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美拉蒂锦石鳖（学名：），是新石鳖目石鳖科锦石鳖属的一种。主要分布于台湾，常栖息在潮间带岩礁区。
参考文献
M
M |
A full stop is a form of punctuation to end a sentence.
Full Stop may also refer to:
Music
Full Stop (album), a 2000 album by Annabelle Chvostek
"Full Stop" (G.E.M. song) (2019)
"Full Stop" (IU song) (2017)
"Full Stop", a song by Frank Klepacki
"Ful Stop", a song by Radiohead from A Moon Shaped Pool
Other uses
Full stop law, an Argentine law passed in 1986 to stop prosecution of people accused of political violence
Full Stop, a campaign by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
Full stop, an increment of factor of two of a camera lens aperture area
See also
Period (disambiguation) |
貳樓餐廳（）是台灣的一家連鎖異國料理品牌，分店遍佈台灣北中南主要都會區。
創立歷史
很喜歡飲食的黃寶世，因為家裡關係，所以他從16歲開始打工，他在創辦前，曾經跟朋友合資開過簡餐店、小酒吧，決定在2007年創辦貳樓餐廳。
参考文献
外部連結
貳樓餐廳
速食餐廳
2007年台灣建立
台灣品牌 |
米什里（，）是法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大区约讷省的一个市镇，属于桑斯区。
地理
米什里（）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區约讷省，该省份为法国中北部内陆省份，西接卢瓦雷省，西北接塞纳-马恩省，南至涅夫勒省，东临科多尔省，东北与奥布省接壤。
与米什里接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
米什里的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
米什里的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
米什里所属的省级选区为。
人口
米什里于时的人口数量为人。
参见
约讷省市镇列表
参考文献
Michery |
阙丘增一（麒麟座24），又名BD+00 1871，HD 56003、SAO 134414、HR 2744，是麒麟座的一颗恒星，视星等为6.41，位于銀經215.81，銀緯5.24，其B1900.0坐标为赤經，赤緯。
参考文献
麒麟座
56003
2744
134414 |
聖馬查爾大教堂（）是蘇格蘭教會的一座教堂，位於蘇格蘭阿伯丁市中心的北部。雖然名為「cathedral」，聖馬查爾大教堂並不是主教座堂，因為其自1690年之後就沒有主教座。
外部連結
St Machar's Cathedral website
蘇格蘭教會教堂
阿伯丁教堂
阿伯丁登錄建築 |
新加坡副总理是新加坡共和国政府的副政府首脑。现任副总理是王瑞杰和黄循财。
历史
副总理是新加坡政府内阁中仅次于新加坡总理第二高的职位，也是高级内阁部长。自1980年代中期以来，新加坡一般同时有两名副总理。当总理暂时不在新加坡时，持职人有时会担任署任总理的角色。
副总理的职位可以追溯到1959年，最初由新加坡总督任命，然后在大英帝国内实现自治改为州元首。在与马来亚、砂拉越和北婆罗洲合并后，新加坡在1963年至1965年成为马来西亚的一个组成州，新加坡副总理的头衔保持不变；而新加坡在1965年独立后至今，亦保留这一职位。杜进才是新加坡的第一任副总理，任职于1959年至1968年间，并于1968年8月2日退休。
王瑞杰被升任为副总理，张志贤和尚达曼已卸任并成为新加坡國務資政。
王瑞杰在2019年5月被李显龙任命为副总理后，大眾普遍认为他有望接替李显龙成为下一任总理。王瑞杰随后于2021年4月退出候任总理的提名。黄循财于2022年6月13日就任副总理，与王瑞杰一起任职。
副总理列表
参见
新加坡总理
新加坡总理公署
新加坡内阁
参考文献
外部链接
总理公署
新加坡副總理 |
1958 – Paris Olympia is a live album by drummer Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers recorded at L'Olympia in 1958 and originally released on the French Fontana label.
Reception
Scott Yanow of Allmusic called it "Hard bop at its best, all of it propelled by the powerful drumming of Art Blakey".
Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except where indicated.
"Just by Myself" – 4:35
"I Remember Clifford" – 5:36
"Are You Real" – 10:17
"Moanin'" (Bobby Timmons) – 13:38
"Justice" (Thelonious Monk) – 9:17
"Blues March" – 5:46
"Whisper Not" – 7:11
Personnel
Art Blakey – drums
Lee Morgan – trumpet
Benny Golson – tenor saxophone
Bobby Timmons – piano
Jymie Merritt – bass
References
Art Blakey live albums
The Jazz Messengers live albums
1958 live albums
Albums recorded at the Olympia (Paris)
Fontana Records live albums |
Herman Millakowsky (27 July 1892 – 12 February 1987) was a German film producer. He studied history of art and philosophy at the University of Berlin. Following the Nazi rise to power he emigrated to Paris, where he worked in the French film industry. He later settled in the United States.
Selected filmography
The Circus of Life (1926)
The Girl on a Swing (1926)
Our Daily Bread (1926)
Grandstand for General Staff (1926)
Potsdam (1927)
The President (1928)
The Secret Courier (1928)
The Adjutant of the Czar (1929)
The King of Paris (1930)
There Is a Woman Who Never Forgets You (1930)
Two Worlds (1930)
Love and Champagne (1930)
Eight Days of Happiness (1931)
The Love Express (1931)
The Typist (1931)
The Private Secretary (1931)
The Opera Ball (1931)
A Night at the Grand Hotel (1931)
A Bit of Love (1932)
Gypsies of the Night (1932)
Overnight Sensation (1932)
Monsieur, Madame and Bibi (1932)
Liebelei (1933)
Les yeux noirs (1935)
Antonia (1935)
27 Rue de la Paix (1936)
The Volga Boatman (1936)
Yoshiwara (1937)
(1938)
Ultimatum (1938)
Immediate Call (1939)
Women in Bondage (1943)
Faces in the Fog (1944)
Girls of the Big House (1945)
Murder in the Music Hall (1946)
Fear (1954)
References
Bibliography
Lutz Bacher. Max Ophuls in the Hollywood Studios. Rutgers University Press, 1996.
External links
1892 births
1987 deaths
German art directors
Immigrants to the United States
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Immigrants to France |
Abigail Keasey Frankel (died August 15, 1931) was a prominent club and civic worker of Portland. When the Oregon Federation of Business and Professional Women was formed, she was its first President.
Early life
Abigail Keasey was born in Fayette, Iowa, the daughter of Eden W. and Nella S. Keasey.
Career
Abigail Keasey Frankel was active in club affairs. She was the President of the State Federation of Women's Clubs. She was a member of the Board of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs and President of the 8th District of the Missouri Federation. She was the President of the Portland Woman's Club and the chairman of the finance of the Woman's Building association.
She was for eight years a member of National Federation of Music Clubs as Librarian, Secretary, and First Vice-President.
She organized the Portland Federation of Women's Organizations, acting as the first President.
She was for four years Secretary and lecturer for Anti-Narcotic Association of Portland, Oregon; for three years she was Superintendent of the Woman's Protective Division (Social Service) of Portland; she was the first President that the State Federation of Business and Professional Women of Oregon ever had. The Oregon Federation of Business and Professional Women's clubs had a membership of six clubs: the Business Woman's Club and the Woman's Advertising Club of Portland, the Dalles Business Woman's Club, the Salem Business Woman's Club, and the Marshfield Woman's Club.
She was president of the Portland Presidents Club and of the Oregon Federation of Women's Clubs.
She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Personal life
Abigail Keasey Frankel was a former resident of Missouri, and moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1910, and lived at 8 East 17th. Street.
She died on August 15, 1931.
References
1931 deaths
American philanthropists
Activists from Portland, Oregon
Year of birth missing
People from Fayette County, Iowa
Clubwomen |
Bariba, also known as Baatonum (also Baatombu, Baatonu, Barba, Baruba, Berba and a number of various other names and spellings), is the language of the Bariba people of Benin and Nigeria and was the language of the state of Borgu.
It is primarily spoken in Benin, but also across the border in adjacent Kwara State and Niger State, Nigeria, and some Bariba are in Togo and Burkina Faso. Welmers (1952) reported the Bariba language as spoken in the cities of Nikki, Parakou, Kandi, and Natitingou.
Names
The language can be known by different names:
the Bariba people call their language Baatɔnum;
the Yoruba people call the language Baruba;
the Hausa people refer to the language as Borganci (also spelled Borganchi) after Borgu where it is spoken;
the names in the Busa language and the Boko language are Borgu and Borgunya.
Other names include Barba or Berba.
One person who speaks Bariba is called Baatɔnu and two or more persons or speakers are called Baatɔmbu and the language of the Baatɔmbu/Borgawa people is called Baatɔnum.
Geographic distribution
In Nigeria, Bariba is spoken mainly in Borgu LGA of Niger State and in Baruten LGA of Kwara state. A number of Bariba have migrated to other parts of Nigeria, including Abuja. The Bariba people are referred to as Borgawa in Hausa.
In Benin, Bariba is spoken mainly in Alibori, Donga, Atakora and Borgou departments. A number of Bariba have migrated to other parts of Benin, including Cotonou.
In Togo, Bariba is spoken in the Savanes Region.
In Burkina Faso, Bariba is spoken in Kompienga Province.
Classification
Bariba is usually classed as an independent member of the Savanna languages, but some consider it and a number of other languages, such as Miyobe, as a Gur language. However, other than Bariba, there are other unclassified Gur languages, including Miyobe, Koromfe, Viemo, and Natyoro.
Phonology
Bariba is a tonal language. Tonal patterns in Bariba have been claimed to present a challenge to the Two-Feature Model of tonal phonology.
Nouns
Bariba has 7 noun classes:
1. y-class
2. t-class
3. g-class
4. w-class
5. m-class
6. s-class
7. n-class
The data was collected by William E. Welmers in August and September 1949 at Nikki, Benin.
y-class
The y-class is the largest noun class. y-class singular nouns usually in -a.
t-class
All forms end in -ru for t-class nouns.
g-class
Forms usually end in back vowels for g-class nouns.
w-class
m-class
m-class nouns often end in -m.
s-class
The s-class is a small noun class. Most forms are collectives and end in -su.
n-class
The n-class is a small noun class. Most forms are collectives and end in -nu.
Verbs
Aspects
There are 7 primary verb aspects in Bariba:
consecutive
habitual
continuative
frequentative
imperative
past
past negative
There are 5 verb classes, which are grouped according to the formation of the past aspect.
List of verbs
Consecutive verb forms are given below. S denotes stative forms.
Adjectives
Invariable adjectives:
Adjectives with a class of their own, which remains the same after all nouns; singular and plural forms are like those of nouns:
t-class adjectives:
g-class adjectives:
Attributive adjectives with alternants for each noun class:
Numerals
References
External links
Baatonum at WolframAlpha
Languages of Benin
Languages of Nigeria
Gur languages
Bariba people |
阳曲路是中華人民共和國上海市靜安區一條南北走向道路，道路南起场中路，北至一二八紀念路。全长1301米，宽20米，道路建於1985年至1989年間，道路路名稱來自於以山西太原市阳曲縣。道路沿途有彭浦新村。
參考資料
静安区街道 |
Marry Ntsweng (also spelled Mary Ntsweng; born 19 December 1989) is a South African women's footballer and plays as a midfielder. She plays for Tshwane University. She represented the South Africa women's national football team at the 2012 London Olympics.
References
Living people
1989 births
Women's association football midfielders
South African women's soccer players
South Africa women's international soccer players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
Sportspeople from Polokwane
Soccer players from Limpopo
Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C. players |
妥拉洛尔的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。口服，50—100mg/次， 1日 3次。 |
李绍友，号滴翠斋主，吉林人，现居北京，中华人民共和国画家，国家一级美术师。任人民艺术家协会理事、中国琉璃厂画院理事、中国扇子艺术学会会员、北京化境流香文化发展有限公司艺术总监、吉林省美术家协会会员、现任吉林省梅河口市美术家协会名誉主席。曾就读于中国国家画院，先后师承于清华美术学院杜大恺、人民美术出版社编审徐震时、书画家王熹。
自幼酷爱书画，擅山水，其山水作品《故乡情》荣获第三届阳光杯全国书画、摄影大赛中年组二等奖，巨幅山水《黄果树瀑布》、《泰山日出》被北京太和顺大酒店收藏，还出版《李绍友扇子艺术作品展》。
作品《关东雪韵》、《燕山秋韵》已被钓鱼台国宾馆收藏并陈列。2010年中国第二届扇面艺术大展获优秀奖。2013年先后两次入围中国美术家协会全国大展。
參考資料
中华人民共和国书画家
一级美术师
吉林人
李姓 |
内分泌甲状腺检查挂什么科？甲状腺功能的疾病，一般多考虑是内分泌科的一种疾病范畴。甲状腺是脊椎动物非常重要的腺体，属于内分泌器官。在哺乳动物类它位于颈部甲状软骨下方，气管两旁。人类的甲状腺形似蝴蝶，犹如盾甲，故以此命名。那么内分泌甲状腺检查挂什么科呢？下面来为大家详细介绍一下。甲状腺是脊椎动物非常重要的腺体，属于内分泌器官。在哺乳动物类它位于颈部甲状软骨下方，气管两旁。甲状腺疾病一般是内分泌问题，比如身体代谢过快或者过慢，甲状腺可以挂内分泌科。通常检查甲状腺疾病，是需要挂内分泌科。因为甲状腺疾病属于内分泌的疾病。结合您需要检查激素水平，都是去内分泌科。甲状腺是成年人最大的内分泌腺，位于颈前部，棕红色，呈“H”形；由左右两叶、峡部及锥状叶组成。甲状腺左右叶呈锥体形(右叶稍大)，贴于喉和气管的侧面，上端达甲状软骨的中部，下端抵第4气管环，其内侧面借外侧韧带附着于环状软骨，因此，在吞咽时，甲状腺可随喉上下移动。甲状腺实质主要由许多甲状腺滤泡组成。滤泡上皮细胞有合成、贮存和分泌甲状腺激素的功能。甲状腺激素的主要作用是促进机体新陈代谢，维持机体的正常生长发育，对于骨胳和神经系统的发育有较大的影响。甲状腺分泌机能低下时，机体的基础代谢率低，可出现粘液性水肿。它的静脉在腺体的表面吻合成丛，由甲状腺上、中、下三对静脉引流，分别汇入颈内静脉和头臂静脉。甲状腺是血管极为丰富的器官，在弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿患者的颈前区，常能听到杂音或扪到震颤。甲状腺接受交感神经和副交感神经双重支配，前者主要是来自颈部交感神经节的节后纤维，后者来自迷走神经。综上所述，内分泌甲状腺检查应该去内分泌科，检查甲状腺功能，甲状腺彩超等如果存在甲状腺功能亢进。需要挂内分泌科。因为甲状腺疾病属于内分泌的疾病。结合您需要检查激素水平，都是去内分泌科。以上就是关于内分泌甲状腺检查挂什么科的详细解答，希望对你们有所帮助。 |
方芳（），本名周正芳，台灣女藝人，籍貫安徽全椒，出生於桃園市中壢區眷村，能演能唱，擅長模仿，曾參與電視劇、電影、舞台劇、相聲劇及綜藝節目短劇演出，也主持過綜藝節目及錄影秀，有「台湾综艺一姐」、「女丑之王」之稱，曾獲得金鐘獎最佳女演員及最佳主持人獎。
生平
父母均為安徽全椒縣人。方芳生於台灣中壢篤行六村，十六歲時參加聯邦影業的演員招考，試鏡時楊世慶導演曾說：「你不是很漂亮，但還蠻耐看的。」最終方芳從上千名報名者中脫穎而出成為兩名錄取者之一，開始接受演員訓練。然而還未開始拍戲，方芳就無意中發現其親生父母威脅養父母給錢，若不照做就去方芳所在的電影公司潑硫酸，因此方芳很快就匆忙結婚離開了演藝圈。
1974年，華視拍攝八點檔連續劇《包青天》時，其中一名女性角色有武打場面，原演出者因懷孕無法演出；恰巧方芳前去探望朋友，參加試鏡後入選，重返演藝圈。
方芳早期演出的電視劇有《守著陽光守著你》、《雲的故鄉》、《追妻三人行》、《京城四少》等，而方芳也因為《雲的故鄉》獲得第21屆金鐘獎電視金鐘獎女演員獎。
方芳除了演出電視劇、電影外，也在西餐廳主持餐廳秀達15年之久，曾和當時秀場的名人張菲、倪敏然同台
。表演工作坊導演賴聲川如此形容方芳：「方芳一個人就可以掌控一千多人吃飯的場面，那種場子用蠻力是没辦法征服的。方芳有節奏，知道什麼時候空下来、停頓、沉默。」
1980年代後期，王偉忠在華視綜藝節目《連環泡》規劃一個短劇單元《中國小姐》，其中由方芳一人分飾「有為青年」、「方哥」、「老方」等多個角色反映許多有關時事的看法。方芳也陸續和澎恰恰、許效舜、邰智源等人搭擋主持《連環泡》，並因此和澎恰恰獲得第24屆金鐘獎電視金鐘獎綜藝節目主持人獎。
2005年表演工作坊推出由三個女人演出的相聲舞台劇《這一夜，Women說相聲》，張小燕認為該劇若要成功就一定要請方芳復出，而方芳的兒子是表演工作坊的忠實觀眾。方芳在兒子的遊說下，和蕭艾、鄧程惠一同演出《這一夜，Women說相聲》；後來方芳也和阿雅、杨婷合作在中國大陸演出《這一夜，Women說相聲》。
2021年12月24日，她透过TikTok宣布自己已在中國大陸居住多年，並且取得了中國公民身分證，尽管她在21日就PO影片證實申請的是台灣居民身分證。但还是被网民揭露，她取得的是中华人民共和国政府签发的台灣居民居住證，并非中國居民身份证。前者可不需放棄中華民國國籍，仍可依法享用台灣健保。2022年1月，方芳接受中國中央廣播電視總台《看台海》專訪時表示支持兩岸統一。
主持作品
電視節目
演出作品
電視剧
電影
舞台劇
廣告
統一ADE大豆沙拉油
音樂作品
專輯
獎項
電視金鐘獎
|-
|1986年
|《雲的故鄉》
|第21屆金鐘獎電視金鐘獎女演員獎
|
|-
|1989年
|《連環泡》
|第24屆金鐘獎電視金鐘獎綜藝節目主持人獎
|
|-
|2010年
|《海派甜心》
|第45屆金鐘獎電視金鐘獎戲劇節目女配角獎
|
|}
其他
|-
|
|
|台北市演員工會第一屆表演藝術金龍獎最佳舞臺效果獎
|
|}
参考资料
外部連結
金鐘獎戲劇節目女主角得主
金鐘獎綜藝節目主持人得主
台灣喜劇演員
台灣電影女演員
台灣電視女演員
臺灣舞臺女演員
台灣綜藝節目主持人
中國文化大學校友
國立中壢高級商業職業學校校友
安徽裔台灣人
中壢人
周姓
臺灣模仿藝人
在中华人民共和国的台湾人
台灣外省人支持統一者
身份認同是中華人民共和國人的臺灣人物 |
輻射轉移（Radiative transfer）是以電磁輻射形式進行能量轉移的物理現象。經由介質傳播的輻射會受到吸收、發射和散射的影響。輻射轉移方程式就是以數學方式描述這些交互作用。輻射轉移的方程式被廣泛應用在光學、天文物理學、大氣科學和遙測上。輻射轉移方程式的解析解在單純狀況下存在，但在包含複雜多重散射效應的實際狀況下必須使用數值解方式。
本條目主要集中在輻射平衡
：
定義
輻射轉移方程式是描述一個在輻射場中，傳統上稱為「輻射比強度」，現在稱為「輻射率」的基本量。如果我們考慮一個輻射場中極小的單位面積，將會有輻射能通過該區域。該區域的流量可以被單位時間和單位立體角的流量指定，並確定其方向；而波長間隔也將被考慮（極化在這裡被忽略）。
在光譜輻射中，是經由單位面積、距離、時間、立體角和方向以及頻率間隔 到 時的能量：
這裡 是單位向量和單位面積垂直方向的夾角。輻射率單位是以能量/時間/面積/立體角/頻率表示。MKS单位制之下將是 W·m-2·sr-1·Hz-1。
輻射轉移方程式
輻射轉移方程式簡單來說就是一束輻射在傳播時因為吸收失去能量、發射過程獲得能量、以及因為散射使能量重分配的過程。輻射轉移方程式的微分方程形式如下：
在這裡是發射係數、是散射截面、而是吸收截面。
輻射轉移方程式的解
輻射轉移方程式的解需要相當大量的工作。不過這可基於各種形式的吸收和發射係數。如果將散射忽略，發射和吸收係數的通解可以寫成：
這裡是和之間的大氣層光深度：
局部熱力學平衡
一個特別有用的輻射轉移方程式簡化是局部熱力學平衡（Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, LTE）狀態。這個狀態之下大氣層包含大量互相平衡的粒子，因此有一個可定義的溫度。但輻射場並非處在平衡狀態，並且是由大量存在的粒子驅動。在局部熱力學平衡的大氣中，只有發射係數和吸收係數是溫度和密度函數，並且和以下方程式相關：
這裡 是溫度 T 之下的黑體輻射能量密度。該輻射轉移方程式的解：
了解了大氣層溫度和密度分布之後就足以計算輻射轉移方程式的解。
愛丁頓近似
愛丁頓近似是雙流近似的特例。它可以在平面平行大氣層中各向同性的與頻率無關散射狀態下得知輻射率。假設輻射強度是的線性方程式，即：
這裡是平面區域大氣層的垂直方向。注意， 是角積分的簡化形式，因為是在球座標系下的雅可比矩阵積分形式。
關於產生輻射率可用以下公式解釋：
因此愛丁頓近似相當於。愛丁頓近似的高階版本也是存在的，並且包含更複雜的強度線性關係。這額外的公式可以作為截斷系統的封閉關係。
請注意，前兩個部分有簡單的物理意義。是一個點上的各同向性強度，而是經由該點方向的流量。
在局部熱力學平衡下的各同向性散射大氣層狀況下的輻射轉移方程式是：
積分所有的角度可得知：
自左方乘上，接著積分所有的角度可得到：
以封閉關係取代，並進行方向相關積分讓以上兩個公式合併成輻射擴散方程式：
該方程式表示了在散射為主的系統中，光深度的效果會和散射不透明造成的效果明顯不同，如果吸收不透明度小的話。
參見
吸收 (光學)
原子谱线
比尔－朗伯定律
發射光譜
大氣輻射轉移模型
散射
辐射率
輻射比強度
希沃特积分
延伸閱讀
參考資料
辐射度学
R |
《民主是个好东西》是被称为中共中央总书记胡锦涛“文胆”的中共中央编译局副局长俞可平发表的一篇文章。许多学者把这篇文章看作是中国政治改革的风向标，认为显示了中国有意突破意识形态，进行政治改革，而中国官方并没有对此文表达清晰的态度。
《民主是个好东西》最初是俞可平为闫健在2006年10月出版的新书《民主是个好东西：俞可平访谈录》写的序言。2006年10月23日，北京市委机关报《北京日报》以《关于“民主是个好东西”的辨正》为题登载该文，同时《人民网》、《新华网》等诸多中国中央媒体转载，并在2007年1月5日由中央党校刊物《学习时报》第367期再次转载，引起国际社会广泛关注。
内容
全文大约1800多字。重点阐述了民主的实质和内涵，探讨了民主的优缺点，以及一些人对民主认识的盲点。俞可平认为，“民主是个好东西”、“是人类迄今最好的政治制度”。文章说，“民主保证人们的基本人权，给人们提供平等的机会，它本身就是人类的基本价值”，“如果没有民主的权利，人类的人格就是不完整”。文章用极其通俗的语言阐诉了民主的普世价值。
同时，作者在文章中对民主的实施持“民主阶段论”的态度，他认为“实现民主需要具备相应的经济、文化和政治条件，不顾条件而推行民主，会给国家和人民带来灾难性的结果。”
评价
这篇文章受到关注，是因为对民主的阐释，显示出中国政府高层官员的认同。《亚洲周刊》的文章认为俞可平的论述，“从根本上颠覆中共有关自由民主人权的认知，更重要的，或许可把俞可平的民主论述看作是中国民主化进程的一个重要信号，体现了中共领导人及理论界人士此刻正为建立中共政改的大论述进行积极准备。”
但是也有观点认为，“在当今中国，共产党的权力垄断地位列入中国宪法。在这种大环境中，中国大陆报纸所推崇的民主这种好东西究竟能够实现多少以及多快地实现目前难以断定。”
参考文献
外部链接
《民主是个好东西》全文，2006年12月26日学习时报第367期 链接2
关于“民主是个好东西”的辨正，俞可平 著，2006年10月23日北京日报
中國政治發展更要軟著陸
中国式民主也是个好东西 高民政 著，2013年第11期《探索与争鸣》
民主不是个坏东西，谢茂拾 著，2007年1月15日中國經濟時報
潘小濤：政改先聲？，2007年1月22日明報
《民主》里的一些“不太好的东西”、《民主》热销折射出什么？，-{于}-成玉 著，2007年1月10日21cn論壇
*《中国式民主也是个好东西》
参见
中华人民共和国政治
中华人民共和国人权
中华人民共和国政治文献
中华人民共和国政治口号
中华人民共和国民主 |
张孝思（），字则之，号懶逸，丹徒（今江苏镇江）人。
生平
明末諸生。平生有三癖：潔癖，茶婢，法書名畫婢。精於鉴赏，富收藏，築有培風閣。工书法，師法晋人，又善畫兰竹。
家族
父张觐宸。
參考書目
《昭代名人尺牍小传》
xiao
丹徒县人
明朝生员
清朝書法家 |
Robert De Souza Ribeiro (born 9 May 1992), commonly known as Robert, is a Brazilian footballer.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
1992 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Rio Branco Atlético Clube players
Al-Rawdhah Club players
Saudi Second Division players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia |
戴夫·坎普（；）是美国的一位政治人物，於1991年至2015年期間曾經擔任密西根州的聯邦眾議員。他的黨籍是共和黨。2010年，坎普宣布他不會尋求連任。
參考資料
美国共和党联邦众议员
密歇根州聯邦眾議員
密歇根州眾議員
薩塞克斯大學校友 |
迪尼拉國家公園是委內瑞拉的國家公園，位於該國西北部，由拉臘州、波圖格薩州和特魯希略州負責管轄，面積453平方公里，始建於1988年11月30日，每年平均降雨量1,300毫米。
参考文献
委內瑞拉國家公園
1988年設立的保護區
1988年委內瑞拉建立 |
子宫内膜增厚的原因是什么？子宫内膜的厚度是随着月经周期而变化的。内膜的厚度是否正常，需要结合临床月经史综合考虑。子宫内膜在卵巢激素水平刺激下发生周期性变化，一般在月经来潮后子宫内膜最薄，月经来潮前子宫内膜最厚，大概在12毫米左右。如果子宫内膜较厚，一般与体内激素水平紊乱有关。可以结合性激素六项检查进行调理，也可以进行诊断性刮宫。子宫内膜增生具有一定的癌变倾向，故被列为癌前病变。但根据长期观察，绝大数子宫内膜增生是一种可逆性病变，或保持一种持续性良性状态。仅少数病例在较长的时间间隔以后可能发展为癌。根据腺体结构形态改变和有无腺上皮细胞异型性分为3型：1.单纯增生：由于无孕酮拮抗的雌激素长期刺激所致的子宫内膜生理性反应。间质与腺体同时增生而无腺体拥挤，腺上皮的形态无异型性。2.复合增生：病变区腺体拥挤，间质明显减少，无腺上皮细胞的异型性。3.不典型增生：腺上皮有异型性，属于子宫内膜的上皮内肿瘤，按病变的程度，分为轻、中、重三度。子宫内膜增生的发病因素尚不十分清楚，但以下现象和事实说明长期雌激素刺激是其主要发病因素。在青春期女孩、围绝经期妇女或下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的某个环节失调、多囊卵巢综合征等中都可有不排卵现象。使子宫内膜较长期的持续性受雌激素作用，无孕激素对抗，缺少周期性分泌期的转化，而处于增生的状态。子宫内膜不典型增生发生于比较年轻的妇女。也可见于围绝经期或绝经后妇女。月经异常是本病突出症状之一。常表现为阴道不规则出血、月经稀发或闭经一段时间后继有长期大量阴道出血。如果子宫内膜持续的增厚，影响到正常的月经，那么这多是子宫内膜增生症引起的，如果有这样的问题，通常是需要考虑手术处理的，这样是比较彻底，这样也可以减少对身体的伤害。 |
小行星3641（）是一颗围绕太阳公转的小行星。1922年11月24日，G. van Biesbroeck在威廉斯湾发现了此天体。
这颗小行星的绝对星等为294.0498745241163等。
参考文献
小行星带天体
1922年发现的小行星 |
骨无菌性坏死的治疗和预防方法？尚无满意的治疗方案，如早期诊断，卧床，牵引，应避免患肢负重，对症药物治疗。一般应观察半年以上，若早期没有诊断，而已出现骨塌陷者，则预后不良。期患者如为青壮年可考虑行坏死区钻孔减压，同时行自体松质骨移植，带血管蒂的骨移植等，也可应用电刺激或电磁场刺激以期提高骨的成活率及骨愈合速度。期患者如坏死区界限清楚，且位于负重区者，可行截骨术以改变负重面并矫正畸形。对期以上的病变，可根据不同情况行人工骨置换，全人工关节置换或关节融合术等。以改善关节功能。 |
Hydrangea peruviana is a species of shrub or woody climber in the flowering plant family Hydrangeaceae. It is native to Central America and South America.
References
Hydrangea
Flora of Peru |
人流后可以喝矿泉水吗？人流后主要是不要接触冷的东西，只要矿泉水不是冰冻的是可以正常喝的。说起来没有这个现象，可能大多数的女性朋友都不会太陌生，因为人流在女性当中实在是太常见了。随着社会的进步，以及人们性生活方面的开放，甚至有很多的未婚女性以及在校的女学生都有过人流以及多次人流的经验，女性朋友做完人流以后，一定要注意好好调理一段时间，因为这样不仅可以有利于身体及时的恢复，也能有效的避免多种妇科方面炎症疾病的发生。1、女性朋友做完人流后，注意应该卧床休息一天，最好是卧床休息一周左右，这个时候不要干体力活，也不能熬夜，还应该做好身体的保暖工作避免着凉，否则很容易留下月子病，影响身体健康。2、做完人流后的女性朋友，还应该注意保持健康的饮食习惯，平时以清淡的容易消化的食物为主，可以多吃一些含丰富维生素，蛋白质以及含丰富矿物质的食物，不要吃油炸油腻，生冷发硬，辛辣刺激的食物。3、另外女性朋友们在做完人流以后，身体特别的虚弱，尤其是阴道对于病菌的抵抗能力也大大的下降，这个时候一定要做好阴道的清洁卫生工作，防止受到细菌和病菌的感染而引发阴道炎症疾病。注意事项：女性朋友在做完人流以后可以多喝牛奶，多吃一些鸡蛋鱼肉，保持清淡的饮食习惯，注意阴道的清洁卫生，每天坚持使用温水清洗阴道，经常更换内裤，禁止同房。进行完流产过后女性一定要照顾好自己的身体，如果自己的体重一直保持下降的情况，需要及时的去医院检查看看，排除是因为疾病导致的因素。流产后一定要调理好自己的身体，一旦落下什么疾病是很难根治的，而且身体变差对以后怀孕也有影响。 |
塞納馬杜雷拉（），是巴西的城鎮，位於該國西北部，由阿克里州負責管轄，面積25,278平方公里，海拔高度150米，2014年人口41,036，人口密度每平方公里1.62人。
巴西城市 |
纳米比亚议会（）是纳米比亚的国家立法机关。纳米比亚议会实行两院制，由全国委员会和国民议会组成。全国委员会委员任期6年，国民议会议员任期5年。
纳米比亚政治
各国国会 |
The 2019 1000Bulbs.com 500 was a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race that was held on October 13–14, 2019 at Talladega Superspeedway in Lincoln, Alabama. Contested over 188 laps on the 2.66 mile (4.2 km) superspeedway, it was the 31st race of the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season, the fifth race of the Playoffs, and second race of the Round of 12. Ryan Blaney scored his first win of the season and third of his career edging out Ryan Newman by .007 seconds becoming the 6th closest finish in NASCAR history.
Report
Background
Talladega Superspeedway, originally known as Alabama International Motor Superspeedway (AIMS), is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln. The track is a tri-oval and was constructed in the 1960s by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France family. Talladega is most known for its steep banking and the unique location of the start/finish line that's located just past the exit to pit road. The track currently hosts the NASCAR series such as the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, Xfinity Series and the Gander Outdoors Truck Series. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval with a length of tri-oval like the Daytona International Speedway, which also is a tri-oval.
Entry list
(i) denotes driver who are ineligible for series driver points.
(R) denotes rookie driver.
Practice
First practice
Denny Hamlin was the fastest in the first practice session with a time of 46.734 seconds and a speed of .
Final practice
Clint Bowyer was the fastest in the final practice session with a time of 47.396 seconds and a speed of .
Qualifying
Chase Elliott scored the pole for the race with a time of 49.692 and a speed of .
Qualifying results
Race
Note: Stage 1 was held on Sunday, October 13, but the race was interrupted by rain after 57 laps. Stages 2 and 3 were completed on Monday, October 14.
Stage 1
Starting in 6th, Brad Keselowski charged his way from the front and led the first lap taking the lead away from pole sitter Chase Elliott with a push from Clint Bowyer. On lap 5, Austin Dillon took the lead but was soon passed by Kyle Busch on the same lap. On lap 7, Dillon would take the lead. On the next lap, Kyle's brother Kurt Busch took the lead from Dillon. On lap 19, Ryan Blaney took the lead. On lap 34, green flag pitstops began and Blaney gave the lead to Erik Jones. But coming to pit road, Blaney would spin on his way to pit road while he was trying to slow down his car. No caution flew as he was out of harms way and got back rolling again. Jones would give the lead on the next lap to Aric Almirola. The top 7 who did not pit came to pit road on the next lap and Brad Keselowski led the field off of pit road before the first caution flew on lap 37 after they just exited pit road when Spencer Boyd's car stalled in turn 4. Keselowski would lead the field to the restart on lap 41. On the restart, Ryan Newman took the lead from Keselowski with a push by Joey Logano. Keselowski retook the lead on lap 44. On lap 46, Kurt Busch would take the lead. On lap 47, Chase Elliott took the lead. On lap 50, Daniel Hemric took the lead from Elliott. On lap 51, William Byron took the lead from Hemric. On lap 54, with two to go in stage 1, Joey Logano took the lead. Byron would pass Logano for the lead on the last lap of stage 1 and Byron would win stage 1. As soon as stage 1 concluded, rain began to fall. The race would be postponed to the following day, Monday, and the race would restart at 1 pm central.
Stage 2
After stage 1 concluded, Matt Crafton took over the No. 21 car for Paul Menard after Menard was experiencing back problems. The track would be dried and the race would get back going again on lap 63 with Ryan Blaney as the leader. On lap 70, Clint Bowyer challenged Blaney for the lead but was unable to make it stick. On lap 73, Joey Logano took the lead from his teammate. On lap 78, Chase Elliott took the lead from Logano. On lap 84, Brad Keselowski took the lead from Elliott. On lap 87, Elliott retook the lead. On lap 90, the second round of green flag pitstops began and Elliott gave the lead to Keselowski. On lap 94, Keselowski and others behind him came onto pit road. Aric Almirola came out first and he would lead the next 2 laps before getting passed by Jimmie Johnson on lap 96. On lap 98, Chase Elliott took the lead. Alex Bowman tried to take the lead from Elliott but could not pass him. On lap 102, Joey Logano took the lead. On lap 104, Elliott took the lead back. On lap 107 and 4 laps to go in stage 2, the first of three big ones would occur in turn 3 taking out 11 cars and many chase contenders in the process. On that same lap, Alex Bowman took the lead. Going down the backstretch, Joey Logano had a huge run on Bowman and tried to pass Bowman. Bowman blocked but Logano hit Bowman hard in the rear which sent Bowman sideways on the apron. Bowman overcorrected and spun right up the track right infront of the pack collecting Kurt Busch, Kevin Harvick, Chase Elliott, Denny Hamlin, Martin Truex Jr., Michael McDowell, Kyle Larson, Ryan Preece, and Jimmie Johnson. Stage 2 concluded under caution and Clint Bowyer was infront when the caution came out and he won stage 2.
Final stage
Brad Keselowski won the race off of pit road and he led the field to the restart on lap 117. William Byron led lap 117 but could not fully pass Bowyer and Bowyer held on to his lead. On lap 122, the fourth caution flew when Bubba Wallace went up to avoid Landon Cassill but came up right infront of Blake Jones and both Wallace and Jones crashed into the outside wall on the backstretch. The race would restart on lap 126 with Bowyer as the leader. On the restart, Kyle Busch took the lead from Bowyer. On lap 127, Joey Logano took the lead from Busch. On lap 132, the 5th caution flew when Martin Truex Jr's left front tire exploded on the backstretch and put debris on the racetrack. Ricky Stenhouse Jr. won the race off of pit road after taking fuel only and he led the field to the restart with 51 laps to go. With 46 to go, Joey Logano tried to pass Stenhouse for the lead and led that lap but did not fully pass him. With 38 to go, Kyle Busch passed Stenhouse for the lead. With 36 to go, the 6th caution would fly when Clint Bowyer spun in turns 3 and 4. William Byron won the race off of pit road taking fuel only and he led the field to the restart with 31 laps to go. With 29 to go, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. took the lead from Byron. With 26 to go, the second big one would occur on the backstretch taking out 9 cars. William Byron got shoved from behind by Kurt Busch and Byron's car spun up and clipped Joey Logano nearly sending Logano upside down and also blowing Logano's hood up. Busch, Byron, and Logano also took out Erik Jones, Matt Crafton, Daniel Suárez, Ryan Preece, Austin Theriault, and Joey Gase. The race would restart with 19 laps to go with Stenhouse leading. With 17 to go, the 8th caution would fly when Daniel Suárez spun in turns 3 and 4. The race would restart with 13 to go. On the restart, Kurt Busch took the lead from Ricky Stenhouse Jr. With 9 to go, Stenhouse took the lead. Busch would retake the lead with 8 to go. On that lap, Busch and Stenhouse were side by side when Kurt's brother Kyle made a 3 wide pass for the lead on the outside and Kyle took the lead. With 7 to go, Kyle got infront of Kurt to form a tandem. Stenhouse had a run and he challenged Kyle for the lead down the backstretch. Meanwhile, Brendan Gaughan had a huge push from Brad Keselowski and it looked like he was going to steal the lead from Stenhouse and Busch. But as soon as Gaughan got side by side with Busch and Stenhouse, Kurt Busch turned his brother Kyle around and Kyle collected Gaughan sending Gaughan spinning in turn 3. Gaughan spun and got hit by both Matt DiBenedetto and Kurt Busch at the right angle that sent his car in the full 360 barrel roll into the air before it landed perfectly on all four wheels. The wreck would trigger the third big one and cause the 9th and final caution of the race collecting 11 cars. The cars involved were Kurt Busch, Brad Keselowski, Kevin Harvick, Daniel Hemric, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Kyle Busch, Chris Buescher, David Ragan, Ryan Preece, Brendan Gaughan, and Matt DiBenedetto. The wreck would cause a short red flag to clean it up. The wreck would also set up a two lap shootout with Ryan Blaney as the new leader. On the restart, Blaney took the lead. On the final lap, Ryan Newman got a big push from Denny Hamlin down the backstretch and took the lead. Newman got a bit sideways in turn 3 but saved it and never lost momentum. Coming to the tri-oval, Newman got a big lead and Blaney caught up and tried to pass Newman. Behind them, Chris Buescher and Parker Kligerman both wrecked in the tri-oval but no caution flew. Blaney got to Newman's inside in the tri-oval and it was a drag race to the finish line. The two door banged each other all the way to the finish line and the finish ended up being too close to call on first glance. But the electronic timing and scoring showed that Ryan Blaney beat Newman to the line and Newman would be in second. Blaney beat Newman by 0.007 seconds, the sixth closest finish in the history of NASCAR. It would be Blaney's third career Cup Series win and his first and only win of 2019 as the win moved him on to the round of 8. Denny Hamlin, Aric Almirola, and Michael McDowell rounded out the top 5 while Austin Dillon, Corey LaJoie, Chase Elliott, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., and Ty Dillon rounded out the top 10.
Stage results
Stage One
Laps: 55
Stage Two
Laps: 55
Final stage results
Stage Three
Laps: 78
Race statistics
Lead changes: 47 among 19 different drivers
Cautions/Laps: 9 for 43
Red flags: 1
Time of race: 3 hours, 39 minutes and 36 seconds
Average speed:
Media
Television
NBC Sports covered the race on the television side. Rick Allen, Jeff Burton and six-time Talladega winner Dale Earnhardt Jr. covered the race in the booth for NBC. Steve Letarte called from the NBC Peacock Pit Box on pit road. Dave Burns, Marty Snider and Kelli Stavast reported from pit lane during the race.
Radio
MRN covered the radio call for the race, which was simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and Rusty Wallace called the race for MRN when the field races thru the tri-oval. Dave Moody called the action from turn 1, Mike Bagley called the action for MRN when the field races down the backstraightaway, and Dan Hubbard called the race from the Sunoco tower just outside of turn 4. Winston Kelley, Kim Coon, Steve Post, and Dillon Welch called the race for MRN from pit road.
Standings after the race
Manufacturers' Championship standings
Note: Only the first 16 positions are included for the driver standings.
References
2019 in sports in Alabama
2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
NASCAR races at Talladega Superspeedway
October 2019 sports events in the United States |
PanCanadian Petroleum Limited was a Canadian independent petroleum company that operated between 1971 and 2002. The company was created through the merger of Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas Limited and Central-Del Rio Oils Limited. PanCanadian inherited the freehold leases on land grants the Canadian Pacific Railway had received in the 1880s, and therefore possessed a massive land base to explore for oil and gas. Through its entire life, PanCanadian was owned approximately 87 percent by the CPR's holding company. In 2002, PanCanadian merged with the Alberta Energy Company to form EnCana, which at the time was the world's largest independent petroleum company.
Predecessor companies
Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas
PanCanadian's history traces back to 1881 and the foundation of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. As an incentive to complete the trans-continental railway, the Government of Canada granted the CPR 25 million acres of land, including mineral rights, in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Although the company sold of much of this land, at the start of World War I it still held mineral rights on 9.6 million acres. In 1883, while the railway was under construction, a crew drilled a well 35 miles west of Medicine Hat in search of water for the company's steam locomotives. The well, called CPR Langevin No. 1, was located in section 3-29-15-10 W4. Rather than water, the well produced gas. The following year, the CPR drilled a second gas well nearby. In 1906 the CPR hired Eugene Marius Coste (1859–1940) to manage its gas operations, and in 1912 set up its Department of Natural Resources, based in Calgary. Over the subsequent decades the CPR operated its properties passively and collected royalties from production leases.
In 1958, Canadian Pacific president Norris R. "Buck" Crump (1904–1989) undertook an aggressive diversification programme that resulted in the formation of Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas Limited. The new subsidiary, whose president was the English-born John McGuire Taylor (1917–1995), began exploring and developing oil and gas actively on its land holdings. In 1962, Crump created a holding company, Canadian Pacific Investments Limited, as a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Limited. CP Investments managed the company's non-rail businesses, which included petroleum, forestry, minerals, steel, real estate, and hotels.
Central-Del Rio Oils
Central Leduc Oils Limited was incorporated in July 1947, five months after the Leduc No. 1 discovery. The company's founder was Neil McQueen (1899–1976), who had recently left Pacific Petroleums. In the post-Leduc rush, McQueen filed on 16,000 acres of Canadian Pacific leases south of Edmonton. He shared his leases with Duncan Charles MacDonald (1884–1953), who formed a company called Del Rio Producers Limited. McQueen's leases resulted in a small producing well on the edge of the Leduc field. In 1954, McQueen acquired permits for 400,000 acres of land in southeastern Saskatchewan. The exploration on these leases resulted in the discovery of the Weyburn field, Saskatchewan's largest oil field. In 1957, Central Leduc and Del Rio merged to form Central-Del Rio Oils Limited.
Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas had begun purchasing shares of Central-Del Rio sometime after its creation, and by 1964 held 18.1 percent of its shares. Its interest in Central-Del Rio stemmed from the latter's Weyburn holdings. In 1964, CPOG increased its holdings to 43.5 percent, and later increased them further to 51.6 percent.
History of PanCanadian
Creation of PanCanadian
In 1969, CPOG and Central-Del Rio entered an agreement whereby Central would acquire all outstanding shares of CPOG, and in turn, Central would grant CPOG an issue of 23.7 million shares. This issue of shares was transferred to CP Investments, bringing its total holdings of Central to 89.3 percent. On 31 December 1971, the two companies merged formally to create PanCanadian Petroleum Limited. The new company's first president was John M. Taylor from CPOG, while its chairman was Robert William Campbell (1922–2008), an American expatriate and former Home Oil Company executive. Upon its creation, PanCanadian held the largest base of freehold petroleum leases of any Canadian oil company.
Operating history
PanCanadian was unique amongst Canadian independent oil companies in that, through its freehold leases, it was under no time constraints to explore. Furthermore, it was able to reduce its production royalties by around a quarter through write-offs on its exploration costs. By the late 1970s, the company's annual revenues neared $500 million while its profits stood at around $155 million. PanCanadian was run conservatively, which was a management style inherited from Canadian Pacific. Initially, the company worked out of One Palliser Square, an office tower Canadian Pacific had opened in 1970 on the site of the former Department of Natural Resources Building. In 1978, the company announced the construction of a new 30-storey tower across the street. Named PanCanadian Plaza, the tower was built by Marathon Realty – the real estate arm of Canadian Pacific Investments – and was designed by the Leblond-Koch Partnership. The building opened in May 1982.
During its first decade, PanCanadian was run prudently by Campbell and Taylor. In 1978, PanCanadian took a four percent stake in the new oil sands consortium Syncrude. In 1980, Bartlett Bidwell Rombough (1924–2013) assumed the presidency from Taylor. Despite its excess of supply, Rombough's cautious leadership helped PanCanadian through the 1980s oil glut, during which time the company managed to increase its profits. In 1984, its revenues exceeded $1 billion for the first time. A failed gas exploration programme in northwest Alberta in the late 1980s led to a significant decrease in profits. In 1990, David P. O'Brien was made president, and in 1991 chairman. O'Brien sought to streamline PanCanadian and in so doing sold off its American assets as well as two major subsidiaries. He also increased the company's risk by doubling its investment in exploration. In 1992, the company decreased its staff by 14 percent. During the early 1990s, O'Brien also began several international projects. In Russia, PanCanadian held half interest in a joint project with Samotlor and Canadian Fracmaster. It also participated in projects in Australia, Indonesia, and Libya.
In 1994, O'Brien was appointed president of Canadian Pacific Limited. At this time he ceded the PanCanadian presidency to David A. Tuer while remaining chairman of the board. That same year, PanCanadian wound down its international ventures and focused itself on domestic projects. The following year, it joined Hunt Oil Company in an offshore exploration project in Newfoundland where they drilled an exploration well to 4,600 metres, deeper than anyone had previously attempted.
Breakup of Canadian Pacific Limited
In 1980, Canadian Pacific Investments was renamed Canadian Pacific Enterprises, and in 1985 it merged into its parent Canadian Pacific Limited. In February 2001, Canadian Pacific Limited announced its intention to break up its holdings. The breakup saw Canadian Pacific Railways, PanCanadian Petroleum, Fording Coal, CP Ships, and Fairmont Hotels spun out into independent companies. The move was motivated by the belief that the companies would be worth more on their own than as parts of a conglomerate. To facilitate the breakup, in August, PanCanadian Petroleum shares were transferred to a new company called PanCanadian Energy Corporation and began trading under this name. On Wednesday, 26 September 2001, shareholders voted 98 percent in favour of breaking up the holding company into its constituent parts. In 2013, author Peter C. Newman assessed the breakup, writing, "the idea was 'to unlock shareholder value,' but in the process the new little duchies lost the protection of the parent empire. Until recently, [Canadian Pacific] has been a basket case, rated as one of the continent’s worst-run railways. The open question remains: what would CPR be worth had O’Brien made it work as a conglomerate, which it had been for much of the preceding 120 years?" Following the breakup, on Sunday, 14 October 2001, president David Tuer announced his resignation abruptly, allegedly after a clash with the board of directors over the company's future direction. Director and former chief financial officer Michael A. Grandin was appointed president immediately.
Merger with Alberta Energy Company
Following the breakup of Canadian Pacific Limited, PanCanadian petroleum became a target for an American takeover. On 16 October 2001, the president of the Alberta Energy Company Limited, Gwyn Morgan, telephoned PanCanadian chairman O'Brien. The telephone call started a series of secretive meetings between the two men to discuss a merger. In late October, O'Brien initiated "Operation Zebra" to create a plan for the companies to merge, or "change their stripes." By Christmas Morgan and O'Brien had settled on the name EnCana for the merged organisation, and on Sunday, 27 January 2002, announced the plan. On Thursday, 4 April 2002, shareholders of both companies voted to approve the merger, and the following Monday EnCana began operation. The merger was worth around $28 billion and immediately made EnCana the world's largest independent petroleum company. At its inception EnCana became Canada's seventh-largest company. The presidency was assumed by Morgan, while O'Brien became its first chairman.
Leadership
References
Canadian Pacific Railway
Companies based in Calgary
Companies established in 1971
Companies disestablished in 2002
Defunct companies of Canada
Defunct energy companies of Canada
Defunct oil and gas companies of Canada
Defunct oil companies
Petroleum industry in Canada |
腰椎病会引起感冒吗？据临床表现腰椎病是会引起感冒的。保护及治疗腰椎疾病的首要原则，就是要在日常生活中正确、合理的使用腰部，减少腰部过劳、受伤的机会，10个小窍门，对腰有问题的人会有帮助。1、站立时双腿尽量分开，增加身体的支撑。双脚并拢站立时扭转腰部，再改为分腿站立扭转腰部，这样腰部会感觉轻松很多。2、站时间长了，可以蹲下来30秒钟。很多时候，腰痛竟然会奇妙地消失了。3、在脚前面放一个小板凳，将双脚轮流放在上面，也会放松腰部。4、不用考虑形象的时候，干脆一条腿站着，另一条腿跪在椅子上，让腰椎舒适些。5、尽量避免弯腰拿东西。正确的方法是蹲下来，将东西抱在怀里，再慢慢站起身。6、对生活用品做一下改装，比如使用较长的拖把或跪在地上擦地板7、走路时不要拿东西。尽量减轻手袋的重量。双肩背包可以使腰椎均匀受力，比单肩挎包更好。8、走路时尽量小步快走，收腹挺胸。在腰痛的家庭康复方案中，每天快走半小时是一个重要组成部分。9、选择一把最符合人体工程学的椅子：坚硬的椅背并在腰部的位置向前凸出，这样使您可以舒服地向后靠着，椅面要硬。如果找不到合适的椅子，坐板凳时尽量挺直腰部。如果是一个全身都会陷进去的沙发，干脆躺着算了。10、仰卧时，可在小腿下垫两床被子，抬高下肢，既有利于血液回流到心脏，也会放松腰部，一举两得。侧卧时，右侧在下，蜷紧双腿的睡姿也会起到同样的作用。脊椎，是你身体和头脑的基本支柱。你的头脑，你的脑袋，是你脊椎的终端部分。你整个的身体都植根于这脊椎里面。如果你的脊椎还年轻，那你就年轻。如果你的脊椎老化了，那你也会老去。 |
奧伊爾特魯（）是一個位於美國阿肯色州獨立縣的市鎮。
地理
奧伊爾特魯的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為71米（即233英尺）。
人口
根據2020年美國人口普查的數據，奧伊爾特魯的面積為0.59平方千米，皆為陸地。當地共有人口226人，而人口密度為每平方千米人。
參考文獻
阿肯色州城鎮 |
婴幼儿腹泻怎么办新生儿拉肚子怎么办?？很多的人在生活当中如果肚子着凉，或者是吃了一些太凉的食物，以及不能够使身体消化的食物以后就会出现腹泻的情况。对于比较小的婴幼儿来说，出现腹泻的几率也是比较高的。那么婴幼儿腹泻怎么办新生儿拉肚子怎么办？看看下面文章介绍。婴幼儿如果出现了这种情况的话，首先应该观察一下婴幼儿腹泻的次数，如果只是普通腹泻的话，通过饮食调理一下就可以治疗康复，但是如果婴幼儿腹泻的次数特别多，甚至还有拉水这样的情况都是比较严重的，需要通过药物才能够康复。在腹泻期间也要注意婴幼儿的饮食，避免给婴幼儿吃一些过于刺激，或者是不能够消化，这样的食物应该多多的给婴幼儿补充身体的水分，多喝一些粥食以及流食这些温热的食物就可以使婴幼儿的肚子更加的舒服一些，也可以使腹泻的情况有所缓解。如果婴幼儿不想吃辅食的话，也可以以奶为主，或者是给婴幼儿吃一些腹泻奶粉，也可以在生活当中调理一下婴幼儿的肠胃，或者是益生菌都是比较好的，既不会伤害到婴幼儿的肠胃，也可以调理婴幼儿的身体，使婴幼儿能够有正常的大便。病毒或细菌感染：宝宝被轮状病毒感染后，会伴有呕吐、发热，如果不及时处理可出现脱水症状，因此要格外注意。另外，爸妈不要犹豫，发现情况后要立即找医生治疗。生理性稀便：妈妈需要合理喂养，加强对宝宝的护理。注意宝宝的精神、胃口、体重变化，一般无须特别处理。通过以上文章详细介绍，对宝妈有所帮助，使用止泻药虽然可以阻止腹泻，但同时减少肠蠕动，使毒素不易排泄造成细菌滋生。此外，小时候喂食母乳的小朋友，肠道的抵抗力也比较好，因此，提倡母乳哺育对预防儿童腹泻也很有帮助。 |
In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price". The law of demand, however, only makes a qualitative statement in the sense that it describes the direction of change in the amount of quantity demanded but not the magnitude of change.
The law of demand is represented by a graph called the demand curve, with quantity demanded on the x-axis and price on the y-axis. Demand curves are downward sloping by definition of the law of demand. The law of demand also works together with the law of supply to determine the efficient allocation of resources in an economy through the equilibrium price and quantity.
It is important to note that the relationship between price and quantity demanded holds true so long as it is complied with the ceteris paribus condition "all else remain equal" quantity demanded varies inversely with price when income and the prices of other goods remain constant. If all else are not held equal, the law of demand may not necessarily hold. In the real world, there are many determinants of demand other than price, such as the prices of other goods, the consumer's income, preferences etc. There are also exceptions to the law of demand such as Giffen goods and perfectly inelastic goods.
Overview
Economist Alfred Marshall provided the graphical illustration of the law of demand. This graphical illustration is still used today to define and explain a variety of other concepts and theories in economics. A simple explanation of the law of demand is that all else equal, at a higher price, consumer will demand less quantity of a good and vice versa. The law of demand applies to a variety of organisational and business situations. Price determination, government policy formation etc are examples. Together with the law of supply, the law of demand provides to us the equilibrium price and quantity. Moreover, the law of demand and supply explains why goods are priced at the level that they are. They also help us identify opportunities to buy what are perceived to be underpriced (or sell overpriced) goods or assets.
Law of Demand is relied heavily upon by managerial economics, which is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to managerial decision-making, to make informed decisions on pricing, production, and marketing strategies. In this context, understanding the alternative factors that influence the Law of Demand becomes crucial for managers and decision-makers.
Income effect: The income effect is the change in the quantity demanded of a good or service as a result of changes in consumers' purchasing power. When prices increase, the purchasing power of consumers decreases, leading to a decline in the quantity demanded. Conversely, a decrease in prices will increase purchasing power and lead to an increase in the quantity demanded.
Substitution effect: The substitution effect is the change in the quantity demanded of a good or service due to a change in the relative prices of substitute goods. When the price of a good increases, consumers may shift their consumption to relatively cheaper substitute goods, causing the demand for the original good to decrease.
Price expectations: Consumer expectations about future prices can influence their current demand for goods or services. If consumers expect prices to rise in the future, they may increase their current consumption to avoid higher prices later. Conversely, if they expect prices to fall, they may delay consumption, causing a decline in the quantity demanded.
Market size and demographics: The size of the market and its demographics can also influence the Law of Demand. Changes in population size, age distribution, and income levels can affect the overall demand for goods or services, thus impacting the relationship between price and quantity demanded.
An important concept to apprehend from the law of demand is the difference between demand and quantity demanded. Demand refers to the demand curve. A change in demand is indicated by a shift in the demand curve. Quantity demanded, on the other hand refers to a specific point on the demand curve which corresponds to a specific price. A change in quantity demanded therefore refers to a movement along the existing demand curve. However, there are some exceptions to the law of demand. For instance, if the price of cigarettes goes up, its demand does not decrease. The exceptions to the law of demand typically suit the Giffen commodities and Veblen goods which is further explained below.
The four main types of elasticity of demand are price elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and advertising elasticity of demand.
History
The famous law of demand was first stated by Charles Davenant (1656-1714) in his essay, "Probable Methods of Making People Gainers in the Balance of Trade (1699)". However, there were instances of its understanding and use much earlier when Gregory King (1648-1712) made a demonstration of the law of demand. He represented a relationship between the price of wheat and the harvest where the results suggested that if the harvest falls by 50%, the price would rise by 500%. This demonstration illustrated the law of demand as well as its elasticity.
Skipping forward to 1890, economist Alfred Marshall documented the graphical illustration of the law of demand. In Principles of Economics (1890), Alfred Marshall reconciled the demand and supply into a single analytical framework. The formulation of the demand curve was provided by the utility theory while supply curve was determined by the cost. This idea of demand and supply curve is what we still use today to develop the market equilibrium and to support a variety of other economic theories and concepts. Due to general agreement with the observation, economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations. Economist also see Alfred Marshall as the pioneer of the standard demand and supply diagrams and their use in economic analysis including welfare applications and consumer surplus.
Mathematical description
Consider the function , where is the quantity demanded of good , is the demand function, is the price of the good and is the list of parameters other than the price.
The law of demand states that . Here is the partial derivative operator.
The above equation, when plotted with quantity demanded () on the -axis and price () on the -axis, gives the demand curve, which is also known as the demand schedule. The demand curve is downward sloping illustrating the inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. Therefore, a downward sloping demand curve embeds the law of demand.
In a more specific manner:
Which is a functional relationship where the quantity demanded by the consumer depends on the price of the good , the monetary income of the consumer , the prices of other goods , and the taste of the consumer .
Another common way to express the law of demand without imposing a functional form is the following:
This formula states that, for all possible prices p' and p, and corresponding demands x' and x, prices and demand must move in opposite directions, i.e. as price increases, demand must decrease and vice versa. Note that demands are demand bundles, not individual demands. Demand for a single good can still increase even though its price also increased, if there is another good whose price increased and which is sufficiently substituted away from. If good i is a Giffen good whose price increases while other goods' prices are held fixed (so that ), the law of demand is clearly violated, as we have both (as price increased) and (as we consider a Giffen good), so that .
Demand versus quantity demanded
It is very important to apprehend the difference between demand and quantity demanded as they are used to mean different things in the economic jargon.
On the one hand, demand refers to the demand curve. Changes in demand are depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve to the left or right. Changes in the demand curve are usually caused by 5 major factors, namely: number of buyers, consumer income, tastes or preferences, price of related goods and future expectations.
On the other hand, quantity demanded refers to a specific point located on the demand curve which corresponds to a specific price. Therefore, quantity demanded represents the exact quantity of a good or service demanded by a consumer at a particular price, conditional on the other determinants. A change in quantity demanded can be indicated by a movement along the existing demand curve that is caused only by a change in price.
For instance, let's take the example of a housing market. An increase or decrease in price of housing will not shift the demand curve rather it will cause a movement along the demand curve for housing i.e. change in quantity demanded. But if we look at mortgage rates (a factor other than price), even if housing prices remain unchanged, an increased mortgage rate leads to a lower willingness to buy at all prices, shifting the demand curve to the left. Consumers will buy less, even though the price is the same. On the other hand, lower mortgage rate leads to a higher willingness to buy at all prices, and eventually shifting the demand curve to the right. Consumers will now buy more, even though the price has not changed at all. Such variation in demand can be explained by demand elasticity.
Demand elasticity
The elasticity of demand refers to the sensitivity of a goods demand as compared to the fluctuation of other economic factors, such as price, income, etc. The law of demand explains that the relationship between Demand and Price is directly inverse. However, the demand for some goods are more receptive to a change in price than others. There are four major elasticities of demand, these being the price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, and advertising elasticity of demand.
Price elasticity of demand
The variation in demand with regards to a change in price is known as the price elasticity of demand. The formula to solve for the coefficient of price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in Price.
Price elasticity of demand can be classified as elastic, inelastic, or unitary. An elastic demand occurs when the percentage change in the quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price, meaning that a small change in price results in a large change in quantity demanded. Inelastic demand occurs when the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than the percentage change in price. Unitary elasticity occurs when the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price.
Factors affecting price elasticity of demand include the availability of substitute goods, the proportion of income spent on the good, the nature of the good (whether it's a necessity or a luxury), and the time horizon under consideration.
Cross elasticity of demand
The cross elasticity of demand is an economic concept that measures the relative change in demand of a good when another good varies in price. The formula to solve for the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded of good A by the percentage change in price of good B.
The Cross elasticity of demand, also commonly referred to as the Cross-price elasticity of demand, allows companies to establish competitive prices against substitute goods and complementary goods. The metric figure produced by the equation thus determines the strength of both the relationship and competition between the two goods.
Income elasticity of demand
Income elasticity of demand is an economic measurement tool developed to measure the sensitivity of a goods quantity demanded when there is a change in the real income of a consumer. To calculate the income elasticity of demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is divided by the percentage change in the consumers income.
The Income elasticity of demand allows businesses to analyse and further predict the impact of business cycles on total sales. The Income elastitcty of demand thus allows goods to be broadly categorised as Normal goods and Inferior goods. A positive measurement suggests that the good is a normal good, and a negative measurement suggests an inferior good. The Income elasticity of demand effectively represents a consumers idea as to whether a good is a luxury or a necessity.
Advertising elasticity of demand
Advertising elasticity of demand measures the effectiveness of an advertising campaign as to generate new sales. To calculate the Advertising elasticity of demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is divided by the percentage change in advertising expenditures.
A business utilises the advertising elasticity of demand to measure the effectiveness of advertising on generating new sales. A positive elasticity indicates success for the advertisement as demand for the goods has increased. However, this measurement is also subject to the availability of substitutes, consumer behaviours and price points of the good being advertised.
Exceptions to the law of demand
The elasticity of demand follows the law of demand and its definition. However, there are goods and specific situations that defy the law of demand. Generally, the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa. In some cases this may not be true. There are certain goods which do not follow the law of demand. These include Giffen goods, Veblen goods, basic or necessary goods and expectations of future price changes. Further exception and details are given in the sections below:
Giffen goods
Initially proposed by Sir Robert Giffen, economists disagree on the existence of Giffen goods in the market. A Giffen good describes an inferior good that, as the price increases, demand for the product increases. As an example, during the Great Famine of Ireland of the 19th century, potatoes were considered a Giffen good. Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet, so as the price rose it had a large impact on income. People responded by cutting out on luxury goods such as meat and vegetables, and instead bought more potatoes. Therefore, as the price of potatoes increased, so did the quantity demanded.This results in an upward sloping demand curve contrary to the fundamental law of demand.
Giffen goods violate the law of demand due to the income effect dominating the substitution effect. This can be illustrated with the Slutsky equation for a change in a good's own price:
The first term on the right-hand side is the substitution effect, which is always negative. The second term on the right side is the income effect, which can be positive or negative. For inferior goods, this is negative, so subtracting this means adding its positive absolute value. The non-derivative component of the income effect is a measure of a consumer's existing demand for the good, meaning that if a consumer spends a large amount of his income on an inferior good, then a price increase could cause the income effect to dominate the substitution effect. This leads to a positive partial derivative of the good's demand with regards to its price, which violates the law of demand.
Expectation of change in the price of commodity
If an increase in the price of a commodity causes households to expect the price of a commodity to increase further, they may start purchasing a greater amount of the commodity even at the presently increased price. Similarly, if the household expects the price of the commodity to decrease, it may postpone its purchases. Thus, some argue that the law of demand is violated in such cases. In this case, the demand curve does not slope down from left to right; instead, it presents a backward slope from the top right to down left. This curve is known as an exceptional demand curve.
Basic or necessary goods
The goods which people need no matter how high the price is are basic or necessary goods. Medicines covered by insurance are a good example. An increase or decrease in the price of such a good does not affect its quantity demanded.
Certain scenarios in stock trading
Stock buyers acting in accord with the hot-hand fallacy will increase buying when stock prices are trending upward. Other rationales for buying a high-priced stock are that previous buyers who bid up the price are proof of the issue's quality, or conversely, that an issue's low price may be evidence of viability problems. Likewise, demand among short traders during a short squeeze can increase as price increases.
Veblen goods
Unlike Giffen goods, which are inferior items, Veblen goods are generally high quality goods. The demand for Veblen goods increases with the increase in price. Examples of Veblen goods are mostly luxurious items such as diamond, gold, precious stones, world-famous paintings, antiques etc. Veblen goods appear to go against the law of demand because of their exclusivity appeal, in the sense that if a price of a luxurious and expensive product is increased, it may attract the status-conscious group more, since it will be further out of reach for an average consumer. Thorstein Veblen referred to this sort of consumption as the purchase of goods that do not exhibit additional utility or functionality but offer status and reveal socioeconomic position. In simple words, these goods are not bought for their satisfaction but for their "snob appeal" or "ostentation". Accordingly, all these factors also lead to an upward sloping demand curve for Veblen goods along a certain price range.
Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy analysed Veblen goods. Their analysis of the demand for paintings by masters and for other objects proves Veblen by relying heavily on the allocative role of prices in markets with social interactions.
See also
Revealed preference
Aggregation problem
Representative agent
Methodological individualism
Demand (economics)
Price–performance ratio
Second law of demand (price elasticity over time)
Third Law of Demand (Alchian–Allen effect)
Supply and demand
Law of supply
Tragedy of the commons
References
Economics laws
Demand |
是荒井切利的四格漫畫作品，連載于芳文社發行的《Manga Time Kirara MAX》2004年7月号至2012年8月号。中文版由尚禾出版社出版發行。
作品簡介
本作描寫運氣不好卻個性開朗的女性金子幸在妖怪們居住的公寓中的日常生活。
登場人物
本作主角。23歲的女性，但外表年幼，看起來像中小學生。住在充滿妖怪的公寓，不過從前曾住過會出現幽靈、腐爛屍體的房子，對此毫不在意。基本上運氣很差，個性還是十分樂觀開朗。老家是大家族，有一個哥哥，兩個弟弟，三個妹妹（三胞胎），還有嫂嫂和姪女。常為了支持家庭而出外工作，鍛鍊出和外表不相符的力氣，能徒手捏碎蘋果。個性沉穩，但對沒用大人阿壹十分嚴格。
小幸的室友。真實身分為座敷童子，不知道怎麼成長為大人，帶來的幸運也因此減弱到剩下能在路上撿到零錢的程度。在大白天就在喝酒，整天只想著吃和玩的沒用大人。明明是座敷童子卻又會任意出門。最近發現只要禁酒就能夠恢復相對比例的年齡而暫時變回小孩，卻在吃了含有酒精的甜點後恢復原狀。此外，變回小孩子後座敷童子的力量依舊沒有恢復。
。
公寓房東兼繪本作家。普通的人類男性。喜歡童話般的事物，能和妖怪們住在一起感到十分開心，卻害怕靈異現象。由於在家裡工作，而常被稱作家裡蹲。遇到瓶頸時會以沉重的表情在城裡徘徊，或企圖吸引妖精，看起來像可疑人物。因為筆名（KAORU）與作風的關係，常常被讀者誤會為女性。有時候會把小幸當成小矮人。討厭以金錢為目的接近男性的女性，一下子就能夠看穿並遠離她。
。
代替掛名房東薰管理公寓，並擔任公寓負責人。外表和言行給人古代日本優雅女性的感覺，實際上是狗變身的犬女。薰小時候在她受傷時對她伸出援手，後來就在薰的身邊幫忙。外表沉穩，就算是生氣也只會靜靜表現出來。雖然是混種約克夏的小型犬，卻有足以擊敗土佐犬的強大戰鬥力。
本人說法:因為有按時接種狂犬病及其它預防針，所以被咬也不用怕生病。
。
公寓房客，雪女。似乎活了好幾百年，外表看起來卻還是個小學生。年齡話題是禁忌，過去經歷也充滿謎團。人生經驗豐富，曾經和很多男性交往過。現在十分享受小學生活，在小學中也很受男生歡迎。在公寓中最年長，有大姐風範。
。
公寓房客，長頸妖（轆轤首）。外表是普通女性，看不出是妖怪，連本人都是在成人後被母親告知才曉得。受驚嚇時脖子會伸長。對蒼太一見鍾情，不過因為個性內向而還有很長的一段路要走。喜歡喝油。
。
公寓房客，貓又。外表是女高中生，實際年齡不明。因為是貓所以常常突然消失。和溝火一樣男性經驗豐富，會配合對象改變自己的興趣。和詩織一樣喜歡油。
公寓的新房客，窮神。和篝火為舊識。和未香交往的男性會自然而然的送她禮物而變窮。雖然這和未香的意志無關，卻因為窮神的自尊而會積極接近有錢人，收到的禮物也不會退回去。因此薰認為她是只對錢有興趣的女性而避著她。
不知為何居住在附近公園的土管中的座敷童子女孩。外表是標準的座敷童子，能看見她的只有一部分小孩和很稀少的大人。以前就認識阿壹，同樣是座敷童子互相是對方為對手，關係並不好。遇到阿壹時都會和他吵架，兩個人給人的感覺就好像小孩子吵架一樣。
小幸任職公司社長的兒子。沒有才能卻想組樂團，放棄後進入公司工作。19歲，比小幸年少，卻常纏著小幸要她多對危險提高警覺。提醒她的原因是對她的好意。
出版書籍
參考資料
2004年日本漫畫作品
Manga Time Kirara
四格漫畫
座敷童子題材作品
生活片段作品 |
通州区青少年活动中心是北京市通州区教育委员会所属校外教育机构。始建于1957年，曾命名为通县少年之家、少年宫。2016年，有在编教师76人。开设声乐、舞蹈、乐器、书法、美术、模型、电子、机器人、科技制作、棋类、武术、跆拳道等30个培训专业；向本区中小学生开展艺术、科技、体育等教育活动。曾荣获“中国青少年社会教育‘银杏奖’优秀团队奖”、“首都文明单位” 、“首都绿化美化花园式单位”和“北京市校外教育先进集体”等荣誉称号。
2016年6月，区教委计划投入2亿元，为其建设包含一栋地上4层青少年活动中心和一个2层地下室的，总建筑面积40000平方米的新楼。预计将在2018年6月竣工。
参考资料
通州区教育组织 |
沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂成分或处方？主要成分为沙美特罗替卡松。 |
《魔镇惊魂》（Arkham Horror）是一款由Richard Launius设计完成、由混沌元素出版于1987年的桌面游戏。它基于以克苏鲁神话为主题的《克苏鲁的呼唤》。修订版由幻翔游戏于2005年出版。在这个游戏中，玩家们扮演在美国恐怖小说家洛夫克拉夫特虚构的麻萨诸塞州阿卡姆活动的调查员，他们试图关闭异界大门以防止古神降临毁灭凡尘。
历史
魔镇惊魂由Richard Launius设计完成首次由混沌元素出版，当时名称暂定为《Call of Cthulhu: The Board Game》（克苏鲁的呼唤：版图游戏）。之后在1987年以《魔镇惊魂》作为新的游戏名出版，当年获得了1987年起源奖的最佳科幻奇幻桌游奖项。
Launius曾设计除了魔镇惊魂以外的其他克苏鲁神话背景的桌游，但只有魔镇惊魂出版面世。魔镇惊魂发售后，第一次印刷立刻售罄，尽管之后Chaosium多次宣布重印计划，可并未再实际印刷过。
2004年网游公司Skotos从设计师Richard Launiu手中获得版权，最终计划交由幻翔游戏出版修订版。修订版于2005年7月出版随后售罄，当年开动第二次印刷以满足玩家需求。
2011年初，幻翔游戏出版了基于魔镇惊魂的新桌游《远古印记》，相比之下远古印记的游戏时间和游戏规则更为快速，通过简化魔镇惊魂的机制和使用骰子实现遭遇使原有的2～4小时的游戏时间缩短到了平均90分钟。
參考資料
克蘇魯神話題材遊戲
混沌元素 |
更年期综合征要多长时间才能消失？女性更年期是指卵巢功能从旺盛状态逐渐衰退到完全消失的一个过渡时期，一般在45岁~55岁之间，包括绝经和绝经前后的一段时间。在此期间妇女发生一些生理变化，它们既不是器质性疾病，也不是不可克服的或一旦出现就永久存在的病理状态。更年期是一个内分泌改变的转折期，不同人对此自然有不同的反应，不能盲目根据她人的经验，就断定自己的更年期年龄是多大。女人更年期的年龄受到许多因素的影响，并且由于性腺的功能从成熟到衰退的转变是渐渐发生的，因而非常难肯定女性的更年期是什么年龄开始的。一般情况下，女性在绝经之前就有了更年期的变化，而绝经之后，一些更年期的症状还可能持续一段时间。因而，临床上就非常难准确掌握更年期的年龄是多大，只能从女性的绝经年龄来估算她的更年期开始年龄。根据生理指标的测定，更年期大约在绝经前10年开始，即40岁左右；绝经后约10年时间，卵巢功能才完全消失，女人就进入老年期。也就是说，女性的更年期年龄一般是在40岁左右就开始了，而在45岁以后进入高发期。另外，小编提醒，由于女性进入更年期的年龄与卵巢功能有关，因此，专家建议，女性朋友在日常生活中，可服用紫一大豆异黄酮来保养卵巢，达到延缓更年期、缓解更年期综合症的目的。女性朋友的年龄在四十岁至六十岁之间，已经处于更年期了，更年期出现在绝经的前十年，比如50岁绝经，那么从40岁开始就进去更年期了。当绝经后，再过十年，卵巢功能才会完全衰退，直至消失，从此，女性朋友就过完了更年期，步入了老年期。 |
細棘兵鯰，為輻鰭魚綱鯰形目美鯰科的其中一種，為熱帶淡水魚。分布於南美洲阿根廷巴拉那河及其支流流域，體長可達4.8公分，棲息在底層水域，生活習性不明。
参考文献
扩展阅读
micracanthus |
香港駐三藩市經濟貿易辦事處（，縮寫：），簡稱香港駐三藩市經貿辦，駐三藩市經貿辦或駐三藩市辦，中華人民共和國香港特別行政區政府在美國加利福尼亞州三藩市（舊金山）設立代表處。
它是香港特別行政區政府在美國設立的三個代表處之一，成立於1986年，管轄美國西部19個州份。辦事處位於舊金山蒙哥馬利街130號。
辦事處促進與香港的雙邊貿易和投資，向商界和促進機構通報香港的重要發展。它亦會在有關國家的組織舉辦官方訪問，研討會和聯絡活動，並作為支持上述國家投資者在香港和中國大陸尋找商機的樞紐。 辦事處推動美國與香港在經貿、投資、旅遊、文化交流等各領域的相互合作。 它還幫助美國企業在香港投資和開展業務。美國其他地區由香港駐紐約經濟貿易辦事處和香港駐華盛頓經濟貿易辦事處管轄。
管轄地區
阿拉斯加州
亞利桑那州
加利福尼亞州
科羅拉多州
夏威夷州
愛達荷州
堪薩斯州
俄克拉荷馬州
俄勒岡州
蒙大拿州
內布拉斯加州
內華達州
新墨西哥州
北達科他州
南達科他州
德克薩斯州
猶他州
華盛頓州
懷俄明州
處長列表
陳鎮源 (任期：1994年至1997年)
李友石 (任期：1997年至2000年)
唐海怡 (任期：2000年至2005年)
張美珠 (任期：2005年至2009年)
梁永恩 (任期：2009年至2013年)
周舜宜 (任期：2013年至2016年)
蔣志豪 (任期：2016年至2020年)
曾舜雯 (任期：2020年至)
參見
香港經濟貿易辦事處 (海外)
香港駐紐約經濟貿易辦事處
香港駐華盛頓經濟貿易辦事處
香港與美國關係
美國駐香港及澳門總領事館
香港駐美總經貿專員
參考資料
外部連結
香港駐三藩市經濟貿易辦事處
Hong Kong Meets America的Facebook專頁
Hong Kong Meets America的Instagram帳戶
三
駐舊金山外交代表機構
英屬香港—美國關係
香港特別行政區—美國關係
舊金山建築物
舊金山组织
1986年香港建立
1986年建立政府機構 |
虻虫的中药化学成分是什么?？含蛋白质、氨基酸、胆固醇及钙、镁、磷、铁、钴、铜、锰、锶、锌铝等24种无机元素。 |
Benjamin Branche Talley (July 29, 1903November 27, 1998) was an American engineer. He was involved in military construction in Alaska before and after World War II, and earned the nickname "the Father of Military Construction in Alaska". He was involved in planning the Normandy landings and Battle of Okinawa during World War II. After the war, Talley led various engineering districts, including the North Atlantic Division, before retiring as a brigadier general in 1956. After retirement, he was involved in civil engineering and oversaw the reconstruction of central Alaska after the Good Friday earthquake.
Early and personal life
Talley was born in Greer County, Oklahoma on July 29, 1903. He graduated from high school in Enid, Oklahoma, and attended Oklahoma A&M College. Talley graduated from Georgia Tech in 1925 with an electrical engineering degree, and from the Graduate Engineering School of Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1926. He was married three times and survived by a son.
Army service
Talley first entered the military as a reserve officer in the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps in the mid-1920s. He joined the United States Army in June 1926. As a second lieutenant, Talley was stationed with the 2nd Engineer Battalion in Texas and Colorado before attending the Engineer School in Virginia. He was then involved in the Nicaragua Canal Survey and assisted in the aftermath of the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake. Talley was assigned to put out the ensuing fire after the earthquake hit Managua. When Talley returned to the United States, he worked to make maps based on aerial photographs for nine years, publishing the textbook Photogrammetry. He also invented a 'portable stereocomparagraph' and lectured at Harvard University. He was executive officer to the district engineer based in Portland, Oregon.
In Alaska
In the lead-up to the American entry into World War II, on September 11, 1940, Talley, by then a captain, traveled to Yakutat, Alaska, where he had been placed in charge of the construction of Elmendorf Air Force Base. On January 15, 1941 he became area engineer for Army construction in Alaska, supervising the construction of twenty-eight projects totaling around 300 million dollars. He had traveled to Anchorage, through Seward, on January 7. Convinced that the United States was going to enter the World War soon, he ordered construction to continue on projects such as Elmendorf throughout the winter. Talley was in the field for two-thirds of his time, flying over 900 hours in two and a half years. On May 1, 1941 his role was renamed 'officer in charge, Alaska construction', and he became a member of the Alaska Defense Command's staff. He worked to improve the state's shipping capabilities and rehabilitate Anchorage's harbor.
By October 1941 Talley was a colonel. In November he visited John L. DeWitt, commander of the Western Defense Command, in San Francisco to get several projects approved. He arrived back in Alaska on December 6, just a day before the Attack on Pearl Harbor. He oversaw construction of a secret base on Umnak that protected Dutch Harbor from a Japanese attack. Talley examined numerous of the Aleutian Islands as potential locations for airfields, visiting several of them. He was given broad authority over construction and was made the head of the Army Transport Service's Alaska division, though he eventually lost that role after diverting a ship to supply Umnak. Because he employed the most people in the state, Talley represented the United States Department of Labor. His obituary wrote that he "supervised virtually all Army and Army Air Corps projects in Alaska as the military prepared for the Japanese invasion of Alaska." On January 11, 1943 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for "exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service as officer in charge of Alaska construction".
In Europe and to the end of World War II
In June 1943 Talley traveled to Europe, where he helped plan the Normandy landings and served as the V Corps' deputy chief of staff. General Leonard T. Gerow, the Corps' commander, was impressed by Talley and assigned him to observe the landing on Omaha Beach and report back to Gerow on the progress of the invasion. The majority of the 1st Infantry Division's officers disliked Talley by the time the operation was launched, considering him "a thorn in our side" because he treated them as though they knew little about planning an amphibious invasion. He was given command of the beach, overseeing supplies as they flowed into the region. As commander of the area, he oversaw up to 63,000 soldiers responsibility that the Anchorage Daily News considered was typically held by a three star general. For this he earned the Legion of Merit and the Distinguished Service Cross. In December 1944 he assumed command of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade.
Under Talley's command, the brigade headquarters returned to England, and embarked for the United States on 23 December 1944. It arrived at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on 30 December. After four weeks leave, it reassembled at Fort Lewis, Washington. Part of the brigade headquarters went by air to Leyte to join the XXIV Corps for the invasion of Okinawawhich Talley helped plan, while the rest traveled directly to Okinawa on the USS Achernar. Talley was awarded the Croix de guerre with palm in 1945. The brigade was in charge of unloading on Okinawa from 9 April to 31 May. It then prepared for the invasion of Japan. This did not occur due to the end of the war, and the brigade landed in Korea on 12 September 1945. Talley was deputy commander of the Army Special Forces in Korea after victory over Japan.
Later career
Talley was subsequently district engineer for Huntington, West Virginia and later Louisville, Kentucky. He entered the National War College in 1949 and was head of the estimates branch of the intelligence division on the Army General Staff from 1949 to 1952, briefing the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Soviet Union's military capacity during the Korean War and other relevant intelligence. In March 1952 it was reported that Talley had been promoted to division engineer of the North Atlantic Division by Lieutenant General Lewis A. Pick. As division engineer, he oversaw construction projects totaling around $900 million. On April 7, 1955 he was promoted to brigadier general. Talley became division engineer of the Mediterranean Division, Nouasseur Air Base in 1955. He administered the Mediterranean division for ten months, from June 28, 1955, to May 1, 1956, refocusing the division on the Middle East from North Africa. He retired as a brigadier general on April 30, 1956.
Retirement and death
After retirement, Talley lived in New York City, Oklahoma, and Alaska. He worked for Raymond International and supervised the construction of 11 buildings in Brasília as the Brazilian capital was under construction. He was resident manager of the Metcalf and Eddy group, and oversaw the group as it rebuilt Anchorage, Alaska, after the 1964 Alaska earthquake and worked in Da Nang during the Vietnam War. In the 1980s, he was on a committee advising on the documentary Alaska at War, which premiered in 1986. Talley died on November 27, 1998 in Homer, Alaska, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. As of 2021, there is a scholarship at the University of Alaska named after Talley and his wife, Virginia.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
World War 11 In Alaska: A Historic and Resources Plan
External links
The Benjamin B. Talley papers
Photographic surveying
1903 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Georgia Tech alumni
United States Army generals
People from Greer County, Oklahoma
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army personnel of World War II |
Swarm behaviour, or swarming, is a collective behaviour exhibited by entities, particularly animals, of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masse or migrating in some direction. It is a highly interdisciplinary topic.
As a term, swarming is applied particularly to insects, but can also be applied to any other entity or animal that exhibits swarm behaviour. The term flocking or murmuration can refer specifically to swarm behaviour in birds, herding to refer to swarm behaviour in tetrapods, and shoaling or schooling to refer to swarm behaviour in fish. Phytoplankton also gather in huge swarms called blooms, although these organisms are algae and are not self-propelled the way animals are. By extension, the term "swarm" is applied also to inanimate entities which exhibit parallel behaviours, as in a robot swarm, an earthquake swarm, or a swarm of stars.
From a more abstract point of view, swarm behaviour is the collective motion of a large number of self-propelled entities. From the perspective of the mathematical modeller, it is an emergent behaviour arising from simple rules that are followed by individuals and does not involve any central coordination. Swarm behaviour is also studied by active matter physicists as a phenomenon which is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, and as such requires the development of tools beyond those available from the statistical physics of systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this regard, swarming has been compared to the mathematics of superfluids, specifically in the context of starling flocks (murmuration).
Swarm behaviour was first simulated on a computer in 1986 with the simulation program boids. This program simulates simple agents (boids) that are allowed to move according to a set of basic rules. The model was originally designed to mimic the flocking behaviour of birds, but it can be applied also to schooling fish and other swarming entities.
Models
In recent decades, scientists have turned to modeling swarm behaviour to gain a deeper understanding of the behaviour.
Mathematical models
Early studies of swarm behaviour employed mathematical models to simulate and understand the behaviour. The simplest mathematical models of animal swarms generally represent individual animals as following three rules:
Move in the same direction as their neighbours
Remain close to their neighbours
Avoid collisions with their neighbours
The boids computer program, created by Craig Reynolds in 1986, simulates swarm behaviour following the above rules. Many subsequent and current models use variations on these rules, often implementing them by means of concentric "zones" around each animal. In the "zone of repulsion", very close to the animal, the focal animal will seek to distance itself from its neighbours to avoid collision. Slightly further away, in the "zone of alignment", the focal animal will seek to align its direction of motion with its neighbours. In the outermost "zone of attraction", which extends as far away from the focal animal as it is able to sense, the focal animal will seek to move towards a neighbour.
The shape of these zones will necessarily be affected by the sensory capabilities of a given animal. For example, the visual field of a bird does not extend behind its body. Fish rely on both vision and on hydrodynamic perceptions relayed through their lateral lines, while Antarctic krill rely both on vision and hydrodynamic signals relayed through antennae.
However recent studies of starling flocks have shown that each bird modifies its position, relative to the six or seven animals directly surrounding it, no matter how close or how far away those animals are. Interactions between flocking starlings are thus based on a topological, rather than a metric, rule. It remains to be seen whether this applies to other animals. Another recent study, based on an analysis of high-speed camera footage of flocks above Rome and assuming minimal behavioural rules, has convincingly simulated a number of aspects of flock behaviour.
Evolutionary models
In order to gain insight into why animals evolve swarming behaviours, scientists have turned to evolutionary models that simulate populations of evolving animals. Typically these studies use a genetic algorithm to simulate evolution over many generations. These studies have investigated a number of hypotheses attempting to explain why animals evolve swarming behaviours, such as the selfish herd theory the predator confusion effect, the dilution effect, and the many eyes theory.
Agents
Self-organization
Emergence
The concept of emergence—that the properties and functions found at a hierarchical level are not present and are irrelevant at the lower levels–is often a basic principle behind self-organizing systems. An example of self-organization in biology leading to emergence in the natural world occurs in ant colonies. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scents from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behaviours and have even been able to demonstrate the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
Stigmergy
A further key concept in the field of swarm intelligence is stigmergy. Stigmergy is a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions. The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an action stimulates the performance of a next action, by the same or a different agent. In that way, subsequent actions tend to reinforce and build on each other, leading to the spontaneous emergence of coherent, apparently systematic activity. Stigmergy is a form of self-organization. It produces complex, seemingly intelligent structures, without need for any planning, control, or even direct communication between the agents. As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents, who lack any memory, intelligence or even awareness of each other.
Swarm intelligence
Swarm intelligence is the collective behaviour of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. The expression was introduced by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems.
Swarm intelligence systems are typically made up of a population of simple agents such as boids interacting locally with one another and with their environment. The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of intelligent global behaviour, unknown to the individual agents.
Swarm intelligence research is multidisciplinary. It can be divided into natural swarm research studying biological systems and artificial swarm research studying human artefacts. There is also a scientific stream attempting to model the swarm systems themselves and understand their underlying mechanisms, and an engineering stream focused on applying the insights developed by the scientific stream to solve practical problems in other areas.
Algorithms
Swarm algorithms follow a Lagrangian approach or an Eulerian approach. The Eulerian approach views the swarm as a field, working with the density of the swarm and deriving mean field properties. It is a hydrodynamic approach, and can be useful for modelling the overall dynamics of large swarms.<ref>Toner J and Tu Y (1995) "Long-range order in a two-dimensional xy model: how birds fly together" Physical Revue Letters, '75 (23)(1995), 4326–4329.</ref> However, most models work with the Lagrangian approach, which is an agent-based model following the individual agents (points or particles) that make up the swarm. Individual particle models can follow information on heading and spacing that is lost in the Eulerian approach.
Ant colony optimization
Ant colony optimization is a widely used algorithm which was inspired by the behaviours of ants, and has been effective solving discrete optimization problems related to swarming. The algorithm was initially proposed by Marco Dorigo in 1992,M. Dorigo, Optimization, Learning and Natural Algorithms, PhD thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Italie, 1992. and has since been diversified to solve a wider class of numerical problems. Species that have multiple queens may have a queen leaving the nest along with some workers to found a colony at a new site, a process akin to swarming in honeybees.
Ants are behaviourally unsophisticated; collectively they perform complex tasks. Ants have highly developed sophisticated sign-based communication.
Ants communicate using pheromones; trails are laid that can be followed by other ants.
Routing problem ants drop different pheromones used to compute the "shortest" path from source to destination(s).
Self-propelled particles
The concept of self-propelled particles (SPP) was introduced in 1995 by Tamás Vicsek et al. as a special case of the boids model introduced in 1986 by Reynolds. An SPP swarm is modelled by a collection of particles that move with a constant speed and respond to random perturbations by adopting at each time increment the average direction of motion of the other particles in their local neighbourhood.
Simulations demonstrate that a suitable "nearest neighbour rule" eventually results in all the particles swarming together, or moving in the same direction. This emerges, even though there is no centralized coordination, and even though the neighbours for each particle constantly change over time. SPP models predict that swarming animals share certain properties at the group level, regardless of the type of animals in the swarm. Swarming systems give rise to emergent behaviours which occur at many different scales, some of which are both universal and robust. It has become a challenge in theoretical physics to find minimal statistical models that capture these behaviours.
Particle swarm optimization
Particle swarm optimization is another algorithm widely used to solve problems related to swarms. It was developed in 1995 by Kennedy and Eberhart and was first aimed at simulating the social behaviour and choreography of bird flocks and fish schools. The algorithm was simplified and it was observed to be performing optimization. The system initially seeds a population with random solutions. It then searches in the problem space through successive generations using stochastic optimization to find the best solutions. The solutions it finds are called particles. Each particle stores its position as well as the best solution it has achieved so far. The particle swarm optimizer tracks the best local value obtained so far by any particle in the local neighbourhood. The remaining particles then move through the problem space following the lead of the optimum particles. At each time iteration, the particle swarm optimiser accelerates each particle toward its optimum locations according to simple mathematical rules. Particle swarm optimization has been applied in many areas. It has few parameters to adjust, and a version that works well for a specific applications can also work well with minor modifications across a range of related applications. A book by Kennedy and Eberhart describes some philosophical aspects of particle swarm optimization applications and swarm intelligence. An extensive survey of applications is made by Poli.
Altruism
Researchers in Switzerland have developed an algorithm based on Hamilton's rule of kin selection. The algorithm shows how altruism in a swarm of entities can, over time, evolve and result in more effective swarm behaviour.
Biological swarming
The earliest evidence of swarm behaviour in animals dates back about 480 million years. Fossils of the trilobite Ampyx priscus have been recently described as clustered in lines along the ocean floor. The animals were all mature adults, and were all facing the same direction as though they had formed a conga line or a peloton. It has been suggested they line up in this manner to migrate, much as spiny lobsters migrate in single-file queues; it has also been suggested that the formation is the precursor for mating, as with the fly Leptoconops torrens. The findings suggest animal collective behaviour has very early evolutionary origins.
Examples of biological swarming are found in bird flocks, fish schools, insect swarms, bacteria swarms, molds, molecular motors, quadruped herds and people. Swarm Theory National Geographic. Feature article, July 2007.
Beekman M, Sword GA and Simpson SK (2008) Biological Foundations of Swarm Intelligence. In Swarm intelligence: introduction and applications, Eds Blum C and Merkle D. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社, Page 3–43.
Social insects
The behaviour of social insects (insects that live in colonies, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites) has always been a source of fascination for children, naturalists and artists. Individual insects seem to do their own thing without any central control, yet the colony as a whole behaves in a highly coordinated manner. Researchers have found that cooperation at the colony level is largely self-organized. The group coordination that emerges is often just a consequence of the way individuals in the colony interact. These interactions can be remarkably simple, such as one ant merely following the trail left by another ant. Yet put together, the cumulative effect of such behaviours can solve highly complex problems, such as locating the shortest route in a network of possible paths to a food source. The organised behaviour that emerges in this way is sometimes called swarm intelligence, a form of biological emergence.
Ants
Individual ants do not exhibit complex behaviours, yet a colony of ants collectively achieves complex tasks such as constructing nests, taking care of their young, building bridges and foraging for food. A colony of ants can collectively select (i.e. send most workers towards) the best, or closest, food source from several in the vicinity. Such collective decisions are achieved using positive feedback mechanisms. Selection of the best food source is achieved by ants following two simple rules. First, ants which find food return to the nest depositing a pheromone chemical. More pheromone is laid for higher quality food sources. Thus, if two equidistant food sources of different qualities are found simultaneously, the pheromone trail to the better one will be stronger. Ants in the nest follow another simple rule, to favor stronger trails, on average. More ants then follow the stronger trail, so more ants arrive at the high quality food source, and a positive feedback cycle ensures, resulting in a collective decision for the best food source. If there are two paths from the ant nest to a food source, then the colony usually selects the shorter path. This is because the ants that first return to the nest from the food source are more likely to be those that took the shorter path. More ants then retrace the shorter path, reinforcing the pheromone trail.
Army ants, unlike most ant species, do not construct permanent nests; an army ant colony moves almost incessantly over the time it exists, remaining in an essentially perpetual state of swarming. Several lineages have independently evolved the same basic behavioural and ecological syndrome, often referred to as "legionary behaviour", and may be an example of convergent evolution.
The successful techniques used by ant colonies have been studied in computer science and robotics to produce distributed and fault-tolerant systems for solving problems. This area of biomimetics has led to studies of ant locomotion, search engines that make use of "foraging trails", fault-tolerant storage and networking algorithms.
Honey bees
In temperate climates, honey bees usually form swarms in late spring. A swarm typically contains about half the workers together with the old queen, while the new queen stays back with the remaining workers in the original hive. When honey bees emerge from a hive to form a swarm, they may gather on a branch of a tree or on a bush only a few meters from the hive. The bees cluster about the queen and send out 20–50 scouts to find suitable new nest locations. The scouts are the most experienced foragers in the cluster. If a scout finds a suitable location, she returns to the cluster and promotes it by dancing a version of the waggle dance. This dance conveys information about the quality, direction, and distance of the new site. The more excited she is about her findings, the more vigorously she dances. If she can convince others they may take off and check the site she found. If they approve they may promote it as well. In this decision-making process, scouts check several sites, often abandoning their own original site to promote the superior site of another scout. Several different sites may be promoted by different scouts at first. After some hours and sometimes days, a preferred location eventually emerges from this decision-making process. When all scouts agree on the final location, the whole cluster takes off and swarms to it. Sometimes, if no decision is reached, the swarm will separate, some bees going in one direction; others, going in another. This usually results in failure, with both groups dying. A new location is typically a kilometre or more from the original hive, though some species, e.g., Apis dorsata, may establish new colonies within as little as 500 meters from the natal nest. This collective decision-making process is remarkably successful in identifying the most suitable new nest site and keeping the swarm intact. A good hive site has to be large enough to accommodate the swarm (about 15 litres in volume), has to be well-protected from the elements, receive an optimal amount of sunshine, be some height above the ground, have a small entrance and be capable of resisting ant infestation - that is why tree cavities are often selected.Bee Swarms Follow High-speed 'Streaker' Bees To Find A New Nest; ScienceDaily (Nov. 24, 2008)
Non-social insects
Unlike social insects, swarms of non-social insects that have been studied primarily seem to function in contexts such as mating, feeding, predator avoidance, and migration.
Moths
Moths may exhibit synchronized mating, during which pheromones released by females initiate searching and swarming behavior in males. Males sense pheromones with sensitive antennae and may track females as far as several kilometers away. Swarm mating involves female choice and male competition. Only one male in the swarm—typically the first—will successfully copulate. Females maximize fitness benefits and minimize cost by governing the onset and magnitude of pheromone deployed. Too little pheromone will not attract a mate, too much allows less fit males to sense the signal. After copulation, females lay the eggs on a host plant. Quality of host plant may be a factor influencing the location of swarming and egg-laying. In one case, researchers observed pink-striped oakworm moths (Anisota virginiensis) swarming at a carrion site, where decomposition likely increased soil nutrient levels and host plant quality.
Flies
Midges, such as Tokunagayusurika akamusi, form swarms, dancing in the air. Swarming serves multiple purposes, including the facilitation of mating by attracting females to approach the swarm, a phenomenon known as lek mating. Such cloud-like swarms often form in early evening when the sun is getting low, at the tip of a bush, on a hilltop, over a pool of water, or even sometimes above a person. The forming of such swarms is not out of instinct, but an adaptive behavior – a "consensus" – between the individuals within the swarms. It is also suggested that swarming is a ritual, because there is rarely any male midge by itself and not in a swarm. This could have formed due to the benefit of lowering inbreeding by having males of various genes gathering in one spot. The genus Culicoides, also known as biting midges, have displayed swarming behavior which are believed to cause confusion in predators.
Cockroaches
Cockroaches leave chemical trails in their feces as well as emitting airborne pheromones for mating. Other cockroaches will follow these trails to discover sources of food and water, and also discover where other cockroaches are hiding. Thus, groups of cockroaches can exhibit emergent behaviour, in which group or swarm behaviour emerges from a simple set of individual interactions.
Cockroaches are mainly nocturnal and will run away when exposed to light. A study tested the hypothesis that cockroaches use just two pieces of information to decide where to go under those conditions: how dark it is and how many other cockroaches there are. The study conducted by José Halloy and colleagues at the Free University of Brussels and other European institutions created a set of tiny robots that appear to the roaches as other roaches and can thus alter the roaches' perception of critical mass. The robots were also specially scented so that they would be accepted by the real roaches.
Locusts
Locusts are the swarming phase of the short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. Some species can breed rapidly under suitable conditions and subsequently become gregarious and migratory. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults—both of which can travel great distances, rapidly stripping fields and greatly damaging crops. The largest swarms can cover hundreds of square miles and contain billions of locusts. A locust can eat its own weight (about 2 grams) in plants every day. That means one million locusts can eat more than one tonne of food each day, and the largest swarms can consume over 100,000 tonnes each day.
Swarming in locusts has been found to be associated with increased levels of serotonin which causes the locust to change colour, eat much more, become mutually attracted, and breed much more easily. Researchers propose that swarming behaviour is a response to overcrowding and studies have shown that increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs or, in some species, simply encountering other individuals causes an increase in levels of serotonin. The transformation of the locust to the swarming variety can be induced by several contacts per minute over a four-hour period.Blocking 'happiness' chemical may prevent locust plagues, New Scientist, 2009-01-29, accessed 2009-01-31 Notably, an innate predisposition to aggregate has been found in hatchlings of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, independent of their parental phase.
An individual locust's response to a loss of alignment in the group appears to increase the randomness of its motion, until an aligned state is again achieved. This noise-induced alignment appears to be an intrinsic characteristic of collective coherent motion.
Migratory behavior
Insect migration is the seasonal movement of insects, particularly those by species of dragonflies, beetles, butterflies, and moths. The distance can vary from species to species, but in most cases these movements involve large numbers of individuals. In some cases the individuals that migrate in one direction may not return and the next generation may instead migrate in the opposite direction. This is a significant difference from bird migration.
Monarch butterflies are especially noted for their lengthy annual migration. In North America they make massive southward migrations starting in August until the first frost. A northward migration takes place in the spring. The monarch is the only butterfly that migrates both north and south as the birds do on a regular basis. But no single individual makes the entire round trip. Female monarchs deposit eggs for the next generation during these migrations. The length of these journeys exceeds the normal lifespan of most monarchs, which is less than two months for butterflies born in early summer. The last generation of the summer enters into a non-reproductive phase known as diapause and may live seven months or more. During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. The generation that overwinters generally does not reproduce until it leaves the overwintering site sometime in February and March. It is the second, third and fourth generations that return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring. How the species manages to return to the same overwintering spots over a gap of several generations is still a subject of research; the flight patterns appear to be inherited, based on a combination of the position of the sun in the sky and a time-compensated Sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock that is based in their antennae.
Birds
Bird migration
Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants. The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season. These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration such as predation.
Many birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, it is assumed that flying in flocks reduces energy costs. The V formation is often supposed to boost the efficiency and range of flying birds, particularly over long migratory routes. All the birds except the first fly in the upwash from one of the wingtip vortices of the bird ahead. The upwash assists each bird in supporting its own weight in flight, in the same way a glider can climb or maintain height indefinitely in rising air. Geese flying in a V formation save energy by flying in the updraft of the wingtip vortex generated by the previous animal in the formation. Thus, the birds flying behind do not need to work as hard to achieve lift. Studies show that birds in a V formation place themselves roughly at the optimum distance predicted by simple aerodynamic theory. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots and dunlins were found in radar studies to fly 5 km per hour faster in flocks than when they were flying alone. The birds flying at the tips and at the front are rotated in a timely cyclical fashion to spread flight fatigue equally among the flock members. The formation also makes communication easier and allows the birds to maintain visual contact with each other.
Other animals may use similar drafting techniques when migrating. Lobsters, for example, migrate in close single-file formation "lobster trains", sometimes for hundreds of miles.
The Mediterranean and other seas present a major obstacle to soaring birds, which must cross at the narrowest points. Massive numbers of large raptors and storks pass through areas such as Gibraltar, Falsterbo, and the Bosphorus at migration times. More common species, such as the European honey buzzard, can be counted in hundreds of thousands in autumn. Other barriers, such as mountain ranges, can also cause funnelling, particularly of large diurnal migrants. This is a notable factor in the Central American migratory bottleneck. This concentration of birds during migration can put species at risk. Some spectacular migrants have already gone extinct, the most notable being the passenger pigeon. During migration the flocks were a mile (1.6 km) wide and 300 miles (500 km) long, taking several days to pass and containing up to a billion birds.
Marine life
Fish
The term "shoal" can be used to describe any group of fish, including mixed-species groups, while "school" is used for more closely knit groups of the same species swimming in a highly synchronised and polarised manner.
Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defence against predators (through better predator detection and by diluting the chance of capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success in finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency.
Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognised). The "oddity effect" posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble them. The oddity effect would thus tend to homogenise shoals.
One puzzling aspect of shoal selection is how a fish can choose to join a shoal of animals similar to themselves, given that it cannot know its own appearance. Experiments with zebrafish have shown that shoal preference is a learned ability, not innate. A zebrafish tends to associate with shoals that resemble shoals in which it was reared, a form of imprinting.
Other open questions of shoaling behaviour include identifying which individuals are responsible for the direction of shoal movement. In the case of migratory movement, most members of a shoal seem to know where they are going. In the case of foraging behaviour, captive shoals of golden shiner (a kind of minnow) are led by a small number of experienced individuals who knew when and where food was available.
Radakov estimated herring schools in the North Atlantic can occupy up to with fish densities between 0.5 and 1.0 fish/cubic metre, totalling several billion fish in one school.
Partridge BL (1982) "The structure and function of fish schools" Scientific American, June:114–123.
Fish migration
Between May and July huge numbers of sardines spawn in the cool waters of the Agulhas Bank and then follow a current of cold water northward along the east coast of South Africa. This great migration, called the sardine run, creates spectacular feeding frenzies along the coastline as marine predators, such as dolphins, sharks and gannets attack the schools.
Krill
Most krill, small shrimp-like crustaceans, form large swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000–60,000 individual animals per cubic metre. Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would like to pick out single individuals. The largest swarms are visible from space and can be tracked by satellite. One swarm was observed to cover an area of 450 square kilometres (175 square miles) of ocean, to a depth of 200 meters (650 feet) and was estimated to contain over 2 million tons of krill. Recent research suggests that krill do not simply drift passively in these currents but actually modify them. Krill typically follow a diurnal vertical migration. By moving vertically through the ocean on a 12-hour cycle, the swarms play a major part in mixing deeper, nutrient-rich water with nutrient-poor water at the surface. Until recently it has been assumed that they spend the day at greater depths and rise during the night toward the surface. It has been found that the deeper they go, the more they reduce their activity, apparently to reduce encounters with predators and to conserve energy.
Later work suggested that swimming activity in krill varied with stomach fullness. Satiated animals that had been feeding at the surface swim less actively and therefore sink below the mixed layer. As they sink they produce faeces which may mean that they have an important role to play in the Antarctic carbon cycle. Krill with empty stomachs were found to swim more actively and thus head towards the surface. This implies that vertical migration may be a bi- or tri-daily occurrence. Some species form surface swarms during the day for feeding and reproductive purposes even though such behaviour is dangerous because it makes them extremely vulnerable to predators. Dense swarms may elicit a feeding frenzy among fish, birds and mammal predators, especially near the surface. When disturbed, a swarm scatters, and some individuals have even been observed to moult instantaneously, leaving the exuvia behind as a decoy. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a successful stochastic algorithm for modelling the behaviour of krill swarms. The algorithm is based on three main factors: " (i) movement induced by the presence of other individuals (ii) foraging activity, and (iii) random diffusion."
Copepods
Copepods are a group of tiny crustaceans found in the sea and lakes. Many species are planktonic (drifting in sea waters), and others are benthic (living on the ocean floor). Copepods are typically long, with a teardrop shaped body and large antennae. Although like other crustaceans they have an armoured exoskeleton, they are so small that in most species this thin armour, and the entire body, is almost totally transparent. Copepods have a compound, median single eye, usually bright red, in the centre of the transparent head.
Copepods also swarm. For example, monospecific swarms have been observed regularly around coral reefs and sea grass, and in lakes. Swarms densities were about one million copepods per cubic metre. Typical swarms were one or two metres in diameter, but some exceeded 30 cubic metres. Copepods need visual contact to keep together, and they disperse at night.
Spring produces blooms of swarming phytoplankton which provide food for copepods. Planktonic copepods are usually the dominant members of the zooplankton, and are in turn major food organisms for many other marine animals. In particular, copepods are prey to forage fish and jellyfish, both of which can assemble in vast, million-strong swarms. Some copepods have extremely fast escape responses when a predator is sensed and can jump with high speed over a few millimetres (see animated image below).
Planktonic copepods are important to the carbon cycle. Some scientists say they form the largest animal biomass on earth. They compete for this title with Antarctic krill. Because of their smaller size and relatively faster growth rates, however, and because they are more evenly distributed throughout more of the world's oceans, copepods almost certainly contribute far more to the secondary productivity of the world's oceans, and to the global ocean carbon sink than krill, and perhaps more than all other groups of organisms together. The surface layers of the oceans are currently believed to be the world's largest carbon sink, absorbing about 2 billion tonnes of carbon a year, the equivalent to perhaps a third of human carbon emissions, thus reducing their impact. Many planktonic copepods feed near the surface at night, then sink into deeper water during the day to avoid visual predators. Their moulted exoskeletons, faecal pellets and respiration at depth all bring carbon to the deep sea.
Algal blooms
Many single-celled organisms called phytoplankton live in oceans and lakes. When certain conditions are present, such as high nutrient or light levels, these organisms reproduce explosively. The resulting dense swarm of phytoplankton is called an algal bloom. Blooms can cover hundreds of square kilometres and are easily seen in satellite images. Individual phytoplankton rarely live more than a few days, but blooms can last weeks.Harmful algal blooms in the Great Lakes 2009, NOAA, Center of Excellence for Great Lakes and Human Health.
Plants
Scientists have attributed swarm behavior to plants for hundreds of years. In his 1800 book, Phytologia: or, The philosophy of agriculture and gardening, Erasmus Darwin wrote that plant growth resembled swarms observed elsewhere in nature. While he was referring to more broad observations of plant morphology, and was focused on both root and shoot behavior, recent research has supported this claim.
Roots, in particular, display observable swarm behavior, growing in patterns that exceed the statistical threshold for random probability, and indicate the presence of communication between individual root apexes. The primary function of plant roots is the uptake of soil nutrients, and it is this purpose which drives swarm behavior. Plants growing in close proximity have adapted their growth to assure optimal nutrient availability. This is accomplished by growing in a direction that optimizes the distance between nearby roots, thereby increasing their chance of exploiting untapped nutrient reserves. The action of this behavior takes two forms: maximization of distance from, and repulsion by, neighboring root apexes. The transition zone of a root tip is largely responsible for monitoring for the presence of soil-borne hormones, signaling responsive growth patterns as appropriate. Plant responses are often complex, integrating multiple inputs to inform an autonomous response. Additional inputs that inform swarm growth includes light and gravity, both of which are also monitored in the transition zone of a root's apex. These forces act to inform any number of growing "main" roots, which exhibit their own independent releases of inhibitory chemicals to establish appropriate spacing, thereby contributing to a swarm behavior pattern. Horizontal growth of roots, whether in response to high mineral content in soil or due to stolon growth, produces branched growth that establish to also form their own, independent root swarms.
Bacteria
Swarming also describes groupings of some kinds of predatory bacteria such as myxobacteria. Myxobacteria swarm together in "wolf packs", actively moving using a process known as bacterial gliding and keeping together with the help of intercellular molecular signals.
Mammals
People
A collection of people can also exhibit swarm behaviour, such as pedestrians or soldiers swarming the parapets. In Cologne, Germany, two biologists from the University of Leeds demonstrated flock like behaviour in humans. The group of people exhibited similar behavioural pattern to a flock, where if five percent of the flock changed direction the others would follow. If one person was designated as a predator and everyone else was to avoid him, the flock behaved very much like a school of fish. Understanding how humans interact in crowds is important if crowd management is to effectively avoid casualties at football grounds, music concerts and subway stations.
The mathematical modelling of flocking behaviour is a common technology, and has found uses in animation. Flocking simulations have been used in many films to generate crowds which move realistically. Tim Burton's Batman Returns was the first movie to make use of swarm technology for rendering, realistically depicting the movements of a group of bats using the boids system. The Lord of the Rings film trilogy made use of similar technology, known as Massive, during battle scenes. Swarm technology is particularly attractive because it is cheap, robust, and simple.
An ant-based computer simulation using only six interaction rules has also been used to evaluate aircraft boarding behaviour. Airlines have also used ant-based routing in assigning aircraft arrivals to airport gates. An airline system developed by Douglas A. Lawson uses swarm theory, or swarm intelligence—the idea that a colony of ants works better than one alone. Each pilot acts like an ant searching for the best airport gate. "The pilot learns from his experience what's the best for him, and it turns out that that's the best solution for the airline," Lawson explains. As a result, the "colony" of pilots always go to gates they can arrive and depart quickly. The program can even alert a pilot of plane back-ups before they happen. "We can anticipate that it's going to happen, so we'll have a gate available," says Lawson.
Swarm behaviour occurs also in traffic flow dynamics, such as the traffic wave. Bidirectional traffic can be observed in ant trails. In recent years this behaviour has been researched for insight into pedestrian and traffic models.Are we nearly there yet? Motorists could learn a thing or two from ants The Economist, 10 July 2009. Simulations based on pedestrian models have also been applied to crowds which stampede because of panic.
Herd behaviour in marketing has been used to explain the dependencies of customers' mutual behaviour. The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behaviour. It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of products that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get product popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart card technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introduced by a Florida Institute of Technology researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts."
Robotics
The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics, while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms.
Partially inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees, researchers are modelling the behaviour of swarms of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the emergent behaviour of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganism, exhibiting swarm intelligence. The largest swarms so far created is the 1024 robot Kilobot swarm. Other large swarms include the iRobot swarm, the SRI International/ActivMedia Robotics Centibots project, and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviours. Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly. In addition to ground vehicles, swarm robotics includes also research of swarms of aerial robots and heterogeneous teams of ground and aerial vehicles.
In contrast macroscopic robots, colloidal particles at microscale can also be adopted as agents to perform collective behaviors to conduct tasks using mechanical and physical approaches, such as reconfigurable tornado-like microswarm mimicking schooling fish, hierarchical particle species mimicking predating behavior of mammals, micro-object manipulation using a transformable microswarm. The fabrication of such colloidal particles is usually based on chemical synthesis.
Military
Military swarming is a behaviour where autonomous or partially autonomous units of action attack an enemy from several different directions and then regroup. Pulsing, where the units shift the point of attack, is also a part of military swarming. Military swarming involves the use of a decentralized force against an opponent, in a manner that emphasizes mobility, communication, unit autonomy and coordination or synchronization. Historically military forces used principles of swarming without really examining them explicitly, but now active research consciously examines military doctrines that draw ideas from swarming.
Merely because multiple units converge on a target, they are not necessarily swarming. Siege operations do not involve swarming, because there is no manoeuvre; there is convergence but on the besieged fortification. Nor do guerrilla ambushes constitute swarms, because they are "hit-and-run". Even though the ambush may have several points of attack on the enemy, the guerillas withdraw when they either have inflicted adequate damage, or when they are endangered.
In 2014 the U. S. Office of Naval Research released a video showing tests of a swarm of small autonomous drone attack boats that can steer and take coordinated offensive action as a group.
Gallery
Myths
There is a popular myth that lemmings commit mass suicide by swarming off cliffs when they migrate. Driven by strong biological urges, some species of lemmings may migrate in large groups when population density becomes too great. Lemmings can swim and may choose to cross a body of water in search of a new habitat. In such cases, many may drown if the body of water is so wide as to stretch their physical capability to the limit. This fact combined with some unexplained fluctuations in the population of Norwegian lemmings gave rise to the myth.
Piranha have a reputation as fearless fish that swarm in ferocious and predatory packs. However, recent research, which started "with the premise that they school as a means of cooperative hunting", discovered that they were in fact rather fearful fish, like other fish, who schooled for protection from their predators, such as cormorants, caimans and dolphins. A researcher described them as "basically like regular fish with large teeth".
See also
Swirlonic state – recently (2020) recognised new state of self propelled particles
References
Sources
Blum C and Merkle D (2008) Swarm intelligence: introduction and applications Springer. .
Camazine S, Deneubourg JL, Franks NR, Sneyd J, Theraulaz G and Bonabeau E (2003) Self-Organization in Biological Systems Princeton University Press. .
Fisher L (2009) The perfect swarm: the science of complexity in everyday life Basic Books. .
Kennedy JF, Kennedy J, Eberhart RC and Shi Y (2001) Swarm intelligence Morgan Kaufmann. .
Krause, J (2005) Living in Groups Oxford University Press.
Lim CP, Jain LC and Dehuri S (2009) Innovations in Swarm Intelligence Springer. .
Miller, Peter (2010) The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done Penguin,
Nedjah N and Mourelle LdM (2006) Swarm intelligent systems Springer. .
Sumpter, David JT (2010) Collective Animal Behavior Princeton University Press. .
External links
New York Times article on investigations into swarming
From the Wolfram Demonstrations Project'' – requires CDF player (free):
Model of a Firefly Swarm.
Garbage Collection by Ants
Beverton and Merging Schools of Fish
Propp Circles
Animal migration
Aquatic ecology
Group processes
Crowds
Fisheries science
Periodic phenomena
Zoology
Articles containing video clips
Animal cognition |
曾琬羚（，），外號「皮皮」，為台灣女子排球選手，現役中華台北女子排球代表隊。2011年畢業於排球名校臺中市立雙十國民中學，2014年畢業於排球名校臺中市立東山高級中學，2020年畢業於正修科技大學。目前效力於企業排球聯賽高雄台電女子排球隊，位置為中間手，背號3號。現亦為中華民國排球協會第十三屆理事。
成長背景
排球並非是曾琬羚第一個接觸的運動項目。國小加入田徑隊的他，曾在全中運拿下跳高金牌。但其父親因著練習跳高容易受傷，建議他離開田徑往排球發展。
2011年，曾琬羚國中畢業進入排球名校東山高中，高二加入企業排球聯賽匯竑國際女子排球隊及入選國家隊，與隊友拿下2012年亞洲青年女子排球錦標賽銀牌。當時小小年紀的他，就有多次國內外賽事經驗，亦為2014年仁川亞運國家代表隊選手。
2018年在泰國的亞洲盃，八強賽中打敗南韓，中華隊拿下第四名，並獲得最佳快攻手一獎。2022年，曾琬羚入選為2021年成都世大運及2022年杭州亞運培訓名單。
學歷
彰化縣伸港鄉伸東國民小學
臺中市立雙十國民中學
臺中市立東山高級中學
正修科技大學 休閒與運動管理學系 學士
經歷
雙十國中女子排球隊
東山高中女子排球隊
正修科大女子排球隊
中華台北女子排球代表隊
企業排球聯賽匯竑國際女子排球隊
企業排球聯賽高雄台電女子排球隊
所屬球隊得獎紀錄
學生聯賽
國中排球聯賽 97學年度 雙十國中女排 第三名
國中排球聯賽 98學年度 雙十國中女排 第四名
國中排球聯賽 99學年度 雙十國中女排 第三名
高中排球聯賽 100學年度 東山高中女排 第七名
高中排球聯賽 101學年度 東山高中女排 第一名
高中排球聯賽 102學年度 東山高中女排 第一名
大專排球聯賽 105學年度 正修科大女排 第二名
大專排球聯賽 106學年度 正修科大女排 第一名
企業排球聯賽
企業排球聯賽 9年 匯竑國際例行賽第三名
企業排球聯賽 10年 匯竑國際例行賽第三名、挑戰賽第二名
企業排球聯賽 11年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第二名
企業排球聯賽 12年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
企業排球聯賽 13年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
企業排球聯賽 14年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
企業排球聯賽 15年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
企業排球聯賽 16年 台電女排例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
企業排球聯賽 17年 高雄台電例行賽第一名、挑戰賽第一名
國內賽事
全運會 104年 台中市女排 第三名
全運會 106年 台中市女排 第三名
全運會 108年 台中市女排 第三名
全運會 110年 台中市女排 第二名
國外賽事
2012年世界中學生排球錦標賽 第六名
2012年亞洲青年女子排球錦標賽 第二名
2012年亞洲青少年女子排球錦標賽 第三名
2013年亞洲女子排球俱樂部錦標賽 第六名
2013年世界青年女子排球錦標賽 第十名
2013年世界青少年女子排球錦標賽 第十一名
2013年亞洲女子排球錦標賽 第七名
2014年亞洲女子排球俱樂部錦標 第四名
2014年亞洲東區排球錦標賽 第三名
2014年亞洲青年女子排球錦標賽 第五名
2014年亞洲盃女子排球賽 第六名
2014年亞洲運動會 第五名
2015年亞洲U23女子排球錦標賽 第五名
2015年亞洲女子排球錦標賽 第四名
2015年世界青年女子排球錦標賽 第十一名
2016年亞洲東區女子排球錦標賽 第一名、入圍教育部體育署最佳運動團隊傑出獎
2016年亞洲盃女子排球錦標賽 第五名
2017年亞洲U23女子排球錦標賽 第四名
2017年世界資格賽 第四名
2017年亞洲女子排球俱樂部錦標 第五名
2017年亞洲女子排球錦標賽 第六名
2017年夏季世界大學運動會 第四名
2018年世界錦標賽暨女子亞洲區資格賽 第三名
2018年FIVB挑戰者盃資格賽 第二名
2018年亞洲運動會 第九名
2018年亞洲盃女子排球賽 第四名
2019年亞洲女子排球俱樂部錦標 第六名
2019年FIVB挑戰者盃女子排球賽 第五名
2019年夏季世界大學運動會 第十二名
2019年亞洲女子排球錦標賽 第六名
2020年東京奧運亞洲區女子排球資格賽 第四名
參考資料
外部連結
曾琬羚（皮皮）-Tseng W.L臉書粉絲專頁
曾姓
正修科技大學校友
排球接應
2014年亞洲運動會排球運動員
伸港人
曾姓
臺中市立雙十國民中學校友
正修科技大學校友
排球接應
台灣女子排球運動員
2014年亞洲運動會排球運動員
2018年亞洲運動會排球運動員
中華台北女子排球代表隊選手
臺中市立東山高級中學校友
彰化縣伸港鄉伸東國民小學校友
匯竑女排球員
台電女排球員 |
Gerontology ( ) is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek (), meaning "old man", and (), meaning "study of". The field is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, nursing, medicine, criminology, dentistry, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, economics, political science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology.
The multidisciplinary nature of gerontology means that there are a number of sub-fields which overlap with gerontology. There are policy issues, for example, involved in government planning and the operation of nursing homes, investigating the effects of an aging population on society, and the design of residential spaces for older people that facilitate the development of a sense of place or home. Dr. Lawton, a behavioral psychologist at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center, was among the first to recognize the need for living spaces designed to accommodate the elderly, especially those with Alzheimer's disease. As an academic discipline the field is relatively new. The USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology created the first PhD, master's and bachelor's degree programs in gerontology in 1975.
History
In the medieval Islamic world, several physicians wrote on issues related to Gerontology. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025) offered instruction for the care of the aged, including diet and remedies for problems including constipation. Arabic physician Ibn Al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (Algizar, c. 898–980) wrote on the aches and conditions of the elderly. His scholarly work covers sleep disorders, forgetfulness, how to strengthen memory, and causes of mortality. Ishaq ibn Hunayn (died 910) also wrote works on the treatments for forgetfulness.
While the number of aged humans, and the life expectancy, tended to increase in every century since the 14th, society tended to consider caring for an elderly relative as a family issue. It was not until the coming of the Industrial Revolution that ideas shifted in favor of a societal care-system. Some early pioneers, such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, who himself lived to be 102, believed that aging itself should be a science to be studied. Élie Metchnikoff coined the term "gerontology" in 1903.
Modern pioneers like James Birren began organizing gerontology as its own field in the 1940s, later being involved in starting a US government agency on aging – the National Institute on Aging – programs in gerontology at the University of Southern California and University of California, Los Angeles, and as past president of the Gerontological Society of America (founded in 1945).
With the population of people over 60 years old expected to be some 22% of the world's population by 2050, assessment and treatment methods for age-related disease burden – the term geroscience emerged in the early 21st century.
Aging demographics
The world is forecast to undergo rapid population aging in the next several decades. In 1900, there were 3.1 million people aged 65 years and older living in the United States. However, this population continued to grow throughout the 20th century and reached 31.2, 35, and 40.3 million people in 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively. Notably, in the United States and across the world, the "baby boomer" generation began to turn 65 in 2011. Recently, the population aged 65 years and older has grown at a faster rate than the total population in the United States. The total population increased by 9.7%, from 281.4 million to 308.7 million, between 2000 and 2010. However, the population aged 65 years and older increased by 15.1% during the same period. It has been estimated that 25% of the population in the United States and Canada will be aged 65 years and older by 2025. Moreover, by 2050, it is predicted that, for the first time in United States history, the number of individuals aged 60 years and older will be greater than the number of children aged 0 to 14 years. Those aged 85 years and older (oldest-old) are projected to increase from 5.3 million to 21 million by 2050. Adults aged 85–89 years constituted the greatest segment of the oldest-old in 1990, 2000, and 2010. However, the largest percentage point increase among the oldest-old occurred in the 90- to 94-year-old age group, which increased from 25.0% in 1990 to 26.4% in 2010.
With the rapid growth of the aging population, social work education and training specialized in older adults and practitioners interested in working with older adults are increasingly in demand.
Gender differences with age
There has been a considerable disparity between the number of men and women in the older population in the United States. In both 2000 and 2010, women outnumbered men in the older population at every single year of age (e.g., 65 to 100 years and over). The sex ratio, which is a measure used to indicate the balance of males to females in a population, is calculated by taking the number of males divided by the number of females, and multiplying by 100. Therefore, the sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. In 2010, there were 90.5 males per 100 females in the 65-year-old population. However, this represented an increase from 1990 when there were 82.7 males per 100 females, and from 2000 when the sex ratio was 88.1. Although the gender gap between men and women has narrowed, women continue to have a greater life expectancy and lower mortality rates at older ages relative to men. For example, the Census 2010 reported that there were approximately twice as many women as men living in the United States at 89 years of age (361,309 versus 176,689, respectively).
Geographic distribution of older adults in the United States
The number and percentage of older adults living in the United States vary across the four different regions (Northeast, Midwest, West, and South) defined by the United States census. In 2010, the South contained the greatest number of people aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. However, proportionately, the Northeast contains the largest percentage of adults aged 65 years and older (14.1%), followed by the Midwest (13.5%), the South (13.0%), and the West (11.9%). Relative to the Census 2000, all geographic regions demonstrated positive growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. The most rapid growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older was evident in the West (23.5%), which showed an increase from 6.9 million in 2000 to 8.5 million in 2010. Likewise, in the population aged 85 years and older, the West (42.8%) also showed the fastest growth and increased from 806,000 in 2000 to 1.2 million in 2010. It is worth highlighting that Rhode Island was the only state that experienced a reduction in the number of people aged 65 years and older, and declined from 152,402 in 2000 to 151,881 in 2010. Conversely, all states exhibited an increase in the population of adults aged 85 years and older from 2000 to 2010.
Sub-fields
As with many disciplines, over the course of the 20th and 21st century the field of gerontology has sub-divided into multiple specific disciplines focused on increasingly narrow aspects of the aging process.
Biogerontology
Biogerontology is the special sub-field of gerontology concerned with the biological aging process, its evolutionary origins, and potential means to intervene in the process. Aim of biogerontology is to prevent age-related disease by intervening in aging processes or even eliminate aging per se. Some argue that aging fits the criteria of disease, therefore aging is disease and should be treated as disease. In 2008 Aubrey de Grey said that in case of suitable funding and involvement of specialists there is a 50% chance, that in 25–30 years humans will have technology saving people from dying of old age, regardless of the age at which they will be at that time. His idea is to repair inside cells and between them all that can be repaired using modern technology, allowing people to live until time when technology progress will allow to cure deeper damage. This concept got the name "longevity escape velocity".
A meta analysis of 36 studies concluded that there is an association between age and DNA damage in humans, a finding consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.
Social gerontology
Social gerontology is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults. Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in social work, nursing, psychology, sociology, demography, public health, or other social science disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people.
Because issues of life span and life extension need numbers to quantify them, there is an overlap with demography. Those who study the demography of the human life span differ from those who study the social demographics of aging.
Social theories of aging
Several theories of aging are developed to observe the aging process of older adults in society as well as how these processes are interpreted by men and women as they age.
Activity theory
Activity theory was developed and elaborated by Cavan, Havighurst, and Albrecht. According to this theory, older adults' self-concept depends on social interactions. In order for older adults to maintain morale in old age, substitutions must be made for lost roles. Examples of lost roles include retirement from a job or loss of a spouse.
Activity is preferable to inactivity because it facilitates well-being on multiple levels. Because of improved general health and prosperity in the older population, remaining active is more feasible now than when this theory was first proposed by Havighurst nearly six decades ago. The activity theory is applicable for a stable, post-industrial society, which offers its older members many opportunities for meaningful participation. Weakness: Some aging persons cannot maintain a middle-aged lifestyle, due to functional limitations, lack of income, or lack of a desire to do so. Many older adults lack the resources to maintain active roles in society. On the flip side, some elders may insist on continuing activities in late life that pose a danger to themselves and others, such as driving at night with low visual acuity or doing maintenance work to the house while climbing with severely arthritic knees. In doing so, they are denying their limitations and engaging in unsafe behaviors.
Disengagement theory
Disengagement theory was developed by Cumming and Henry. According to this theory, older adults and society engage in a mutual separation from each other. An example of mutual separation is retirement from the workforce. A key assumption of this theory is that older adults lose "ego-energy" and become increasingly self-absorbed. Additionally, disengagement leads to higher morale maintenance than if older adults try to maintain social involvement. This theory is heavily criticized for having an escape clause - namely, that older adults who remain engaged in society are unsuccessful adjusters to old age.
Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die.
Age stratification theory
According to this theory, older adults born during different time periods form cohorts that define "age strata". There are two differences among strata: chronological age and historical experience. This theory makes two arguments. 1. Age is a mechanism for regulating behavior and as a result determines access to positions of power. 2. Birth cohorts play an influential role in the process of social change.
Life course theory
According to this theory, which stems from the life course perspective aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects.
Also reflecting the life course focus,
consider the implications for how societies might function when age-based
norms vanish—a consequence of the deinstitutionalization of the life course—
and suggest that these implications pose new challenges for theorizing aging
and the life course in postindustrial societies. Dramatic reductions in mortality,
morbidity, and fertility over the past several decades have so shaken up the
organization of the life course and the nature of educational, work, family, and
leisure experiences that it is now possible for individuals to become old in new
ways. The configurations and content of other life stages are being altered as
well, especially for women. In consequence, theories of age and aging will need
to be reconceptualized.
Cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory
According to this theory, which was developed beginning in the 1960s by Derek Price and Robert Merton and elaborated on by several researchers such as Dale Dannefer, inequalities have a tendency to become more pronounced throughout the aging process. A paradigm of this theory can be expressed in the adage "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". Advantages and disadvantages in early life stages have a profound effect throughout the life span. However, advantages and disadvantages in middle adulthood have a direct influence on economic and health status in later life.
Environmental gerontology
Environmental gerontology is a specialization within gerontology that seeks an understanding and interventions to optimize the relationship between aging persons and their physical and social environments.
The field emerged in the 1930s during the first studies on behavioral and social gerontology. In the 1970s and 1980s, research confirmed the importance of the physical and social environment in understanding the aging population and improved the quality of life in old age. Studies of environmental gerontology indicate that older people prefer to age in their immediate environment, whereas spatial experience and place attachment are important for understanding the process.
Some research indicates that the physical-social environment is related to the longevity and quality of life of the elderly. Precisely, the natural environment (such as natural therapeutic landscapes, therapeutic garden) contributes to active and healthy aging in the place.
Jurisprudential gerontology
Jurisprudential gerontology (sometimes referred to as "geriatric jurisprudence") is a specialization within gerontology that looks into the ways laws and legal structures interact with the aging experience. The field started from legal scholars in the field of elder law, which found that looking into legal issues of older persons without a broader inter-disciplinary perspective does not provide the ideal legal outcome. Using theories such as therapeutic jurisprudence, jurisprudential scholars critically examined existing legal institutions (e.g. adult guardianship, end of life care, or nursing homes regulations) and showed how law should look more closely to the social and psychological aspects of its real-life operation. Other streams within jurisprudential gerontology also encouraged physicians and lawyers to try to improve their cooperation and better understand how laws and regulatory institutions affect health and well-being of older persons.
See also
Academic journals on gerontology
Aging and memory
Aging Portfolio
Biological clock
Bionics
Clinical geropsychology
Elderly care
Financial gerontology
Gerontotechnology
Life extension
List of life extension topics
Old age
Oldest people
Silver Alert
Timeline of senescence research
References
External links
Ageing
Branches of biology
Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
1900s neologisms |
科秋爾任齊（）是位於烏克蘭西部的村莊，由赫梅利尼茨基州裡赫梅利尼茨基區的負責管轄。該村始建於1561年，面積0.74平方公里，海拔高度269米，2001年人口205。
參考資料
Карабіївська сільська рада на сайті Хмельницької ОДА
Коди КОАТУУ Теофіпольського району
Котюржинці на мапі України
赫梅利尼茨基州村落
赫梅利尼茨基區村落 |
庫特洛韋察冰川（）是南極洲的冰川，位於葛拉漢地的奧斯卡二世海岸，處於弗拉斯克冰川以北的亞里斯多德山脈南部地區，流經馬德里穹東南坡和費達拉山北坡，最終注入貝洛格拉奇克冰川，現時由南極條約體系管理。
參考資料
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Kutlovitsa Glacier. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
南極洲冰川
奧斯卡二世海岸 |
上比亞沃區（），是秘魯的一個區，位於該國中北部聖馬丁大區的貝亞維斯塔省，始建於1945年1月5日，面積6,117.1平方公里，海拔高度225米，2005年人口5,396，人口密度每平方公里0.9人。
參考資料
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Banco de Información Distrital* . Retrieved April 11, 2008.
秘魯行政區 |
Perry Township is one of six townships in Martin County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 5,093 and it contained 2,255 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 98.16%) is land and (or 1.84%) is water.
Cities, towns, villages
Crane
Loogootee
Unincorporated towns
Bramble at
Burns City at
Mount Pleasant at
Scenic Hill at
Whitfield at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
Cemeteries
The township contains these seventeen cemeteries: Blankenship, Boggs Creek, Brook, Carr, Goodwill, Henry, Holt, Houghton, Ledgerwood, Love, Saint Johns, Saint Joseph, Salem, Waggoner, West Union, Williams and Woods.
Major highways
U.S. Route 50
U.S. Route 231
State Road 550
Lakes
West Boggs Lake
Landmarks
West Boggs Park
School districts
Loogootee Community School Corporation
Political districts
Indiana's 8th congressional district
State House District 63
State Senate District 48
References
Sources
United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
IndianaMap
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
City-Data.com page for Perry Township
Townships in Martin County, Indiana
Townships in Indiana |
拉富亚德（，；）是法国阿韦龙省的一个市镇，位于该省西部，属于鲁埃格自由城区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国奧克西塔尼大區阿韦龙省，该省份为法国南部内陆省份，位于法國中央高原南部，北起顺时针与康塔爾省、洛泽尔省、加尔省、埃罗省、塔恩省、塔恩-加龙省和洛特省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
阿韦龙省市镇列表
参考文献
F |
Karmine Corp（，简称KCorp）是一家法国电子竞技职业俱乐部，成立于2020年，旗下拥有《英雄联盟》、《賽道狂飆系列》、《云顶之弈》、《火箭聯盟》等分部。
参考文献
外部链接
法国电子竞技团队
2020年建立的电子竞技团队
火箭联盟团队 |
The Empire at Broadway was a planned high-rise office tower in Providence, Rhode Island. The project was ultimately cancelled, though only after the demolition of the La Salle Square Public Safety Complex, which occupied the planned site.
As planned, the project featured a 22 story office tower with a 522 space parking garage and 496,000 ft² of retail space. If built, the structure would have stood as the 5th tallest in the city and state.
After cancellation, the Procaccianti Group, the developer of the project, converted the site into surface parking.
References
Skyscrapers in Providence, Rhode Island
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Office buildings in Providence, Rhode Island |
22岁青春痘怎么能治好？痤疮是大多数疣患者发病1-2年内毛囊皮脂腺单位的慢性炎症性皮肤病，主要发生在青少年，对青少年有很大的心理和社会影响，但青春期后可以自然缓解或治愈。临床表现的特征是多种形式的皮肤损伤，如痤疮、丘疹、脓疱、结节等，这些都容易发生在面部。青春痘专业术语叫痤疮，是一种慢性毛囊皮脂腺炎症。其治疗方法有很多种，临床上一般包括吃的药、外擦药和物理治疗等。使用药物也有分维甲酸类、消炎类药物，还有抗角化、抗增殖药物，还有激素类药物，主要是糖皮质激素或者性激素调节；外用药物也有维甲酸类、消炎类药物，还有抗角化、抗增殖药物，很多时候需要综合治疗；物理治疗有红蓝光、光子嫩肤、点阵二氧化碳激光、微晶磨削，包括水杨酸、果酸治疗等，比较复杂。尤其是重度痤疮更要采取综合治疗，病情比较轻微仅仅外用药就可以，但大多数时候需要系统治疗才能达到较好效果。青春痘治疗，就是痤疮治疗，因人而异。有的比如轻微的就是白头、黑头粉刺擦药品可缓解；轻微炎性痤疮，擦消炎类药膏就可以；中度和重度痤疮，不仅需要外用药物，还要吃药物，而且要加上药物面膜、水杨酸或者果酸换肤治疗，包括红蓝光、光子嫩肤、点阵二氧化锑激光等一系列综合治疗，才能达到较好效果。痤疮在临床上非常常见，尤其是在中青年男女中。症状严重的病人会严重影响他们的心理。中国痤疮治疗共识达成的共识是痤疮是多种致病因素共同作用的结果，痤疮治疗的方法多种多样，建议出现痤疮以后一定要积极正规治疗。 |
薩爾茨堡現代博物館（）是位於奧地利城市薩爾茨堡的一座以現代藝術為展示主題的博物館。
历史
创建萨尔茨堡現代博物館的初衷来自于萨尔茨堡艺术品交易商弗里德里希·韦尔茨，他捐赠了大量的藏品给博物馆，并由于其和奥地利表现主义画家奥斯卡·柯克西卡私人关系甚好，博物馆也收到这位表现主义大师的许多作品。
目前博物馆拥有两个展区，1983年建立的Museum der Moderne Rupertinum展区和2004年建立的Museum der Moderne Mönchsberg展区。
历届馆长
弗里德里希·韦尔茨
Otto Breicha
Peter Weiermair
Agnes Husslein
Toni Stooss
Sabine Breitwieser, incumbent
画廊
外部連結
Official website
„Museumscheck“ on 3sat.de, Videos und TV-series about the Museum der Moderne (German)
奧地利美術館
萨尔茨堡博物馆
奥地利历史博物馆
1983年建立的博物馆
2004年建立的博物馆 |
前列腺肥大会缩小吗？得了这个病是一件很令人烦恼的事情，但是我们要乐观积极地对待和治疗。前列腺肥大是前列腺内部发生了炎症引起的疾病，对男性的正常的生活产生了一定的营养，患者会有小便费劲儿，总想上厕所的感觉等等病症发生的，前列腺是人体重要的器官，增生肥大的情况是不是要考虑缩小呢。1、前列腺肥大多数是由于炎症引起的，发病的原因有很多的，比如细菌性前列腺炎、非细菌性前列腺炎等，发现病情要去医院进行检查治疗的，不能自己乱用药物的，期间的生活是要注意的，避免不良的习惯，每天坚持用温水坐浴的。2、正常情况下前列腺大小.约为4cmx3cmx2cm，如果检查超出了这个范围的就说明是患上了前列腺肥大的病症了，可以口服消炎药、前列康、非那雄胺片等药物治疗。同时还要不能憋尿的，不能手淫，忌讳不良的生活习惯的。3、前列腺增生就是前列腺肥大的病症，和人体的雌雄激素有很大的关系的，调节不好就出现问题了，治疗方法很多的，有药物的治疗，手术的治疗和微创的治疗方法，重要的是患者要在生活中调理好生活习惯的。4、现在前列腺肥大的病症用创维的治疗方法很不错的，可以用冷冻治疗，让前列腺坏死的组织恢复，从而达到根除的目的，情况严重的才采用物理的和手术的治疗方法呢，病症不明显的药物治疗就能恢复好的。前列腺肥大的患者是一种炎症引起的疾病，一定要及时的控制病情，不然会生活和工作会非常的影响的，看情况选择适合自己的治疗方法，一定要一次性治愈好的，不然耽误了治疗还加重了病情了，饮食要清淡，不吃辛辣的室外，多补充些维生素类的食物，加强自身营养的供给。 |
国家重点研发计划是中华人民共和国为了推动创新驱动发展战略，深化科技体制改革加快国家创新体系建设，推出的科技政策。国家重点研发计划整合了原有的国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）、国家高技术研究发展计划（863计划）、国家科技支撑计划、国际科技合作与交流专项，发展改革委、工信部管理的产业技术研究与开发资金等。计划重点支持研究农业、能源、生态、健康等关系国家和民生发展的重要领域。
背景
国家重点研发计划最早源于中国政府发布的《中共中央 国务院关于深化科技体制改革加快国家创新体系建设的意见》，意见中提到要深化改革中国科研制度，统筹管理中国的科研体系，改革科技管理体系，让资源得到更高效的利用。
概念
国家重点研发计划是因为中国政府认为中国以往的科技计划体系，各类科研计划，中存在项目重复、分散、封闭、低效，多头申报、资源配置“碎片化”，科研项目管理不够科学透明、科研资金使用效益低等问题，不能适应中国的创新驱动发展战略的要求，科研体系和科研基金管理都亟待继续进行整合和改革。根据《国务院印发关于深化中央财政科技计划（专项、基金等）管理改革方案》中提出要建立公开统一的国家科技管理平台，整合中国各项科技计划和资金，国家重点研发计划由此诞生国家重点研发计划由科技部负责牵头实施，但重点专项则由科技部、财政部、发展改革委等31个相关部门组成的部际联席会议共同审议。
沿革
2017年6月中国政府发布《科技部 财政部关于印发《国家重点研发计划管理暂行办法》的通知》，国家重点研发计划正式成立。
2019年1月中国发布《关于进一步优化国家重点研发计划项目和资金管理的通知》，进一部规范了国家重点研发计划项目的审批，管理，监督等细节。
在中国“十三五规划”中属于国家重点研发计划重点专项的有69个，项目3500多项，资金投入近760亿元。
2021年国家重点研发计划支持784个项目，拨款经费总计约197亿元。
参考文献
中华人民共和国科技计划 |
Radha Bharathi is an Indian film director who has worked on Tamil and Kannada language films. He was active in the early 1990s and worked on two high-profile films featuring actor Prashanth, and has since worked on a few low budget projects.
Career
Radha Bharathi made his directorial debut with Vaigasi Poranthachu (1990) and continued to make village-centric action films in the early 1990s, collaborating with Saravanan for back-to-back ventures. He then made another film with Prashanth, Kizhakke Varum Paattu (1993), before working in films as a script and story writer rather than being a director. He re-emerged in 2000 by helming the Kannada film Yajamana alongside Sheshadri, before making Kaatrullavarai (2005), a romantic film with Jai Akash in the lead.
Radha Bharathi made a comeback to Tamil films with Nanbargal Narpani Mandram (2015), a comedy entertainer featuring newcomers, which had a low profile release in May 2015.
Filmography
Director
Writer
Thangathin Thangam (1990)
Periya Idathu Pillai (1990)
References
External links
Living people
Kannada film directors
Tamil film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian film directors |
浙江铃子香是什么?？浙江铃子香为唇形科铃子香属下的一个种。 |
WZDG (88.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a southern gospel format. Licensed to Scotts Hill, North Carolina, United States, it serves the Eastern North Carolina area. The station is currently owned by Carolina Christian Radio Inc.
WZDG was a Christian rock station known as "The Edge", with the morning show The Dive with Scott and Earl. However, a drop in donations, especially the loss of one large donor, led to the change on November 12, 2012, to Christian talk and teaching, with programming previously heard on WMYT.
In September 2021, WZDG changed their format from Christian talk (which moved to WDVV 89.7 FM Wilmington) to southern gospel, branded as Hope Radio".
References
External links
ZDG |
Lipnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedwabne, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
References
Villages in Łomża County |
黑种草属（学名：Nigella）是毛茛科下的一个属，为一年生草本植物。该属共有约20种，分布于地中海区和西亚。属名Nigella源于拉丁语nigell，意为“黑色的”，指本属植物种子呈黑色。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
H
H
H |
肛门闭锁的治疗措施是什么?？确诊后应迟早行手术治疗，一般施行会阴肛门成形术，也可采用骶会阴肛门成形术。一切口：在会阴中央或可激发环形收缩区的中间，做X形切口，长约1.5cm。切开皮肤，翻开4个皮瓣，其下方可见环形外括约肌纤维。二寻找游离直肠盲端：用蚁式血管钳经括约肌中间向深层钝性分离软组织，可找到呈蓝色的直肠盲端，在盲端肌层穿2根粗丝线作牵引。因直肠盲端正位于耻骨直肠肌环内，因此应紧贴肠壁向上分离。游离盲端约3cm，使直肠能松弛地拉至肛门口。游直直肠一定要有足够的长度，如不充分游离而勉强拉下缝合，术后极容易发生肠壁回缩，造成瘢痕性狭窄。分离时还应避免损伤尿道、阴道和直肠壁。三切开直肠：在直肠盲端作十字形切口切开，用吸引器吸尽胎粪，或让其自然流出拭净。注意保护创面，尽量避免污染。如发生污染，应仔细用生理盐水冲洗。四吻合固定：将直肠盲端与周围软组织固定数针，用细丝线或肠线间断缝合肠壁与肛周皮肤8～12针。注意肠壁与皮肤瓣应交叉对合，使愈合后瘢痕不在一个面上。术后10天左右开始扩肛，防止肛门狭窄。 |
卤地菊是什么?？卤地菊，又名 天蓬草舅、单花蟛蜞菊，为菊科孪花菊属的植物。分布于越南、菲律宾、朝鲜、台湾岛、印度、日本以及中国大陆的浙江、广东、福建等地，多生长在海岸干燥沙地，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。 |
（学名：Lysibia）是姬蜂科下的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
Z
Z |
怀孕6个月死胎症状？其具体的症状表现也是因人而异的..就像下腹疼痛..乳房发胀减弱..阴道出血..无早孕反应..也有的一点反应也没有通过检查出来，在早期，孕妇无明显反应，中晚期可能出现阴道有咖色分泌物，宫缩出现等。还有孕妇会发现胎儿的胎动消失，做超声检查会发现胎心搏动消失，胎动消失。建议尽快去就诊，对症治疗，以免耽误病情。怀孕期间如果发现死胎的话，有可能是由于生活习惯不好，饮食习惯不好，或者是抵抗力差导致的。像这种现象的话，要及时去做引产手术，以后一定要多卧床休息的，要把身体养好以后，要小孩之前可以去做个优生八项检查一下，平时不要吃冰冷食物，辛辣食物。胎儿死亡的两个星期之内一般能自然娩出，选择等待自然娩出对孕妇的健康没有多大的风险。如果孕妇选择等待自然娩出，但两周过后仍毫无动静，还是进行人工引产，因为时间长了有凝血的危险知道啊。胎儿在子宫内死亡，称为死胎。由于大约半数的死胎案例妊娠时期根本没有任何征兆显示存在问题，所以多数父母是在完全没意识到的情况下丧失胎儿，对于六个月的孕妇来说，一般不容易发生胎停的情况，部分孕妇会因为特殊原因而出现胎停的症状，胎停之后阴道会严重出血，且会伴有明显的腹痛出现，乳房会变软，因此准妈妈们要提防胎停的出现，在整个孕期应当做好相关的预防工作，确定为胎停之后必须要及时去仔细的检查啊。 |
is a village and the seat of Gmina Chybie in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies in the Upper Vistula Valley within Oświęcim Basin and in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. There is a nature reserve called Rotuz in the eastern part of the village.
History
It was first mentioned in a written document in 1568 as Zeleny Chyb. Politically it belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy.
After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Bielsko and the legal district of Strumień. A sugar mill was established by Teschener Kammer in the village in 1884 (defunct since 2009).
According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 676 in 1880 to 1231 in 1910 with a dwindling majority being native Polish-speakers (from 93.4% in 1880 to 80.9% in 1910) and a growing German-speaking minority (from 36 or 5.4% in 1880 to 164 or 13.5% in 1910) and Czech-speaking (from 8 or 1.2% in 1880 to 67 or 5.5% in 1910), in terms of religion majority were Roman Catholics (92.5% in 1910), followed by Protestants (52 or 4.2% in 1910), Jews (35 or 2.8%) and 6 persons adhering to yet another faith. The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.
After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Poland. In 1927-1930 a church was built in the village as a filial church of Strumień (in 1957 it became an independent parish). It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland.
People
Polish actor Henryk Machalica was born in the village.
Demographics
Culture
Festivals and events
Annual cultural festival is Żabionalia.
Sport
Football
The RKS Cukrownik Chybie soccer team was founded in 1937, currently plays in regional league of Silesian Voivodeship.
Table tennis
The RKS Cukrownik Chybie woman team of table tennis was founded in 1979, currently plays in second division of national league, where it advanced in 2002.
Parks and recreation
Chybie has one park in the centre of village.
Sister municipalities
Chybie has only two sister cities:
Ustka, Poland
Těrlicko (Cierlicko), Czech Republic
References
External links
Gmina Chybie - Official site
Villages in Cieszyn County
Cieszyn Silesia |
轻度灰指甲可以根治吗？灰指甲属于皮肤科里面常见的一种疾病，这种疾病适合真菌的感染有一定的关系，对于真菌的感染大部分无法达到彻底的清除。目前临床上的药物只能达到最大程度上的控制，减少患者的症状，主要采用外用的抗真菌的药物，对于比较严重的疾病，还需要口服抗真菌的药物来进行配合治疗。灰指甲的治疗还需要注意避免感染其他人，这是一种传染性的疾病，要注意保护好自己的家人，在治疗期间要注意生活方式的调节，避免吃过于辛辣、刺激、油腻的食物，同时要注意多吃蔬菜、水果，保持良好的免疫力，适当的运动，减少灰指甲的抓挠。如果是出现了灰指甲的情况，一般是由于指甲被真菌感染引起的，应称之为甲癣，这种情况症状比较顽固，治疗难度是比较大的，不过一般是可以根治的，需要进行系统的抗真菌治疗。目前对于灰指甲的治疗方法有很多种，一般常可以选择口服的药物进行治疗，这种情况治疗疗程比较长，一般的疗程大约要在4个月以上，所以要有足够的耐心。如果是灰指甲单发于某一个指甲，可以考虑进行拔甲手术的治疗，不能口服药的也可以选择外用药物治疗的方法，也可以选择封包的方法来进行治疗。得了灰指甲后，需要注意以下几点：第一，因为本病为真菌感染所致，具有一定的传染性，所以首先需要注意卫生，穿透气的鞋袜，避免相互传染至其他指甲。第二，避免局部的搔抓，刺激，以防合并细菌感染。出现局部红肿，疼痛等。第三，积极提高人体的免疫功能，注意休息，饮食，睡眠规律。假如患有糖尿病等疾病，需积极控制血糖，避免真菌感染加重等。 |
王景絕（），太原人，北漢人。
王景絕旅居燕地，感覺時勢「儒者不當用材武進」，於是向南洛陽遊歷，與譚用之成為文友。天會年間他想歸家，見睿宗劉鈞佔據太原，感嘆天下將定，北漢割據一方、拒天下兵，這國家有危險，就打消回家事宜。上黨潞州武將招致王景絕進入幕府，之後他不再當官；他經常蒐購書鈔，晩年藏書數千卷。北宋滅北漢後，他在端拱年間於汴京逝世。
参考文献
《十国春秋》·北漢·卷108
王姓
太原人
北汉人物
北宋人 |
小行星43293（43293 Banting）是一颗绕太阳运转的小行星，为主小行星带小行星。该小行星于2000年4月1日发现。
轨道参数
小行星43293的轨道半长轴为3.1640491 UA，离心率为0.068。
小行星带天体 |
韧带损伤引起的膝盖积液多久能恢复？膝关节韧带是维持膝关节稳定的结构，主要包括内侧副韧带，外侧副韧带，前交叉韧带，后交叉韧带及关节囊等。韧带损伤后，膝关节稳定性遭受破坏，膝关节出现不稳定。表现为膝关节外伤史，检查膝关节出现肿胀，压痛，关节积液及屈伸活动受限等。随着人的年龄增加，韧带本身强度减弱，这时突然的摔倒，瞬间局部的暴力也会造成韧带的损伤。任何关节部位、四肢、脊柱、韧带损伤以后，韧带损伤肯定会出现严重水肿，最终出现积液，这都是由于韧带损伤导致的一些并存的症状，只要原发韧带损伤的疾病控制好，积液就会慢慢的吸收和恢复，这些积液的循环都会恢复。但如果积液过多，导致症状加重，像膝关节由于韧带损伤的积液，可以进行抽吸减轻症状，但是原发疾病不控制的话，积液有可能反复的出现，最好都是要到专业医生来判断是否可以对积液进行处理，但是不能单纯的处理症状，要把原发疾病进行有效的控制和治疗。半月板损伤是一种以膝关节局限性疼痛，部分有打软腿或膝关节交锁现象，股四头肌萎缩，膝关节间隙固定的局限性压痛为主要表现的疾病。只要运动的量减少，关节的积液量应该能减少，至于半月板的损伤可能恢复的要慢一些。安心的治疗，不要着急。这个关节需要一个月以上的恢复时间。恢复情况跟治疗也有关系。饮食上可以吃含胶原蛋白丰富的食物，如牛奶鸡蛋。另外要多进食易消化的食物，富含维生素的水果和蔬菜，并且高蛋白饮食，来促进肿胀的消退和组织的修复。在恢复期间禁过油腻食物。 |
Jean D. Hewitt (1925–1997) was an English-American food writer and home economist known for her advocacy of natural foods.
Biography
Hewitt was born in Ipswich. She studied at the Westminster School for Chefs in London and moved to New York during World War II. She obtained a bachelor's degree in food and nutrition from the University of London and M.Sc from Teachers College, Columbia University. Hewitt joined The New York Times as a food writer and worked as assistant to Craig Claiborne in 1961.
She managed The Times's test kitchen and in 1975 was named food editor of the Family Circle magazine. Hewitt died from pneumonia at Secours-Venice Hospital in Venice, Florida.
Cookbooks
Hewitt wrote a number of popular cookbooks, four of which received the James Beard Food and Beverage Book Award. She was an early advocate of natural foods.
Hewitt was the author of the bestseller New York Times Natural Foods Cookbook, first published in 1971, which gave recipes of natural unprocessed foods. The recipes were dedicated to "the thousands of people across the country who believe in and practice, the natural way of eating for good health."
Hewitt spent five years travelling America and compiled recipes from the cookery of the fifty states for her Heritage Cook Book, first published in 1972. Her book, Family Circle Quick Menu Cookbook offers quick full meals that can be prepared in less than an hour.
Hewitt's International Meatless Cookbook (1980) is a semi-vegetarian cookbook which eschews the consumption of red meat. It contains vegetarian recipes with sections of chicken and fish dishes.
Quotes
Selected publications
See also
Beatrice Trum Hunter
References
1925 births
1997 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
American cookbook writers
American nutritionists
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
Diet food advocates
British emigrants to the United States
English food writers
Home economists
Writers from Ipswich
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
The New York Times writers |
競速滑冰世界盃（ISU Speed Skating World Cup）是一系列的國際競速滑冰比賽，每年由國際滑冰聯盟主辦。
歷史
競速滑冰世界盃自1985年至1986年冬天創立，每年冬季期間，於世界各地舉行。選手可以在每場比賽賺取積分，在系列比賽結束後獲得最高積分的選手是冠軍。競速滑冰世界盃排名是世界單距離競速滑冰錦標賽(World Single Distance Championships)資格賽的參加方法。
項目
競速滑冰世界盃男子選手比賽項目包含500米，1000米，1500米，5000米/ 10000米，團體賽。女子選手比賽項目包含500米，1000米，1500米，3000米/5000米，團體賽。
團體賽在2005-06年賽季加入競速滑冰世界盃。100米於2003-04和2008-09賽季之間舉辦，但是現在已經不舉行。
全部世界盃冠軍
男子
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
最多冠軍: --
女子
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
最多冠軍: --
歷年成績
男子
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
女子
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
參考資料
世界錦標賽
1985年建立的週期性體育事件 |
The Naples Mound 8 (also Naples-Russel Mound 8 or Illinois Archaeological Survey #PK 335) is a Havana Hopewell culture mound site located in Pike County, Illinois three miles east of the city of Griggsville. It is the largest mound on the bluff-top in the lower Illinois Valley. The mound was given the name Naples Mound #8 in 1882. The mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
First recorded visit by Mormon settlers
In May and June 1834, Joseph Smith led a Latter Day Saint group of 150 men known as Zion's Camp on a march from Kirtland, Ohio, to Jackson County, Missouri. On June 3, while passing through west-central Illinois three miles east of Griggsville, Illinois, some men discovered a large burial mound on the west side of the Illinois River one mile south of present-day Valley city. Their report said that there were remains of bones on the surface and that when digging it up they found a skeleton about a foot beneath the surface, with a stone arrow point in the ribs. Through visions this was interpreted as a white Lamanite warrior named Zelph who was killed during a battle with the Nephites. They took the leg bones of "Zelph" away in Wilford Woodruff's wagon and reburied them near Liberty, Missouri, but the arrow head was retained. The Zelph Mound incident was recorded by six men of Zion's Camp in their journals: Woodruff, Heber C. Kimball, Levi Hancock, George A. Smith, Moses Martin, and Reuben McBride. The "Zelph Mound incident" was formally recorded in church history from available sources in 1842 by church historian, Willard Richards.
First recorded visits by local settlers
Illinois was made a state in 1818 and white settlers came in and opened some of the burial mounds in the former Native American lands. Judge John G. Henderson of Winchester, Illinois, was impressed by beautifully carved stone smoking pipes a friend showed him which were obtained from burial mounds in Naples, Illinois. Accordingly, he and a Mr. Merrill, in 1876, did some excavations and documentation of some of the Naples mounds in which were found a raccoon and a turtle pipe, copper axes, and human skeletal remains. Henderson also mapped the location of fifteen mounds near Naples, including Naples Mound #8. A map he made shows Naples Mound #8 as being a mile south of Valley City, Illinois and across the Illinois River from Naples, Illinois. Being impressed with mound #8, Henderson illustrated an Eagle pipe unearthed from the mound about 40 years earlier by a Daniel Burn, John W. Windsor and others. In describing Naples Mound #8 Henderson states, "On the right bank of the Illinois river about 300 yards below [south of] Griggsville Landing, rises a lofty bluff fully 300 feet above the level of the river. On the summit is a beautiful, oval mound, 150 long, 92 feet wide in the middle, and 25 or 30 feet high. ... within a radius of 5 miles from Naples there are a least fifty mounds, very few of which have ever been opened". After Henderson wrote an article describing the Naples mounds and the relics found in them, the Smithsonian Institution, in December 1879 began a thorough exploration of them, furnishing six laborers to help with the excavations. Afterwards, Henderson authored the article describing the results in the Smithsonian Annual Report.
Rediscovery of the Mound
The mound was forgotten after 1882 and no records of visits have been found until 1974. Due to the Central Illinois Expressway bridge being planned across the Illinois River, the river bluffs were again visited by archaeologists. A team of graduate students from Northwestern University led by Archaeology Professor Jane E. Buikstra combed the bluffs of the Illinois River a mile South of Valley City, Illinois mapping burial mounds. They located an extraordinarily large mound and were excited to inform local historian, Warren Winston, about it. James Bradley, a Mormon Historian from Utah, who had been searching for Zelph Mound for 25 years, visited Warren Winston the day after Professor Buikstra's visit and the connection was made. The Zelph Mound, was re-identified using historic journals, historic landmarks and mound surveys. The archaeological name Naples Mound #8, which archaeologist Henderson had given it over ninety years earlier, was changed by Professor Buikstra in 1974 to Naples-Russell Mound #8 (RN8). The name "Russell" was added due to the mound being on private land owned by a Mr. Roy Russell. Shortly after that event, in 1975, Buikstra applied to have the mound placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven years later, in 1988, The State of Illinois purchased 280 acres of Illinois River frontage land, including the mound.
Scientific investigation of the Mound
Archaeologists, after excavating in the Elizabeth Mounds and Napoleon Hollow for ten years where the expressway bridge was to be built, received permission to do excavations in Naples-Russell Mound #8, located just a hundred and fifty yards to the north of the Elizabeth Mound group. A scientific excavation of RN8 was carried out in 1990 by The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in cooperation with the Center for American Archaeology at Kampsville, Illinois. The dig was funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation and supervised by archaeologist Ken Farnsworth. The artifacts found during the excavation confirmed the mound to be a Hopewell burial mound, dating from 100 B.C. to 500 A.D. The artifacts are now located in the Illinois State Museum. The artifacts of the RN8 Mound were found to be from many parts of the eastern two thirds of United States or east of the Rocky Mountains, illustrating the wide trade network of the Hopewell culture. Photographs of the artifacts from NR8 have recently been published. The mound is located at the Roy Norbut Fish and Wildlife Area, overseen by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
See also
List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
References
External links
Zion's Camp
Ancient American Magazine Vol 12. No. 74
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Geography of Pike County, Illinois
Havana Hopewell culture
Significant places in Mormonism
National Register of Historic Places in Pike County, Illinois
1834 in Christianity
Mounds in Illinois |
情報研究局助理國務卿（），為美國國務院下屬機構——情報研究局的主官。
歷任局長
歷任助理國務卿
參考資料
美國助理國務卿 |
1874年4月16日日食为一次在协调世界时1874年4月16日出現的日全食。該次日食食分為1.0569，食甚維持4分11秒。
概述
這次日食的食分是1.0569，全食維持4分11秒。
基本參數
類型：日全食
食甚資料：
日期：1874年4月16日
時間：14時0分53秒
地點：40S 1W
食分：1.0569
日全食持續時間：4分11秒
參見
19世紀日食列表
日食沙羅週期117
註釋
參考資料
外部連結
NASA日食專頁
1870年代日食 |
大成街道是中国黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区下辖的一个街道，位于哈尔滨中心地带，辖区面积0.42平方公里，共有2254户、7200余人。
参考资料
南岗区行政区划
南岗区 |
Yasir Saeed Mohammad (born 10 October 2002) is an American cricketer, who plays as a bowler for the United States national cricket team. He also plays for the Manhattan Yorkers in Minor League Cricket.
Career
Mohammad was born in Edison, New Jersey to a Pakistani immigrant family on 10 October 2002. He lives in New Jersey.
Mohammad started playing cricket at the age of 12 in New Jersey. A right-arm leg-break and googly bowler, he made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Ireland on 22 December 2021. He was selected to play for the New Jersey Somerset Cavaliers for the inaugural season of Minor League Cricket before transferring over to the Manhattan Yorkers for the 2022 season.
In May 2022, he was named in the USA's One Day International (ODI) squads for round 12 and round 13 of the 2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 tournament. He made his ODI debut on 8 June 2022, for the United States against Oman.
References
2002 births
Living people
American cricketers
United States One Day International cricketers
United States Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers from New Jersey
American sportspeople of Pakistani descent |
Thiratoscirtus mastigophorus is a species or jumping spider in the genus Thiratoscirtus that lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described in 2013.
References
Salticidae
Spiders described in 2013
Spiders of Africa
Fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Lakuri is a village development committee in Dailekh District in the Bheri Zone of western-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3234 people living in 573 individual households.
Media
To promote local culture, Lakuri has a community radio station, Radio Dhrubatara FM (; ), which broadcasts at 89.8 MHz. Dhrubatara means "pole star".
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dailekh District
Populated places in Dailekh District |
Stilla jul is a 1991 Christmas album by Åsa Jinder.
Track listing
Jul, jul, strålande jul (Gustaf Nordqvist, Edvard Evers)
Bereden väg för Herran (Frans Michael Franzén)
Stilla natt (Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht) (Franz Gruber)
Nu tändas tusen juleljus (Emmy Köhler)
Julfrid och glädje (Åsa Jinder)
När det lider mot jul (Det strålar en stjärna) (Ruben Liljefors)
Ett barn är fött (trad., arr. Lennart Sjöholm)
Betlehems stjärna (Alice Tegnér)
Away in a Manger (William J. Kirkpatrick)
Santa Lucia (Teodoro Cottrau)
Vem är det barnet (trad., arr. Lennart Sjöholm)
Härlig är jorden (Schönster Herr Jesu) (trad., arr. Lennart Sjöholm)
Track listing
Åsa Jinder, nyckelharpa
Katarina Johansson, oboe
Benny Johansson, clarinet
Magnus Lind, accordion
Peter Ljung, piano
References
1991 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by Swedish artists
Folk Christmas albums
Åsa Jinder albums |
怀孕前期症状有哪些？孕早期由于激素水平的影响，可能会引起停经、早孕反应、泌尿系统和生殖系统的改变，乳房也可能发生变化。怀孕早期一般是指孕三个月以前的阶段，此时激素水平波动明显，最明显的症状就是月经停止。其实只要孕妈怀孕了，一般都会有征兆，这些征兆是提醒孕妈们已经怀孕了，需要注意一些事情。下面就是怀孕初期一般会出现的症状。1、月经停止。这个症状是怀孕最明显的征兆。因为女性怀孕就是精子与卵子已经亲密接触形成受精卵，并且在子宫中安全着床了，妈妈的子宫就不会有子宫内壁脱落的情况出现，也就是没有月经了。不过也有很多孕妈在怀孕之后仍然有出血的情况发生，这就造成了没有怀孕的假象，让孕妈们以为自己没有怀孕。所以孕妈们除了月经没来之外，还要观察自身生理的变化。特别是那些已经怀孕而不自知的孕妈们，误将出血当作月经来潮。2、乳房胀大。受孕激素影响，乳房在怀孕4-6周后开始增大并变得更加敏感。另外还有恶心呕吐、情绪不稳定等现象出现。3、浮肿、抽筋、背痛。这是由于体内荷尔蒙的变化和子宫的增长，所以就会很容易的出现浮肿、抽筋、背痛的症状。4、头部眩晕。这是因为在怀孕期间由于激素的分泌使体温升高，很容易会觉得头部眩晕。这是因为孕妇比正常人需要花更长的时间血液才能流到大脑，同时低血糖也是造成头部眩晕的重要原因之一。如果孕妈们不知道自己是否怀孕，可以结合以上四点的症状来判断，不过要想确认自己是否怀孕，可以用试纸或去医院做抽血（绒毛膜促性腺激素）检查。 |
Kotis Point (Nos Kotis \'nos 'ko-tis\) is a point on the northwest coast of Varna Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica forming the south side of the entrance to Eliseyna Cove. The point is featuring a conspicuous rock at its tip, situated 3 km northeast of Bezmer Point, 6.6 km southwest of Williams Point and 12.6 km east-northeast of Siddins Point. It was named after the Thracian King Kotis I, 384-359 BC.
Location
The point is located at (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05 and mapping in 2005 and 2009).
Maps
L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
References
Kotis Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Kotis Point. Copernix satellite image
Headlands of Livingston Island |
The Roosevelt Hotel may refer to:
The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel
Hotel Roosevelt (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)
The Roosevelt Hotel New Orleans
The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)
Roosevelt Hotel (Portland, Oregon)
See also
Hotel Roosevelt, now The Carling, in Jacksonville, Florida
Hotel Roosevelt fire, Jacksonville |
David Angus Barr (born November 30, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues, Hartford Whalers, Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils and Dallas Stars. He was previously an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers (June 2016 - July 2017), Buffalo Sabres (July 2015 – June 2016), New Jersey Devils (July 2011 – December 2014), Minnesota Wild (July 2009 – April 2011), Colorado Avalanche (July 2008 – June 2009), and San Jose Sharks (July 2017 – December 2019).
Early life
Barr was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. Barr played junior hockey for the Billings Bighorns, Edmonton Oil Kings, Great Falls Americans, Portland Winter Hawks and Lethbridge Broncos of the Western Hockey League.
Career
Playing career
Barr turned pro and played a total of 614 regular season games in the National Hockey League, notching 128 goals and 204 assists, for a total of 332 points, along with 520 PIM over his thirteen seasons. Because of his skill, work ethic and grit, Barr also became a valuable journeyman in the NHL – playing with seven different teams – including stops in Boston, New York (NYR), St. Louis, Hartford Detroit, New Jersey and Dallas. Following the NHL, he closed out his playing career with the IHL's Kalamazoo Wings and Orlando Solar Bears (where he was a player/assistant coach).
Coaching
After his retirement as an active player, he continued with coaching, first as an assistant and then becoming the head coach of the Houston Aeros of the International Hockey League in the 2000–2001 season. He also served as general manager for the Aeros for two seasons (2001–2003), including winning the Calder Cup in 2003, as the Aeros were one of six IHL teams to join the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2001 when the IHL folded. Following his AHL success, he was the general manager and then general manager/head coach of the Guelph Storm of the OHL from 2003–2008, where his team won the OHL Championship in 2003–04 and Barr collected the Matt Leyden Trophy, emblematic of the league's Coach of the Year, in 2005–2006. Barr was also named as the head coach of Canada's National Men's Summer Under-18 Team for the Under-18 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament from August 14–18, 2007, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Barr left the OHL to become an assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche of the NHL during the 2008–2009 NHL season but following a disappointing year in which they finished last overall in the NHL's Western Conference, the Avalanche fired their entire coaching staff.
On July 3, 2009, the Minnesota Wild hired Barr as an assistant coach. He was dismissed, along with head coach Todd Richards, by the Wild on April 11, 2011, in a Minnesota coaching staff restructuring. On July 29, 2011, Barr was named assistant coach of the New Jersey Devils, joining new coach Peter DeBoer on the staff. Barr was subsequently dismissed, along with head coach DeBoer, by the Devils on December 27, 2014, in a New Jersey coaching staff restructuring. On June 18, 2015, Dan Bylsma named him, along with Terry Murray, as assistant coaches of the Buffalo Sabres. On July 25, 2017, he was hired as an assistant coach for the San Jose Sharks to once again work under head coach Peter DeBoer, until he was fired along with the rest of the Sharks' coaching staff on December 11, 2019.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Coaching record
Awards and achievements
He won the 1983–84 CHL Championship (Adams Cup) as a member of the Tulsa Oilers team coached by Tom Webster.
2002–03 Calder Cup champion
2005–06 Matt Leyden Trophy winner
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Billings Bighorns players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres coaches
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Colorado Avalanche coaches
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) players
Florida Panthers coaches
Great Falls Americans players
Guelph Storm coaches
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Lethbridge Broncos players
Minnesota Wild coaches
New Jersey Devils coaches
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Orlando Solar Bears (IHL) players
Pincher Creek Panthers players
Portland Winterhawks players
St. Louis Blues players
San Jose Sharks coaches
Ice hockey people from Edmonton
Tulsa Oilers (1964–1984) players
Undrafted National Hockey League players |
申性模（，），韓國政治人物，歷任內務部長、國防部長、代總理。
1891年生于庆尚南道宜宁郡。普成专科学校毕业后曾参加己未运动。1910年日韩并合，流亡海参崴。1913年先后毕业于上海吴淞商船学校、南京海运学院和英国海运大学，获得一级航海师资格。曾任英国轮船船长、印度商船会社顾问。
1945年8月日本二戰投降後，回到韩国，历任第一届大韩青年团团长，交通部（今國土海洋部）咨询委员等职。
1948年12月-1949年3月任内务部部長。1949年3月-1951年5月任国防部部長，1950年4至11月任韩国代理国务总理。1960年病故，终年68岁。最初安葬於慶尚南道宜寧郡龍德面，後遷葬於國立大田顯忠院。
参考
中国社会出版社《各国首脑人物大辞典》1991年
韓國國防部長
韓國內務部長
韩国国务总理
韩国韩战军事人物
朝鮮半島獨立運動人物
宜寧郡出身人物
Song-mo
駐日大韓民國代表部首席代表 |
Cercospora fragariae is a fungal plant pathogen.
See also
List of strawberry diseases
References
fragariae
Fungal strawberry diseases |
基辛迪亞鄉（），是羅馬尼亞的鄉份，位於該國西部，由阿拉德縣負責管轄，面積129平方公里，海拔高度251米，2011年人口1,340，人口密度每平方公里10人。
參考資料
Romanian census data, 2002
; retrieved on March 1, 2010
羅馬尼亞鄉份 |
泉州公交15路是中华人民共和国泉州市境内的一条公共交通线路，全程14.5公里。起讫点为客运中心站至清源山，运营时间为客运中心站：6:20-21:25；清源山：7:00-22:00。
历史
1995年9月1日，泉州市公共交通公司（公交集团前身）开通15路小巴。初期运行区间为文化宫-电力学校，初期运营时间为文化宫6:50-16:40、电力学校7:30-17:20，使用车辆为1部小巴。
1996年9月16日，15路北端由电力学校途径普贤路延伸至180医院，南端取消途径泉山路南段、北门街、中山北路、东街、南俊巷、文化宫。改为途径少林路、城基路、东街、温陵路至新车站终到
1999年4月，15路开通夜班服务。末班延时至泉州汽车站21:12、清源山22:00发车
1999年10月1日，15路更换为15部华夏AC6750Q型无空调汽油客车
2001年10月9日，15路自该日起取消进入新车站，改为途径泉秀街、田安南路、温陵南路至中医院折返，其它不变。
2005年8月24日，15路自泉州汽车站延伸至泉州客运中心站始发终到
2005年8月27日，15路客运中心站的末班延时至21:30发车
2005年9月，15路更换为15部亚星JS6800HD2型柴油空调公交车
2007年3月18日，因少林路实施拓宽改造，15路改为途径泉山路—城北路—学府路—崇福路—东街行驶
2007年12月8日，因泉州大桥北桥头实施单向循环，15路开往客运中心站在途径城雕环岛后，改为经由温陵路－宝洲街－刺桐路行驶
2010年6月1日，15路开始实行无人售票制度
2010年9月27日，15路更换为17部福达FZ6890UF3G3型柴油空调客车
2012年7月12日，因泉州大桥北桥头取消单向循环，15路开往清源山方向取消途径田安南路、泉秀路。改为经由宝洲路、温陵南路行驶
2013年3月1日，15路上行往清源山方向取消行驶宝洲街、温陵南路，改为双向途径田安南路、泉秀街
2013年5月15日，因泉州公交执行线路截弯取直的需要，15路双向取消途径崇福路北段、北清东路。改为途径学府街、泉山路
2016年4月，因普贤路南拓施工，以及已改造后的普贤路北段，往客运中心站方向无法从普贤路左拐至博东路，15路双向取消途径普贤路、博东路
2017年6月10日，15路票价由一票制¥2.0降为一票制¥1.0
2018年5月19日，15路全线更换为20部大金龙XMQ6802AGBEVL2型纯电动空调巴士，原有FZ6890UF3G3封存
2021年9月1日，因101路车辆更新需要。江南公司调配15路1部XMQ6802AGBEVL2至101路用以更换车辆，15路配车数降为19部。
2022年3月14日，受客运中心站划为疫情封控区影响，15路自该日起暂停运营，恢复时间待定。
2022年4月18日，15路恢复运营。
2022年5月10日，因501路、503路车辆更换需要，15路划拨4部XMQ6802AGBEVL2至501、503路，15路配车数降为15部。
2022年8月5日，15路自该日起增停学府街东段站。
2023年1月18日，因优化调整，自该日起15路取消途径910医院路口、花园头、泉州木偶剧院。改为途径普贤路、博东路至泉山路南段后原线行驶。其它不变。
站点
票价
15路计价方式为一票制，票价为¥1.0/人。其中：
泉通卡普通卡9折，月票卡、敬老卡、爱心卡优惠功能有效
可使用泉城通APP及支付宝、云闪付、微信乘车码支付
配车
15路配车数总计15部，其中：
大金龙XMQ6802AGBEVL2 15部
相关
泉州公交线路列表
注释
丰泽区
鲤城区 |
托伊辰塔尔（德语：）是德国萨克森-安哈尔特州的一个市镇。总面积90.63平方公里，总人口13894人，其中男性6897人，女性6997人（2011年12月31日），人口密度153人/平方公里。
参见
萨克森-安哈尔特州市镇列表
参考
萨克森-安哈尔特州市镇 |
周氏回生丸的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。口服，一次10粒，一日2次。 |
完全性大动脉错位的治疗措施是什么?？（一）内科治疗 新生儿一旦确诊，立即应用前列腺素E1静脉滴注，治疗剂量为0.1g/（kg.min）。若见效果，可维持24小时或数日保持动脉导管开放，血氧饱和度升高，紫绀减轻，另外控制心力衰竭，纠正缺氧、酸中毒，为进一步治疗创造条件。（二）手术治疗手术适应证（1）生后即有严重紫绀、心力衰竭、不能耐受纠治性手术时，可急诊行气囊导管撑裂房隔术。如果手术失败，紫绀不减轻，血氧饱和度提高不满意和心力衰竭仍不能控制，可施行部分房间隔切除术。（2）伴室间隔缺损的大动脉错位，内科治疗不能控制充血性心力衰竭，应在生后1～2日施行肺动脉环扎术。（3）大动脉错位伴肺动脉狭窄，施行体肺动脉分流术。（4）生存的病孩在6月～1岁，则可施行纠治术。（三）姑息性手术方法1.气囊导管撑裂房隔术（Rashkind术）在新生儿拟诊大动脉错位时应用气囊导管插入右心室造影，明确诊断后将导管退入右心房，经卵圆孔入左心房，经测压或测血氧证实后，注入1.5～2.0ml造影剂张开气囊，然后迅速将气囊拉回右房或下腔静脉。这样重复操作2～3次，确保房间隔得到适当的撕裂。满意结果应是血氧饱和度升高，酸中毒纠正，左、右心房间的压差消失，一般缓解约在1岁左右，故主张在6月～1岁施行纠治术。常见并发症为心脏穿破，三尖瓣和下腔静脉撕裂伤，手术死亡率约5％。2.部分房间隔切除术（Blalock-Hanlon手术）如Rashkind术后缓解仍不满意，紫绀继续加重可采用闭式手术方式，切除一部分房间隔的右缘，人为地造成较大的房间隔缺损，常可提供足够的左、右心房混合血而减轻症状，常适用于幼儿。3.体-肺动脉分流术（Shunt术） 包括各种体-肺动脉的吻合术，适用于大动脉错位合并肺动脉狭窄的病例，改善缺氧效果较好，适用于幼儿，手术简单。但如吻合口过大而致分流入肺循环的血流量过多可引起心力衰竭。4.肺动脉环扎术（Banding术） 适用于婴儿大动脉错位因肺血管血流量过多引致充血性心力衰竭，而又不宜作纠治手术者。应用束带环扎肺总动脉约50～60％，束带长度为24mm加体重公斤数mm。要求二端压力差为5.332kPa（40mmHg），肺动脉压力比环扎前下降1/3，同时右心室压力比环扎前上升1/4，束扎远端的肺动脉压力降至主动脉压的1/3～1/2，左心房压力略有降低，主动脉压力略有上升。术后达到心内左向右分流量减少，肺血流量减少，使肺血管床承受压力减少，为纠治手术创造条件，主要并发症为右心室流出道或肺动脉阻塞而致右心衰竭。（四）纠治性手术方法1.心房内改道手术（Mustard术） 应用心包或涤纶织物在右心房内建成屏障，置于上、下腔静脉的周围，将腔静脉的血（即体循环的静脉血）引向三尖瓣口而入后左侧心室入肺，将肺静脉血引向三尖瓣口而入前右侧心室入主动脉，虽在解剖学上使畸形更复杂，但在血流动力学上达到生理功能的要求。并发症有腔静脉、肺静脉阻塞，心律失常，慢性心力衰竭，三尖瓣关闭不全等。2.Senning术 应用房间隔组织与心房壁作成心内与心外隧道，以纠转静脉血流。与Mustard术的不同点为：只需较小补片作心房内隧道，有利于保存心房的发育能力，不像Mustard术后血流在房间隔水平通过，而是经心脏外通道，不存在精确的补片设计问题，术后心房功能不受影响，腔静脉及肺静脉阻塞少见。并发症为心律失常和心力衰竭。3.Rastelli术应用带瓣心外导管重建右心室和肺动脉的连续性，从而纠治右心室与肺动脉之间的严重梗阻，甚至完全中断。并发症有外导管瓣膜钙化、失灵和梗阻、出血、心力衰竭等。4.大动脉的解剖学纠治术（Switch术）将主动脉移入左心室，肺动脉移入右心室，是一种理想、合理的手术。但需进行冠状动脉移植，在技术上要求很高。并发症为心力衰竭，冠状动脉开口狭窄而致心肌缺血。5.Damas-Kaye-Stanel术 不需冠状动脉移植，在肺动脉分叉处横断肺总动脉，近端整修为斜口，主动脉后外侧从切开与近端肺总动脉作端侧吻合。经右心室流出道切口将室间隔缺损修补，主动脉瓣沿瓣环用涤纶补片将右心室流出道封闭，用带瓣外导管架于右心室和远端肺动脉之间。并发症有带瓣外导管的钙化、失灵、梗阻和心力衰竭。 |
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Prior to 19th century
1565 AD
São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro founded by Portuguese.
Fortaleza de São João built.
1603 - St James of Mercy Fort built.
1663 - Padre Eterno galleon launched.
1693 - Calaboose Prison built.
1736 - founded.
1743 - Paço Imperial built.
1750 - Carioca Aqueduct built.
1752 - founded.
1763 - Portuguese America administrative center moved to Rio de Janeiro from Salvador.
1770 - Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro consecrated.
1783 - Passeio Público constructed.
1792 - Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho founded.
19th century
1803 - Paço de São Cristóvão building erected.
1808
City becomes capital of Kingdom of Portugal.
(royal printing press) begins operating.
10 September: Gazeta do Rio newspaper begins publication.
1811 - Candelária Church inaugurated.
1811 - Construction of Valongo Wharf started.
1815 - City becomes capital of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1818 - Royal Museum established.
1822
City becomes capital of independent Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden opens.
1826 - founded.
1827
Jornal do Commercio newspaper in publication.
founded in Rio.
1838 - Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro headquartered in Rio.
1852 - Theatro Provisório built.
1854 - Catete Palace built.
1858
Dom Pedro II railway begins operating.
Central do Brasil inaugurated.
1871 - Theatro D. Pedro II (theatre) inaugurated.
1872 - Population: 274,972.
1877 - Santa Teresa Tram opens.
1884 - Corcovado Rack Railway opens.
1891 - Jornal do Brasil newspaper begins publication.
1894 - Confeitaria Colombo (coffee house) opens.
1896 - Academia Brasileira de Letras founded.
20th century
1900s-1940s
1902 - Universidade Cândido Mendes founded.
1904
Vaccine Revolt.
Avenida Rio Branco constructed.
1906 - Palácio Monroe erected.
1908
City flag design adopted.
Exhibition of the centenary of the opening of the Ports of Brazil held in Urca.
7 April: headquartered in city.
1909 - Teatro Municipal (theatre) inaugurated.
1912
Afonsos Air Force Base built.
Civil Police Museum founded.
1914 - Fort Copacabana built.
1917 - Labor strike.
1919 - South American Championship held.
1920 - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro founded.
1922
July: Coup attempt.
National Historical Museum (Brazil) created.
Population: 1,130,000.
Hotel Glória built.
Morro do Castelo (Castle Hill) demolished—now Castelo neighborhood.
1923 - Copacabana Palace Hotel inaugurated.
1925 - O Globo newspaper begins publication.
1926 - Hipódromo da Gávea built.
1927 - Edificio do Jornal A Noite built.
1931
Pedro Ernesto Baptista becomes mayor.
Cristo Redentor statue built.
1936
Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport inaugurated.
Manguinhos Airport opens.
Santos Dumont Airport inaugurated.
1937 - Universidade Santa Úrsula founded.
1938 - Museu Nacional de Belas Artes inaugurated.
1940 - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro founded.
1943
Gustavo Capanema Palace built.
Santa Cruz Air Force Base established.
1945 - Zoological Garden inaugurated.
1947 - South American Basketball Championship held.
1949 - newspaper begins publication.
1950s-1990s
1950
Rio de Janeiro State University established.
Maracanã (stadium) opens.
Population: 2,303,063.
1951 - Nova Iguaçu level crossing disaster.
1952
Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada established.
Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas founded.
Manchete (magazine) headquartered in city.
1953 - Museu do Índio created.
1954 - Ginásio do Maracanãzinho built.
1958 - Train crash.
1960
Brazilian capital moved from Rio to Brasília.
Rio becomes Guanabara State, smallest state of Brazil.
1961
Tijuca Forest becomes a national park.
Edificio Avenida Central built.
1964 - Museum of Modern Art built.
1965
Rede Globo television begins broadcasting.
Flamengo Park created.
Banda de Ipanema begins.
1968 - March of the One Hundred Thousand against the military dictatorship happened.
1970 - Population: 4,252,009.
1971
Jacarepaguá Airport opens.
Faculdades Integradas Hélio Alonso founded.
1972
Petrobras Headquarters built.
Hotel Horsa Nacional built.
1975
City becomes capital of Rio de Janeiro (state).
Marcos Tamoio becomes mayor.
Escola de Artes Visuais do Parque Lage created.
1976 - Le Méridien Copacabana opens.
1977
Riocentro built.
Rio Othon Palace hotel opens.
1978 - Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet built.
1979
Rio de Janeiro Metro founded.
Israel Klabin becomes mayor.
Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro established.
Rio de Janeiro Cathedral built.
1980
Júlio Coutinho becomes mayor.
105 Lélio Gama St. built.
1981 - Barra Shopping opens.
1982 - Rio Sul Center built.
1983
Rede Manchete television begins broadcasting.
Jamil Haddad becomes mayor, succeeded by Marcello Alencar.
1984
Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí built.
CasaShopping opens.
1985 - City joins the newly formed .
1986 - Roberto Saturnino Braga becomes mayor.
1988 - Jó Antônio Resende becomes mayor.
1989
16 July: 1989 Copa América football tournament held.
Marcello Alencar becomes mayor.
Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil (Rio branch) opens.
1990
Eva Klabin Foundation museum established.
Escadaria Selarón construction begins.
1991 - Population: 5,473,909.
1992 - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) held.
1993
César Maia becomes mayor.
Candelária massacre.
Population: 5,547,033 (estimate).
1994 Metropolitan hall opens.
1995 - Centro Empresarial Internacional Rio built.
1997
Luiz Paulo Conde becomes mayor.
Miécimo da Silva Sports Complex opens.
1998
Terra Encantada opens.
Project Morrinho begins.
Palace II building collapses.
2000 - 2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics held.
21st century
2001 - César Maia becomes mayor.
2002 - Instituto Superior de Tecnologia em Ciências da Computação do Rio de Janeiro established.
2004 - Torre Almirante built.
2006 - Koni Store founded.
2007
Cantagalo Station opens.
Estádio Olímpico João Havelange built.
HSBC Arena (Rio de Janeiro) opens.
2007 Pan American Games held.
Rio de Janeiro train collision.
2008 - Rio International Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship begins.
2009
Eduardo Paes becomes mayor.
City wins the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics bid.
2010
World Urban Forum and Homeless World Cup football contest held.
Manguinhos Library Park opens in Benfica.
Population: 6,320,446.
2011
Cidade das Artes built.
School shooting.
2012
25 January: Building collapses.
6 June: TransOeste bus inaugurated.
20–22 June: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held.
7 October: held.
2013 - Protest.
2014 - 2014 FIFA World Cup and Street Child World Cup football contest held.
2015
July: Uber protest.
December: Museum of Tomorrow opens.
2016
Olympic Games and Paralympic Games held.
2 October: held.
6 October: Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival
14 October: Ultra Brasil (electronic music festival)
25 October: Anima Mundi (animation film festival)
2017 - Valongo Wharf designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2018
2 September: National Museum of Brazil fire
See also
History of Rio de Janeiro
List of mayors of Rio de Janeiro
Other cities in Brazil:
Timeline of Brasília
Timeline of Curitiba
Timeline of Fortaleza
Timeline of Manaus
Timeline of Recife
Timeline of Salvador, Bahia
Timeline of São Paulo
References
Bibliography
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Mary C. Karasch, Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850 (Princeton University Press, 1987)
Jeffrey D. Needell, A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro (Cambridge University Press, 1987)
Published in the 21st century
External links
Map of Rio de Janeiro, 1928
Map of Rio de Janeiro, 1982
Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Rio de Janeiro, various dates.
Rio de Janeiro (city)-related lists
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro |
Henry III (1533 – 19 January 1598), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Lüneburg from 1559 until 1569, jointly with his brother William the Younger. From 1569, he ruled over the Lordship of Dannenberg until his death.
He was the second surviving son of Duke Ernest I of Brunswick-Lüneburg and assumed the rule in the Principality of Lüneburg upon the early death of his elder brother Francis Otto in 1559. He and his younger brother William fell out with each other in 1569, when Henry married the Ascanian princess Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (1545–1620), daughter of Duke Francis I, and demanded the partition of the Lüneburg lands.
He eventually waived his claims to the Lüneburg principality and received Dannenberg as a paréage as well as an annual payment in compensation. He also ensured that his descendants were entitled to inherit the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel estates upon the extinction of the line; therefore, his youngest son Augustus could assume the rule in Wolfenbüttel in 1635.
Henry died in Dannenberg.
Marriage and children who reached adulthood
In 1569 Henry married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (*1545 – 22 October 1620*, Schernebeck), daughter of Francis I of Saxe-Lauenburg. They had the following children:
Julius Ernest (1571–1636)
Francis (1572–1601) Provost of Strasbourg
Anne Sophie (1573–1574)
Heinrich (1574–1575)
Sybil Elizabeth (1576–1630), married Anthony II, Count of Delmenhorst
Sidonia (1577–1645)
Augustus (1579–1666)
His agnatic progeny went extinct in 1884.
Princes of Lüneburg
1533 births
1598 deaths
Middle House of Lüneburg
New House of Brunswick |
莫拉·莫伊尼汉（英语：Maura Moynihan，1957年7月25日-），生于纽约州奥尔巴尼，美国作家、前参议员丹尼尔·帕特里克·莫伊尼汉之女。曾任自由亚洲电台记者。
争议言论
2021年3月，在纽约曼哈顿大街上，莫拉·莫伊尼汉朝一对亚裔夫妇喊“滚回到中国去”。
参考资料
美国白人至上主义者 |
碘化镧是一种无机化合物，化学式为LaI3。
制备
碘化镧可以由单质直接化合得到：
也可由氧化镧和碘化铵加热反应得到：
反应
碘化镧、磷酸镧和二氧化硅在800℃下反应，生成三碘化磷：
5 LaI3 + 3 LaPO4 + 8 SiO2 → 3 PI3 + 3 I2 + 4 La2Si2O7
用THF萃取LaI3可以得到无色的LaI3(THF)4。
参考资料
碘化物
镧化合物
镧系金属卤化物 |
德國國防軍陸軍第102步兵師（）是納粹德國國防軍陸軍的一個步兵師。該師於1940年12月組建。
該師組建後，首次作戰為參與1941年6月的巴巴羅薩行動。此後該師一直在東線作戰。
該師最後於1945年5月向盟軍投降。
註腳
參考文獻
德國國防軍的師級單位
1940年建立的軍事組織
1945年廢除的軍事組織 |
富兰（，）是法国上马恩省的一个市镇，位于该省中南部，属于肖蒙区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国大東部大區上马恩省，该省份为法国东北部内陆省份，北起马恩省和默兹省，西接奥布省，西南接科多尔省，东南接上索恩省，东临孚日省。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
上马恩省市镇列表
参考文献
F |
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