that he would not withdraw the nomination, though he did acknowledge that there could be a "little delay."
On September 17, it was announced that the nomination would not proceed until the Judiciary Committee had interviewed both Ford and Kavanaugh, who were initially scheduled to testify before the Committee on September 24. Ford was given the option of testifying before the Judiciary Committee either in public or in private. On September 20, Ford's lawyers sent a message to the committee stating that Ford was willing to testify, but on a different day. After much back and forth between chairman Grassley and Ford, she agreed to speak to the Judiciary Committee on September 27 about the alleged incident.
On September 23, a second woman, Deborah Ramirez, accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault in 1983. Kavanaugh categorically denied the allegations made by Ford and Ramirez. On September 26, Michael Avenatti released a sworn declaration by a third woman, Julie Swetnick, who alleged another incident had occurred.
Allegations
Christine Blasey Ford
On July 30, 2018, Christine Blasey Ford wrote U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein a letter accusing Kavanaugh of having sexually assaulted her in the 1980s. Ford requested that her allegation be kept confidential. Feinstein did not refer the allegation to the FBI until September 14, 2018, after the Judiciary Committee had completed its hearings on Kavanaugh's nomination and "after leaks to the media about [the Ford allegation] had reached a "fever pitch".
On September 16, Ford was revealed by The Washington Post to be the author of the allegations against Kavanaugh. In her report to the Post, Ford stated that in the early 1980s, when she and Kavanaugh were teenagers, Kavanaugh and his classmate Mark Judge "corralled" her in a bedroom at a party in Maryland. According to Ford, Kavanaugh pinned her to the bed, groped her, ground against her, and tried to pull off her clothes and covered her mouth when she tried to scream. Ford said that she was afraid Kavanaugh "might inadvertently kill me" during the attack. She got away when Judge jumped on the bed, knocking them all over.
Ford said she later attended couples counseling with her husband where she first talked about the incident in 2012. The therapist's notes from the time, parts of which were released on September 16, 2018, said that she had stated that she was assaulted by students "from an elitist boys' school", who eventually became "highly respected and high-ranking members of society in Washington", although the notes do not name Kavanaugh. Notes from another session a year later say that Ford had previously described a "rape attempt" while in high school.
In August, Ford took a polygraph test with a former FBI agent, who concluded Ford was being truthful when she endorsed a statement summarizing her allegations as accurate. Multiple U.S. Senators acquired copies of Judge's books about his time at Georgetown Preparatory School, in order to prepare for questioning of Kavanaugh and Ford before the committee.
Deborah Ramirez
On September 23, Deborah Ramirez made a second allegation against Kavanaugh relating to sexual assault. The alleged incident occurred in 1983 when Kavanaugh was 18 years old (the U.S. age of majority). Kavanaugh and Ramirez, both freshman students at Yale University, are described as joining a dorm-room party at Lawrance Hall, in Yale's "Old Campus". In The New Yorker reporting of her account, an inebriated Kavanaugh "thrust his penis in her face, and caused her to touch it without her consent as she pushed him away", before pulling his pants back up and laughing at Ramirez. The New Yorker also reported that four people that Ramirez had identified as eyewitnesses explicitly denied that Kavanaugh had been involved in the incident (2 male classmates identified by Ramirez, the wife of a third male student, and one other classmate, Dan Murphy) The New York Times reported that Ramirez contacted some of her classmates and said she could not be certain Kavanaugh was the one who exposed himself.
Julie Swetnick
A third allegation of sexual assault against Kavanaugh was announced by Michael Avenatti, the lawyer for a third woman, on September 23. On September 26, the woman, Julie Swetnick, released a sworn statement alleging that she had witnessed Kavanaugh and Mark Judge trying to get teenage girls "inebriated and disoriented so they could then be gang raped in a side room or bedroom by a 'train' of numerous boys". Swetnick also alleged Kavanaugh and Judge were both present when she was the victim of one such gang rape. Swetnick subsequently walked back the allegations. Swetnick contacted NBC News October 5 and reiterated her denial of ever seeing Kavanaugh spike punch or act inappropriately toward women, and accused Avenatti of twisting her words.
Several Democratic senators blamed Avenatti, as the Swetnick accusation "gave Republicans an opportunity to shift the narrative away from Ford's allegations and make a broader case that the growing accusations of sexual misconduct amounted to an orchestrated Democratic smear campaign". Senator Susan Collins, a Republican swing vote, called the Swetnick allegation "outlandish... [without] any credible supporting evidence", and ended up supporting Kavanaugh's nomination. Senator Gary Peters said that Avenatti's allegation "turns it into a circus atmosphere and certainly that's not where we should be", while another Senate aide said that "Democrats and the country would have been better off if Mr. Avenatti spent his time on his Iowa vanity project rather than meddling in Supreme Court fights". Avenatti fired back, criticizing anonymous Democrats as "cowards", arguing that this showed "failed leadership" in the Democratic Party.
On October 25, Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley referred Avenatti and Swetnick for criminal investigation, claiming they made potentially false statements. Avenatti responded by tweeting that he and his client "welcome[d] the investigation."
Judy Munro-Leighton
During the hearings, another accusation of rape surfaced in a letter by "Jane Doe" from Oceanside, California, addressed to Grassley but mailed anonymously to Senator Kamala Harris on September 19. The Senate committee interrogated Kavanaugh about this claim on September 26; Kavanaugh called the accusation "ridiculous".
On November 2, 2018, Grassley announced that a woman named Judy Munro-Leighton, from Kentucky, had come forward by e-mail on October 3 as the anonymous accuser, and admitted that her accusations were fabricated. When committee staff managed to talk with her on November 1, Munro-Leighton changed her story, denying that she had penned the anonymous letter while stating that she had contacted Congress as "a ploy" in order to "get attention". She was referred to the Department of Justice and FBI for making false accusations and obstructing justice.
Support for parties involved and investigation
Kavanaugh
During a cabinet meeting regarding the National Council for the American Worker, President Trump commented on the initial sexual assault allegation against Brett Kavanaugh for the first time on September 17, 2018, saying, "Judge Kavanaugh is one of the finest people that I've ever known. He's an outstanding intellect, an outstanding judge, respected by everybody. Never had even a little blemish on his record.
The FBI has, I think, gone through a process six times with him over the years, where he went to higher and higher positions. He is somebody very special."
Patrick J. Smyth, who attended the same school and graduated in 1983 with Kavanaugh released a statement concerning the allegations. "I understand that I have been identified by Dr. Christine Blasey Ford as the person she remembers as 'PJ' who supposedly was present at the party she described in her statements to the Washington Post," Smyth says in his statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee. "I am issuing this statement today to make it clear to all involved that I have no knowledge of the party in question; nor do I have any knowledge of the allegations of improper conduct she has leveled against Brett Kavanaugh." Ford did not actually identify or name Smyth in connection to the party in her public account.
On September 20, at a Las Vegas rally, Trump again strongly endorsed Kavanaugh, stating that "Brett Kavanaugh is one of the finest human beings you will ever have the privilege of knowing or meeting." Trump also responded to Democrats' insistence upon an FBI probe by asking why the FBI wasn't notified of the alleged attack, 36 years ago. He added, "So we'll let it play out, and I think everything is going to be just fine. This is a high-quality person." That same day, Politico reported that former Democratic staffer Ricki Seidman is serving as an adviser to Ford; Seidman had previously assisted in prepping Anita Hill in her testimony against Clarence Thomas. Her involvement was criticized by Cassie Smedile, press secretary for the Republican National Committee who stated "If you're concerned about an appearance of partisanship, hiring a Democratic operative with a history of smearing conservative judges doesn't exactly mitigate that." Kavanaugh retained litigator Beth Wilkinson to assist in his preparation. At another rally on October 2, Trump mocked the testimony of Ford, specifically the gaps in her memory about the assault and that her accusation had left a man's life in tatters.
A YouGov/The Economist poll on September 23–25 found 55% of Republicans thought he should be confirmed even if the allegations of sexual assault were true, compared to 28% of the whole sample and 13% of Democrats.
Accusers
On September 19, Ford's schoolmate Cristina King Miranda stated on a Facebook post that while she did not attend the party where the alleged incident happened, she did hear an incident regarding Ford being discussed at their school. However, in a later interview, she stated "That it happened or not, I have no idea." It was also reported that as a result of the allegations, Trump's daughter Ivanka had told her father she would not support Kavanaugh's nomination.
On September 21, actress and author Patti Davis, the daughter of Ronald Reagan, wrote an op-ed supporting Ford. Davis writes how she herself was sexually assaulted around 40 years earlier by an unnamed famous music executive, and that she "never told anyone for decades", not even her husband, due to shame over her own inaction to stop the assault. Davis explained the gaps in Ford's memories with her own experience of "how memory works in a traumatic event" – the haunting memory of the actual sexual assault remained with Davis even while the other details of the event were forgotten.
On September 24, Yale Law School students staged a sit-in at the law school in protest against the nomination of Kavanaugh, with some professors canceling classes to accommodate the sit-in and not penalize the students.
Investigation
On September 18, 2018, Anita Hill penned an op-ed for The New York Times in which she compared her accusations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas in 1991 to the accusations against Kavanaugh. In it, she wrote, "That the Senate Judiciary Committee still lacks a protocol for vetting sexual harassment and assault claims that surface during a confirmation hearing suggests that the committee has learned little from the Thomas hearing, much less the more recent #MeToo movement." She advocated for improvements to the ways in which these accusations are handled, and wrote, "The details of what that process would look like should be guided by experts who have devoted their careers to understanding sexual violence. The job of the Senate Judiciary Committee is to serve as fact-finders, to better serve the American public, and the weight of the government should not be used to destroy the lives of witnesses who are called to testify." Senator Orrin Hatch, who had previously spoken out against Hill in 1991 (saying "There are a lot of things that just don't make sense to me about Anita Hill's testimony. Some of it just doesn't square with what I think is basic reality and common sense") also spoke out against Ford in 2018, saying that her recollection of events was "mixed up".
On September 20, it was revealed that more than 1,000 alumnae of Ford's high school from between the 1940s and present day had signed a letter in support of Ford's call for a "thorough and independent investigation" before she testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee. The letter also stated that the school has a long history of similar incidents. These signatories also stated that they were "survivors" who either heard about or experienced sex abuse at the school.
September 27, 2018
The additional hearing on sexual abuse allegations featured just two witnesses: Kavanaugh and Ford, who were separately questioned. Republican members of the committee said they would not question the witnesses directly and instead enlisted Rachel Mitchell, a Phoenix sex crimes prosecutor, to question the witnesses on their behalf. Mitchell questioned Ford in five-minute segments, alternating with five-minute segments from the Democratic members of the committee. Mitchell did not question Kavanaugh, as most of the Republicans took back their time and used it to defend Kavanaugh.
The session began with statements by Republican Senator Grassley and Democratic Senator Feinstein. Ford began by describing the events leading up to the incident. She said that she and Kavanaugh had mutual friends while in school, and, in the summer of 1982, she and her friend Leland Keyser wound up attending a small gathering of Kavanaugh's friends, including Mark Judge, Patrick "PJ" Smyth and another boy whose name she did not recall. She stated that Kavanaugh and Judge were visibly drunk when she arrived. During the gathering, Ford said she was pushed into a bedroom by Judge and Kavanaugh before Kavanaugh pinned her down to the bed and aggressively groped and attempted to unclothe her. Ford said she was eventually able to escape and recalled Kavanaugh and Judge laughing as she fled. She stated that she felt ashamed afterwards and kept quiet about the assault until a couples counseling session in 2012. She said the assault had been "seared into my memory and haunted me episodically as an adult" and said that she felt it was her civic duty to testify.
Democrats entered into the record thousands of letters of support for Ford from her former classmates, other alumni, colleagues, students, mentors and 50 Yale Law School faculty members. They also noted that Ford passed a polygraph test. Mitchell asked a number of probing questions, including if Ford had anything to drink or was on any medication during the gathering and if she was given tips before taking the polygraph test. She also contrasted Ford's record of flying with her stated fear of flying. In a subsequent memorandum reviewing Ford's allegations that was sent to all members of the Senate Republican Conference, Mitchell stated that she "[did] not think that a reasonable prosecutor would bring this case based on the evidence before the Committee. Nor do I believe that this evidence is sufficient to satisfy the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard." In the months following her testimony, Ford was inundated with death threats that forced her to flee her home and made her unable to return to work. She additionally hired private security.
Kavanaugh denied the allegations "immediately, categorically and unequivocally." He said that Ford's friend Keyser had no recollection of the incident and to "think about that." However, Keyser stated that she believed Ford's allegation but could not recall the gathering from 36 years prior (Keyser later stated that she no longer believed Ford's account ). Kavanaugh furiously condemned the Democrats for criticizing his record and called the confirmation process a "national disgrace" that had "ruined my good name." He spoke extensively about his schooling, where he "focused on academics and athletics, going to church every Sunday at Little Flower, working on my service projects, and friendship with my fellow classmates and friendship with girls from the local all-girls Catholic schools."
Democrats brought up Kavanaugh's high school yearbook page, which boasted of "Keg City Club (Treasurer)—100 Kegs or Bust" and referenced Mark Judge's memoir: "Wasted, Tales of a Gen X Drunk." When asked about his drinking habits by Senator Amy Klobuchar, Kavanaugh said he "liked beer" and asked if she had a drinking problem before denying having one himself. However, two of his Yale classmates told CNN that he did indeed have a drinking problem, with one describing Kavanaugh as a "stumbling drunk." Democrats further questioned Kavanaugh about the terms "boofed" and "devil's triangle" in his yearbook page, which Kavanaugh said referred to flatulence and a drinking game, respectively.
Republican Senator Lindsey Graham decried Kavanaugh as a victim of "the most unethical sham" he had seen in his time in politics, claiming that if Kavanaugh was looking for fair process, he had "c[o]me to the wrong town at the wrong time" and comparing Kavanaugh's experience to "hell". A CNN commentator characterized Graham's speech as an "audition" for Attorney General.
During the day, an estimated 1,200-plus protesters streamed into Senate office buildings on Capitol Hill, mostly in support of Ford. Afterward, the Judiciary Committee announced that the committee would vote on the nomination the following day, September 28.
Supplemental FBI investigation
Following the Judiciary Committee's vote to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the full senate with a "favorable" recommendation, Jeff Flake called for a one-week delay to the vote to allow for a brief FBI investigation into the misconduct allegations against Kavanaugh; he went so far as to say that his floor vote ("yes") would be contingent on such a probe. Several other senators, including Republicans Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins along with Democrat Joe Manchin, voiced their support for the proposal. Dianne Feinstein, the senior Democrat on the committee, who along with Chris Coons had been advocating for an FBI investigation, supported the proposal, calling it "the best way to ensure a fair process to both Kavanaugh and Ford." In response, the president opened up a "limited" investigation into the accusations.
On September 29, it was reported that the FBI was looking into the second allegations and had contacted Ramirez. On September 30, it was confirmed that the FBI had spoken to her. On October 1, The New York Times reported that the FBI had communicated with all four people whom the White House had directed it to interview. Other individuals have spoken to the FBI about the case, such as a classmate of Kavanaugh's from Yale, detailing claims of "violent drunken behavior by Kavanaugh in college" and claims that Kavanaugh lied about the extent of his drinking during the hearing.
Also on September 29, NBC News reported that the White House had set several strict parameters for the investigation; these included heavy restrictions on investigating Mark Judge (including blocking any access to Judge's employment records) and limiting the investigation to looking into only Ford's and Ramirez's allegations; looking into Swetnick's was blocked. This report led to widespread controversy; Avenatti responded by calling the report "outrageous" and vowing to "take the facts to the American people" if Swetnick was not included in the investigation.
In response, the president denied the report, stating "I want them to interview whoever they deem appropriate, at their discretion". The White House followed up on this by stating that it was not restricting the investigation but that the investigation should not become a "fishing expedition". However, on September 30, it was confirmed by The New York Times that the restrictions were still in effect due to the parameters set by White House counsel Don McGahn. The article also stated that the investigation had been restricted to only 4 individuals that could be interviewed: Judge, Ramirez, Leland Keyser (a friend of Ford's who allegedly also attended the party) and P. J. Smyth (another party attendee). Access was denied to Swetnick and to any of Kavanaugh's classmates who stated that he drank heavily. In response to the reports, on September 30, Feinstein called for the White House and FBI to release the scope of the investigation.
On October 1, The New York Times reported that the White House had authorized the FBI to expand its investigation and interview "anybody they want within reason". McGahn apparently followed up on this by calling the FBI and stating that the investigation could be expanded. On interviewing Swetnick, Trump stated "It wouldn’t bother me at all. Now I don’t know all three of the accusers. Certainly I imagine they’re going to interview two. The third one I don’t know much about." Despite this, later reports continued stating that the FBI had not contacted many people due to the White House restrictions, including Ford and Kavanaugh themselves.
On June 30, 2021, FBI assistant director Jill C. Tyson sent a letter to Democratic senators Chris Coons and Sheldon Whitehouse, in reply to a letter which the two senators had sent the Bureau on August 1, 2019, inquiring about the supplemental background investigation of Kavanaugh. The letter was publicly released by Senator Whitehouse in late July. In it, the Tyson disclosed that the White House Counsel had never granted the Bureau the authority to unilaterally investigate the tips it received without first receiving further approval from the White House Counsel. In the letter, Tyson claimed that the FBI received 4,500 tips through the tip line it established, and that "all relevant tips" were forwarded to the Office of the White House Counsel.
Following the letter to Whitehouse and Coons, Senators Sheldon Whitehouse, Chris Coons, Dick Durbin, Patrick Leahy, Richard Blumenthal, Mazie Hirono, and Cory Booker requested additional information from FBI Director Christopher Wray on the 2018 supplemental background investigation of Kavanaugh. On July 21, 2021, the senators wrote to Wray: "The admissions in your letter corroborate and explain numerous credible accounts by individuals and firms that they had contacted the FBI with information ‘highly relevant to . . . allegations’ of sexual misconduct by Justice Kavanaugh, only to be ignored." The senators ultimately asked for an explanation as to how the tips were evaluated, what follow-up occurred for this investigation, and why the FBI purposefully did not interview key witnesses.
During Kavanaugh's confirmation process the FBI received about 4,500 tips about him, which were referred to the White House. Five years later, the FBI confirmed that it didn't investigate many such tips. When it actually followed up some, the White House curtailed the scope of the investigations. During a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in 2022, Rhode Island Senator Sheldon Whitehouse made these inquiries of FBI Director Christopher Wray, who was appointed to that post by Trump in 2017:
"As you know, we are now entering the fourth year of a frustrating saga that began with an August 2019 letter from me and Senator Chris Coons, regarding the Kavanaugh supplemental background investigation, and I'd like to try to get that matter wrapped up. First, is it true that after Kavanaugh-related tips were separated from regular tip-line traffic, they were forwarded to White House counsel without investigation?"
Wray responded:
"I apologize in advance that it has been frustrating for you. We have tried to be clear about our process. So when it comes to the tip line, we wanted to make sure that the White House had all the information we have. So when the hundreds of calls started coming in, we gathered those up, reviewed them, and provided them to the White House."
Whitehouse asked: "Without investigation?" After a long pause, Wray answered, "We reviewed them and then provided them to..." Whitehouse interjected: "You reviewed them for purposes of separating them from tip-line traffic, but did not further investigate the ones that related to Kavanaugh, correct?" Wray confirmed that process. Whitehouse asked, "Is it also true that, in that supplemental B.I. (background investigation), the FBI took direction from the White House as to whom the FBI would question, and even what questions the FBI could ask?" Wray confirmed that process.
Kavanaugh had Eighty-three ethics complaints brought against him regarding his behavior during those Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Chief Justice John Roberts appointed a special federal panel of judges to investigate them. In December 2018, the panel dismissed all the complaints, calling them "serious" but deciding that lower court judges are without any authority to investigate Supreme Court appointees.
Political impact
The hearings took place within weeks of the 2018 United States elections. They were seen as galvanizing support for Republicans in certain Senate races, a phenomenon that became known as the "Kavanaugh Effect." Republican challengers did manage to unseat some Democratic incumbents, in states that Donald Trump won in 2016.
Other researchers have claimed that the effect on the election was overblown, noting that several Democratic incumbent Senators in Trump 2016 states voted against Kavanaugh's confirmation but still won re-election.
Senate votes
Judiciary committee
When the Judiciary Committee convened on September 28, 2018, to deliberate on whether to send Kavanaugh's nomination to the full Senate for final approval, Richard Blumenthal made a motion to subpoena Mark Judge to testify about Christine Blasey Ford's alleged sexual assault, Saying, "He [Judge] has never been interviewed by the FBI. He has never been questioned by any member of our committee." The motion was defeated, as every Republican on the committee voted against it in a party-line vote. Following the vote, Blumenthal, along with fellow Democrats Mazie Hirono, Kamala Harris, and Sheldon Whitehouse, staged a brief walkout in protest.
Later that day, after extensive debate, the committee voted 11-10 to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendationall Republican members voted in favor of the motion and all Democratic members voting against it. The Judiciary Committee also announced that the Senate vote on Kavanaugh's confirmation would be delayed for one week to allow for a "supplemental FBI background investigation" into the "credible allegations [of sexual misconduct] against the nominee" raised during the hearings.
Cloture
Kavanaugh needed to win a simple majority vote of the full Senate to be confirmed. Republicans held 51 seats in the 100-seat Senate at the time, and, if needed, could count on the tie-breaking vote of Vice President Pence, acting in his Constitutional capacity as President of the Senate.
On October 5, the Senate voted 51–49 for cloture; a procedural vote that brought debate to end and allowed the Senate to move forward on the Kavanaugh nomination. The vote was almost entirely along party lines, with the exception of Democrat Joe Manchin, who voted yes, and Republican Lisa Murkowski, who voted no.
For many years, in order for a cloture motion on a Supreme Court nomination to pass in the Senate a three-fifths super-majority vote (60 senators) was required. However, in 2017, during the Neil Gorsuch confirmation process, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell invoked the so-called nuclear option, which changed the 60 votes needed for cloture to 51.
On the eve of the cloture vote, Kavanaugh published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal saying that he might have been too emotional at times in part due to his overwhelming frustration at being wrongly accused and that there were a few things he should not have said, but that going forward he would be an independent, impartial judge.
Full Senate
The Senate confirmed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as an associate justice on October 6, by a vote of 50–48. One senator, Republican Steve Daines, who supported the nomination, was absent during the vote due to his attendance that day at his daughter's wedding in Montana. Republican Lisa Murkowski, who opposed the nomination, agreed to pair her vote with Daines' by voting "present" on the nomination, so that their two votes would be cancelled out and the balance of the vote would be retained, while registering her opposition in the Congressional Record. All other Republicans voted to approve the nomination, and all Democrats voted in opposition, except Joe Manchin who voted to approve the nomination.
Kavanaugh's confirmation vote was historically close. In terms of actual votes, the only Supreme Court confirmation vote that was closer was the vote on Thomas Stanley Matthews, nominated by President James A. Garfield in 1881. Matthews was confirmed by the margin of a single vote, 24–23; no other justice has been confirmed by a single vote. However, in percentage terms, Kavanaugh's vote was even closer than Matthews'. Matthews was supported by 51.06% of the senators voting, but Kavanaugh only got 51.02% of the vote.
Following Kavanaugh's confirmation, protesters began singing, "We Shall Not Be Moved," outside the capitol. Also, a throng of protesters pushed past a police line, storming up steps to pound on the doors of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Swearing-in ceremony
Hours after his Senate confirmation, Kavanaugh was sworn in at a private ceremony, followed by a public ceremony in the White House on October 7. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the constitutional oath and retired Justice Anthony Kennedy administered the judicial oath. Also in attendance were officials that had supported Kavanaugh's nomination, the justice's wife, children and parents and four of the sitting Judges, while three were unable to attend due to previous engagements. In the past public swearing-in ceremonies have taken place once the newly placed justice's work is well underway rather than before their first official day on the bench.
President Trump spoke thanking those in attendance and then apologized to Kavanaugh and his family for "the terrible pain and suffering you have been forced to endure", calling the Senate hearing "a campaign of political and personal destruction based on lies and deception."
Justice Kavanaugh spoke thanking his family, friends, and those that had supported his nomination. He thanked President Trump for his "steadfast and unwavering support" and several Republican senators, including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senator Susan Collins, who cast what was considered the deciding vote in his favor. He also thanked the only Democrat who voted for him, Sen. Joe Manchin III of West Virginia. He closed saying, "As a Justice on the Supreme Court, I will always strive to preserve the Constitution of the United States and the American rule of law."
Ethics complaints filed against Kavanaugh
Multiple ethics complaints were filed against Kavanaugh during his confirmation hearings, 83 in all. The first two were filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Court during the hearings by the Super PAC Democratic Coalition. The first on September 10, accused Kavanaugh of lying when he told the Senate Judiciary Committee he was unaware that he received information stolen from Senate Democrats when he was working in the Bush White House in the early 2000s; the second on September 27, alleging that Kavanaugh violated the judiciary's code of conduct by 'engaging in a public and partisan campaign of lies to cover-up and conceal sexual misconduct and crimes he committed in the past.'
On October 10, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed judges from the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals to address the complaints. In December 2018, the judicial panel dismissed all 83 ethics complaints, concluding that while the complaints "are serious," there is no existing authority that allows lower court judges to investigate or discipline Supreme Court justices.
See also
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates
Notes
References
External links
PN2259 – Congressional Nomination Record
Senate Judiciary Committee webpage on the nomination
PN2259-115 – Senate Committee on the Judiciary Nomination Records
Justice on Trial: The Kavanaugh Confirmation and the Future of the Supreme Court
115th United States Congress
2018 controversies in the United States
2018 in American politics
2018 in the United States
Articles containing video clips
Nominations to the United States Supreme Court
Sexual harassment in the United States
Trump administration controversies
Brett Kavanaugh |
加贾诺（），是意大利米兰省的一个市镇。总面积26平方公里，人口9011人，人口密度346.6人/平方公里（2009年）。国家统计（ISTAT）代码为015103。
友好城市
圣昂代奥勒堡
奧爾拜蒂爾紹
参考
外部链接
米兰省市镇 |
《福音小鎮》（）是一部2008年美國獨立劇情片，由吉安卡洛·伊坡托執導（導演處女作）、監製並與安琪拉·貝瑟、丹尼·葛洛佛和茱莉亞·史緹爾共同擔任主演。劇情講述南方小鎮的一名前警長正在處理過去的罪行，而一名前民權工作者則因三十年前弟弟的殉難而退出，此時這座小鎮面臨著威脅。該片2008年10月3日在伍德斯托克電影節首映，2009年2月10日在美國發行DVD。
演員
亞當·鮑德溫飾演卡爾·赫羅德
吉安卡洛·伊坡托飾演帕爾默醫生
安琪拉·貝瑟飾演莎拉·馬爾科姆
丹尼·葛洛佛飾演約翰·馬爾科姆
茱莉亞·史緹爾飾演蘿西
湯姆·鮑爾飾演傑克·赫羅德
泰勒·基奇飾演喬爾·赫羅德
妮雅·隆飾演伊馮·帕爾默夫人
RZA飾演朗尼
克里斯·艾利斯飾演L·唐·默里
山繆·傑克森飾演保羅·馬爾科姆（未掛名）
參考資料
外部連結
2008年美國電影作品
2008年剧情片
非洲裔美國人電影
2000年代美国独立电影
南卡羅來納州背景電影
南卡羅來納州取景電影 |
The 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League was the 20th edition of the European women's club football championship organised by UEFA, and the 12th edition since being rebranded as the UEFA Women's Champions League.
The final was held at the Gamla Ullevi in Gothenburg, Sweden. The winners of the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League automatically qualified for the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League group stage, which will be the first edition to feature a 16-team group stage.
Lyon were the defending champions, having won the previous five editions, but were eliminated by Paris Saint-Germain in the quarter-finals. Barcelona won their first title by beating Chelsea in the final, becoming the first club to have won both men's and women's Champions League titles.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, each local health department allowed a different number of spectators.
Association team allocation
The association ranking based on the UEFA women's country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1–12 each had two teams qualify.
All other associations , if they have entered, each had one team qualify.
The winners of the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League were given an additional entry if they did not qualify for the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League through their domestic league. However, the title holders had qualified through their domestic league, meaning the additional entry was not necessary for this season.
An association must have had an eleven-a-side women's domestic league to enter a team. In 2019–20, 52 of the 55 UEFA member associations organized a women's domestic league, with the exceptions being Andorra, Liechtenstein and San Marino.
Association ranking
For the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League, the associations were allocated places according to their 2019 UEFA women's country coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2014–15 to 2018–19. For the first time there were two entries for the Netherlands and Kazakhstan.
Notes
NR – No rank (association did not enter in any of the seasons used for computing coefficients)
DNE – Did not enter
NL – No women's domestic league
Distribution
Unlike the men's Champions League, not every association entered a team, and so the exact number of teams entering in the qualifying rounds (played as two rounds of single-legged ties for this season) and knockout phase (starting from the round of 32, played as home-and-away two-legged ties except for the one-match final) could not be determined until the full entry list was known. In general, the title holders, the champions of the top 12 associations, and the runners-up of highest-ranked associations (exact number depending on the number of entries) received a bye to the round of 32. All other teams (runners-up of lowest-ranked associations and champions of associations starting from 13th) entered the qualifying round, with the group winners and a maximum of two best runners-up advancing to the round of 32.
The following was the access list for this season.
Teams
In early April 2020, UEFA announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, the deadline for entering the tournament had been postponed until further notice. On 17 June 2020, UEFA announced that associations had to enter their teams by 10 August 2020. The 2020–21 season was the first where teams had to obtain a UEFA club license to participate in the UEFA Women's Champions League.
A total of 62 teams from 50 of the 55 UEFA member associations participated in the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League.
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:
TH: Title holders
1st, 2nd: League positions of the previous season
Abd-: League positions of abandoned season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe as determined by the national association; all teams were subject to approval by UEFA as per the guidelines for entry to European competitions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Notes
Schedule
The schedule of the competition was as follows (all draws were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland). The tournament would have originally started in August 2020, but was initially delayed to October due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. However, due to the continuing pandemic in Europe, UEFA announced a new format and schedule on 16 September 2020. Instead of mini-tournaments, the qualifying rounds were played as two rounds of single leg knockout matches.
The original schedule of the competition, as planned before the pandemic, and the schedule announced in June 2020, under the original format, was as follows.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, the following special rules were applicable to the competition:
If there were travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic that prevented the away team from entering the home team's country or returning to their own country, the match could be played at a neutral country or the away team's country that allowed the match to take place.
If a team refused to play or was considered responsible for a match not taking place, they were considered to have forfeited the match. If both teams refused to play or were considered responsible for a match not taking place, both teams were disqualified.
If a team had players and/or officials tested positive for SARS-2 coronavirus preventing them from playing the match before the deadline set by UEFA, they were considered to have forfeited the match.
On 24 September 2020, UEFA announced that five substitutions would be permitted, with a sixth allowed in extra time. However, each team was only given three opportunities to make substitutions during matches, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time. Consequently, a maximum of twelve players could be listed on the substitute bench.
Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Knockout phase
Bracket
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Statistics
Top goalscorers
There were 318 goals scored in 89 matches, with an average of goals per match.
Goals scored in qualifying rounds count toward the topscorer award.
Notes
Squad of the season
The following 23 players were named in the squad of the season by the UEFA's technical observers:
Players of the season
Votes were cast for players of the season by coaches of the sixteen teams who participated in the tournament's round of 16, together with twenty journalists selected by the European Sports Media (ESM) group who specialize in women's football. The coaches were not allowed to vote for players from their own teams. Jury members selected their top three players, with the first receiving five points, the second three and the third one. The shortlist of the top three players was announced on 13 August 2021. The award winners were announced and presented during the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage draw in Turkey on 26 August 2021.
Goalkeeper of the season
Defender of the season
Midfielder of the season
Forward of the season
See also
2020–21 UEFA Champions League
Notes
References
External links
UEFA Women's Champions League Matches: 2020–21, UEFA.com
Women's Domestic Leagues, UEFA.com
2020-21
Women's Champions League
2020 in women's association football
2021 in women's association football
Association football events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
精囊炎食疗？精囊炎是男性疾病中是比较常见的生殖感染疾病，沈阳男科医院说精囊炎的病因比较复杂，任何导致前列腺、精囊充血的因素，像是受寒、酗酒、纵欲过度、会阴过度的损伤或长时间受压等都能导致急性精囊炎的发生。那么精囊炎食疗都有哪些方法，下面带大家了解一下。1、桃仁粥：患者需要准备好需要的食材，包括：桃仁、粳米、白糖，制作办法就是先把桃仁洗净去皮，然后捣烂如泥，再把粳米淘洗干净，然后放在铝锅内加上适量清水，用中火煮沸之后改成文火慢慢炖煮，等到粥快要完成的时候再把捣烂的桃仁和白糖加入锅中，稍微煮1～2分钟就可以服食，对治疗瘀血阻络型精囊炎会有很好作用。2、槐花粥：需要的原料包括：陈槐花、粳米、红糖，需要先煮米取米汤，然后把槐花研成面调入米汤中，再放入红糖调味，之后就可以服用，具有治疗阴虚火旺型精囊炎的作用，患者可以坚持采用食疗方治疗一两个星期时间，就能取得很明显治疗效果。3、蹄筋血藤汤：精囊炎患者采用这款汤来进行食补需要准备适量猪蹄筋，鸡血藤，红枣。先把猪蹄筋洗净浸泡半天后再用清水洗净放到锅中加入鸡血藤，红枣，清水煎煮，煮至蹄筋熟烂后加适量精盐调味就好，患者喝汤吃蹄筋，红枣，具有活血化瘀等功效，可以很有效地促进患者的病情恢复。4、猪肾煮黑豆：精囊炎患者只需要准备猪肾，黑豆。把猪肾洗净后剔筋和黑豆一起放到锅中加水煮，煮至黑豆熟而不烂就好，患者可以吃猪肾，把黑豆取出晒干后用文火微炒，患者嚼食黑豆具有壮阳补肾益精等功效，对于精囊炎患者出现的血精症状具有很好的疗效。从上面我们了解到了精囊炎的食疗方法，只要患者正确运用食疗方进行调理，就能取得很好治疗精囊炎的效果，建议患者朋友们在平时还要多吃些低脂肪，清淡而有营养的食物如鸡蛋，猪瘦肉，鱼肉，豆制品，香菇，芥菜，紫菜，葡萄干等，以提高自身免疫力而促进身体尽快恢复健康。 |
中國國民黨副主席，簡稱國民黨副主席，是中國國民黨主席的副手，民國82年（1993年）8月17日，中國國民黨第十四次全國代表大會通過《中國國民黨黨章》修正案，增設副主席「若干人」（若干是指不定數，2至9數目），由主席提名、經全代會同意任命。民國109年9月6日，《中國國民黨黨章》中副主席規定由「要置副主席」改為「得置副主席」，容許主席不任命。首任副主席为蔣中正，现任副主席为黃敏惠、夏立言、連勝文。
歷屆任命
張靜江主席時期沒有設立副主席
胡汉民主席時期同一時間有1位副主席
蔣中正總裁時期同一時間有1位副總裁
蔣經國主席時期沒有設立副主席
李登輝主席時期同一時間最多有4位副主席
連戰主席時期同一時間最多有5位副主席
吳伯雄主席時期同一時間最多有5位副主席
馬英九主席時期同一時間最多有7位副主席（如果再添加3位「榮譽副主席」則有10位副主席）
洪秀柱主席時期同一時間最多有5位副主席
吳敦義主席時期同一時間最多有2位副主席
江啟臣主席時期没有任命副主席
朱立倫主席時期同一時間最多有3位副主席
歷任副主席
中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會副主席
中國國民黨副總裁 （第一次設置）
中國國民黨副總裁 （第二次設置）
中國國民黨副主席
註：林益世、章仁香、詹春柏、林豐正等人並非在中常會上任命，視為中途上任。連續任期表在中常會上連任。
参考文献
参见
中國國民黨
中國國民黨主席
中國國民黨秘書長 |
Simone Henry (born 3 May 1938) is a French sprinter. She competed in the women's 200 metres at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1938 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
French female sprinters
Olympic athletes for France
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century French women |
阴囊潮湿中医怎么治疗?？现在很多男性朋友平时不注意保护自己的身体，导致了很多的男性疾病，其中阴囊潮湿就是常见的一种，很多人都都觉得中医治疗很好，那么阴囊潮湿中医怎么治疗呢？接下来我们一起来看看吧。阴囊潮湿中医一般分为虚实两种：实者多因湿热下注。由于平素嗜食辛辣肥甘，或阴囊潮湿，汗液浸润，内裤摩擦而致。虚证多由急性期转变而来，阴囊皮肤增厚，粗糙如草，颜色发黑。对实证的治疗宜清热利湿，虚证则应养血润肤。中医学认为阴囊潮湿者多属脾虚湿盛(虚)和湿热下注(实)而致，且此类患者多半有肾虚，多有腰酸腰困，甚者腰困如折，脉诊尺部沉细，舌苔淡白滑腻，舌边有齿，黄腻等。治疗多从健脾燥湿和清利湿热下手，运用健脾燥湿之完带汤和清利湿热之二妙散对症加减变通治疗。完带汤不但是治疗妇科白带清稀过多的良方，也可治疗男性脾虚湿盛之阴囊潮湿，对症加减变通，效如桴鼓。中医治疗阴囊潮湿，通常都是用古方治疗，治疗效果非常好，标本兼治，治愈后不宜复发，还可以通知抑制其他并发症的发生，可以根阴囊潮湿。以素食为主，易于消化。忌食辛辣刺激、腥发动风的海产品和牛奶、鸡蛋等食物。内裤宜宽松舒适，最好为纯棉，不穿过紧的内裤。有阴囊瘙痒时，要积极治疗，勿过度搔抓和烫洗，尤其是勿用肥皂水烫洗。以上便是关于阴囊潮湿中医怎么治疗的问题小结。阴囊潮湿是一种常见的男性皮肤病，它对称发生，常波及整个阴囊，临程持久，反复发作，不易根治。本病有急性、慢性之分，急性期相当于“糜烂型”，慢性期相当于“干燥型”。本病多见于夏季。患者在日常生活中要注意吃一些容易消化的食物，忌食辛辣刺激，要穿纯棉的内裤，不穿过紧的内裤。 |
富尔达（Fulda）是德国黑森州的城市，坐落在富尔达河畔，是黑森州的第9大城市，富尔达县的首府，天主教富尔达教区主教驻地。风光秀美，距离卡塞尔与法兰克福都是1小时多的火车车程，与德国其他大城市的配置相同，富尔达火车站前方有主街，购物区与大型商场 银行 餐馆都集中于此。富尔达的标志景点是大教堂，其规模宏伟。富尔达高等学院有个较好的语言班，其国际交流项目也是优秀的，对外国学生考语言（DSH）与交流项目提供了良好的平台。富尔达是ICE（德国最高速火车）停靠点，也是个较为重要的交通枢纽。
友好城市
富尔达的姐妹城市如下：
科莫 （1960）
阿尔勒（1964）
谢尔吉耶夫镇（1991）
威尔明顿（1997）
利托梅日采 （2001）
多克姆 （2013）
相關條目
福達缺口
參考文獻
外部链接
富尔达城市网站
富尔达城市区划
富尔达市内城虚拟环游
富尔达城市档案
F
8世紀建立的聚居地 |
布律諾·佩爾提埃（，），加拿大魁北克歌手，曾在《鐘樓怪人》中飾演詩人葛林果。
專輯
Bruno Pelletier (1992)
Defaire l'amour (1995)
Miserere (1997)
D'autres rives (1999)
Sur scène (2001)
Un monde à l'envers (2002)
Concert de Noël (2003)
Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort (2005)
Bruno Pelletier et le GrosZorchestre (2007)
Microphonium (2009)
Rendus Là (2012)
Musique et cinéma (2014)
Regarde autour (2016)
獲獎紀錄
FÉLIX/ADISQ Canada
1997年、1999年及2000年最佳男性歌手
1999年 最佳舞台表演獎
1999年 最佳專輯銷售獎
1999年 當年度流行專輯
1999年 暢銷單曲
1998年 最佳專輯銷售獎
1998年 最佳流行搖滾專輯
1998年 最佳舞台表演獎
1998年 當年度流行專輯
1994年 最佳舞台表演獎
1993年 最佳舞台表演獎
CERTIFICATIONS
2003年 Concert de Noel（白金唱片）
2001年 Sur scène（金唱片）
1999年 D’autres rives（金唱片，加拿大）
1998年 Miserere（雙白金唱片）
1998年 Le temps des Cathédrales（金唱片，法國）
1994年 Starmania Mogador 94（白金唱片，法國）
外部連結
官方網站
加拿大男歌手
法國裔加拿大人
魁北克省人 |
Lemna valdiviana is a species of duckweed known by the common name Valdivia duckweed. It is native to much of the Americas. It is a minute flowering plant which grows in mats on the surface of calm bodies of freshwater. The individual plant is a flat, translucent, pale green oval body 2 to 4 millimeters long. There is a longitudinal vein visible under magnification and microscopy. The body produces a root which may exceed a centimeter in length, and a tiny, ephemeral flower which is often encapsulated in a membrane. The plant often grows in clusters of two to seven individuals.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo Identification Guide and Botanical Characteristics
Flora of North America
Photo gallery
Lemnoideae
Freshwater plants
Flora of Chile
Flora of Northern America |
Haviv Rettig Gur () (b. April 4, 1981) is an Israeli journalist who serves as the political correspondent and senior analyst for The Times of Israel.
Early life
Haviv Rettig (later Rettig Gur) was born in Jerusalem. His parents were American-Jewish immigrants to Israel. He lived in the United States from 1989 to 1999, returning to Israel in 1999 to serve in the Israel Defense Forces as a combat medic. Upon completing military service, Gur studied history and Jewish thought at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Media career
From 2010 to 2012, Rettig Gur served as the Director of Communications for the Jewish Agency. Before that, he was the Jewish world correspondent for the Israeli English-language daily The Jerusalem Post between June 2005 and July 2010.
According to the website of the Limmud Conference, where he was a speaker in December 2007, Gur covered "organised Jewish communities worldwide on issues including demographics, identity, anti-Semitism, education and communal politics... He dealt with Israel's contentious education budget and Israel-NATO relations. He was the Post'''s chief correspondent to the [annual Israeli security-related] Herzliya Conference."
Gur's reporting focused on trends in Jewish identity, especially in the United States and Israel.
Views and opinions
He opines regularly on what he sees as the growing divide between Israeli Jewish identity and American Jewish identity. Together, these two communities constitute some 80% of world Jewry, he writes, and their basic identities as Jews are increasingly being constructed in radically different ways.
He writes:
In August, 2009, the Jewish Agency's Masa project produced an advertisement that claimed that one-half of Diaspora Jews are assimilating and becoming "lost to us." This drew a firestorm of criticism from overseas, and led Gur to comment that the disagreement reflected this different way of constructing Jewish identity.
Controversy
In March, 2009, Gur was contacted by a man claiming to be "David Weiss, captain in the Norwegian military". Weiss was quoted in a news story written by Gur in which Norwegian Jews said they experienced tensions related to their Jewishness, mostly from Muslim immigrants and anti-Israel discourse in the media.
Contrary to the claims of some Norwegian journalists, Gur did not accuse Norwegian Minister of Finance Kristin Halvorsen of chanting "Death to Jews" in a demonstration. His story was correcting a previous, inaccurate report written by another journalist that seemed to suggest this.
In response to Norwegian journalists' inquiries, the Norwegian military claimed that no "Captain David Weiss" existed in its ranks, a claim that led the political editor of the major Norwegian daily Aftenposten, Harald Stanghelle, to accuse the military of a cover-up of Weiss' identity.
The next day, on April 5, 2009, the rival daily Dagbladet confirmed that "David Weiss" was the faked identity of a 45-year-old Oslo resident who had never served in the military. According to Dagbladet, he had fooled The Jerusalem Post'', the BBC and several major Norwegian papers.
See also
Journalism in Israel
References
External links
Personal blog (Archived)
Gur's writings at the Times of Israel
Israeli Jews
Israeli journalists
Living people
The Jerusalem Post people
American people of Israeli descent
1981 births
Writers from Jerusalem
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni |
酒酿的食用方式？酒酿可以直接食用，尤其在北京、朝鲜半岛，这种方法为主。由于醪糟中本身已有大量糖分，使用时绝不用再加糖。常见的方法是加入少许桂花调味。或者放入水果丁，味道也不错。但在中国南方，很多人认为这样直接吃过甜或酒味太大，需要加工稀释后再食用。也有加入汤圆一同食用，称为酒酿圆子。将新鲜的醪糟汁加入牛奶中，室温放过夜，牛奶便会凝固。这是北京小吃-{zh:奶酪儿; zh-hans:奶酪儿; zh-hant:奶酪儿;}-。这种奶酪比较甜，略带酒味。 |
脊柱退变的原因是什么？脊柱退变除了年龄的因素外，与先天发育、工作性质、劳动强度尤其是外伤都有一定的关系。 急性外伤，受伤的脊椎将提前或加速退变。年龄越大，颈椎骨质增生，椎间盘变性和韧带钙化发生也增多。脊椎的急性损伤和慢性劳损能导致其局部提前或加速退行性变 |
John Dudley Groves CB OBE (12 August 1922 – 26 December 2007) was a British former journalist and civil servant who served as Downing Street Press Secretary under Alec Douglas-Home from 1963 to 1964.
Early life
The youngest son of Walter Groves, founding editor of The Motor magazine, John Groves was educated at St Paul's school and would follow in his father's footsteps into journalism, joining the Richmond Herald as a reporter during the Blitz. He subsequently enlisted in the army to fight in World War II as member of the Reconnaissance regiment.
Career
After demobilisation Groves returned to journalism and was a member of the Press Association parliamentary staff. He subsequently worked as deputy lobby correspondent for the Times newspaper from 1951 before leaving in 1958 to head up the press office at the Treasury.
After two years, in 1960, Groves was promoted to deputy press secretary to Harold Macmillan and was in the post during the time of the Profumo scandal. He then succeeded Sir Harold Evans to become press secretary to Sir Alec Douglas-Home when the latter became prime minister in October 1963. He vacated the post with the defeat of the Alec Douglas-Home at the October 1964 general election.
In later life he served as chief press officer at the Ministry of Defence, the director general of the Central Office of Information and head of the Government Information Service. John Groves was awarded an OBE in the 1964 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours and Companion of the Bath in the 1981 Queen's Birthday Honours. He retired in 1982 and was a founder of the Pewsey Vale Railway Society.
Personal life
Groves was married in 1943 to Pamela Holliday until her death in May 2007. The union bore two daughters and a son.
References
1922 births
2007 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Reconnaissance Corps soldiers
British male journalists
20th-century British journalists
British Army personnel of World War II |
Cerro El Cóndor is a stratovolcano in Argentina.
Cerro El Cóndor is a remote peak in the Argentine Puna de Atacama. As such it was probably the last major 6000m+ peak in the Andes to be climbed, with the summit reaching a height of . The volcano has the form of a massif (which covers a surface of ) constructed by two separate volcanoes; the older edifice forms parts of the northern and eastern flanks which are cut by scarps interpreted as caldera remnants. The summit region is formed by the newer edifice, and features a series of craters with diameters of and a cover of pyroclastic material and scoria. Also part of the newer phase are extensive lava flows which form the western and parts of the eastern and southern slopes and reach distances of from the summit.
Surrounding volcanoes include Condorito (which is considered to be part of the old El Cóndor volcano), Falso Azufre and Laguna Escondida which have constrained the extent of El Cóndor's lava flows. The volcano rises within the Laguna Amarga caldera, and an older mafic monogenetic volcano lies north of El Cóndor.
Radiometric dating has yielded ages of 2.89 - 2.67 million years ago to 0.13 - 0.02 million years ago, with the volcano developing in two phases. The older group of ages has been obtained on the Condorito and the older edifice, while the ages of 130,000 years ago and younger come from the younger edifice and lava flows; some of these dates have high uncertainties (one young age is 20,000 ± 30,000 years ago from the western flank) and Holocene eruptions in the summit region are possible. Presently, Cóndor is considered to be a dormant volcano with the potential of future activity, and while the remoteness of the volcano reduces any hazard potential future pyroclastic eruptions could impact air traffic over the region and east of it.
Cerro El Cóndor is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes together with about 110 other Quaternary volcanoes, and lies in the southern sector of the volcanic zone; other volcanic zones in the Andes are the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. The history of volcanic activity is poorly known for most of these volcanoes owing to the lack of dating; only a few historical eruptions have been recorded, such as an eruption at Ojos del Salado in 1993.
The volcano has erupted trachyandesite and trachydacite in the later stages of activity, after a stage with andesitic to dacitic eruptions. The rocks define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite.
See also
List of volcanoes in Argentina
List of mountains in Argentina
List of mountains in the Andes
List of Ultras of South America
References
Sources
External links
"El Cóndor, Argentina" on Peakbagger
Stratovolcanoes of Argentina
Subduction volcanoes
Mountains of Argentina
Polygenetic volcanoes
Six-thousanders of the Andes
Pliocene stratovolcanoes
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes |
刀輪戰車或譯鐮刀戰車（Scythed chariot），是古代一種雙輪戰車，其兩個車輪的輪軸尾裝上大鐮，這些刀刃可以快速地把人和馬的肢體切下，除了造成敵軍損傷外，更重要的是讓敵人陣形產生混亂。
歷史
刀輪戰車是戰馬車的一種改良版，其刀刃長約一公尺。古希臘將領色諾芬在庫那克薩戰役目擊了波斯使用這種兵器，並寫下了：「那些細長大鐮安裝在通過駕駛座下方的輪軸上，並傾斜一定角度朝向地面。」
在十七到十九世紀時，人們認為刀輪戰車可能來自迦南、古印度、亞述或馬其頓，但這些觀點遭到廢棄。學者Nefiodkin認為色諾芬所說「刀輪戰車是波斯第一任國王居魯士大帝所發明的」的觀點是錯誤的，因為之後的薛西斯一世在波斯第二次入侵希臘時刀輪戰車並沒有出場。相反地，他還提出波斯是波斯戰爭後期採用刀輪戰車，時間大約在前467年到前458年左右，主要是與希臘重裝步兵作戰的經驗後，所產生的兵器。
在波斯的戰爭
刀輪戰車由四匹馬為一組來拉，上面有成員三人，其中一人駕駛，另兩人作戰。刀輪戰車主要設計目的是以打亂、切斷步兵陣列，或至少从步兵陣列中打开一個缺口，以利之後的作戰。原先騎兵衝鋒很難突破古希臘緊密的步兵方陣，加上馬匹不會輕易衝入人群中，而設計上刀輪戰車可利用刀刃切入步兵中，來解決騎兵所遇到的問題。然而一支訓練有素的步兵可以快速變換陣型，當戰車接近時快速讓開一個通道，減低可能的傷亡。使用刀輪戰車需要一些外在條件限制，其中刀輪戰車因為是對付步兵的攻擊性武器，它需要適合的開放空間讓戰車奔馳。
當時騎兵尚未發明馬蹬，可能也沒有馬刺和有效的馬鞍，儘管當時有著皮毯的馬鞍，但作戰效率無法達到中世紀重騎兵的效果。而刀輪戰車經常會加入騎兵，一同朝步兵衝鋒。對此歷史文獻主要來自步兵這一方角度來撰寫，如希臘或羅馬。希臘色諾芬記錄了刀輪戰車在一場戰鬥中獲勝：
阿庇安記載了刀輪戰車另一次成功運用，是本都王國米特里達梯六世在前89年的阿謨尼阿斯河戰役（Battle of the River Amnias）中擊敗比提尼亞軍時。
而刀輪戰車遭到失敗的戰役中，最著名即是高加米拉戰役中對付亞歷山大大帝所率領的馬其頓方陣。亞歷山大認知到波斯大流士三世軍中的刀輪戰車因為負擔衝鋒任務而裝備得相當笨重，因此方陣步兵可以利用這一點來對付。當戰車靠近時，馬其頓士兵會主動讓開一個通道，形成一個像是字母E的圈套，而戰車的戰馬會下意識進入這個圈套中。如此一來，馬其頓士兵可以設法停住戰車並用薩里沙長矛解決，或是讓戰車直接通過，由後方第二條陣列的士兵解決。這場戰役最後由亞歷山大大帝獲勝，大流士三世落荒而逃。
與羅馬遭遇
儘管有些缺點，刀輪戰車仍被東方的希臘化國家繼續使用，他們最後一次使用在前47年的澤拉戰役（Battle of Zela）。而羅馬當時已經能有效對抗刀輪戰車，羅馬可以利用鐵蒺藜來阻止戰馬前進，或是在步兵前方地面打上地樁以策安全。
撒哈拉部落
在撒哈拉沙漠北邊的遊牧部隊Pharusii和尼格里塔（Nigrites），被記錄使用過刀輪戰車。
不列顛島
在羅馬往西擴張時並沒有遇到與刀輪戰車作戰的過程，然而羅馬在公元43年入侵不列顛時，記錄當時不列顛人使用了刀輪戰車。
然而這段記錄的真實性有些疑慮，很可能羅馬朱里亞·克勞狄王朝因為要為羅馬征服不列顛一事增加一些光彩，在宣傳上讓不列顛比實際上更為強大。相反地，在早先凱撒入侵不列顛時，不列顛人主要用戰馬車駛到敵前投射武器，之後回到陣中下車作戰。
羅馬帝國後期
在羅馬帝國後期，羅馬人可能對刀輪戰車展開一種新且與眾不同的試驗，它改以由一個或兩個鐵甲騎兵拉著一輛不載人的雙輪戰車前進，來減輕輪軸的負擔，而刀刃只會在要戰鬥時刻前夕才會放下，以利戰前的布陣。這些在一本奇特的羅馬軍事機械書《de Rebus Bellicis》2-14部分有合理的詳述。
其他
刀輪戰車有出現在愛爾蘭人的傳說中。
另外，目前考古上並沒有出土過刀輪戰車的實物。
腳註
參考來源
古代戰爭
军用车辆 |
背后一直长痘痘怎么治？一、胸部和背部痤疮也很常见。所以每个人都不必过于担心，但如果你的胸部和背后有痘痘，你也必须注意你的个人生活习惯，特别是你自己的个人健康问题，因为你的胸部有长长的痘痘，背部。需要特别注意清洁皮肤。此外，因为对于许多年轻人来说，有许多东西可能会被更频繁地食用，所以在胸部和背部痤疮是很常见的。如果前后有痘痘。你不必太担心。有很多方法可以帮助你摆脱粉刺。二、痤疮不能被挤压。因为每个人都知道脸上的长痘不能用手挤压，所以胸部和背部也是如此。你不能经常用手挤痘痘，因为小编也是一个普通的胸部。痤疮前后的人，所以如果发生这种情况，许多人仍然忍不住想用手抓住它。但是，如果你打破粉刺，你会留下一个非常难看的黑色标记。就像疤痕一样，它需要很长时间才能消失，所以如果它是一个女孩并且经常喜欢穿露背连衣裙，那么一定要注意这个问题，不要用手抓住它，即使它只是一个温柔的手抓它不好。三、使用芦荟凝胶。如果您的胸部或背部有痤疮，您也可以尝试芦荟凝胶。将新鲜的芦荟洗净并切碎，然后将芦荟涂抹在粉刺上。因为芦荟具有抗炎功能，所以当你的胸部和背部有痤疮时，你可以尝试芦荟凝胶。因为现在有更多现成的芦荟凝胶可供购买，所以您也可以选择使用经过加工的芦荟凝胶，使用方便，安全。四、洗澡时一定要清洁。因为很多时候前胸部和背部的痘痘形成是因为每个人的皮肤分泌的油太多，所以每个人洗澡时都必须清洁皮肤。如果可以，可以使用一些特殊的刷子进行沐浴。或用沐浴球清洁皮肤上的脏东西。 |
卵巢宫内膜样肿瘤的护理是什么？流行病学 ： 卵巢宫内膜样肿瘤良性极少见，交界性也不多，而恶性宫内膜样癌(endometrioid carcinoma of ovary)多见。卵巢宫内膜样肿瘤多发生在更年期或绝经后，平均年龄为60岁左右。预后：卵巢宫内膜样肿瘤恶性多见其预后不良。交界性宫内膜样肿瘤预后较好。宫内膜样腺癌的预后较浆液性或黏液性癌好。卵巢中胚叶混合瘤预后差。 |
怀孕十几天什么办法流产？流产是一种常见的形象，流产在一个时间段上人为的划分为早期流产、中期流产和晚期流产。早期流产多是指怀孕8周以内的流产；8-13周的流产称为中期流产；13-27周之内的流产称为晚期流产。每个流产时间处理是完全是不同的。早期流产可以用药物流产或电吸人工流产来解决。中期流产可以用药物和其它物理办法来流产。如果是自然流产，早期流产经常是自然淘汰，80%的是一种自然淘汰的情况。中期流产和晚期流产经常原因是胚胎发育的问题，或者是孕妇本身合并有全身性疾病或宫颈机能不全，此时就要考虑是否用手术来治疗宫颈机能不全。目前治疗宫颈机能不全可以做环扎术，宫颈环扎术可以在非孕期来进行，也可以在孕后14-20周之内进行。流产以后最主要关注的还是尽量不要造成感染。所以无论是自然流产还是人工流产之后，都会让患者口服3天抗生素，避免造成宫腔的感染。要嘱咐患者观察流产之后出血的时间，也就是通常说的恶露的时间。看它的时间、出血量，还有伴随的症状。出血量比较多、持续时间比较长，甚至有血块，就要用药物去干预，尽量缩短时间，让子宫能够恢复的更好，避免对下次怀孕再造成不良的影响。自然流产的患者，如果下次还需要继续妊娠，这次流产之后，或者采取人工流产后，要对流产之后刮出来的内容物，送病理看胚胎的病理和胚胎染色体有没有异常，为流产原因的筛查打基础。另外，流产之后告诉患者最好不要同房。有些患者对这方面的意识不是太清楚，流产之后可能休息了1周，阴道没有出血就有同房，之后又很长时间不来月经，患者一直以为流产之后还没有恢复，实际上这个阶段又再次妊娠了。怀孕十几天这种情况下一般药流和人流都可以，但是药流必须是在妊娠49天之内（最后一次月经来潮的第一天算起！）人工流产比较安全，一般不会有残留风险，流产前需要彩超检查，观察一下胚胎发育及着床位置. |
Propebela spitzbergensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 7 mm and 20 mm.
(Original description) The characteristics of this species are close to Propebela rugulata; the relations between the spire and the aperture, are typical. This species differs, in its sculpture, in having a more projectant angle, which may occasionally pass into a sharp protuberant edge and in a somewhat more marked spiral striation. The operculum appears to be somewhat broader than the typical one. The teeth of the radula have a peculiar recess upon the one side; the form, otherwise, is the broad typical one. Out of 6 specimens examined, all showed the same uniform structure.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Spitzbergen.
References
Bogdanov, I. P. Mollusks of Oenopotinae subfamily (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Turridae) in the seas of the USSR. Nauka, 1990.
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213
External links
Nekhaev, Ivan O. "Marine shell-bearing Gastropoda of Murman (Barents Sea): an annotated check-list." Ruthenica 24.2 (2014): 75
spitzbergensis
Gastropods described in 1886 |
竹叶参.版本一？【竹叶参的功效介绍】： 竹叶参 (《陕西中草药》)【异名】白龙须、竹叶七、獆猪七、白毛七(《陕西中草药》)，石竹根、竹节参、竹根七(《贵州药植目录》)，白根药、小竹根、倒竹散、老虎姜(《云南中草药》)。【来源】为百合科植物广东万寿竹的根及根茎。 |
月经周期改变的原因是什么？在日常生活中，人们如果情绪波动，例如过度的悲伤、恐惧，或环境的突然改变，如从城市到农村，或从南方到北方等，可能导致月经不来，或者子宫出血不止。这是因为月经与女性全身的神经系统和内分泌系统有着密切的联系。简单地说，就是神经和内分泌调节卵巢的功能，而卵巢功能又决定了子宫内膜的变化，引起月经来潮。这些环节中的任何一部分发生变化，都会影响卵巢功能而发生月经紊乱。环境变化除了直接影响神经系统，还影响人的情绪和精神状态，而情绪波动，首先影响神经细胞的功能，进一步影响内分泌系统的功能。受内分泌系统调节的卵巢功能相继发生变化，最初影响排卵，引起月经失调，加重后就停止分泌激素，引起闭经。因此，生活中要精神愉快，性格豁达，遇事不要想不开，和同事和睦相处，这对保持正常月经很有好处。一旦环境发生变化，要从主观上建立尽快适应的信心。一旦适应了新的环境，保持心情舒畅，月经就会很快恢复原来的状态。手术后，月经周期会有可能改变。紧急避孕药对月经周期有改变效应,可能提早或延迟。 |
男性尿不尽尿痛怎么回事？出现了尿痛尿不尽的情况，很可能是由于尿路炎症或者是前列腺炎引起的。建议这时候要及时的到医院去做一下尿常规的检查。如果在这时候还有腰膝酸软的情况，就有可能是肾虚的原因导致的建议在平时要多吃一些补肾的食物，不要吃辛辣刺激的食物。尿不尽是指一直有排尿的感觉，但是总是滴滴沥沥地尿无法排干净，尿不尽让人十分懊恼。引起男性尿不尽的原因有很多，但男性尿不尽多因，前列腺疾病及尿路感染所致.列腺炎：前列腺炎的症状表现为尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿不尽、尿淋漓不尽或尿道分泌白色粘稠物。此外常感周身胀痛、阴部周围隐隐疼痛不适、阴囊清冷潮湿、腰背胀痛、下肢无力等症。前列腺增生：前列腺增生是中老年男性常见病，直接的病理反应是尿道梗阻,造成尿频、尿急、尿不尽等表现。随着增生症状的发展,尿道梗阻逐渐加重,尿液无法排空,膀胱内存留尿液不断增多,使两侧肾脏内压增高,引起双肾积水,损伤肾功能,从而导致慢性尿中毒。泌尿系统感染：男性生殖泌尿系统感染多是指男性的生殖器及临近位置的器官受到外部不同病原体的入侵感染,导致这些器官发生病变,功能受损。生殖感染疾病的症状主要表现有不同程度的尿频、尿急、尿痛、排尿困难等。控制饮食结构，避免酸性物质摄入过量，加剧酸性体质。饮食的酸碱平衡对于尿频的预防有很大关系。要经常进行户外运动，在阳光下多做运动多出汗，可帮助排除体内多余的酸性物质，多呼吸新鲜的空气，减少发病的几率。有助于人们的身体健康。保持良好的心情，不要有过大的心理压力，压力过重会导致酸性物质的沉积，影响代谢的正常进行。适当的调节心情和自身压力可以保持弱碱性体质，使尿频远离大家。 |
孕晚期妊娠糖尿病可以吃蓝莓吗？妊娠前已有糖尿病的患者妊娠，称糖尿病合并妊娠；另一种为妊娠前糖代谢正常或有潜在糖耐量减退，妊娠期才出现糖尿病，又称为妊娠期糖尿病。妊娠可使隐性糖尿病显性化，使既往无糖尿病的孕妇发生GDM，使原有糖尿病患者的病情加重。那么，孕晚期妊娠糖尿病可以吃蓝莓吗？首先，妊娠糖尿病可不可以吃蓝莓取决于患者的血糖控制情况，如果患者在妊娠期间血糖控制的非常差，波动比较大，这个时候不建议患者吃蓝莓。只要让孕妇一天三顿饭保证正常即可，完全不会存在所谓营养缺乏的问题。如果妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制的非常平稳，可以在两顿正餐之间，尤其是在下一餐进餐之前适当的吃蓝莓，可以帮助患者减少或者减弱餐前的饥饿感，避免出现餐前低血糖的情况。患者一定要注意不管什么时段吃蓝莓，一定要控制好每次食用蓝莓的量，任何种类的水果控制好量是没有问题的，如果一次吃太多可以导致患者血糖的明显波动。然后，孕妇血糖高是可以吃蓝莓的，蓝莓属于低升糖指数的水果，蓝莓所含有丰富的花青素，有调节血糖，抗氧化的功效。此外蓝莓中的花青素能够修复受伤的胶原蛋白和弹性纤维，能清除体内有害的自由基、防止皮肤皱纹的提早生成，减少皮肤病和波纹，甚至消除疤痕、祛除色斑、美白肌肤，并且使皮肤长期光滑，富有弹性，低于孕期禁用化妆品的准妈妈来说绝对是天然的护肤品。综上，大家都清楚了吗？蓝莓的健康吃法，当作早餐麦片粥的食材，在最爱吃的麦片粥里或粥上，加上半杯的蓝莓。如果已经冰冻过，则必须摆上五分鐘以后再吃。孕晚期妊娠糖尿病不宜吃各种糖、蜜饯、水果罐头、汽水、果汁、果酱、冰淇淋、甜饼干、甜面包及糖制糕点等。这些食品含糖量很高，食用易出现高血糖。 |
关内道是唐朝的一个道，治所位于京城长安。关内道辖雍州、华州、同州、岐州、豳州、陇州、泾州、原州、宁州、庆州、鄜州、坊州、丹州、延州、灵州、威州、会州、盐州、夏州、绥州、银州、宥州、胜州、丰州，和安北都护府、单于都护府，共26个府州。
所辖州县
雍州，治万年县（今陕西西安）。辖20县：万年县、长安县、咸阳县、兴平县、云阳县、泾阳县、渭南县、昭应县、高陵县、同官县、富平县、蓝田县、鄠县、奉天县、好畤县、武功县、醴泉县、华原县、美原县。后改名京兆府。
华州，治郑县（今陕西华县）。辖4县：郑县、华阴县、栎阳县、下邽县。
同州，治冯翊县（今陕西大荔）。辖8县：冯翊县、朝邑县、韩城县、郃阳县、夏阳县、白水县、澄城县、奉先县。
岐州，治雍县（今陕西凤翔）。辖9县：雍县、岐山县、扶风县、麟游县、普润县、宝鸡县、虢县、郿县、盩厔县。后改名凤翔府。
豳州，治新平县（今陕西彬县）。辖4县：新平县、三水县、永寿县、宜禄县。后改名邠州。
以上各州开元年间为京畿道。
陇州，治汧源县（今陕西陇县）。辖5县：汧源县、汧阳县、吴山县、南由县、华亭县。
泾州，治安定县（今甘肃泾川）。辖5县：安定县、良原县、鹑觚县、临泾县、阴盘县。
宁州，治定安县（今甘肃宁县）。辖6县：定安县、定平县、罗川县、襄乐县、彭原县、丰义县。
坊州，治中部县（今陕西黄陵）。辖4县：中部县、宜君县、鄜城县、昇平县。
鄜州，治洛交县（今陕西富县）。辖5县：洛交县、三川县、洛川县、直罗县、伏陆县。
丹州，治义川县（今陕西宜川）。辖5县：义川县、咸宁县、汾川县、云岩县、门山县。
延州，治肤施县（今陕西延安）。辖8县：肤施县、金明、丰林、延安、延川、延水、临真、金城、罢交县。
庆州，治安化县（今甘肃庆阳），辖10县：安化县、同川、蟠龙、乐蟠、华池、白马、怀安县、方渠、洛源、马岭县。
原州，治平高县（今宁夏固原）。辖4县：平高县、百泉县、平凉县、肖关县。
灵州，治回乐县（今宁夏吴忠），辖6县：回乐县、鸣沙、安乐州、温池县、灵武县、怀远县。
会州，治会宁县（今甘肃靖远）。辖2县：会宁县、乌兰县。
盐州，治五原县（今陕西定边）。辖2县：五原县、白池县。
夏州，治朔方县（今陕西靖边附近）。辖4县：朔方县、长泽县、宁朔县、德静县。
绥州，治上县（今陕西绥德）。辖5县：上县、廷福、城严、绥德、大斌县。
银州，治儒林县（今陕西榆林鱼河镇）。辖4县：儒林、抚宁、真乡、开光。
胜州，治榆林县（今内蒙古托克托西南）。辖4县：榆林县、河滨县、连谷县、银城县。
丰州，治九原县（今内蒙古乌拉特前旗西北）。辖3县：九原县、丰安县、永丰县。
单于都护府，包含今内蒙古的中北部及外蒙古南部地区，辖有云中都督府、桑乾都督府、定襄都督府、呼延都督府4个督都府。
安北都护府，包含今外蒙古地区及西伯利亚南部地区，辖有：浑河州、鸡田州、鸡鹿州、独龙州、稽落州、寘颜州、仙萼州、狼山州、玄池州、溪弹州，以及瀚海都督府、皋兰都督府、燕然都督府、贺兰都督府、龟林都督府、金微都督府、幽陵都督府、居延都督府、仙山都督府、大漠州都督府、阴山州都督府、坚昆都督府等都督府。
参考文献
唐朝的道 |
赵晖（），五代时后唐、后晋、后汉、后周将领。字重光，澶州（今河南濮阳）人。
赵晖弱冠时因为骁勇果敢应募，习武善骑射，勇力过人，隶属于唐庄宗李存勗帐下。与后梁经过百余战，因作战勇敢，立功转任马直军使。同光年间，跟随魏王李继岌破前蜀，受命分统所部，统兵南戍边陬。唐明宗即位，征他还朝授禁军指挥使。石敬瑭灭唐，建立后晋，赵晖参掌禁军，跟随从马全节攻安陆，辅佐杜重威战宗城。累功封奉国指挥使。开运三年（946年），契丹灭晋，赵晖激愤，与部将王宴等驱逐契丹所命官吏，攻下陕州。刘知远建立后汉，任命他为保义军节度使、陕虢等州观察处置使等。乾祐二年（949年），改为凤翔节度使，同中书门下平章事。平定王景崇之乱有功，加检校太保兼侍中。郭威建立后周，赵晖入京授归德军节度使，加中书令，以太子太师致仕之职告退，封为秦国公。显德元年（954年）去世。
参考文献
《旧五代史·卷125》
后唐官员
后晋官员
后汉官员
后周官员
濮阳人
H |
Neo-medieval (Greek neo - 'new' + medieval) refers to a modern revival of Medieval culture.
Neo-medieval music
Revival of medieval architecture, i.e., Revivalism (architecture)#Medieval Revival
Neo-medievalism |
Paszkówka Palace (Polish: Pałac w Paszkówce) - a nineteenth-century Gothic Revival Wężyków family palace located in the village of Paszkówka, located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, to the south-west of Kraków. Presently, the palace houses a luxury hotel.
Architecture
Paszkówka Palace was designed by renowned, nineteenth-century Kraków architect, Feliks Księżarski, inter alia the designer of Collegium Novum, the main edifice of the Jagiellonian University. The former building was only one storey heigh, with a battlement-finish staircase, which on the outside forms a tower.
The palace's architecture is drawn towards the Neo-Gothic architectural style, with elements of English Neo-Gothic. According to architectural critics, the palace fails to live up to all the forms of Neo-Gothic architecture and as such is branded "pseudo-" Gothic. The main distinct architectural properties of the building are that of a Mauretanian tower, avant-corps and pinnacles. Underneath the windows on the first-storey are found mythological motifs.
The nineteenth-century palace is located in a characteristic English landscape garden type. There, grow old lime, oak and hornbeam trees. Part of the palace-garden complex is Hotel "Spichlerz", that was raised on the authentic foundation of the former granary.
References
Castles in Lesser Poland Voivodeship |
The Clere School is a small co-educational community secondary school in Burghclere. Although its postcode locates to Reading via Newbury, it is in Hampshire, England. The current Acting Headteacher is Rob Milner, who has held the position since January 2023. The school caters for academic years 7 to 11, but does not have a Sixth Form.
History
In 1966 the old boys school in Kingsclere, which had been established in c. 1542 and rebuilt in 1820 and 1861 and became the Secondary Modern School, moved to Burghclere, becoming The Clere School. Among the school equipment taken from Kingsclere to Burghclere was a 1934 "Y" Model Ford, which was used outside school hours in the playground by boys learning to drive.
It gained Specialist Technology College status in September 2003, changed its name to The Clere School and Technology College, and held an official launch of the status on 13 November 2003 with Sir George Young. With the ending of the specialist schools programme in 2011 the school reverted to its former name.
On the afternoon of 7 November 2012, a fire was discovered outside the school's Sports Hall. Local fire crews attended the incident, and prevented the fire from spreading to the inside of the building. The fire resulted in damage to the roof of the building, and several solar panels which were mounted on it.
Notable former pupils
Layke Anderson, actor and film director, attended from 1995 to 2000.
Jamie Hince, guitarist with The Kills, attended from 1980 to 1985.
Craig Maskell, former professional footballer, attended from 1979 to 1984.
References
External links
Clere School official website
Secondary schools in Hampshire
Community schools in Hampshire
1542 establishments in England |
5岁儿童脑膜炎症状？儿童脑膜炎症状是发热、头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状，有些儿童伴有抽搐、意识障碍、甚至昏迷等．脑膜炎患者首先需要明确脑膜炎的病因，需要进行常规的腰椎穿刺手术。目前，脑膜炎的病因非常多，病毒、细菌、真菌、结核等都会引起上述症状，因此有必要改善脑脊液的检查。根据病因，有必要进行准确的治疗，而且有必要进行对症处理，如果脑膜刺激症状比较明显，则有必要使用脱水颅压降处理。儿童化脓性脑膜炎简称为脑性脑膜炎，是由各种细菌感染引起的。此类孩子一般发病急，病前数日以内有呼吸道，有消化道前期感染史，主要有发热、精神疲劳、甚至嗜睡、意识障碍，后有头痛、呕吐。年长儿有头痛、喷射性呕吐，婴幼儿尤其婴儿，他不头痛，常常呈现焦躁、易怒、不乳、厌食甚至悲鸣。有些孩子痉挛，伴有睡意，昏迷，甚至神志不清的表现。化脓性脑膜炎，还有几个孩子会出现偏瘫等症状，这是化脓性脑膜炎的典型临床表现。但是，在此需要注意的不是所有的化脓性脑膜炎，而是所有的表现都是典型的。小的婴幼儿，特别是3个月以下的孩子，临床表现是不典型的。患儿往往有发热的可能，甚至没有发烧，体温也不上升。还有一部分患者，颅内高压的表现还不清楚，例如头盖内的高压，小孩主诉头痛，喷射性呕吐，婴儿经常吐牛奶，吐奶，而且前面的颧骨门隆起，张力增高，这就是差异。另外，作为典型症状，有痉挛，小婴儿的痉挛不是很典型，可能很焦躁，虽然不明确，但是。是眨眼或是咀嚼样的动作，或是像划船一样的动作，或者脚像自行车一样踩踏板的动作。由于这些孩子不是像大孩子的强直性痉挛那样的典型性痉挛发作，有可能未必及时发现患儿的化脓性脑膜炎的状况。 |
Granville County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Oxford, Granville County, North Carolina. It was built in 1838, and is a two-story, "H"-shaped, Greek Revival style brick building. It has a three bay central pavilion and a polygonal cupola with a domed room.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located in the Oxford Historic District.
References
County courthouses in North Carolina
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival architecture in North Carolina
Government buildings completed in 1838
Buildings and structures in Granville County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Granville County, North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina
1838 establishments in North Carolina |
连接埃德蒙顿龙（Edmontosaurus annectens），为埃德蒙顿龙属的一种，属于鸭嘴龙科（Hadrosauridae）中的栉龙亚科（Saurolophinae），生活在白垩纪最末期的北美洲。它的遗骸被发现于地獄溪组与兰斯组。这些组的地质年代为白垩纪晚期的马斯垂可阶晚期，距白垩纪——第三纪灭绝事件还有200万年（距今6,800万年前至6,600万年前）。连接埃德蒙顿龙目前已发现了数个标本，包括至少20个部分到完整的头颅骨，发现于美国蒙大拿州、南达科他州和怀俄明州，还有加拿大的萨斯喀彻温。它是一种巨大的动物，大约12米（39英尺）长，还有非常长而矮的头骨。连接埃德蒙顿龙有很漫长的分类历史，先后分类为鸭龙属、大鸭龙属、破碎龙属、双芽龙属、强龙属、糙齿龙属。
敘述
根據愛德華·德林克·科普的估計，大鴨龍正模標本的頭骨長度約1.18公尺，身長約12公尺。納爾與萊特則估計身長為8.8公尺。但大鴨龍正模標本的尾巴末端、骨盆、股骨、20多節脊椎被河流的侵蝕作用帶走，所以當時很難準確估計大鴨龍的身長數值。在第二個標本被發現後，科學家改而估計大鴨龍的身長為9.1公尺，臀部高度離地面約2.1公尺。根據近年的研究，大鴨龍的身長估計為接近12公尺，而體重大約3公噸。
大鴨龍的頭部長而寬、低矮。科普形容，大鴨龍的頭部側面類似天鵝，從上方看則類似琵鷺。在比例上，大鴨龍的頭部比其他鴨嘴龍類更長、低矮。嘴部前段的無齒喙嘴，也比其他鴨嘴龍類更長。大鴨龍的鼻孔大，鼻孔周圍的骨頭凹陷。眼眶成長方形，但這有可能是死後被擠壓變形的。頭頂平坦，缺乏頭冠。構成頜部關節的方骨明顯地彎曲。下頜筆直而長，沒有其他鴨嘴龍類的往下彎曲曲線。前齒骨寬，成鏟狀。下頜兩側有明顯的稜脊，可能使下頜牢固。
大鴨龍具有12節頸椎、12節背椎、9節薦椎、至少30節尾椎。與其他鴨嘴龍類相比，大鴨龍的四肢比例較長、細。恥骨的外形獨特。如同其他鴨嘴龍類，大鴨龍可採二足或四足方式行走。牠們可能在搜尋食物時以四足方式行走，在奔跑時改採二足模式。美國自然歷史博物館的前館長亨利·費爾費爾德·奧斯本（Henry Fairfield Osborn），在館內架設兩個大鴨龍骨架模型，分別採二足、四足步態，以說明鴨嘴龍類的移動模式。
發現與命名
科氏大鴨龍
雙芽龍與糙齒龍
大鴨龍的分類有著很漫長、曲折的歷史。正模標本（編號AMNH 5730）是由J·L·沃特曼與R·S·希爾所發現的，發現於南達科塔州黑山（Black Hills）的地獄溪層，並於1882年由古生物學家愛德華·德林克·科普敘述、命名。這個化石是一個完整頭顱骨及大部分骨骼，缺少骨盆與部分胸部，被河川的侵蝕、沖刷作用帶走。其口嘴部保存了角質鞘的組織。在1856年，約瑟夫·萊迪（Joseph Leidy）建立奇異糙齒龍；雙芽龍則是在1876年由科普所命名，也是個根據牙齒而建立的物種。科普當時認為糙齒龍已不被使用，因此將奇異糙齒龍歸類於雙芽龍屬，並將這個發現於南達科塔州的部分骨骼歸類於奇異雙芽龍（Diclonius mirabilis）。約瑟夫·萊迪當時已承認糙齒龍的化石來自於許多不相干的恐龍，並曾經重新研究，但沒有正式的發表過就逝世。
在當時，科普將鴨嘴龍類敘述成生活在岸邊、水陸兩棲的動物，這個形象長久以來根植於大眾文化之中。科普的理由是鴨嘴龍類的頜部關節虛弱，牠們若以陸地植物為食，頜部關節可能會脫落。但是，科普當時取得的標本並不完全，缺少頜部內側、支撐牙齒的骨頭，鴨嘴龍類的牙齒其實非常牢固。自1899年起，美國自然歷史博物館買下大鴨龍的正模標本。科普曾嘗試敘述整個頭骨與骨骼，但研究並沒有完成，就已死去。
在1904年，蒙大拿州中部的地獄溪層發現另一個標本（編號AMNH 5886），由當地兩位牛仔發現，兩人爭論一些骨頭是否是化石，或是死去動物的骨頭，並曾用腳踢化石來測試，造成化石破碎。當地另一位牛仔以手槍與這兩位牛仔賣下這些化石，之後再轉售給巴納姆·布郎（Barnum Brown），巴納姆·布郎對這個化石遭到破壞感到遺憾，並在1906年完成這個化石的研究。這個化石非常完整，包含幾乎整段脊柱。在1907年，美國自然歷史博物館將布朗與科普研究的標本，重建成兩個完整的骨架，以奇異糙齒龍的名稱展出。工作人員將科普研究的骨架架設成頭部低垂的進食姿勢，而將布朗研究的骨架架設成以二足方式站立。當時的美國自然歷史博物館館長亨利·費爾費爾德·奧斯本（Henry Fairfield Osborn）形容，進食的骨架是在沼澤進食，而站立的骨架是因暴龍接近而站起。
鴨龍
在20世紀初期，鴨嘴龍類的分類發生非常大的改變，許多研究人員將原有物種改變分類，或是成為其他物種的異名，其中大部分物種的化石稀少、不完整。在1902年，海徹爾將鴨嘴龍類的柱齒龍、雙芽龍、鴨嘴龍、鳥踝龍、帆骨盆龍、強龍、破碎龍的一種，以及碎嘴龍、大師龍歸類於糙齒龍屬。海徹爾並認為馬什命名的C. annectens，與科普命名的奇異雙芽龍是相同物種，因個體差異或形變而被歸類於不同屬。在1910年，加拿大與蒙大拿州發現的鴨嘴龍類化石，顯示鴨嘴龍類有高度生物多樣性。在1915年，查爾斯·懷特尼·吉爾摩爾重新研究鴨嘴龍類，認為強龍的化石只發現於蘭斯組，糙齒龍的化石則發現於年代較早的朱迪斯河組，或是相同年代的地層。
在1942年，理查·史旺·魯爾與尼爾達·萊特的北美洲鴨嘴龍科專題論文暫時解決這個問題，他們將C. annectens與數個化石建立為一個新屬，稱為鴨龍（Anatosaurus），屬名意為「鴨子蜥蜴」，模式種為A. annectens。而且，他們將長頭糙齒龍、奇異雙芽龍改歸類於鴨龍屬。而在美國自然歷史博物館的骨骼，與A. annectens不是相同種，於是另建為科氏鴨龍，種名是為紀念科普首先的描述。科普研究的編號AMNH 5730標本成為科氏鴨龍的正模標本，而布朗研究的編號AMNH 5886標本則成為近模標本。
大鴨龍
魯爾與萊特的研究被延用了數十年。在70與80年代，Michael K. Brett-Surman在博士畢業研究中重新研究這些鴨嘴龍類化石。他提出鴨龍的模式種（A. annectens）是埃德蒙頓龍的一種，而科氏鴨龍則是獨立的屬。雖然國際動物命名法委員會（International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature）並不承認畢業論文為正式研究，後來的科學家與論文多採用Brett-Surman的說法。在1990年，Ralph Chapman與Brett-Surman正式發表學術研究，將科氏鴨龍建立為新屬，大鴨龍（Anatotitan），模式種是科氏大鴨龍（A. copei）。屬名是由拉丁文的鴨子（anas）與希臘文的泰坦（Titan）組合而成，意為「巨大的鴨子」。
在1902年，海徹爾曾提出科氏大鴨龍的標本事實上是個Edmontosaurus annectens，而牠的頭顱骨在化石化期間經已被壓扁，才有現時的長扁外貌。在2004年，傑克·霍納（Jack Horner）、大衛·威顯穆沛（David B . Weishampel）、凱薩琳·福斯特（Catherine Forster）等人再度提出這個說法。
長頭大鴨龍
在1889年，海徹爾在懷俄明州奈厄布拉勒縣的蘭斯組發現一個鴨嘴龍科下頜骨頭（編號YPM 616），這個部分下頜骨頭相當大、修長。在1890年，奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬什將這個骨頭分類在長頭破碎龍。但是於1942年， 古生物學家魯爾、萊特辨認出這個骨頭的側邊有明顯的稜脊，與科普敘述的標本類似。科普研究的化石是個齒骨，長約92公分；馬什研究的齒骨長度估計為110公分。
在1991年，喬治·奧利舍夫斯基（George Olshevsky）將長頭破碎龍歸類於大鴨龍屬，成為長頭大鴨龍（A. longiceps）。在1997年，唐諾·葛勒特（Donald F. Glut）的研究引用這個分類法。而傑克·霍納與威顯穆沛認為長頭大鴨龍只是科氏大鴨龍的異名。在2004年，兩人將長頭大鴨龍改歸類於埃德蒙頓龍的一種（E. annectens）。
分类
根据1942年Richard Swann Lull和Nelda Wright于1942年的研究，连接埃德蒙顿龙曾被建立为独立的大鸭龙属（Anatotitan），直到Michael K. Brett-Surman提出其为埃德蒙顿龙的一种。
以下分支图是出自Godefroit等人2012年的研究：
古生態學
目前的大鴨龍化石，發現於美國南達科塔州的地獄溪層與蘭斯層，以及蒙大拿州的地獄溪層，年代都為馬斯垂克階晚期。目前還沒有發現聚集的大鴨龍化石，或是屍骨層。戴爾·羅素（Dale Russell）研究蒙大拿州佩克堡地區的地獄溪層，提出地獄溪層過去是個平坦的氾濫平原，屬於乾旱的副熱帶氣候，有被子植物、雪松、落羽松、蕨類、銀杏等植物。生存在此地區的其他恐龍包含：稜齒龍類的奇異龍、角龍科的三角龍與牛角龍、鴨嘴龍科的埃德蒙頓龍、甲龍科的甲龍、厚頭龍類的厚頭龍與冥河龍、獸腳亞目的似鳥龍、傷齒龍、以及暴龍<ref name=HCFF>{{cite web | author = Phillip Bigelow | title = Cretaceous "Hell Creek Faunal Facies; Late Maastrichtian | url = http://www.scn.org/~bh162/hellcreek2.html | accessdate = 2007-01-26 | archive-date = 2007-01-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070124225117/http://www.scn.org/~bh162/hellcreek2.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>。
古生物學
如同其他鴨嘴龍科恐龍，大鴨龍是種大型、植食性恐龍，可採二足或四足方式行走。複雜的頭顱骨可以做出類似咀嚼的磨碎動作。大鴨龍的牙齒會不斷地生長、取代，構成每群至少百顆的齒系，但只有少數牙齒是持續使用的。大鴨龍使用牠的寬廣喙狀嘴來切割植物，並送入嘴部兩旁的頰部咀嚼。牠們的進食範圍約為離地面4公尺以上的範圍。
大鴨龍的鼻孔部位可能有大型的肉囊。這個肉囊可能看似膨脹的氣囊，可能具有視覺辨識，或發出聲響的功能。
大眾文化
雖然大鴨龍並沒有埃德蒙頓龍一樣有名，牠們仍常出現在大眾媒體中，並成為代表性恐龍之一。大鴨龍出現在BBC的電視節目《與恐龍共舞》的最後一集《末代恐龍》中。該節目的製作人與導演Jasper James將大鴨龍敘述成最後的鴨嘴龍類，並成為肉食性獸腳亞目暴龍的獵物。大鴨龍也出現在美國探索頻道的電視節目《恐龍紀元》（When Dinosaurs Roamed America''）中。
參考資料
L
L
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轩辕丘为轩辕黄帝的诞生地，在河南新郑市区一带，即今黄水河（古溱水）和双洎河（古洧水）交汇处的高台地上，面积约30多平方公里，其地貌形态东有马陵岗，西有双岭岗，南有黄岗，北有裴李岗，中间似盆地。历史上最早记述黄帝居轩辕丘的是战国《世本》：“黄帝居轩辕之丘，娶于西陵氏之子，产青阳及昌意。”关于轩辕丘的地望，晋皇甫谧《帝王世纪》说：“（黄帝）受国于有熊，居轩辕之丘，故因以为名，又以为号。”《大明一统志·古迹》：“轩辕丘，在新郑县境，古有熊氏之国，轩辕黄帝生于此故名。”
参考
中国古地名
新郑市
中国神话地理 |
The Arizona Diamondbacks' 2008 season was the 11th season of the franchise in Major League Baseball. Arizona tried to defend their NL West title after winning the division the previous year. But despite a franchise-best 20-8 start in the months of March and April, they couldn't maintain the division lead late in the season and collapsed with many losing streaks and stumbled to an 82-80 record, good enough for a second-place finish, only two games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Regular season
The 2008 season saw the best start in Diamondbacks history, going 20-8 in March/April and end up being way ahead in first place in the NL West. During the great start, Brandon Webb had his best career start by winning his first 9 decisions. The only low point was that starting pitcher Doug Davis was being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, before he could get his first start. Characteristically, Davis made his first two scheduled starts before undergoing surgery on April 8. Fortunately, his surgery was a success and was able to get back on the mound just 6 weeks later.
One of the more shining moments of April was when rookie pitcher Max Scherzer made his major league debut by pitching 4.1 perfect innings of relief, where he struck out 7 Astros. While doing this, Max passed Pete Richert of the 1962 Dodgers for the record for the number of consecutive batters retired (13) for a pitcher making his MLB debut as a reliever. Consequently, Scherzer was immediately promoted to the starting rotation, in the absence of Davis; he was relatively effective; in his four major-league outings (the aforementioned relief role against the Astros as well as three starts in Doug Davis' spot in the rotation), Scherzer had a 2.33 ERA with 23 strikeouts in 19 innings.
(Upon Davis' return, Scherzer was returned to the bullpen and optioned back to AAA Tucson in early June, and he eventually spent about a month on the Sidewinders' DL with shoulder inflammation. Davis, for his part, has had a less-than-stellar 2008 season, he is 4-7 with a 4.75 ERA as of late August.)
May was a much different month for the D-backs. The team saw a sharp decline in hitting and run production compared to April, and was their first losing month (11-17) since September 2006. The biggest disappointment had to have been the month-long slump right fielder Eric Byrnes fell into, where he hit .195 and had only 8 RBIs. Much speculation about his strained hamstring causing him to not perform well eventually led to him being put on the 15-day DL on May 27. He came back to action only to tear the left hamstring in late June, and was placed on the 60-day DL at that time.
The Diamondbacks continued to lead the NL West despite only being 47-48 at the All-Star break.
On July 17, 2008, Tony Clark was traded back to the D-backs from the San Diego Padres for a minor league pitcher, Evan Scribner.
On August 5, Dan Haren signed a four-year, $44.75 million deal with the Diamondbacks worth a guaranteed $41.25 million through 2012 and includes a $15.5 million club option for 2013 with a $3.5 million buyout.
Orlando Hudson, one of the more consistent offensive D-backs players in 2008, underwent season-ending surgery on his left wrist August 9 in the wake of a collision with catcher Brian McCann of the Atlanta Braves. Hudson became a free agent in the offseason and signed with the division rival Los Angeles Dodgers.
LF Eric Byrnes has been on the 60-day disabled list since late June, with a torn left hamstring, and was not expected to return to the lineup this season.
On August 11, 2008, Dallas Buck, RHP Micah Owings (pending clearing of waivers), and one other prospect were traded to the Reds (in last place in the NL Central at the time) in exchange for OF Adam Dunn. Dunn, who was tied for the major league lead with 32 home runs, was expected to provide a significant boost to an offense that has struggled to score runs for most of the season. Dunn seemed quite positive about being traded to a ballclub in first place in its division in August. The move was seen by some fans as a belated attempt by the D-backs to counter the trade by their division rival, the Los Angeles Dodgers, for Boston Red Sox power-hitting OF Manny Ramirez on July 31; and also to compensate for the injuries to Hudson and Byrnes, generally considered two of the more "power-hitting" Diamondbacks on a team which has relied heavily on pitching and defense in recent years.
Owings, once considered an excellent pitching prospect for the Diamondbacks, has struggled in the 2008 campaign with a 7.09 ERA since April 21. Owings must clear waivers before being able to join the Reds, otherwise he will remain a member of the Diamondbacks through the remainder of the season.
On August 31, the Diamondbacks acquired former World Series MVP David Eckstein to fill the hole at secondbase which was opened after Orlando Hudson was placed on the disabled list. Eckstein was traded from the Toronto Blue Jays for Minor League pitcher Chad Beck.
As of September 25, the D-Backs fell out of playoff contention with a 12-3 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals.
Season standings
National League West
Record vs. opponents
Game log
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 1 || March 31 || @ Reds || 4 – 2 || Webb (1-0) || Harang (0-1) || Lyon (1) || 42,498 || 1-0
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 2 || April 2 || @ Reds || 6 – 5 || Affeldt (1-0) || Lyon (0-1) || || 14,016 || 1-1
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 3 || April 3 || @ Reds || 3 – 2 || Cueto (1-0) || Davis (0-1) || Cordero (1) || 11,987 || 1-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 4 || April 4 || @ Rockies || 8 – 1 || Owings (1-0) || Redman (0-1) || || 49,233 || 2-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 5 || April 5 || @ Rockies || 7 – 2 || Webb (2-0) || Francis (0-1) || || 43,124 || 3-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 6 || April 6 || @ Rockies || 5 – 2 (10) || Lyon (1-1) || Bowie (0-1) || Qualls (1) || 42,865 || 4-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 7 || April 7 || Dodgers || 9 – 3 || Haren (1-0) || Loaiza (0-2) || || 49,057 || 5-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 8 || April 8 || Dodgers || 10 – 5 || Davis (1-1) || Billingsley (0-1) || || 28,973 || 6-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 9 || April 9 || Dodgers || 4 – 3 || Owings (2-0) || Kuroda (1-1) || Lyon (2) || 23,331 || 7-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 10 || April 11 || Rockies || 8 – 2 || Webb (3-0) || Francis (0-2) || || 31,732 || 8-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 11 || April 12 || Rockies || 10 – 3 || Haren (2-0) || Morales (0-1) || || 29,256 || 9-2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 12 || April 13 || Rockies || 13 – 5 || Cook (1-1) || González (0-1) || || 31,321 || 9-3
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 13 || April 14 || @ Giants || 5 – 4 || Yabu (1-1)|| Qualls (0-1) || Wilson (4) || 30,371 || 9-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 14 || April 15 || @ Giants || 8 – 2 || Owings (3-0) || Correia (1-2) || || 30,068 || 10-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 15 || April 16 || @ Giants || 4 – 1 || Webb (4-0) || Zito (0-4) || Lyon (3) || 30,510 || 11-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 16 || April 18 || Padres || 9 – 0 || Haren (3-0) || Maddux (2-1) || || 26,783 || 12-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 17 || April 19 || Padres || 10 – 3 || Cruz (1-0) || Thatcher (0-2) || || 39,726 || 13-4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 18 || April 20 || Padres || 9 – 4 || Wolf (2-0) || Johnson (0-1) || || 28,090 || 13-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 19 || April 21 || Giants || 4 – 2 || Owings (4-0) || Correia (1-3) || Lyon (4) || 22,097 || 14-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 20 || April 22 || Giants || 5 – 4 || Webb (5-0) || Zito (0-5) || Lyon (5) || 25,074 || 15-5
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 21 || April 23 || @ Dodgers || 8 – 3 || Lowe (2-1) || Haren (3-1) || Saito (2) || 42,590 || 15-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 22 || April 24 || @ Dodgers || 6 – 4 || González (1-1) || Billingsley (0-4) || Lyon (6) || 38,350 || 16-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 23 || April 25 || @ Padres || 5 – 1 || Johnson (1-1) || Wolf (2-1) || || 31,340 || 17-6
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 24 || April 26 || @ Padres || 8 – 7 (13) || Rusch (1-2) || Petit (0-1) || || 31,295 || 17-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 25 || April 27 || @ Padres || 2 – 1 || Webb (6-0) || Peavy (3-1) || Lyon (7) || 40,074 || 18-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 26 || April 28 || Astros || 5 – 3 || Haren (4-1) || Sampson (1-3) || Lyon (8) || 19,868 || 19-7
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 27 || April 29 || Astros || 6 – 4 || Brocail (1-0) || González (1-2) || Valverde (5) || 20,241 || 19-8
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 28 || April 30 || Astros || 8 – 7 || Medders (1-0) || Borkowski (0-2) || Lyon (9) || 21,519 || 20-8
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 29 || May 2 || Mets || 7 – 2 || Maine (3-2) || Owings (4-1) || || 35,682 || 20-9
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 30 || May 3 || Mets || 10 – 4 || Webb (7-0) || Pelfrey (2-2) || || 34,744 || 21-9
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 31 || May 4 || Mets || 5 – 2 || Sosa (4-1) || Qualls (0-2) || Wagner (7) || 37,593 || 21-10
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 32 || May 5 || Phillies || 11 – 4 || Moyer (2-2) || Scherzer (0-1) || || 21,266 || 21-11
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 33 || May 6 || Phillies || 6 – 4 || Johnson (2-1)|| Eaton (0-1) || Lyon (10) || 26,234 || 22-11
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 34 || May 7 || Phillies || 5 – 4 || Romero (3-0) || Qualls (0-3) || Lidge (8) || 21,260 || 22-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 35 || May 8 || Phillies || 8 – 3 || Webb (8-0) || Myers (2-3) || || 21,942 || 23-12
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 36 || May 9 || @ Cubs || 3 – 1 || Lilly (3-4) || Haren (4-2) || Wood (6) || 40,236 || 23-13
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 37 || May 10 || @ Cubs || 7 – 2 || Eyre (1-0) || Qualls (0-4) || || 41,597 || 23-14
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 38 || May 11 || @ Cubs || 6 – 4 || Mármol (1-0) || Peña (0-1) || Wood (7) || 39,740 || 23-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 39 || May 13 || Rockies || 8 – 4 || Johnson (3-1) || Francis (0-4) || || 27,292 || 24-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 40 || May 14 || Rockies || 4 – 3 || Owings (5-1) || de la Rosa (1-2) || Lyon (11) || 23,127 || 25-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 41 || May 15 || Rockies || 8 – 5 || Webb (9-0) || Cook (6-2) || Lyon (12) || 21,447 || 26-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 42 || May 16 || Tigers || 4 – 3 || Haren (5-2) || Miner (1-3) || Peña (1) || 33,531 || 27-15
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 43 || May 17 || Tigers || 3 – 2 || Galarraga (3-2) || Scherzer (0-2) || Jones (6) || 48,804 || 27-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 44 || May 18 || Tigers || 4 – 0 || Johnson (4-1) || Robertson (1-4) || || 38,793 || 28-16
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 45 || May 20 || @ Marlins || 3 – 2 || Hendrickson (6-2) || Owings (5-2) || Gregg (8) || 10,696 || 28-17
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 46 || May 21 || @ Marlins || 3 – 1 || Nolasco (3-3) || Webb (9-1) || Gregg (9) || 11,227 || 28-18
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 47 || May 22 || @ Marlins || 4 – 0 || Miller (4-3) || Haren (5-3) || || 13,233 || 28-19
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 48 || May 23 || @ Braves || 11 – 1 || Davis (2-1) || Reyes (2-2) || || 27,263 || 29-19
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 49 || May 24 || @ Braves || 3 – 1 || Boyer (1-3) || Slaten (0-1) || || 36,263 || 29-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 50 || May 25 || @ Braves || 9 – 3 || Owings (6-2) || Glavine (2-2) || || 35,628 || 30-20
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 51 || May 26 || @ Braves || 7 – 3 || Acosta (3-1) || Webb (9-2) || || 29,635 || 30-21
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 52 || May 27 || Giants || 6 – 3 || Lincecum (7-1) || Haren (5-4) || Wilson (15) || 23,604 || 30-22
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 53 || May 28 || Giants || 11 – 3 || Sánchez (3-3) || Davis (2-2) || || 24,336 || 30-23
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 54 || May 29 || Giants || 4 – 3 || Walker (3-3) || Qualls (0-5) || Wilson (16) || 21,037 || 30-24
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 55 || May 30 || Nationals || 7 – 4 || Hanrahan (1-2) || Owings (6-3) || Rauch (12)|| 25,391 || 30-25
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 56 || May 31 || Nationals || 4 – 0 || Webb (10-2) || Bergmann (1-2) || || 38,507 || 31-25
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 57 || June 1 || Nationals || 5 – 0 || Haren (6-4) || Hill (0-2) || || 28,249 || 32-25
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 58 || June 2 || @ Brewers || 4 – 3 || Mota (2-3) || Slaten (0-2) || Torres (6) || 27,562 || 32-26
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 59 || June 3 || @ Brewers || 7 – 1 || McClung (3-2) || Johnson (4-2) || || 29,478 || 32-27
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 60 || June 4 || @ Brewers || 10 – 1 || Parra (4-2) || Owings (6-4) || || 27,539 || 32-28
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 61 || June 6 || @ Pirates || 3 – 1 || Webb (11-2) || Snell (2-6) || Lyon (13) || 19,437 || 33-28
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 62 || June 7 || @ Pirates || 4 – 3 || Cruz (2-0) || Grabow (4-2) || Lyon (14)|| 20,967 || 34-28
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 63 || June 8 || @ Pirates || 6 – 4 || Dumatrait (3-3) || Davis (2-3) || Capps (14) || 22,222 || 34-29
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 64 || June 9 || @ Pirates || 5 – 3 || Duke (4-4)|| Johnson (4-3) || Capps (15) || 10,717 || 34-30
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 65 || June 10 || @ Mets || 9 – 5 || Qualls (1-5) || Smith (0-1) || || 45,808 || 35-30
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 66 || June 11 || @ Mets || 5 – 3 || Vargas (3-2) || González (1-3) || || 46,503 || 35-31
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 67 || June 12 || @ Mets || 5 – 4 || Lyon (2-1) || Heilman (0-3) || || 47,042 || 36-31
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 68 || June 13 || Royals || 1 – 0 || Buckner (1-0) || Yabuta (1-2) || || 33,323 || 37-31
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 69 || June 14 || Royals || 12 – 3 || Hochevar (4-5) || Johnson (4-4) || || 44,615 || 37-32
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 70 || June 15 || Royals || 8 – 3 || Meche (4-8) || Owings (6-5) || || 39,125 || 37-33
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 71 || June 17 || Athletics || 15 – 1 || Duchscherer (7-4) || Webb (11-3) || || 28,710 || 37-34
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 72 || June 18 || Athletics || 11 – 1 || Haren (7-4) || Blanton (3-10) || || 28,507 || 38-34
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 73 || June 19 || Athletics || 2 – 1 || Peña (1-1) || Foulke (0-2) || Lyon (15) || 31,997 || 39-34
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 74 || June 20 || @ Twins || 7 – 2|| Baker (3-2)|| Johnson (4-5) || || 29,069 || 39-35
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 75 || June 21 || @ Twins || 6 – 1 || Blackburn (6-4)|| Owings (6-6) || || 25,505 || 39-36
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 76 || June 22 || @ Twins || 5 – 3 || Hernández (8-4)|| Webb (11-4) || Nathan (19)|| 31,497 || 39-37
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 77 || June 23 || @ Red Sox || 2 – 1 || Haren (8-4)|| Beckett (7-5) || Lyon (16) || 37,694 || 40-37
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 78 || June 24 || @ Red Sox || 5 – 4 || Smith (1-0)|| Qualls (1-6) || Papelbon (22) || 37,867 || 40-38
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 79 || June 25 || @ Red Sox || 5 – 0 || Wakefield (5-5)|| Johnson (4-6) || Papelbon (23) || 37,924 || 40-39
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 80 || June 27 || @ Marlins || 3 – 1 || Nolasco (8-4) || Owings (6-7) || Gregg (14) || 15,291 || 40-40
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 81 || June 28 || @ Marlins || 6 – 2 || Webb (12-4) || A. Miller (5-7) || || 27,777 || 41-40
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 82 || June 29 || @ Marlins || 4 – 3 || Nelson (1-0) || Lyon (2-2) || || 11,327 || 41-41
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 83 || June 30 || Brewers || 6 – 3 || Davis (3-3) || Bush (4-8) || Lyon (17) || 23,040 || 42-41
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 84 || July 1 || Brewers || 8 – 6 || Suppan (5-6) || Johnson (4-7) || Torres (14) || 21,736 || 42-42
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 85 || July 2 || Brewers || 4 – 3 || Riske (1-1) || Lyon (2-3) || Torres (15) || 22,324 || 42-43
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 86 || July 3 || Brewers || 6 – 5 || Rosales (1-0) || Torres (4-2) || || 23,842 || 43-43
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 87 || July 4 || Padres || 5 – 1 || Baek (2-4) || Haren (8-5) || || 49,110 || 43-44
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 88 || July 5 || Padres || 4 – 2 || Peavy (6-5) || Davis (3-4) || Hoffman (16) || 40,976 || 43-45
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 89 || July 6 || Padres || 3 – 2 || Johnson (5-7) || Banks (2-4) || Lyon (18) || 28,246 || 44-45
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 90 || July 8 || @ Nationals || 2 – 0 || Webb (13-4) || Pérez (2-6) || Lyon (19) || 26,820 || 45-45
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 91 || July 9 || @ Nationals || 5 – 0 || Lannan (5-9) || Owings (6-8) || || 25,862 || 45-46
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 92 || July 10 || @ Nationals || 7 – 5 (11) || Qualls (2-6) || Ayala (1-5) || || 27,330 || 46-46
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 93 || July 11 || @ Phillies || 6 – 5 (12) || Seánez (4-3) || Robertson (0-1) || || 45,028 || 46-47
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 94 || July 12 || @ Phillies || 10 – 4 || Johnson (6-7) || Eaton (3-8) || || 45,006 || 47-47
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 95 || July 13 || @ Phillies || 6 – 3 || Madson (2-0) || Qualls (2-7) || || 45,277 || 47-48
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 96 || July 18 || Dodgers || 8 – 7 (11) || Wade (1-1) || Slaten (0-3) || Broxton (1) || 38,561 || 47-49
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 97 || July 19 || Dodgers || 3 – 2 || Haren (9-5) || Billingsley (9-9) || Lyon (20) || 41,458 || 48-49
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 98 || July 20 || Dodgers || 6 – 5 || Troncoso (1-1) || Lyon (2-4) || Broxton (2) || 39,217 || 48-50
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 99 || July 21 || Cubs || 2 – 0 || Johnson (7-7) || Harden (5-2) || || 34,627 || 49-50
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 100 || July 22 || Cubs || 9 – 2 || Petit (1-1) || Marquis (6-6) || || 35,337 || 50-50
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 101 || July 23 || Cubs || 10 – 6 || Lilly (10-6) || Davis (3-5) || || 37,301 || 50-51
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 102 || July 25 || @ Giants || 10 – 2 || Haren (10-5) || Sánchez (8-6) || || 32,851 || 51-51
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 103 || July 26 || @ Giants || 5 – 3 || Webb (14-14) || Walker (3-6) || || 37,094 || 52-51
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 104 || July 27 || @ Giants || 7 – 2 || Johnson (8-7) || Zito (5-13) || || 40,071 || 53-51
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 105 || July 28 || @ Padres || 8 – 5 || Maddux (4-8) || Owings(6-9) || || 29,302 || 53-52
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 106 || July 29 || @ Padres || 3 – 0 || Davis (4-5)|| Hensley (1-2) || || 29,131 || 54-52
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 107 || July 30 || @ Padres || 7 – 3 || Haren (11-5) || Baek (3-6) || || 31,755 || 55-52
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 108 || July 31 || @ Dodgers || 2 – 1 || Webb (15-4) || Lowe (8-9) || || 42,440 || 56-52
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 109 || August 1 || @ Dodgers || 2 – 1 || Johnson (9-7) || Park (4-3) || || 55,239 || 57-52
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 110 || August 2 || @ Dodgers || 4 – 2 || Kuroda (6-8) || Petit (1-2) || || 54,544 || 57-53
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 111 || August 3 || @ Dodgers || 9 – 3 || Wade (2-1) || Davis (4-6) || || 52,972 || 57-54
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 112 || August 4 || Pirates || 13 – 7 || Haren (12-5) || Davis (1-1) || || 21,826 || 58-54
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 113 || August 5 || Pirates || 3 – 1 || Webb (16-4) || Duke (4-10) || || 25,109 || 59-54
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 114 || August 6 || Pirates || 2 – 0 || Karstens (2-0) || Johnson (9-8) || || 28,556 || 59-55
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 115 || August 7 || Braves || 6 – 4 || Morton (3-5) || Petit (1-3) || Gonzalez (5) || 27,787 || 59-56
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 116 || August 8 || Braves || 11 – 6 || Campillo (7-4) || Davis (4-7) || Bennett (3) || 27,996 || 59-57
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 117 || August 9 || Braves || 11 – 4 || Jurrjens (11-7) || Haren (12-6) || || 36,613 || 59-58
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 118 || August 10 || Braves || 6 – 1 || Webb (17-4) || Hampton (1-1) || || 35,838 || 60-58
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 119 || August 12 || @ Rockies || 4-2 ||Johnson (10-8) || Jiménez (8-11) || Lyon (25) || 31,218 || 61-58
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 120 || August 13 || @ Rockies || 6-5 || Buchholz (5-3) || Rauch (4-3) || Fuentes (22) || 30,247 || 61-59
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 121 || August 14 || @ Rockies || 6-2 || Haren (13-6) || Rusch (5-4) || || 27,575 || 62-59
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 122 || August 15 || @ Astros || 12-2 || Webb (18-4) || Rodríguez (7-5) || || 36,035 || 63-59
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 123 || August 16 || @ Astros || 11-5 || Petit (2-3) || Backe (7-12) || || 39,501 || 64-59
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 124 || August 17 || @ Astros || 3-0 || Oswalt (11-8) || Johnson (10-9) || Valverde (31) || 42,619 || 64-60
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 125 || August 19 || Padres || 7-6 || Davis (5-7) || Banks (3-6) || Peña (2) || 24,739 || 65-60
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 126 || August 20 || Padres || 8-6 || Haren (14-6) || Peavy (9-9) || Rauch (18) || 26,518 || 66-60
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 127 || August 21 || Padres || 4-1 || Webb (19-4) || Reineke (1-1) || || 25,611 || 67-60
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 128 || August 22 || Marlins || 5-4 || Rhodes (1-0) || Rauch (4-4) || Gregg (28) || 28,201 || 67-61
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 129 || August 23 || Marlins || 7-1 || Petit (3-3) || Volstad (4-3) || || 44,294 || 68-61
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 130 || August 24 || Marlins || 5-2 || Nolasco (13-7) || Davis (5-8) || Gregg (29)|| 31,518 || 68-62
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 131 || August 25 || @ Padres || 4-2 || Hoffman (2-6) || Rauch (4-5) || || 29,197 || 68-63
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 132 || August 26 || @ Padres || 9-2 || Reineke (2-1) || Webb (19-5) || || 32,104 || 68-64
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 133 || August 27 || @ Padres || 5-4 || Adams (2-3) || Qualls (2-8) || Hoffman (27) || 24,563 || 68-65
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 134 || August 29 || Dodgers || 9-3 || Davis (6-8) || Kuroda (7-10) || || 32,610 || 69-65
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 135 || August 30 || Dodgers || 6-2 || Billingsley (13-10) || Haren (14-7) || || 49,045 || 69-66
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 136 || August 31 || Dodgers || 8-1 || Lowe (11-11) || Webb (19-6) || || 43,456 || 69-67
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 137 || September 1 || Cardinals || 8-6 || Qualls (3-8) || McClellan (2-7) || Lyon (26) || 35,075 || 70-67
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 138 || September 2 || Cardinals || 8-2 || Wainwright (8-3) || Petit (3-4) || || 27,568 || 70-68
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 139 || September 3 || Cardinals || 4-3 || Qualls (4-8) || Perez (2-2) || || 24,350 || 71-68
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 140 || September 5 || @ Dodgers || 7-0 || Lowe (12-11) || Haren (14-8) || || 52,270 || 71-69
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 141 || September 6 || @ Dodgers || 7-2 || Billingsley (14-10) || Webb (19-7) || || 47,543 || 71-70
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 142 || September 7 || @ Dodgers || 5-3 || Kuo (5-2) || Rauch (4-6) || Broxton (13) || 54,137 || 71-71
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 143 || September 8 || @ Giants || 6-2 || Lincecum (16-3) || Petit (3-5) || || 30,252 || 71-72
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 144 || September 9 || @ Giants || 5-4 || Wilson (3-2) || Rauch (4-7) || || 30,518 || 71-73
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 145 || September 10 || @ Giants || 4-3 || Hinshaw (2-1) || Lyon (2-5) || || 30,992 || 71-74
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 146 || September 12 || Reds || 3-2 || Webb (20-7) || Harang (4-16) || Qualls (3) || 29,046 || 72-74
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 147 || September 13 || Reds || 3-2 (10) || Weathers (3-6) || Peña (1-2) || Cordero (30) || 45,075 || 72-75
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 148 || September 14 || Reds || 2-1 (10) || Weathers (4-6) || Rauch (4-8) || Cordero (31) || 27,297 || 72-76
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 149 || September 15 || Giants || 3-1 || Peña (2-2) || Hennessey (1-2) || Qualls (4) || 25,969 || 73-76
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 150 || September 16 || Giants || 2-0 || Haren (15-8) || Cain (8-13) || || 33,195 || 74-76
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 151 || September 17 || Giants || 7-6 || Webb (21-7) || Sánchez (9-11) || Peña (3) || 22,616 || 75-76
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 152 || September 18 || Giants || 3-2 || Cruz (3-0) || Lincecum (17-4) || Qualls (5) || 34,323 || 76-76
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 153 || September 19 || @ Rockies || 3-2 || de la Rosa (9-8) || Scherzer (0-3) || Fuentes (29) || 43,137 || 76-77
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 154 || September 20 || @ Rockies || 5-3 || Peña (3-2) || Fuentes (1-5) || Qualls (6) || 38,283 || 77-77
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 155 || September 21 || @ Rockies || 13-4 || Haren (16-8) || Reynolds (2-8) || || 32,915 || 78-77
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 156 || September 22 || @ Cardinals || 4-2 || Webb (22-7) || Wellemeyer (12-9) || Qualls (7) || 40,349 || 79-77
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 157 || September 23 || @ Cardinals || 7-4 || Lohse (15-6) || Johnson (10-10) || Franklin (16) || 40,013 || 79-78
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 158 || September 24 || @ Cardinals || 4-2 || Wainwright (11-3) || Scherzer (0-4) || Franklin (17) || 40,029 || 79-79
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 159 || September 25 || @ Cardinals || 12-3 || Piñeiro (7-7) || Rosales (1-1) || || 40,502 || 79-80
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 160 || September 26 || Rockies || 6-4 || Cruz (4-0) || Grilli (3-3) || Qualls (8) || 34,950 || 80-80
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 161 || September 27 || Rockies || 6-4 || Lyon (3-5) || Corpas (3-4) || Qualls (9) || 33,234 || 81-80
|- align="center" bgcolor="bbffbb"
| 162 || September 28 || Rockies || 2-1 || Johnson (11-10) || Vizcaíno (1-2) || || 35,908 || 82-80
|-
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases
*Note: Only pitchers noted with an asterisk who officially batted during the season are included above.
Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts
Farm system
References
External links
2008 Arizona Diamondbacks season at Baseball Reference
Batting Statistics: Arizona Diamondbacks Batting Stats on ESPN.com
Pitching Statistics: Arizona Diamondbacks Pitching Stats on ESPN.com
Arizona Diamondbacks seasons
Arizona Diamondbacks season
Arizonia |
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hari Tokeino. The collected volumes are published by Hakusensha under the imprint Hana to Yume Comics. It is licensed for English language distribution by Tokyopop and for distribution in South Korea by Seoul Munhwa-Sa.
The series was serialized in shōjo manga magazine LaLa, and has been compiled into a total of eleven tankōbon, with the last volume published in July 2009.
The story concerns Sakura Miyashita, a fourteen-year-old girl who discovers that her late stepfather fathered four sons. These four brothers come to live with Sakura, and with their diverse personalities, help her deal with loneliness and insecurities. The manga follows Sakura's complicated relationship with and feelings towards her unusual family.
Plot
Sakura, upon the spring of her first year in middle school. Her mother, Fumiko, and her stepfather died in an accident when she was three; the grandmother who raised her has just recently died. One day, however, Sakura comes home and is suddenly embraced by four men aged seventeen through twenty-five. They claim to be Sakura's half-brothers, and give her a letter from her grandmother that leaves her in their care.
It is soon revealed that Sakura holds no actual blood relation with the four, as their father didn't meet Fumiko until she was already pregnant with Sakura. Nevertheless, they manage to convince Sakura that their love for her as a sister is sincere. For the next few years, Sakura and her brothers live as family, experiencing the range of familial activities: sibling fights, school plays, discoveries of old family secrets, trips to festivals, and more.
Soon after graduating from middle school, Sakura discovers she is in love with her oldest brother, Masashi Miyashita.
Characters
Main characters
(drama CD)
Sakura is an independent 14-year-old student. She was once an orphan but ever since she came into the hands of her brothers, she's living a happy and wonderful new life. Every day she becomes closer to her brothers and lightens the spirit of their home. After she graduates from middle school, she attends the same high school as Takeshi did. Later on in the series, she starts noticing that she's falling in love with her eldest brother Masashi.
(drama CD)
The eldest brother of the family. He's a 25-year-old romance novelist who likes to dress in women's clothing. He claims his feminine side to be because of his job requires a woman and he tries to think of how they would feel in situations. He seems the most closest and cuddliest when it comes to his little sister. He is overprotective of her. He doesn't like cats. In volume 7, Masashi is confessed by Sakura which causes huge commotions and troubles in the family. Masashi's first love was Fumiko-san who is Sakura-chan's mother.
(drama CD)
A 23-year-old teacher, a Japanese teacher at Sakura's middle school. He's the calmest in the family and likes cats. He doesn't really show his emotions, which makes him very mature indeed. He is also very popular as a teacher at Sakura's middle school.
(drama CD)
A 19-year-old who puts much care into his part-time jobs. Tsuyoshi is very irritable of his brothers yet he's more soft with Sakura since she's new and the youngest in the family (And because he loves her). He seems to blush almost every time he and Sakura talk to each other, probably because she's so cute. He is overprotective when it comes to her and is particularly vocal when expressing this attitude. Even though he claims it's unlike himself, his secret dream is to become an owner of a shop to make people happy. In volume 10, Tsuyoshi opens up his own store. After catching the action of Sakura confessing to Masashi, Tsuyoshi decides to be very, overly protective of Sakura from Masashi.
(drama CD)
A 17-year-old eleventh grader. He takes a special interest in gardening, which is his favorite hobby as well. Takeshi is the gentlest and quietest of the four brothers and cares quite well for Sakura. He graduates from high school and attends college just as Sakura graduates from middle school. And besides, Takeshi may love flowers, but his own little sister is his favorite flower. Even though he may seem tall for his age, he is the youngest of the four.
Other characters
A classmate and a good friend of Sakura. She finds Sakura's brothers very attractive and always perks up whenever she's in their presence. Her older brother attends Takeshi's high school. Tomoko accidentally says something about Sakura liking Masashi while visiting the Miyashita's house causing Masashi to hear it and Sakura confesses. She's known as the "love adviser".
(drama CD)
Another classmate and good friend of Sakura. He's a shy boy and has a crush on Sakura, but is too nervous to show it because he's frightened of her new guardians. He is particularly frightened by Masashi, who becomes the opposite of his usual optimistic self when he sees Suzuki gazing at Sakura, and Tsuyoshi, who is extremely vocal of his overprotective attitude toward Sakura. He eventually attends the same high school as Sakura. Suzuki later on decides to keep his feelings to himself and not let Sakura know about them.
A cousin of Sakura's brothers, his family took Takeshi in when Sakura and her brothers' parents died. He is the same age as Takeshi and becomes an older brother figure to him. He leaves to train for soccer and is initially jealous that Sakura has taken his place in Takeshi's life. However, after Takeshi reveals he values Yosuke as a brother and hopes to be an older brother to Sakura like Yosuke was to him, Yosuke warms up to Sakura and begins to treat her like a sister. He calls Sakura "shorty".
In the beginning, Katagiri has a tough life and is constantly bullied; he never talks and always gets into fights. The only person who could snap him out of his phase is Sakura, and eventually he calls in love with her. Katagiri confesses his love for Sakura, but she discovers he is moving away before she can respond. Before leaving though, she makes it clear that she just thinks of him as a friend. He later returns and attends the same high school as Sakura and forms a cooking club. After trying to get Sakura to be the love of his life, Sonomura confesses her love for him and he decides to move on.
A childhood friend of Tsuyoshi. He is half Japanese, as his father was Swiss and his mother Japanese. Introduced in Episode 13, Rin visits Tokyo to look at the college and to see Tsuyoshi, with whom he is in love but does not reciprocate his feelings. Like Masashi, Rin is incredibly effeminate and wears feminine attire, but unlike the eldest Miyashita brother, he is gay.
The 36-year-old owner of a cafe near the Miyashita household, he meets Sakura for the first time after she has lived with her brothers for about a year. Taizo has a habit of spouting Italian, which reflects his dream: to own a cafe in Italy. Sakura resembles the woman he loved who died while he was in Italy, so he takes to her immediately, much to her brothers' dismay. Eventually, it is revealed that Taizo is Sakura's biological father and that his love was Sakura's mother, Fumiko Otsuka. The Miyashitas confront Taizo about his relationship with Fumiko just as he is about to leave Japan for Italy to avoid seeing Sakura (and her painful resemblance to Fumiko); he affirms their suspicions and explains he has no intention of acting as Sakura's father and leaves Japan for Italy again. Sakura doesn't see Taizo again until after she graduates middle school. Masashi decides that maybe he, Sakura, and the other brothers should visit Italy to see Taizo for Sakura's sake, but he discovers that Taizo is back in Japan. Masashi meets Taizo in front of Fumiko's grave and convinces him to meet with Sakura again, as her father. He and Sakura are able to reconcile their relationship and Sakura recognizes him as a surrogate father figure.
(drama CD)
A member of the soccer club with Suzuki, he is in the 11th grade at Sakura's school. He has sister attachment issues with his sister, Nene, and doesn't feel comfortable unless he's holding her hand. He shows very little facial expression and is usually shown with a blank look, but he actually has a charming face and is very popular, as seen in Chapter 25 when he is shown with his pockets overflowing with Valentine's Day chocolate. He is also very good at imitating people's voices and constantly attempts to get Nene and Terada together. When Terada graduates, Nana succeeds him as the captain of the soccer team. In volume 10, a girl confesses her love for him, but he says that he's going out with "Shrimp", Sakura. Sakura takes it as a joke, but he doesn't. Yet she constantly confuses his feelings with Nene. It is hinted he may have a sister complex.
(drama CD)
An 11th grader at Sakura's school and Nana's twin sister, Nene is the manager of the soccer club. She has the same personality as Nana and is noted by Sakura to be very beautiful. She seems to believe that Sakura and Suzuki are a couple, referring to him as "her boyfriend." She may be in love with Terada.
The self-proclaimed "bulls-eye aim" of the soccer team. He is in the 10th grade and in the same class as Suzuki and Sakura.
After seeing Masashi as a "Yakuza boss lady", Mizusawa instantly falls in love with him not knowing that he is a boy, and constantly tries to please him. He seems to be good friends with Suzuki.
(drama CD)
The 12th grade captain of the soccer club. He has a cheerful personality and is easily pleased.
He is good friends with Nana and Nene, and is called "Samurai Hair" by Nana due to his samurai-like hair style.
He may be in love with Nene.
Takeshi's friend from school, who Takeshi calls "Ume-chan". He works at the cafe with Taizo and makes sure he doesn't do anything stupid. He is unfriendly and has a personality much like Nana and Nene.
Sakura's classmate in high school. Sonomura was in the same class as Katagiri during their second year in middle school, where she also developed a crush on him ever since he helped her out of an embarrassing cooking situation. She is dating Katagiri.
Media
Manga
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Original
published in January 2004
published in August 2004
published in February 2005
published in August 2005
published in March 2006
published in October 2006
published in April 2007
published in November 2007
published in April 2008
published in December 2008
published in July 2009
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English
published in July 2007
published in November 2007
published in March 2008
published in June 2008
published in September 2008
published in December 2008
published in March 2009
published in June 2009
published in September 2009
published in December 2009
published in March 2010
Drama CD
The series was first adapted into a drama CD as the supplement of the April 2007 issue of LaLa compiled together with 3 other series, Kin'iro no Corda, Ryū no Hanawazurai and Kaichō wa Maid-sama! as LaLa Tokimeki Drama CD. There was a booklet enclosed together with the drama CD. Colored illustrations of the featured series were also given out as presents to random readers. Misato Fukuen, Takashi Kondō and Kenichi Suzumura voiced Sakura, Masashi and Tsuyoshi.
On July 25, 2007, a commercial drama CD was released by Marine Entertainment and the first pressing of the release contained a cellphone head cleaner. Customers who purchased the limited pressing directly from Marine Entertainment also received a B2-sized poster for the release.
References
External links
Volume 1 at Tokyopop (Archived)
2004 manga
Comedy-drama anime and manga
Hakusensha manga
Shōjo manga
Tokyopop titles |
is a -high cinder cone volcano in the Izu-Tobu volcano field of Itō, Shizuoka, Japan. At the independent peak, the yearly mountain burning that has been performed for more than 700 years is carried out in the early spring, so it is often covered with annual plants and is a symbol of Itō. The mountain is designated as a national natural monument and part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.
Gallery
External links
The story of the land of Izu pages 82-87 in Japanese - Masato Koyama , Shizuoka University
Mount Ōmuro Geosite - Izu Peninsula Geopark
Mount Ōmuro Geosite - Japanese site differs from above.
References
Mountains of Shizuoka Prefecture
Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park
Volcanoes of Shizuoka Prefecture |
公爵夫人剧院（Duchess Theatre）是一个西区剧院，位于英国伦敦西敏市凯瑟琳街。
公爵夫人剧院于1929年11月25日开幕，是最小的西区剧院之一，仅有494个座位。其设计者为埃文·巴尔。列为II级登录建筑.
参考
Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp. 108 (Theatres Trust, 2000) ISBN 0-7136-5688-3
西区剧院 |
Zunaid Ahmed Palak (born 17 May 1980) is a Bangladeshi politician, and the incumbent Member of Bangladesh Levgistvie Council Natore-3.
Early life and education
Palak was born on 17 May 1980, to a Bengali Muslim family in the village of Serkol-Teligram in Singra, Natore District, Bangladesh. Through his parents, Faiz Ahmad and Jamila Ahmad, he is linked with the Singranatore dynasty of Mughal descent.
He received his SSC from Singra Damdama Pilot High School in 1995, and his HSC from Rajshahi Old Degree College in 1997. He then studied political science at Dhaka College and gained an LLB from the National University, Bangladesh.
Career
Palak was appointed Minister of State for Information and Communication Technology Division, Bangladesh on 12 January 2014, at the age of 34 years, making him the youngest Minister of Bangladesh. He is also the first minister ever to be born in the independent Bangladesh. He was nominaas a "ted Young Global Leader in 2016 by the World Economic Forum. At the age of 36, he got the nomination from the Bangladesh Awami League, in 2006 the National Elections of 2006. In 2008, he was nominated again, and was eleced by a large margin, becoming the youngest member of the ninth National Assembly of Bangladesh. In June 2017, he was nominated as chairman of the Advisory Committee of International Association of Students in Economic and Commercial Sciences (AIESEC), Bangladesh chapter. In his early twenties, he followed his father's footsteps in politics and became a member of the Bangladesh Awami League party.
Ahmed also was a committee member where he planned to incorporate "Green Technologies" into its office building principles, to reduce carbon emissions into the environment. He said that the building of offices and residences using green technology would not release any carbon in the environment, while the wastes would be recycled and produce energy. He also expressed that a delegation from India was on their way to discuss different technological issues including the building of zero carbon emitting buildings. He further added:
Palak has been president of the Bangladesh Carrom Federation since 2009, and vice president of the International Carrom Federation since 2011.
References
External links
Official Website of Zunaid Ahmed Palak
List of Bangladesh Parliament Members
List of Bangladesh Parliament Members (Bengali)
Activity Report of All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Climate Change and Environment
1980 births
Living people
People from Natore District
Politicians from Rajshahi Division
Awami League politicians
Rajshahi College alumni
Dhaka College alumni
State Ministers of Information (Bangladesh)
State Ministers of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology
9th Jatiya Sangsad members
10th Jatiya Sangsad members
11th Jatiya Sangsad members
Carrom people
Bangladeshi people of Mughal descent |
On 21 September 1986, Ian Wood shot and killed his partner Danielle Ledez and her daughter Stephanie (aged 3), and severely injured Christopher (aged 5), Ledez's elder child, at Ughill Hall in Bradfield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Wood left his .38 Enfield revolver in the kitchen and called the police before fleeing the scene. He went on the run for over a week, making several telephone calls to journalists and family members. Eight days later he threatened to jump off the Amiens Cathedral in France but was talked down by the police after seven hours. He was then extradited back to Sheffield for trial.
On 30 July 1987, Wood was convicted on two counts of murder, one of attempted murder and one of theft, after a week-long trial. He had pleaded not guilty to the murder of Danielle, instead submitting a manslaughter plea claiming he killed her to complete a suicide pact. An appeal against the guilty verdict was filed a month later and rejected in 1989. The case impacted upon British firearms policy, especially the manner in which regional police forces communicate over firearm ownership.
Background
Ian Wood (born 1949) began renting Ughill Hall, an 18-room mansion on the outskirts of Bradfield, with his mistress Danielle Ledez in April 1986 after leaving his wife Margaret and his three children. Wood was a solicitor and the ex secretary of the Law Society in Sheffield.
Danielle Ledez (1948-1986) was a French teacher from Amiens, France, who moved to Ughill Hall with Wood and her two children whilst in the process of divorcing her second husband (and father of the children) Colin Lloyd, a teacher from Sheffield.
Shootings
At approximately midnight on 21 September 1986, Wood went to the playroom in the mansion and killed his mistress Danielle Ledez by shooting her once in the head. Ledez was 10 weeks pregnant by Wood. Wood then proceeded to play hide-and-seek with Ledez's daughter Stephanie (aged 3), after which he led her into Christopher's bedroom and shot her twice in the head, killing her instantly. He then took Ledez's son Christopher (aged 5) into the bathroom and told him to close his eyes as he had a surprise for him, then shot him twice in the head. Wood then bludgeoned the boy with a large ruler four or five times in the back of the head.
Wood changed clothes, packed his bags, and left the house shortly afterwards, leaving the weapon he used, an .38 Enfield revolver, in the kitchen with one live round left. The police went to the mansion on the evening of 22 September 1986 after receiving a telephone call from Wood; finding all the doors and windows locked, they broke down the door. Christopher was rushed to Sheffield Children's Hospital with severe head injuries and was placed on life support after surviving without medical attention for 21 hours.
Manhunt
Initial response
Following the discovery of the bodies, the police appealed to Wood to turn himself in and warned members of the public not to approach him as he may be armed. Wood's wife Margaret and their three children were put under police protection immediately, as was Ledez's husband Colin Lloyd. A total of five homes in England were put under protection throughout the manhunt. A formal arrest warrant was issued on 23 September 1986 with more details on Wood's flight, including the numberplate of the car he fled in.
Phone calls
On 23 September 1986, a police press conference was interrupted when Wood made a series of telephone calls to Brenda Tunney, a reporter for the local newspaper Sheffield Weekly Gazette. Wood refused to disclose his location but claimed the purpose of the calls was to "put his side".
Wood made no further telephone calls to either the police or journalists for nearly 48 hours after the initial series of calls. By 26 September he had made at least eight phone calls. On 27 September, Wood called Tunney four times asking about funeral arrangements for Ledez and her daughter. The police discussed the mental state of Wood with a consultant psychiatrist on the same day due to the firearm confiscations and the phone calls. The following day, Wood made three more calls to Tunney and threatened suicide in one of them; he claimed he killed because of "love and desperation, not anger and hate".
Potential whereabouts
On 25 September, a receptionist at the Automobile Association office in Barnstaple reported that a man matching Wood's description had requested an international driving licence. Interpol were notified of the case on the same day, after which French police interviewed Ledez's parents. Up until this point, Wood, who owned no other properties, was believed by police to still be in the Yorkshire area. After Wood's capture, British and French authorities were "puzzled" by the ease with which Wood travelled under his own name. At his trial, it was established that Wood had gone to a pub after committing the killings and then, over the course of the next few days, travelled to Dover where he caught a ferry to France.
Surrender
On 29 September, Wood joined a public tour of Amiens Cathedral, approximately away from Ledez's birthplace, but broke away from the tour group at about 12 noon, climbed over the parapet, and clung to a gargoyle about above the ground, threatening to commit suicide by jumping off. He left a note with a member of staff at the cathedral shortly beforehand informing them of his intention to commit suicide, which prompted them to call the police.
The police, firemen, the church's priest, and members from the British Consulate pleaded with Wood for seven hours, at which point Wood surrendered. A crowd of several hundred people had gathered to watch from below. Wood later claimed that he did not wish his family to see his fall on television, describing the scene as "a circus". Wood had telephoned Ledez's family to inform them of his intention to commit suicide.
Legal proceedings
Extradition
A day after Wood's surrender, British police filed an extradition request to French authorities to send Wood back to the UK for prosecution. Wood decided not to object to the extradition request after a brief meeting with his family and was confident that he would receive a fair trial in a British court. On 7 October, a formal request on behalf of the Director of Public Prosecutions was made to a magistrate in Sheffield. Wood was flown back to the UK on 19 November where he was remanded in custody.
Remand
The police successfully applied to continue holding Wood on remand on double murder and attempted murder charges at Sheffield Magistrates' Court on 22 November. Wood made a further short committal appearance in court on 1 December and his trial was formally announced on 3 February 1987.
Trial
Pleas and charges
On 1 December 1986, the prosecution charged Wood on two counts of murder and one count of attempted murder, for Danielle, Stephanie, and Christopher, respectively. Wood also faced a specimen charge of stealing £84,000 from clients he represented in property deals, although the prosecution claimed the sum could have been £150,000.
Wood pleaded not guilty to the murder of Danielle and instead entered a manslaughter plea on the grounds that they had agreed to a suicide pact. The prosecution did not accept the manslaughter plea and pursued a trial for the murder of Danielle. However, Wood pleaded guilty to the murder of Stephanie and the attempted murder of Christopher. He also pleaded guilty to stealing £84,000 from clients.
Suicide pact claim
The Homicide Act 1957 states that if a person kills someone in pursuance of a suicide pact and then does not commit suicide themselves, they are guilty only of manslaughter and not murder. However, Geoffrey Rivlin, leading the prosecution, told the court that in such a situation the onus is on the killer to prove that a suicide pact was made.
Wood gave the court a detailed account of the five-point agreement he claimed to have made with Ledez as to what to do after the killings and before his suicide:
Visit a French church and light candles for Ledez and her children.
Send a detailed explanation of the deaths to the press.
Kill Ledez's husband, Colin Lloyd.
Ensure Ledez and her children were buried in a French village cemetery.
Visit their graves and lay flowers for them.
Rivlin argued that Wood's story did "not have a ring of truth about it". Several of Ledez's French friends who were interviewed by police claimed that Ledez had shown no signs of depression or suicidal intentions. In addition, her mother received a telephone call hours before Ledez died and she did not suspect her daughter was suicidal.
To support Wood's claim, the defence called Wood's mother, who said that Ledez had confided her suicidal intention to her on multiple occasions and that she feared that her husband Colin would physically harm her or Christopher. The witness also stated that Wood had called her within 24 hours of the shootings and explained the plan to her. The prosecution called Alan Wales, Wood's doctor, who testified that he advised the police to confiscate Wood's gun collection after an appointment on 11 November 1985. Wales said that Wood appeared "distressed" and prescribed him with antidepressants.
On 30 July 1987, the final day of the trial, the prosecution argued that Wood's suicide threat on Amiens Cathedral was not genuine and was done only to disguise his true motive, with Rivlin summarising that Wood "killed out of his obsessive hatred, not love". Gilbert Gray, leading the defence, argued that Wood had nothing to gain from lying about a suicide pact because he would be sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder and attempted murder of Ledez's children anyway.
Verdict and sentencing
On 31 July 1987, the jury at Sheffield Crown Court unanimously rejected Wood's claim that he killed Ledez as part of a suicide pact and found him guilty of murder. Justice Taylor sentenced Wood to life imprisonment for each murder, 12 years for the attempted murder, and three years for the specimen charges of theft from clients. Wood was struck off the Law Society register and the Law Society Compensation Fund paid out at least £240,000 in compensation to the theft victims.
Appeal
On 28 August 1987, Wood's solicitor filed an appeal against the guilty verdict. The appeal was rejected on 25 July 1989.
Aftermath
Previous confiscations and police dispute
After the trial, a dispute occurred between South Yorkshire Police and Sussex Police over which force was responsible for erroneously allowing Wood access to firearms. Wood's ten-piece gun collection had been confiscated twice; firstly in December 1985 over fears from his wife and doctor of deteriorating mental health and alcoholism, and secondly because of an administrative error in renewing his licence. The guns were returned two weeks after the first confiscation. South Yorkshire Police later said that they had to return them because there was no evidence that Wood was a threat to himself or others.
In March 1986, Wood bought 50 rounds of ammunition in Sheffield for his .38 Enfield revolver which he had inherited after his father used it to commit suicide. South Yorkshire Police ascribed these events to an "administrative mix-up" with Sussex Police, who were responsible for executing the firearms clause in Wood's father's will. Sussex Police said that when Wood asked for the gun and the remaining 11 rounds they tried to dissuade him but he returned a month later with a renewed firearms certificate from South Yorkshire Police. The differing interpretations of the Firearms Act by the two police forces resulted in the Home Office intervening and seeking a detailed explanation from both forces and holding talks with them over possible amendments to the Firearms Act.
Firearms policy
Bill Michie, the Member of Parliament for Sheffield Heeley, campaigned for stricter firearm ownership regulations, such as psychiatric assessment of prospective gun owners, in response to the murders. In October 1986, Michie asked Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher if the government would change its firearms policy in response to the murders, to which she responded: "The Home Office ... will keep that matter under permanent review".
Less than a month after Wood's conviction, the Hungerford massacre took place, in which Michael Robert Ryan killed 16 people. This prompted Parliament to pass the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988, which banned civilian ownership of nearly all semi-automatic weapons.
See also
Killamarsh killings (2021)
Shiregreen child murders (2019)
References
1986 in England
1986 murders in the United Kingdom
1980s in Sheffield
1980s trials
Crime in Sheffield
Deaths by firearm in England
Extradition law
Firearm laws
Interpol
Murder in Yorkshire
Murder trials
1986 crimes
September 1986 events
September 1986 events in the United Kingdom
Trials in England |
醫學中心/禧年站（）是一個位於加拿大亞伯達省首府愛德蒙頓，屬市營愛德蒙頓輕軌首都線和都會線的一個輕軌車站，亦為都會線的終點站。
站體
車站座落於市內亞伯達大學北校區（主校區）用地境內，約在114街和83大街交界處。站體結構為124公尺的島式月台，並寬9公尺；可容納其5個車廂的車輛停靠。
車站共有三個出口，分別為北側和南側兩處平面出口，和一個於2013年建成的共構通道連接至醫藥科學中心和愛德蒙頓護理健康學院。
此站亦為都會線的終點站，於第三條股道可連接至一旁的小型調度車站。
歷史
此站最早於2006年1月3日開通，並且是第二個在北薩斯喀徹溫河以南開通的愛德蒙頓輕軌車站。
鄰近設施
華特·C·麥肯齊醫藥科學中心
斯托勒里兒童醫院
亞伯達大學附設醫院
亞伯達大學
北亞伯達禧年劇院
克拉斯癌症機構
資料來源
外部連結
H
H |
Rudolf Sausgruber is an Austrian retired slalom canoeist who competed in the early-to-mid 1950s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold (Folding K-1 team: 1953), a silver (Folding K-1: 1953) and a bronze (Folding K-1: 1951).
References
Austrian male canoeists
Possibly living people
Year of birth missing
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships |
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