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An EdCamp is a participant-driven conference – commonly referred to as an "unconference". EdCamps are designed to provide participant-driven professional development for K-12 educators. EdCamps are modeled after BarCamps, free participant-driven conferences with a primary focus on technology and computers. Educational technology is a common topic area for EdCamps, as are pedagogy, practical examples in instructional use of modern tools, and solving the problems technology can introduce into the classroom environment.
EdCamps are generally free or very low-cost, built around ad hoc community participation. Sessions are not planned until the day of the event, when participants can volunteer to facilitate a conversation on a topic of their choice or simply choose an idea they are interested in learning more about. Edcamps operate "without keynote speakers or vendor booths, encourage participants to find or lead a conversation that meet their needs and interests."
The first edcamp was held in May 2010 in Philadelphia. The first EdCamp participant was Andrew Marcinek. Since that time, there have been over 1,000 edcamp events held throughout the world. The Edcamp Foundation was formed in December 2011 to help teachers and other stakeholders who organize edcamps. The vision of the EdCamp Foundation is to "promote organic, participant-driven professional development for K-12 educators worldwide." The EdCamp Foundation is still located in Conshohocken, PA. The Foundation has implemented a variety of programs to help participants and organizers get the most out of EdCamp like Impact Grants, EdCamp-In-A-Box, and the Urban Initiative.
The first EdCamps that were held in languages other than English were EdCamp Stockholm on October 31, 2011 (in Swedish) and EdCamp Montreal on November 1, 2011 (in French). There has also been International EdCamps in Spain, China, Indonesia, Canada, and more.
Gallery
EdCamp-2016 in Kharkiv, Ukraine
mini-EdCamp-2016 in Cherkasy, Ukraine
References
External links
The EdCamp Foundation
EdCampGigCity
EdCamp Connecticut
Further reading
Edcamp: Teachers Take Back Professional Development
Edcamp unconferences: Educators' perspectives on an untraditional professional learning experience
How EdCamps Break the Rules of Professional Development
Why Edcamp?
Education students put ‘edcamp’ model of professional development to the test
Unconferences
Teacher training |
疝微创手术后多久可以去按摩？疝气是一种小儿和老年人比较常见的疾病，要是不及时处理，疝块会逐渐增大，也会造成症状慢慢加重，到了一定严重程度会有可能发生嵌顿或绞窄而威胁患者生命，所以应该尽早施行手术治疗，微创手术治疗效果比较突出。那么疝微创手术后多久可以去按摩呢？下面带大家了解一下。疝气手术的创伤并不大，相对来说属于微创的手术，所以术后恢复是比较快的。如果没有并发症的话，那一般术后一两周就可以恢复，当然如果术后出现伤口处愈合不良，那有可能持续的时间会常一些。不知道你是因为治疗需要还是休闲需要要做的按摩，拆线后可以按摩身体，但不能按摩伤口部位。如果要按摩伤口，起码要三个月之后。患者在术后一个月内要禁止重体力劳动和剧烈运动，不能出现过度劳累的状态，否则就会影响术后身体恢复，容易造成术后身体恢复时间延长，术后饮食要保持清淡无刺激，一些生冷辛辣等刺激性食物尽量不要吃，平时要多吃蔬菜和水果之类食物，而且养成多喝水多排便习惯也有好处，一定要积极防止疝气复发。疝气微创手术后要注意保护好伤口，尤其是婴幼儿，不要让孩子将覆盖在伤口上的纱布抓掉；更不能因大小便弄脏纱布面污染伤口，造成伤口感染、化脓。家长要帮助让患儿侧身睡，用一块软的棉质尿布折成长条状夹在会阴部，如果右侧手术，应让孩子左侧卧位，一旦尿了，就不会尿在纱布上而污染伤口。如果非兜尿布不可，应把伤口处的纱布露在尿布外面。从上面我们知道了疝微创手术后多久可以去按摩，同时要养成规律的生活，多进食高纤维食物(如全麦面包、面条、麦片、糙米、马铃薯、豆类、新鲜水果和蔬菜等)及多喝水，以防便秘及排便时用力使疝气复发。如果发现伤口红、肿、热、痛，有分泌物流出，异味或出血现象，应立即返诊治疗。 |
特立尼达岛（；），又称-{zh-cn:千里达;zh-hk:特立尼達;zh-sg:千里达;zh-tw:特立尼達;}-岛，是特立尼达和多巴哥两主岛中较大者，位于西印度群岛最西南部，距南美洲大陆委内瑞拉海岸仅11公里。特立尼达岛面积4,768平方公里，是西印度群岛中第六大岛，也是小安的列斯群岛中面积最大者。
克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1498年发现该岛，因岛上三座并列的山峰而将该岛命名为“特立尼达”，意为“三位一体”。此后该岛长期被西班牙占有，直到1797年转入英国手中，1888年与多巴哥岛组成联合殖民地，1962年获得独立。
經濟
多元化，但很大程度上以出产石油、天然气和沥青為主（佔GDP四成），其次是石油相關工業、農業及食品加工業。本島是全世界其中一個領先的氣基出口中心，除了是氨氣及甲醇的主要出口國，其液化天然气出口量亦達全球五大。该岛资源丰富，使矿业成为其國家支柱产业，依靠島上的礦藏生利，晉身石油儲備國及經濟穩定國之列。
但另一方面，當地的天然瀝青產於湖裡，而這個天然瀝青湖也成為了當地特色旅遊的目的地。
参考资料
外部連結
T
美洲前英国殖民地或受保护国 |
布尼洛尔药理作用？对1受体阻断作用无选择性，具有内在拟交感活性，但内在拟交感活性较弱。 |
秦岭棘豆（学名：），为豆科棘豆属下的一个种。
参考资料
Q |
六天可以指：
六上帝。
欲界六天。 |
Maria Ana of Portugal may refer to:
Mariana Victoria of Spain (1718–1781), queen consort of Joseph I of Portugal
Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal (1768–1788), daughter of Mary I of Portugal and Peter III of Portugal, wife of Infante Gabriel of Spain
Infanta Maria Anna of Portugal (1843–1884), daughter of Maria II of Portugal and Ferdinand II of Portugal, wife of George of Saxony
Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal (1861–1942), titular infanta of Portugal, daughter of the usurper-king Miguel I of Portugal, wife of Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
See also
Maria of Portugal (disambiguation) |
The keys of the kingdom is a Christian concept of eternal church authority. Christians believe it was established in the 1st century AD, initially through Saint Peter, then through the rest of the 12 Apostles. The latter, continuing with the early Church Fathers, would eventually comprise the early church and its doctrine. It is this authority, having been given the keys, that subsequent doctrinal points have been built upon.
The authority can be literally traced to one passage in the New Testament, where Jesus mentions them first in response to St. Peter answering a question, and secondly in speaking to a group of disciples. In these two instances, the concept of authority follows having been given the "keys of the kingdom of heaven", and regards loosing and binding things on earth, and thus, having loosened and bound the same in heaven (Matthew 16:19, Matthew 18:18). A third authority regarding sin is seen without mentioning "keys" in John 20:23.
Not all adherents to the faith in the risen Jesus Christ follow the further doctrinal concepts of sole authority held in any particular church, organization or individual today. One view is that the keys were used for a specific purpose and at a set time; namely at the Day of Pentecost—the baptism of the Holy Spirit. There is much debate regarding the further doctrinal base the church's leadership established in the early centuries.
Many subsequent Restorationist denominations and religious groups today, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and The Family International, believe they also hold this authority. In the LDS Church, the concept is strongly tied to the priesthood keys held by the President of the Church and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.
Passage in context
As found in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 16, within the context of verses 13-20:
In this passage, the word "you" is singular in the original Greek, despite the other apostles being present. A mirroring passage, which does not mention the keys, is also found later in chapter 18, within the context of verses 18-20:
Here, the plural "you" is used.
Day of Pentecost and message
On the day of Pentecost, Peter, in the presence of the other 11 disciples, speaks a message to the Jews from all over the known world, metaphorically using the keys to open the kingdom, inviting hearers in, building the church. Up until this point it was only Jesus who spoke / preached to the disciples. Here we see Peter act on the commission given to him by Christ in Matthew 16;
Afterwards, Peter speaks a message explaining the completion of several prophecies, concluding with;
See also
Binding and loosing
Keys of Heaven
Matthew 16
Power of the Keys
Primacy of Peter
Further reading
References
Ecclesiology
Christian terminology |
Cyclostigma is a genus of extinct plants belonging to the Lycopodiopsida (lycopsids).
Taxonomy
Cyclostigma Haught. was first used by Samuel Haughton in 1859 for the type species C. kiltorkense. The name Cyclostigma has been used for a genus no fewer than four times. Three are synonyms:
Cyclostigma Hochst. ex Endl. is a synonym of Voacanga Thouars. This is the oldest name, dating from 1842, and so would normally have priority but Cyclostigma Haught. has been conserved against it.
Cyclostigma Klotzsch is a synonym of Croton L.
Cyclostigma Phil. is a synonym of Leptoglossis Benth.
Hao and Xue in 2013 listed Cyclostigma as a lycopsid.
References
Prehistoric lycophytes
Prehistoric lycophyte genera |
发热类型有哪些？发热其实是生活中最常见的疾病。引起发烧的原因是有很多种的。特别是小孩子。不管是风寒感冒还是病毒性的，都会引起发烧。那么发热类型有哪些？下面我们就来了解一下，发热的类型具体有哪几种。1、根据体温上升的程度，将发热分为微热、中热、高热及极高热四种。体温超过常温0.5～1℃叫微热，见于局限性炎症和轻微病程中；超过常温1～2℃叫中热，见于支气管肺炎、急性胃肠炎及某些亚急性传染病过程中；超过常温2～3℃叫高热，常见于猪瘟、猪丹毒等急性传染病过程中；超过常温3℃以上叫极高热，见于某些严重的急性传染病。2、稽留热：多为高热，体温升高达39°c以上，持续数日或数周，日差不超过1°C，常见于急性传染病，如伤寒、肺炎球菌肺炎。3、间歇热：体温骤然升高至39°C以上，持续数小时或更长时间，然后很快下降至正常或正常以下，再经过一个间歇时间后，又再次升高而反复发作。见于疟疾等。4、弛张热：体温高低不一，日差大于1°C，甚至可达23°C，但最低温度仍高于正常水平。见于败血症等。5、不规则热:：体温在一日中的变化不规则，持续时间不定。见于流行性感冒、肿瘤性发热等。6、回归热：体温急骤上升至39℃或以上，持续数天后又骤然下降至正常水平。高热期与无热期各持续若干天后规律性交替一次。可见于回归热、霍奇金淋巴瘤等。7、感染性发热是指由各种病原体物质导致的发热，较常见。如病毒、细菌、支原体、立克次氏体、真菌、寄生虫等。以上就是发热的类型以及发热的原因。不同原因引起的发热，他们的发热程度也是不同的。如果想让发热的症状得到缓解，还是要分析是什么引起的发热，做好措施，一定要对症下药。相信你一定有所了解了。希望能对你有所帮助。 |
Khanom sot sai (, ), also known as khanom sai sai (, ), is a Thai dessert with a sweet filling. It is made up of coconut and palm sugar, and the filling is covered with steamed rice flour mixed with coconut cream. It was used at Thai wedding ceremonies in ancient times. It is traditionally packed by wrapping in a banana leaf.
See also
List of Thai desserts
External links
Patchmon's Thai Desserts. Retrieved October 1. 2016. from http://www.thaidesserts.ca/#!steamed-flour-with-coconut-filling/c1vge
Thai Dessert. Retrieved October 1. 2016. from http://tankitchen-dessert.blogspot.com/2009/04/khanom-sod-sai-filled-coconut-cream.html
Thai Wisdom: Wrappers in Thai Dessert. Retrieved October 1. 2016. from http://www.mthai.com/en/thaiculture/1321.html
JOY B. Thai Dessert: Khanom Sai Sai (Sweet Stuffed Dough). Retrieved October 1. 2016. from http://www.joysthaifood.com/desserts/thai-dessert-khanom-sai-sai-sweet-stuffed-dough/
Tanwiratchada. Khanom Sod Sai (Filled Coconut Cream). Retrieved October 1. 2016. from http://en.petitchef.com/recipes/dessert/khanom-sod-sai-
Thai desserts and snacks
Foods containing coconut
Stuffed desserts
Steamed foods
Wedding food |
Monks Wood is a National Nature Reserve north-west of Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire, and a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. A slightly more extensive area of is the Monks Wood and The Odd Quarter biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The site is described by Natural England as one of Britain's most essential lowland woods. It is mainly of the wet ash-maple type, with a creamy shrub layer that was formerly coppiced. Trees include the rare wild service tree, particularly in The Odd Quarter. There is ground flora typical of ancient woodland, together with woodland rides, ponds, streams, and herb-rich grassland.
Monks Wood was the site of an experimental biological research station of The Nature Conservancy from 1961 to 2009. The marsh tits in the wood have been the subject of several studies. Beginning in 1961, a former barley field next to the station was allowed to naturally regenerate as a rewilding experiment.
There is access to Monks Wood from the road, which runs along its southern boundary. The Odd Quarter is private property with no public access.
See also
Biological Records Centre
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire
National nature reserves in England
Nature Conservation Review sites
Nature conservation in Europe |
张广钦（），曾用名徐钢民，山西吉县人，中华人民共和国政治人物。
早年加入牺盟会。1939年8月，在延安中央党校学习，历任山西省吉县组织部部长、雁北朔县二区区委书记、大同、吉县、襄陵县委书记；中华人民共和国成立后，历任四川省灌县县委书记、宜宾地委副书记，泸县县委书记，四川省水利电力厅厅长，温江地委书记，中国四川国际经济技术合作公司代总经理。1979年后，担任四川省进出口管理委员会主任，后升任四川省政协副主席。2014年去世。
参考
第十届全国政协委员
張姓 |
臺灣都會區，大致分為5個大都會區、2個次都會區；分別是臺北、桃園、新竹、臺中、嘉義、臺南、高雄，並組成臺灣西部走廊的重要地帶。臺灣6個直轄市（臺北、新北、桃園、臺中、臺南、高雄）即位於這5個大都會區，3個市（基隆、新竹、嘉義）中的兩個亦為2個次都會區的核心所在。詳見下述。
依據主計處在2010年5月18日發布的新聞稿，上述定義範圍連同全臺灣各種統計地區的分類定義，在當年12月25日停止適用。 目前各都會區的範圍並沒有明確的官方定義。
大都會區
定義
在同一區域內，由一個或一個以上之中心都市為核心，連結與此中心都市在社會、經濟上合為一體之市、鎮、鄉（稱為衛星市鎮）所共同組成之地區，且其區內人口總數達一百萬人以上。（三十萬人以上，一百萬人以下者為次都會區）
臺北大都會區
範圍
大臺北地區泛指臺灣北部一帶包括了臺北市、新北市以及基隆市的地區，為臺灣最大的都會區。至2017年1月為止，臺北基隆都會區的人口已達7,048,243人，總面積為2,457.1253平方公里。臺北都會區是世界第82大都會區。按照官方在1996年最後一次定義的都會區範圍此區域在2017年6月時，總人口爲671.6萬人，總面積爲1,895.5007平方公里，人口密度爲每平方公里3,543人。各鄉鎭市區中，人口最多的是新北市板橋區；次多的是新北市新莊區；第三是新北市中和區。
另一種統計方式則加入桃園市，人口達9,278,143人，即逼進千萬人口大關，在世界人口普查組織裏爲世界排名第55大都會區。
描述
此區是臺灣的經濟重鎭，商業發展也是以臺北地區最為顯著。臺北地區在清治初期，有著康熙大地震造成的臺北大湖，使得適宜人居的平地面積相對更少；清治後期，臺北大湖沉積成臺北盆地，臺灣的開墾人民逐漸往北移，發現北部的丘陵地帶適合生產大量的茶葉；後因臺灣民變頻繁，清廷就開始將原本涵蓋整個嘉南平原以北的諸羅縣（今嘉義縣）分為三個地區，而其中的淡水廳大致範圍就是今的臺北地區。臺灣建省後，臺灣巡撫沈葆楨在艋舺（今萬華區）建立臺灣省城時，臺灣的經濟、政治重心開始逐漸北移。之後的臺灣日治時期和中華民國政府都將臺灣政經中心放在臺北，使大臺北地區的發展達到了最高峰，目前是臺灣人口最多、各項建設最發達的地區。
臺北市與新北市都是直轄市，臺北市也是中華民國目前的中央政府所在地，因就業機會多、交通建設發達、教育及醫療資源豐富，使臺灣約有4分之1至3分之1的人口集中在大臺北地區。
桃園中壢大都會區
範圍
大桃園地區泛指了桃園市（復興區、大園區除外）以及新北市鶯歌區等地區，都會區核心為桃園市的桃園區和中壢區，屬臺灣第四大都會區。與臺北都會區合併計算世界都會排名。
描述
該地區就位於大臺北都會區的西南方，以兩個市轄區為主要經濟發展中心（桃園區以及中壢區）。桃園地區自歷史以來，都不是經濟發展的重心，直到臺灣日治時期開始，桃園一帶的行政區域階級才被漸漸的提升。直到中華民國政府遷臺，實施十大建設後，此區興建中正國際機場（今臺灣桃園國際機場），才使桃園市成為臺灣北部對外交通的兩大門戶之一（另一個是基隆市）。同時桃園也是臺灣工業重鎮，產值為全國第一。目前桃園市的桃園區、中壢區與臺北市之間來往的人口相當多，通勤的人數也相當高，大多數是工作原因。此區目前是臺灣人口成長速度最快的區域，近幾年興建的桃園捷運與五股楊梅高架橋也為桃園地區的交通帶來新面貌。
臺中彰化大都會區
範圍
大臺中地區泛指臺灣中部一帶包括了臺中市以及彰化縣的部分地區，為臺灣第二大都會區，在世界人口普查組織裡為世界排名第149大都會區。按照官方最後在1996年的定義範圍，都會區總人口2017年7月有4,054,385萬人；總面積為1801.2517平方公里；人口密度為每平方公里2,099.78人。各鄉鎮市區中，人口最多的是臺中市北屯區；次多的是臺中市西屯區；第三是彰化縣彰化市。
描述
此區目前正處於快速發展的狀態。臺中縣市2010年升格直轄市，該區是臺灣南、北交通的中點之一，是臺灣三大都會圈之一。臺中捷運正在計畫及興建中，臺鐵基本上完成了臺中都會區鐵路高架捷運化計畫，使臺中市區完成縫合，消弭都市發展的障礙。臺中港在港口貿易量已是臺灣第二大港，而臺中國際機場旅客與貨運的成長數也逐年成長，2013年國際航廈落成啟用，國內航廈亦於2019年開始整建。而中部科學園區在西屯區與后里區設有臺中基地、后里與七星基地，使臺中市成為高科技產業與精密機械的重鎮；中部科學園區四期與中興園區的開發協助彰化、南投產業升級。臺中市憑藉優越的地理位置與便利的公路網而成為區域的消費中心，外加二級產業發展蓬勃帶來更多外來人口，因此服務業高度發達且競爭激烈。此外，位於市區的原水湳機場亦被規畫成水湳經貿園區，是臺中大都會區未來的發展重心。
臺中有很多風景名勝與藝文場館，如：臺中國家歌劇院、國立自然科學博物館、國立臺灣美術館、亞洲現代美術館、臺中都會公園、大坑風景區、高美溼地、東勢林場、谷關溫泉與武陵農場等。彰化縣在交通便捷後，設立花卉、蔬果專業生產區，提供都市的一般民眾、專業人士所需。
臺南大都會區
範圍
大臺南地區包括原舊臺南市市區及周邊原舊臺南縣的鄉鎮市，為臺灣第五大都會區，在世界人口普查組織裡為世界排名第331大都會區，為南台灣第二大城，各鄉鎮市區中，人口最多的是台南市永康區；次多的是台南市安南區；再來是台南市東區。
描述
臺南市是臺灣最早創建的城市，嘉南平原現今為臺灣農業重鎮，臺南市更是南臺灣科技業重鎮，臺南都會區為嘉南平原第二大都會區。荷蘭時期，在安平建立熱蘭遮城；隨後的明鄭時期更在臺南上建立首府，使臺南發展達到顛峰。清末由於臺灣發展重心北移，以及安平港的淤積而優勢盡失。日治時期還是臺灣第二大城，並於嘉南大圳、烏山頭水庫完成後，使嘉南平原成為臺灣穀倉。目前由於中研院南院、工研院南院與南部科學園區的設立，以及擁有國立成功大學與國立交通大學臺南校區，使得臺南市成為臺灣南部的產學重鎮（北部為新竹市），逐漸扭轉南、高之間的就業環境，使人口有所增加，為南臺灣唯一人口微幅增加之都會區。
近年來到訪臺南市的遊客遽增，逐漸成為觀光大城，觀光方面有荷蘭時期遺留的安平古堡、赤崁樓、創建於明鄭時期的臺南孔廟更有全臺首學之稱、近年來臺南州廳、臺南公會堂、林百貨、臺南地方法院等日治時期建築陸續修復完工，也成為新一代觀光景點。由於做為近300年的臺灣首府，使得臺南市留下了各種風格迥異的特色建築；巷弄文化更是全台獨有，許多老屋透過振興活化後搖身一變成為特色餐廳、咖啡館、特色商店等等，廟宇、古蹟密度為全臺灣第一，臺南特色小吃、大型夜市、特色商圈更是吸引了許多美食饕客，現以宜居、樂活城市著稱。
近期交通建設積極，道路與公路總長度排名全台第一，高速公路與快速道路也是全台最長。交通網路以市區內最為發達，呈放射型之格局，連結各衛星城鎮，為南臺灣交通樞紐之一。
高雄大都會區
範圍
大高雄地區指高雄市以及屏東縣的部分地區組成，為臺灣第三大都會區，在世界人口普查組織裡為世界排名第171大都會區。按照官方最後在1996年的定義範圍，都會區總人口在2017年7月共有3,615,163人；總面積為1,329.8498平方公里；人口密度為每平方公里2,300.16人。各鄉鎮市區中，人口最多的是高雄市鳳山區；次多的是高雄市三民區；再來是屏東縣屏東市。
描述
高雄市是臺灣主要的重工業發展區域，南臺灣第一大城，並作為臺灣重要的國際港口樞紐。
高雄的發展，主要是在臺灣從農業社會轉型成工業社會後，1950年代至1960年代，以輕工業為主，設置高雄加工出口區，1966年在成立楠梓加工出口區。1970年代，施行十大建設，設立高雄港與大型造船廠、煉鋼廠、石化廠，隨後高雄港就一直是臺灣第一大港，為臺灣進出口的重要港口，最佳排名曾為國際第三大港。
21世紀後，高雄陸續有大型公共建設，亞洲新灣區、高雄科學園區、高雄國家體育場、高雄巨蛋、愛河整治、高雄市立圖書館總館、高雄展覽館、衛武營國家藝術文化中心、海洋文化及流行音樂中心、高雄鐵路地下化，以及已通車的高雄捷運、台灣高鐵，使高雄成為全國硬體建設最健全的城市之一，目的也是讓高雄的產業不再獨重工業。現今高雄正處於產業轉型陣痛期，面臨產業外移與人口外移的險峻挑戰。
而高雄港則在第二港口南側外海水域，以海埔新生地開發高雄港洲際貨櫃中心，預期提升高雄港競爭力、吸引外商前來布局；高雄港港口貨物吞吐量約占臺灣整體港口貨物吞吐量五成、貨櫃裝卸量則占整體七成左右 。
次都會區
定義
在同一區域內，由一個或一個以上之中心都市為核心，連結與此中心都市在社會、經濟上合為一體之市、鎮、鄉（稱為衛星市鎮）所共同組成之地區，且其區內人口總數達三十萬人以上，一百萬人以下。（一百萬人以上者為大都會區）定義時新竹都會區尚未破百萬，但今已破百萬人口。
新竹次都會區
範圍
新竹地區包含新竹市，也包含部份新竹縣的行政區所組成，為臺灣第六大都會區，在世界人口普查組織裡為世界排名第644大都會區，都會區核心為新竹市東區，新竹縣市的戶籍人口即將突破一百萬人，實居人口則已超過一百萬人。
描述
新竹地區的居民在新竹市是以閩南人為主（75%），在新竹縣則以海陸腔客家人為主。新竹市交通便捷，使人口遽增，目前是臺灣出生率最高的都會區。新竹市有高度的教育水準，國立清華大學、國立交通大學等多所名校於此。因為人口持續成長，近年來已興建臺鐵六家線、規劃竹竹苗輕軌等多項大型交通建設以解決交通問題。新竹科學園區和1930年工研院的設立之後成為臺灣的高科技重鎮。清朝時已建立基隆到新竹的鐵路，新竹車站已經有一百餘年的歷史了。原為道卡斯族竹塹社的居住地。在2007年，高鐵通車，新竹與其他臺灣城市緊密連結，使商務往來更加快速。近十年來，工商業非常熱絡，吸引外縣市民眾前來居住，也因此新竹市成為臺灣少數人口正成長的都會區，更因為新生兒生育率高，成為老化指數低的年輕城市。
嘉義次都會區
範圍
嘉義地區包含嘉義市，也包含部份嘉義縣的行政區所組成，為臺灣第七大都會區，為嘉義地區最重要的交通、經濟、文化、教育、醫療及體育中心。
描述
位於嘉南平原中心地帶，地理位置良好。核心都市嘉義市為雲嘉南地區僅次於臺南市的第二大城、南台灣第三大城，亦為兩大都會區之間（臺中都會區以南、臺南都會區以北）的最大城市，目前為臺灣最小的都會區。除了嘉義市本身以服務業、商業、部分工業為主之外，周遭地區仍以農業、工業、文化觀光為主，因地緣與距離因素，與北臺南部分行政區如新營區與白河區等亦交流密切。近年來嘉義市和民雄、水上、中埔及太保衛星都市，由於各界觀光資源(如嘉義亞洲藝術文化博物館、熊大庄觀光工廠、白人牙膏觀光工廠等等)的投入，逐漸轉型成觀光重鎮，帶動區域發展；阿里山則由林業轉為觀光業為主，現為著名觀光勝地，闢有阿里山森林鐵路以及由嘉義縣公車所經營的臺灣好行阿里山線。此區域內唯一的航空站為嘉義機場，有飛往澎湖馬公、金門的固定航班，也可包機飛航國際線(紀錄有飛往日本靜岡縣靜岡機場、中國上海浦東國際空港等)。近年來都會區內重要的交通建設有嘉義市區鐵路高架化計畫新設嘉北車站、嘉義BRT以及嘉義轉運站、高鐵嘉義站(含轉運站部分)、故宮南院轉運站(南站、北站)等等。此區域內有國立中正大學、國立嘉義大學等知名學府，區域核心嘉義市亦為區域內的醫療重心，擁有10間醫院(如嘉義基督教醫院、天主教聖馬爾定醫院、衛生福利部嘉義醫院、臺中榮民總醫院嘉義分院)，醫療相關從業比例相當高。
參考資料
參見
都會區
台灣西部走廊 |
马西梅诺（），是意大利特伦托自治省的一个市镇。总面积21平方公里，人口120人，人口密度5.7人/平方公里（2009年）。ISTAT代码为022112。
参考
外部链接
特伦托自治省市镇 |
Ali Hatami (, August 14, 1944 – December 7, 1996) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, art director, and costume designer. The Tehran Times dubbed him "the Hafez of Iranian cinema due to the poetic ambiance of his movies."
Career
Hatami graduated from the College of Dramatic Arts in Iran and subsequently began his professional career as a writer.
He made his feature film directorial debut with Hasan Kachal (Hasan the Bald) in 1970, which was the first Iranian musical film. He wrote and directed several films that focused on Iranian culture, including Hajji Washington (1982), Kamalolmolk (1984), and Love Stricken (1992). The Tehran Times dubbed him "the Hafez of Iranian cinema due to the poetic ambiance of his movies."
Hatami was also known for directing television series; he established a small production village—the Ghazali Cinema Town—to function as a set for historical productions, which he ultimately used to produce the popular television series Hezar Dastan (1978 to 1987). In 2006, Hezar Dastan was voted by the Association of Iranian Film and Television Critics as the best Iranian television series ever made.
Although his films did not attract international attention, the Iranian audience praised him. He often worked as the art director and costume designer of his own films.
He was honored in 2017 as the subject of the poster for the 35th Fajr International Film Festival.
Death
Hatami's last film remained incomplete because of his death due to cancer, on December 7, 1996, in Tehran.
Personal life
His parents were from Tafresh. He was married to Iranian actress Zari Khoshkam. Their daughter, Leila Hatami, also an actress, starred in the Academy Award-winning film A Separation.
Films
Hasan Kachal (1970)
Wood Pigeon (Toghi) (1970)
Baba Shamal (1971)
Sattar Khan (1972)
Ghalandar (1972)
Khastegar (1972)
Sooteh-Delan (1978)
Hajji Washington (1982)
Kamalolmolk (1984)
Jafar khan az farang Bargashteh (1984)
Mother (1991)
Del Shodegan (1992)
Komiteh Mojazat (1997)
Takhti (1997)
Tehran Roozegare No (2008)
Television series
Rumi Story (1972)
Soltan-e Sahebgharan (1974)
Hezar Dastan (1978–1987)
References
External links
Iranian film directors
Iranian screenwriters
Iranian art directors
Film people from Tehran
People from Tafresh
People from Markazi Province
1944 births
1996 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Iran
Burials at artist's block of Behesht-e Zahra
20th-century screenwriters |
宫外孕腹腔镜手术后什么时候可以同房？都说女人生完孩子后才是完美的，所以孕育新生命是很热闹的事情。但怀孕也有是宫外孕的可能，宫外孕对胎儿和孕妇的危害都很大，孕妇宫外孕的话一定要积极配合医生的治疗。腹腔镜手术，它是属于微创手术的，因此他的恢复比较快，创伤比较小。不能够喝凉水，吹冷风，需要力气做的一些事情也是不可以做的，最好是卧床休息。而这个修养的时间大概是两周左右。所以腹腔镜手术的女性能是不能够在这个恢复期间的两周之内同房的。如果说恢复的比较好的话，第三个周开始就可以同房，而如果说恢复的不是特别好的话，是需要在一个月之后才能够同房的。一般妇科的手术通常是需要禁止性生活一个月的、宫外孕腹腔镜术后、需要给伤口还有输卵管一个休息恢复的时候、内分泌需要重新调整、所以最好是一个月后同房。1、保持生活的规律性：即使手术做得很成功，但若手术后的生活没有规律，也会加重出血或留下后遗症。2、服装应保持宽松，不要穿过于紧身的。3、在此期间，不要喝酒，未经医生许可也不要洗澡，因为洗澡有时可引发感染。4、为了保证母体的健康，不要在手术后马上妊娠，因为手术过程中子宫受到损伤，此时妊娠是很危险的，为此必须采取安全的避孕措施。5、从手术的第二天开始，不要过度劳累或者剧烈运动。宫外孕手术的恢复需要一定的时间，身体还没恢复又急着同房，就有可能会再度宫外孕，所以女性朋友不要着急，先把身体调理好，做好孕前的检查，等到可以给孩子一个健康的发育环境后，再考虑要宝宝，这样才是优生优育。 |
羟乙基淀粉130/4氯化钠注射液成分或处方？本品为复方制剂，每100ml组分为含羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 6g和氯化钠0.9g。羟乙基淀粉130/0.4的化学名称为聚(氧-2-羟乙基)淀粉130/0.4。分子式：(C6H10O5)m(C2H5O)n ，其中n =(0.36-0.47)m分子量：130000±20000(重均分子量)辅料为注射用水。 |
电脑机箱螺丝是将电脑硬件固定在机箱上的部件。虽然机箱制造商数量众多，但通常来说，常见的电脑机箱使用三种常见的螺纹尺寸。其中，统一螺纹标准 （UTS）来自美国，而ISO公制螺纹则在全球范围内都适用。
通常在3.5英寸硬盘和机箱主机上使用#6-32 UNC螺丝，在5.25英寸光驱、3.5英寸软驱和2.5英寸硬盘上使用M3螺丝。主板和其他电路板通常使用#6-32 UNC螺丝固定。而在DVI、VGA、串行与并行接口旁通常使用#4-40 UNC螺丝。
某些厂商的特制机箱完全不使用螺丝，而是采用了无需工具的设计。
#6-32 UNC螺丝
#6-32 UNC是一种UTS螺丝，其螺纹直径为，即0.1380英寸（约为3.51mm），部分商家将其称为3.5mm螺丝。它是机箱中最常见的螺丝。螺丝长度通常为3/16英寸（0.1875英寸，约4.76mm），1/4英寸（0.25英寸，约6.4mm）与5/16英寸（0.3125英寸，约7.94mm）。有时也有非标准长度的此类螺丝，如5mm长度。几乎每个电脑机箱都附带了这种螺丝， 它们通常用于以下目的：
将电源固定在机箱上
将3.5英寸硬盘固定在机箱上
将扩展卡（如声卡、网卡、显卡等）固定到机箱后部
连接机箱各个部件
通常，一个或多个#6-32 UNC螺丝将机箱盖固定在机箱本体上
它们通常为十字螺丝，也有少数为梅花螺丝。这两种螺丝头也可以与用于一字型螺丝刀的插槽组合。 通常，它们具有1/4英寸带法兰的六边形螺丝头。由于它们用于不需要高扭矩且可能需要轻松拆卸和更换的地方，因此也常会使用具有大滚花头的手拧螺丝，这种螺丝可以用手指直接将其卸下，也可使用工具将其卸下。
M3螺丝
M3是公制螺丝，公称直径为3mm，螺距定义为0.5mm。M3螺丝是PC中第二常见的螺丝。它通常拥有1至20mm的许多长度。几乎每个电脑机箱都附带了一袋这种螺丝。它们通常用于固定以下设备：
5.25英寸光驱
2.5英寸机械和固态硬盘
3.5英寸软驱
M3螺丝通常使用2号十字螺丝头。
主板螺柱
大多数机箱使用黄铜螺柱将主板固定在机箱内。由于机箱通常为金属材质，将主板直接固定在其上可能会有短路的风险。因此有时会使用塑料螺柱。 螺柱可以在主板与机箱之间保持空间，避免焊点直接接触并短路。
通常来说，用于机箱的螺柱一头为#6-32 UNC公螺纹，用于将其固定在机箱上，而另一头为#6-32 UNC母螺纹，用于将主板固定在其上。少数情况下，螺柱在两端都各有一个母螺纹，需要另一颗螺丝将其连接到机箱主体上。在一些机箱中，螺柱使用的为M3螺纹而非#6-32 UNC螺纹。虽然较为罕见，同一机箱中可能会混合使用多种螺纹类型。
2.1版的ATX规格规定，螺柱长度至少需要有0.25英寸(约6.4毫米)，且横截面不得超过主板安装孔附近的10mm×10mm区域。
#4-40 UNC手拧螺丝
#4-40 UNC手拧螺丝用于将某些线材固定在端口上。这些螺丝通常位于D-sub接口，例如VGA、串行、并行和部分游戏手柄端口的两侧。它们也被用于DVI接口。个人电脑使用的#4-40 UNC螺丝的典型长度为3/16英寸(0.1875英寸，约4.76毫米)。
材质
钢是最常见的该类螺丝材料，且表面经常进行电镀或阳极氧化处理。其他常见材料如黄铜、铝、尼龙和各种塑料也常被使用。
比较
#6-32 UNC更粗，因此更适合紧固较大的零件和较厚的材料。其较大的尺寸和螺距，使它更容易安装，并可以减少滑牙的风险。一体化法兰提供了更大的保持强度。六角头使它更容易在装配期间使用电动螺丝刀。
M3螺丝比#6-32 UNC螺丝更细，螺纹也更细。这使得它更适合紧固较小的零件和更薄的材料，或在有限的空间需要良好的强度时使用。
图集
参考文献
外部链接
McDonough, Andy The 11 Tools Every System Builder Should Own retrieved Nov 2, 2014 from crn.com
Torres, Gabriel Everything You Need To Know About The Screws Used on The PC retrieved Jun 20, 2016 from hardwaresecrets.com
螺絲
機殼 |
Ballerina Posing for a Photographer is an oil on canvas painting by Edgar Degas, from 1875. It depicts a young ballet dancer posing in front of a standing mirror; in the background, through a large window, is seen an elevated view of the walls of the houses opposite and the snow-covered rooftops of Paris. It is held in the Pushkin Museum, in Moscow.
Description
In this work, Degas's relentless eye captures a sparsely furnished interior with a ballerina standing on a grayish wooden floor as the object of his attention. She is not displaying herself for an audience, but for a photographer who came to immortalize her in her work: therefore, she is looking for a nice position with the help of a mirror. As in other works by Degas, the dancer's gesture is not taken at the intense moment of an artistic performance, but when her limbs, exhausted, assume a strangely deformed, almost grotesque aspect.
Provenance
The painting was first exhibited in London in the Spring of 1875. It was sold by Durand-Ruel in 1902 to the Russian collector Sergei Shchukin for 35,000 francs, who displayed his extensive private collection to the public at his palace in 1909. After the Revolution in 1917, Shchukin left Russia and his collection was nationalized and his palace became a museum. In 1923 the collection was merged with that of Iwan Morozov. In 1948, they were divided between Moscow and Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) and the Degas piece ended up in the Pushkin Museum.
References
Paintings in the Pushkin Museum
Paintings by Edgar Degas
1875 paintings
Dance in art |
《神姬计划》（）是由テクロス开发，DMM.com配信的一款战斗卡牌类游戏。游戏有全年龄版和18禁版本，两个版本账号共通，18禁版叫做《神姬计划R》。
游戏剧情讲述世界过去曾存在过魔法科学文明，但是「诸神黄昏」降临，让世界被分裂，魔法科学文明也被破坏。过了几千年后，魔法科学文明的存在被人们忘记。而扮演游戏主角的玩家，和青梅竹马亚莉莎在探索遗迹时发现了名为「终端」的遗物。他们利用终端召唤出英灵兰斯洛特，然后为了探明世界而旅行。并为了阻止诸神黄昏再发生，他们在各地召集「神姬」。
脚注
外部链接
官方網站
攻略總集
DMM.com
电子角色扮演游戏
iOS遊戲
Android游戏
网页游戏
2016年电子游戏
日本成人遊戲
神话题材电子游戏 |
Fabian Franke (born March 7, 1989) is a German footballer who plays as a central defender for SSV Markranstädt.
External links
1989 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Hamburger SV II players
RB Leipzig players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players
Hallescher FC players
SSV Markranstädt players
3. Liga players
Men's association football central defenders
Footballers from Leipzig
21st-century German people |
肛瘘是什么病引起的？降低抗病能力。脓水污染内裤，剧烈活动后可促使脓汁外溢，局部经常受到刺激，皮肤磨擦、瘙痒，非常痛苦，影响工作和学习，久之可使身体虚弱消瘦，精神不振，抗病能力下降，出现贫血，发作亦越加频繁，形成互为因果。肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，这种问题易波及其他器官。由于多次反复发作，脓液可穿破管壁顺括约肌间隙蔓延而形成多发性、复杂性肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，这种问题，不但给治疗带来了困难，而且也影响到肛门的正常生理功能。还有肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，这种问题的多发性，可形成直肠阴道瘘、直肠尿道瘘和直肠膀肤瘘，危及周围脏器。并且肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，这种问题有恶变倾向。肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，绝大多数是由肛周脓肿所引起的，有高位，低位，复杂和简单肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，之分。肛瘘在肛肠疾病是很常见的，一经诊断，应该手术治疗，保守的非手术方式不能痊愈。手术分为切开术或挂线术，一般都是能够愈合的。肛瘘在医学上也叫做痔漏，是指直肠瘘，是一种比较常见的肛门疾病。肛瘘是指患者肛门周边或者臀部周边的瘘口出现脓状物体。肛瘘一般保守治疗是解决不了问题的，通常都是要通过手术进行治疗，如果长期反复发作，患者十分痛苦，希望对你有所帮助。一般认为肛瘘是肛门直肠周围脓肿的后遗症。而肛门直肠周围脓肿95%是因肛门腺感染引起，大致引起的原因有以下几种：(1)肛门周围脓肿：主要因污染粪便滞留肛隐窝，引起肛腺炎，导致肛门周围脓肿，是肛瘘形成的主要原因。(2)直肠肛门损伤：外伤、来自消化道的骨性异物、金属、肛表及肛门窥器检查损伤肛管直肠，细菌侵入伤口即可引起肛门周围脓肿。(3)肛裂：肛裂反复感染，可引起皮下瘘，也可引起肛腺炎。 |
Evangelical Protestantism is one of five officially recognized faiths in Albania. It is a Christian faith that views Jesus Christ as its founder and head, and the Bible (especially the New Testament) as its written authority.
The US International Religious Freedom Report of 2022 noted that 38% of the population (just over a million people) have a Christian background. There are 95 Christian groups in the country, 174 of which are evangelical. The number of Evangelical Protestants in Albania has risen from approximately 8000 in 1998, to approximately 14,000 in the early 2020s. However, in the 2011 census, 70% of respondents refused to declare belief in any of the listed faiths.
Unlike other official religions in Albania, Evangelical Protestants are not organized under a hierarchy with an official head, but operate autonomously in separate churches or organizations bearing different denominational or non-denominational names. Most, but not all Evangelical/Protestant groups are members of the Albania's Evangelical Brotherhood (VUSH), a cooperative organization which views itself as existing as "an instrument of blessing … with the purpose of promoting unity amongst the churches, representing every local church with dignity, and promoting evangelism."
Protestant denominations include Baptist, Lutheran and Anglican.
History
On August 26, 1816, Robert Pinkerton wrote the British and Foreign and Bible Society to encourage them to translate the New Testament into Albanian. Cyrus Hamlin reported in 1857 that Albanians were applying to his Protestant seminary. The first documented Albanian Protestant was Kostandin Kristoforidhi, who left his native Orthodox faith and converted to Protestantism on his own while comparing Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant theological texts. He joined the Protestant Church of Smyrna in 1856 or 1857, and was sent to Istanbul for theological training.
In Monastir, Gjerasim Qiriazi also converted to Protestantism ca. 1876-1877, and united with the multi-ethnic Protestant church there. The first two known Albanian Protestant-Evangelical churches were both established by Gjerasim Qiriazi, first in Monastir in 1884 and later in Korça in 1890 (both cities then part of the Ottoman Empire).
In April 1890, Gjerasim Qiriazi was ordained as the first Albanian evangelist and preacher by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the board's annual meeting help in Monastir. The second church among Albanians was opened in Korça. Qiriazi was also the head of one of the first national societies within Albania, named “The Evangelical Brotherhood”. As a result, Gjerasim Qiriazi is considered as the father of the Albanian Protestant Church.
During the Communist regime of the late 20th century, Albania was declared as the world’s first atheist country. Over 2,000 religious institutions were closed. Several religious leaders and preachers were arrested, imprisoned and executed. It was against the law to buy a Bible at that time. When the regime ended in 1991, there were less than 20 Evangelical Christians in the country.
In July, 1991 an international consortium of eleven mission agencies calling themselves the Albanian Encouragement Project (AEP) secured government permission to hold an evangelical gathering in Tirana. The AEP grew to 45 agencies and continued their work there for several years.
Freedom of religion
In 2023, the constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. It states that there is no official religion, but officially recognises Sunni Albanian Muslims, Bektashi Muslims, Roman Catholics, Albanian Autocephalous Orthodox and VUSH.
In 2022, Albania scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.
See also
Religion in Albania
Christianity in Albania
Roman Catholicism in Albania
Orthodoxy in Albania
Irreligion in Albania
Freedom of religion in Albania
References
Further reading
Hosaflook, David. Lëvizja protestante te shqiptarët, 1816-1908. Skopje: ITSHKSH, 2019.
Young, David. Lëvizja protestante midis shqiptarëve, 1908-1991. Prishtina: TENDA, 2011.
External links
(dedicated to the study and research of Protestantism in Albania). |
Aleksanteri (Aleksi) Hihnavaara, (November 21, 1882 - January 8, 1938) better known by his nickname Mosku, was a famous Finnish frontiersman and reindeer herder in Sompio region, Northeastern Lapland.
Pre World War I
Before World War I, Hihnavaara earned his living by hunting, logging and reindeer herding. He bought a house beside the Luiro river from a Sami reindeer keeper and began to build up his own reindeer stock. His nickname "Mosku" came from Moskuvaara farm, which belonged to his grandfather. As the World War and impending revolution brought growing instability and restlessness to the region (which was close to the Russian border and the strategically important Murmansk), Hihnavaara became embroiled in a complicated border conflict between the Whites, the Reds, local Finnish reindeer keepers, and the indigenous Skolt Sami. The reindeer were the most important livestock in the area, so they were a strategic asset and frequent target of raids by various groups of revolutionaries, bandits, deserters, and local people.
Finnish Civil War
During the Finnish Civil War, Hihnavaara patrolled the borderlands, guarding reindeer herds. According to archives and his own testimony, he shot three Reds in 1918 and at least one Skolt in 1919. It was during this period he met and befriended Jäger Captain (later General) Kurt Wallenius. Despite Hihnavaara not being a military man, Wallenius used his services in post-Civil War pacifying acts. In 1919, Wallenius and Hihnavaara undertook a punitive expedition against the Skolts. The expedition was made up of Finnish Border Guards and local civilians, and they crossed the Russian border, confiscating hundreds of reindeer. Wallenius would later detail the expedition in his 1933 book Man-hunters and Frontiersmen. The book became a best-seller in Finland and made Hihnavaara famous. The local population, however, was not always supportive of his sometimes ruthless measures, and his nickname was modified to Paha-Mosku (Mosku the Bad). In 1920 Wallenius recruited him as a guide for the Finnish attempt to conquer Pechenga. However, the expedition ended in defeat.
Treaty of Tartu
After the 1920 Treaty of Tartu, the region stabilized, and Hihnavaara's personal reindeer herds gradually grew. By 1935, he owned over a thousand reindeer, making him one of the wealthiest men in the region. His relations with Skolt Sami also improved and he undertook many business trips to Skolt-land. However, he still had many personal enemies from his former exploits. He nearly always carried a firearm, and it is reported that there were at least two attempts on his life during the 1930s. His success and reputation were also a fertile breeding ground for malicious rumors: it was frequently claimed that he stole reindeer from his neighbours and the Skolt. However, these allegations were never conclusively proven.
Personal life
Hihnavaara never married, but lived with his housekeeper and life partner Mari Tanhua. After two of their sons died at an early age, Hihnavaara's alcoholism took a turn for the worse. In winter 1936, he contracted severe pneumonia, and although he recovered, the illness left him with a heart condition. In January 1938, he died of a heart attack in his sleep at the age of 55 in Sodankylä. After his death, Mosku became a popular character in Finnish Lapland folktales and wilderness genre literature. Finnish author Sakari Kännö published his biography in 1992, and a movie based on the book appeared in 2003.
The Finnish author Lauri Hihnavaara is the son of Aleksi Hihnavaara and Mari Tanhua.
Sources
Kännö, Sakari, Mosku: kertomus poromies Aleksanteri Hihnavaarasta ja Lapin kenraali Kurt Martti Walleniuksesta vuosina 1900-1938, Porvoo 1992 .
References
1882 births
1938 deaths
People from Sodankylä
People from Oulu Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side) |
请描述土拉弗朗西斯菌的亚种？1911年在加利福尼亚州土拉县首次发现兔热病，并于1912年从黄鼠狼体内分离出该病的病原体，命名为土拉杆菌。土拉弗朗西斯菌在地理上可分型为2个亚种：两个地理亚种的免疫原性不同。土拉弗朗西斯菌含有2种主要抗原，即表面抗原和荚膜抗原。Vi抗原与毒性和免疫原性有关，丧失Vi抗原的菌株失去毒性和免疫原性。土拉弗朗西斯菌和布鲁氏菌有共同抗原成分。 |
All Souls' Church, Blackman Lane, in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is a large Victorian Church of England parish church. Worship at All Souls is in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England.
History
All Souls' Church was built by public subscription in one of the poorest districts of Leeds, the Leylands, as a memorial to Dr W. F. Hook, Vicar of Leeds for some 22 years and later Dean of Chichester. A new parish was formed from parts of the parishes of St Matthew, St Mark, and St Michael (Buslingthorpe) extending up to Woodhouse Lane, where it was intended the church should be sited. However, this could not be managed and it was placed on Blackman Lane, which was, however, convenient for the parish inhabitants.
It was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and is the last church he designed before his death in 1878: his son, John Oldrid Scott, took over the supervision of the building. The foundation stone was laid in September 1876; the church was consecrated on 29 January 1880.
The design is simple and impressive in scale: 134 ft in length with aisles both to the nave and chancel, a southwest porch and a baptistery under the northwest tower. Southowram stone with Meanwood dressings was used for the exterior, Harehills stone for the interior. The column supports for the nave arcades are of Park Spring stone. The interior walls are of ashlar stonework.
Between 1968 and 1974 Tennant Hall, formerly the church's Sunday Schools, was used as the BBC Leeds TV studios, primarily for the nightly local news programme Look North. In 1974 the BBC moved to new, purpose-built studios nearby at Broadcasting House, Woodhouse Lane.
The ornate wooden font cover was donated by the artist Emily Ford in thanksgiving for her own baptism as an adult. She decorated the cover with biblical scenes in which the characters have the faces of her friends and fellow campaigners. The West Yorkshire branch of the Victorian Society raised £6,000 in 2013 to enable Ford's eight painted panels to be cleaned and restored by David Everingham.
The great rood cross carved in lime wood hanging above the choir shows “Christ Triumphant on the Cross" by John Francis Kavanagh and was a memorial to Cecil, Walter Hook's son, the first priest of All Souls'.
Organ
The organ was built in 1877 by Abbott and Smith, and restored in 1906 and 1938 by the same builder. It was restored by Wood Wordsworth and Co in 1976, and by John T Jackson in 1997. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
The ornate organ case was designed by A. Crawford Hick.
Organists
Frederick William Hird (1826–1887)
John Pew Bowling (1851–1886): resigned as organist a short time before his death on 10 July 1886.
Hugh Mulleneux Lawrence: organist 1887–1896
Thomas James Hoggett: 1896–1901
Newell Smith Wallbank: ????–1911
Charles Legh Naylor: 1911–1917
Dr Richard Henry Hargrave (1875-1952)????–????
Keith Senior: 2008–present
Services
Sunday services offer Anglo-Catholic liturgy, with full lay involvement and children's talk.
Sunday
11.00 Sung Mass
Wednesday
10.30 Mass
See also
List of new churches by George Gilbert Scott in Northern England
Grade II* listed buildings in Leeds
Listed buildings in Leeds (Hyde Park and Woodhouse)
References
Gallery
External links
Church website
All Souls', Leeds at achurchnearyou.com
Churches in Leeds
Leeds
Listed buildings in Leeds
Grade II* listed churches in West Yorkshire
Leeds, All Souls' Church
George Gilbert Scott buildings
Churches completed in 1880
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Leeds |
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| 小行星442039 || || 2002年1月19日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442040 || || 2010年8月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442041 || || 2005年10月6日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442042 || || 2010年9月2日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442043 || || 2010年9月2日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442044 || || 2010年9月2日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442045 || || 2005年10月1日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442046 || || 2001年9月23日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442047 || || 2010年9月4日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442048 || || 2005年8月31日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442049 || || 2010年8月6日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442050 || || 2007年2月26日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442051 || || 2010年9月4日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442052 || || 2010年9月6日 || 索科罗 || 林肯近地小行星研究小组
|-
| 小行星442053 || || 2007年1月17日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442054 || || 2010年9月5日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442055 || || 2007年1月28日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442056 || || 2010年9月6日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442057 || || 2010年9月7日 || La Sagra || OAM
|-
| 小行星442058 || || 2010年9月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442059 || || 2005年11月6日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442060 || || 2010年9月11日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442061 || || 2008年3月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442062 || || 2010年9月11日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442063 || || 2010年9月11日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442064 || || 2009年3月18日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442065 || || 1999年10月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442066 || || 2010年8月6日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442067 || || 2003年4月26日 || 帝王台 || 帝王台近地天體巡天
|-
| 小行星442068 || || 2010年9月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442069 || || 2010年9月15日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442070 || || 2010年9月15日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442071 || || 2005年10月30日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442072 || || 2010年9月15日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442073 || || 2010年9月15日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442074 || || 2007年1月17日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442075 || || 2007年1月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442076 || || 2010年9月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442077 || || 2010年9月10日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442078 || || 1999年11月5日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442079 || || 2003年4月5日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442080 || || 2008年3月5日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442081 || || 2002年1月14日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442082 || || 2010年9月14日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442083 || || 1999年9月14日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442084 || || 2005年10月31日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442085 || || 2007年3月10日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442086 || || 2006年1月25日 || 卡特林那 || 卡特林那巡天系统
|-
| 小行星442087 || || 2010年9月17日 || 卡特林那 || 卡特林那巡天系统
|-
| 小行星442088 || || 1999年10月3日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442089 || || 2010年9月2日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442090 || || 2007年2月21日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442091 || || 2010年9月19日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442092 || || 2008年3月12日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442093 || || 2005年11月3日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442094 || || 2007年3月14日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442095 || || 2005年12月1日 || 莱蒙山 || 萊蒙山巡天
|-
| 小行星442096 || || 2005年11月30日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442097 || || 2005年10月25日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442098 || || 2005年10月6日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|-
| 小行星442099 || || 2010年7月6日 || 廣域紅外線巡天探測衞星 || 廣域紅外線巡天探測衞星
|-
| 小行星442100 || || 2005年10月22日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
|- |
Sig Grava (1934–2009) was an American scholar, professor emeritus, member of the faculty of Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), Columbia University, since 1960, as a professor of Urban Planning.
Grava did his master's degree and Ph.D. at the GSAPP, and was a member of the Planning faculty of this school since 1960. He served as Chairman of the Columbia University Architecture School's Division of Urban Planning from 1970 to 1974, and as Director of the Urban Planning Program in 1990–1993.
1934 births
2009 deaths
Columbia University faculty
American urban planners |
The following lists events that happened during 1949 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Incumbents
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union – Nikolay Shvernik
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
Events
January
25 January – The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) is established by the Soviet Union and other communist nations.
c. 29 January – Stalin and antisemitism: The Soviet media resume a savage propaganda campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a euphemism for Soviet Jews, accusing them of being pro-Western and antisocialist
March
25–28 March – Operation Priboi
May
12 May – Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts the Berlin Blockade
July
10 July – 1949 Khait earthquake
August
29 August – The atomic bomb RDS-1 is exploded in the first Soviet nuclear test
September
13 September – The Soviet Union vetoes United Nations membership for Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan and Portugal
October
2 October – The Soviet Union recognizes the People's Republic of China, proclaimed on the previous day
November
7 November – Oil is discovered beneath the Caspian Sea, off the coast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
December
25–31 December – Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
Births
29 January – Evgeny Lovchev, footballer
25 February – Viktor Klimenko, Olympic gymnast
26 February – Viktor Ulyanich, boxer
17 March – Pavel Palazhchenko, interpreter
12 June – Yuri Baturin, cosmonaut
3 July – Aleksandr Salnikov, basketball player
3 August – Valeri Vasiliev, hockey player
18 September – Gennady Komnatov, cyclist
23 September – Elena Guskova, historian
2 October – Alexander Aksinin, painter
28 October – Volodymyr Onyshchenko, footballer
21 November
Elena Mikhailovskaya, female draughts player
Anatoliy Kuksov, footballer
23 November – Viktor Poganovsky, Olympic equestrian
See also
1949 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
List of Soviet films of 1949
References
1940s in the Soviet Union
Years in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Soviet Union |
The Shadow of Your Smile is the debut album by the American alternative rock band Friends of Dean Martinez, released in 1995. The band included members of two Arizona bands: Joey Burns and John Convertino, of Giant Sand, and Bill Elm, Tom Larkins, and Van Christian, of Naked Prey. The band changed their name from Friends of Dean Martin right before the album's release, after threat of legal action by Martin's representatives.
The album was considered part of the mid-1990s "Cocktail Nation" trend of instrumental surf and lounge music.
Production
The album was produced by Craig Schumacher and the band. Howe Gelb played organ and piano. Convertino played a vibraphone on the cover of "Ugly Beauty", by Thelonious Monk.
Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "a lot of main writer Burns’ originals have the jivey cool of an Angelo Badalamenti score, but the group's most potent and useful ability is to conjure up romantic visions of the desert at twilight." The Chicago Reader thought that "Elm’s exquisite steel-guitar melodies and the unusual colors and textures of Convertino’s vibraphone formed the core of their countrified instrumental pop, but with the punchy rhythm team of Christian on drums and Larkins on percussive detail they added up to something with considerably more magnitude than kitsch." The Vancouver Sun labeled it "fuzzy wafts of lounge music, maracas, vibraphones and flamenco guitars in full reverberating, stereophonic sound with a '60s flare."
New York called the band's versions of "Misty" and "The Shadow of Your Smile" "hilarious, spooky, and beautiful." Rolling Stone determined that "the Friends sound like the house band in a ghost-town saloon, lacing their slow jams with the parched twang of landlocked surf music and the creamy scream of Bill Elm's slightly fuzzed pedal steel." The Gazette deemed the album "lounge music for air-conditioned cocktail bars in the arid middle of nowhere."
AllMusic called the album "a post-modern fusion of Santo & Johnny, Dick Dale and the Ventures, with a heaping side order of Tex-Mex border music."
Track listing
References
1995 albums
Sub Pop albums |
酒精肝不能吃什么食物好？酒精肝的患者首先不要再喝酒，也不能吃过多的高脂肪的食物，多吃新鲜蔬菜水果，不要吃辛辣刺激和干硬的食物。要注意饮食均衡。了解了酒精肝不能吃什么了，那么来看一下酒精肝可以吃哪些食物？酒精肝，全称为酒精性脂肪肝，是酒精性肝病中最早出现，最为常见的病变。酒精肝是由于长期大量饮酒（嗜酒）所致的肝脏损伤性疾病。轻度酒精性脂肪肝多无症状，中、重度酒精性脂肪肝可呈现类似慢性肝炎的表现，如轻度全身不适、倦怠、易疲劳、恶心呕吐、食欲不振、腹胀等。1、绝对禁酒。2．选用去脂牛奶或酸奶。3．每天吃的鸡蛋黄不超过2个。4．忌用动物油；植物油的总量也不超过20克。5．不吃动物内脏（即下水、下货）、鸡皮、肥肉及鱼籽、蟹黄。6．忌食煎炸食品。7．不吃巧克力。8、常吃少油的豆制品和面筋。9．每天食用新鲜绿色蔬菜500克。10．吃水果后要减少主食的食量，日吃一个大苹果，就应该减少主食50克。11．山药、白薯、芋头土豆等，要与主食米、面粉调换吃，总量应限制。12．每天摄入的盐量以5——6克为限。13．葱、蒜，姜、辣椒等“四辣”可吃，但不宜多食。14．经常吃鱼、虾等海产品。15、降脂的食品有：燕麦、小米等粗粮，黑芝麻、黑木耳、海带、发莱以及菜花等绿色新鲜蔬菜。16.如果肪肝引起肝功能异常，或者转氨酶升高时，应在医生指导下服用降脂药、降酶药物和鱼油类保健品，但不宜过多服用。 |
轻度宫颈糜烂多久可以自愈吗？宫颈糜烂大多数是假性糜烂，是由于雌激素水平比较高造成的柱状上皮外移。其实现在所说的宫颈糜烂，应该是指慢性宫颈炎症。慢性宫颈炎症是由于频繁的性生活，或者是分娩、流产等导致宫颈受伤等操作，造成的。有宫颈炎症的话，2~3年做一次宫颈癌筛查就可以了。宫颈糜烂曾经是一个困扰了很多女性的一个疾病。去做体检，几乎是十有八九会被诊断为宫颈糜烂。鳞柱交界区容易受雌激素的影响。女性在青春期之前，卵巢功能没有完善，雌激素低下，柱状上皮就靠内侧些，到了来月经以后，柱状上皮就受雌激素的影响下，更多地朝外侧发展，因此就有更多的类似“糜烂”一样的柱状上皮在宫颈口检查时被发现，绝经以后，女性雌激素水平下降，柱状上皮又开始退回内方，此时检查“糜烂”也就看不见了。所以，本质上上来说，所谓的宫颈糜烂，实际上是柱状上皮外翻。宫颈柱状上皮异位属正常生理现象，没有什么特殊的临床表现。有些人可能会有接触性出血的表现，但只是宫颈的个体差异，就象有些人嚼点硬东西，牙齿或者口腔就会出点血。宫颈柱状上皮异位不需要进行任何治疗，现在诸多治疗宫颈糜烂的方法，都是错误的。但对于有症状的宫颈炎，需要进行治疗。急性炎症用栓剂药物治疗，慢性炎症可以采用激光或者冷冻等物理治疗的方法。轻度的宫颈糜烂，选择一两种药物治疗就可以了。如果想要彻底治疗，治疗的时间应该是在半个月左右。半个月之后要去医院复查，观察治疗效果。短时间之内肯定是不能同房的，一般来说，最少也要恢复一两个月的时间。在生活中多食瘦肉类，青菜类；像白菜莴笋芹菜菠菜黄瓜冬瓜香菇豆腐等。不要吃辛辣温热、刺激性强的食品，会加重盆腔充血、加重炎症。还要禁食桂圆、红枣、阿胶、蜂王浆等热性、凝血性和含激素成分的食品。 |
祖卡木颗粒的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。口服。12g/次，3次/日。 |
Evelyn May Seymour (August 31, 1857 – June 14, 1921) was an American librarian who collaborated closely with Melvil Dewey on the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). Seymour edited eight editions of the DDC.
Biography
Evelyn May Seymour was born on August 31, 1857, in Binghamton, New York.
She studied library science and worked as a cataloger for the Osterhout Free Library and Columbia College. She was one of 20 students in Melvil Dewey's first librarianship class at Columbia College, held from 1887 to 1888. In the spring of 1889, Dewey was appointed New York State Librarian; he took his library school with him from Columbia to Albany, New York. May Seymour was one of the five instructors who moved with it. She also worked at the New York State Library, where she was in charge of classification.
Seymour collaborated closely with Dewey on the development of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and the preparation of the 1904 American Library Association (ALA) catalog, which listed over 8,000 books essential for libraries. In the 1890s, Seymour and Florence Woodworth boarded with the Deweys. Dewey's behavior towards the two women disturbed other members of the ALA, who censured Dewey in 1906.
In February 1906, Edwin Anderson fired Seymour from the New York State Library. Seymour moved to Dewey's Lake Placid Club, where she worked on editing the fourth through eleventh editions of the DDC.
She died in Lake Placid on June 14, 1921.
References
American librarians
1857 births
1921 deaths
People from Binghamton, New York
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American women librarians |
Pierce Transit, officially the Pierce County Public Transportation Benefit Area Corporation, is an operator of public transit in Pierce County, Washington. It operates a variety of services, including fixed-route buses, dial-a-ride transportation, vanpool and ride-matching for carpools. The agency's service area covers the urbanized portions of Pierce County, part of the Seattle metropolitan area, and includes the city of Tacoma. In , the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of .
History
Public transportation in Pierce County historically focused on the city of Tacoma, which laid its first streetcar lines in 1888. The streetcars were phased out in the 1930s and replaced with citywide bus service, with the last line closing in 1938. The operators of the streetcar and bus systems, Tacoma Transit Company, was acquired by the city government in 1961 for $750,000. Under city ownership, the system was funded by a $0.75 monthly household tax first levied in 1965.
A public transportation benefit area (PTBA) was created in 1979 with the goal of establishing a countywide bus system. On November 6, 1979, voters in Tacoma approved a 0.3 percent sales tax to fund a new transit system, initially named the Pierce County Public Transit Benefit Area Authority, that would eventually expand to cover the county. The Pierce County PBTA took over Tacoma Transit's routes on January 1, 1980, and over the following year annexed other systems throughout the county. The takeover of Tacoma Transit was done on a temporary agreement while a final cost for the system was under negotiation. The agency adopted its new name, "Pierce Transit", in June 1980; the name "Tahoma Transit" was favored by staff, while board members proposed "The Bus" and "GO".
Pierce Transit began expanding outside of Tacoma on July 1, 1980, with new routes to Federal Way, Fife, Milton, Puyallup, Sumner, Fort Lewis, and McChord Air Force Base. The Federal Way route was created through an agreement with Metro Transit, King County's system, to provide a seamless transfer to an existing express route to Downtown Seattle. These new routes competed with an existing private operator, who filed a lawsuit to halt Pierce Transit's expansion after negotiations broke down. Under threat of a potential injunction from the Pierce County Superior Court, a tentative agreement was reached between Pierce Transit and the operator, who would operate new routes under a contract with the agency.
Pierce Transit began operating direct express bus service from Lakewood and Tacoma to Downtown Seattle on September 17, 1990. The routes were later converted into Sound Transit Express routes, funded by the regional transit authority and operated by Pierce Transit, in 1999. The agency opened its central bus hub at Tacoma Dome Station in 1997, where Sounder commuter rail and Tacoma Link light rail service began operating in 2000 and 2003, respectively.
The passage of Initiative 695 in 1999 eliminated the use of motor vehicle excise tax, a funding source for local transit throughout the state, leading to service cuts at Pierce Transit despite it later being ruled unconstitutional by the Washington Supreme Court. In 2000, 14 percent of service was reduced and a fare increase was set to temporarily make up for revenue from the tax, which made up 38 percent of the agency's operating budget. Voters approved a 0.3 percent sales tax increase to fund transit service during a special election in February 2002, preventing a planned cut in bus service of up to 45 percent, and up to 25 percent for paratransit.
Funding crisis
In 2012, Pierce Transit argued that it was in an unsustainable state due to its reserves running out, and as a result, must cut service by 53% in order to become sustainable again. Pierce Transit argued that if taxes within its service area were increased by 0.3%, Pierce Transit would not have had to cut service, and instead could have improved service by 23%. Opponents of the 0.3% tax increase in Pierce County (also known as Proposition 1) advertised a sales tax increase to 10.1% (the "highest on the West Coast"), but in reality that rate would have only applied to motor vehicles due to the state motor vehicle sales and use tax. Most taxable goods and services would have been taxed at the rate of 9.8%.
Pierce Transit proposed a similar increase in sales tax in 2011, which was eventually rejected by the public. Proposition 1, proposed in the 2012 general election, has also been rejected by the public.
In May 2012, the cities of Bonney Lake, Buckley, DuPont, Orting, and Sumner withdrew from the boundaries of Pierce Transit's service area, which shrunk to .
During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Pierce Transit laid off or furloughed 90 employees amid a projected revenue cut of $47 million due to low ridership and sales tax returns.
Stream bus rapid transit
Pierce Transit plans to build a bus rapid transit system, named "Stream", on several existing corridors. The first line, the Community Line on Pacific Avenue between Tacoma and Spanaway, is planned to replace a section of Route 1. The Pacific Avenue line is planned to have 32 total stations, including curb-side and median stations, and of dedicated bus lanes. It was originally scheduled to begin construction in 2021 and open in 2024 at a cost of $95 million, with funds from Sound Transit 3 and the federal government.
In August 2023, the board of commissioners voted to defer work on the bus rapid transit project due to its six-year delay and $150 million cost increase. In its place, Pierce Transit plans to improve Route 1 service on Pacific Avenue in 2024 with an "enhanced" express service that serves 14 stops and uses transit signal priority. The agency has also studied several four additional routes for future expansion of the Stream bus rapid transit system to serve Lakewood, South Tacoma, and Puyallup.
Administration
Pierce Transit is operated by nine-member Board of Commissioners composed of elected officials throughout the county. The agency is led by the chief executive officer, who is appointed by the board. Since 2021, this position has been held by Mike Griffus. A staff of approximately 1,000 man the five departments, with over 50% working in Transit Operations.
Police
Pierce Transit contracts with the Pierce County Sheriff's Department for police services. There are currently 16 patrol deputies assigned full-time to Pierce Transit. The command staff of Pierce Transit Police include two Supervising Sergeants and the Transit Police Chief(provided by the Pierce County Sheriff's Department - under contract). The Pierce Transit system is also patrolled by 17 specially commissioned Peace Officers (Public Safety Officers).
Services
As of 2012, Pierce Transit served a area with a population of approximately 557,000. Areas served include Auburn, Edgewood, Federal Way, Fife, Fircrest, Gig Harbor, Joint Base Lewis–McChord, Lakewood, Milton, Pacific, Purdy, Puyallup, Ruston, South Hill, Steilacoom, Tacoma and University Place.
In 2008, 19 million people utilized its services. 272 wheelchair-accessible buses circulate between 3,300 bus stops, 626 bus shelters and 28 park-and-ride lots. Additionally, Pierce Transit runs 11 transit centers and stations. Pierce Transit also provides vanpool, ridematching and express transportation between counties. Disabled passengers who are not able to use Pierce Transit's buses have access to a special transportation system called SHUTTLE.
The agency launched an on-demand ride-hail service, named "Runner", in 2020 to serve the Ruston Way corridor. It was expended to Joint Base Lewis–McChord, Spanaway/Parkland, and the Port of Tacoma in 2021.
Bus routes
Fares
Under 6 ride free with a fare-paying rider; limit is 3.
Passengers aged 6 to 18 pay youth fare.
Summer Youth Pass only valid on Pierce Transit from June to August.
Passengers 19 to 64 pay adult fare unless they have a valid regional reduced fare permit.
Fares last updated on: 3/1/2016
Facilities
Transit Centers
512 Park and Ride
72nd St Transit Center
10th and Commerce (Downtown Tacoma)
Lakewood Transit Center
Lakewood Sounder Station
Parkland Transit Center
South Hill Mall Transit Center
Tacoma Dome Station
Tacoma Mall Transit Center
TCC Transit Center
Fleet
In 1986, Pierce Transit began experimenting with compressed natural gas as a fuel source for its bus fleet by modifying two existing buses, becoming the first agency in the nation to do so. As of 2018, 118 of the 249 buses in the agency's fleet run on compressed natural gas. Other models are diesel–electric hybrids or use electric batteries.
Bus
Shuttle/Bus Plus
Vanpool
Ferry
Steilacoom-Anderson Island Ferry
Adjoining transit agencies
King County Metro
Kitsap Transit
Intercity Transit
Washington State Ferries
References
External links
Bus transportation in Washington (state)
Paratransit services in the United States
Transit authorities with natural gas buses
Sound Transit
Transportation in Pierce County, Washington
1979 establishments in Washington (state)
Transit agencies in Washington (state) |
紀騰蛟（），字兆虬，山東膠州（今膠州市）城南人，明末政治人物。
崇禎十六年（1643年）進士，任兵部武选司主事，迁户部河南司员外郎。弘光朝，治理两浙漕务弁兵横行不法。升浙江宁绍兵备道，改浙江按察司僉事。。明亡後弃官，在扬州出家为僧。
崇祯年間曾修《膠州州志辯》。
参考文献
明朝兵部主事
明朝戶部員外郎
明朝浙江按察司僉事
膠州人
Teng |
男的割皮好还是不好？男人的包皮过长现在是一种非常普遍的现象，有很多男性患者可能会习惯性的去医院就诊，长期如此还特别容易导致男性在身体和心理上有一种潜意识存在。男性如果包皮过长又不及时进行手术，会有很多危害。首先如果男人包皮过长的话，就会影响阴茎的发育程度，甚至还会让一些男孩子到了成年之后，还会出现包茎的情况产生，还特别容易造成排尿困难，包皮口红肿的情况发生，这样的话就会导致各种炎症的产生，同房期间可能会使女性出现阴道炎，宫颈炎，甚至诱发癌症的可能。男性包皮过长，通过包皮的摩擦就会使龟头的敏感度增强，特别容易出现早泄的情况，还会造成不孕不育，甚至还会影响夫妻之间的和谐生活，会让男人失去应有的自信心和自尊心，让男人在生活中抬不起头来。并且包皮太长就会把阴茎完全的包裹住，甚至龟头都露不出来，因此男性需要尽早割皮。而且尽早进行割包皮手术也可以预防早泄，避免龟头炎。在进行割包皮手术后，男性在看自己的器官的时候也会舒服很多，因为毕竟只有割过包皮之后看起来才会更加美观的。割包皮手术后要注意护理，避免感染。术后尽量少想或接触色情、淫秽杂志，网络图片及视频。因为接触这些东西导致阴茎勃起后，容易引起术后出血。术后一般除了抗生素外，还应服用防止勃起与止痛的药物。饮食方面尽量吃清淡食物，少吃辛辣，刺激性强的食物。术后可能出现阴茎龟头部不适，这是正常现象。一般过一周左右这种感觉就可逐渐消失。不要及早下床活动，治疗结束后，还是以宽松透气性好的内裤为好。 |
溶血过度所致贫血的诊断是什么？当血红蛋白转变成胆红素的速度，超过肝脏形成胆红素葡萄糖醛酸化合物，和将其排入胆汁的能力时，便出现黄疸(参见第38节)。于是未结合的(间接的)胆红素蓄积。色素分解代谢的增加，亦表现为粪便中的粪胆素及尿液中的尿胆素原增加。色素胆石症常使慢性溶血变得更加复杂。溶血现象一般可根据这些简单指标而查出，但确实可靠的指标是测定红细胞寿命，最好使用不能再利用的示踪物，例如放射性铬(51铬)。所测得的放射示踪的红细胞寿命不仅可判断溶血，而且还可用体表计算法来判明红细胞阻留的部位，从而对诊断和治疗提供依据。一般说来，51铬示踪的红细胞的半寿期18天(正常为28~32天)表明有轻微溶血，此时骨髓的正常反应足以使红细胞数保持正常。当骨髓反应正常并使生成的红细胞数接近正常，称之为"代偿性溶血性贫血"。当表面计算的比例显示脾:肝为>3:1(正常为1:1)时，表明脾脏有选择性的细胞阻留作用，脾切除后可望缓解溶血征象。其他检查(如高间接胆红素血症，粪的尿胆素原增加或CO的产生)或纠正贫血的迹象(如网织红细胞增多)，均可支持溶血的存在但并不能确立溶血的诊断。乳酸脱氢酶增高亦常见。外周血形态学检查可显示红细胞破坏的证据(例如红细胞碎裂，球形红细胞)或红细胞吞噬现象，这有助于确定诊断和病理生理机制(即血管内溶血)。对溶血机制的其他检查还包括血红蛋白电泳，红细胞酶的测定，渗透脆性试验，库姆试验，冷凝集素试验，酸溶血试验或蔗糖溶解试验等。 |
睡觉多梦怎么调理饮食？每个人都做梦。但大多数人醒来后不久就忘记梦了，最多只留下某些感觉。那些醒后还清晰记得梦的内容的，只能是睡眠质量不高，或者是多梦。1.以清淡而富含蛋白质、维生素的饮食为宜。2.参加气功、太极拳等强调精神力锻炼的运动，提高神经的调节能力。3.生活有规律，定时上床，晚餐不宜过饱，睡前不饮茶和咖啡等刺激性饮料。4.睡前不宜洗头，睡前洗头会刺激脑部神经，导致兴奋从而影响睡眠质量。正确的洗头时间应当以睡醒后半小时后最佳，可恢复精力。5.需要放松心情，不可对做梦过分关注，睡前半小时到1小时之间，不宜思考问题或看书等，应作适当的体力活动，避免紧张的脑力活动。也可以吃一些食物来预防如：牛奶、水果、糖水、小米粥、酸枣仁粥、莲子粉粥等。6.不要轻易使用催眠镇静药物，因为药物会导致晨起后困倦感、易成瘾、停药后反弹等副作用。如果出现多梦，从自身心理找原因或者求助于医生。经常吃富含钙和镁的食物有助于改善睡眠。钙和镁并用可以成为人体天然的放松剂和镇定剂，它们的作用是帮助神经传导物质的合成，特别是钙质，具有稳定情绪和抑制交感神经的功效，牛奶这种富含钙质的食物，就是大家公认的助眠食物，睡前喝一杯牛奶，睡得特别香甜，而核桃，杏仁等都是富含镁的食物，可以资料失眠，神经衰弱等症状。人大脑分泌的松果体素和睡眠息息相关，黑夜刺激松果体素的生成，经血液循环作用于睡眠中枢，使人产生困意，白天光照刺激，激素减少分泌，人就会醒来。番茄，玉米等都是富含松果体的食物，有助眠的功效。色氨酸作为人体必须的八种氨基酸之一，它具有促进大脑神经分泌五羟色胺的作用，可以暂时抑制大脑的活动，让人产生睡意。小米，虾米，黑芝麻等食物都富含色氨酸。 |
梅毒疹最先长在哪里,是手面和胳膊上吗？梅毒的发病原因与外伤的感染有一定的关系。梅毒病菌可经皮肤或黏膜上的小小破裂伤口侵入体内，经过潜伏数日，病菌繁殖到足够的数目便开始发病。：在生活中，我们养成一个仔细观察的好习惯。如果我们的身上出现了什么异样的话，不要无所谓，要重视起来。说不定就是疾病的前兆，发现得早，不仅容易，而且危害还小。希望大家一定要把上面的内容记在心里。二期梅毒最常见及较早发生的皮肤损害是梅毒疹。因皮疹颜色像玫瑰，故名玫瑰疹。大小为1厘米左右的椭圆形斑疹，分布广泛对称，在躯干和四肢近端屈侧较多。皮疹无瘙痒的感觉，这是与其他过敏性皮肤病主要区别的地方。皮疹持续数天后颜色开始变暗，约2~3周自行消退，可留有暂时性色素沉着斑。其他类型的皮肤损害还有丘疹型梅毒疹和脓疱型梅毒疹。有一些二期梅毒的病人可在一些皮肤皱摺及潮湿的部位，如肛门、外生殖器、腋窝、乳房下等处，长一些扁平高起肥厚的疣状增生物，表面润湿，称之为扁平湿疣，其上有许多梅毒螺旋体。二期梅毒的皮肤损害还可表现脱发，大小为0.5~1厘米左右的脱发斑，脱发参差不齐，像虫蛀或鼠咬状，可自行复原。梅毒病因主要有不洁性生活史或接触过污染的衣物等，有3周左右外阴，大小阴唇，阴道前后联合，尿道口周围，以及喉、舌、乳房等出现单个红色斑丘疹或丘疹以后，逐渐扩大形成隆起的圆形或椭圆形硬结，以后很快发生糜烂和溃疡，而且反复发作。梅毒患者要坚持早期治疗，足量用药。要积极配合医生的治疗，以减少并发症，及早恢复健康。梅毒患者应禁止性生活，尤其是早期。对于患病两年以上的患者也要尽可能避免性生活，如果进行性生活，一定要是使用避孕套。患者若是有全身反应，做好注意卧床休息，且在患病期间还要注意补充营养，以增强自身的免疫力。 |
副肿瘤性脊髓病的诊断是什么？1.血清和CSF免疫学特异性抗体检查。2.血尿便常规检查。1.神经系统CT、MRI检查，有定位诊断意义。2.神经肌肉电生理学检查。 |
1971年世界大賽是由代表美聯的巴爾的摩金鶯與代表國聯的匹茲堡海盜在世界大賽中對決。金鶯隊連續3年闖進世界大賽，不過他們在世界大賽上3勝4敗不敵海盜。
總結
國聯 匹茲堡海盜（4）- 美聯 巴爾的摩金鶯（3）
† 原訂於10月10日舉行，因雨延期。
逐場結果
第一戰：10月9日
馬里蘭州，巴爾的摩，紀念體育場
2局上，海盜趁著金鶯單局2次守備失誤攻下3分。而法蘭克·羅賓森先在2局下敲出全壘打追回1分。
3局下，Merv Rettenmund在一二壘有人的情況擊出3分砲，一棒逆轉戰局。
5局下，Don Buford也追加一支全壘打。Dave McNally雖然前面遇到亂流，不過他仍然送出完投勝。
第二戰：10月11日
馬里蘭州，巴爾的摩，紀念體育場
吉姆·帕爾默可說是完美壓制了海盜打線，他主投8局送出10次三振僅失3分。
4局下，金鶯靠著單局3次保送與2支安打打下3分。5局下更是一口氣攻下6分大局。Richie Hebner雖然在8局上敲出全壘打避免海盜隊被完封，不過仍躲不掉輸球的命運。
第三戰：10月12日
賓夕法尼亞州，匹茲堡，三河體育場
回到主場的海盜隊派出Steve Blass出戰，而他完投9局送出8次三振僅失1分。
海盜隊在第一局就先馳得點，最後Bob Robertson在7局下的3分砲更是粉碎了金鶯贏球的希望。
第四戰：10月13日
賓夕法尼亞州，匹茲堡，三河體育場
海盜推出Luke Walker先發，不過他在首局上便遭遇亂流。金鶯隊開局連敲3支安打，並靠著捕逸和高飛犧牲打得到3分。
落後3分的海盜，馬上在下半局連敲出2支二壘安打追回2分。3局下Al Oliver的安打更是幫助海盜追平比數。
7局下，2出局一三壘有人的情況下，Milt May敲出關鍵安打，海盜隊超前比數。
海盜隊的第二任投手Bruce Kison年僅21歲，不過他面對衛冕軍主投6.1局僅被敲出1支安打無失分，是海盜隊追平系列賽的關鍵人物。
第五戰：10月14日
賓夕法尼亞州，匹茲堡，三河體育場
海盜隊先發Nelson Briles的表現近乎完美，他完投完封9局僅被敲出2支安打無失分奪勝。另外他們只花了4局就把金鶯王牌Dave McNally打退場，海盜反而取得聽牌優勢。
第六戰：10月16日
馬里蘭州，巴爾的摩，紀念體育場
比賽前半段，Bob Robertson和羅伯托·克萊門特接力幫助海盜得分。而金鶯打線一路沉寂到6局下，Don Buford的全壘打終於幫助球隊破蛋。
7局下，Mark Belanger敲安上壘後盜上二壘成功。並靠著Davey Johnson的安打跑回追平分。
兩隊打進延長賽，10局下，法蘭克·羅賓森獲得保送，並靠著Merv Rettenmund的安打跑上三壘。最後布魯克斯·羅賓森敲出高飛犧牲打幫助金鶯贏得勝利。
第七戰：10月17日
馬里蘭州，巴爾的摩，紀念體育場
最後一場兩邊形成投手戰，羅伯托·克萊門特先在4局上敲出全壘打，而這也是兩隊在前7局唯一的得分。
8局上，威利·史塔格爾和Jose Pagan接連敲安打回第2分。而金鶯隊在下半局靠著Don Buford的滾地球追回一分。不過Steve Blass最終站穩陣腳，9局下送出3上3下，幫助海盜隊贏下世界大賽冠軍。
焦點球員
海盜
羅伯托·克萊門特：世界大賽最後兩場皆開轟，打擊率高達4成14。
Bob Robertson：世界大賽敲出2轟與6分打點為全隊最高。
Steve Blass：世界大賽先發2場全勝，18局投球僅失2分，防禦率只有1。
Bruce Kison：世界大賽初登板主投6.1局僅被敲1安無失分。
金鶯
Dave McNally：世界大賽出賽4場，拿下2勝1敗，防禦率1.98。
吉姆·帕爾默：世界大賽先發2場拿下1勝，防禦率2.65。
布魯克斯·羅賓森：世界大賽敲出7安與5分打點為全隊最高。
Don Buford：世界大賽敲出2轟與4分打點。
法蘭克·羅賓森：世界大賽打擊率2成80，敲出2轟與2分打點。
參考資料
外部連結
Almanac網站上關於1971年世界大賽的頁面
MLB官網裡的1971年世界大賽頁面
Reference網站上關於1971年世界大賽的頁面
1971年世界大賽逐場比賽結果以及每一球詳細紀錄
世界大賽
1971年體育
匹茲堡海盜季後賽
巴爾的摩金鶯季後賽 |
请描述甲硝唑含漱液的药代动力学？本品为局部用药，但可自粘膜部分吸收。吸收后广泛分布于各组织和体液中，且能通过血-脑脊液屏障。60%～80%经肾排泄，其中20%为原形，其余为代谢物。少部分随粪便或从皮肤排泄。 |
金秀秋海棠（学名：）是秋海棠科秋海棠属的植物，是中国的特有植物。分布在中国大陆的广西等地，生长于海拔3,000米的地区，多生长于石山上，目前已由人工引种栽培。
别名
心叶秋海棠（植物分类学报）
参考文献
glechomifolia |
（学名：Marisora）为石龙子科的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
M
M |
妊娠糖尿病适合吃什么零食？妊娠糖尿病（GDM）的临床表现不清楚，是一种慢性进展。对母亲的影响可能发生在怀孕期间。临床诊断困难，需要经过一系列检查才能确诊。有些患者会出现相应的症状，主要是多饮和多尿，但由于孕妇孕期饮食增加、饥饿、子宫增大引起膀胱压、尿频等原因，这些症状往往被掩盖。另外，胎儿在妊娠后期生长过快，可能会导致大体型或羊水过多。临床上应重视高危因素孕妇。常见的高危因素包括家族史、怀孕期间体重迅速增加和老年。有这些因素的孕妇应定期到医院检查。当妊娠糖尿病（GDM）高到需要药物治疗时，胰岛素是唯一的选择。但妊娠期糖尿病较轻时，即血糖不特别高时，无酮症。此时，建议孕妇在胎儿大小与正常孕妇相同的前提下，适当运动，合理控制饮食。如果这样做，血糖监测仍明显超标，可能有必要动员孕妇开始皮下注射胰岛素以控制高血糖。因为持续性高血糖，会带来一定程度的糖毒性，影响胎儿的整个发育，甚至胎儿畸形，也会在妊娠期间带来一系列的风险。因此，当血糖过高不能单独通过饮食和运动来控制时，应及时注射胰岛素来控制高血糖，以控制高血糖毒性引起的一些危害。对于糖尿病患者来说，零食并非绝对禁忌，但应注意品种的选择和使用的控制。糖尿病患者推荐零食：天然坚果，热量高的坚果，必须少吃，建议选择不加调味料或少许盐调味料的略烤坚果。牛奶和豆奶每次可饮用约200毫升。新鲜水果是水果和干果的最佳选择。如果你想选择干果，你应该选择不含糖的干果，并控制干果的数量。一次半打。黄瓜和西红柿由于热量低，对血糖几乎没有影响。他们可以一次吃一个番茄和一个厚黄瓜。总之，糖尿病零食的选择，必须控制用量，尽量选择加工少、油少、盐少、糖少的类型。在进食时间上，最好是在餐间或运动前进食。饭后不要立即吃零食，以免血糖过高。 |
The Steel Swallow was a two-seater runabout produced by the Steel Swallow Automobile Company of Jackson, Michigan from 1907 to 1908.
The Steel Swallow was powered by an 8-hp 2-cylinder air-cooled engine with a friction transmission with an 84-inch wheelbase. The vehicle cost $700 () and was designed by David Dearing. In 1908 a 'Special R.F.D.' light delivery model was available, but the company was out of business before the end of the year.
References
Further reading
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Brass Era vehicles
1900s cars
Cars introduced in 1907
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1907
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1908 |
海螵蛸的宜忌是什么?？《本草经集注》：恶白敛、白及。《蜀本草》：恶附子。《本草经巯》：血病乡热者勿用。 |
Edward Taylor Lewis (October 26, 1834 – April 26, 1927) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana for one term from 1883 to 1885.
Life and career
Lewis was born on October 26, 1834, in Opelousas, Louisiana.
He attended Wesleyan University of Ohio, earning a law degree, and returning to his home state to work as an attorney.
During the American Civil War, he was a Captain in Company G, 2nd Louisiana Cavalry. After the war and Louisiana's Reconstruction, he served one term in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1865 to 1867.
Congress
In 1883, he was elected to Congress, serving one term as a Democrat before an unsuccessful renomination bid. From 1886 to 1892, he again was a member of the state House of Representatives, and he worked at various judgeships between 1886 and 1908.
He then resumed the practice of law, and died on April 26, 1927, in Opelousas.
References
1834 births
1927 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives |
芝诺悖论是古希腊哲學家埃利亚的芝诺提出的一系列关于运动的不可分性的哲学悖论。这些悖论由于被记录在亚里士多德的《物理学》一书中而为后人所知。芝诺提出这些悖论是为了支持他老师巴门尼德关于“存在”不动、是一的学说。这些悖论是芝诺反对存在运动的论证其中最著名的两个是：“阿基里斯追乌龟”和“飞矢不动”。這些方法現在可以用微積分（無限）的概念解釋。
两分法悖论
这裡的“运动”不是距离的概念，而是速度的概念。从A点到B点的运动不仅仅涉及到距离，并且涉及到时间。
阿基里斯悖论
常見的敘述為芝诺提出的追著烏龜的阿基里斯，本悖論因此得其名。芝诺提出让乌龟和阿基里斯赛跑，兩者起點不同，乌龟的起點位於阿基里斯身前1000米处，并且假定阿基里斯的速度是乌龟的10倍。比赛开始后，若阿基里斯跑了1000米，设所用的时间为t，此时乌龟便领先他100米；当阿基里斯跑完下一个100米时，他所用的时间为t/10，乌龟仍然領先他10米；当阿基里斯跑完下一个10米时，他所用的时间为t/100，乌龟仍然領先他1米。芝诺认为，阿基里斯永遠無法追上烏龜。
如柏拉图描述，芝诺说这样的悖论，是兴之所至的小玩笑。首先，巴门尼德编出这个悖论，用来嘲笑“数学派”所代表的毕达哥拉斯的“1>0.999...，1-0.999...>0”思想。然后，他又用这个悖论，嘲笑他的学生芝诺的“1=0.999...，但1-0.999...>0”思想。最后，芝诺用这个悖论，反过来嘲笑巴门尼德的“1-0.999...=0，或1-0.999...>0”思想。
悖論的解決
如果將阿基里斯步行的速度為每秒10m，烏龜爬行的速度為每秒0.1m，
並且在比賽之前，阿基里斯讓烏龜先爬999m，在這種條件下，阿基里斯追趕烏龜所用的時間為：
999 ÷ 10 = 99.9秒
(99.9 × 0.1) ÷ 10 = 0.999秒
(0.999 × 0.1) ÷ 10 = 0.00999秒
· · · · · ·
這些數字，按其先後排列，可以構成一個無限序列：
99.9, 0.999, 0.00999, · · ·
求其和：S = 99.9/(1 −1/100) = 100.909090...秒
因此阿基里斯只要跑101秒，即可超越烏龜。
換個角度說，阿基里斯之所以追不上烏龜，原因在於小前提「由於追趕者首先應該達到被追者出發之點，此時被追者已經往前走了一段距離。」已經限制了阿基里斯追趕的時間(距離)。
因此會得到無限的時間序列。
求極限值
追乌龟亦涉及到极限是否存在的問題。譬如说，阿基里斯的速度改為10m/s，乌龟的速度是1m/s，乌龟原先在阿基里斯前面9m。進行上述步驟後，總共所花的時間應表示為。
其一，關於极限這个无限过程的意義，涉及到與潜无限（potential infinity）的討論。潜无限的性質是无限过程无法完成，故上述級數雖然能无限逼近1，但不能說是等於1──故沒有一個時間點（若有，必須是1）能代表乌龟被追上的時間。在潜无限的框架下，可以假设空间無法无限分割，如此一來此悖论就不存在了。但实无限的理論是，无限过程可以完成，即逼近的過程與其极限等價，故阿基里斯可以追上烏龜。現在的实数，极限，微积分都建立在实无限上。对潜无限来说，实数，极限等都不成立，只能无限逼近。
其二，關於要如何找到該無限過程的極限，歐拉曾提出「」之證明如下：
令
則
兩式相減可得：
故
飞矢不动悖论
但由於箭要達到每一時刻的固定位置必須存在動能，所以箭必須是運動狀態。
這個悖論的問題在于，「飛行」的運動，是依賴于兩個時間點的。即從這一刻到那一刻的時間內，這支箭是否移動。
游行队伍悖论
首先假設在操場上，在一瞬間（一个最小时间单位）裡，相对于观众席Ａ，列队Ｂ、Ｃ将分别各向右和左移动一个距离单位。
ＡＡＡＡ 观众席Ａ
ＢＢＢＢ 队列Ｂ・・・向右移动（→）
ＣＣＣＣ 队列Ｃ・・・向左移动（←）
Ｂ、Ｃ两个列队开始移动，如下图所示相对于观众席Ａ，Ｂ和Ｃ分别向右和左各移动了一个距离单位。
ＡＡＡＡ
ＢＢＢＢ
ＣＣＣＣ
而此时，对B而言C移动了两个距离单位。也就是，队列既可以在一瞬间（一个最小时间单位）裡移动一个距离单位，也可以在半个最小时间单位裡移动一个距离单位，这就产生了半个时间单位等于一个时间单位的矛盾。因此队列是移动不了的。
（四个悖论的叙述引自莫里斯·克萊因《古今数学思想》中译本，Bill Smith对第四个悖论的原文作了修改以说得更清楚些。）
芝諾現象
相關條目
湯姆生的燈悖論
量子芝諾效應
參考文獻
Zhi |
A phantom radio station was a station which did not operate their own radio transmitter, rather leasing unused airtime from a station which owned the transmitter.
In the early days of radio, non-phantom stations (or "physical" stations) only broadcast for a few hours per day. The remaining unused time could then be rented to other stations, who would broadcast through the physical station's equipment. The relatively constant programming also would result in more public interest, who would be encouraged to buy receivers.
In Canada, the Canadian National Railway radio network, based in Toronto provided live national programs also some local programs during their broadcasts leased time on CFCA, CFRB and CKGW. While leasing most of their airtime on other stations, the CNR also owned three stations; CNRA Moncton, CRNO Ottawa and CNRV Vancouver. The network was disbanded in 1932.
The rival Canadian Pacific Railway also operated its own radio network beginning in 1930 under the name CPR Radio, operating in Toronto under the call letters CPRY ('Canadian Pacific Royal York') out of studios at CP's Royal York Hotel while leasing time on CFRB and CKGW.
References
History of radio |
Bogdanovsky rybopitomnik () is a rural locality (a selo) in Nebylovskoye Rural Settlement, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010.
Geography
It is located on the Irmes River, 18 km north from Nebyloye, 43 km east from Yuryev-Polsky.
References
Rural localities in Yuryev-Polsky District |
Van Mahothsav or Vanamahothsava, , is an annual one-week tree-planting festival in India which is celebrated in the first week of July.
History
This is the Indian national tree planting week was organized by Mohinder Singh Randhawa from 20 to 27 July 1947. Randhawa had been inspired by ideas of a forest week, the festival of trees, or arbor days in various countries. The first event of 20 July 1947 was inaugurated with the planting of Bauhinia saplings by Khurshid Ahmad Khan, commissioner of Delhi in the morning and the afternoon, another ceremony was held at the Purana Qila led by the Vice President of the Interim Government, Nehru. Another day was called Ladies Day and involved planting at the Qutub Minar with participants including Lady Mountbatten. Nehru said that It was a matter of surprise to him that so far no interest had been taken in tree plantation. Large tracts of the country had become deserts owing to the negligence of the people who cut trees without realizing their great value. There should be a law that no one should cut a tree unless he had first planted a new one in its place. Gandhi was in Delhi at the time and noted it in his prayer speech "The official who originated the idea of tree planting did not do it for fancy nor was it meant only for the monied men. It began with them so that others would copy them and thus add to the wealth and rainfall of India. Deforestation led to diminished rainfall. Moreover, trees required little care except in the early stages. An acre of land used for growing fruit trees would yield more fruit than a crop of wheat on the same area..." The tradition was continued and made into a national activity in 1950 by the Minister of Food and Agriculture Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi who moved it to the first week of July and renamed it as Van Mahotsav in 1950.
Aims
By encouraging Indians to support tree planting and tending, festival organizers hope to create more forests in the country. It would provide alternative fuels, increase production of food resources, create shelter-belts around fields to increase productivity, provide food and shade for cattle, offer shade and decorative landscapes, reduce drought, and help to prevent soil erosion. The first week of July is just the right time for planting trees in most parts of India since it coincides with the monsoon.
References
Festivals in India
Environment of India
Forests of India
July observances |
Charles Yang (born 1973) is a linguist and cognitive scientist. He is currently Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on language acquisition, variation and change, and is carried out from a broadly Chomskyan perspective.
Yang is a graduate of MIT's AI Lab. His first book, Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language (2002), proposes a model of syntactic acquisition couched within the Principles and Parameters framework. In this model, different grammatical options are associated with different probabilities, which change over time. The model is applied to a number of case studies in language acquisition and historical linguistics. His second book, The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World (2006), is written for a popular audience, and explores acquisition and knowledge of language. Yang's third book, The Price of Productivity: How Children Learn to Break the Rules of Language (2016), won the Linguistic Society of America's Leonard Bloomfield Award. This book deals with the acquisition of linguistic rules with exceptions, and proposes a quantifiable upper bound on the number of lexical exceptions that a grammatical rule can tolerate.
In 2018, Yang was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
References
Books
Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language, London: Oxford University Press 2002
The Infinite Gift: How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World, New York: Scribner's 2006
The Price of Productivity: How Children Learn to Break the Rules of Language, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2016
External links
Personal webpage
1973 births
Living people
21st-century linguists
Linguists from the United States
American cognitive scientists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty |
卵巢肿瘤标志物高1000多是癌吗？卵巢瘤在月经初潮早、绝经晚、未产的妇女发病率高，而分娩次数多，哺乳和口服避孕药的妇女发病危险减少,这种不断排卵的致癌学说，认为排卵造成卵巢上皮细胞的损伤，反复损伤和修复过程促发癌变，遗传因素也是近年来研究的较多的病因之一，多数病例因常染色体显性遗传所致，诊断方法分为超声检查、细胞学诊断、腹腔镜检查、激素测定、淋巴造影还有免疫诊断等方法。肿瘤分为很多种类型，不同类型也就有不同的症状；良性肿瘤是较小的包块一般不产生症状，偶有患侧下腹沉坠或牵痛的感觉，恶性肿瘤为生长迅速，包块多不规则，无移动性，可伴腹水，短期内出现全身症状如衰弱、发热、食欲不振等；功能性卵巢肿瘤症状为生长如粒层细胞瘤，因产生大量雌激素，可引起性早熟的症状，女性特征如体格、乳腺、外生殖器均发育迅速，并出现月经，但不排卵，还有中等大小、蒂部较长的卵巢肿块包括潴留性卵巢囊肿都可发生瘤体和蒂部扭转，一旦扭转，可发生出血和坏死，症状上表现为急腹症，可有腹痛，恶心或呕吐，检查时肿瘤部位腹肌紧张，压痛明显，可有体温升高和白细胞计数增多，肿瘤较大时，压迫邻近器官，可致排尿及排便困难。卵巢肿瘤饮食禁忌需要注意饮食清淡，饮食上一定要确保有充足的营养摄入，满足身体的营养所需；多吃抗肿瘤的食物，多吃些抗肿瘤的食物，这样可以很好地避免卵巢肿瘤再次复发；忌食热性食物，热性的食物可能会刺激卵巢肿瘤的再次复发，肿瘤标志物没有绝对的特异性，但是明显升高，还是考虑卵巢癌可能，应该进一步检查确认病情并且及时的去治疗。肿瘤标志物包括，癌胚抗原，甲胎蛋白，糖链抗原等。癌胚抗原的正常值是小于五点零，甲胎蛋白的正常值是小于二十五，糖链抗原正常值应该是小于两千五，所以卵巢肿瘤标志物高一千多不是瘤，但是平时也应该注意身体和饮食，养成一个良好的习惯，提高自身的免疫力。 |
（学名：Astrodendrum）为筐蛇尾科的一个属。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
Astrodendrum capense (Mortensen, 1933)
Astrodendrum elingamita Baker, 1974
Astrodendrum galapagense A.H.Clark, 1916
Astrodendrum laevigatum (Koehler, 1897)
Astrodendrum pilleri Kroh, 2003
海盘 Astrodendrum sagaminum (Döderlein, 1902)
Astrodendrum spinolosum Okanishi & Fujita, 2018
Astrodendrum spinulosum Okanishi & Fujita, 2018
参考文献
K
K |
因陀罗跋摩三世（Indravarman III、），占城国10世紀的国王（在位：910年代 - 960年左右）。中国史料称他作因德漫。
因陀罗跋摩三世在910年代继承其父訶羅跋摩即位，918年在杨浦那竭罗建立婆迦婆胝女神神祠金像。945年到946年，真腊国王罗贞陀罗跋摩二世攻打占婆，取得女神神像，占婆军将真腊军赶出国境。958年（周世宗显德五年）九月，释利因德漫遣使莆诃散向中国後周朝贡，贡品有洒衣蔷薇水一十五琉璃瓶。出自西域，凡鲜华之衣，以此水洒之则不黦，而复郁烈之香连年不歇。又进猛火油八十四琉璃瓶，是油得水而愈炽，占城国凡水战则用之。第二年六月，占城国进奉使莆诃散进上龙形通犀带一条、菩萨石一片。
參考資料
乔治·马司培罗. 《占婆史》. 冯承钧译. 上海古籍出版社（2014）
《宋史》、《册府元龟·卷九百七十二·外臣部·朝贡第五》
占婆王 |
The ninth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and concluded on March 31, 2019, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Angela Kang, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Denise Huth, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Kang taking over the role of showrunner from Gimple after his promotion to chief content officer for the franchise.
This season adapts material from issues #127–144 of the comic book series and focuses on the aftermath of All Out War. Eighteen months after the defeat of Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) under an alliance of communities spearheaded by Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), the season focuses on the united communities as they face obstacles and dangers both outside and inside their alliance, with the threat of the mysterious Whisperers looming.
The ninth season is the final season for lead actor Andrew Lincoln, who has portrayed Rick Grimes since the series' first season. Lauren Cohan appeared as Maggie Greene in a diminished role and only appeared in the first five episodes of this season due to other commitments; Cohan returned as a series regular in season 10.
Cast
Main cast
The ninth season features nineteen series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon and Tom Payne were added to the opening credits, along with Khary Payton as of the season's sixth episode, after previously being credited as "also starring". Callan McAuliffe and Avi Nash were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles. Samantha Morton joined the cast as a series regular and was added to the opening credits beginning with episode ten.
Starring
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the protagonist of the series. Rick is a former sheriff's deputy from King County, Georgia, and the former leader of the rebuilt Alexandria. He is coping with the recent death of his son Carl, while raising his daughter Judith with his romantic partner Michonne.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick's right-hand man. Daryl is a skilled hunter and a former recruiter for Alexandria. He had been running the Sanctuary since the downfall of Negan but later steps out of the position.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene, Glenn's widow, a mother figure to Enid and the former leader of the Hilltop. She is mother to her and Glenn's child, Hershel. She is at odds with Rick over sparing the life of Negan, the former leader of the Saviors.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, a katana-wielding warrior and Rick's romantic partner. She is also a mother figure to Judith and mother to her and Rick's child.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a survivor who has overcome several traumas, is a skilled and ingenious fighter, and now resides at the Kingdom with her husband Ezekiel.
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a supply runner of Alexandria who served as a liaison to Oceanside, is now at peace with the former Saviors, and resides at the Hilltop.
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a cowardly but intelligent survivor who was instrumental in defeating the Saviors and won back the group's trust. He also secretly has feelings for Rosita.
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, a pragmatic member of the group who was the former partner of the now-deceased Abraham.
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has reconciled his beliefs with what needs to be done to survive.
Ross Marquand as Aaron, a recruiter from Alexandria who lost his boyfriend Eric during the war, and now raises his adoptive daughter, Gracie.
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a survivor of the Hilltop and a daughter figure to Maggie who was learning medicine from Siddiq.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a Hilltop recruiter and Maggie's right-hand man who serves as her voice of reason.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the former leader of the Saviors and previous antagonist, who is incarcerated following his defeat in the previous season.
Khary Payton as Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who helped Rick defeat Negan and his Saviors. He is married to Carol.
Samantha Morton as Alpha, the leader of the Whisperers, a mysterious group of survivors who wear the skins of walkers to mask their presence, and the main antagonist of the second half of the season.
Also starring
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the arrogant, selfish, and treacherous former leader of the Hilltop who is adjusting under Maggie's leadership.
Pollyanna McIntosh as Anne, the former leader of the Scavengers (previously known as "Jadis") who has since integrated into Alexandria.
Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a former member of the Saviors who had defected to Maggie's group during the war against Negan.
Avi Nash as Siddiq, a former vagabond and doctor who was rescued by Carl before his death.
Supporting cast
Alexandria Safe-Zone
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria.
Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, a resident of Alexandria.
Tamara Austin as Nora, a resident of Alexandria and Michonne's friend.
Jennifer Riker as Mrs. Robinson, a resident and gardener of Alexandria.
Lindsley Register as Laura, a former lieutenant of the Saviors and former gardener of the Sanctuary. She defected to Alexandria after the events of the bridge rebuilding.
Matt Mangum as D.J., a former hostile lieutenant of the Saviors and former guardian of the Sanctuary. He also defected to Alexandria after the events of the bridge rebuilding.
Chloe Garcia-Frizzi and Cailey Fleming as Judith Grimes, the daughter of Lori Grimes and Shane Walsh and adopted daughter of Rick and Michonne.
Anabelle Holloway as Gracie, the daughter of a Savior who was killed by Rick during a fight; she is adopted by Aaron.
Elyse Dufour as Frankie, one of Negan's former "wives" and current resident of Alexandria.
Antony Azor as Rick "R.J." Grimes Jr., the son of Rick and Michonne.
The Hilltop
Brett Butler as Tammy Rose Sutton, a resident of the Hilltop and wife to Earl.
John Finn as Earl Sutton, the Hilltop's blacksmith and husband to Tammy.
AJ Achinger as Kenneth "Ken" Sutton, a resident of the Hilltop, son of Earl and Tammy.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop who later becomes the teacher at the community.
James Chen as Kal, a protector and guardian of the Hilltop.
Anthony Lopez as Oscar, a resident of the Hilltop.
Gustavo Gomez as Marco, a supply runner of the Hilltop.
C. Thomas Howell as Roy, a resident of the Hilltop.
Kelley Mack as Adeline, a resident of the Hilltop who has feelings for Henry.
Jackson Pace as Gage, a resident of the Hilltop and Henry's friend.
Joe Ando Hirsh as Rodney, a resident of the Hilltop and Gage's friend.
The Sanctuary
Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, a former lieutenant of the Saviors, and member of a group of rebel Saviors.
Jon Eyez as Potter, a former worker for the Saviors who supports Rick's decision to imprison Negan.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, a former lieutenant of the Saviors who has made peace with Rick's group.
Aaron Farb as Norris, a member of the Saviors and D.J.'s friend who allies himself with Jed.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, a resident of the Sanctuary and one of Negan's former "wives".
Zach McGowan as Justin, a hostile Savior not interested in working together with the other communities and loyal to the order of Negan's leadership.
Rhys Coiro as Jed, a rebellious member of the Saviors who also wants to go back to Negan's ideology and the main antagonist of the first half of the season.
The Kingdom
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, a resident of the Kingdom and Ezekiel's right-hand man who is in a relationship with Nabila.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers and a skilled archer.
Matt Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and the younger brother of the deceased Benjamin. He is also adopted son of Carol and Ezekiel.
Macsen Lintz as young Henry
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom and Jerry's wife.
Oceanside
Sydney Park as Cyndie, a young woman who has become the leader of the Oceanside community following the death of her grandmother, Natania.
Briana Venskus as Beatrice, one of Oceanside's top soldiers and Cyndie's right-hand, who resents the Saviors.
Nicole Barré as Kathy, one of Oceanside's top soldiers.
Avianna Mynhier as Rachel Ward, an aggressive young member of Oceanside.
Mimi Kirkland as young Rachel Ward
Magna's group
Nadia Hilker as Magna, the feisty leader of a small group of roaming survivors.
Eleanor Matsuura as Yumiko, Magna's girlfriend.
Dan Fogler as Luke, a former music teacher who has come to appreciate safety in numbers.
Lauren Ridloff as Connie, a deaf member of Magna's group.
Angel Theory as Kelly, Connie's protective sister and a member of Magna's group.
The Whisperers
Cassady McClincy as Lydia, Alpha's daughter and Henry's love interest.
Scarlett Blum as young Lydia
Ryan Hurst as Beta, the second-in-command of the Whisperers.
The Highwaymen
Angus Sampson as Ozzy, the leader of the Highwaymen, a group of raiders occupying the Kingdom's surrounding areas following the fall of the Sanctuary.
Jason Kirkpatrick as Alek, Ozzy's right-hand man.
Miscellaneous
Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh, Rick's best friend and fellow police officer, who was previously killed by Rick in the second season, appears in one of Rick's hallucinations.
Sonequa Martin-Green as Sasha Williams, a former survivor of Rick's group, who sacrificed herself to help Rick and his survivors against Negan during the seventh season, appears in one of Rick's hallucinations.
Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene, Maggie's father, who was previously killed by The Governor in the fourth season, appears in one of Rick's hallucinations.
Rutina Wesley as Jocelyn, an old friend of Michonne and the leader of a group of orphaned children.
Steve Kazee as Frank, Lydia's father and Alpha's husband, appears in Lydia's flashback.
Episodes
Production
The series was renewed for a ninth season in January 2018. Along with the renewal, it was announced that showrunner Scott M. Gimple would be promoted to chief content officer for both The Walking Dead and its spin-off show Fear the Walking Dead, while writer and co-executive producer Angela Kang would take Gimple's role for The Walking Dead.
Filming for the ninth season began on April 30, 2018, with Greg Nicotero directing the first episode of the season. Michael Cudlitz, who played Abraham Ford, directed the seventh episode of the season.
The ninth season features a redesigned opening credits sequence. The animated title sequence, which is graphic novel inspired, features familiar imagery such as Daryl's motorcycle and crossbow, and Michonne's katana. Kang spoke of the inspiration for the new sequence, "The feel of the season has elements of the Western genre. We're paying homage to some of the iconic moments from the graphic novel. Life is coming out of death. Nature's taking over, while other things are crumbling."
Casting
Most of the cast's contracts had to be renewed for the ninth season and beyond; most of the cast re-signed; the notable exception was Lauren Cohan who plays Maggie Greene. Cohan had sought a pay increase from AMC given her high demand from other networks; while she had signed on to star in a new series, Whiskey Cavalier, for the ABC network, this contract would enable her to participate on The Walking Dead in a limited role. In April, Cohan confirmed she signed on for the ninth season and appeared in the first five episodes.
At the end of the eighth season, former regular Lennie James (as Morgan Jones) was moved to The Walking Deads companion series, Fear the Walking Dead, as showrunner Scott M. Gimple felt there were more stories about Morgan to tell that would be more effective with Fear the Walking Deads smaller cast and narrative approach. In May 2018, it was announced that Avi Nash and Callan McAuliffe, who joined the series in the eighth season as the recurring roles of Siddiq and Alden, respectively, were promoted to series regulars.
In late May, it was reported that the ninth season would be the final season for Andrew Lincoln, who plays lead character Rick Grimes. Lincoln said that as he lives in England and shooting a season takes six months or more, he believed it was time to leave the series to be able to spend more time with his children. He expressed desire to direct an episode in season ten and shadowed director Michael E. Satrazemis during the ninth-season episode "Guardians". In July 2019, it was confirmed Lincoln would not direct in season ten due to scheduling conflicts. Following the broadcast of Lincoln's last episode, AMC announced their plans to create three AMC Original Films to explore events related to Rick's character in the future, starring Lincoln and with the first expected to begin production in 2019. Besides Lincoln, Pollyanna McIntosh (Jadis/Anne) will also star in these films.
Lauren Cohan also announced that this would be her last season on the series, appearing in the first five episodes as Maggie Greene before her departure. Alongside other acting commitments, Cohan felt she had become too comfortable in the role and it was time to move on. She appreciated the opportunity to explore Maggie in her last few episodes, and has not ruled out returning for future seasons based on her future commitments. In October 2019, it was confirmed that Cohan would return in season 11 as a series regular.
In June 2018, it was reported that Jon Bernthal would reprise his role as Shane Walsh for a guest appearance in the ninth season. In July 2018, it was reported that Lauren Ridloff, a deaf actress, would join the series in the ninth season playing Connie, a deaf survivor who communicates through sign language. Also in July 2018, during San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that Samantha Morton was cast in the series regular role of Alpha, the leader of the Whisperers, a villain from the comic book series. Several other recurring roles were announced as well, played by Brett Butler, John Finn, Rhys Coiro, Dan Fogler and Zach McGowan.
On October 6, 2018, the day before the season premiere, the showrunners affirmed Bernthal's return as Shane, as well as Sonequa Martin-Green and Scott Wilson returning to reprise their roles as Sasha Williams and Hershel Greene, respectively, at the New York Comic Con. Wilson died later that day due to leukemia; according to Comicbook.com, Wilson had filmed his scenes previously to be broadcast during the first half of the season.
The ninth season also features the departures of series regulars Xander Berkeley (Gregory), Tom Payne (Paul "Jesus" Rovia), Katelyn Nacon (Enid) and Alanna Masterson (Tara Chambler). Berkeley's character is killed off in the first episode of the season, which was adapted from the comic book. Payne's character is killed off in the mid-season finale, which introduces the Whisperers. This was a major departure from the original comic, where Jesus is still alive and the actor explained, "It's an amazing show and I was so honored to be a part of it, but at the same time, being the same character without anything fun to do is a bit frustrating". Nacon's and Masterson's characters are killed in the penultimate episode of the season; their deaths were adapted from the comic book in which Rosita Espinosa and Ezekiel are among several killed by the Whisperers.
Writing
Angela Kang stated that the season would include a timeskip, which coincides with the comic's narrative after the "All Out War" arc. She stated that they were aiming to give the series a "fresh look and feel", and "focusing a lot on the core character relationships in the show that have kind of been long-lasting, as well as all of our wonderful series regulars". Kang said that the season would "explore what happened as man made objects and structures break down" and "what happens as resources are getting low", giving the season a Western feel. Actor Tom Payne, who portrays Paul "Jesus" Rovia, said the timejump is about a year and a half from the end of the eighth season, giving enough time for survivors to re-establish farming and livestock raising.
A second timeskip occurs towards the end of episode 5, after a helicopter whisks a wounded Rick to safety. The next scene takes place six years later, when a now much older Judith saves a group of survivors from a ring of walkers.
Design
This season introduces the Whisperers, a group of human survivors that have created skins and masks out of walkers that allows them to move among and manipulate walker hordes. For these masks, director Greg Nicotero wanted to change the appearance from the way they are shown in the comic, which gave the masks a type of melting look. Nicotero also did not want to give these masks a look similar to Leatherface's from The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Instead, they opted to make the Whisperers masks immovable similar to Michael Myers' from the Halloween series, which according to Nicotero, "you cannot judge any kind of emotion".
Release
The teaser for the season was released on July 19, 2018, the first day of the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con. The trailer was released on July 20, 2018. The ninth season premiered on October 7, 2018, and the episode was made available a day early via AMC Premiere, the network's on-demand service. The mid-season premiere was made available a week earlier, on February 3, 2019, via AMC Premiere.
Reception
Critical response
The ninth season of The Walking Dead was met with a positive reception, with critics noting its improvement over the two previous seasons. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 89% with an average rating of 7.15 out of 10, based on 22 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Nine seasons in, The Walking Dead feels more alive than ever, with heightened tension and a refreshed pace that rejuvenates this long-running franchise." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 72 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Reviewing the season premiere, Sarah Moran of Screen Rant wrote the episode "feels like the fresh start the series so desperately needs, trading grim wartime for a more peaceful period of growth and reflection" and praised the changes made by new showrunner Angela Kang. Erik Kain of Forbes called the first episode "the best episode since season 6 and better than many in that season as well."
Brandon Davis of Comicbook.com wrote a highly positive review based on the first three episodes, praising the more character-driven narrative. In another review from Comicbook.com, Cameron Bonomolo also praised the first three episodes of the season, writing, "The Walking Dead is now a political drama viewed through the lens of a zombie apocalypse, turning greater focus to more complex character-driven conflict that is at its strongest since the Frank Darabont-led first season." Bonomolo also called the third episode "jaw-dropping" and that it "delivers some of the finest mystery and drama the show has ever seen in its eight-year run." Jeff Stone of IndieWire wrote a positive review based on the first three episodes and gave them an "A−" grade. He called the ninth season a "huge step up for the show" and that the episodes "are as strong as anything the show's done since the heyday of Season 4."
The penultimate episode "The Calm Before" received critical acclaim from critics. In the episode, several characters are killed off; including main characters Enid and Tara Chambler. Alex McLevy writing for The A.V. Club praised the episode, with a qualification of A- and in his review he said: "At best, 'The Calm Before' could be a memorial for what this show has been as it heads toward a new future, a reminder of what it used to look like during its strongest seasons, before reshuffling the undead chessboard of its major players and changing up the nature of its structure and stories. "Warning Signs" showed this was possible, and the Whisperers are an ideal foil by which to engage in some ambitious new ways of dealing with these characters and communities as they enter a new era of existence. True, this show hasn't demonstrated anything like the kind of consistency that would point to such a maneuver; continuing its uneven mix of soap-opera melodrama and intriguing experiments in post-apocalyptic thrills is the likely progression. But as we close the book on season nine and look to the show's 10th(!) year, this was an excellent reminder of what got us all tuning in in the first place."
Ratings
Notes
References
External links
09
2018 American television seasons
2019 American television seasons |
The Fürstenenteignung was the proposed expropriation of the dynastic properties of the former ruling houses of the German Empire during the period of the Weimar Republic. These princes had been deposed in the German Revolution of 1918–19. Dispute over the proposed expropriation began in the months of revolution and continued in the following years in the form of negotiations or litigation between individual royal houses and the states (Länder) of the German Reich. The climactic points of the conflict were a successful petition for a referendum in the first half of 1926, followed by the actual referendum for expropriation without compensation, which failed.
The petition was initiated by the German Communist Party (KPD), who were then joined, with some reluctance, by the Social Democrats (SPD). It was not only the KPD and SPD voters who supported expropriation without compensation. Many supporters of the Centre Party and the liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) were also in favour. In some regions voters of conservative national parties also supported expropriation. Associations of the aristocracy, the churches of the two major denominations, large-scale farming and industrial interest groups as well as right-wing parties and associations supported the dynastic houses. Their calls for a boycott finally brought about the failure of the referendum. Expropriation without compensation was replaced by individual compensation agreements, which regulated the distribution of the estates among the states and the former ruling families.
Politicians and historians have differing interpretations of the events. While the official East German version of history stressed the actions of the Communist Party of the time, West German historians pointed to the substantial burdens that the referendum initiatives put on the cooperation between the SPD and the republican parties of the bourgeoisie. Attention is also drawn to the generational conflicts that emerged in this political dispute. The campaign for expropriation without compensation is also sometimes seen as a positive example of direct democracy.
Developments up to the end of 1925
The 1918 November Revolution ended the reign of the ruling dynasties in Germany. These found themselves in a position of having to abdicate power and, given the new overall political situation, did this voluntarily or were deposed. Their property was seized, but they were not immediately dispossessed, in contrast to the situation in Austria.
There were no seizures of assets at the national level because there was no corresponding property. The national authorities did not implement a nationwide policy but left it up to the individual states. In addition the Council of the People's Deputies was concerned that any such seizures of property might encourage the victors to lay claim to the confiscated estates for reparations.
Article 153 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 guaranteed property, but the article also provided for the possibility of seizure of assets in the public interest. Such a seizure of assets was permitted only on the basis of a law and the dispossessed were entitled to "reasonable" compensation. The article provided for recourse to the courts in case of disputes.
The negotiations between the governments of each state and the royal houses were protracted because of the differing views on the level of compensation. The negotiating parties often struggled with the question of what the former rulers were entitled to as private property, as opposed to those possessions which they held only in their capacity as sovereign. On the basis of Article 153 of the Constitution, some royal houses demanded the return of all their former property and compensation for lost income. The situation was complicated by the decreasing value of money as a result of inflation, which reduced the value of compensation payments. For this reason, some of the royal families subsequently contested agreements that they had previously concluded with the states.
The properties concerned were of considerable significance to the economy. The smaller states, especially, depended for their existence on being able to get control of the major assets. In Mecklenburg-Strelitz, for example, the disputed land alone represented 55 per cent of the area of the state. In other, smaller, states the figure was 20 per cent to 30 per cent of the area. In larger states like Prussia or Bavaria, however, the percentage of disputed land was of little significance, but the absolute sizes involved were equivalent to duchies elsewhere. The demands of the royal houses totalled 2.6 billion marks.
In the courts, the mostly conservative and monarchist judges repeatedly decided in favour of the royal houses. A Reichsgericht judgment of 18 June 1925, in particular, was the cause of public resentment. It struck down a law which the USPD-dominated State Convention of Saxe-Gotha had passed on 31 July 1919 for the purpose of the confiscation of all the demesne land of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The judges held this state law to be unconstitutional. They returned all the land and forest to the former ruling house. The total value of the assets returned amounted to 37.2 million gold marks. At the time, the head of the dynastic house was Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, an avowed enemy of the Republic.
Prussia also negotiated for a long time with the House of Hohenzollern. The first attempt to reach agreement failed in 1920 against the resistance of the Social Democrats in the Prussian parliament; a second attempt failed in 1924 because of opposition from the House of Hohenzollern. On 12 October 1925, the Prussian Ministry of Finance submitted a new draft agreement, which was heavily criticized by the public, however, because it provided for about three-quarters of the disputed real estate to be returned to the princely house. This settlement was opposed not only by the SPD but also by the DDP, turning against its own finance minister Hermann Hoepker-Aschoff. In this situation, the DPP submitted a bill to the Reichstag on 23 November 1925. This would empower the states to pass state laws regulating property disputes with the former princely houses, against which there would be no legal recourse. The SPD had few objections to this, having previously drafted a similar bill itself.
Initiative for a petition for a referendum
Two days later, on 25 November 1925, the Communist Party also initiated a bill. This did not provide for any balancing of interests between the states and the royal houses, but instead specified expropriation without compensation. The land was to be handed over to farmers and tenants; palaces were to be converted into convalescent homes or used to alleviate the housing shortage; and the cash was to go to disabled war veterans and surviving dependants of those who had fallen in the War. The bill was addressed less to the parliament, where it was unlikely to gain a majority, as to the populace. The petition for a referendum was meant to allow the people to express its will for a radical change in the ownership of property, first of all with respect to the seized property of the ruling houses.
The Communists realised that such a legislative initiative was attractive at a time of rising unemployment, mainly due to the sharp economic downturn since November 1925, as well as what was known as the "rationalisation crisis". Also, the recent hyperinflation was still in people's minds. This had shown the value of real estate, which is what was available for distribution. In line with the united front policy, the Communist Party initiative aimed at regaining lost voters and possibly also appealing to the middle classes, who were among the losers of inflation. As part of this strategy, on 2 December 1925, the Communist Party invited the SPD, the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; ADGB; General German Trade Union Federation, the Allgemeiner freier Angestelltenbund (English: General Free Federation of Employees), the German Civil Service Federation, the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold and the Rotfrontkämpferbund (Red Front League) to join in starting a petition for a referendum.
At first, the SPD reacted negatively. The Communist Party's efforts to drive a wedge between the social-democratic "masses" and the SPD "fat cat" leaders was too transparent. In addition, the SPD leadership still saw the possibility of resolving the disputed issues by parliamentary means. Another reason for reservations about the initiative was the prospect of failure. More than half of all eligible voters in Germany, nearly 20 million voters, would have to vote yes in a referendum if the law had the effect of amending the constitution. However, in the preceding national election of 7 December 1924, the KPD and the SPD had achieved only about 10.6 million votes.
In early 1926, the mood within the SPD changed. Discussions on the inclusion of social democrats in the national government finally broke down in January, so the SPD was then able to concentrate more on opposition politics. This was also the reason for rejecting another bill that had been drawn up by the second cabinet of Hans Luther. This bill, which was finally presented on 2 February, provided for a new legal construction to handle the issue. A special court under the chairmanship of the Supreme Court President Walter Simons would have sole responsibility for the assets disputes. There was no provision for review of existing agreements between the states and the former ruling houses. Compared with the parliamentary initiative of the DDP from November 1925, this was a development that was favourable to the former ruling houses. For the SPD leadership, these factors were important but secondary; the main reason for the change of mood in the SPD leadership was something else: at the base of the SPD, there was a clear support for the legislative initiative of the Communist Party, and the party leadership feared significant loss of influence, members and voters if they ignored this sentiment.
On 19 January 1926, the chairman of the Communist Party, Ernst Thalmann, called upon the SPD to participate in what was called the Kuczynski Committee. This ad hoc committee, which was formed in mid-December 1925 from people associated with the German Peace Society and the German League for Human Rights, was named after the statistician Robert René Kuczynski and was preparing a petition for a referendum for the expropriation of the former ruling houses. About 40 different pacifist, leftist and communist groups belonged to it. Within the committee, the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations had the greatest importance. As late as 19 January, the SPD still rejected the Communist Party's proposal to join the Kuczynski Committee and, instead, asked the ADGB to mediate talks. These talks were intended to present to the people, in a petition for a referendum, a bill for the expropriation of the former ruling houses that had the support of as many groups as possible. The ADGB acceded to this request.
The talks between the KPD, the SPD and the Committee Kuczynski, which were moderated by the ADGB, began on 20 January 1926. Three days later, they agreed on a common bill. The bill provided for the expropriation of the former rulers and their families "for the public good". On 25 January, the bill went to the Ministry of the Interior with the request to quickly set a date for a petition for a referendum. The ministry scheduled the petition for the period for 4–17 March 1926. So far, the united front tactic of the Communists was successful only in the technical sense: the SPD and KPD had drawn up an agreement on the production and distribution of petition lists and posters. A united front in the political sense was still soundly rejected by the SPD. They made a point of carrying out all agitation events alone, not jointly with the Communist Party. Local organizations of the SPD were warned against any such advances from the Communist Party and censured where any such offers had been accepted. The ADGB also made public that there was no united front with the Communists.
As well as the workers' parties, the referendum campaign was publicly supported by the ADGB, the Red Front League and a number of prominent figures, such as Albert Einstein, Käthe Kollwitz, John Heartfield and Kurt Tucholsky for the referendum. The opponents of the project, with varying degrees of commitment, were mainly to be found in the bourgeois parties, the Reichslandbund (National Land League), numerous "national" organizations, and the churches.
Result of the petition for a referendum
The petition for a referendum, carried out in the first half of March 1926, underlined the capacity of the two workers' parties to mobilize people. Of the 39.4 million eligible voters, 12.5 million entered themselves in the official lists. The minimum participation of ten per cent of the voters was thus exceeded by a factor of more than three.
The number of votes that the KPD and SPD had achieved in the Reichstag elections in December 1924 was exceeded by almost 18 per cent. Particularly striking was the high level of support in the strongholds of the Centre Party. Here, the number of supporters of the petition was much higher than the total number of votes received by the KPD and SPD.at the previous general election. Even domains of liberalism such as Württemberg exhibited similar trends.
Particularly marked were the gains recorded in large cities. Expropriation without compensation was supported not just by supporters of the workers' parties but also by many voters in the centre and right-wing parties.
In rural areas, however, there was often strong resistance to the petition. In particular in East Elbia, the KPD and SPD could not achieve the results of the last general election. Administrative obstacles to the referendum and threats by large farming employers towards employees had an effect. In Lower Bavaria in particular, there was a similar below-average participation. Bavaria had the second lowest participation, after the tiny state of Waldeck, The Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and the Catholic Church vigorously and successfully advised against taking part in the petition. Also, a largely uncontroversial agreement with the House of Wittelsbach had been successfully negotiated in 1923.
Preparation and outcome of the referendum
On 6 May 1926, the bill for expropriation without compensation was voted on by the Reichstag. Because the bourgeois parties were in the majority, it failed by a vote of 236 to 142. Per Article 73, paragraph 3 of the Weimar Constitution, if the bill had been adopted without amendment, a referendum would have been avoided.
On 15 March, before the bill failed in the Reichstag, President Hindenburg had already added another hurdle to the success of the referendum. On that day, he informed Justice Minister Wilhelm Marx that the intended expropriations did not serve the public interest but represented nothing more than fraudulent conversion of assets for political reasons. This was not permitted by the Constitution. On 24 April 1926, the Luther government expressly confirmed the President's legal opinion. For this reason, a simple majority was not sufficient for the success of the referendum, and it needed support from 50 per cent of those eligible to vote, about 20 million voters.
Because it was not expected that these numbers would be achieved, the government and the parliament began to prepare for further parliamentary discussions on the issue. These talks were also affected by the notification that any laws giving effect to the expropriation would have the intended effect of changing the constitution, meaning that they would require a two-thirds majority. Only a law that could expect the support of parts of the SPD, on the left, and parts of the DNVP, on the right, would have had a chance of succeeding.
It was expected that on 20 June 1926 the number of those in favour of expropriation without compensation would be higher. There were a number of reasons to expect that: because the vote in June would be decisive, greater mobilization of the voters on the left could be expected than in the March petition. The failure of all previous attempts at parliamentary compromise had lent support to those voices in the bourgeois parties that were also in favour of such a radical change. For example, youth organizations of the Centre Party and the DDP called for a "yes" vote. The DDP was split into supporters and opponents. The party leadership, therefore, left it to the DDP supporters to choose which side they would vote for. In addition, those organizations that represented the interests of the victims of inflation, now recommended voting for the expropriation.
Two additional factors put pressure on the opponents of the referendum, who had united on 15 April 1926 under the umbrella of the "Working Group Against the Referendum". As with the petition, the opponents of the referendum included right-wing associations and parties, agricultural and industrial interest groups, the churches, and the Vereinigung Deutscher Hofkammern, the association representing the interests of the former federal Princes:
Firstly, the home of Heinrich Class, the leader of the Pan-German League, had been searched at the behest of the Prussian Interior Ministry. This revealed comprehensive plans for a coup. Similar evidence was turned up by searches involving his employees.
Secondly, on 7 June 1926, excerpts of a letter which Hindenburg had written to Friedrich Wilhelm von Loebell, the President of the Reichsbürgerrat, on 22 May 1926 were published. In this letter, Hindenburg called the plebiscite a "grave injustice" that showed a "deplorable lack of sense of tradition" and "gross ingratitude". It was "contrary to the principles of morality and justice". For the background to the correspondence, see Jung 1996, p. 927–940. Hindenburg tolerated the use of his negative words on posters by the expropriation opponents, which laid him open to the accusation that he was not aloof from party politics but was openly supporting the conservatives.
The expropriation opponents increased their efforts. Their core message was the claim that the proponents of the referendum were not just interested in the expropriation of the princes' property but intended the abolition of private property as such. The opponents called for a boycott of the referendum. This made sense from their perspective because each abstention (and each invalid vote) had the same effect as a "no" vote. The call for a boycott practically turned the secret ballot into an open one.
The opponents of the referendum mobilized substantial financial resources. The DNVP, for instance, deployed significantly more money in the agitation against the referendum than in the election campaigns of 1924 and more than in the general election of 1928. The funds for the agitation against the referendum came from contributions from the dynastic families, from industrialists, and from other donations.
As with the petition, especially east of the Elbe, farm workers were threatened with economic and personal sanctions if they participated in the referendum. There were attempts to scare small farmers by saying that it was not just about the expropriation of the princes' property but about livestock, farm equipment and land for all farms. Also, on 20 June 1926, the opponents held festivals with free beer keep people from voting.
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) exacerbated the populist dimension by demanding not the expropriation of the Princes' property but of Jewish immigrants' who had entered Germany since 1 August 1914. Initially, the left wing of the NSDAP, centered on Gregor Strasser, favoured the Nazis supporting the expropriation campaign, but Adolf Hitler rejected this demand at the meeting of the party leadership in Bamberg on 14 February 1926. Alluding to a speech by the Emperor in August 1914, he said, "For us there are now no princes, only Germans."
On 20 June 1926, of the approximately 39.7 million voters, nearly 15.6 million (39.3 per cent) cast their vote. About 14.5 million voted "yes"; about 0.59 million voted "no" . About 0.56 million votes were invalid The referendum therefore failed because less than the required 50 per cent of voters participated.
The expropriation without compensation had again been supported in the strongholds of the Centre Party. The same was true of large urban electoral districts. There too, the referendum had appealed to voters from the middle-class, national, conservative spectrum. Although in some cases, there were more votes cast than in the petition for a referendum, the support from the agricultural parts of the country (especially east of the Elbe) was again below average. The participation rate was also low in Bavaria, compared to other regions, despite the overall increase compared with the petition.
After the referendum
No lasting trend to the left was associated with this result despite fears by some opponents of the expropriation and hoped for by some sections of the SPD and the KPD. Many traditional voters of the DNVP, for example, voted for the referendum only as a response DNVP's broken electoral promise of 1924 to provide reasonable compensation for inflation losses. Also, the permanent ideological conflicts between the SPD and KPD had also not been overcome by virtue of the joint petition and referendum campaigns. On 22 June 1926, the Communist Party newspaper Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag) had claimed that the Social Democratic leaders had deliberately sabotaged the referendum campaign. Four days later, the Central Committee of Communist Party were saying that the Social Democrats were now secretly supporting the "shameless robbery" by the princes.
That assertion referred to the SPD's willingness to continue seeking a legislative resolution to the dispute in the Reichstag. For two reasons, the SPD expected considerable opportunities for influencing a legislative solution at the national level, even if such a law needed a two-thirds majority. First, they interpreted the referendum as strong support for social democratic positions. Second, Wilhelm Marx's (third) government was flirting with the idea of including the SPD in the government, in other words with the formation of a grand coalition, which would necessitate first entertaining social democratic demands. However, after lengthy negotiations, the changes to the government bill for compensation of the princes were finally rejected: there was to be no strengthening of the lay element in the Reich special courts; the SPD suggestion that the judges of that court should be elected by the Reichstag was also rejected; there was also no provision for resumption of property disputes that had already been settled but on unfavourable terms for the states.
On 1 July 1926, the leadership of the SPD parliamentary party nevertheless tried to convince the SPD parliamentarians to accept the bill, which was to be voted on in the Reichstag the next day. But they refused. This price for being included in a new national government was too high for most of them. They could also not be convinced by the arguments of the Prussian government under Otto Braun and the words of the Socialist Group of the Prussian Landtag, who also wanted a national law, so as to be able to settle the disputes with the Hohenzollerns on this basis.
On 2 July 1926, the parliamentary parties of the SPD and the DNVP both stated their reasons for rejecting the bill, and the bill was withdrawn by the government without a vote.
The individual states now had to reach agreements with the princely houses by direct negotiations. The position of the states was protected up to the end of June 1927 by a so-called blocking law, which prohibited attempts by the royal houses to pursue claims against the states through the civil courts. In Prussia, agreement was reached on 6 October 1926: a draft agreement was signed by the State of Prussia and the Hohenzollern Plenipotentiary, Friedrich von Berg. Of the total seized assets, approximately 63,000 ha went to the State of Prussia; the royal house, including all ancillary lines, retained approximately 96,000 ha Prussia also took ownership of a large number of palaces and other properties. From the point of view of the state government, the settlement was better than what had been envisaged in October 1925. In the vote on 15 October 1926, the SPD abstained even if the majority of the deputies inwardly opposed it. They thought the return of assets to the Hohenzollerns went too far. However, a clear "no" vote in plenary session seemed inexpedient because Braun had threatened to resign if that happened. The SPD's abstention opened the way for the ratification of the agreement by the Prussian parliament. The KPD was unable to prevent the bill being passed although there were tumultuous scenes in the parliament during the second reading on 12 October 1926.
Even before the legal settlement between Prussia and the Hohenzollerns, most disputes between the states and the royal families had been settled amicably. However, after October 1926, some states were still in dispute with the royal houses: Thuringia Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and especially Lippe. Some of these negotiations were to last for many years. A total of 26 agreements for the settlement of these property disputes were concluded between the states and the royal houses. According to these agreements, cost-incurring objects, including palaces, buildings and gardens, usually went to the state. Income-generating properties, such as forests or valuable land, mainly went to the royal houses. In many cases, collections, theatres, museums, libraries and archives were incorporated in newly established foundations and were thus made accessible to the public. On the basis of these agreements, the state also took over the court officials and servants, including the associated pension obligations. Generally, appanages and civil lists: the part of the budget once used for the head of state and his court, were scrapped in exchange for one-off compensation.
During the time of the presidential governments, there were a number of attempts in the Reichstag, both from the KPD and the SPD, to revisit the issue of expropriation or reduction in the Princes' compensation. They were intended as a political response to the trend to reduce salaries. None of these initiatives generated much political attention. The Communist Party proposals were rejected out of hand by the other parties. SPD proposals were at best referred to the law committee. There, nothing came of them, partly because there were repeated premature dissolutions of the Reichstag.
On 1 February 1939, after initial hesitation, the Nazis passed a law which enabled settled agreements to be revisited. On the whole, however, this instrument was more a preventive measure or threat, intended as a defence against any claims of the royal families against the state (there were a number in the early days of the Third Reich). The threat of a completely new settlement to the benefit of the Nazi state was intended to suppress any complaints and court cases once and for all. It was not intended to include the agreements in the policy of Gleichschaltung.
Assessment by historians
The Marxist–Leninist historiography of the GDR viewed the expropriation and the actions of the workers' parties primarily from a perspective similar to that of the Communist Party of the time. The united front strategy of the Communist Party was interpreted as the correct step in the class struggle. The plebiscitary projects were "the most powerful unified action of the German working class in the period of relative stabilization of capitalism". It was the SPD leadership and the leadership of the free trade unions that were attacked, particularly where they sought a compromise with the bourgeois parties. The attitude of the leaders of the SPD and the Free Trade Unions, it was said, significantly hampered the development of the popular movement against the Princes.
Otmar Jung's post-doctoral dissertation of 1985 is the most comprehensive study of the Princes' expropriation to date. In the first part, he analyzes the historical, economic and legal aspects of all property disputes for each of the German states. This analysis takes up 500 pages of the more than 1200 pages. Jung uses this approach in order to counter the danger of prematurely assuming that the Prussian solution was the typical one. In the second part, Jung details the events. His intention is to show that the absence of elements of direct democracy in the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany cannot legitimately be justified by "bad experience" in the Weimar Republic as is often done. On closer examination, the Weimar experience was different. According to Jung, the popular legislative initiative of 1926 was a laudable attempt to complement the parliamentary system where it was not able to provide a solution: in the question of a clear and final separation of the assets of the state and the former Princes. Here, the referendum was a legitimate problem-solving process. One of the results of the campaign, according to Jung, was that it brought to light technical defects in the referendum process, for instance because abstentions and "no" votes had exactly the same effect. By correcting misonceptions about elements of direct democracy in the Weimar Republic, Jung wants to pave the way for a less prejudiced discussion of elements of direct democracy in the present.
Thomas Kluck examines the positions of German Protestantism. He makes it clear that the majority of theologians and publicists of the Protestant Churches rejected the expropriation of the Princes. The reason given was often Christian precepts. Often, the rejections also exhibited a backward-looking nostalgia for the seemingly harmonious times of the Empire and a desire for a new, strong leadership. Kluck contends that conflicts involving the present, such as the controversy about the property of the former ruling houses, were often interpreted by German Protestantism in terms of demonology: behind these conflicts were seen machinations of the devil that would tempt people to sin. Alongside the devil as a malevolent mastermind, national-conservative elements of Protestantism branded Jews as the cause and beneficiaries of political conflicts. Such an attitude was wide open to the ideology of National Socialism and thus gave it theological support. This ideological support, he claimed, was a basis for Protestant guilt.
Ulrich Schüren stresses that in 1918 the question of the expropriation of the former rulers could have been settled without any major problems, legitimised by the power of the revolution. To that extent, this was a failure of the revolution. Despite its failure, the referendum, had a significant indirect effect. After 20 June 1926, the referendum increased the willingness to compromise in the conflict between Prussia and the House of Hohenzollern so that it proved possible to conclude an agreement as early as October. Schüren also makes it clear that there were signs of erosion in the bourgeois parties. Mainly affected were the DDP and the DNVP, but also the Centre Party. Schüren suspects that the increasing lack of cohesion that was manifesting itself among the bourgeois parties contributed to the rise of National Socialism after 1930.
A key theme in the assessment by non-Marxist historians is the question of whether the referendum debates put a strain on the Weimar compromise between the moderate labour movement and the moderate middle class. In this context, the focus is on the policy of the SPD. Peter Longerich notes that it was not possible to convert the relative success of the referendum into political capital. In his opinion, the referendum also hampered cooperation between the SPD and the bourgeois parties. This aspect is stressed most by Heinrich August Winkler. It is understandable, he says, that the SPD leadership supported the referendum so as not to lose touch with the Social Democratic base. But the price was very high. The SPD, he says, found it difficult to go back to the familiar path of class compromise after 20 June 1926. The debate about the expropriation of the former rulers shows the dilemma of the SPD in the Weimar Republic. When they showed themselves willing to compromise with the bourgeois parties, they ran the risk of losing supporters and voters to the Communist Party. If the SPD stressed class positions and joined in alliances with the Communist Party, they alienated the moderate bourgeois parties and tolerated that they sought allies on the right of the political spectrum who were not interested in the continued existence of the republic. The referendum had weakened, not strengthened, confidence in the parliamentary system and had created expectations that could not be fulfilled. In Winkler's view, the resulting frustration could be only destabilising for representative democracy. Winkler's position is clearly distinct from that of Otmar Jung.
Hans Mommsen on the other hand, draws attention to mentality and generational conflicts in the republic. In his opinion, the referendum of 1926 revealed significant differences and deep divisions between the generations in Germany. A large proportion, perhaps even the majority, of Germans had been on the side of the supporters of the republic in this question and had supported the referendum as a protest against the backward-looking loyalty of bourgeois leaders. Mommsen also draws attention to the mobilization of anti-Bolshevik and anti-Semitic sentiments by the opponents of expropriation. This mobilization anticipated the constellation in which after 1931 "the remains of the parliamentary system would be smashed.
Notes
References
Translation of Kolb 1988
Translation of Mommsen 1989.
Further reading
Politics of the Weimar Republic
Law of the Weimar Republic
Monarchy and money
Monarchy in Germany |
杜三策（），號毅斋，山东兖州府东平州人。明末政治人物。
生平
三策年十六，即补博士弟子员，旋领万历三十一年癸卯（1603年）乡荐，天启二年（1622年）壬戌科成进士，考选庶吉士，三年散馆授兵科给事中。疏劾魏忠贤乱政，他之劾疏中猛烈抨击「魏（忠贤）」氏“狐媚惑主，朝廷之上，止知有「（魏）忠贤」，而不知有陛下；宫壸之内，止知有「（魏）忠贤」，而不知有陛下；天下亦止知有「（魏）忠贤」，而不知有陛下！”，六年八月被削籍为民，七年八月忠贤又矫旨捉拿，方至德州，忠贤伏诛，于是放还。崇祯元年（1628年）起复户科给事中，二年（1629年）充正使冊封琉球國尚豐王。事竣报命，三年升户科右，四年升户科左，七年升太常寺少卿，提督四夷馆，八年大理寺右少卿，九年升左少卿，升太仆寺卿，十年升兵部右侍郎兼天津巡抚都察院右佥都御史。十二年削籍为民。崇祯十三年七月，卒于家。
墓葬
其墓位于山东省东平县大羊镇三旺村北750米处坡地，为县级文物保护单位。
家族
父杜汉，字广甫。
参考文献
韩行方《明崇祯朝册封琉球始末考辨》
清初泰安人、户部侍郎王度所撰《兵部右侍郎 兼天津巡抚都察院右都御史通奉大夫晋光禄大夫杜公配 魏夫人赵夫人尹夫人墓志铭》
外部連結
明進士杜三策曾冊封琉球王 因彈劾魏忠賢遭削職 華夏經緯網
杜三策墓 中国东平旅游资讯网
San
东平人
萬曆三十一年癸卯科舉人
明朝兵科給事中
琉球冊封使
明朝大理寺少卿
明朝庶吉士
明朝户科给事中
明朝太常寺少卿
明朝太僕寺卿
明朝天津巡撫 |
皮肤过敏怎么消除？过敏用艾叶水洗脸，艾叶水具有非常好的抗敏感效果，脸上过敏可以将艾叶煎煮成水，待艾叶水摊成温水后，早晚用艾叶水洗脸，连续三天即可消除脸上过敏症状。当皮肤过敏时,会出现红肿、刺痒等反应,这时如果不及时处理,皮肤将会出现很明显的肿胀,甚至会有水疱产生,日后即使过敏症状得以缓解,也会留下比较明显的色素沉着,而这种色斑往往很难或永久不能消退。切记,当皮肤出现过敏症状时,千万不要抓挠患处,在这时有一步急救,可以在最大限度上控制病情。当皮肤出现过敏以后,我们应该在第一时间用凉毛巾对皮肤进行冷敷,因为皮肤出现过敏以后,会在皮肤上出现一些红斑,会重现肿胀,有这种烧灼的感觉,这个时候,我们对皮肤进行冷敷,可以收缩扩张的毛细血管,可以减少炎症的反应,可以减少这种渗出,这个时候冷敷之后,我们再去医院进行治疗,这样子可以达到更好的治疗效果。切记,当皮肤出现过敏症状时,应该把湿毛巾对患处进行冷敷,只有这样做才能起到收缩血管,镇定皮肤,减轻炎症的作用。平时要注意远离自己的过敏源,如果是在家里的话,就应该增加空气的湿度。多吃一些水果,像苹果还有果胶,比较多的吃水果。很多人皮肤过敏之后,愿意给自己开个药方,就抹什么皮炎平之类的药膏,当时的确是管用的,但是时间长了,你老抹这样的药膏是会产生依赖性的,你停药之后,皮肤可能又会出现肿的问题,所以我们觉得,如果你的皮肤出现了过敏症状的话呢,不要怕麻烦,还是要到医院就诊。一旦发生过敏性哮喘,可以拿一杯热水,让嘴贴近杯口,呼吸水的热气,这样有助于舒缓哮喘的症状。 |
花斑癣饮食注意？花斑癣俗称汗斑，是由糠批马拉色菌感染表皮角质层引起的一种浅表真菌病。常见于相对湿度较高的热带和温带地区。致病菌是一种嗜脂性酵母，称为卵圆形糠秕孢子菌或正圆形糠秕孢子菌。此菌是正常皮肤的腐生菌，仅在特殊情况下糠秕孢子菌寄生密度增加，由腐生酵母菌转化为菌丝型便可致病。花斑癣患者要注意饮食得了花斑癣的患者，饮食需清淡，少吃辛辣刺激性的食物。应多吃蔬菜水果，如香蕉，苹果等。平时可以多吃一些含有较丰富酪氨酸及矿物质的食物，如肉、动物肝脏等。勤喝水。平时应该多吃新鲜蔬菜和大蒜，有利花斑癣康复。患者平日里特别注意要忌食辛热刺激性食物，如挂皮、辣椒、胡椒等，慎用酒类、咖啡、可可等饮料，以免加重皮损。同时也应少吃甜食，限制脂肪类食物，如巧克力和油炸食物，以免皮脂分泌增多而加重本病。同时，忌吃鸡、羊、蟹、虾与猪头肉等发物。尽量限制甜食及脂肪类食物的摄入，以免导致皮脂分泌增加，从而加重其皮损症状。采用饮食调理脱敏法。过敏症患者要注意饮食营养的均衡，少食用油腻、甜食及刺激性食物、烟、酒等。某些食物也是致敏原，要注意加以辨别。如果病情加重，请及时去医院就诊。最好的方法是注意皮肤清洁卫生，出汗后，要及时清洗汗渍。同时到医院来及时就诊，切忌乱用药膏抹。花斑癣饮食的禁忌1.发病期应少吃或不吃辛辣刺激性食物，如辣椒、胡椒、姜、葱、蒜等；少吃或不吃油炸食物，如油条、油饼等；少吃或不吃鱼腥发物，如海鲜、鲫鱼、牛羊肉、狗肉等；2.平常应多吃富含维生素C、维生素E、维生素A的食品，如新鲜绿叶蔬菜、西红柿、胡萝卜、瘦肉、水果，以利于病情的缓解和皮损的康复；3.禁饮酒，包括白酒、啤酒、米酒、葡萄酒等。 |
Thatcher is an unincorporated community located in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. The U.S. Post Office at Model (ZIP Code 81059) now serves Thatcher postal addresses.
A post office called Thatcher was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1973. The community was named after M. D. Thatcher, a local cattleman, after being originally called "Hole-In-The-Rock" after a natural spring discovered in the area.
Geography
Thatcher is located at (37.545830,-104.108330).
Notable residents
Christine Arguello (born 1955), federal judge
References
Unincorporated communities in Las Animas County, Colorado
Unincorporated communities in Colorado |
朱蘇德拉（蘇美語： 𒍣𒌓𒋤𒁺 ，亞述語: 𒍣𒋤𒁕），或者译为祖蘇德拉、赛苏陀罗（，原意是「長壽者」）是蘇美爾神話中的人物，希臘化的名字則是西蘇特羅斯（）。在阿卡德文明，與之相似的人物是阿特拉哈西斯（，意思是「極其智慧者」）與烏特納匹什提姆（，意思是「他建立了生命」）。他們是上古西亞文化中，大洪水傳說的英雄。
最早的大洪水傳說是用蘇美語言寫成。年代是前2600年，如今只保留在零碎的片段中。這段紀錄也是已知最早的文學作品之一。與之平行的故事，也出現在其他文化的傳說中，例如《舊約聖經》裡的諾亞方舟。
朱蘇德拉
西蘇特羅斯
阿特拉哈西斯
烏特納匹什提姆
諾亞
大眾文化
神魔之塔的巴比倫神明系列召喚獸；五星「阿特拉哈西斯」、六星「智慧者 ‧ 阿特拉哈西斯」、七星「機研始祖 · 阿特拉哈西斯」。
在Fate/Grand Order遊戲中，在第七章劇情以冥界初代守護者的身分出現，但劇情後期揭露該章節中的他是由西元11世紀的著名暗殺組織織阿薩辛派的創始人哈桑·沙巴假扮而成。
參看
Deluge (mythology)
Atrahasis Epic
Gilgamesh flood myth
參考文獻
W. G. Lambert and A. R. Millard, Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood, Eisenbrauns, 1999, ISBN 1-57506-039-6.
R. M. Best, Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic, Eisenbrauns, 1999, ISBN 0-9667840-1-4.
外部連結
A comparison of equivalent lines in six ancient versions of the flood story
蘇美尔
蘇美尔神話 |
《快樂、哀愁和中庸》（L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato），HWV55，是德國作曲家韓德爾於1740年完成的合唱劇樂。在韓德爾全集中，本曲被修入於神劇類別，但是全套作品卻沒有任何和聖經內容相關的題裁或經文。反而歌詞則完全取材自英國大文豪米爾頓的兩首於1641年所創作的長篇「雙子」田園詩《》（）和《》（，亦可譯為「憂鬱的人」），因此後世亦稱本曲為一首田園式頌歌（Pastoral Ode）。
相比《彌賽亞》、《猶大·瑪加伯》及《耶弗他》等神劇，《快樂、哀愁和中庸》本來屬韓德爾毫不顯眼的作品，但自從1988年，美國舞蹈家马克·莫里斯及他的「馬克·莫里斯舞蹈團」以本曲創作舞劇並一炮而紅，樂曲也在短時間內令不少音樂及舞蹈愛好者所認識。
創作背景
創作本曲時，韓德爾邀請了他的贊助人兼詩人（Charles Jennens）把米爾頓的詩篇整理。詹南斯一方面把兩詩的內容交替運用外，亦在部份地方加入自己的詩篇，並將這些詩稱為《中庸的人》（），詹南斯認為《中庸的人》正好是兩個極端之間的一個平衡點。結果三首篇的名稱串連起來，便成為了新樂曲的標題。
韓德爾於1740年1月19日動筆，2月4日完稿。前後只花了17日的時間，就將這三幕的劇作完成。並於2月27日在倫敦皇家林肯營田劇場（Royal Theatre of Lincoln's Inn Fields）內首演。
編制
聲樂
獨唱：女高音、女低音、男高音、男低音
（本來韓德爾打算以不同獨唱代表不同的人物，例如男高音專唱「快樂的人」；女高音專唱「哀愁的人」、男低音專唱「中庸的人」，而女低音則沒有被分配角色，但最後所有獨唱都有機會唱任何類別的詩篇，但仍以主要角色為主。）
四部合唱團
木管樂器：長笛（非必要）、2雙簧管、2巴松管、低音巴松管
銅管樂器：2小號
敲擊樂器：定音鼓
鍵盤樂器：古鋼琴、古鍵琴、管風琴
絃樂器：第1小提琴、第2小提琴、第3小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴
著名樂曲
Haste Thee Nymph（第一幕，男高音及合唱團）
Sweet Bird （第一幕，女高音）
As steals the morn upon the night（第三幕，女高音、男高音二重唱）
注釋
參見
外部連結
全套作品英文歌詞
韓德爾神劇 |
请描述肾融合的病因学研究？两个后肾的融合发生在胚胎早期，此时肾脏还在盆腔，位置很低。因此，它们很少升至正常肾脏应该到的高位置上去，甚至可停留在盆腔内。此时，该肾脏可得到此区域多支血管的供应（如主动脉、骼血管等）。在既有异位又有融合肾的患者中，78%有泌尿系统外畸形，并有65%将显示其他的泌尿生殖系统的缺陷。 |
A Sugar pack or Surgical pack, was designed for the airborne forces of the British Army during the Second World War .
The Sugar pack was a standardised haversack sized webbing carrier, composed of anaesthetics, drugs, bandages, gauze, swabs and plaster of Paris. It was designed to contain sufficient supplies for ten surgical cases. Sugar packs were sized so a number of them could be fitted into an airborne parachute container.
See also
Don pack
Notes
References
Medical equipment
Airborne military equipment |
Adam Adeoye Oluwaseyi Yusuff (born 25 May 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hornchurch.
Career
Yusuff started his career in the youth system at Stevenage, signing a two-year scholarship in the summer of 2010. In March 2012, he joined South Midlands League Premier Division side Biggleswade United on work experience. During his time with the club he scored eight goals, including a hat-trick and man-of-the-match display in a 4–2 win over Oxhey Jets.
In April 2012, he was released by Stevenage after he had completed his scholarship. Following his release he enrolled with the Tresham College of Further and Higher Education in Kettering, where he played for the under-21 development side in the Conference Reserve League.
In October 2012, he signed for Southern Football League Premier Division side St Neots Town, where he went on to make fifteen appearances in all competitions scoring twice.
In January 2013, he moved to fellow Southern Football League Premier Division side Banbury United for a brief period, only making two appearances.
In February 2013, he joined Football League Championship side Ipswich Town on trial, featuring in a 4–3 reserve side win over Colchester United.
He started the 2013–14 season with Isthmian League Premier Division side AFC Hornchurch after impressing in pre-season, and he was mainly used in the role of impact substitute, scoring late in games against Margate and Wealdstone. He made a total of fifteen appearances for the Urchins scoring three times.
In November 2013, he joined Isthmian League Division One North side Aveley to get more match practice, however he stayed with the club for less than a month.
Shortly after he signed for fellow Isthmian League Division One North side Chatham Town. He enjoyed a successful ten-month spell at the club scoring 24 goals in 38 appearances, which attracted interest from many Football League clubs. After netting seven goals in the first nine games of the 2014–15 campaign for Chatham, he was signed by Football League Two side Dagenham & Redbridge in September 2014 for an undisclosed fee, signing a one-year contract with the club. Despite turning professional, he kept his job working as a waiter in a Wagamama restaurant in Kent. He made his professional debut in the same month in a 3–2 defeat to Cambridge United, replacing Andre Boucaud as a substitute. His first professional goals for the club came in October 2014, where he scored a brace in the 2–1 victory over Accrington Stanley.
In September 2015, he joined National League South side St Albans City on a one-month loan deal.
In October 2015, he joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Leatherhead on a one-month loan deal.
In November 2015, he was sent out on loan again to the Isthmian League Premier Division joining East Thurrock United.
In February 2016, he joined National League side Welling United on loan until the end of the season along with Ian Gayle.
In May 2016 as his contract expired, he was released along with eleven players as Dagenham were relegated to the National League. In June 2016, following his release he rejoined former club Chatham Town on a free transfer.
He left Folkestone after 102 appearances which saw him score 51 goals and joined Dulwich Hamlet in 2019 before moving to Dover Athletic where he spent the remainder of the 2019–20 season before being released.
Yusuff returned to Folkestone Invicta in May 2021. During the 21/22 season he scored a total of 29 goals across all competitions, the club finished in 6th place in the Isthmian Premier Division and finished 4 points outside the play-offs, just behind 5th place Cheshunt F.C., who were promoted to national league south. Yussuf and Folkestone also made it to the Kent Senior Cup final, losing 6–2 to Dartford F.C.and taking home a runners-up medal. On 10 February 2023, Yusuff joined league rivals Hornchurch for an undisclosed fee.
Career statistics
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Footballers from the London Borough of Lewisham
English men's footballers
Stevenage F.C. players
Biggleswade United F.C. players
St Neots Town F.C. players
Banbury United F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
Aveley F.C. players
Chatham Town F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Leatherhead F.C. players
East Thurrock United F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
Folkestone Invicta F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Tonbridge Angels F.C. players
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
Cray Valley Paper Mills F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
Men's association football forwards |
素拉剎站（）位於泰國首都曼谷挽叻縣，素拉剎路與沙吞路交界，為曼谷BTS（高架電車）是隆線上的一座車站，站碼為S5。此站位於舊城區，附近大使館及飯店林立，將來列車會通過鄭皇橋至吞武里縣。
鄰近地點
泰國易三倉大學（Assumption University of Thailand）
聖類斯護理學院
緬甸大使館
梵蒂岡大使館
泰國消費者委員會
外部連結
曼谷集體運輸系統（架空電車）的官方網站
是隆線車站
泰國小作品 |
肠胃感冒上吐下泻传染吗？在季节交替之时，由于早晚温差大，很多人会出现上吐下泻的症状，很多人会误以为是得了肠胃疾病，其实也有可能是得了感冒。如果这时没有对疾病进行及时治疗可能会耽误病情。如果是出现感冒上吐下泻的情况，应该是得了胃肠型感冒，这时应该先到医院进行详细的检查，排出气体病菌引起的病变，确认病情。如果已经出现脱水的情况，则应该进行静脉补液治疗，要以护胃、止吐、止泻等对症治疗。腹泻严重时应该服用止泻药物，如果有发热的情况也应该用物理降温或其他退热的方法来进行治疗。也可以配合中药一些治疗腹胀腹痛、呕吐等的药物来进行治疗，效果更佳。了胃肠型感冒的患者应该多休息减少体力的消耗，肠胃充分休息才能有与疾病对抗的力量。在平时的饮食中也要多加注意，应该适当补充能量和营养，要多补充水分，可以喝一些盐糖水，少量多次饮水。避免吃一些油腻和带有刺激性的食物，应该多吃些清淡、易消化的半流食或流食。得了胃肠型感冒一定要尽早治疗，与其等到疾病到来才来采取措施，不妨在日常生活中多加留意，预防胃肠型感冒的出现。1、预防胃肠型感冒，我们应该要多喝水，在天气干燥的时候更要多喝水，可以加快我们人体新陈代谢的速度，更快的将毒素排出体外，减少疾病发生的机率。2、在炎热的夏天，很多人都喜欢吃冰冷的食物，虽然很爽，但对身体也有影响。冰冷的食物可能会有病菌滋生，也容易造成我们肠胃紊乱，所以应该少吃冷藏的食物。3、新鲜蔬菜和水果含有丰富的维生素和矿物质，对我们的身体健康有好处，也能增强我们的免疫力和抵抗力，所以我们应该多吃蔬菜水果，能够增强我们的体质，更好的抵抗病魔的侵入。胃肠型感冒一般是没有传染性的，有传染性一般认为叫做流行性感冒，流行性感冒是由流感病毒引起，只有流感才会引起大范围的流行传播。 |
Louis Fouché may refer to:
Louis Fouché (shot putter) (1913–1971), South African shot putter
Louis Fouché (rugby union) (born 1990), South African rugby union footballer
Louis Fouché (javelin thrower) (born 1970), South African javelin thrower |
肾盂癌的临床表现是什么?？无痛性、间隙性、肉眼可见全程血尿为本病最常见症状。 |
The 1961 Coppa Italia Final was the final of the 1960–61 Coppa Italia. The match was played on 11 June 1961 between Fiorentina and Lazio. Fiorentina won 2–0.
Match
References
Coppa Italia 1960/61 statistics at rsssf.com
https://www.calcio.com/calendario/ita-coppa-italia-1960-1961-finale/2/
https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/ita-coppa-italia-1960-1961-finale/2/
1960–61 in Italian football
Coppa Italia finals
Coppa Italia Final 1961
Coppa Italia Final 1961
June 1961 sports events in Europe |
儿童口腔癌的早期症状？舌头之活动性受到限制是儿童口腔癌早期症状之一，导致咀嚼，吞咽或说话困难，或舌头半侧知觉丧失，麻木，皆应尽早查明原因。口内或颈部有不明原因之肿块(触摸时不一定有疼痛感)。颚骨的局部性肿大，导致脸部左右不对称，有时合并知觉异常，或牙齿动摇等症状。口腔癌是头颈部较常见的恶性肿瘤之一。儿童口腔癌的早期症状有：1.溃疡不愈。口腔溃疡的病程一般不超过两周，如果烧灼感、疼痛等症状超过两周仍不见好，需警惕口腔癌的可能。因为，口腔癌常表现为溃疡的形式，四周边缘隆起，中央凹凸不平，并有坏死组织覆盖，疼痛明显。2.疼痛明显。早期一般无痛或仅有局部异常摩擦感，溃破后疼痛明显，随着肿瘤进一步侵犯神经，可引发耳部和咽喉痛。3.淋巴结肿大。口腔癌多向附近的颈部淋巴结转移，有时原发病灶很小，甚至症状还不明显，但颈部淋巴结却发现了转移的癌细胞。因此，颈部淋巴结如突然肿大，需检查口腔。4.功能障碍。肿瘤可能侵犯张闭口肌肉和下颌关节，导致开闭口运动受限。儿童的口腔因有糜烂，吃东西困难时，可以给易于消化的流食或半流食，饭后漱口。对于口腔护理可以清热和雾化。选择抗病毒药物雾化或者内服。注意口腔皮肤清洁，每天用生理盐水清洁口腔，同时注意看护病人，防止其对皮肤疱疹进抓挠，以防破溃感染。对于传统的化疗放疗、手术随着医疗水平的提高，这些已经逐渐被取代，传统治疗不仅治疗费用高，而且效果不佳，现在采用联合治疗模式加上中药以及西医的辅助，无需手术、化疗、放疗即可帮助病人摆脱病魔。所以我们在治疗时，要根据自身的病情，去选择一个合适我们自己的治疗方法，只有这样才能更好的实现带瘤生存。 |
Alessandro Benetton (born 2 March 1964) is an Italian businessman.
He served as Chairman of the Benetton Group from April 2012 to May 2014.
Early life
Alessandro Benetton is the son of Luciano Benetton and Maria Teresa Maestri. He attended university in the United States where he graduated from Boston University in 1987 with a degree in Business Administration and in 1991 received his Master of Business Administration from Harvard.
Career
In 1992, Alessandro Benetton created 21 Investimenti S.p.A. (the company changed its name in 21 invest in November 2018). Today the European Group has offices in Treviso, Milan, Paris and Warsaw. He is one of the pioneers of private equity in Italy. Some of the companies that have been successfully relaunched are Pittarosso and The Space Cinema.
Benetton served as Chairman of the Benetton Formula from 1988 to 1998. His chairmanship years were marked by Formula One victories (26 out of the team's total 27), including two world titles won with Michael Schumacher in 1994 and 1995, a manufacturing victory in 1995, and a collaboration with Nelson Piquet, Jean Alesi, Riccardo Patrese, Alessandro Nannini.
From 1988 to 1989, he worked in the Global Finance department at Goldman Sachs International in London as an analyst in the Mergers and Acquisitions and Equity Offering sectors.
In 2012, Luciano Benetton handed over the chairmanship of the Benetton Group to his eldest son Alessandro. He later chaired the company for two years, from 2012 to 2014.
Also in 2016, Alessandro Benetton stepped down from Benetton Group Board of directors, due to differences with the company's new strategies.
In May 2022, he published "La Traiettoria", an autobiography about his professional career and the choices he made during his life.
In January 2023 he was appointed Vice Chairman of Atlantia.
Other positions held
He was a member of the Advisory Committee of Robert Bosch International Beteiligungen AG in Zurich, the consultancy unit of the Swiss holding for the foreign activities of the Bosch Group. Following an agreement between Edizione and Dufry, in 2022 he became Honorary Chairman of Autogrill S.p.A. He was President of Cortina Foundation 2021, the entity responsible for the organization of the FIS Alpine World Ski Championship scheduled in Cortina d’Ampezzo (BL) for January 2021.
In January 2022, Alessandro Benetton took on the role of Chairman of Edizione, which became an S.p.A. company.
In November 2022, he joined the Parthenope University of Naples' Board of Directors.
Personal life
He has been married for 13 years to former Olympic and Alpine World Ski champion Deborah Compagnoni, with whom he has three children: Agnese, Tobias and Luce. He is involved in a variety of sports at a competitive level, particularly Alpine skiing - where he is a coach for the Italian Winter Sports Federation - and kite surfing. He is a collector of modern art.
Honors
In 2010, he was appointed Cavaliere del Lavoro by the President of the Italian Republic at the time, Giorgio Napolitano.
In 2016, he received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation.
Awards
In 2012, he sponsored United Colors of Benetton's UnHate communication campaign, winner of the Press Grand Prix at Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity.
In 2011, he was named Entrepreneur of the Year by EY.
Publications
External links
Deborah Compagnoni
Benetton Group
Luciano Benetton
Gilberto Benetton
References
Italian businesspeople
1964 births
Living people
Boston University School of Management alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Alessandro
Goldman Sachs people
Formula One team owners
Italian expatriates in the United States
Italian motorsport people
Benetton Formula |
紫荆皮的药理作用是什么?？紫荆皮对京科PR-1病毒有抑制作用，对孤儿病毒能延缓其病变。试管内能抑制葡萄球菌的生长。1.抗炎镇痛作用 本品树皮煎剂20g/kg灌服对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀及角叉菜胶所致小鼠足肿胀均有显著抑制作用。并能明显抑制醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数，表明有明显抗炎、镇痛作用。但对戊巴妥钠所致小鼠睡眠数均无协同效果，表明无镇痛作用。2.对肠道平滑肌的影响 本品树皮煎剂40mg/ml浓度可抑制离体大鼠十二指肠平滑肌的自发运动，使收缩幅度降低，频率减电。20mg/ml还显著拮抗乙酰胆碱、氯化钡所致肠管痉挛，表明的解痉作用。3.抗病原微生物作用 本品树皮煎剂于体外对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌和痢疾杆菌以及红色毛癣菌等有一定抑制作用，曾报告还可抑制流感病毒，并延缓埃可病毒所致细胞病变。4.毒性 本品树皮煎剂灌服对小鼠的LD50为100.5±10.8g/kg。 |
渝万客运专线可能指：
中国内地已经建成的时速250公里的渝万城际铁路
中国内地正在规划的时速350公里的渝万高速铁路
六字消歧义 |
《Blue Moon》是日本女子組合NiziU的第4張單曲，於2022年12月14日在日本發行，唱片公司為日本史詩唱片。
概要
2022年10月5日，在官方網站和SNS上宣布本張單曲發行消息，並陸續公開相關視覺照片。
2022年11月13日，於東京巨蛋『NiziU Live with U 2022 "Burn it Up"』演唱會上，首次將《Blue Moon》表演亮相。
2022年11月20日，《Blue Moon》開始先行配信。
2022年12月1日，在官方YouTube頻道釋出《Blue Moon》的音樂錄影帶。
發行內容
分成四種版本販售：
初回限定盤A：CD、DVD、三折歌詞本、A盤隨機小卡1張（共10款）、應募序號
初回限定盤B：CD、28頁寫真書、B盤隨機小卡1張（共10款）、應募序號
通常盤：CD、三折歌詞本、通常盤隨機小卡1張（共10款）、應募序號
WithU盤：CD、三折歌詞本、成員個人封面、成員各種盤隨機小卡1張（共3款）
曲目
參考資料
外部連結
NiziU Official Website
NiziU歌曲
2022年單曲 |
Rainbow Lake or Rainbow Lakes may refer to:
Geography
Canada
Rainbow Lake, Alberta
United States
Rainbow Lake (Arizona)
Rainbow Lake (White Cloud Mountains) in Custer County, Idaho
Rainbow Lake (Maine)
Rainbow Lake (Waterford Township, Michigan)
Rainbow Lake (Montana) near Plains
Rainbow Lakes, New Jersey, a census-designated place
Rainbow Lake (New Jersey), the cluster of water bodies within the CDP
Rainbow Lake (New York), northern Adirondacks
Rainbow Lake Wilderness, Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Rainbow Lakes Estates, Florida
Rainbow Lake in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, part of the Island Lakes, Washington |
子宫积液怎么办？盆腔积液分为生理性和病理性，生理性的盆腔积液多发生在妇女排卵后或早孕期，多可自然消失，不必进行治疗。在临床上大多数妇女的盆腔积液是由于炎症引起，是盆腔存在炎性渗出物，可发生在子宫内膜发炎后，内膜组织肿胀的细胞中渗出的略黏稠的液体，被周围组织包裹所渐渐形成的囊性包块。若不加以治疗，靠药物就不易消除了，需要手术治疗来帮忙。最常见的原因是输卵管或盆腔腹膜炎症所致。当输卵管由于淋球菌感染、结核菌感染、或其它细菌感染，使输卵管发炎时，可破坏输卵管内膜上皮组织，使输卵管闭塞，炎症可以使输卵管粘膜破坏而形成瘢痕，引起管腔狭窄或阻塞。精子与卵子无法在通道相遇，引起不孕。子宫积液导致不孕：子宫积液若没有得到合适治疗，其危害性是较大的，容易导致盆腔粘连、输卵管堵塞等，导致不孕。如平时有下腹疼痛、腰骶酸痛、白带增多，妇检下腹压痛、条索状增粗等，考虑慢性盆腔炎，需要积极治疗防止炎症加重、积液量增多。饮食应该以清淡为原则，最好不要吃虾、蟹、羊肉、狗肉、鳗鱼、咸鱼、黑鱼等发物，因为这些食物会加重病情，或者引起旧病复发。可以多吃一些食海藻类食物，如海白菜、紫菜、海带、裙带菜等。因为海藻类食物含有很多的矿物质，比如钙、铁、钠、镁、磷、碘等。现代科学认为，常吃海藻食品可以有效地调节血液酸碱度，避免体内碱性元素因酸性中和而被过多消耗。所以，子宫肌瘤患者平时应该多吃一些海藻类食物。应该多吃五谷杂粮，比如豆类、玉米等，还经过多吃一些营养充足的干果类食物，比如芝麻、花生、瓜子等等。另外，日常生活中的一日三餐，要准时定量，千万不能暴饮暴食。 |
費利佩·馬蒂奧尼（Felipe Mattioni Rohde）是巴西的一位足球運動員。在場上司職後衛，有時也可勝任中場角色。他現在效力于西班牙足球甲級聯賽球隊西班牙人足球俱樂部。
巴西足球運動員
甘美奧球員
AC米蘭球員
馬略卡球員
愛斯賓奴球員
愛華頓球員
唐卡士打球員
意甲球員
西甲球員
英格蘭足球聯賽球員
巴西旅外足球運動員
義大利外籍足球運動員
西班牙外籍足球運動員
英格蘭外籍足球運動員 |
hsv一1阳性是什么病,对胎儿有影响吗？单纯疱疹病毒是一种属于疱疹病毒科的单纯疱疹病毒，根据其抗原可分为单纯疱疹病毒1型和单纯疱疹病毒2型。单纯疱疹病毒1型皮肤、粘膜，是大多数生殖器感染的主要原因，但与感染有关的除外，后者是面部感染的主要原因，口服疱疹病毒1型滴剂可直接在口腔内感染。接触空气大多数人感染hsv1并不明显。当在适当条件下在水中激活时，可能会发生局部疱疹。然而，如果这可能导致免疫功能的缺乏，病毒血症并导致严重的器官损伤症状，如多发性。这种情况可能会发生，尤其是检查后的影响，可以重新向医院报告，并且不超过四种颜色，以重新检查是否有儿童异常。如果可以继续进行正常的妊娠检测，也可能需要按照医生的特殊治疗指南。观察，任何其他身体异常，单纯疱疹病毒），可能导致许多疾病。可能自下而上早期检测hsvhsv。通过Elise方法，抗体中和抗体，被动和方法确定凝血。病毒分为1型和2型。1型、2型口腔疾病的主要来源可区别于性疾病。2-阳性，而在生殖器疱疹中，生殖器疱疹诊断为性传播疾病。奥特病毒口服药物。身体的增强，运动的改善，预防复发的免疫力应适当增强。生殖器疱疹是一种常见的性传播疾病，它非常普遍，尤其是在青少年的性关系中，尚不清楚不纯的肿块和性接触史是否有30%-50%的感染水平。ii生殖器疱疹病毒单纯疱疹，病理上男女性器官和区域为急性。炎症性疾病开始时没有皮肤，这是一个独特的地方，是反复发作，癫痫发作可能再次达到60%的水平，这部分是规定的。小贴士往往传播疾病，危害极大。对有免疫力的病人需要改进穴位治疗，千万不要使生活中的复发，这样穴位药的治疗也可以不为自己。在治疗眩晕患者时，还应注意预防保健。 |
The 1980–81 Lancashire Cup (known as the Forshaws Lancashire Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 68th staging of the rugby league knockout competition, the Lancashire Cup.
Warrington won the trophy with a 26–10 victory over Second Division side Wigan.
Background
The total number of teams entering the competition remained at last season’s total of 14 with no junior/amateur clubs taking part.
Competition and results
First Round
Involved six matches and 12 clubs. Barrow and Whitehaven received byes into the next round. Huyton's match against Warrington was moved to Wilderspool due to vandalism at Huyton's home ground, Alt Park.
Second Round
Involved four matches and eight clubs
Semi-finals
Involved two matches and four clubs.
Final
The final was played at Knowsley Road, St Helens, with an attendance of 6,279 and gate receipts of £8,629. This was Warrington's seventh Lancashire Cup win, and their first since 1965.
Teams and scorers
The road to success
See also
1980–81 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups
Notes
References
External links
1980 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup |
Gilles-François, count of Graimberg, lord of Belleau, viscount of Vaustin (28 March 1748 – 4 May 1823) was a French officer and politician. He is also notable as the father of the artist Charles de Graimberg.
Life
He was born at Belleau Castle and became an officer in the régiment du Roi-Infanterie, then a lieutenant to the Marshals of France. On 13 May 1789 he was elected to the Estates General of 1789 as a noble deputy for the bailiwick of Château-Thierry. He sat in his order's minority and on 30 June 1789 wrote a declaration stating:
Disapproving of how the Revolution was developing, he resigned as a deputy on 8 July 1791, emigrated and became a captain in the régiment de Dillon, a French Royalist unit fighting alongside the British. He returned to France under the First French Empire and remained in retirement at Belleau until his death.
Sources
External links
Assemblée nationale biography
Portrait on NYE antiques
People from Aisne
1748 births
1823 deaths
French Royalist military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis |
时代金融中心（）是一幢坐落在上海陆家嘴的商业建筑，与招商银行上海大厦相邻，与恒生银行大厦和黄金置地大厦隔路相望。
历史
2008年建成竣工，大厦高269米，发展商为上海迪威行置业发展有限公司 ，由日建设计设计。大厦共占地9629平方米，建筑面积为110,869.63平方米。1到4层为商用裙房，5到51层为办公主楼。值得注意的是，其整体建筑与陆家嘴中心绿地轴线是成45度角的 。截止2013年末，时代金融中心是上海第八高的建筑，也是世界第152高的建筑。
入驻机构
科威特驻上海总领事馆（16层1601-1604）
交通
2号线陆家嘴站
参考资料
外部链接
时代金融中心官方网站
陆家嘴金融贸易区
浦东新区建筑物
上海摩天大楼
上海写字楼
250米至299米高的摩天大楼
2008年完工建筑物
2008年上海建立 |
中央区（）是俄罗斯圣彼得堡的一个区。它北面和东面到涅瓦河，南到支流運河（Обводный канал），西到豌豆街（Горо́ховая у́лица）一带，毗邻海军部区（Адмиралте́йский райо́н）。2002年人口236,856人。
丰坦卡河以内部分是圣彼得堡最早发展的部分，仅次于彼得保罗要塞。当人口开始在圣彼得堡聚集时，人们围绕要塞以外几乎是唯一的建筑海军部建造自己的房子。最大的行业是造船。彼得大帝最初的住所是一个小木屋（仍然存在，是一个博物馆），但他很快开始在木屋对面建设彼得大帝夏宫，后来他又建立冬宫。后来这一带构成城市的中央部分，布满许多古老的建筑和美丽的花园，如夏园、战神广场。该市最大的购物街涅瓦大街贯穿该区。
圣彼得堡的区 |
圣何塞岛（）可以指：
聖何塞島 (德克薩斯州)，美国
聖何塞島 (南下加利福尼亞州)，墨西哥
圣何塞岛 (巴拿马)，巴拿马珍珠群岛的第二大岛
威德尔岛，马尔维纳斯群岛中第三大岛（阿根廷人称之"Isla San José" 圣何塞岛） |
The 1998 California Secretary of State election occurred on November 3, 1998. The primary elections took place on June 3, 1998. The Republican incumbent, Bill Jones, narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, Michela Alioto. , this was the last time a Republican was elected California Secretary of State.
Primary results
Final results from California Secretary of State.
Peace & Freedom
Others
General election results
Final results from the Secretary of State of California.
Results by county
Final results from the Secretary of State of California.
See also
California state elections, 1998
State of California
Secretary of State of California
References
Secretary of State election
California Secretary of State elections
California
California Secretary of State election |
福尔马林中毒的症状是什么？食入福尔马林后，口、咽、食道及胃部有烧灼感，口腔粘膜可见充血、糜烂，病儿有流涎、吞咽困难、剧烈腹痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻，吐出物常带血液，大便呈褐色，重症可致胃肠道糜烂、穿孔。恢复期发生胃部瘢痕，导致阻塞。福尔马林经吸收后可发生头晕、步态蹒跚、酸中毒、昏迷、休克、呼吸衰竭等，偶有惊厥。或见肝、肾损害现象，甚至发生无尿。对本品过敏者可有颜面浮肿及支气管哮喘等。 |
脑梗死神经系统的检查有哪些呢？脑梗死又称缺血性卒中，中医称之为卒中或中风。本病系由各种原因所致的局部脑组织区域血液供应障碍，导致脑组织缺血缺氧性病变坏死，进而产生临床上对应的神经功能缺失表现。脑梗死依据发病机制的不同分为脑血栓形成、脑栓塞和腔隙性脑梗死等主要类型。其中脑血栓形成是脑梗死最常见的类型，约占全部脑梗死的60%，因而通常所说的""脑梗死""实际上指的是脑血栓形成。脑梗死神经系统的检查包括：一：询问病史;二：一般检查，包括高级神经功能检查;三：12对颅神经的检查;四：运动系统的检查，包括对肌力，肌张力，共济，步态等进行检查;五：反射检查：分为浅感觉和深感觉的检查，其中，浅感觉包括皮肤及黏膜的浅痛觉，温度觉及触觉;深感觉包括肌肉，肌腱，关节和韧带等深部结构的本体感觉;六：植物神经功能检查;七：各种脑膜刺激征的检查。脑梗死是由于脑部血管闭塞以后引起的脑细胞坏死，从而导致脑功能障碍。患者会由此出现偏身运动障碍，偏身感觉障碍，失语，甚至意识障碍，脑梗死的病因一般是脑动脉硬化，高血压，糖尿病，高脂血症，高同型半胱氨酸血症，冠心病，颈动脉斑块形成等等。患脑梗死应避免过度劳累和熬夜，适量运动，控制血糖和血压。注意天冷时要保暖，气候交替变化时要通过增减衣服来保持体温，增加坐立行走练习。与病人交谈时，要给病人足够的时间去思考和组织语言，注意高血压，血脂高等疾病引起的并发症。饮食上要低脂多清淡，如：鱼类、豆制品、避免油炸食品，咖啡，多进行针灸和按摩，促进血液循环，防止肌肉僵硬。 |
The Town of Hooper is a Statutory Town located in the San Luis Valley in Alamosa County, Colorado, United States. The population was 81 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Hooper is located at (37.745819, -105.876817).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land.
Nearby points of interest include the Great Sand Dunes National Park and the town of Crestone.
History
The post office at Hooper was known as Garrison from January 26, 1891 until July 17, 1896. The present name honors Major S. Hooper, a railroad official. Hooper was in Costilla County, Colorado until March 8, 1913, when the formation of Alamosa County was authorized by the state legislature.
Demographics
See also
Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
Colorado cities and towns
Colorado municipalities
Colorado counties
Alamosa County, Colorado
Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
San Luis Valley
Sangre de Cristo Range
References
Further reading
Melvin McAllister, Life in Hooper, Colorado, self-published (1998), 211 pages
External links
Town of Hooper contacts
CDOT map of the Town of Hooper
May 2006 Photos of Hooper, Colorado
Towns in Alamosa County, Colorado
Towns in Colorado |
The 2010 Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament was held at NewBridge Bank Park in Greensboro, North Carolina, from May 26 through 30. The #5 seeded Florida State Seminoles won the tournament and earned the Atlantic Coast Conference's automatic bid to the 2010 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. It was Florida State's fifth ACC tournament win and first since 2004. A record 6,247 were in attendance for the championship game.
2010 was the fourth year in which the conference used a round-robin tournament format, with the team with the best record in each group at the end of the three-game round robin advancing to a one-game championship.
Seeding Procedure
From TheACC.com:
The top two teams from both the Atlantic and Coastal divisions, as determined by conference winning percentage, in addition to the four teams with the next best conference winning percentage, regardless of division, will be selected to participate in the ACC Baseball Championship. The two division champions will automatically be seeded number one and two based on winning percentage in overall conference competition. The remaining teams will be seeded (three through eight) based on winning percentage in overall conference competition without regard to division. All ties will be broken using the tie-breaking provisions .
Tournament
Notes
† - Denotes extra innings
‡ - Denotes game shortened due to mercy rule
1 - Florida State beat Virginia head-to-head
2 - NC State beat Virginia Tech head-to-head
Results
Division A
1 - Game ended in the bottom of the seventh inning due to the Mercy Rule.
Division B
1 - Game ended after the bottom of the seventh inning due to the Mercy Rule.
Championship final
All-Tournament Team
Source: theacc.com
See also
College World Series
NCAA Division I Baseball Championship
References
Tournament
Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament
Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament
Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament
Baseball in North Carolina
College sports in North Carolina
History of Greensboro, North Carolina
Sports competitions in Greensboro, North Carolina |
东圃小学旧址，位于中国广东省东莞市东莞市高埗镇上江城村，为东莞市的一个市、县级文物保护单位，类型为近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑，公布时间为2004年1月8日。
东圃小学旧址的历史年代为民国。
参考文献
东莞市文物保护单位 |
费加兵（）江苏响水人，中国人民解放军少将。
生平
费加兵毕业于响水中学。后来参军。曾任中国卫星海上测控部主任。2014年12月接替李尚福任中国人民解放军总装备部司令部参谋长。2016年，在深化国防和军队改革中，中国人民解放军战略支援部队成立，费加兵任中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天系统部参谋长。
参考文献
J
响水人
中国人民解放军少将
中国人民解放军总装备部司令部参谋长
中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天系统部参谋长 |
肺癌导致的声嘶症状是怎样的？肺癌的症状在疾病的不同阶段具有不同的症状。肺癌的早期症状主要包括胸闷，咳嗽，关节疼痛等。肺癌的晚期症状也是多种多样的，在肺癌晚期最常见的痰脂症状。晚期肺癌最常见的症状是声音嘶哑。肺癌发展，身体表现的症状主要包括以下几个方面：晚期肺癌最常见的症状是声音嘶哑，控制左声带功能的喉返神经从颈部下降到胸部，大绕过心脏的血管向上返回。到喉咙，它控制着发声器官的左侧;在纵隔的右侧，有上腔静脉，它可以将上肢和头颈部的静脉血液返回心脏。如果肿瘤侵入纵隔右侧的上腔静脉，最初会导致颈静脉由于反流不良而生气。最后，它会导致面部和颈部水肿。这需要及时检查和处理。侵入胸膜可引起胸膜腔。积液通常是血腥的。大量的液体会导致呼吸急促。此外，癌症侵犯胸膜和胸壁，这可能导致持续的严重胸痛。晚期肺癌转移的症状：晚期肺癌随着肿瘤的不断增大和浸润，可发生远处部位的扩散转移，导致其它各脏器的功能障碍或衰竭。肿瘤侵及胸膜、心包或声带等部位，可引起胸腔积液、心包积液或声带麻痹等;肺癌晚期发生肝、脑转移，可出现肝肿大、黄痕、呕吐或昏迷等症状;发生骨转移早期一般无任何症状，骨同位素扫描可发现有病变的骨骼;发生右上纵隔淋巴结转移可引起头、面、颈或上胸部水肿及颈静脉怒张等症状;肺癌晚期可呈现恶液质，临床主要表现为极度消瘦、乏力、神经衰弱、精神萎靡不振等。晚期肺癌最常见的症状是声音嘶哑。对于晚期肺癌患者，肺癌的诊断无疑是其中的一员。因此，患有肺癌的家庭应该来自“心理，理性和护理”。 |
State Route 293 (SR 293) is a route that serves as a connection between SR 126 east of Mount Meigs and SR 110 north of McDade in eastern Montgomery County. It parallels the future Montgomery Bypass, SR 108 for its entire length.
Route description
The southern terminus of SR 293 is located at its intersection with SR 110 north of McDade. From this point, the route generally travels in a northerly direction before terminating at SR 126 east of Mount Meigs, just south of I-85.
Major intersections
References
293
Transportation in Montgomery County, Alabama |
Rafael Alfaro Ferracuti (born 4 February 1992, in San Salvador) is a Salvadoran swimmer who competed in the Men's 400m individual medley. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 35th overall in the heats in the Men's 400 metre individual medley.
He also competed at the 2015 Pan American Games.
He is the nephew of Piero Ferracuti, who also competed for BYU and was in the 1976 Olympics for El Salvador.
References
1992 births
Living people
Salvadoran male swimmers
Male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for El Salvador
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for El Salvador
21st-century Salvadoran people |
有时候口吃怎么办？口吃俗称“结巴”、“磕巴”是一种言语障碍，表现为言语频繁地与正常流利的人在频率和强度上不同、且非自愿的重复、停顿、拖长打断。它也包括言语前的反常犹豫或停顿和某些语音的拖长。口吃的许多表现不能被他人观察到；这包括对特定音素、字和词的恐惧，对特定情景的恐惧，焦虑，紧张，害羞和言语中“失控”的感觉。它牵涉到遗传、神经生理发育、家庭和社会等诸多方面，是非常复杂的语言失调症。口吃，不光是指你说话时结巴的这种现象。事实上，它包含了三大紧密相联的层面：结巴的、不正常的语言表达方式。也就是你原本应当是流畅的，富有节奏的语言表达过程，被过多的、无法自控的语音重复、拖长和卡壳所中断的这种现象。叫做口吃的核心症状。像是眨眼、跺脚，清喉咙、面部和脑袋抽搐，咬手指，以及说话故意停顿，或逃避某些容易使自己感到压力、说话结巴的场合等等。叫口吃的第二行为，或口吃的第二症状。口吃最为神秘而巨大的部分，包含了情感和认知两个方面。它既包括了口吃给你所带来的恐惧、焦虑、压力、羞耻、内疚、挫折等负面感觉和情绪，也包括了由此导致的你对口吃、对自己、对整个人生和世界的看法和认知。对于口吃问题的原因和症状，人们取得了很大的共识。但是，对于口吃矫正方法，人们却没有统一的共识，因为迄今为止，人们还没有找到行之有效的矫正口吃的方法。在每句话的开始轻柔地发音，改变口吃者首字发音经常很急很重的特点。说话的速度要降到很慢的程度，一开始时一分钟60-100字，而人们平时说话的速度要达到每分钟200字。这样有两个效果，一是慢速让人心态平静，二是有一种节奏感。这两点都能有效地减少口吃。口吃者在朗诵和唱歌的时候不口吃，就是因为有一种稳定的节奏感在里面。口吃者可以组织在一起或单独到人群密集的地方去演讲，唱歌，逐步克服说话的恐惧心理。解除说话时的紧张情绪，并注意消除不良刺激。口吃不是一种简单的语言障碍。 |
绝经后骨质疏松的病因是什么？(一)发病原因按病因分为原发性和继发性骨质疏松症。型骨质疏松又称为绝经后骨质疏松，主要原因是雌激素缺乏，发生于女性患者，年龄在50～70岁，表现出骨量迅速流失，骨松质丢失更明显，骨折多发生在以骨松质为主的椎体，股骨上端及桡骨远端。型骨质疏松又称老年性骨质疏松。与型比较，男性患者增加，但男女之比仍为12，发病年龄多在70岁以上，表现为骨量缓慢丢失，骨松质与骨密质丢失速度大致相同，骨折好发部位除与型相同外，髋部骨折的发生率有所增加。1983年，Riggs对、型骨质疏松症进行比较(表1)。继发性骨质疏松是由其他病因引起的。如慢性疾病：慢性肾功能衰竭、胃切除、肠改道、钙吸收不良综合征、多发性骨髓瘤等;内分泌疾病：高泌乳素血症、甲状腺功能亢进、肾上腺皮质激素分泌过多、糖尿病、甲状旁腺功能亢进等。医源性因素：长期应用抗癫痫药、含铝抗酸剂、服用过量甲状腺素或长期应用糖皮质激素、促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)激动剂等。绝经后骨质疏松是多因素性疾病，遗传、生活方式、营养等均与发病有关。具有以下高危因素者易患绝经后骨质疏松症：白人及亚洲妇女、骨质疏松症家族史、或具有影响骨量的特殊基因的妇女、钙摄入不足、缺乏体力活动、大量吸烟及饮酒、早绝经或绝经前行双侧卵巢切除术者。是否发生骨质疏松症，取决于其骨峰值及其骨丢失的速度，骨峰值高及(或)骨丢失慢者，不易发生，骨峰值低及(或)骨丢失快者容易发生。1.骨峰值 骨峰值指个人一生中的最高骨量，一般在25～35岁时达到。影响骨峰值的因素很多，其中遗传因素最为重要，营养、生活习惯等也有一些影响。(1)遗传因素：决定骨峰值的70%～80%。例如黑人BMD高于白人及亚洲人，其骨质疏松性骨折发生率低，骨质疏松有家族倾向、单卵双胎的BMD差异较双卵双胎者小、男性的骨峰值高于女性、在有些国家，维生素D受体基因、雌激素受体基因、或胶原基因的多态性与BMD有关等，均证明骨峰值受遗传因素影响。(2)营养：青春期内钙摄入量高者，骨峰值较高，对成熟骨BMC的影响可达6%。世界卫生组织推荐，青春期内元素钙摄入量应为每天1000mg。(3)生活习惯：运动可增加BMD，如果坚持每天锻炼，其体力活动量高于平均量1SD时，其骨量较活动量低于平均量1SD者高7%～10%。但运动过度引起性腺功能低下而发生闭经时，骨量反而降低。骨峰值形成前大量吸烟、嗜酒者骨峰值低。(4)原发性性腺功能不足及青春期发育延迟者，骨峰值低。2.骨丢失率 妇女的骨丢失与增龄及绝经有关。(1)与年龄相关的骨丢失：脊椎骨丢失一般自40～50岁开始，丢失率为每年～1.2%。四肢骨的丢失大约晚10年，即自50～60岁开始，丢失率为每年～0.6%，均呈线性，其发生机制不清楚，可能与骨形成减少有关。这种骨丢失的后果是骨小梁变细，不发生骨小梁的穿孔性变化。(2)与绝经相关的骨丢失：不论年龄，妇女一旦绝经，体内的雌激素即急剧下降，骨丢失呈对数增加，骨小梁变细、变薄、乃至断裂(穿孔)。双侧卵巢切除术后，卵巢来源的性激素全部消失，骨丢失速度更快，此时脊椎骨丢失是四肢骨的两倍，丢失率高达每年～5%，持续5～10年后，骨丢失速度才减慢。四肢骨的骨丢失慢，丢失的持续时间也长。动物试验及临床观察证实，去卵巢动物或绝经后妇女补充雌激素后，骨转换率降低，可以有效地防止骨丢失，由此也证明，雌激素不足是绝经后骨质疏松症的主要发病原因。(二)发病机制正常骨骼通过骨重建使骨质不断地得到更新。破骨细胞的溶骨作用在骨表面下挖空形成骨陷窝，随后由一群成骨细胞向骨陷窝移行，合成和分泌胶原以及与骨形成有关的多肽蛋白。钙离子沉积后形成骨基质，骨陷窝由新形成的骨基质得到修补，完成一个骨重建单位，周期大约为3～4个月。骨转换率是指旧骨吸收和新骨形成过程的速率，绝经后雌激素降低，骨转换增加，骨丢失增加，呈现高转换型骨质疏松。雌激素对骨质疏松发病的影响，主要是通过以下途经实现。1.对钙调节激素的作用 雌激素可以增强肝25-羟化酶、肾1-羟化酶活性，提高1，25-双羟维生素D水平，促进肠钙吸收，并使钙盐和磷盐在骨质中沉积，促进骨基质合成。雌激素还有拮抗甲状旁腺素的作用，与甲状旁腺素共同维持血中钙磷平衡。甲状旁腺素是刺激骨溶解的激素，当雌激素减少，对甲状旁腺素拮抗作用减弱，可以加速骨质消融而逐渐发展为骨质疏松。降钙素具有抑制破骨细胞活性，雌激素可促进降钙素分泌。2.通过细胞因子的作用参与骨形成与吸收过程 自从1988年Komm证明成骨细胞中有雌激素受体存在之后，Ernst发现外源性雌激素可促进大鼠成骨细胞产生IGF-I。由于IGF-I的产生增强，使雌激素受体过度表达。还发现雌激素能促进成骨细胞中TGF-的产生，表明这些生长因子对骨形成有促进作用，雌激素通过这些生长因子的产生，促进骨形成。实验表明，当雌激素缺乏，骨髓单核细胞分泌IL-1和间质细胞分泌IL-6都增多。Pacifici等还发现在培养的末梢血单核细胞中能产生TNF-和GM-CSF;切除卵巢的患者体内TNF-和GM-CSF水平升高，接受雌激素治疗的患者TNF-和GM-CSF恢复到正常水平。以上细胞因子对骨吸收过程有促进作用，雌激素通过抑制上述细胞因子的产生而抑制骨吸收(图1，2)。3.雌激素对骨细胞的直接作用 自从1988年komm在成骨细胞上发现了雌激素受体(ER)，1990年Penlser又在破骨细胞上发现了雌激素受体，更加明确了雌激素与骨细胞的直接作用关系。雌激素可与成骨细胞和破骨细胞上的雌激素受体结合，直接抑制破骨细胞的溶酶体酶活性，降低其在骨切片上产生陷窝的能力。1996年Shevde在去势大鼠模型上证明雌激素可通过受体结合途径，直接抑制破骨细胞前体形成细胞(骨髓造血干细胞)的募集、分化，从而抑制破骨细胞活性，且利用细胞形态学方法证明，雌激素的这种作用是通过影响细胞周期诱导细胞凋亡来实现的。1997年kameda应用高度纯化的哺乳动物成熟的破骨细胞，也得出了相似的结论。Ernst证实雌激素增强了大鼠原始颅骨细胞的繁殖及细胞内胶原、IGF-I mRNA的表达。 |
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