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Doctors and Nurses is a British television sitcom written by Nigel Smith and Dr. Phil Hammond, focusing on the fraught relationship between two orthopaedic surgeons, set in a hospital on the Isle of Wight.
It starred Adrian Edmondson, Mina Anwar and David Mitchell, and aired six episodes on BBC One from 13 January to 17 February 2004. The series was neither a critical nor commercial success, and did not return for a second series. Edmondson did go on to play a similar doctor role in the non-comic hospital drama Holby City.
Phil Hammond appeared as a neurosurgeon in episode three.
Cast
Roy Glover – Adrian Edmondson
George Banatwala – Madhav Sharma
Toby Stephens – David Mitchell
Lucy Potter – Abigail Cruttenden
Zita Khan – Mina Anwar
Walt – Geoffrey McGivern
Tara Cummings – Susan Earl
Flapper – Steven Alvey
Stumpy Yates – Joanna Scanlan
References
External links
Comedy Guide
BBC television sitcoms
2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
Television series by ITV Studios
Carlton Television
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Nottinghamshire |
間士丘站（）是倫敦地鐵的一個車站，位於紅橋區的間士丘地區。間士丘站是中央線的車站，位於倫敦第4收費區。二戰期間該站曾是防空洞。車站開通於1947年12月14日。
參考資料
外部連結
- Entrance to station in 1953, with low roof of ticket hall visible in background
Gants Hill
Gants Hill
Gants
倫敦裝飾風藝術建築
裝飾風藝術鐵路車站
1947年啟用的鐵路車站 |
血精会不孕不育吗？血精症是男科和泌尿外科常见疾病，指精液中存在血液。根据含血量的多少，可以表现为肉眼血精、精液中混有血丝或显微镜下有少量红细胞。严格来讲，血精症只是一种临床表现，而非一种疾病。血精可出现于发育后的任何年龄，一般以处于性活动旺盛期的30～40岁的青壮年多见，80%～90%呈间歇性发作。血精多是良性自限性疾病，仅需保守治疗。但有部分严重顽固性血精症患者，可能存在潜在的其他严重病理性改变的风险，要采用进一步的治疗措施。精液输送途径的各个部位、组织病变均可引起血精，但主要来源于精囊、前列腺和后尿道。血精可分为功能性和器质性。功能性血精是男性在达到性高潮时的收缩和射精完毕后的松弛性改变，使精囊腺的压力急速变化，囊壁上的毛细血管受到损伤造成出血或毛细血管通透性改变而渗血。器质性血精是由某些疾病引起，常见原因包括生殖系统感染是血精最常见的原因。感染致病原包括病毒、细菌、结核杆菌和寄生虫感染等，也可以是创伤、尿道异物、化学药品造成的结果。常见有精囊炎、前列腺炎、后尿道炎、精囊结核、附睾睾丸炎等。前列腺、精囊或输精管的结石也可引起血精。射精管梗阻后可使梗阻的近端管道扩张和膨胀，导致黏膜血管破裂、出血，常见有精囊囊肿、射精管囊肿、精囊憩室、午非管囊肿及前列腺囊肿等。适度性生活，不宜过频过激烈，也不宜禁欲时间过长。禁忌饮酒和辛辣刺激性食物，不要长距离骑车，以免造成病情反复。已生育者可以温水坐浴，水温41°C～42°C，每日1次，每次15～20分钟。对于尚未生育者，则避免坐浴，以免高温影响精子质量。 |
因皮里亞加布爾斯（）是位於美國加利福尼亞州因皮里爾縣的一個非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
因皮里亞加布爾斯的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為391米（即1283英尺）。
參考文獻
Imperial Gables
Imperial Gables |
杜尔卡迪尔可能是指：
杜勒卡迪爾侯國：安纳托利亚侯国之一
杜尔卡迪尔省：奥斯曼帝国的一个省 |
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會几内亚代表團參加2016年8月5日至8月21日在巴西里約熱內盧舉行的第三十一屆奧林匹克運動會。該國自1968年起首次參加奧運，1972年慕尼黑奧運時該國未成功替選手報名比賽，並參與坦尚尼亞等國在1976年蒙特利爾奧運的抵制，因此本屆為該國第11次參賽。
田徑
幾內亞运动员在田径项目上获得以下资格（每个小项最多3名来自同一代表团的运动员参赛）：
徑賽
柔道
幾內亞一名柔道运动员获三方委员会邀请，得以参加奥运
游泳
幾內亞有两名游泳运动员获得外卡资格，得以参加奥运。
參考文獻
A
2016
2016年幾內亞 |
同形寄居蟹（学名：）为寄居蟹科寄居蟹屬下的一个种。
参考文献
T
T |
Eric Ross Komitee (born December 21, 1970) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
Education
Komitee earned his Bachelor of Arts, with high honors, from Emory University in 1992, where he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, and his Juris Doctor, cum laude, from the New York University School of Law in 1995, where he served as the senior notes and comments editor of the New York University Law Review.
Legal career
After graduating from law school, he served as a law clerk to Judge James Larry Edmondson of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit from 1995 to 1996. He has practiced from 1996 to 2000 as an associate in the Government Enforcement and White Collar Crime group of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom and as an associate in the corporate practice group of Cravath Swaine & Moore. He previously served for eight years as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 2000 to 2008, rising to serve as Chief of the Business and Securities Fraud Section from 2006 to 2008.
From 2008 to 2019, he served as General Counsel of Viking Global Investors in New York City.
Federal judicial service
In August 2017, Komitee was one of several candidates pitched to New York senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand by the White House as judicial candidates for vacancies on the federal courts in New York. On May 10, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Komitee to serve as a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. On May 15, 2018, his nomination was sent to the Senate. He was nominated to the seat that was vacated by Judge Eric N. Vitaliano, who assumed senior status on February 28, 2017. On August 1, 2018, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On September 13, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–0 vote.
On January 3, 2019, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On April 8, 2019, President Trump announced the renomination of Komitee to the district court. On May 21, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. On June 20, 2019, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–1 vote. On December 2, 2019, the Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 81–5 vote. On December 3, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a 86–4 vote. He received his judicial commission on December 5, 2019.
See also
List of Jewish American jurists
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
21st-century American lawyers
Assistant United States Attorneys
Cravath, Swaine & Moore associates
Emory University alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
New York (state) lawyers
New York University School of Law alumni
People from Freeport, New York
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom people
United States district court judges appointed by Donald Trump |
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| 小行星200433 || || 2000年10月6日 || 可可尼诺县 || 洛厄尔天文台近地小行星搜寻计划
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| 小行星200434 || || 2000年10月31日 || 索科罗 || 林肯近地小行星研究小组
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| 小行星200447 || || 2000年11月21日 || 基特峰 || 太空监视
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| 小行星200451 || || 2000年11月21日 || Needville || Needville
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| 小行星200479 || || 2000年12月22日 || 奥德热幽夫 || P. Kušnirák、P. Pravec
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| 小行星200499 || || 2000年12月30日 || 索科罗 || 林肯近地小行星研究小组
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Tim Morrison or Timothy Morrison may refer to:
Tim Morrison (American football) (born 1963), American professional football player
Tim Morrison (presidential advisor) (born c. 1978), American political adviser |
The inaugural Big East men's basketball tournament took place at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island, in March 1980. It is a single-elimination tournament with three rounds. Syracuse had the best regular season conference record and received the #1 seed and a bye into the semifinals.
Georgetown defeated Syracuse in the championship game 87–81.
Bracket
Awards
Most Valuable Player: Craig Shelton, Georgetown
All Tournament Team
John Duren, Georgetown
Eric Floyd, Georgetown
Marty Headd, Syracuse
Louis Orr, Syracuse
David Russell, St. John's
References
Tournament
Big East men's basketball tournament
Basketball in Rhode Island
College sports in Rhode Island
Sports competitions in Rhode Island
Big East men's basketball tournament
Big East men's basketball tournament
History of Providence, Rhode Island |
斯蒂芬島異鷯（Xenicus (Traversia) lyalli）是紐西蘭斯蒂芬島的一種雀，主要吃昆蟲。牠們都是島內的居民，且已經滅絕。
斯蒂芬島異鷯的學名是為紀念燈塔的助理David Lyall，因為是他發現這種雀鳥的。原先斯蒂芬島異鷯是分類在獨立的Traversia中，這個屬是為紀念Henry H. Travers，因他購買了多個標本，而後來牠們被分類在刺鷯屬中。牠們並非真正的鷦鷯科，只是一種外表相似的原始雀鳥，屬於刺鷯科。
根據考古學的發現，斯蒂芬島異鷯是分佈在紐西蘭的主島中。牠們的消失可能是因波利尼西亞鼠的掠食。但是牠們不懂得飛行，如何能跨越3.2公里的海洋到達斯蒂芬島就不得而知了。
滅絕
流傳較廣的有關斯蒂芬島異鷯滅絕的原因常是錯誤的，如傳說於1894年，被燈塔看更的貓所消滅，莱昂内尔·沃尔特·罗斯柴尔德（Lionel Walter Rothschild）指一隻貓就殺死了所有的斯蒂芬島異鷯。根據歷史紀錄，蒂芬島異鷯並非被由守燈塔人所攜帶的單一貓隻滅絕，而是由守燈塔人所飼養的家猫逃逸之後，再繁殖為野化家猫的群體，從而再掠食，使這些鳥於1895年消失。另外，島內原初都是森林，因開發而令牠們失去棲息地也是成因之一。
標本
斯蒂芬島異鷯只有15個標本，分別如下：
莱昂内尔·沃尔特·罗斯柴尔德標本，所有都是於1894年7月至10月採集的。它們分別存放在倫敦的自然歷史博物館、紐約的美國自然歷史博物館、費城的自然科學館、劍橋的哈佛大學動物比較學博物館。
沃爾特·布勒（Walter Buller）標本，於1894年至1899年間採集的。它們分別存放在匹茲堡的卡內基博物館及基督城的肯特貝里博物館。
利物浦世界博物館標本，是沃爾特·布勒從Henry H. Travers購買回來的，並於1898年售予此館。
威靈頓紐西蘭文化博物館的標本，資料不詳。
但尼丁奧塔哥博物館標本。
於1894年或1895年初採集不知名的標本，共有5個。
參考
Buller, Walter L. (1905): Supplement to the 'Birds of New Zealand' (2 volumes). Published by the author, London.
Fuller, Errol (2000): Extinct Birds, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-850837-9
Rothschild, Walter (1894): A new species from Stephens Island. Bull. B. O. C. 4(22): 10.
Rothschild, Walter (1895): [Notes on Xenicus lyalli]. Ibis 7(1): 268-269.
Rothschild, Walter (1907): Extinct Birds.
外部連結
TerraNature - Wren
New Zealand wrens, including picture
Extinct New Zealand Birds
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因人類活動而滅絕的物種
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基因肿瘤筛查多少钱？肿瘤基因，人体细胞内有原癌基因和抑癌基因，当这两种基因因为一些条件变异后，会产生癌症。肿瘤是癌症的表现形式之一。基因疗法定点清除癌细胞从本质上来讲，癌症是一种基因病，其发生、发展与复发均与基因的变异、缺失、畸形相关。要依赖显微学方法，一般先通过染色体中断、缺失或异质性缺失等手段确定异常基因的位置。用先前这种方法已经成功地鉴定了一批与淋巴瘤、白血病和肉瘤等相关的基因，但是其缺陷在于难以发现其中存在的点突变。，要发现基因一样存在的点突变，唯一实际的方法就是系统地对它们进行详细的检查。传统的方法需要对每一个肿瘤基因进行测序，以发现其中存在的突变或缺失，这样工作量是十分繁重的，而且速度很慢，价格昂贵。研究小组则采取了一种靶向性更强的筛选方法。根据人类基因组计划所获得的信息，他们只需要对基因的外显子进行筛选便可以了。他们在工作中将对同一患者的肿瘤组织与正常组织序列之间的差异进行比较。这种方法从对来自不同肿瘤的细胞系的筛选开始，然后比较它们与正常的成淋巴细胞系的差别。这些肿瘤包括成年人的乳腺癌、肺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、结肠直肠癌、卵巢癌、脑肿瘤、肾癌、膀胱癌和部分儿科恶性肿瘤。基因治疗的策略有基因替代、基因修复、基因添加、基因失活，目前临床使用的最主要方式是基因添加。当然，基因疗法也是众多治疗方法之一，也有其局限性。肿瘤基因筛查分很多种的，比有如乳腺癌，有子宫癌，有肺癌，有肝癌，有大肠癌，有的是几个基因，有的是一个基因，有的是一套很多个基因，都不一样的。 |
In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
History
In 1944, Lewis Ferry Moody plotted the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for various values of relative roughness ε / D.
This chart became commonly known as the Moody chart or Moody diagram.
It adapts the work of Hunter Rouse
but uses the more practical choice of coordinates employed by R. J. S. Pigott, whose work was based upon an analysis of some 10,000 experiments from various sources.
Measurements of fluid flow in artificially roughened pipes by J. Nikuradse were at the time too recent to include in Pigott's chart.
The chart's purpose was to provide a graphical representation of the function of C. F. Colebrook in collaboration with C. M. White, which provided a practical form of transition curve to bridge the transition zone between smooth and rough pipes, the region of incomplete turbulence.
Description
Moody's team used the available data (including that of Nikuradse) to show that fluid flow in rough pipes could be described by four dimensionless quantities: Reynolds number, pressure loss coefficient, diameter ratio of the pipe and the relative roughness of the pipe. They then produced a single plot which showed that all of these collapsed onto a series of lines, now known as the Moody chart. This dimensionless chart is used to work out pressure drop, (Pa) (or head loss, (m)) and flow rate through pipes. Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy–Weisbach equation in which the Darcy friction factor appears :
Pressure drop can then be evaluated as:
or directly from
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter.
The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the pipe diameter or .
The Moody chart can be divided into two regimes of flow: laminar and turbulent. For the laminar flow regime (< ~3000), roughness has no discernible effect, and the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor was determined analytically by Poiseuille:
For the turbulent flow regime, the relationship between the friction factor the Reynolds number Re, and the relative roughness is more complex. One model for this relationship is the Colebrook equation (which is an implicit equation in ):
Fanning friction factor
This formula must not be confused with the Fanning equation, using the Fanning friction factor , equal to one fourth the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor . Here the pressure drop is:
References
See also
Friction loss
Darcy friction factor formulae
Fluid dynamics
Hydraulics
Piping |
鼻黏膜和鼻甲萎缩的诊断是什么？萎缩性鼻炎的症状 临床表现：(一)鼻及鼻咽部干燥感：这是由于鼻粘膜的腺体萎缩，分泌物减少所致。(二)鼻塞：脓痂堵塞鼻腔可致鼻塞，或因鼻粘膜的神经感觉迟钝，即使取除脓痂，空气通过亦不易觉察，而误认为鼻塞。(三)鼻分泌物：常呈块状、管筒状脓痂，不易擤出，用力擤出干痂时，有少量鼻出血。(四)嗅觉障碍：嗅觉多减退或消失。这是由于嗅区粘膜萎缩或干痂阻塞引起。(五)呼气恶臭：因脓痂下细菌繁殖生长，脓痂中的蛋白质腐败分解，产生恶臭气味，称臭鼻症。(六)头痛、头昏：由于鼻甲萎缩，鼻腔缺乏调温保温作用，吸入冷空气刺激鼻粘膜，以及脓痂的刺激，皆可致头痛头昏。鼻干、鼻塞、臭鼻痂多、嗅觉减退或丧失，头昏头痛。检查见鼻腔宽大，鼻甲萎缩，大量脓痂，可闻及鼻腔内异嗅味，即可诊断。 |
Hpv6阳性一定会传染吗？在去检查的患者之中可以有高达30%的人携带HPV病毒，但是没有任何临床表现，只要没有临床表现，单纯HPV6阳性，是可以不用处理的，密切观察就行。不需要自己吓自己，还是需要经过医生专业的诊断之后再下结论。其实提到尖锐湿疣，这是一种比较常见的生殖系统疾病，无论是男性还是女性都有可能会得这个病，患上了之后如果不进行及时的治疗就有可能将病菌传染给他人。这种疾病病程较长，而且传染性很强，疾病治愈之后如果没有做好护理的措施，还有可能导致疾病的复发。其实尖锐湿疣的复发与治愈后的护理也有很大的关系，治愈之后做好护理的措施，可以完全防止疾病复发。1、首先，尖锐湿疣这种疾病最为主要的传播途径就是性生活，而且是不洁的性生活，有多个性伴侣的人要比固定性伴侣的人感染几率高3倍以上。所以个人生活一定要非常检点，做到洁身自好。2、尖锐湿疣通常采用以下两种治疗方法：采用手术、烧灼、冷冻、激光的物理疗法；注射生物制剂、干扰素等药物来提高病人的免疫功能；尖锐湿疣的常见治疗方法也可以通过药物治疗，目前祛疣药物有很多，可以遵医用药。3、在治疗期间应注意个人卫生，每天对外阴进行清洗，勤换内衣以及内裤，这样对于疾病的预防也是相当有好处的。在疾病发作期要避免性生活，以免将病菌传染给性伴侣。只要及时治疗、积极治疗，是有希望可以治好的。注意事项：建议患者及时去正规医院找专科医生治疗，以免延误病情，对自身健康状态造成影响。病人平日应放宽心态，不应该给自己太重的思想包袱，保持好睡眠，作息时间，给身体一个良好的修复环境。 |
Sugar cubes are white sugar granules pressed into small cubes. It is usually used by individuals to sweeten drinks. There are two main ways of using the sugar cubes: directly dissolving the cubes in the drink or placing the cube into the mouth while drinking.
Size and packaging
The typical size for each cube is between and , corresponding to the weight of approximately 3–5 grams. However, the cube sizes and shapes vary greatly, for example, playing card suits-shaped pieces are produced under the name "bridge cube sugar".
The typical retail packaging weight is 0.5 kilogram (1 pound) or 1 kilogram / 2 pounds.
In 1923 German wholesaler Karl Hellmann started packaging pair of cubes into individual wrappings with advertisements or collectible pictures on the sleeves. Originally very popular in cafés, they were quickly replaced in the beginning of the 21st century by granulated sugar in packets and sticks.
Manufacturing
When making the cubes, the granulated sugar is slightly (2–3%) moistened, placed into a mold and heated so that the moisture can escape. The firmness, density, and speed of dissolution of the cube are controlled via the crystal size of the granulated sugar, amount of water/steam added, molding pressure, and speed of drying. The dissolution speed is important, as the consumers that place the sugar into their mouths prefer denser, slower-dissolving sugar.
The input material usually requires a wide distribution of sizes (from 500 microns and up) for the cube stability.
The cubes are made on the highly automated lines capable of processing up to 50 tons of sugar per day. Typically, one of the three common processes is used to produce the more popular soft cubes:
Vibro process of Swedish Sugar Corporation (from the late 1950s) utilizes vibration to fill the molds and to get the formed cubes out. Heat radiation oven is used for drying;
Chambon process was invented in France in 1949 and uses a rotating molding unit and a vertical dryer;
Elba process is similar to Chambon.
History
Because sugarloafs were hard to break into manageable pieces, dangerous tools were used in the process (apparently, Jakub Kryštof Rad, the inventor of the first sugar cube, started his effort after his wife hurt herself while chopping the sugarloaf). The resulting pieces were irregular in size; if the piece was too large, either sugar nips had to be used, or the piece had to be dunked into the tea cup like a donut, and after sufficient dissolution taken out to dry for the next use (the latter option was described by Lev Tolstoy in his "Where Love Is, God Is": "Stepanich drank his glass, turned it upside down and set the leftover bit of sugar on it").
Rad had made the first sugar cubes in the early 1840s by pressing moist sugar into a tray resembling the modern ice cube trays and letting the cubes dry. Despite Rad obtaining a patent in 1843, his business was ultimately unsuccessful.
The next breakthrough came almost 30 years later, when Eugen Langen, of Pfeifer & Langen, used a centrifuge to produce blocks of sugar that were subsequently cut into cubes. Henry Tate (Tate & Lyle) acquired from Langen exclusive rights for producing the cubes in Britain (on 13 March 1875) and started the first large-scale manufacturing of cubes. Tate placed a very large bet on the innovation, temporarily running through personal financial difficulties to the extent that he had to pull his daughter from the boarding school she attended. The contract with Langen involved royalties, but the factory was successful, producing 214 tons of cubes in 1878 and 1,366 tons in 1888.
In 1880 Tate acquired rights to another process, invented in Belgium by Gustav Adant, where sugar "tablets" were manufactured on rotating machines and then sliced into cubes (at the time, they were called "dominoes"). The new process had replaced the Langen one in 1891 and was a huge success; standard quotes for refined sugar in London started to be expressed in Tate's cubes.
The first process to mold cubes without any cutting was invented in Boston by Charles H. Hersey ("Hersey drum", 1879); some of these units, modified in 1929 to produce fancy shaped pieces, are still in use today.
Adant's process is also still used, for example, at the Raffinerie Tirlemontoise (since 1902) to make extremely hard cubes popular in Belgium, France, and Arab countries.
Use
The cubes were and are mostly used to sweeten tea and coffee (the original Rad's pieces were even sold as "tea-sugar"). However, the popularity of artificial sweeteners, together with the trend of switching from filtered coffee to capuccino-like drinks, has turned sugar cubes into a niche product primarily used in bars or served at formal afternoon tea events.
The specialty uses of cubes include:
the classical Old Fashioned cocktail recipe with a sugar cube infused with Angostura bitters;
paraphernalia for serving the absinthe includes the slotted absinthe spoon on top of the glass. A sugar cube is placed onto the spoon and a slow drip of water dissolves the sugar into the drink, creating the desired milky louche effect (a more bohemian version involves putting the soaked cube aflame);
sugar cubes can be infused with a drug, making a calibrated oral delivery simple. This was used both for administering the polio vaccine and for distribution of drugs like LSD (leaving the "cube" as a slang term for the latter);
a great variety of colored and sculpted sugar cubes (shaped as flowers and animals) is marketed in Japan.
Arts
A sugar-cube metaphor is popular in architecture. First proposed by Walter Gropius in 1922, it comes back "every five years" with a variety of ambiguous meanings, from strictly regimented design (cf. works of Theo van Doesburg) to "unity in variety" (cf. Italian hill towns) to whitewashed plain facades of the Cyclades.
A monument with sugar cube on top stands in Czech town of Dačice, the place where the first sugar cube factory was established by Rad.
Multiple art galleries display the works of an Irish sculptor Brendan Jamison, specializing on the architecture-themed pieces made of sugar cubes.
Icelandic band The Sugarcubes, with lead singer Bjork before she went solo, took its name from sugarcubes.
References
Sources
Sugar
Tea culture |
羅盤座VV，又名BD-20 2538，HD 71581、SAO 175870、HR 3335，是羅盤座的一颗恒星，视星等为6.56，位于銀經242.8，銀緯10.16，其B1900.0坐标为赤經，赤緯。
参考文献
羅盤座
71581
3335
175870 |
半月板手术后多久可以正常走路？对于半月板损伤，一般需要关节镜手术，但是关节镜手术后，应该什么时候下地走路应根据损伤部位，损伤程度以及手术类型而定。对于半月板撕裂非常严重，半月板碎裂，半月板的复杂撕裂。半月板无法保留，行半月板全切或者半月板次全切。这种情况一般手术后六个小时就可以下地走路，可以完全负重走路的，基本上不影响日常生活。但是由于毕竟是一个关节镜手术，所以，会有一段时间的肿胀。至于恢复正常运动一般术后一个月到三个月左右。如果老年人恢复时间会更长，有时候甚至半年到一年。就是半月板部分切除手术。这种情况一般术后第二天下地，不要走路太多，一般术后一个月左右可以从事少量运动，但是如果膝关节肿胀，建议尽量延后运动的时间。活动量根据疼痛、肿胀情况以及半月板成形术的情况而定。半月板成形术的时候，如果半月板切除了很多，剩余的半月板质地比正常的差，这种情况不建议以后剧烈运动，最好散步或游泳。再给予半月板缝合，或者直接半月板缝合，那这种情况恢复的反而比单纯的半月板切除或者成形手术慢，同样术后第二天可以下地走路，但建议不负重行走，二周后可以最好佩戴膝关节支具下地部分负重行走，当然为安全起见，很多医生会选择术后一个月内，尽量不要负重。佩戴膝关节支具起码一个半月以上，尽量避免缝合的半月板再次损伤。总之一般关节镜下半月板手术以后，六小时可以下地负重走路，但是，要根据不同的情况，如果是半月板缝合，因为恢复比较慢，所以一般六小时下地时部分负重行走，而且要佩戴支具，当然安全起见最好缝合的半月板，一个半月之内不要下地，如果要下地，可以用对侧肢体支撑，佩戴支具，扶双拐下地行走。而半月板成形或者半月板切除，术后六个小时可以完全负重行走。还有一点需要说明的是，下地走路不等于就是恢复正常了，关节镜术后恢复时间各人并不一样，中老年人恢复时间相对较慢，术后疼痛肿胀是正常现象，需要三个月到半年恢复时间的，有些甚至更长。 |
硫胂胺钠禁忌症是什么？本品毒性较大，属于肝毒肾毒药物，肝肾功能不全动物禁用。 |
腹茧症的诊断是什么？组织病理学检查可表现为为纤维或胶原组织，呈慢性炎症改变。1.B超 提示肿物为粘连的肠管，外被有弱回声组织，不能观察到有无腹水及包裹肠管有无蠕动。2.X线钡餐检查 可见小肠受压、紧缩、小肠整块移动或回肠末段狭窄等征象，钡剂通过小肠的时间明显延长，短缩的肠系膜及纤维内壁的粘连可使小肠出现类似结肠袋样的征象(图1)。3.CT 可了解腹块内为折叠之小肠，肠管狭窄为增厚的腹膜所包裹。 |
The following events occurred in August 1928:
Wednesday, August 1, 1928
Croatian deputies withdrew from the Yugoslavian National Assembly and set up a separatist parliament in Zagreb. They said that they would not recognize any decisions made in Yugoslavian parliament as binding in Croatia.
Thursday, August 2, 1928
Italy and Ethiopia signed a friendship treaty.
The South Indian Railway Strike ended.
Friday, August 3, 1928
The Easter Act was among many bills granted Royal Assent in Britain. The act fixed the date of Easter as the Sunday following the second Saturday of April. No government has ever followed up by issuing the implementation order, but the legislation has never been repealed.
Born: Henning Moritzen, film actor, in Tårbæk, Denmark (d. 2012)
Died: Jovan Avakumović, 87, President of the Ministry of Serbia 1892–1893
Saturday, August 4, 1928
A volcanic eruption occurred at Paluweh in the Dutch East Indies, causing a tsunami that killed at least 160 people and affecting the global climate.
A group of 11,000 Britons conducted a pilgrimage to the battlefields of northern France on the fourteenth anniversary of the British declaration of war on Germany.
The anniversary was marked in Berlin with a huge anti-war demonstration organized by communists outside the City Palace. 600 red flags were dipped as the crowd sang "The Internationale" and took an oath to boycott war.
Sunday, August 5, 1928
About 1,000 communists were arrested in Paris for trying to mount an anti-war demonstration in Ivry-sur-Seine in defiance of the government.
Born: Bogdan Maglich, nuclear physicist, in Sombor, Yugoslavia (d. 2017)
Monday, August 6, 1928
All 31 crew members were killed when the Italian submarine F-14 sank, following a collision with the destroyer Giuseppe Missori west of the Brijuni Islands. When the F-14 was raised 34 hours after, it was found that the entire crew had died from chlorine gas that had been released when salt water flooded the submarine's storage batteries.
Born: Andy Warhol, pop artist, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1987)
Tuesday, August 7, 1928
Italy tightened its emigration laws, making it harder for Italians to reunite with relatives living abroad. Wives and sons could still join emigrated husbands and fathers, but only if they were dependent on them. Sisters had to be unmarried in order to join their brothers.
Born: James Randi, stage magician and scientific skeptic, in Toronto, Canada (d. 2020)
Wednesday, August 8, 1928
The Fort Pierce hurricane made landfall in the United States.
The engagement of retired boxing champion Gene Tunney and socialite Mary Lauder was announced.
Born:
Simón Díaz, Venezuelan composer, in Barbacoas, Aragua (d. 2014)
Jane Stoll, baseball player, in West Point, Pennsylvania (d. 2000)
Died:
George E. Brennan, 63, Democratic party boss in Illinois
Stjepan Radić, 57, Croatian politician, died of wounds sustained in the June 20 parliament shooting
Thursday, August 9, 1928
The island of Palu'e was reported to have been virtually destroyed by the eruption of the Rokatinda volcano, killing up to 1,000 people and wiping out six villages.
Born:
Bob Cousy, American pro basketball player and Basketball Hall of Fame honoree, in Manhattan
Harold Johnson, American boxer, in Manayunk, Pennsylvania (d. 2015)
Friday, August 10, 1928
Pierre du Pont endorsed Al Smith for president due to his pledge to reform Prohibition.
Born:
Jimmy Dean, country music singer, actor and businessman, in Varina, Virginia (d. 2010)
Eddie Fisher, entertainer, in Philadelphia (d. 2010)
Died: Rex Cherryman, 31, American actor, septic poisoning
Saturday, August 11, 1928
U.S. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover formally accepted the Republican nomination for president in a speech at Stanford University Stadium.
Weimar Germany celebrated its ninth birthday; the government decreed that August 11 would thereafter be a national holiday.
Sunday, August 12, 1928
The closing ceremony for the Summer Olympics was held. The United States won the medal count with 22 gold medals and 56 total.
Four were killed in Heerlen, Netherlands when a plane crashed among spectators during an air show.
The Argentine National Congress named Hipólito Yrigoyen the president-elect.
Born: Bob Buhl, baseball player, in Saginaw, Michigan (d. 2001)
Died: Leoš Janáček, 74, Czech composer
Monday, August 13, 1928
In a test of Britain's defenses against an aerial attack, 250 Royal Air Force planes waged a mock nighttime air battle in the skies over London. An official report said that eight out of ten bomber raids were intercepted.
The Treaty of Nettuno was ratified in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by a single vote.
The adventure comic strip Tim Tyler's Luck first appeared.
Tuesday, August 14, 1928
The second night of aerial war maneuvers were conducted over London. It was reported that vital sections of the city would have been bombed to ruins if the air raid had been real.
The stage comedy The Front Page, adapted for three films and several television series, opened on Broadway.
Wednesday, August 15, 1928
The German ocean-liner SS Europa was launched from Hamburg's Blohm & Voss shipyard.
Bill Dickey made his major league baseball debut with the New York Yankees, going 0-for-2 against the Chicago White Sox in an 8–4 loss.
The Mexican football club Unión de Curtidores was founded.
Born: Nicolas Roeg, film director and cinematographer, in London, England (d. 2018)
Thursday, August 16, 1928
The German ocean liner SS Bremen was launched the day after the launch of her sister ship, SS Europa.
Born: Ann Blyth, actress, in Mount Kisco, New York
Born: Eydie Gormé, singer, in the Bronx (d. 2013)
Died: Carlo Del Prete, 30, Italian aviator, died of injuries sustained five days earlier in a plane crash
Friday, August 17, 1928
Aerial maneuvers over London ended in the morning, with experts in agreement that British air defenses were inadequate. Fast bombers were found to be the most successful type of plane.
American stage and film actress Helen Hayes and playwright Charles MacArthur were married in New York.
Born: Willem Duys, radio and television presenter, commentator, tennis player and music producer (d. 2011)
Died: Frank Urson, 41, American film director, drowned
Saturday, August 18, 1928
A tropical storm swept Haiti, killing about 200 people and doing an estimated $1 million property damage.
Born:
Theodore Millon, American psychologist (d. 2014)
Marge Schott, controversial American baseball team owner who owned the Cincinnati Reds; in Cincinnati, Ohio (d. 2004)
Sunday, August 19, 1928
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece for the Vouli, the lower house of the Hellenic Parliament, in the first elections held since the 1927 Constitution was promulgated. The Liberal Party of Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos won 178 of the 250 seats for a majority, after having had only one-third of the seats in the previous election.
Born: Queen Ratna of Nepal, in Kathmandu
Died: Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, 72, British politician, lawyer and philosopher
Monday, August 20, 1928
U.S. Army Colonel Art Goebel completed the first west to east, non-stop flight across the United States in 18 hours 58 minutes.
Tornadoes swept through Iowa and southern Minnesota, killing 8 people.
Born: Ed Sandford, ice hockey player, in New Toronto, Canada
Died: George Brinton McClellan Harvey, 64, American diplomat and journalist
Tuesday, August 21, 1928
An editorial in the Italian newspaper Tevere ridiculed the Kellogg–Briand Pact, saying the signatories were not sincere about wanting to abolish war.
United Artists executive Joseph M. Schenck said that talkies were just a fad and that "people will not want talking pictures long."
Wednesday, August 22, 1928
William F. Whiting replaced Herbert Hoover as U.S. Secretary of Commerce.
Born: Karlheinz Stockhausen, composer, in Burg-Mödrath, Germany (d. 2007)
Died: Byron F. Ritchie, 75, U.S. Representative from Ohio
Thursday, August 23, 1928
New York Governor Al Smith formally accepted the Democratic nomination for president in a speech in Albany. The planned ceremony in the park outside the Capitol was driven indoors due to rain, so 25,000 stood in the downpour to hear Smith's speech from inside the Assembly Chamber over loudspeakers. WGY of Schenectady televised the event and became the first television station to transmit a remote broadcast.
Born: Marian Seldes, actress, in Manhattan (d. 2014)
Friday, August 24, 1928
The derailment of a train in Times Square in New York City killed 18 people and injured 100 shortly after the train departed the Times Square station.
52-year-old George H. Brown of Lampasas, Texas, was fatally burned when he fell into a hot spring at Midway Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park.
U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg arrived in Paris to sign the international anti-war pact.
Saturday, August 25, 1928
Architect Frank Lloyd Wright married his third wife Olga Lazovich in San Diego.
Born: Herbert Kroemer, professor of electrical and computer engineering, in Weimar, Germany
Sunday, August 26, 1928
Actress Barbara Stanwyck and vaudeville comedian Frank Fay were married in St. Louis.
Born:
Zdeněk Veselovský, zoologist, in Czechoslovakia (d. 2006)
Yvette Vickers, actress, model and singer, in Kansas City, Missouri (d. c.2010, her mummified body was discovered in April 2010)
Monday, August 27, 1928
Representatives from 15 nations signed the Kellogg–Briand Pact in Paris, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy.
Died: Émile Fayolle, 70, French military commander
Tuesday, August 28, 1928
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia signed the Kellogg–Briand Pact.
Wednesday, August 29, 1928
The Albanian National Assembly appointed a committee to frame a "special emergency" bill that would change the republic to a monarchy.
Born: Dick O'Neill, actor, in New York City (d. 1998)
Thursday, August 30, 1928
General Order 40 reallocated the commercial broadcast radio spectrum in the United States.
Died: Wilhelm Wien, 64, German physicist
Friday, August 31, 1928
The Threepenny Opera by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill premiered at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm in Berlin.
Wreckage from Roald Amundsen's seaplane was found near Tromsø. The French consul examined a pontoon and positively identified it as belonging to the plane Amundsen and his crew departed in on June 18.
Amelia Earhart crashed her biplane at Rogers Field near Pittsburgh when the landing gear broke after hitting a rut during touchdown. Earhart and passenger George P. Putnam were uninjured.
Born:
James Coburn, American TV actor; in Laurel, Nebraska (d. 2002)
Jaime Sin, Filipino Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Manila; in New Washington, Aklan (d. 2005)
References
1928
1928-08
1928-08 |
楊吉雄（），中華民國政治人物，曾擔任國民大會代表，後代表中國國民黨以全國不分區當選為第二、三、四屆立法委員。
1993年時任宜蘭縣的國民黨縣黨部主委，誤信馮光遠投稿於「給我報報」內文提到張軍堂的論文題目是「犀牛皮移植到我臉上法律效力之研究」的惡搞，而淪為笑柄。
1999年12月10日，時任國民黨不分區立委的楊吉雄召開記者會，指證宋楚瑜之子宋鎮遠在1992年底曾大舉購買票券1億600餘萬元，揭開「興票案」的序幕。該案事後雖獲判不起訴，但一般認為是2000年總統大選宋楚瑜落敗的重要因素。
2009年10月20日，國民黨考紀會以「致贈禮品事證明確」取消楊吉雄中常委的當選資格。
因涉和平港補償弊案，高等法院花蓮分院2013年1月判楊吉雄詐欺取財2年6個月，併科罰金1千萬元確定。
楊吉雄之子楊棨名於2022年2月8日在其臉書頁面發文「我的父親比共產黨更共產黨，完全沒有民主自由、人權法治的規範！」並稱其父在林姿妙選縣議員時用新台幣2,000多萬元現金買廚房用品每家每戶賄選而一審遭有罪判刑，但他父親再買收二審而宣判無罪。
參考資料
外部連結
Y楊
Y楊
Y楊
Y楊
J吉
台灣詐欺犯
蘇澳人
第1屆國民大會第3次增額代表 |
精神（音译：Seishin，意译：Spirit Commands）为日本电子游戏《超级机器人大战系列》中和传统电脑角色扮演游戏中的魔法类似的特殊指令。它和魔法的主要不同点是，不像《最终幻想系列》游戏里面那样主要用来直接攻击对手，而是主要用在自己和敌人身上来辅助战斗。在《超级机器人大战系列》中，精神可以被认为是精神力强大的人物的能力，各个可供玩家操作的人物都拥有。使用精神时需要消耗精神点数（英文Spirit Points ，游戏中简写为SP），其功能类似传统角色扮演游戏中的魔法点数，但是在战斗中只能通过使用一些特定精神来恢复。
《超级机器人大战系列》中每个作品中包含的精神指令的名称和作用五花八门，通常依赖于游戏的登场作品。例如，《第3次超级机器人大战α》中包含恢复《超时空要塞7》特有的歌能的精神情热。另外，使用精神时消耗的精神点数在不同作品中也不尽相同。一些游戏中每个角色的精神消耗是不变的，另外一些游戏中，精神消耗受到集中力这样的机师特殊技能的影响，甚至也受到皇牌駕駛員奖励的影响。
精神一般是作用于使用者本身，也有作用于选定人物或者一定范围的。在具有小队系统的《第2次超级机器人大战α》等作品中，有些精神也作用于使用者所在小队。下面的列表中，如果没有特殊说明，精神作用于使用者本身。各作品效果略有差異，僅供參考，不直接等於遊戲攻略。
攻击类
熱血（Valor）／魂（Soul） 下次攻击时造成的伤害上升。熱血：一回合内伤害度2倍；魂是热血的升级版，造成的伤害也较多，一回合内伤害度2.5倍或3倍。热血在超级系人物中较常见，而魂在真实系人物中较常见。
激怒 召唤落雷攻击所有敌军一次。
鬥志（） 一回合內必定會心一擊（Critical）。
激斗（） 一回合内伤害度1.5倍
分析 一回合內目標的攻擊力及防禦力降低10%
手下留情（） 一回合內攻擊瀕死目標，最後生命點必然剩下1點（早期作品中，部份敵方角色需要以此技能，令HP下降至10%以下，才可運用指定角色，在目標旁邊，以行動指令「說得」招攬。）
防守类
鐵壁（，Guard） 增强防守能力，减轻被攻击时造成的伤害，有效时间一回合。
不屈 敵方攻擊被降至-HP10。直至自機被打中才發動，有效一次。
隐身（） 本回合内不能被攻击或者反击。
命中/回避类
必闪（，Alert） 回避敌方攻击一次.
扰乱（） 全部敌军本回合命中率减半.
專注（，Focus） 命中/回避能力上升.
必中（Strike） 本回合内命中率为100%，忽略分身这样的机体特殊技能，但是对方的必闪仍然有效。
感應（Attune）使指定友軍本回合内命中率为100%，同必中。
直覺（） 同時發動必中及必閃
直击 敵方單體的防御技能（除了Proto Deviln（）外）无效化。（頭目級機體：原始惡魔的特殊能力Proto Deviln損傷-50%，氣力100以上發動）
气力类
脱力（Daunt）／ 立刻减少10点敌军气力。脱力减少指定人物或者邻近的敌军气力，而戦慄则减少全体敌军的气力.
氣勢（，Spirit）／氣魄（，Drive） 增加10点或15點气力。氣魄是氣勢的强化版，增加30点气力。
激励（Rouse）／大激励 立刻增加友军气力。激励增加指定人物或者邻近的友军的气力，而大激励则增加全体友军的气力.
回复类
毅力（，Vigor）／大毅力（，Guts） 回复HP。大毅力是毅力的强化版，可以将生命点数补满。
信頼（Trust）／友情（Faith）／愛（Love） 立刻回复友军生命点数。信頼作用于一个人物，而友情通常作用于全体友军。愛是友情的强化版，可以将全部友军的生命点数补满。后期的作品中没有奇跡这个精神，而爱的效果从回复类改成复合类。
期待（Hope）／献身 回复精神点数（SP: Spirit Point）
復活 让被击落的我军部队以正常状态重新出战。
補給（Renew） 补充能量和弹药。在一些作品中也会降低气力。
杂项
加速（Accel.） 增加移动力
本回合敌方行动时减少一次行动力。
幸運（Luck）／努力（Gain） 增加自機击落敌军时获得的资金/经验值。在有些作品中没有努力，这时幸運也增加获得的经验值。
祝福（Bless）／應援（Cheer） 使指定友军增加击落敌军时获得的资金/经验值。
再動（Enable） 给指定的友军恢复行动力。
偵察（Scan） 使得指定敌军的情报可见。默认情况下在交战之前敌军的情报不可见。部分作品會追加被偵察目標的迴避力下降。
自爆 使用者的机体爆炸来攻击邻近的敌军。
覺醒（，Zeal） 增加一次行动力。
复合精神
奇跡 大毅力+氣魄+加速+幸運+必中+必闪+魂。
奇襲 加速+必中+必闪+熱血。
愛（Love） 大毅力+氣勢+加速+幸運+努力+必中+必闪+熱血。
夢 以双倍的精神点数消耗使用指定友军的精神。
勇氣 加速+不屈+直撃+必中+熱血+氣勢
参考文献
外部連結
Banpresto官方站點（日文）
スーパーロボット大戦 公式サイト（超級機器人大戰 官方站點，日文）
超级机器人大战系列
虛構能力與武術 |
瓦西尼（，）是法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省的一个市镇，属于韦尔万区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省，该省份为法国北部内陆省份，北起北部省，西接索姆省和瓦兹省，东临阿登省和马恩省，西南至塞纳-马恩省，东北部与比利时接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
埃纳省市镇列表
参考文献
埃纳省市镇 |
Creamware is a cream-coloured refined earthenware with a lead glaze over a pale body, known in France as faïence fine,<ref>Tamara Préaud, curator. 1997.The Sėvres Porcelain Manufactory: Alexandre Brongniart and the Triumph of Art and Industry (Bard Graduate Center, New York), Glossary, s.v. "Creamware: "In France it was known as faïence fine.</ref> in the Netherlands as Engels porselein, and in Italy as terraglia inglese. It was created about 1750 by the potters of Staffordshire, England, who refined the materials and techniques of salt-glazed earthenware towards a finer, thinner, whiter body with a brilliant glassy lead glaze, which proved so ideal for domestic ware that it supplanted white salt-glaze wares by about 1780. It was popular until the 1840s.
Variations of creamware were known as "tortoiseshell ware" or "Whieldon ware" were developed by the master potter Thomas Whieldon with coloured stains under the glaze. It served as an inexpensive substitute for the soft-paste porcelains being developed by contemporary English manufactories, initially in competition with Chinese export porcelains. It was often made in the same fashionable and refined styles as porcelain.
The most notable producer of creamware was Josiah Wedgwood, who perfected the ware, beginning during his partnership with Thomas Whieldon. Wedgwood supplied his creamware to Queen Charlotte and Catherine the Great (in the famous Frog Service) and used the trade name Queen's ware. Later, around 1779, he was able to lighten the cream colour to a bluish white by using cobalt in the lead overglaze. Wedgwood sold this more desirable product under the name pearl ware. The Leeds Pottery (producing "Leedsware") was another very successful producer.
Wedgwood and his English competitors sold creamware throughout Europe, sparking local industries, that largely replaced tin-glazed faience. and to the United States. One contemporary writer and friend of Wedgwood claimed it was ubiquitous. This led to local industries developing throughout Europe to meet demand. There was also a strong export market to the United States. The success of creamware had killed the demand for tin-glazed earthenware and pewter vessels alike and the spread of cheap, good-quality, mass-produced creamware to Europe had a similar impact on Continental tin-glazed faience factories. By the 1780s Josiah Wedgwood was exporting as much as 80% of his output to Europe.
Materials and production
Creamware is made from white clays from Dorset and Devonshire combined with an amount of calcined flint. This body is the same as that used for salt-glazed stoneware, but it is fired to a lower temperature (around 800 °C as opposed to 1,100 to 1,200 °C) and glazed with lead to form a cream-coloured earthenware. The white clays ensured a fine body and the addition of flint improved its resistance to thermal shock during firing, whilst flint added to the glaze helped prevent crazing.
Development
Creamware was first produced some time before 1740. Originally lead powder or galena, mixed with a certain amount of ground calcined flint, was dusted on the ware, which was then given its one and only firing. This early method was unsatisfactory because lead powder produced poisoning among the potters and the grinding of flint stones caused a form of silicosis known as potter's rot.
Around 1740 a fluid glaze in which the ingredients were mixed and ground in water was invented, possibly by Enoch Booth of Tunstall, Staffordshire, according to one early historian, although this is disputed.Simeon Shaw, History of the Staffordshire Potteries, Hanley, Printed for the author (1829), p 18 The method involved first firing the ware to a biscuit state, and then glazing and re-firing it.
Foremost of the pioneers of creamware in the Staffordshire Potteries was Thomas Whieldon. Although he has become popularly associated almost exclusively with tortoiseshell creamware, in fact he produced a wide variety of creamware. He first mentions ‘Cream Colour’ in 1749.
The young Josiah Wedgwood was in partnership with Thomas Whieldon from 1754 to 1759 and after Wedgwood had left to set up independently at Ivy House, he immediately directed his efforts to the development of creamware.
Wedgwood rebelled against the use of coloured glazes, declaring as early as 1766 that he was clearing his warehouse of coloured ware as he was ‘heartily sick of the commodity’.
Wedgwood improved creamware by introducing china-clay into both the body and glaze and so was able to produce creamware of a much paler colour, lighter and stronger and more delicately worked, perfecting the ware by about 1770. His superior creamware, known as ‘Queen's ware’, was supplied to Queen Charlotte and Catherine the Great and later became hugely popular. There were few changes to creamware after about 1770 and the Wedgwood formula was gradually adopted by most manufacturers.
Pearlware
One important ware of note however is pearlware, of which there was an increase around 1779. Pearlware is distinct from creamware in having a blue-tinged glaze produced by the use of cobalt and a body somewhat modified to produce a ware that was slightly greyish in appearance. Pearlware was developed in order to meet demand for substitutes for Chinese porcelain amongst the growing middle classes of the time. By around 1808 a fully whitened version of creamware (known as White Ware) was introduced to meet changing market demand.
Forms
During the partnership between Thomas Whieldon and Josiah Wedgwood from 1754 to 1759, moulded creamware in a variety of forms was developed, especially in collaboration with the talented block-cutter William Greatbatch, who produced a variety of Cauliflower, Pineapple, Fruit Basket and other popular wares. There was considerable inventiveness of form and the use of moulds allowed both greater complexity and ease of mass-production. Several creamware types used moulds originally produced for the earlier salt-glazed stoneware goods, such as the typical plates illustrated opposite. Combined with increasingly sophisticated decorative techniques, creamware quickly became established as the preferred ware for the dinner table amongst both middle and upper classes.
Decoration
Creamware during the 18th century was decorated in a variety of ways:
Lead-powder
The early process of using lead-powder produced a brilliant, transparent glaze of a rich cream colour. Small stamped motifs similar to those used at the time on salt-glaze wares and redware were sometimes applied to the ware for decoration. Dry crystals of metallic oxides such as copper, iron and manganese were then dusted onto the ware to form patches of coloured decoration during firing.
Tortoiseshell method
The early lead-powder process led directly to the development of the tortoiseshell method and other coloured glazes which were used with the new fluid glazes. Here, patches of colour were sponged or painted onto the biscuit surface before a clear glaze was applied to the whole and then fired. Coloured decoration could help disguise imperfections that might arise during the firing process.
Transfer-printing
Transfer-printing of pottery was developed in the 1750s. There were two main methods, underglaze printing and overglaze. For overglaze printing, an engraved copper plate was prepared and rubbed with oil. The surplus oil was wiped off and an impression was taken onto thin paper. The oily print was then transferred to the glazed earthenware surface which was then dusted with finely ground pigment in the chosen colour. Excess powder was then removed and the ware was given a short firing in a muffle kiln to soften the glaze, burn off the oil and leave the printed image firmly bonded to the surface.
This method could be varied by transferring the oily print onto a ‘glue-bat’ – a slab of flexible gelatine that could be laid on the workbench whilst a globular pot was carefully rolled over it. Glue-bats allowed more subtle engraving techniques to be used. Underglaze transfer printing was also sometimes used, directly onto the porous biscuit body.
Transfer-printing was specialist and so generally outsourced in the early years: Sadler & Green of Liverpool were exclusive printers to Josiah Wedgwood by 1763, for example.P Holdway, "Techniques of Transfer-printing on Cream Coloured Earthenware," in Creamware and Pearlware. The Fifth Exhibition from the Northern Ceramic Society. Stoke-on-Trent City Museum & Art Gallery (1986). pp. 20-23
Enamelling
By 1760 creamware was often enamelled for decoration, using a technique adopted from the early porcelain industry. This consisted of painting overglaze on the ware with pigments made from finely powdered coloured glass and then firing again to fuse the enamel to the ware. The varied enamel colours did not fuse at the same temperature so several firings were generally needed, adding to the expense.
Manufacturers and attribution
There were approximately 130 potteries in North Staffordshire during the 1750s, rising to around 150 by 1763 and employing up to 7,000 people – a large number of these potteries would have been producing creamware.
Whilst Staffordshire had taken the lead, creamware came to be developed in a number of large potting centres where stoneware was already being produced, eventually replacing stoneware entirely. These included Derbyshire, Liverpool, Yorkshire (including the Leeds pottery) and Swansea.
Attribution of pieces to particular factories has always been difficult because virtually no creamware was marked prior to Josiah Wedgwood's manufacture of it in Burslem. At the time manufacturers frequently supplied wares to one another to supplement stocks and ideas were often exchanged or copied. In addition, factories usually sent out their wares to outside specialist enamellers or transfer-printers for decoration – decoration in-house was only gradually adopted. For this reason, several manufacturers usually shared the same decorator or printer and tended to use the same or very similar patterns.
Collectors, dealers and curators alike were frustrated in their efforts to ascribe pots to individual factories: it is frequently impossible to do so.Terrence A Lockett, "Problems of Attribution," in Creamware and Pearlware. The Fifth Exhibition from the Northern Ceramic Society. Stoke-on-Trent City Museum & Art Gallery (1986). pp. 52-58 Archaeological excavations of pottery sites in Staffordshire and elsewhere have helped provide some better-established typology to enable progress in attribution.David Barker and Pat Halfpenny, Unearthing Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent: City Museum & Art Gallery (1990)
Terraglia
Italian versions of creamware were known as terraglia, or creta all'uso inglese ("earthenware in the English manner"). They were produced in many factories, including by the Naples porcelain factory.
Decline of creamware
The heyday of creamware ran from about 1770 to the rise of painted pearlwares, white wares and stone chinas in the period around 1810 to 1825. Although creamware continued to be produced during the later period, it was no longer pre-eminent in the markets. Given the fickle nature of the consumer, much remarked upon by Wedgwood during his career, it is remarkable how long creamware remained popular in its many forms.
References
Further reading
Hildyard, Robin, English Pottery 1620 – 1840, London: Victoria & Albert Museum (2005)
Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, 1975, OUP,
Towner, Donald, Creamware'', London: Faber & Faber (1978)
External links
Creamware at the Victoria and Albert Museum
British art
English inventions
Staffordshire pottery |
谢少文，男，祖籍浙江绍兴，生于上海，中国微生物学家、免疫学家，曾任中国医学科学院基础医学研究所教授。
生平
1921年毕业于苏州东吴大学，1926年取得长沙湘雅医学院医学博士学位。1980年当选为中国科学院学部委员（院士）。
家庭
谢少文是谢洪赉之子、谢文秋之弟。
参考资料
外部链接
谢少文.中国科学院
SHAO
上海人
东吴大学校友_(苏州)
湘雅医学院校友
上海科学家
中国微生物学家
中国免疫学家
中国科学院生命科学和医学学部院士
国务院学位委员会第一届学科评议组成员 |
吃什么补精子养肾？精子较少的男性对男性生育能力有很大的影响。其实改变习惯，注意饮食调理，可以提高精子质量和数量。根据中医理论，补肾益精的摄入，可以增强人体的免疫系统，提高生精能力，西方医学和西方医学，营养充足的蛋白质和维生素可以促进精子的产生，那么吃什么补精养肾呢。1、枸杞枸杞是一种能够滋补养生，保养肾脏的食物，在日常的生活中如果想要让自己的精力变得旺盛，不妨吃点枸杞，这种食物对于男性保养身体来说，好处是非常多的。2、韭菜气味独特、浓烈的韭菜，有一个响亮的名字叫“起阳草”，因其有温中下气、补肾益阳的功效，对老年人性功能衰退，性器官萎缩而干燥阳冷，有温壮滋润的作用。3、花椒滋味辛辣的花椒，不仅可作为料理、烹饪时，增添食物风味的调味料，更有温补脾肾、怯寒止痛的效果。最重要的是，更有补阳、促进血管扩张、增加血液循环素率的作用，适度食用有助滋补脾肾、改善男性勃起功能。补精养肾的方法有哪些1.护好自己的双脚足部保暖是养肾的一种方法，这是因为肾经起于足底，而足部很容易受到寒邪的侵袭。因此，足部要特别注意保暖，另外，足底有很多穴位，如涌泉穴等，每晚睡觉前按揉按揉，可起到养肾固精的功效。2.饮水养肾水是生命之源，水液不足，则可能引起浊毒的留滞，加重肾脏的负担。因此，定时饮水是很重要的养肾方法。3.有尿不要忍膀胱中贮存的尿液达到一定程度时，就会刺激神经，产生排尿反射，这时一定要及时如厕，将小便排干净。否则，积存的小便会成为水浊之气，侵害肾脏。因此，有尿时及时排出，也是养肾的方法之一。在婚后，每一对夫妻都避免不了会被家中老人催生的问题。而孕育孩子不仅需要女性的卵子，更需要男性的精子，而优质的精子能够让女性更好地受孕，也能够生育一个更加健康的宝宝。希望小编介绍的关于男性补精养肾的方法，希望能够帮助每一位男性。 |
羅倫（），字彝正，號一峰，江西永豐人，明朝政治人物，成化丙戌狀元，官翰林院修撰。
生平
明朝成化二年（1466年），與上對策萬餘言，直斥時弊、名震帝都，擢進士第一，為狀元，授翰林院修撰。因嘲諷大學士李賢奪情，不守喪，被貶。後又因大學士商輅保荐而起用。
兩年後告病回鄉，不復仕。於金牛山著書講學，學者甚眾。卒贈左春坊諭德，諡文毅。
著作
著有《一峰集》。
紀念
臺灣嘉義縣東石鄉先天宮奉羅倫為羅府千歲，盛享香火。
参考文献
相關條目
明朝狀元列表
Lun
永丰人
明朝狀元
江西狀元
明朝翰林院修撰 |
《薩巴達傳》（，也翻譯作《薩巴達萬歲》）是一部在1952年上映的美國電影。本片記述在墨西哥革命期間的革命烈士埃米利亚诺·萨帕塔為對抗暴虐無道的迪亞斯政權而犧牲生命的傳記故事。
劇情
演員
埃米利亚诺·萨帕塔：馬龍·白蘭度
約瑟法·薩巴達：瓊·彼得斯
歐費米奧·薩巴達：安東尼·昆
潘·喬維拉：亞倫·雷迪
維多利亞諾·懷塔：法蘭克·西諾維拉
費爾南多·阿吉雷：約瑟夫·懷斯曼
Soldadera：馬戈
老將軍：理查·加里克
得獎紀錄
第25屆奧斯卡金像獎
入圍：最佳男主角（馬龍·白蘭度）、最佳藝術指導、最佳配樂
獲獎：最佳男配角（安東尼·昆）
金球獎
Mildred Dunnock在1953入圍最佳女配角
坎城影展
獲獎：最佳男主角（馬龍·白蘭度）
BAFTA獎
獲獎：英國影藝學院獎最佳外國演員（馬龍·白蘭度）
外部連結
A detailed description of the plot of the movie
美國劇情片
1952年美國電影作品
1950年代美国黑白电影
奧斯卡最佳男配角獲獎電影
科羅拉多州取景電影
政变题材电影 |
多索茶碱注射液的副作用（不良反应）？使用黄嘌呤衍生物可能引起恶心、呕吐、上腹部疼痛、头痛、失眠、易怒、心动过速、期前收缩、呼吸急促、高血糖、蛋白尿。如过量使用还会出现严重心律失常、阵发性痉挛等。此表现为初期中毒症状，此时应暂停用药，请医生诊断，监测血药浓度。但在上述中毒迹象和症状完全消失后仍可继续使用。 |
情绪抑郁的症状？症状：患者自觉情绪低沉，整日忧心忡忡，对自我才智能力估计过低，对周围困难估计过高。轻患者兴趣索然，无精打采，脑力及体力不足及不愿活动，进而愁容满面，双目含泪，自觉生不如死，愧不如人。严重的患者有忧愁的爆发。即患者由于找不到摆脱难以忍受的忧愁的出路。开始辗转不安，自觉一切绝望，并可突然出现自杀意念及行为。本症患者常伴有思维迟缓，言语动作减少，意志活动减退。病因：抑郁症病因与发病机制还不明确，也无明显的体征和实验室指标异常，概括的说是生物、心理、社会(文化)因素相互作用的结果。也正因为抑郁症当前病因不明，有关假说很多，比较常见公认的病因假设包括：遗传因素：大样本人群遗传流行病学调查显示，与患病者血缘关系愈近，患病概率越高。一级亲属患病的概率远高于其他亲属，这与遗传疾病的一般规律相符。生化因素：儿茶酚胺假说：主要指抑郁症的发生可能与大脑突触间隙神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的浓度下降有关；心理-社会因素：各种重大生活事件突然发生，或长期持续存在会引起强烈或者持久的不愉快的情感体验，导致抑郁症的产生。治疗：把握自己的性格，通过性格测试，准确把握自己的性格、真实的“本我”，发现自己的优势和潜能，从事顺应自己本性、适合自己性格的职业。平常心对待，要认识到许多人在一生中都会有抑郁情绪的时候，就像人们都会得感冒一样，有的人一段时间后就自然康复，即使你发展为抑郁症，也只是像感冒加重了一样。心理治疗，通过有效的心理治疗，心理疗法的作用机制是改变抑郁患者对周围世界的看法，以及患者对周遭世界作出反应的方式。常见的有支持性心理疗法、认知行为疗法、人际关系疗法等。正常的活动，坚持正常的活动，包括坚持工作、维持正常规律化的生活。一个简单的方法是制定计划表，将大事分割成小块，一次只做一件事。 |
The Modèle 1978 helmet is a modern military steel helmet used by the French Army under the F1 designation and commonly called "heavy helmet" (other nicknames include "locomotive skin cap"). It replaced the Modèle 1951 helmet. It was the standard helmet for both the Army and the Mobile Gendarmerie. In 1992 the SPECTRA helmet started to supersede the Modèle 1978. The SPECTRA helmet is made of Spectra fiber, which makes the Modèle 1978 the last French helmet made of steel.
Design and production
The Modèle 1978 is a one-piece helmet made 1.2mm of amagnetic steel, weighing 1.2 kg. They were usually painted in NATO olive paint with IR-isolating properties to reduce the thermal signature of the wearer. It was made by the Dunois company in Cousance, and by GIAT in Rennes. By 1983, some 300,000 helmets were in service, for a total of 700,000 planned.
History
Research on the Modèle 1978 helmet started around 1973. In contrast to the Modèle 1951 helmet, the new model was a one-piece heavy helmet, rather than consisting of a light liner underneath a stronger metal helmet. Prototypes went for testing in the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, the 75th Infantry Regiment and the 13th Bataillon de Chasseurs Alpins.
On 5 June 1978, the French Army adopted prototypes helmet A4 and chin strap A5 as the Modèle 1978 helmet. Usage by paratroopers, in particular, yielded improvements to the chin strap to avoid accidents. The modified variant entered service in 1982 as the F1 série 2 helmet. The helmet can be fitted with a plastic camouflage covering.
The Modèle 1978 helmet saw its baptism of fire with the Multinational Force in Lebanon in 1982.
Users
Citations and references
Citations
References
External links
Combat helmets of France
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s |
生完小孩皮肤痒怎么办才好？女性生完孩子后，需要坐月子，常常把身体包裹严实，避免吹风受寒，也不敢轻易洗澡，皮肤清洁不彻底，也容易全身瘙痒，这些经常困扰着产后的妈妈们，但是一直都没有解决。那具体生完孩子身上痒是怎么回事？生完孩子之后的期间，如果出现瘙痒的现象属于比较常见的状况，这个阶段很有可能是不经常洗澡导致，也有可能是免疫系统发生变化导致，更有可能是上火导致，出现这种状况之后，应该注意做好护理措施，平时还应该注意多走动，多喝水，更应该护理好个人卫生，这样都可以帮助更好的止痒。传统上坐月子期间是不可以洗澡的。而且产妇怕受风寒，常要把身体包得紧紧的，又要尽量躺在床上，这对于怕热、容易流汗的人真的是一大考验。当汗腺排汗功能受到阻碍就容易发炎。在容易流汗的躯干，尤其是长期闷在床上的背部产生细小的一颗颗刺痒的红丘疹。各位妈妈们除了生活上要注意补水的保养以外，平时饮食也要多注意一些补充水分的食物。多吃点含有丰富纤维和维C的蔬菜水果，纤维和维C有助于增加肌肤细胞膜的通透性，还能促进皮肤新陈代谢。这样可以从根本上改善皮肤干燥，是平时要多喝水，最好的喝水方式是早晨起床后就要喝一大杯温开水，这样可以促进肠胃活动，不仅可以保持身体水分，还可以防止便秘。产后皮肤瘙痒在坐月子期间特别容易出现，各位妈妈们不要太过于担心，在沐浴之后最好是全身涂抹润肤霜，现在市面上的润肤霜有很多，最好是选择适合自己的。洗澡的水不要太热，如果是在冬天水温最好是37℃~40cC，如果水过热就容易洗去皮肤表面的油脂，这样就加重了皮肤的干燥感觉。另外贴身衣物也要选择舒适的。 |
在计算机科学中，鸵鸟算法（）是一个忽略潜在问题的一种算法策略，这种策略对计算机程序可能出现的问题采取无视态度（类似于鸵鸟在遇到危险时将头埋在地里，装作看不见）。鸵鸟算法的使用前提是，问题出现的概率很低。
参考
别当鸵鸟！网络安全实施工作中的6大障碍
算法 |
The British Firework Championships or National Firework Championships is an annual competition held in Plymouth, Devon, England, every August where judges review fireworks displays from professional fireworks companies and select the best examples.
It is watched by more than 200,000 people.
History
The competition was first held in 1997. Competitors set up their displays on the Mount Batten Breakwater which is closed to the public for the duration of the competition. The competition rules place restrictions on budget, duration and amount of ordinance that can be used for each display.
As part of the event's tenth anniversary in 2006, eight prior winners were invited to take part in a Champion of Champions competition. A lecturer from the University of Plymouth, Roy Lowry, attempted to break the world record of the highest number of rockets fired simultaneously with 55,000.
In 2012, no winner was declared due to bad weather in Plymouth. The 2013 event was a 'Champion of Champions' with the six previous winners being invited. This was postponed from 2012. Star Fireworks being crowned Champion of Champions.
2019 was expected to be a 'Champion of Champions' event, but only two of the winning companies from the 2013 - 2018 competitions accepted to take part.
Due to concerns about managing social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was cancelled in 2020.
Winners
1997: Fantastic Fireworks
1998: Northern Lights Fireworks
1999: Happy Dragon Fireworks
2000: Pyro 1
2001: Shellscape Pyrotechnics
2002: Shellscape Pyrotechnics (second win)
2003: Jubilee Fireworks
2004: Alan Hillary Pyrotechnics now Reaction Fireworks
2005: MLE Pyrotechnics
2006, Champion of Champions winner: Jubilee Fireworks (second win)
2007: Selstar Fireworks
2008: Pendragon Fireworks
2009: Phoenix Fireworks
2010: Star Fireworks
2011: MLE Pyrotechnics (second win)
2012: No winner declared due to bad weather.
2013, Champion of Champions winner: Star Fireworks (second win)
2014: Blitz Fireworks
2015: Fantastic Fireworks (second win)
2016: Gala Fireworks
2017: Selstar Fireworks (second win)
2018: Illusion Fireworks
2019: 1st Galaxy Fireworks were named as the 2019 winners and Selstar were named as The Champion of Champions.
2020: Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
2021: Aurora Fireworks Ltd
2022: sonic fireworks
References
External links
British Firework Championships
Fireworks competitions
Plymouth, Devon
Festivals in Devon
Competitions in the United Kingdom
1997 establishments in England
Recurring events established in 1997
Annual events in the United Kingdom
National championships in the United Kingdom |
低分子量肝素钙注射液禁忌症是什么？1? 对本品过敏者（过敏反应症状与普通肝素钠相同）禁用； 2? 急性细菌性心内膜炎患者禁用； 3? 血小板减少症，在有本品时体外凝集反应阳性者禁用； 4? 妊娠初3个月或产后妇女使用本品，可能增加母体出血危险，须慎用； 5? 由于60岁以上老年人（特别是女性）对肝素较敏感，故使用本品期间可能易出血，须注意。 |
Marreon Jamar Jackson (born October 29, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the CSO Voluntari. He previously played for the Toledo Rockets and the Arizona State Sun Devils.
High school career
Jackson grew up in Cleveland, Ohio and initially played football before switching to basketball. He attended Garfield Heights High School alongside later Toledo teammate Willie Jackson. As a senior, Jackson averaged 23.2 points, seven assists and seven rebounds per game. He led Garfield Heights to a 22–5 record and the Division I regional championship, and he was named to the Cleveland.com First Team. Jackson committed to playing college basketball for Toledo in February 2016 over offers from Kent State, Cleveland State, Buffalo and Eastern Kentucky.
College career
Jackson began his college career with the Toledo Rockets. He averaged eight points per game as a freshman. He was named to the Mid-American Conference (MAC) All-Freshman Team. In April 2018, Jackson collapsed on the hardwood after running a drill and was rushed to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with a heart condition and permitted to continue playing basketball. As a sophomore, he averaged 11.7 points, 4.2 assists, and 1.4 steals per game and was named honorable mention all-conference. After the season, he had shoulder surgery. On February 25, 2020, he had a career-high 37 points in a 93–81 win against Central Michigan. Jackson averaged 19.8 points and 5.4 assists per game as a junior, both of which were second-highest in the MAC. He was named to the Second Team All-MAC. Following the season he declared for the 2020 NBA draft. On April 27, 2020, Jackson announced he was returning to Toledo, citing "unfinished business." As a senior, he averaged 18.1 points, 6.1 rebounds and 5.9 assists per game, earning MAC Player of the Year and First Team All-MAC honors. After the season, he transferred to Arizona State. On February 7, 2022, Jackson scored 16 points and surpassed the 2,000 point mark in a 91–79 loss to Arizona.
Professional career
On July 29, 2022, Jackson signed with the Fenerbahçe Koleji of the Turkish Basketball Second League.
On July 19, 2023, Jackson signed with the CSO Voluntari of the Liga Națională.
Career statistics
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
| style="text-align:left;"| Toledo
| 33 || 32 || 29.7 || .405 || .422 || .750 || 2.9 || 2.7 || .8 || .1 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| style="text-align:left;"| Toledo
| 32 || 31 || 29.2 || .428 || .359 || .772 || 3.9 || 4.2 || 1.4 || .1 || 11.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
| style="text-align:left;"| Toledo
| 32 || 32 || 35.3 || .409 || .369 || .816 || 4.3 || 5.4 || 1.5 || .0 || 19.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21
| style="text-align:left;"| Toledo
| 30 || 30 || 34.2 || .403 || .348 || .904 || 6.1 || 5.9 || 1.8 || .3 || 18.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021–22
| style="text-align:left;"| Arizona State
| 31 || 17 || 28.6 || .361 || .277 || .808 || 3.9 || 4.0 || 1.7 || .0 || 10.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 158 || 142 || 31.4 || .402 || .354 || .822 || 4.2 || 4.4 || 1.4 || .1 || 13.5
Personal life
Jackson is the son of Lawanda and Herman Jackson. His older brother Marquis Jackson played basketball at Ohio Christian University. His second cousin Demario McCall is a cornerback at Ohio State.
References
External links
Arizona State Sun Devils bio
Toledo Rockets bio
1998 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball players
Basketball players from Cleveland
Point guards
Toledo Rockets men's basketball players |
怀孕坐骨神经痛很严重怎么治疗？怀孕，随着子宫增大，压迫坐骨神经，导致坐骨神经痛，具体区域是，以臂部、大腿后侧、小腿后外侧，足背外侧为主的放射性疼痛。坐骨神经痛是一种比较大众的疾病，主要是由于指沿坐骨神经通路及其分神经分支周围有疼痛的病症。病发于任何任何人群，按照病因来分可以分为继发性坐骨神经痛和原发性的坐骨神经痛，其中一般病发以继发性坐骨神经痛为主。病发时坐骨神经部位会发生疼痛，会累及周围器官，容易引起腰椎疾病，要进行及时而治疗。坐骨神经痛通常是在孕妇怀孕后的28周到37周，绝大多数的孕妇是因为腰椎间盘突出引起的，这与怀孕期间特殊生理也有明显关系。一是孕妇内分泌激素发生变化，使盆骨和相关关节、韧带等松弛，为分娩做好准备，这就无形中使腰部的稳定性减弱。二是胎儿在子宫内逐渐发育长大，使腰椎负担加重，并且挤压坐骨神经，从而在腰部以下到腿的位置产生强烈的刺痛，并且这种负担会持续存在，直到分娩。对于孕妇来说，出现坐骨神经痛的症状后，很多坐骨神经痛的检查和治疗方式都是不适合的，有可能会影响到宝宝健康。所以可以进行一些物理上的方法来缓解疼痛。1.用热毛中或热水袋，热敷半小时，可减轻疼痛。2.不要搬挪重物，以免扭伤腰部，引发坐骨神经痛3.要保持正确的站姿或坐姿，不要久坐或久站，要经常变化姿势，站起来活动四肢。4.采用正确的睡姿，可以在两腿间垫个枕头，减轻压力。康复锻炼也需注意不要过量运动，稍微赶到疲劳的话就需要休息。5.注意饮食起居的调养，注意锻炼身体，运动后注意保护腰部，和患肢。要做到起居有常，戒烟限酒，增强体质。 |
子宫膜薄怎么办？导致子宫内膜变薄的原因是系统性的。常见原因包括雌激素水平低、孕酮水平不足、排卵障碍和生长激素缺乏等。还有局部原因，如子宫内膜损伤、粘连和缺失。人工流产后，一些患者的子宫内膜尚未恢复，这也将导致子宫内膜变薄。子宫膜薄怎么办？运动保健:运动可以增强体质，有利于子宫保健。瑜伽是保持子宫的最佳方式。瑜伽可以疏通女性器官的气血循环，调节荷尔蒙分泌。生理保健:注意经期保暖，腹部放置热敷垫或温水袋，加速血液循环，放松肌肉，缓解器官痉挛，促进经血排出。精神保健：应保持平稳、愉快的心情，避免精神过度紧张。放松心情其实是调节内分泌的一个最有效的方法，这一点非常重要。在良好情绪的作用下，女性不仅能够拥有更多的健康，而且会散发迷人的魅力。饮食保健：宜清淡、忌辛辣厚味，戒烟酒。多吃补血活血食品，如黑豆、阿胶、黑木耳、雪蛤、豆浆、乌骨鸡、蜂蜜、核桃、黑芝麻、瓜子等。腹腔镜检查是目前诊断子宫内膜异位症的主要方法。腹腔镜检查可直接进入盆腔，异位病灶可明确诊断，并可根据检查结果进行分期，便于确定治疗方案。目前，b超成像是辅助诊断子宫内膜异位症的有效方法，可以有效诊断子宫内膜厚度。对子宫刮取子宫内膜细胞，用于进行检查。子宫内膜活检也是检查子宫内膜薄的一种方法。非正常生理性子宫内膜薄治疗需根据病因补充激素或手术治疗。雌激素低者在月经10天开始补充天然雌激素1个单位，五天即可，用的太早会抑制排卵，用的时间久了会导致内膜增生过长。 |
注射用重组改构人肿瘤坏死因子的副作用（不良反应）？在本品的临床研究中，先后共有约500例受试者接受了本品的治疗，试验中，本品短疗程应用的近期不良反应主要表现为发热、寒战，发生率在50%左右。其他不良反应包括血压变化、乏力、头晕头痛、关节酸痛、骨骼肌痛、恶心呕吐、白细胞减少、血小板下降、血红蛋白下降、肝功能异常等。出现上述不良反应时，可采取相应的对症治疗措施。如出现严重不良反应，应及时停药。在同类产品的临床研究中，曾出现有呼吸困难的不良反应，应引起注意。天然肿瘤坏死因子为多效应细胞因子（见上述药理作用）。研究发现，TNF水平升高与许多疾病的病理过程密切相关，如类风湿性关节炎、成人呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）、肝肾功能紊乱等。其中ARDS的病情与支气管肺泡液中TNF水平正相关，所以不能排除过量TNF可引起ARDS并促使病情进一步恶化的可能。本品为改构的肿瘤坏死因子，改构后其性质和特点又可能会发生较复杂的变化，由此可能对造血系统、免疫系统、循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、神经系统等产生不良影响和长期后续效应，特别是对某些肿瘤可能具有潜在的促进作用，以及诱发与自身免疫性相关的疾病等，因此对本品可能发生的远期和潜在不良反应需给予密切关注。 |
Joseph Marcellin Rullière (born 1787, Saint-Didier-en-Velay – 1862, Paris) was a French politician.
Life
He was admitted to velites of the Old Guard in 1807, lieutenant in 1809.
He served during the Hundred Days. He was at the Siege of Antwerp in 1832 as a field marshal.
He was promoted Lieutenant General after the second expedition of Constantine, Algeria in 1837.
He was made Peer of France, in 1845.
He was Representative of the Loire to the Constituent Assembly of 1848 and the National Legislative Assembly in 1849.
He was a Deputy and Minister of the War Department in the Prince-President Napoleon III in 1848.
References
1787 births
1862 deaths
People from Haute-Loire
Orléanists
Party of Order politicians
French Ministers of War
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of Parliament for Haute-Loire
Members of Parliament for Bouches-du-Rhône
French generals
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis |
间质性肾炎的疾病分类是什么?？肾脏内科 |
女性尿道感染引起原因？尿道感染对于女性朋友来说是一种比较常见的疾病，而且发病率较高。当出现尿频、发热、尿急、尿痛、头痛、寒战、血尿等症状时，很可能与尿道感染有关，建议及时治疗。对于出现尿道感染的女性来说，一定很想知道患病的原因。那么，女性尿道感染是什么引起的呢？1、特殊的生理构造女性之所以容易尿道感染，和女性尿道特殊的生理构造有关。相对于男性的尿道而言，女性的尿道比较宽，也比较短，所以容易感染病菌，而引发尿道感染。2、不洁性交不洁性交是导致女性尿道感染的常见原因，因为在性交的过程中会把一些致病菌带入尿道，从而引起尿道感染。为了预防尿道感染，一定要避免不洁性交。3、不注意私处卫生不注意私处卫生，也容易导致尿道感染。因为尿道和阴道的距离很近，如果不注意私处卫生的话，容易感染阴道炎，从而更容易发生尿道感染。另外，女性的肛门离尿道也是比较近的，如果大便后不清洗肛门的话，也容易感染尿道而引发尿道炎症。4、饮水过少饮水过少的女性也容易得尿道炎症，因为尿液可以冲刷尿道，从而起到消炎、排毒的作用，当饮水过少时，尿液就会减少，从而更容易出现尿道感染的情况。5、久坐经常久坐的女性，私处会不透气，尤其是在夏季，气温高，如果一直坐着的话，很容易引起尿道炎症。因此，建议女性朋友避免久坐，可以有效预防尿道感染。上面为大家介绍了引起女性尿道感染的五大原因，希望女性朋友可以引起足够的重视，并积极避免这些原因，可以有效预防尿道感染的发生。当被诊断为尿道感染时，一定要积极配合医生治疗，以免出现尿道感染反复发作的情况。 |
可以指： |
男性绝育手术的危害？输精管切除术也称为输精管结扎术或是男性结扎，指切除男性二条输精管的部分组织，以达到绝育或生育控制的手术，是一种男性避孕的方式。其原理是阻止精子透过输精管汇入精液中，不会影响阴茎及睾丸的其他机能。输精管切除后，射精时仍会有精液，只是没有精子，不影响其他的性功能。输精管切除术是永久性的避孕方式，切除后有可能再恢复受孕能力，但不容易，因此一般会针对要接受手术的男性说明其输精管切除术造成长期的生理影响及心理影响。一般不建议对年轻的单身男性进行输精管切除术，因为接受手术后其生物育儿机会几乎降到零。医疗用途输精管切除术一般是为了男性避孕而进行的手术，若手术后再确认过精子数量，大部分手术后的男性都没有生育能力。输精管切除术一般会视为永久，不可逆的，因为输精管重建手术价格昂贵，而且手术后不论精子数量或是精子活动性，都无法达到结扎前的水准。结扎后的男性若没有其他的避孕措施，仍有很小的机会会使女性受孕，而且无法避免性感染疾病。睾丸中的莱迪希氏细胞仍然会分泌睾酮及其他男性性激素到血液中，有些研究发现男性在结扎后其性冲动会多少有一些减少。结扎完成后，精子无法透过阴茎离开人体，睾丸仍然会制造精子，但之后就会分解，被人体吸收。其中液体的成分会由附睾所吸收，而固体成分会被巨噬细胞分解，透过血液再吸收。精子在离开睾丸之前，会在附睾发育一个月，在发育成熟后再离开。附睾因为要吸收及储存更多的液体，其体积会增大，而过程中也会触发免疫系统让更多巨噬细胞来分解及吸收固体的成分。约六成到七成的男性在结扎一年后体内会有精子的抗体。有些结扎者会出现结节性输精管炎，也就是输精管上皮的良性增生。 |
美禰站（）是位於山口縣美禰市大嶺町東分字平城，西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）的美禰線車站。此站為美禰市的代表車站。
歷史
1916年（大正5年）9月15日 - 伊佐站（現時：南大嶺站）至重安站之間開通，吉則停留場（）啟用。
當時車站位於山口縣美禰郡大嶺東分字平城。
1920年（大正9年）6月1日 - 美禰輕便鐵道被國有化，成為美禰輕便線車站。同時升級至車站，名為吉則站。
1922年（大正11年）9月2日 - 不再稱呼為輕便線，美禰輕便線改名為美禰線。
1939年（昭和14年）5月1日 - 大嶺村實施町制，變成，車站地址變為山口縣美禰郡大嶺町大嶺東分字平城。
1954年（昭和29年）3月31日 - 隨著美禰市（第一次）成立，車站地址變為山口縣美禰市大嶺町大嶺東分字平城。
1956年（昭和31年） - 隨著町名改名，車站地址變為山口縣美禰市大嶺町東分字平城。
1963年（昭和38年）10月1日 - 此站改名為美禰站。同時路線日文寫法由美祢線改為美禰線。
1982年（昭和57年）10月1日 - 除了專用線到發的貨物外，終止其他車載貨物起卸業務。
1984年（昭和59年）2月1日 - 終止貨物起卸業務。
1987年（昭和62年）4月1日 - 伴隨國鐵分割民營化，車站由西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）和日本貨物鐵道（JR貨物）營運。
1998年（平成10年）
4月1日 - 運送往的石灰石貨物列車廢止。
6月15日 - 運送往岡見站的碳酸鈣、貨物列車開始運行。
2001年（平成13年）3月4日 - 變成業務委託車站，委托負責車站業務。
2004年（平成16年）10月1日 - 綠色窗口營業時間加入中途休息時間。
2008年（平成20年）3月21日 - 隨著美禰市（第二次）成立，車站地址變成現時的地址。
2010年（平成22年）7月15日 - 因大雨使厚狹川泛濫，橋樑被沖毀，全線不能通行，此站暫停營業。
2011年（平成23年）9月26日 - 全線重開，此站重開。
2014年（平成26年）4月1日 - 日本貨物鐵道車站廢止，終止貨物起卸業務。
2021年（令和3年）
5月31日 - 當日起綠色窗口結業（預定）。
6月1日 - 當日起成也終日無人車站（預定）。
車站構造
車站是一座地面車站，設有2面2線的單式、島式月台。車站東南方（1號月台）設有車站大樓。2、3號月台之間設有站內平交道連接。
在場內信號機/出發信號機的配置上，1號月台為上行本線，3號月台為下行本線。所有月台可向上下行線到發。但是截王2009年3月14日，2、3號月台暫停使用，上述兩月台的出發信號機和場內信號機被板覆蓋。車站南端各路軌設有止衝擋。另外，站內平交道現時暫停使用。
此站是由管理的業務委託車站，委托了，在美禰線中間車站中，唯一設有綠色窗口的車站。
曾經此站設有商店和烏冬店，後來分別在2008年（平成20年）和2007年（平成19年）結業。在特定日子，此站設有從此站出發的列車。
月台
※在旅客資訊上，「月台編號」是按車站大樓一方順序編排。在列車運輸指令上，編號與月台編號是相反編排。
貨物起卸、專用線
曾經此站設有日本貨物鐵道（JR貨物）車站，當時設有從專用線出發的車載貨物列車。
旅客月台以北500米處設有名為「美禰編組場」的小規模編組場，該處向東南方向延伸可連接宇部興產伊佐水泥工場，專用線全長2公里。
曾經有許多煤炭貨運列車到發，隨著大嶺煤礦關閉而停用運送煤礦。另外，隨著連接的開通，運送石灰石運輸的任務由使用鐵路改為使用卡車，因此石灰石貨運列車於1998年（平成10年）廢止。
後來，此站至山陰本線岡見站之間（經山陽本線和山口線）設有使用行走專用貨運列車，每日只有1往返班次。以從伊佐水泥工場運送碳酸鈣（石灰石）前往中國電力，而三隅火力發電廠運送粉煤灰前往伊佐水泥工場。該列車在2013年終止運行，貨物車站在2014年廢止。
利用狀況
以下為近年的乘車人次列表。
車站周邊
車站位於美禰市中心西北端。車站南邊設有國道435號，東邊設有國道316號。國道435號南邊設有。
美禰市政廳
美禰消防署 - 為消防本部唯一的消防署。
巴士路線
車站東邊的保線區內設有船木鐵道美禰營業所。
: 豐田町西市方向
: 厚保、湯谷、小月、下關方向
: 於福、秋芳洞、堀越、厚狹方向
在2016年9月前，中國JR巴士（秋吉線）曾經駛入站前，設有班次前往秋芳洞、山口站方向。
在2018年9月前，山電交通設有前往秋芳洞的路線。
相鄰車站
西日本旅客鐵道（JR西日本）
美禰線
南大嶺－美禰－重安
注腳
參考文獻
相關條目
日本鐵路車站列表 Mi
外部連結
ne
1916年啟用的鐵路車站
美禰線車站
美禰市鐵路車站
日本貨物鐵道廢站 |
思考困难感的治疗和预防方法？保持乐观的心态，防止情绪波动 |
小儿胃肠炎肚子痛怎么办？胃肠炎通常因微生物感染引起，也可因化学毒物或药品导致。典型临床表现为腹泻、恶心、呕吐及腹痛。对于健康成人，胃肠炎通常只会引起不适感及生活上的不便，并不会导致严重后果，但是在病重、虚弱、年幼或年老的患者中却可以导致威胁生命的脱水和电解质紊乱。那么，小儿胃肠炎肚子痛怎么办呢?我们一起来详细的了解一下吧。肠胃炎腹痛多由饮食不洁、感受风寒造成，治疗方法如下。避免风寒，腹部注意保暖，饮食清淡，不吃油腻、辛辣刺激食物，腹泻患者要保证水盐代谢平衡，适当饮用糖盐水，若出现黏液脓血便，需到医院就诊，如为感染性腹泻，酌情选用抗菌药物、补液治疗。药物治疗：细菌感染引起，需用抗菌药、解痉药，如山莨菪碱、阿托品等，有效抑制肠道痉挛，穴位治疗：针灸、微波照射等，如选取内关穴、合谷穴、关元穴等，用微波灯照射，有效缓解腹痛。急性肠胃炎的时候很容易出现肚子疼痛，必要的时候可以适当的给一些抑制胃酸分泌的药物，比如质子泵抑制剂，比如奥美拉唑，针对腹泻比较明显的，还需要给依蒙脱石进行保护肠道粘膜，怀疑细菌感染，可以考虑给以抗生素抗感染治疗，呕吐明显的，可以适当的给一些胃复安来止吐。腹痛明显的，可以采用颠茄合剂等解痉治疗，需要补液治疗，能够口服补液的尽量口服补液，针对脱水比较明显的，应该及时的静脉输液治疗，还需要流质饮食，必要的时候要禁止饮食，将有利胃肠道功能的恢复。孩肠胃炎的话，肚子疼的话，最常见的原因，首先考虑是肠系膜淋巴结炎。因为这种是儿童最常见的普通原因，可以为孩子用点丁桂儿肚脐贴，吃消化的药物，逐渐就会缓解。 |
坎波拉拉（西班牙语：），是西班牙卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂布尔戈斯省的一个市镇。总面积13平方公里，总人口85人（2001年），人口密度7人/平方公里。
参考文献
布尔戈斯省市镇 |
女人尿有异味是什么病？女性尿道炎，尿频、尿急、尿痛，终末血尿以及尿有异味这些症状，尿道炎的尿有异味，原因很多，如果出现了氨味，说明尿液在身体里面已经被分解，这是膀胱炎或者尿潴留的原因导致。就是因为尿液在身体里面放置的时间过长的时候，因为细菌不断繁殖生长，尿素被分解之后就会产生氨味，如果尿液呈现腐败腥臭味，一般是因为膀胱炎或者化脓性肾盂肾炎导致，出现了这种恶臭，这是受到了细菌感染时尿液的恶臭味，必须及时就医。女性尿道短、直，容易受到外界的刺激引起感染发生，女孩阴部出现异味，排尿时伴有腥臭味，可能与泌尿、生殖器感染有关。女性的尿液有异味，有可能是泌尿系感染反应引起的症状，或者是病人的肾功能不好反应引起的，平时注意病人的清洁卫生，少吃辛辣刺激性的东西，及时进行尿液，血常规等等检查确诊，根据检查结果及时对症治疗调节，平时注意多喝水，避免身体过度疲劳等等进行预防。需注意阴部卫生防护，定时用温水清洗，定时更换内裤，多饮水。如果有外阴红肿，或者尿液浑浊等表现，需检查尿常规，感染严重的话，需口服抗生素抗感染治疗。女人排尿有臭味，首先要查尿常规有没有问题，如果不是尿路感染而引起炎症性的改变所散发出来的气味，一定要考虑是阴道的炎症。阴道炎症的时候，由于病原体腐败细菌的作用使阴道分泌物散发出恶臭味，而通常情况下是厌氧菌感染或者大肠杆菌感染所致。是需要做白带常规检查，然后针对病原体，选择阴道上药，必要的时候可以配合静脉点滴或者口服抗生素来治疗。 |
蔬菜皮炎的诊断是什么？接触花粉作鼻黏膜激发试验阳性，花粉生理盐水作皮肤挑破试验阳性。 |
Wave-making resistance is a form of drag that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave.
Physics
For small displacement hulls, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the major source of the marine vessel drag.
A salient property of water waves is dispersiveness; i.e., the greater the wavelength, the faster it moves. Waves generated by a ship are affected by her geometry and speed, and most of the energy given by the ship for making waves is transferred to water through the bow and stern parts. Simply speaking, these two wave systems, i.e., bow and stern waves, interact with each other, and the resulting waves are responsible for the resistance. If the resulting wave is large, it carries much energy away from the ship, delivering it to the shore or wherever else the wave ends up or just dissipating it in the water, and that energy must be supplied by the ship's propulsion (or momentum), so that the ship experiences it as drag. Conversely, if the resulting wave is small, the drag experienced is small.
The amount and direction (additive or subtractive) of the interference depends upon the phase difference between the bow and stern waves (which have the same wavelength and phase speed), and that is a function of the length of the ship at the waterline. For a given ship speed, the phase difference between the bow wave and stern wave is proportional to the length of the ship at the waterline. For example, if the ship takes three seconds to travel its own length, then at some point the ship passes, a stern wave is initiated three seconds after a bow wave, which implies a specific phase difference between those two waves. Thus, the waterline length of the ship directly affects the magnitude of the wave-making resistance.
For a given waterline length, the phase difference depends upon the phase speed and wavelength of the waves, and those depend directly upon the speed of the ship. For a deepwater wave, the phase speed is the same as the propagation speed and is proportional to the square root of the wavelength. That wavelength is dependent upon the speed of the ship.
Thus, the magnitude of the wave-making resistance is a function of the speed of the ship in relation to its length at the waterline.
A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to bow and stern waves. If the length of a ship is half the length of the waves generated, the resulting wave will be very small due to cancellation, and if the length is the same as the wavelength, the wave will be large due to enhancement.
The phase speed of waves is given by the following formula:
where is the length of the wave and the gravitational acceleration. Substituting in the appropriate value for yields the equation:
or, in metric units:
These values, 1.34, 2.5 and very easy 6, are often used in the hull speed rule of thumb used to compare potential speeds of displacement hulls, and this relationship is also fundamental to the Froude number, used in the comparison of different scales of watercraft.
When the vessel exceeds a "speed–length ratio" (speed in knots divided by square root of length in feet) of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its bow wave, the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed-length ratio of 1.34, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow to rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed-length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed-length ratios well below that level, at speed-length ratios of under 1.0.
Ways of reducing wave-making resistance
Since wave-making resistance is based on the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull, there are a number of ways that this can be minimized.
Reduced displacement
Reducing the displacement of the craft, by eliminating excess weight, is the most straightforward way to reduce the wave making drag. Another way is to shape the hull so as to generate lift as it moves through the water. Semi-displacement hulls and planing hulls do this, and they are able to break through the hull speed barrier and transition into a realm where drag increases at a much lower rate. The disadvantage of this is that planing is only practical on smaller vessels, with high power-to-weight ratios, such as motorboats. It is not a practical solution for a large vessel such as a supertanker.
Fine entry
A hull with a blunt bow has to push the water away very quickly to pass through, and this high acceleration requires large amounts of energy. By using a fine bow, with a sharper angle that pushes the water out of the way more gradually, the amount of energy required to displace the water will be less. A modern variation is the wave-piercing design. The total amount of water to be displaced by a moving hull, and thus causing wave making drag, is the cross sectional area of the hull times distance the hull travels, and will not remain the same when prismatic coefficient is increased for the same lwl and same displacement and same speed.
Bulbous bow
A special type of bow, called a bulbous bow, is often used on large power vessels to reduce wave-making drag. The bulb alters the waves generated by the hull, by changing the pressure distribution ahead of the bow. Because of the nature of its destructive interference with the bow wave, there is a limited range of vessel speeds over which it is effective. A bulbous bow must be properly designed to mitigate the wave-making resistance of a particular hull over a particular range of speeds. A bulb that works for one vessel's hull shape and one range of speeds could be detrimental to a different hull shape or a different speed range. Proper design and knowledge of a ship's intended operating speeds and conditions is therefore necessary when designing a bulbous bow.
Hull form filtering
If the hull is designed to operate at speeds substantially lower than hull speed then it is possible to refine the hull shape along its length to reduce wave resistance at one speed. This is practical only where the block coefficient of the hull is not a significant issue.
Semi-displacement and planing hulls
Since semi-displacement and planing hulls generate a significant amount of lift in operation, they are capable of breaking the barrier of the wave propagation speed and operating in realms of much lower drag, but to do this they must be capable of first pushing past that speed, which requires significant power. This stage is called the transition stage and at this stage the rate of wave-making resistance is the highest. Once the hull gets over the hump of the bow wave, the rate of increase of the wave drag will start to reduce significantly. The planing hull will rise up clearing its stern off the water and its trim will be high. Underwater part of the planing hull will be small during the planing regime.
A qualitative interpretation of the wave resistance plot is that a displacement hull resonates with a wave that has a crest near its bow and a trough near its stern, because the water is pushed away at the bow and pulled back at the stern. A planing hull simply pushed down on the water under it, so it resonates with a wave that has a trough under it. If it has about twice the length it will therefore have only square root (2) or 1.4 times the speed. In practice most planing hulls usually move much faster than that. At four times hull speed the wavelength is already 16 times longer than the hull.
See also
Ship resistance and propulsion
Hull (watercraft)#Categorisation
Hull speed
References
On the subject of high speed monohulls, Daniel Savitsky, Professor Emeritus, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology
Fluid dynamics
Water waves
Naval architecture |
Super Idol was the first Greek version of the British television hit show Pop Idol. It was a talent contest to find a pop performer. The first series of the show, from February 8 to June 17, 2004, was hosted by Themis Georgantas and the winner was Stavros Konstantinou.
Due to low ratings Mega Channel has decided to cancel after only one season, however Georgian runner-up Tamta Goduadze achieved major success and established herself in the Greek music industry afterwards. The panel of judges for the first season of the show were Elena Katrava, Kostantis Spyropoulos and Ilias Psinakis.
Auditions
The show started in 2004 and auditions were held at three locations: Cyprus, Thessalonica and finally Athens. The winner, Stavros, was from Cyprus. Runner up Tamta Goduadze also recorded the duet T'allo Mou Miso with Stavros on his first CD.
Semi-finals
Top 50
Format: 2 out of 10 making in each week
Finals
Finalists
(ages stated at time of contest)
See also
Greek Idol
Mega Channel original programming
Greek-language television shows
Greek reality television series
Greek music television series
2004 Greek television series debuts
2004 Greek television series endings
2000s Greek television series
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Greek television series based on British television series |
長齒中喙鯨（學名：Mesoplodon layardii）旧称长齿喙鲸，又称长齿鲸，莱氏喙鲸和钩齿喙鲸。-{zh-hans:它的;zh-tw:其}-俗名源自牠們的獨特齒系，成年雄鯨下顎的2顆牙齒會生長到纏繞上顎的地步，互相交叉並壓迫上顎，使成年雄鯨只能勉強張開嘴巴。科學家認為牙齒可能是與其他雄鯨打鬥的武器，但同時也限制了能吸入口中的魷魚大小。
長齒中喙鯨在英文中，又稱作 "Layard's Beaked Whale"，源自19世紀南非博物館館長 Edgar Leopold Layard 之姓。他曾對其頭骨作描繪，並寄給命名者——英國分類學家 Edward Gray 發表。
基本資料
其他俗名：
英文：Strap-tooth Beaked Whale
法文：MÉSOPLODON DE LAYARD
西班牙文：BALLENA DE PICO DE LAYARD、ZIFIO DE LAYARD
出生時身長體重：2.2-2.4公尺；體重未知。
最大身長體重紀錄：雄性長達5.9公尺、雌性長達6.2公尺；體重為1,000-1,300公斤。
壽命：未知
外型特徵
長齒中喙鯨在中喙鯨屬中，是最大、也是色彩最醒目的物種。其外型與其他中喙鯨相似，包括頭部比例小，胸、腹部粗壯，尾部短，背鰭小而呈鐮刀形，位於全長約2/3處。額隆呈球狀，以傾斜坡度降至嘴喙。嘴喙長而纖細，嘴部曲線筆直。細長的牙齒位於下顎尖端後方，朝額隆方向彎曲約45度角，會生長至超過並壓迫上顎，老鯨的牙齒長度可達30公分以上。牙齒露出的部分通常有鵝頸蕂壺附生。
成鯨嘴喙前半與喉嚨等部位呈白色，背部自噴氣孔周圍至身體中部皆為淺灰至白色。在肛門與生殖裂周圍有相當大的白或淺灰色區域，胸鰭基部有小型白色斑點。身體其他部位皆呈黑色。年輕的長齒中喙鯨體色可能有漸層對比色分布。
分布
由許多擱淺記錄與少數海面目擊判斷，長齒中喙鯨的分布範圍寬廣，可能在南半球冷溫帶海域呈環南極分布。已知的擱淺記錄包括澳洲、南非、阿根廷、福克蘭群島、那米比亞、紐西蘭等地。
習性、生殖、食性
其社會結構與行為一無所知。與其他中喙鯨相同，長齒中喙鯨會捕食魷魚。成年雄鯨因為其牙齒的緣故，可能會限制其張嘴的程度。在1份測量報告中，1頭成年雌鯨與1頭未成年雄鯨張嘴的幅度約為6.5公分，而2頭成年雄鯨平均僅能張開3.2至4公分。由於此緣故，成年雄鯨只能食用相當小而纖細的魷魚，普遍不到100公克重，外套膜長度在16公分以下。
現狀
長齒中喙鯨未曾遭到捕獵，也沒有經常死於漁網的情形。因其分布範圍廣，應比某些分布範圍侷限的喙鯨來得安全。
參考書目
Pieter A. Folken, Randall R. Reeves, etc. / illustrated by Pieter A. Folkens, 《Guide to MARINE MAMMALS of the World》,Alfred A. Knopf, 2002: p292-293. ISBN 0-375-41141-0
Mark Carwardine / illustrated by Martin CammDorling, 《DORLING KINDERSLEY HANDBOOKS: WHALES, DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES》, Dorling Kindersley, 1995: p130-131. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
James G. Mead, 《Beaked Whales of the Genus Mesoplodon》, edited by Sam H. Ridgway and Sir Richard Harrison, F.R.S. 《Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 4: River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales》, Academic Press, 1989: p349-430. ISBN 0-12-588504-0
C
C |
派克維爾（）是一個位於美國阿拉巴馬州傑克遜縣的非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
派克維爾的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為190米（即630英尺）。
參考文獻
阿拉巴馬州非建制地區 |
淋巴瘤该如何进行检查？第一期：淋巴癌局限在一个淋巴结或淋巴区域。这叫做早期癌病。 第二期：淋巴癌已入侵两个或两个以上的淋巴结或淋巴区域，但仍在横膈膜的上或下侧。这叫做局部扩散。 第三期：癌细胞分散在横膈膜的两侧(上侧和下侧)。这叫做“广泛” 扩散期。 第四期：淋巴癌已转移到一个或多个身体器官，包括骨头，骨髓，皮肤，肝及肺。这叫做广泛转移癌。 |
Hazel Perfect (circa 1927 – 8 July 2015) was a British mathematician specialising in combinatorics.
Contributions
Perfect was known for inventing gammoids, for her work with Leon Mirsky on doubly stochastic matrices, for her three books Topics in Geometry, Topics in Algebra, and Independence Theory in Combinatorics, and for her work as a translator (from an earlier German translation) of Pavel Alexandrov's book An Introduction to the Theory of Groups (Hafner, 1959).
The Perfect–Mirsky conjecture, named after Perfect and Leon Mirsky, concerns the region of the complex plane formed by the eigenvalues of doubly stochastic matrices. Perfect and Mirsky conjectured that for matrices this region is the union of regular polygons of up to sides, having the roots of unity of each degree up to as vertices. Perfect and Mirsky proved their conjecture for ; it was subsequently shown to be true for and false for , but remains open for larger values
Education and career
Perfect earned a master's degree through Westfield College (a constituent college for women in the University of London) in 1949, with a thesis on The Reduction of Matrices to Canonical Form.
In the 1950s, Perfect was a lecturer at University College of Swansea; she collaborated with Gordon Petersen, a visitor to Swansea at that time, on their translation of Alexandrov's book.
She completed her Ph.D. at the University of London in 1969; her dissertation was Studies in Transversal Theory with Particular Reference to Independence Structures and Graphs. She became a reader in mathematics at the University of Sheffield.
Selected publications
Books
Research papers
Translation
References
2015 deaths
British mathematicians
Women mathematicians
Alumni of Westfield College
Academics of Swansea University
Academics of the University of Sheffield
German–English translators
Technical translators
Combinatorialists
Year of birth uncertain |
Giulio Claro or Clarus (; 6 January 1525 – 13 April 1575) was an Italian Renaissance jurist and public official.
Life
Giulio Claro was born in Alessandria of a noble family. He studied at Pavia under Andrea Alciato, and took his doctor's degree in 1550.
After receiving his doctorate, Claro was appointed a Milanese Senator by Philip II in 1536, a royal pretor in Cremona in 1560/61, president of the Milanese Magistrato straordinario delle entrate in 1563 and regent of the Consejo d'Italia in Madrid in 1565.
Work
Claro's work, together with that of Deciani and Farinacci, provided the theoretical foundation for the common criminal law of Europe. That common law held sway until it was attacked by Enlightenment legal critics such as Feuerbach and replaced by national penal codes in the 19th century.
Claro's principal work is the Liber V. Sententiarum, the fifth volume of his legal encyclopedia Sententia receptae. Dedicated to criminal law, it was reprinted as part of the Julii Clari Opera omnia as late as 1737.
Editions
References
Bibliography
1525 births
1575 deaths
People from Alessandria
16th-century Italian jurists
Duchy of Milan people |
长痘痘了怎么消除硬块？闭口痘痘和青春痘是一类，但又不是一类。闭口是痘痘在毛孔里，正在往外冒，但没有完全长出来，还是一个个小红点在脸上，可以说是青春痘的胚芽吧。闭口如果处理，等待时间成熟了，就形成了青春痘。若是在闭口还没成为青春痘前就变成硬块，这样情况应该怎么办，估计很多患者想要知道，我给大家介绍下。1、等待完全熟透，痘痘变成硬块有几种原因，天气特别冷会变硬块的，休息不好，护肤不当，心情不佳都是导致闭口变硬的原因。当然这个无需太担心，调整一下状态，天气暖和一点，闭口就软化，接着继续往外生长。2、不能把硬块挑破，其实痘痘变不变硬块没有太大关系，不变也是要消除的，一点不可以把硬块挑破，强行挑破不断消除不了闭口，还会在脸上留有印记，以后更难祛掉了。3、不能用磨砂类护肤品，在这期间不可以用磨砂类的护肤品，虽然少磨砂类的护肤针对油性皮肤使用的，但那仅限没有长痘痘的油性皮肤。有了闭口是不可以用磨砂类的，容易磨破皮肤。4、用消除闭口类护肤品，祛痘的护肤品也分的很细，有些护肤品特别说明了是去针对闭口的。文章的开头我也说过，闭口和青春痘不完全是一类，是有区别的，所以在选择护肤品这块要选择专门针对闭口的产品。5、可以去看皮肤科，若是发现闭口的硬块情况越来越糟了，就不要自己盲目的用护肤品了，可以去看下皮肤科医生，让皮肤医生给出专业的意见。6、闭口去掉后要去痘印，待闭口问题解决后，皮肤上还是有留下痘印的，这就是为什么有的人青春痘去掉了，却仍旧不光滑，是因为有痘印还没消除。只有待痘印真正消除干净，才能还你一个光滑整洁的面部。 |
夏尔·博宗（，），法国男子高山滑雪运动员。他曾代表法国参加1956年和1960年冬季奥林匹克运动会高山滑雪比赛，获得一枚铜牌。
参考资料
法国男子高山滑雪运动员
法国奥运高山滑雪运动员
1956年冬季奥林匹克运动会高山滑雪运动员
1960年冬季奥林匹克运动会高山滑雪运动员
1960年冬季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主
奧林匹克運動會高山滑雪獎牌得主
法國奧林匹克運動會銅牌得主
雪崩身亡者 |
馬昊（），本名鄒昊，字宗大，致仕定居西安后，因自号“東溪居士”。陝西都指揮使司寧夏衛（今寧夏回族自治區銀川市）人，明朝右都御史四川巡抚。
墓誌載其先世随宋高宗南渡，定居句容縣来蘇郷。曾祖保保，洪武二十三年解馬長，受軍丁於寧夏，不能歸，遂從馬姓。祖馬豫，父馬俊。生母楊氏。
弘治乙卯郷試舉人，十二年（1499年）己未科进士，授行人，三年任满改江西道监察御史，巡按山西。正德初年，升任山东按察司僉事，因事连坐謫真定推官，之后在因事连坐贬開州通判，因真定百姓伏闕請留，遂被免謫。之后，复升为四川按察司僉事，任期内训练部队，并跟从巡撫林俊击退贼乱。升四川兵備副使，與總兵官楊宏擊敗曹甫义军。此后代替巡抚高崇熙，升僉都御史、四川巡抚，平定民变，因功進右副都御史。
正德十年，馬昊督參將張傑等修築墻柵抵抗亦不剌进犯。正德十二年，其督指揮曹昱等平定烏蒙、芒部府等番民暴乱，因功升右都御史。正德十四年，因民变势力扩大，南京給事中孫懋与巡按御史盧雍、黎龍先後弹劾馬昊。正德十四年，明武宗遣官逮捕，行至河南时，其上疏稱疾篤，留於家中。明世宗即位后，方才逮捕，尋削籍歸还。楊一清、胡世寧等均举荐，但為桂萼所駁回。其在家久之去世。
嘉靖七年（1528年），馬昊上疏請求復姓鄒氏，得到允許。嘉靖十三年卒，享年七十。夫人陳氏，有子三人：鄒夢鶴、鄒夢龍、鄒夢陽。
参考文献
明朝都御史
明朝四川巡撫
明朝山東按察司僉事
明朝四川按察司副使
明朝行人司行人
明朝監察御史
M
弘治八年乙卯科陝西鄉試舉人 |
圣威尔弗里德教堂（英语：Church of St Wilfrid）位于英国大曼徹斯特郡威根都市自治市，是一座聖公會布萊克本教區的聖公宗教区教堂。圣威尔弗里德教堂被指定为登錄建築。它被佩夫斯纳建筑指南的作者称为“兰开夏郡最有趣的教堂之一”。
历史
1205年，圣威尔弗里德教堂被历史文献首次提及。古老教区与十一小镇（阿德灵顿、安德顿、理查德、柯普尔达克斯伯里、兰特里、谢林顿、斯坦迪什、韦尔奇惠特尔和沃辛顿）的规模非常庞大，为教堂的建造奠定了基础。人们认为教堂是在1582年至1584年期间由L. Shipway建造和设计。它将哥特式建筑和文艺复兴建筑的特点混合在了一起。
20世纪时，蘭卡斯特建筑师奥斯汀和佩利开始了教堂的建造。在1913至1914年期间，他们在教堂东部建造了一些法衣室。1926年，他们在楼入口处建立了一座墓地。门楼是一个独立的II级登录建筑。在1932年和1939年期间，他们依旧不断地监督教堂情况、完善教堂细部和修复破损。
建筑结构
外部结构
圣威尔弗里德教堂是一座哥特式建筑。突出的尖塔由灰黑色方石建成，外壁挂有一个八角形时钟。教堂的其他部分由黄黑色的粗砂岩建成。中殿和是1582年至1584年期间的伊丽莎白式的。中殿，西蒙·詹金斯这样写道：“中堂拱门的风格有点像哥特式建筑，又有点英国古典风范。”
建筑内部
詹金斯是这样赞美教堂的：“......兰开夏郡最好的屋顶，萨默塞特最高的价值。”教区的牧师们仔细研究了教堂内的嵌板、横撑条和各种各样的走道后发现并声称‘没有一对是相同的’。”
墓地
圣威尔弗里德教堂的墓地分成新旧两部分，第一次世界大战期间4人在此处被埋葬，第二次世界大战又有9人被埋葬在这里。大部分坟墓都位于新墓园。
参见
大曼彻斯特郡I级登录建筑列表
参考来源
相关来源
相关链接
16世纪建筑
英格蘭教會教堂 |
腮腺混合瘤是怎么得的？腮腺混合瘤是发生于腮腺的常见良性肿瘤，临床表现为耳垂下或耳屏前的质地较硬肿块。此类肿块无疼痛、无伴随症状，生长较缓慢，部分患者持续数年，肿瘤无明显变化，但腮腺混合瘤具有潜在恶变倾向。肿瘤在长期生存过程中，会出现突然长大、面瘫或局部疼痛的临床表现，这些症状均意味着肿瘤已发生恶变。部分患者多次手术后，反复发作的肿瘤也易发生恶变。因此腮腺混合瘤一经确诊，无论其大小皆建议患者手术治疗。前列腺炎除外尿路刺激症状，如尿频、尿急、尿痛，和全身中毒症状，如寒战、高热外，久而不愈可造成一定并发症。常见并发症有。一，疼痛，疼痛常出现在会阴区、下腹部、腹股沟区、大腿内侧、阴茎、阴囊、腰骶部等，疼痛性质多为坠痛、胀痛、酸痛、刺痛。可不同部位交替出现，也可同时出现，程度不一，反复发作。二，精神症状，患者久而久之可表现为焦虑、抑郁、紧张、恐惧，并且出现多疑，最为严重的患者，可能出现自杀侵向。三，心理障碍、性功能异常，患者出现性欲减退、勃起疼痛、射精疼痛，最严重的患者出现阳痿、勃起功能障碍。前列腺炎患者应以清淡，容易消化的饮食为主，多吃蔬菜水果，如西瓜，甜瓜，苹果，李子，葡萄，橘子，菠萝，甘蔗。主食可选有利尿作用的，小米，玉米面，高粱米，面粉，绿豆，黄豆。还有一些含有大量的锌元素的食物，芝麻，花生，南瓜子等，前列腺炎的患者可以适当的多吃。另外，特别注意戒饮酒，以防前列腺充血而小便不利，不要吃冷生食物，如一些冰冻饮料，凉拌食品，不要在秋冬两季食用。 |
西虹桥有轨电车是服务于虹桥商务区的有轨电车系统，目前处于规划状态，未确定建设时间。共设两条线路，包括北环线、南环线
线路概况
北环线
全长约5.15km，设置站点12个，线路沿蟠龙路、徐民东路、诸光路、龙联路行驶
换乘站点：
17号线中国博览会北站、蟠龙路站
2号线徐泾东站
南环线
全长约9.15km，设置站点18个，线路沿徐民东路、蟠龙路、高泾路、高光路、诸光路行驶
换乘站点：
2号线徐泾东站
运营模式
虽是有两条线路，但运营时保持一条线路，同时只提供单向顺时针线路。运营时沿徐民东路、蟠龙路、龙联路、诸光路、高光路、高泾路、蟠龙路，最后回到徐民东路成环线，类似于一个“8”字
参考资料
上海交通
青浦区 |
Hornsby Howell (September 3, 1927 – October 3, 2017) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at North Carolina A&T University from 1968 to 1976, compiling a record of 55–34–4.
In 1982, he was a scout team assistant coach at the University of Georgia, becoming the school's first African-American football coach.
Head coaching record
College
References
1927 births
2017 deaths
American football centers
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
North Carolina A&T Aggies athletic directors
North Carolina A&T Aggies football coaches
North Carolina A&T Aggies football players
North Carolina A&T Aggies men's basketball coaches
Savannah State Tigers and Lady Tigers athletic directors
High school football coaches in South Carolina
Players of American football from Greene County, Georgia
Players of American football from Athens, Georgia
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
African-American college athletic directors in the United States
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people |
腰肌劳损怎么快速治好？腰肌劳损是一种常见的腰部疾病，属于一种慢性的疾病，但是这个是有明确的腰部反复劳损的病史，也就是经常屈伸或者是旋转腰部，经常负重等。治疗并不困难，只是容易复发。只有通过避免导致腰肌劳损的诱发因素，避免劳累、久坐、弯腰等不良刺激，可以减低复发几率，才能达到最好的治疗效果。腰肌劳损的治疗原则主要是调整生活及工作方式、减轻负重、注意休息、药物治疗、理疗辅助。腰痛急性发作时，卧床休息可以防止病情进一步发展，卧床最好是硬板。通常口服止痛药如布洛芬、芬必得、消炎痛等，也可局部喷涂好得快，甚至可以用激素加麻醉药在痛点做封闭治疗。腰肌劳损症状，腰肌劳损的问题，又称功能性腰痛的毛病、慢性下腰损伤、腰臀肌筋膜炎等，实为腰部肌肉及其附着点筋膜或骨膜的慢性损伤性炎症，是腰痛的毛病的常见因素之一，主要特征是腰或腰骶部胀痛、酸痛，反复发作，疼痛可随气候变化或劳累程度而变化，如日间劳累加重，休息后可减轻时轻时重，为临床常见病，多发病，发病因素较多。其日积月累，可使肌纤维变性，甚而少量撕裂，形成瘢痕、纤维索条或粘连，遗留长期慢性腰背痛这个问题。避免过劳、矫正不良体位。防止潮湿，寒冷受凉不要随意睡在潮湿的地方。根据气候的变化，随时增添衣服，出汗及雨淋之后，要及时更换湿衣或擦干身体。急性腰扭伤应积极治疗，安心休息，防止转成慢性。体育运动或剧烈活动时要做好准备活动。纠正不良的工作姿势，如弯腰过久，或伏案过低等。在僵坐一小时后要换一个姿势。使用硬板软垫床，过软的床垫不能保持脊柱的正常生理曲度，所以最好在木板上加一张10厘米厚的软垫。注意减肥控制体重，身体过于肥胖，必然给腰部带来额外负担，特别是中年人和妇女产后，为易于发胖的时期，节制饮食，加强锻炼。 |
脱肛是什么样的感受？脱肛一般指直肠脱垂，直肠壁部分下移，即直肠黏膜下移，称黏膜脱垂或不完全脱垂；直肠壁全层下移称完全脱垂。成人完全性直肠脱垂并不多见，如直肠反复脱出可导致阴部神经损伤产生肛门失禁，并有引发直肠溃疡、出血、狭窄和坏死的危险，需手术治疗。脱肛是什么样的感受？脱肛的感受有两种，一种是肛门有异物脱出，另一种是大便排便困难，便秘。脱肛也称直肠脱垂。直肠脱垂分直肠黏膜脱垂和直肠全脱垂两种。直肠黏膜脱垂时，肛门口部位只看到少量直肠黏膜，或不能看到直肠黏膜，其主要症状是大便排便困难，排便时脱肛加重。而直肠全脱垂时，肛门部位可以看到圆柱形脱出的肠道，肛门异物感更强烈。这种情况多伴有肠黏膜出血。脱肛患者的肛门括约肌比较松弛，收缩性差，所以肛门内的粘液就会从肛内溢出，所以有潮湿的感觉。还有就是脱出后，很久都未复位，那么将产生充血、水肿或糜烂，分泌液刺激肛门皮肤而引起瘙痒。很多的肛肠疾病都会有坠胀的现象，对于脱肛而言，那是因为粘膜下脱，引起直肠或结肠套叠而压迫肛门部，所以才有了坠胀的现象。部分病人由于肛门括约肌松弛，收缩无力，常有粘液自肛内溢出，以致有潮湿感。或因其脱出，没有及时复位，直肠粘膜充血、水肿或糜烂，粘液刺激肛周皮肤而引起搔痒。以上介绍了脱肛是什么样的感受，脱肛的感觉在临床上主要表现为有肿物自肛门脱出，开始排便时脱出，便后自行复位，以后肿物脱出渐频，便后需用手托回肛门内，伴有排便不尽和下坠感。发展到最后在咳嗽、用力甚至站立时亦可脱出。 |
Georgiana, Lady Chatterton, later Mrs Dering (née Iremonger; 11 November 1806 – 6 February 1876) was an English aristocrat, traveller, and author. Her first travelogue, Rambles in the South of Ireland, was published in 1839.
Life
Henrietta Georgiana Marcia Lascelles Iremonger was born at 24 Arlington Street, Piccadilly, London, on 11 November 1806, the only child of the Rev. Lascelles Iremonger (died 6 January 1830), a prebendary of Winchester Cathedral, and his second wife, the former Harriett Gambier, youngest sister of Admiral Lord James Gambier. Her mother's family had been acquainted with Samuel Johnson, William Wilberforce, Madame de Staël, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Hannah More, among other public figures, who visited their seat at Barham Court. According to parish records, Georgiana was baptised on 2 December 1805 at St George's Hanover Square Church, suggesting that her reported year of birth may be inaccurate. Georgiana's family travelled frequently, visiting various relatives. They more commonly stayed with her Uncle William Pitt Morgan and Aunt Margaret, who often had lunch with King George III.
On 3 August 1824, Georgiana was presented before the Court to the King and Queen in a formal ceremony. At her debutante's ball, she met Sir William Abraham Chatterton, 2nd Baronet of Castle Mahon, County Cork, who was 18 years her senior. She married him aged 17 on 3 August 1824 at St George's Hanover Square Church. They spent their early married years at his home in Castle Mahon, Cork, Ireland, and in Winchester with Georgiana's parents. While living in County Cork, Georgiana's poor health caused her to move to Florence, Italy, a city which at the time was expanding with cultural and social diversity and ideas. This increased her interest in writing novels. She spent several subsequent winters abroad.
After her father's death, the couple moved to Seamore Place in Mayfair where they were known for their wealth and were regular guests of King William IV. Georgiana often visited Princess Victoria at Tunbridge Wells. There she wrote her first work of fiction, entitled Aunt Dorothy's Tales, and published it anonymously. Soon after, in 1839, she published a second novel, Rambles in South Ireland, which was well received, selling out within weeks. She would continue writing novels every two years, while keeping up a thriving social life with London's literary intelligentsia.
In 1845–1851, the Great Irish Famine deprived her husband of his rents and forced them to move back to England and stay in Rolls Park in Essex until 5 August 1855, when Sir William Chatterton died. After two years of grieving, Georgiana and Rebecca Orpen, Sir William's niece, who was in her care, decided to resume regularly attending parties and social gatherings. Soon after, Georgiana met a fellow novelist, Edward Heneage Dering, (born 1827, youngest son of John Dering, rector of Pluckley, Kent, and prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral). Edward's intention was to marry Rebecca, but due to poor hearing Lady Chatterton assumed the proposal was made to her. On 1 June 1859, the widow married Dering and they took up residence in 1869 with Rebecca and her husband Marmion, the last old squire of Baddesley Clinton Hall, Warwickshire. There Marmion and Dering took to wearing 17th-century costume.
Within six years of their marriage, Dering was received into the Roman Catholic Church. Georgiana herself wavered, but after a correspondence with William Bernard Ullathorne, Roman Catholic Bishop of Birmingham, she converted as well in August 1875. Her husband stated that she lived by three principles during her lifetime: to know the will of God and do it; to see everything exactly how it was, without reference to her own wishes; and never to turn aside from a difficulty, however easily avoided.
Georgiana Dering died at Baddesley Clinton Hall on 6 February 1876, aged 69. She was a successful author, and died extremely wealthy, leaving an estate valued at just under £40,000. She was buried at the Catholic Church of St Francis of Assisi, where Edward Dering, Rebecca Ferrers and her husband Marmion would later be buried as well.
Writings
Lady Chatterton's first book, Aunt Dorothy's Tales (1837), was published anonymously in two volumes. Two years later came Rambles in the South of Ireland, whose first edition sold out in weeks. Many other tales, novels, poems and travel accounts followed, under the name Georgiana Chatterton. Despite the extreme success of her first two novels, Georgiana would often remark that her books never made "a hit".
In her novel Allanson, or The Infidel (1843), she explains how she feared she might appear a different person to others than she really was: "Most of us try to be blind to our own inconsistencies, and this, perhaps, makes us less aware of the inconsistency of others". Later, she noted how there were good men that would not commit a bad act even when tempted and bad men who would never do a good act when tempted. While writing this book, Lady Chatterton kept up a self-enforced solitude.
Chatterton's poem "Leonore" (1864) indicated her kindness to others. Her behaviour towards strangers and friends is described in her writings: "The most agreeable persons are certainly those who have the greatest faith in the goodness of others. By appealing to the best feelings of those with whom we converse, by giving them credit for good qualities... [we bring] these good feelings into play."
Lady Chatterton, in Spain and the Pyrenees, wrote of her adventures and travels around the world, making observations and telling stories. One such is a disagreement with the Pope, in a short story that explains how marriage is banned on pain of excommunication. Cardinal John Henry Newman praised her refinement of thought in her later fiction. More recently, however, her work has been described as banal and called "uniformly unmemorable".
Legacy: sketches found
In 2015, an archivist from the Dering collection at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust found a sketch in one of Rebecca Dering's sketchbooks that was drawn by Georgiana herself. It was found with two tickets to Westminster Hall for 11 July 1821, about nine years before Rebecca Dering was born. The sketch itself is a drawing of eight women with their heads sticking through the windows of the Parliament building while it is in session. Women used to gather in the space above the ceiling and listen in, since they were not allowed to participate and be present during a session. The drawing is presented from Georgiana's point of view as she is able to see the other women at her level also looking down on the structure beneath. The assumption that Georgiana drew this sketch is due to her elevated social position, allowing her to travel to Westminster and acquire tickets to enter the House of Commons. This drawing is significant because it shows how women politically engaged, whether it was from listening from a ventilator in the ceiling or persuading men to vote for local leaders. Though such women as Lady Chatterton were often able to influence politics, they could only do so indirectly, still managing to make their mark on a world almost a hundred years before female suffrage was achieved in the United Kingdom.
Publications
External links
Works by or about Lady Georgiana Chatterton at Internet Archive
Works by or about Lady Georgiana Chatterton at Hathi Trust
Lady Georgiana Chatterton's Diary at Hathi Trust
References
1806 births
1876 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
English Roman Catholics
English travel writers
Victorian novelists
Victorian women writers
British women travel writers
19th-century English women writers
19th-century English writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
Wives of baronets |
注射用尼麦角林的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。肌注：每次2-4mg，每天两次。静脉滴注：每次剂量4-8mg，溶于100ml生理盐水或葡萄糖液缓慢滴注，可由医生指定每日数次。动脉注射：每次剂量4mg，溶于10ml生理盐水，用2分钟缓慢注射。剂量：治疗期及用药途径可根据临床病情调整。 |
江德宣，江西省廣信府弋陽縣人，清朝政治人物、進士出身。
光緒十二年（1886年），参加光緒丙戌科殿試，登進士二甲87名。同年五月，著主事分部学习。
參考文獻
金鳌江氏 |
Ectoedemia tadshikiella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Rimantas Puplesis in 1988. It is known from Tadzhikistan.
References
Nepticulidae
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1988 |
轻度头皮癣怎么治疗？头癣是生活中很常见的病，属于头部皮肤疾病的一种，主要是因为头皮和头发的浅部真菌感染而引发的。分为黄癣、白癣和黑点癣三种，在儿童中比较常见，具有很强的传染性，可以通过理发店的理发工具，毛巾等物品传播，幼儿园等学校及家庭中互相传染的几率会更大，另外如果接触到了患癣的猫，狗等家畜也会被传染引发头癣。得了头癣一定要去正规的医院检查治疗。头癣的发生主要是通过接触头癣或有病的动物而被传染的，从自然界中感染来的极罕见，正常人与患头癣者经常密切接触，特别是儿童在一起玩耍，头碰头的接触，很容易被传染，还有与有病的动物接触后患病，这都属于直接传染，如果使用头癣用过的帽子，头巾，枕头，梳子或理发推子，剪刀等也可被传染，这叫做间接传染，可见头癣是很容易传染的。得了头癣在头部皮肤会出现鳞屑，脓疱，丘疹，疱疹，头皮结痂，头皮屑多，淋巴结肿大等症状，严重的话还会造成永久性秃发以及面部长癣等。除了药物治疗之外也应该注意头部的卫生清洁。主要还是使用杀菌消炎的药膏涂抹治疗，在治疗期间一定要按时用药，另外也要注意不能经常用手抓挠头皮，抓破以后容易感染发炎影响恢复，使用温水洗头洗脸，保持头部皮肤的干爽整洁，注意个人用手的分类使用和消毒，不能跟其他人混合使用。治疗头癣可以使用中医，药浴是中医内病外治方法之一，药浴疗法能将药物直接作用于皮肤、孔窍、俞穴等，能迅速直达病所，取得良好疗效，同时由于药浴疗法，可以避免药物直接进入人体血液循环，从而减少对肝脏、肾脏等器官的副作用。药浴原理是借水的温度、水的机械刺激和药物的作用相结合，对机体发挥治疗功能的。当利用热药液在皮肤或患处熏洗时，由于温热刺激，引起皮肤血管扩张，能促进局部和全身的血液和淋巴循环，使新陈代谢旺盛，改善局部组织营养和全身机能，并能疏通经络，促进经络的活动功能缓解头癣的症状。 |
朱宣咸（），浙江椒江人，中國畫家，中共黨員，1940年代起，朱宣咸開始進行國畫和版畫創作。1946年後又從事木刻創作。1948年在上海因《觀察》事件被捕。隨後朱宣咸在《大公報》上與張樂平等發表支持中國共產黨統治全中國的聯合宣言並參加中國人民解放軍。1949年跟隨中國人民解放軍來到重慶。來到重慶後參與籌備重慶市美術家協會和重慶國畫院。1984年，朱宣咸調入重慶出版社工作，參與編輯重慶第一部大型中國畫冊《重慶中國畫冊》。
參考資料
中國畫家 |
Vuk Čelić (born 7 November 1996) is a Serbian swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 metre backstroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships. He qualified to represent Serbia at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's 800 metre freestyle event.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Serbian male swimmers
Swimmers at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Male backstroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Serbia
21st-century Serbian people |
舞台是一個用來表演的空間，但亦可以指：
舞台 (報紙)（The Stage），英國舞台劇週報
舞台 (電影)，1984年美國電影Irreconcilable Differences
政治舞台，在政治圈子扮演公眾人物，例如參選當政客
舞台 (七級煉獄的歌)，美國重金屬樂團七級煉獄發行的歌曲
舞台 (七級煉獄專輯)，美國重金屬樂團七級煉獄於2016年發行的概念專輯
nl:Podium |
Kiewit Corporation is an American privately held construction company based in Omaha, Nebraska founded in 1884. In 2021, it was ranked 243rd on the Fortune 500. Privately held, it is one of the largest construction and engineering organizations in North America. It is an employee-owned company.
History
The company was founded in 1884 as Kiewit Brothers Masonry Contractors by Peter and Andrew Kiewit, who were of Dutch descent. Their father, John Kiewit, emigrated from The Hague in 1857, where he learned the trade of brickmaking. John Kiewit established a brickyard in Omaha, Nebraska where his sons worked and learned the skills for their masonry business. Early projects included the seven-story Lincoln Hotel in Lincoln as stonemasons and the Bekins warehouse as general contractor. It is an employee-owned company.
The original brothers dissolved their partnership in 1904 and the founding Peter Kiewit continued as a sole proprietorship. In 1912, two of his sons, Ralph and George Kiewit, joined their father as partners in the firm. One of their constructions was the Omaha Fire Department Hose Company No. 4 building, erected in 1913. When the founding Peter Kiewit died in 1914, his son Ralph led the company. George and Ralph Kiewit left the company.
The founder's youngest son, Peter Kiewit Jr., joined the firm in 1919. He led the firm from 1924 until his death in 1979. Peter Jr. turned the firm into one of the largest construction companies in the world. He was also very active in the Omaha area, including leadership of the Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben.
In 1931, Peter Kiewit incorporated the company as Peter Kiewit Sons’ Co. The firm began building transportation projects during the Great Depression.
Walter Scott was also a key figure in the growth of Kiewit. Scott was initially hired to work on the tower project at the Nebraska State Capitol and spent the remainder of his career at Kiewit becoming chief engineer.
Notable projects
Throughout the 1920s the company built several historic buildings around Nebraska including the Livestock Exchange Building (1926), the Lincoln station (Nebraska, 1926–2012), the Nebraska State Capitol Tower (1927), Joslyn Art Museum (1928), and Union Station (Omaha)(1929).
Between 1951 and 1966, Kiewit built Thule Air Base for the U.S. military in Thule, Greenland. Located on the northwest coast of Greenland, the base features a 10,000 foot runway.
In 1969, Kiewit began construction of the 63rd Street tunnel between Manhattan and Queens. The initial project was part of a $2 billion program to improve the New York City Transit Authority and Long Island Railroad facilities in New York City.
Between 1980 and 1985, the company built the mile-long $750 million Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore Harbor.
In the 1990s, Kiewit was part of a joint venture to build the $517 million T-Mobile Park in Seattle, home of the Seattle Mariners baseball team. The project was completed in 1999.
Kiewit Infrastructure South is part of the team constructing the 11.5 mile and six-station extension of Washington Metro in Washington D.C.
In 2001, Kiewit Offshore began construction of an off-shore drill platform fabrication facility at their 555 acre facility outside Corpus Christi, Texas. This site is home to the 13,000 ton Heavy Lifting Device [Crane] - the largest on-shore lifting device in the western hemisphere. It stands 550 feet tall and uses 23 miles of 2 5/8" cable. It took 11 months to build and is used approximately once per year.
In 2022, Kiewit broke ground on the largest (at the time) US PV and storage project utilizing Ojjo foundations, ATI racking and Maxeon bi-facial modules. This 967 MW (DC) project is located 45 minutes north of Las Vegas, NV.
Leadership
Rick Lanoha is the current chief executive officer of Kiewit Corporation. His predecessors include Peter Kiewit, Bob Wilson, Walter Scott Jr. Ken Stinson and Bruce E. Grewcock. Prior to Grewcock's retirement, on January 1, 2020, Lanoha had served as president and chief operating officer since 2016 and was elected to Kiewit's board of directors in 2009.
Walter Scott, Jr. was first elected to the Peter Kiewit Sons' Incorporated board in 1964.
In 1979, he was elected president. When Peter Kiewit died later that same year, Scott was selected to succeed him as chairman.
Expansions
In 1963, Peter Kiewit bought the Omaha World-Herald to keep it locally owned. Under the terms of his will, the employees bought the paper in 1979.
Starting in 1985 (Kiewit built MFS in the early 1990s; Level 3 was built in the 1997 to 1999 circa), Kiewit also constructed a nationwide fiber optic network. This network was later spun off as Level 3 Communications, which became the formal successor corporation to the original Peter Kiewit Sons'.
They have a training facility called Kiewit University in its new Omaha, Nebraska campus that trains employees from throughout the US.
Other companies
Continental Fire Sprinkler of Omaha, Nebraska
Aero Automatic Sprinkler Company of Phoenix, Arizona
Jet Pipe Industries of Phoenix, Arizona
General Construction Company (Now a part of Kiewit Bridge and Marine) of Poulsbo, Washington
InEight, Inc (formerly Hard Dollar Corporation) of Scottsdale, Arizona
Mass. Electric Construction Co. – Industrial Group (MEC) of Boston, Massachusetts
Mass. Electric Construction Co. – Transportation Group (MEC) of Dallas, Texas
The Industrial Co. (TIC) of Englewood, Colorado
Cherne Contracting Corporation of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Midwest Aviation of Omaha, Nebraska
Weeks Marine of Cranford, New Jersey (Acquired January 3rd 2023)
References
External links
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1884
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
Privately held companies of the United States
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Employee-owned companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in Nebraska
1884 establishments in Nebraska
American companies established in 1884 |
Reach Beyond the Sun is the fourth studio album by hardcore punk band Shai Hulud, released on February 15, 2013 in Europe and on February 19 in the U.S. through Metal Blade Records. It has been met with positive reviews.
Track list
Credits
Chad Gilbert – vocals, producer
Matt Fox – guitar
Matthew Fletcher – bass guitar
Matt Covey – drums
Justin Kraus (With Life in Mind) – backup vocals
Damien Moyal – guest vocals on "Medicine to the Dead"
Matt Mazzali – guest vocals on "Medicine to the Dead"
Geert van der Velde – guest vocals on "Medicine to the Dead"
Louis Hernandez (Alpha & Omega) – guest vocals on "Man Into Demon: and Their Faces are Twisted With the Pain of Living"
Jonathan Vigil (The Ghost Inside) – guest vocals on "If A Mountain be My Obstacle"
Jay Pepito (Reign Supreme) – guest vocals on "A Human Failing"
Stephen Looker – backing vocals
Dave Quiggle – artwork
Release history
References
2013 albums
Shai Hulud albums
Metal Blade Records albums
Albums produced by Chad Gilbert |
James Monroe Gregory (January 23, 1849 – December 17, 1915) was a Professor of Latin and Dean at Howard University. During the American Civil War, he worked in Cleveland for the education and aid of escaped slaves. He initially attended Oberlin College. He transferred to Howard and was the valedictorian of Howard's first graduating class in 1872. He then became a member of faculty, where he served until the late 1880s. During that time he was active in civil rights, particularly related to the education of African American children. He fought to desegregate Washington D.C. schools in the early 1880s and participated in the Colored Conventions Movement and was a delegate to the 1892 Republican National Convention. In 1890, he founded the American Association of Educators of Colored Youth. In 1893, he published a biography of Frederick Douglass. In 1897, he was removed at Howard and moved to New Jersey where he became principal of Bordentown Industrial and Manual Training School.
Early life
James Monroe Gregory was born in Lexington, Virginia on January 23, 1849 to Maria A. (Gladman) Gregory and Henry L., a local minister. During that year they moved to Lynchburg, Virginia. In 1859, they moved to Cleveland, Ohio where James entered public schools. The family moved to La Porte, Indiana and then Chicago, where James attended private and public schools respectively, before returning to Cleveland where he finished grammar school and entered high school. In 1865, he entered the preparatory department of Oberlin College. During his summer vacations, Gregory taught at Freedmen's Bureau schools in La Porte, in Mt. Tabor, Maryland, and in Lynchburg. One of his teachers in Cleveland was Laura Spelman. As his studies ended, he was recommended for a cadetship at West Point by General Benjamin F. Butler, but President Andrew Johnson refused to appoint him. While visiting Washington DC to get his appointment papers from Butler, he met General Oliver O. Howard, who was impressed by Gregory and suggested that he (Howard) would like to work with him. Less than a year later, Howard had a letter sent to Gregory offering him a position of instructor in the preparatory department of Howard University, and suggesting he finish his undergraduate studies at the same time at Howard, which Gregory accepted. While still in Ohio, Gregory worked to help escaped and freed slaves, and was secretary of the Fugitives Aid Society in Cleveland, later renamed the Freedmen's Aid Society in Cleveland. When Gregory started at Howard in September 1868, he was the first student in the collegiate department, which had two professors, Eliphalet Whittlesey and William F. Bascom, and the course was based on classical studies of New England colleges.
Career
Howard University
Gregory moved to Washington, DC, and graduated first in a class of three from Howard in 1872 (the other two were A. C. O'Hear and Josiah T. Settle) and was made tutor of Latin and mathematics in the preparatory department, where he was the only black teacher in the department. In the winter of the next year, he married Fannie E. Hagan of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, who had earlier been a student of his. Three years later he was appointed Professor of Latin in the college. In the 1880s, he was made Dean of the collegiate department. He received a master's degree from Harvard University in 1885.
Civil Rights
Gregory was a leading figure in Civil Rights Movement in the 1880s. In 1881, Gregory began a fight for the right to send his children to public schools in Washington. In the course of the dispute, Gregory and George T. Downing discovered that a law before the U.S. House of Representatives creating separate schools for black children. The pair along with Charles Purvis created an organization to fight this discrimination. The group gathered about it many leading civil rights figures, having Frederick Douglass as president, Richard T. Greener as secretary, and also including Frederick G. Barbadoes, John F. Cook, Francis James Grimké, Milton M. Holland, Wiley Lane, William H. Smith, Purvis, Downing, and Gregory. The group was supported by representative Dudley C. Haskell of Kansas and succeeded. In 1883, after the Civil Rights Cases saw civil protections for African Americans overturned by the US Supreme Court, Gregory was one of the organizers of mass meetings in protest which included Douglass, Robert Ingersoll, Samuel Shellaberger, and Jeremiah Rankin. He was a leader of the 1883 National Convention of Colored Men in Louisville, Kentucky, where Gregory was elected temporary and then permanent secretary and fellow DC Delegate Frederick Douglass was made president. In 1893, Gregory published a biography of Frederick Douglass entitled, Frederick Douglass the Orator: Containing an Account of His Life; His Eminent Public Services; His Brilliant Career as Orator; Selections from His Speeches and Writings..
Politics
Gregory was also very active in politics. He was frequently mentioned for political appointments. He was secretary of the Republican Central Committee of the District of Columbia for four years in the 1880s. In 1881, he was endorsed by Oliver Howard, Blanche Kelso Bruce, James Monroe, and John M. Brown to be appointed consul at Leeds, England, but did not receive the appointment. On February 27, 1886, Gregory was appointed to the board of trustees of public schools in Washington DC against vehement protest of Democrats and the conservative press, and the next year was made chairman of the committee on teachers and janitors by the board president. He served on the board for six years. In 1887 he was a candidate to replace James Campbell Matthews as Washington, DC Recorder of Deeds, although the position went to James Monroe Trotter. Gregory was again a candidate for the position to succeed Trotter in late 1889, but the position went to Blanche Bruce. Gregory was president of the American Association of Educators of Colored Youth which was he founded in 1890 and led throughout its existence. He was a delegate to the 1892 Republican National Convention, and expressed interest in the Recorder of Deeds job again, which in 1893 went to C. H. J. Taylor.
Removal from Howard and principalship in Bordentown
In 1891, Gregory was in debt and was accused by Daniel Murray and a group of other individuals of inappropriate financial dealings with his students, but the charges were dropped. The accusations resurfaced in 1895, and Gregory was removed as professor at Howard by the board led by University president Jeremiah Rankin, although the move was opposed by black members of the board. Gregory was, at the time, the senior professor of the institution, and the institution was itself in debt, which was used as a reason for the dismissal. Gregory appealed, and his cause was widely supported by students and alumni, but his dismissal was upheld. Gregory sued Murray for libel related to the case, which Gregory withdrew when Murray retracted claims he made.
In 1897, he became principal of the Bordentown Industrial and Manual Training School in Bordentown, New Jersey. Gregory was very successful in this role, and the school grew in enrollment and in quality of facilities during his tenure. The school was based on the methods Booker T. Washington advocated and applied at the Tuskegee Institute Gregory served until February, 1915.
Family and personal life
Gregory married Fannie Emma Hagan of Williamsport, Pennsylvania on December 29, 1873 in Williamsport. Fannie was born in Frederick, Maryland on July 4, 1856. Fannie's mother, Margaret A. Hagen, was born and raised on the property of Judge Roger B. Taney and had been freed by the purchase of her husband. Margaret's mother, Jane, was a daughter of Judge Taney. Margaret's father was Po Mahammitt. His oldest son was Eugene M. Gregory, who graduated from Harvard University and was a member of the Harvard Law School. One son, Thomas Montgomery Gregory, was a noted dramatist. Another son was named James Francis Gregory was captain of the Amherst College baseball team in 1898, the first African American to be elected captain of a baseball team in any eastern college and became a Presbyterian minister and vice-principal at the Bordentown School. His daughter, Margaret B. Gregory, was a teacher at Bordentown School (also known as Ironside school). In 1908, James and Thomas went to London to attend the Olympic Games there.
His great-grandson through James Francis was astronaut Frederick Drew Gregory, the first African-American to pilot an American spacecraft. His great-great-granddaughter is actress and comedian Aisha Tyler.
For many years, Gregory attended Jeremiah Rankin's Washington's First Congregational Church. With Gregory in the congregation were Douglass, John Mercer Langston, Blanche Bruce, and William T. Mitchell and their families.
Death
Gregory died December 17, 1915 at the home of his daughter in Baltimore, Maryland. His funeral was held at the People's Congregational Church in Washington, DC and was conducted by Rev. Francis James Grimké. He was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Bibliography
Gregory, James Monroe. Frederick Douglass the Orator: Containing an Account of His Life; His Eminent Public Services; His Brilliant Career as Orator; Selections from His Speeches and Writings. Willey & Company, 1893.
References
Logan, Rayford W. Howard University: The first hundred years, 1867–1967. NYU Press, 1969.
1849 births
1915 deaths
19th-century African-American academics
19th-century American academics
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
20th-century African-American educators
20th-century American educators
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Ohio
American biographers
American classical scholars
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Classics educators
Harvard University alumni
Howard University alumni
Howard University faculty
New Jersey Republicans
People from Bordentown, New Jersey
People from Cleveland
People from Lexington, Virginia
People from Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., Republicans |
Donald L. Fowler (September 12, 1935December 15, 2020) was an American political scientist, professor, and political operative who served as National Chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) from 1995 to 1997, alongside Chris Dodd as General Chairman during this same period.
Fowler was a political science professor and businessman from South Carolina who spent most of his adult life in various Democratic Party roles, including state party executive director, state party chair, and CEO of the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta.
Early life
Fowler was born on September 12, 1935, in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Fowler earned a degree in psychology from Wofford College in Spartanburg in 1957 where he had his basketball jersey retired, was president of the student body, and became a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. For his master's and doctoral degrees, he attended the University of Kentucky. He taught public administration and American politics at the University of South Carolina since 1964, and also taught at Wofford College and The Citadel. He was a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve and a graduate of the U.S. Army War College as well. He retired from the army in 1987.
Early political involvement
Fowler served as chairman of the South Carolina Democratic Party from 1971 to 1980, during the tenure of Democratic governor John C. West, the contentious gubernatorial election of 1974 and the early tenure of Democratic governor Richard Riley.
Prior to the 1984 Democratic National Convention, he was appointed by party chairman Paul G. Kirk to chair the "Fairness Commission", one of many Democratic commissions created to reform the presidential nomination process. Fowler's Fairness Commission allowed open primaries to be held in Wisconsin and Montana, reduced the threshold of votes that a candidate needed to receive in primaries or caucuses in order to qualify for delegates from 20% to 15%, and increased the number of convention superdelegates from 568 in 1984 to 650 in 1988. Fowler also served as CEO of the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta.
Chairman of the DNC
Fowler's term as National Chairman included the 1996 presidential election between Bill Clinton and Bob Dole. As national chairman, Fowler ran the party's day-to-day operations while Christopher Dodd, the general chairman, served with Fowler as the party's public faces. The two co-chair positions were established several times from 1995 to 2001, although the roles are usually combined.
In 1996, Fowler made a determination that Lyndon LaRouche, who was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination for the fifth time, was not a "bona fide Democrat" because of his "expressed political beliefs... which are explicitly racist and anti-Semitic" and due to his "past activities including exploitation of and defrauding contributors and voters", and instructed state parties to disregard votes for him. LaRouche lost his suit and his appeal, in a case known as LaRouche v. Fowler.
After Clinton's re-election, Fowler was accused of contacting the CIA about a businessman, Roger Tamraz, who had donated money to the Democratic party. His answer to questions from the U.S. Senate about this was, "I have in the middle of the night, high noon, late in the afternoon, early in the morning, every hour of the day, for months now searched my memory about conversations with the CIA. And I have no memory, no memory of any conversation with the CIA."
Later career
Fowler remained active in Democratic politics as a member of the DNC. Following the 2006 midterm elections, in response to James Carville's call to remove Howard Dean as chair, Fowler e-mailed his fellow DNC members, saying, "Some ill-advised voices have suggested that, because of his 50-state strategy, Governor Dean should be replaced as Chair of the DNC. This is nonsense. The 50-state strategy is exactly what the Democratic Party needed and continues to need.... Democrats won a great victory on November 7—control of the United States House of Representatives, control of the United States Senate, majority of Governors, and majority of state legislative bodies. Why should anyone want to mess with the team that won these remarkable results? Governor Dean deserves to continue as DNC Chair."
Fowler was the Chairman of the Board of Fowler Communications, Inc., a public relations and governmental affairs firm.
, Fowler was an adjunct professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of South Carolina, and in 2014 was recognized by the state legislature for his 50th year teaching at USC.
Fowler's son, Donnie Fowler, ran unsuccessfully for DNC chair in 2005.
Personal life and death
Fowler had two children from his first wife, Septima Briggs, who died in 1997. Fowler married Carol Khare in 2005, who worked with him at the DNC and his communications firm. Two years later, Carol Fowler became the South Carolina Democratic Party chair.
Fowler died on December 15, 2020, at his home in Columbia, South Carolina, from leukemia complicated by COVID-19. He was 85.
See also
Majority Action, a 2005 issue-advocacy organization
References
External links
|-
1935 births
2020 deaths
Democratic National Committee chairs
People from Spartanburg, South Carolina
Military personnel from South Carolina
South Carolina Democrats
State political party chairs of South Carolina
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina faculty
United States Army War College alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
University of South Carolina faculty
Wofford College alumni
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in South Carolina
United States Army colonels
United States Army reservists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina |
广州地铁被诬「偷拍」事件，媒体或称为地铁“偷拍”事件、张薇事件，发生于2023年6月，四川大学新闻与传播学院研究生、中国共产党党员张薇在廣州地鐵误会一名56岁男子偷拍她，张薇在该男子自证偷拍行为以及警方调解后，在网络发布未經馬賽克處理拍攝男子容貌的影片版本，并发表相关争论性言论，後引發的被广泛关注的事件。
事件经过
地铁诬陷“偷拍”
2023年6月7日，张薇于广州地铁八号线车厢中怀疑正前方一位年长的、蹲在地上的男子疑似拍摄自己，于是自己打开手机进行摄像，并要求该大叔打开手机相册供其检查，在检查后发现并没有偷拍她后前说了一句“小心点，不要乱拍别人”。而后在警方的调节下，双方达成和解，且澄清该大叔并未偷拍。
11时39分，张薇在明知该男子没有偷拍，并且已经达成和解的情况下，使用微博账号“注册不了张z”将该男子不打码的视频发于公共网络平台微博煽动舆论攻击该大叔，称其手法娴熟不是第一次作案，并表示“如果他真的没有偷拍，那他为什么不为自己发声？就算我夸大其词了，他又损失了什么呢？”，“难道我的权益没有受到侵害我就不用去维权了吗？”。除部分赞同外，引发网友对她过度维权的质疑。
事件发酵
2023年6月9日，广州地铁工作人员回应《中国新闻周刊》，警方已经介入处理，双方当事人和解且澄清该大叔并未偷拍。9日下午，《中国新闻周刊》微博帐号消息，四川大学研究生院研工部回应称此事已经在调查，具体情况等待稍后官方通知。《环球时报》新媒体腾讯网账号指事件发醇的时间点在9日下午。而在当时，张薇所发微博已删除。
6月9日，河北广播电视台农民频道微博帐号进行了一项网络投票，在超过两万名投票者中，有1.9万投票者认为张薇做法“维权过度，伤害了无辜大叔”，超1400名投票者认为不好评价，仅五百多名投票者认为属于“正常维权，安全意识很高”。
2023年6月9日下午，广州地铁工作人员回应中国新闻周刊，当时警方已介入处理，因为是误会，双方当时已经和解。且澄清该大叔并未偷拍。但张薇在事后和解且无相关证据的情况下，仍然将大叔的视频不加以打码处理发布在公共网络上并配文“猥琐男”等字眼发布在微博平台。众多网友认为张薇的所作所为已经涉及了恶意网暴行为。
男子儿子在网络上看到造谣
2023年6月10日，男子的儿子邓某得知父亲被张薇在网络曝光。因为该大叔没有上网的习惯，所以不知道在当场和解并澄清的情况下，张薇把他未打码视频发在网络进行网爆。10号晚间，由于该事件巨大的曝光量，大叔儿子邓某在网络上看到有人攻击其父，并且曝光其父视频，让他心态气愤。
鹭江站派出所调解
2023年6月11日，邓某接受采访时说，父亲是农民工，当天是因为工地下雨没干活，所以想在广州转转，没想到坐地铁回来的路上遇到了这件事。目前自己也联系不到发布视频的女子，他希望该女子能够公开道歉，“这个事情在网上对我们影响太大了，我们希望她能站出来公开道歉，否则我们会起诉她”。
6月11日，大叔在儿子邓某的陪同下，在广州市公安局公交分局鹭江站派出所报警。当天下午，张薇得知大叔报警后，从东莞赶到广州鹭江站派出所，与大叔一家沟通协商。张薇表示，之前乘坐地铁时曾被盯着看过但不敢发声，这次发声却造成了误会。她说“我没想到这么多人转发这个视频，看到被转发后特别害怕有人网暴我或者阿叔，我就把视频关了。”“对不起，请你再给我一个机会。”17时许，双方达成一致协议，张薇将在网上发布公开道歉信。19点41分，张薇在微博发布道歉博文。
6月11日，大叔儿子邓某在调解后接受采访时说，“在派出所她一直在哭，在那哭了一下午，我们看着也不好受。”张薇哭着说学校准备开除她，希望能够取得邓先生和父亲的谅解。“她还是名学生，公开道歉就好，不想影响她太多。”“她是大学生，我们是农民工，她的文化水平比我们高，犯了错我们应该给她一次机会。她（考上大学）不容易，希望学校不要开除她。”自己家只需要她能够在网上公开道歉就行，并不想让她退学或者赔偿，“有好多律师联系我们说可以免费帮我们起诉，但是我觉得不想再起诉她了，我们跟她说了只要道歉我们还会谅解，给她一次机会。”
匿名网友对张薇的其他指控
校园霸凌
2023年6月13日上午10点2分，自称张薇高中（北京师范大学大同附属中学校）同学、宿舍室友的一名微博网友「@玛格丽特别放盐」发文称，2014年遭到张薇长期校園霸凌致重度抑郁，最重要的一次张薇联合她人把她拉进厕所辱骂和殴打，当时大量的人在围观。@玛格丽特别放盐 求助学校和老师后，学校为了息事宁人对两人给予警告处分，但没有记入个人档案。北京师范大学大同附属中学校工作人员回应《中国新闻周刊》，将了解情况后作出答复。网友在相关微博下at张薇，张薇微博对此未回应。
6月13日，自称张薇本科（河南大学）同学的一名微博网友提出类似指控。随后，自称张薇本科同学的另一名网友转发该微博，表示可以作证。
指控者回应
2023年6月14日23时15分，微博网友「@玛格丽特别放盐」再度发文回应，称“并不想声讨任何”，并表示“如果要通过法律途径解决此事，我全力配合，我再也不是当年那个怕给妈妈惹事的小孩子了”。恳请大家不要把矛头对准学校，自己也是教育工作者，出于对同行的理解，以及教诲之恩无以为报，人不能忘本。
学术不端
除指控张薇进行校園霸凌外，陆续有匿名网友曝光张薇本科推荐免试研究生不端（四川大学否认)、学术论文屡次挂名、硕士阶段旷课。
其它事件
除上述事件外，有自称张薇前男友的匿名网友曝光张薇私生活混乱。多名自称张薇父母、朋友的匿名网友公开发言，并放出真假不明的聊天记录截图。
《南方周末》、6月21日报道中，记者联系校园霸凌、学术不端等指控信息发布源头，均没有回复。报道指，其中一部分信息被大量传播、二次加工，已无法检索到初始信源。张薇“本人的声音，也从互联网上消失了。”
张薇多所母校的回应
《南方周末》、6月21日报道中，北京师范大学大同附属中学校回复媒体，将会去了解张薇校園霸凌情况，但没有后续；河南大学紧急删除官网中含有“张薇”字眼的所有推送内容；四川大学公开称将会依规惩处张薇。南方周末记者先后于6月14日、19日两次拨打四川大学研工部电话，对方均称“事件正在调查中，其他不便透露”。
新浪微博对违规用户的处理
2023年6月14日23时50分许，微博帐号「@微博管理员」发布通报称，针对本次事件中，少部分言论违规微博用户进行禁言7天至永久禁言的处置。违规言论主要涉及四个方面，一是网络暴力，恶意侮辱谩骂、“人肉”当事人等；二是挑动群体对立，如煽动性别对立、挑动群体矛盾等；三是散布谣言，如“英国驻华使馆微博帐号关注事件当事人张薇”等；四是，恶意引战攻击党媒、央媒。
四川大学对张薇的处理
2023年6月21日15时51分，四川大学在微博发布通报，据《四川大学学生纪律处分规定》，给予张薇留校察看处分；依据《中國共產黨紀律處分條例》，给予张薇留党察看处分。同时，学校对张薇推荐免试研究生的接收过程进行核查，未发现违反国家和学校相关规定的情形。
张薇没有回复《南方周末》发送的采访请求。她已将自己在各个社交平台账号上发布的内容全部删除，仅剩微博上6月11日的道歉声明。
事件当事人
《南方周末》、6月21日报道指，6月11日大叔儿子邓某接受采访后，大叔的网络身份标签为“找不到工作的农民工、不太会使用智能手机的老人。”张薇的网络身份标是，“受过高等教育的研究生”。
事件发生后，网友“人肉”出张薇过往经历。她是在河南大学就读本科，担任过学生会主席，荣获多个省级、校级荣誉奖项。2022年，张薇通过推荐免试研究生进入四川大学。接受《南方周末》采访的心理学作家唐映红总结，张薇是“是按照精英路线来培养的，加之她表现出傲慢的心态，透露出一副小官僚做派，其实大家对这种处于特权阶层的人没有太大好感。”唐映红认为，本次事件中，大众的心理图式就是：张薇身上集结了所有的恶，是一个标准的坏人。
当事双方网络形象转换中，事件走向由最初“女性抵制偷拍”，演变成“精英欺负农民”，即“一个擅长使用社交平台制造话题的名牌大学研究生，在网上挑起争端，侮辱一个农民工大叔。”而唐映红指出，性别、贫富、权力三方面矛盾，本就是中国大陆网络舆论的“流量密码”，本次事件恰巧“击中上述前两个流量密码”。
争议
大叔拍摄地铁车厢内照片
事发后，网友根据张薇拍摄的视频发现，翻阅大叔手机时，他确实拍摄地铁车厢内部照片。6月11日，《红星新闻》采访大叔儿子邓某，邓某称父亲很少乘坐地铁，照片系过去拍摄，“他搭地铁很少搭，他就拍地铁人多。”《红星新闻》报道视频中，双方对话如下：
事件热议和掩盖社会问题的质疑
事件发生后，随即引起輿論熱議，中国大陆舆论主流声音支持严惩张薇。2023年6月11日晚，张薇在微博发布道歉全文，一度冲至热搜第一。《美国之音》报道提及，张薇道歉后，仅在微博上有影响力的爱国大V、军事大V等就对张薇进行了轮番批判。。《美国之音》指，在中国网络审查的背景下，与之相对，在微博等网络平台对中国广泛存在的社会问题——偷拍，特别是针对女性的偷拍产业链讨论则受到压制。《美国之音》等媒体认为，中国大陆网络舆论中，有网络审查管理方利用本次事件掩盖BBC露揭中国偷拍产业链视频的质疑。
事发同一时间段，英国媒体BBC拍摄、与中国偷拍产业链相关的视频《贩卖性暴力：揭露性侵影片网站的幕后主谋》引起中国网友关注。微博有关于该视频的讨论词条——“BBC卧底记者扒出经营偷拍视频团伙”。该词条在微博热搜上短暂地出现不到三小时后，被限流。之后搜索该词条，出现结果是“根据相关法律法规和政策，该话题内容未予显示”。微博博主发布BBC视频关键内容，获得关注，但很快无法查看。《美国之音》提及此后，微博关于“偷拍”的话题多与本次事件相关。网络讨论中，当评论者提到女生被性骚扰时，被认为是“跟张薇是一边的，是想给张薇脱罪”。小红书博主制作视频披露偷拍专用App如何隐藏偷拍行为。视频评论中，女性网友表达对本次事件上热搜的不满，质问更为广泛的男性偷拍女性事件为何没有上热搜的待遇。有用本次事件掩盖中国社会偷拍问题的质疑。同时，BBC视频报道提及偷拍视频拍摄地亦涉及本次事件最初的发生地——广州地铁。
网络舆论对处理张薇的述求
事发后，有观点认为张薇在6月11日道歉、双方和解后，就与大众舆论无关，但网络舆论中存在，要求张薇的母校四川大学和实习公司腾讯对她进行开除处理的观点。根据相关报道，最迟6月17日之前，腾讯已解除与张薇的实习合同。而要求开除张薇学籍、党籍的依据为《四川大学学生纪律处分规定》和《中國共產黨紀律處分條例》。《四川大学学生纪律处分规定》第二章“违纪行为与处分”第五条规定，学生有下列行为之一者，给予开除学籍处分，其中包括“（七）侵害其他个人、组织合法权益，造成严重后果的”；第七条规定，违反计算机网络管理规定者，视情节轻重给予以下处分，其中包括“（三）利用网络公然对他人进行侮辱或者捏造事实进行诽谤的，给予严重警告直至留校察看处分”。但四川大学起始并未做出正面直接回应，立即关闭微博评论区。不久，相关热搜纷纷被撤下，仅有百度贴吧保留其热搜话题。部分讨论此话题的内容被强制删除或隐藏。
四川大学处理结果颇受商榷
四川大学最终在2023年6月21日给予张薇留校查看和留党查看的处分后，引发争议。《中新网》采访某位律师，律师表示基本上已是开除学籍和开除党籍之外的顶格处分。有网友认为处罚结果过轻、不能服众，有网友认为，张薇已经取得当事人谅解，对其来说最重的后果是“社会性死亡”。《长江日报》对此事评论，“川大对张某的调查显得失焦且碎片化”。明确且尖锐地指出四川大学回避网民关注的焦点，避重就轻，通过拖延时间减弱群众对此事件的关注，进行“冷处理”愚弄大众。
6月25日，一家北京律师事务所发布通告称四川大学对张薇处理不当，由此认为该校毕业生品质难以信服，将不再招聘四川大学毕业生。《上游新闻》评论认为，该律所“公开表态理应谨言慎行，不应助长舆论对个体的不当行为穷追不舍，更不应引导舆论将对个体的不满上升到整个群体，波及无辜的人。”
相关评论
央视原评论员、记者王志安认为，这一事件在网上发酵与公众不满中共党员有一定关系。
胡锡进多次发微博主张原谅张薇，“她在自己意识到大叔应该没有拍什么的情况下仍选择曝光诋毁大叔，称对方为“猥琐老头”，明显欺负人了，所以引发网上众怒”，“正如邓先生所说，她毕竟还是学生，这次的犯错对她冲击很大，足以成为她的重大教训，人在这种时候通常都是会懊悔的。”
三立新聞網
李育道：這種通過曝光他人的新型霸凌，需要認真對待。總想通過網路暴力製裁別人，是一種畸形心態。且往往一發不可收拾，直接毀了一個人。
2023年6月21日《南方周末》报道
中国社会学会网络社会学专业委员会常务理事、研究网暴学者姜方炳观点：
“一般网民都有是非判断，心中有一杆秤。在这起网暴事件中，我相信一些网民是看不下去了。”这种社会公正观，贯穿了这起事件的全过程。
在此次“地铁偷拍”事件中，如果当事男子家属前期不追究张薇的责任，当事男子的名誉就很可能会永远定格在“偷拍的色狼”的标签上。“这件事一旦上网，即使你去道歉，对当事人的名誉伤害已既成事实，很难完全恢复，对心理的伤害更难以恢复。”
“在‘流量为王’的发展形势下，网络流量成了很多人的价值标尺、利益之源。当一起网络事件成为全民热点之后，很多人会借此炒作，带流量、蹭热点，或有其他目的，导致事情变得更加复杂。”姜方炳说，目前的网暴已经超出张薇犯错应当承担的惩罚范围，有悖于“罪责刑相适应”原则。
备注
参考资料
外部链接
百度跟进 —— 大叔地铁玩手机被女子质疑偷拍
2023年新浪微博传播事件
2023年广东
中华人民共和国广州市事件
2023年6月
广州地铁
中华人民共和国网络审查
中华人民共和国女性权利
網路霸凌 |
Roy Meeus (born 24 May 1989) is a Belgian professional footballer.
Career
Born in Lommel, Belgium, Meeus has played for KVSK United, Club Brugge, Dender, and Lommel United.
Personal life
Meeus married Ashlee Bond, an American-Israeli Olympic show jumping rider who competes for Israel, in 2015 and they have a daughter named Scottie, born in 2016.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Club Brugge KV players
F.C.V. Dender E.H. players
Lommel S.K. players
K.F.C. Dessel Sport players
Orange County SC players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
USL Championship players
People from Lommel
Men's association football midfielders
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Belgian expatriates in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Limburg (Belgium) |
儿童恐惧症怎样治疗方法？儿童恐惧症是指儿童在今年的午餐中通常过度压倒客观事物或情况的恐惧。父母教养方式虽然最近的研究主要集中在社交恐惧症上，但无论哪种类型的恐惧症与心理成长过程分析中的养育方式有关。例如：过度苛刻和教条教育都会使人的心灵成长为一个关键过程。社会很难理解和适应。客观事物很难做出正确而容易的判断。过于粗暴或压迫的环境会使人们的正常和永久的心理发展被扭曲，误判或误判外部事物。这让很多家长朋友非常担忧，那么儿童恐惧症是短暂的吗？儿童的恐惧症可以在医生的帮助下使用系统脱敏疗法，操作学习疗法，暗示疗法等来实现。医生应该在了解更多有关疾病发作的原因后，帮助家长和学校设计返校计划。疾病，儿童的客观困难和问题，以及学校和家庭的不利因素。家长需要参与治疗过程，调整家庭养育方式，改善家庭氛围和环境，帮助家长分析孩子的个性特征，行为和情绪反应对孩子的可能影响和程度，促进家长和学校加强沟通，学校可以帮助孩子改变学校环境。了解儿童在学校学习时遇到的困难。他们负担过重或人际关系。然后他们可以根据具体情况进行适当的改进和调整。他们还可以考虑改变和转移学生。尽快建立自信，更容易接受回到学校。对于患有明显焦虑，恐惧和其他情绪的恐惧症的儿童，可以给予抗焦虑或抗抑郁制剂。当然，如果想治愈孩子的恐惧症，必须使用安神治疗，加上权威心理学家。心理咨询可以帮助孩子克服心理障碍，尽快恢复心理健康，顺利学习。事实上，孩子的恐惧症可以通过一些症状方法得到改善，孩子的恐惧症现象会慢慢消失，但这必须要求父母和朋友逐步引导，并且在诱导过程中一定不能有暴力行为。语言也应该温和耐心，帮助孩子克服儿童恐惧症 |
基奧伊杜鄉（），是羅馬尼亞的鄉份，位於該國東南部，由布澤烏縣負責管轄，面積128平方公里，海拔高度667米，2007年人口3,661，人口密度每平方公里29人。
參考資料
2002 census data for Chiojdu, Buzău
Commune website
布澤烏縣鄉份 |
《永恆之夏》（）是一款视觉小说遊戲，由俄羅斯的蘇維埃遊戲工作室（Soviet Games）製作。故事描述身為繭居族的主角謝米揚於21世纪的某日因不明原因时间旅行回到1980年代的苏联，參加了苏联少先队的夏令營，並結識了數名女性人物的戀愛遊戲。遊戲於2013年12月發行俄語版本，並於2014年11月於Steam發行英語版本。永恆之夏因其以蘇聯為背景的獨特題材，且為免費之成人遊戲，因而引起關注。儘管為限制級美少女遊戲，但限制級內容在上架至Steam前，已先行移除；玩家仍可透過安裝補丁的方式激活這些內容。
系統
本遊戲使用Ren'Py遊戲引擎開發，以創用CC-姓名標示-非商業-相同方式授權。玩家扮演謝米揚，以如同讀小說一般的閱讀方式來冒險遊戲。過程會有不同的選項可供選擇，選擇不同的選項將可能導致遊戲內不一樣的變數，以致於滿足不同的故事結局門檻。
故事可供主角針對的女性人物有六位，依完美結局與悲劇結局的計算，最後產生的結局共有十三種，每種結局皆可於Steam上開啟一個成就。
遊戲於上架時已關閉成人情色內容，但將指定的程式放置於指定的目錄下，則能解開成人情色內容。
劇情
故事開始，一名隱蔽青年謝米揚生活於二十一世紀的現代，就學中卻不善與人交流。某個冬天早晨，一如往常，謝米揚乘著去上學的410號公車，在公車上睡著了。一覺醒來卻變成夏天了，而車上的人也全數消失，並停在一個蘇聯時代的夏令營前。
謝米揚下車後，不敢置信冬天變夏天，並且來到蘇聯時代。就在謝米揚站在夏令營前思考這一切時，斯拉薇雅出現與他交談，並邀請他進入夏令營與奧麗加·德米特里耶芙娜了解狀況。謝米揚在與奧麗加·德米特里耶芙娜交流後，了解可能暫時無法回到以前的生活，因而接受建議留下。
在營隊的七日生活中，謝米揚與營隊裡的女性人物各有互動，會引導出不同的結局路線。
結局列表
謝米揚完美結局
謝米揚發現這個世界的循環性，於是靠著自身意志的堅持，最終回到二十一世紀。回到網路上後，發現有人跟他聊關於夏令營的事情。
謝米揚悲劇結局
同完美結局，但在準備離開的路上，被神祕的聲音呼喚，然後慘遭殺害。
斯拉薇雅完美結局
因奧麗加·德米特里耶芙娜的強制，謝米揚索性與斯拉薇雅私奔，一起上了公車離開。
謝米揚回到二十一世紀後，在公車站牌遇到斯拉薇雅。原本斯拉薇雅在等末班車，但久候不到，於是謝米揚邀請他至寒舍一住。在聊天中，得知兩人都作過相同的夢，一段一同至夏令營的回憶。
斯拉薇雅悲劇結局
同完美結局，但在公車站只有孤獨一人等車。
愛麗莎完美結局
謝米揚和愛麗莎喝醉了，醒來後發現全夏令營都沒有人，只剩他們倆。於是愛麗莎提議到城裡去找，讓謝米揚背著兩人的行李往城裡走去。走到半路兩人起了爭執，並停下點了營火準備過夜。最後公車來了，兩人一起上車離開。
謝米揚最後回到二十一世紀，因為對愛麗莎的熱愛，自行學習吉他建立樂團。於一年後成功演出。在演出後，於後臺與愛麗莎相遇，謝米揚詢問了有關夏令營的事，但愛麗莎並不知道夏令營這件事。
愛麗莎悲劇結局
同完美結局，但演出結束後並沒有遇到愛麗莎。
蓮娜完美結局
營隊提早結束，謝米揚與蓮娜互相告白，然後一起收拾行禮準備等公車離開。
和蓮娜在蘇聯時代結婚，並生了小孩。過了數年後，將這段夏令營的回憶記錄成了故事小說。
蓮娜悲劇結局
在準備等公車前，蓮娜在自己的小木屋自殺了。謝米揚坐著公車離開，回到了二十一世紀。由於太過思念蓮娜，於是在點一盞蠟燭緬懷後，於自家浴缸中割腕自殺。
人物列表
謝米揚（）
故事的主角，男性，在21世紀是一名隱蔽人士。故事裡主角常上名為iichan.hk（）的俄羅斯知名網站。社交能力低落，於現實生活裡與人沒有互動。
奧麗加·德米特里耶芙娜（）
名字是由歐嘉·尼古拉耶芙娜和叶莲娜·德米特里耶芙娜·斯塔索娃結合而來的。人物原型是代表iichan.hk執行長的吉祥物或鐵鎚娘（該站的留言板糾察）。
夏令營的領隊，女性，與謝米揚共住同一小木屋。
斯拉薇雅（）
名字由來是俄語的「榮耀」。人物原型是2ch.hk三位吉祥物之一的榮耀娘。
夏令營的小隊長，女性，謝米揚在營隊裡認識的第一位朋友。具有領導能力，常指導謝米揚如何進行活動。
蓮娜（）
人物原型是iichan.hk吉祥物沉默娘。
表面文靜的女性人物，平時與愛麗莎不合。划船能力很強，靠著自己的能力常划船到外島。喜歡讀書，第一次遇到謝米揚時，正讀著暮蟬悲鳴時。並且非常喜歡謝米揚。
愛麗莎（）
人物原型是2ch.hk的三位吉祥物之一的Dvach娘。2ch.hk的原本的標識就是閃電，以2ch.hk標識作為髮型就會像皮卡丘尾巴，故又名皮卡丘女孩。
意義上的「壞女孩」，與蓮娜不合，但喜歡看的書都是暮蟬悲鳴時。常與烏里揚娜玩在一起，一起作弄謝米揚。能把吉他彈奏地非常好。
烏里揚娜（）
名字是由列宁原名烏里揚諾夫變型而來的。人物原型是2ch.hk的三位吉祥物之一的蘇聯娘。
未成年的女孩，常穿著CCCP（）字樣的服裝，個性頑皮不服輸，並且愛欺負謝米揚。喜愛足球，運動能力很強。
未來（）
初音未來的衍生作品。具有很好的歌唱能力，為音樂社的一員。為隱藏路線的人物。
尤莉雅（）
人物原型來自莫斯科東南行政區吉祥物。
具貓耳的人物。謝米揚來到被送到這個夏令營背後的關鍵人物。為隱藏路線的人物。
熱妮雅（）
戴眼鏡的女孩，負責管理圖書館。對主角謝米揚非常討厭。個人故事可於單獨的遊戲模組裡遊玩。
扼力克特羅尼克（）
名字來自「电子学」。人物原形來自蘇聯影集的主角。
夏令營第一個認識的男性，個性有些迷糊，非常普通的人物。機器人社的一員。
舒里克（）
人物原型來自蘇聯喜劇演員。
非常聰明的男性，立志於製造機器人，是機器人社的一員。
薇歐拉（）
人物原型來自iichan.hk的吉祥物對撞機大人。
保健室的護理人員，女性，喜愛伏特加。
開發歷史
本遊戲的人物大多來自俄羅斯類雙葉頻道的圖片式看板iichan.hk、2ch.hk等的吉祥物。一開始遊戲開發時，只有《色情遊戲》（）這個名稱，直至2011年6月22日才有了現在這個名稱。遊戲的開發模式是以社群開發的方式來討論，與片輪少女的開發歷史與發展相似。
畫家們於2007年相繼創造這些形象的原型人物。在2007年年尾，相繼有網友開始討論以蘇聯少先隊為主題的故事。而計劃的展開則於2008年隨著沉默娘（蓮娜的原型）新造型的出現而開始。
原本只在iichan.hk的/b/區集合意見，後來將專案移至iichan-eroge自己架設的部落格。而iichan.hk也為這個專案在導覽列上提供外連結。
遊戲開發過程過於緩慢是網友對這個專案最多的批評聲，到了2010年1月才釋出了展示版本。年底，iichan-eroge團隊發行了先行版視覺小說《Wintertale》。《Wintertale》的人物與舞臺皆與《永恆之夏》相同，但遊戲方式與劇本皆較後者陽春，缺少了選項與結局。
雖然發行了先行版，但進度卻嚴重遲緩。直至2013年12月，俄羅斯語1.1版才成功完成，這個版本內含成人情色內容。
經過社群的努力，英文翻譯的1.2版終於在一年後的11月加入，並上架到Steam，成為Steam首個免費的成人情色遊戲，且移除了先前版本的成人情色內容。
2015年7月，網友將西班牙語的翻譯檔提交至社群成為當前的版本。
遊戲的討論也從iichan.hk擴散出去，2ch.hk的板友也為這個遊戲於2014年10月特別增設/es/板來討論。
iichan-eroge與蘇維埃遊戲工作室的關係
iichan-eroge是開發遊戲的社群，社群會討論各種遊戲的開發。而蘇維埃遊戲工作室並不存在，這是iichan-eroge專門給予參與本遊戲開發的貢獻者所虛設的工作室。
評價
本遊戲原未有漢語版本，在大中華地區缺乏知名度，主要的接觸途徑來自Steam的免費遊戲。現已於2016年9月30日加入簡體中文。因遊戲源自俄羅斯本土動漫文化，主要的玩家來自俄語文化圈。
截至2015年8月，本遊戲於Steam獲得全部評論玩家8,329票中的7,847票（94.21%）好評，不泛來自英語的評論。其他遊戲評論，來自Metacritic的評論獲得203票中的184票（90.64%）好評，視覺小說資料庫（vndb.org）也有498票的平均分數7.45分。
參見
片輪少女
雙葉頻道
Komica
參考文獻
外部連結
Steam
2013年电子游戏
2014年电子游戏
俄羅斯開發電子遊戲
苏联背景电子游戏
Windows遊戲
MacOS遊戲
Linux遊戲
Android遊戲
IOS遊戲
免費遊戲
視覺小說
美少女遊戲
成人電子遊戲 |
Paulo Henrique Miyashiro de Abreu (born June 7, 1976) is an athlete from Brazil. He competes in triathlon.
Miyashiro competed at the second Olympic triathlon at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He placed thirty-fourth with a total time of 1:58:16.76.
References
Brazilian male triathletes
Triathletes at the 2003 Pan American Games
Triathletes at the 2004 Summer Olympics
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian people of Japanese descent
Olympic triathletes for Brazil
Pan American Games competitors for Brazil
20th-century Brazilian people
21st-century Brazilian people |
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Revolution had its origins and first successes in the easterly region of Khorasan, far from the bases of Umayyad power in Syria and Iraq. The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon and Persian city of Ctesiphon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture, and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it an international reputation as the "Centre of Learning".
The Abbasid period was marked by dependence on Persian bureaucrats (such as the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (Muslim community). Persian customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars. Since much support for the Abbasids came from Persian converts, it was natural for the Abbasids to take over much of the Persian tradition of government. Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab mawali (clients) and Persian bureaucrats.
The political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the caliphate, the dynasty retained control of its Mesopotamian domain during the rule of Caliph al-Muqtafi and extended into Iran during the reign of Caliph al-Nasir. The Abbasids' age of cultural revival and fruition ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of al-Musta'sim. The Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, re-centred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. Though lacking in political power (with the brief exception of Caliph al-Musta'in of Cairo), the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until a few years after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, with the last Abbasid caliph being Al-Mutawakkil III.
History
The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad.
Abbasid Revolution (750–751)
The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus, "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Merv with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali". The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign in Persia for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashemites, during the reign of Umar II.
During the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim al-Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan (Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison.
On 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), Abu Muslim, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv. General Qahtaba followed the fleeing governor Nasr ibn Sayyar west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nahāvand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.
Ibrahim was captured by Marwan and was killed. The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab and was subsequently proclaimed caliph. After this loss, Marwan fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.
Power (752–775)
Immediately after their victory, as-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. The noble Iranian family Barmakids, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the world's first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions.
The first change made by the Abbasids under al-Mansur was to move the empire's capital from Damascus to a newly founded city. Established on the Tigris River in 762, Baghdad was closer to the Persian mawali support base of the Abbasids, and this move addressed their demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. A new position, that of the wazir, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. Al-Mansur centralised the judicial administration, and later, Harun al-Rashid established the institution of Chief Qadi to oversee it.
This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. During Al-Mansur's time, control of Al-Andalus was lost, and the Shia revolted and were defeated a year later at the Battle of Bakhamra.
The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor Al-Mansur welcomed non-Arab Muslims to his court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads. This fissure in support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed; the only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir (Abd al-Rahman I, 756). In 929, Abd al-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al-Andalus from Córdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire.
The Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many ethnicities.
In 756, Al-Mansur sent over 4,000 Arab mercenaries to assist the Chinese Tang dynasty in the An Lushan Rebellion against An Lushan. The Abbasids, or "Black Flags" as they were commonly called, were known in Tang dynasty chronicles as the hēiyī Dàshí, "The Black-robed Tazi" () ("Tazi" being a borrowing from Persian Tāzī, the word for "Arab"). Al-Rashid sent embassies to the Chinese Tang dynasty and established good relations with them. After the war, these embassies remained in China with Caliph Harun al-Rashid establishing an alliance with China. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the T'ang Annals, the most
important of these being those of Abul Abbas al-Saffah, the first Abbasid caliph; his successor Abu Jafar; and Harun al-Rashid.
Abbasid Golden Age (775–861)
The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750–800) under several competent caliphs and their viziers to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and al-Ma'mun, that its reputation and power were created.
Al-Mahdi restarted the fighting with the Byzantines, and his sons continued the conflict until Empress Irene pushed for peace. After several years of peace, Nikephoros I broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the Taurus Mountains, culminating with a victory at the Battle of Krasos and the massive invasion of 806, led by Rashid himself.
Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking Cyprus. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khorasan and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary.
At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Harun al-Rashid turned on and killed most of the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in administrative power. During the same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.
Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. He released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared amnesty for all political groups of the Quraysh. Large scale hostilities broke out with Byzantium, and under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.
After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a civil war between the caliph al-Amin and his brother al-Ma'mun, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a two-year siege of Baghdad and the eventual death of Al-Amin in 813. Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in Azerbaijan by the Khurramites, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays.
Al-Mu'tasim gained power in 833 and his rule marked the end of the strong caliphs. He strengthened his personal army with Turkish mercenaries and promptly restarted the war with the Byzantines. Though his attempt to seize Constantinople failed when his fleet was destroyed by a storm, his military excursions were generally successful, culminating with a resounding victory in the Sack of Amorium. The Byzantines responded by sacking Damietta in Egypt, and Al-Mutawakkil responded by sending his troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were eventually annihilated in 863.
Mamluks
In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed of non-Arab origin people, known as Mamluks. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813–833) and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim (833–842), prevented the further disintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule.
Fracture to autonomous dynasties (861–945)
Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, and the succeeding Saffarid dynasty of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.
An exception was the 10-year period of Al-Mu'tadid's rule (r. 892–902). He brought parts of Egypt, Syria, and Khorasan back into Abbasid control. Especially after the "Anarchy at Samarra" (861–870), the Abbasid central government was weakened and centrifugal tendencies became more prominent in the caliphate's provinces. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control of Iraq to various amirs, and the caliph al-Radi (934–941) was forced to acknowledge their power by creating the position of "Prince of Princes" (amir al-umara). In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew, reaching a climax when al-Radi was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to the non-Arab Muhammad ibn Ra'iq.
Al-Mustakfi had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the Buyids from Daylam swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of Miskawayh, they began distributing iqtas (fiefs in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the Seljuks would take over from the Persians.
At the end of the eighth century, the Abbasids found they could no longer keep together a polity from Baghdad, which had grown larger than that of Rome. In 793 the Zaydi-Shia dynasty of Idrisids set up a state from Fez in Morocco, while a family of governors under the Abbasids became increasingly independent until they founded the Aghlabid Emirate from the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim started the downward slide by using non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal army. Also during this period, officers started assassinating superiors with whom they disagreed, in particular the caliphs.
By the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more Persianate culture and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hijaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push Arab Muslims farther east in Anatolia.
By the 920s, North Africa was lost to the Fatimid dynasty, a Shia sect tracing its roots to Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. The Fatimid dynasty took control of Idrisid and Aghlabid domains, advanced to Egypt in 969, and established their capital near Fustat in Cairo, which they built as a bastion of Shia learning and politics. By 1000 they had become the chief political and ideological challenge to Sunni Islam and the Abbasids, who by this time had fragmented into several governorships that, while recognizing caliphal authority from Baghdad, remained mostly autonomous. The caliph himself was under 'protection' of the Buyid Emirs who possessed all of Iraq and Western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their sympathies.
Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliph suzerainty, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury, such as the Soomro Emirs that had gained control of Sindh and ruled the entire province from their capital of Mansura. Mahmud of Ghazni took the title of sultan, as opposed to the "amir" that had been in more common usage, signifying the Ghaznavid Empire's independence from caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays of Sunni orthodoxy and ritual submission to the caliph. In the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs continued, as some Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday khutba, or struck it off their coinage.
The Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic ummah. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as Karkh), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.
Buyid and Seljuq control (945–1118)
Despite the power of the Buyid amirs, the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described by the Buyid bureaucrat Hilal al-Sabi', and they retained a certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. As Buyid power waned with the rule of Baha' al-Daula, the caliphate was able to regain some measure of strength. The caliph al-Qadir, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia with writings such as the Baghdad Manifesto. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of fitnas in the capital, often contending with the ayyarun.
With the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of Oghuz Turks known as the Seljuqs. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took temporal power. When the amir and former slave Basasiri took up the Shia Fatimid banner in Baghdad in 1056–57, the caliph al-Qa'im was unable to defeat him without outside help. Toghril Beg, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty.
Once again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans Alp Arslan and Malikshah, as well as their vizier Nizam al-Mulk, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again.
Revival of military strength (1118–1258)
While the caliph al-Mustarshid was the first caliph to build an army capable of meeting a Seljuk army in battle, he was nonetheless defeated and assassinated in 1135. The caliph al-Muqtafi was the first Abbasid Caliph to regain the full military independence of the caliphate, with the help of his vizier Ibn Hubayra. After nearly 250 years of subjection to foreign dynasties, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the siege of Baghdad (1157), thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. The reign of al-Nasir (d. 1225) brought the caliphate back into power throughout Iraq, based in large part on the Sufi futuwwa organizations that the caliph headed. Al-Mustansir built the Mustansiriya School, in an attempt to eclipse the Seljuq-era Nizamiyya built by Nizam al Mulk.
Mongol invasion and end
In 1206, Genghis Khan established a powerful dynasty among the Mongols of central Asia. During the 13th century, this Mongol Empire conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate (as well as Kievan Rus') in the west. Hulagu Khan's destruction of Baghdad in 1258 is traditionally seen as the approximate end of the Golden Age.
Contemporary accounts state Mongol soldiers looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and hospitals. Priceless books from Baghdad's thirty-six public libraries were torn apart, the looters using their leather covers as sandals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were burned to the ground. The House of Wisdom (the Grand Library of Baghdad), containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Claims have been made that the Tigris ran red from the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed. Citizens attempted to flee, but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers who killed in abundance, sparing no one, not even children.
The caliph Al-Musta'sim was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. Ironically, Mongols feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, a direct descendant of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was spilled. The Shia of Persia stated that no such calamity had happened after the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala; nevertheless, as a precaution and in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on 20 February 1258. The caliph's immediate family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia, and a daughter who became a slave in the harem of Hulagu.
Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517)
Similarly to how a Mamluk Army was created by the Abbasids, a Mamluk Army was created by the Egypt-based Ayyubid dynasty. These Mamluks decided to directly overthrow their masters and came to power in 1250 in what is known as the Mamluk Sultanate. In 1261, following the devastation of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt re-established the Abbasid caliphate in Cairo. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was Al-Mustansir. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters. The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of Al-Mutawakkil III, who was taken away as a prisoner by Selim I to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.
Culture
Islamic Golden Age
The Abbasid historical period lasting to the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. The Abbasids were influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr", stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin. During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek civilizations. According to Huff, "[i]n virtually every field of endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics and so forth—the Caliphate's scientists were in the forefront of scientific advance."
Science
The reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786–809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. It is well established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled their administration on that of the Sassanids. Harun al-Rashid's son, Al-Ma'mun (whose mother was Persian), is even quoted as saying:
A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur.
Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Umayyads and the Abbasids by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the Academy of Gondishapur being prominent in the late Sassanid, Umayyad and early Abbasid periods. Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian Bukhtishu family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the eighth and eleventh centuries.
Algebra was significantly developed by Persian scientist Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived. He is thus considered to be the father of algebra by some, although the Greek mathematician Diophantus has also been given this title. The terms algorism and algorithm are derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu–Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent.
Arab scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) developed an early scientific method in his Book of Optics (1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's empirical proof of the intromission theory of light (that is, that light rays entered the eyes rather than being emitted by them) was particularly important. Alhazen was significant in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation, and has been referred to as the "world's first true scientist".
Medicine in medieval Islam was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the 9th century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was described during this time. Famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina (known to the West as Avicenna) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance.
Astronomy in medieval Islam was advanced by Al-Battani, who improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.
Muslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber).
Literature
The best-known fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of fantastical folk tales, legends and parables compiled primarily during the Abbasid era. The collection is recorded as having originated from an Arabic translation of a Sassanian-era Persian prototype, with likely origins in Indian literary traditions. Stories from Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian folklore and literature were later incorporated. The epic is believed to have taken shape in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba.
A famous example of Islamic poetry on romance was Layla and Majnun, an originally Arabic story which was further developed by Iranian, Azerbaijani and other poets in the Persian, Azerbaijani, and Turkish languages. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet.
Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like Abu Tammam and Abu Nuwas were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as al-Mutanabbi received their patronage from regional courts.
Under Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad was renowned for its bookstores, which proliferated after the making of paper was introduced. Chinese papermakers had been among those taken prisoner by the Arabs at the Battle of Talas in 751. As prisoners of war, they were dispatched to Samarkand, where they helped set up the first Arab paper mill. In time, paper replaced parchment as the medium for writing, and the production of books greatly increased. These events had an academic and societal impact that could be broadly compared to the introduction of the printing press in the West. Paper aided in communication and record-keeping, it also brought a new sophistication and complexity to businesses, banking, and the civil service. In 794, Jafa al-Barmak built the first paper mill in Baghdad, and from there the technology circulated. Harun required that paper be employed in government dealings, since something recorded on paper could not easily be changed or removed, and eventually, an entire street in Baghdad's business district was dedicated to selling paper and books.
Philosophy
One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. Their works on Aristotle were a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into Christian philosophy during the Middle Ages, notably by Thomas Aquinas.
Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include al-Jahiz, and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen).
Architecture
As power shifted from the Umayyads to the Abbasids, the architectural styles changed also, from Greco-Roman tradition (which features elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style) to Eastern tradition which retained their independent architectural traditions from Mesopotamia and Persia. The Abbasid architecture was particularly influenced by Sasanian architecture, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. The Christian styles evolved into a style based more on the Sasanian Empire, utilizing mud bricks and baked bricks with carved stucco. Another major development was the creation or vast enlargement of cities as they were turned into the capital of the empire, beginning with the creation of Baghdad in 762, which was planned as a walled city with four gates, and a mosque and palace in the center. Al-Mansur, who was responsible for the creation of Baghdad, also planned the city of Raqqa, along the Euphrates. Finally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim moved the capital to a new site that he created along the Tigris, called Samarra. This city saw 60 years of work, with race-courses and game preserves to add to the atmosphere. Due to the dry remote nature of the environment, some of the palaces built in this era were isolated havens. Al-Ukhaidir Fortress is a fine example of this type of building, which has stables, living quarters, and a mosque, all surrounding inner courtyards. Other mosques of this era, such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, while ultimately built during the Umayyad dynasty, were substantially renovated in the 9th century. These renovations, so extensive as to ostensibly be rebuilds, were in the furthest reaches of the Muslim world, in an area that the Aghlabids controlled; however, the styles utilized were mainly Abbasid. In Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun commissioned the Ibn Tulun Mosque, completed in 879, that is based on the style of Samarra and is now one of the best-preserved Abbasid-style mosques from this period. Mesopotamia only has one surviving mausoleum from this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the final resting place of al-Muntasir. Other architectural innovations and styles were few, such as the four-centered arch, and a dome erected on squinches. Unfortunately, much was lost due to the ephemeral nature of the stucco and luster tiles.
Foundation of Baghdad
The caliph al-Mansur founded the epicenter of the empire, Baghdad, in 762 CE, as a means of disassociating his dynasty from that of the preceding Umayyads (centered at Damascus) and the rebellious cities of Kufa and Basrah. Mesopotamia was an ideal locale for a capital city due to its high agricultural output, access to the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers (allowing for trade and communication across the region), central locale between the corners of the vast empire (stretching from Egypt to Afghanistan) and access to the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes, all key reasons as to why the region has hosted important capital cities such as Ur, Babylon, Nineveh and Ctesiphon and was later desired by the British Empire as an outpost by which to maintain access to India. The city was organized in a circular fashion next to the Tigris River, with massive brick walls being constructed in successive rings around the core by a workforce of 100,000 with four huge gates (named Kufa, Basrah, Khorasan and Syria). The central enclosure of the city contained Mansur's palace of in area and the great mosque of Baghdad, encompassing . Travel across the Tigris and the network of waterways allowing the drainage of the Euphrates into the Tigris was facilitated by bridges and canals servicing the population.
Glass and crystal
The Near East has, since Roman times, been recognized as a center of quality glassware and crystal. 9th-century finds from Samarra show styles similar to Sassanian forms. The types of objects made were bottles, flasks, vases, and cups intended for domestic use, with decorations including molded flutes, honeycomb patterns, and inscriptions. Other styles seen that may not have come from the Sassanians were stamped items. These were typically round stamps, such as medallions or disks with animals, birds, or Kufic inscriptions. Colored lead glass, typically blue or green, has been found in Nishapur, along with prismatic perfume bottles. Finally, cut glass may have been the high point of Abbasid glass-working, decorated with floral and animal designs.
Painting
Early Abbasid painting has not survived in great quantities, and is sometimes harder to differentiate; however, Samarra provides good examples, as it was built by the Abbasids and abandoned 56 years later. The walls of the principal rooms of the palace that have been excavated show wall paintings and lively carved stucco dadoes. The style is obviously adopted with little variation from Sassanian art, bearing not only similar styles, with harems, animals, and dancing people, all enclosed in scrollwork, but the garments are also Persian. Nishapur had its own school of painting. Excavations at Nishapur show both monochromatic and polychromatic artwork from the 8th and 9th centuries. One famous piece of art consists of hunting nobles with falcons and on horseback, in full regalia; the clothing identifies them as Tahirid, which was, again, a sub-dynasty of the Abbasids. Other styles are of vegetation, and fruit in nice colors on a four-foot high dedo.
Pottery
Whereas painting and architecture were not areas of strength for the Abbasid dynasty, pottery was a different story. Islamic culture as a whole, and the Abbasids in particular, were at the forefront of new ideas and techniques. Some examples of their work were pieces engraved with decorations and then colored with yellow-brown, green, and purple glazes. Designs were diverse with geometric patterns, Kufic lettering, and arabesque scrollwork, along with rosettes, animals, birds, and humans. Abbasid pottery from the 8th and 9th centuries has been found throughout the region, as far as Cairo. These were generally made with a yellow clay and fired multiple times with separate glazes to produce metallic luster in shades of gold, brown, or red. By the 9th century, the potters had mastered their techniques and their decorative designs could be divided into two styles. The Persian style would show animals, birds, and humans, along with Kufic lettering in gold. Pieces excavated from Samarra exceed in vibrancy and beauty any from later periods. These were predominantly being made for the caliph's use. Tiles were also made using this same technique to create both monochromatic and polychromatic lusterware tiles.
Textiles
Egypt being a center of the textile industry was part of Abbasid cultural advancement. Copts were employed in the textile industry and produced linens and silks. Tinnis was famous for its factories and had over 5,000 looms. Examples of textiles were kasab, a fine linen for turbans, and badana for upper-class garments. The kiswah for the kaaba in Mecca was made in a town named Tuna near Tinnis. Fine silk was also made in Dabik and Damietta. Of particular interest are stamped and inscribed fabrics, which used not only inks but also liquid gold. Some of the finer pieces were colored in such a manner as to require six separate stamps to achieve the proper design and color. This technology spread to Europe eventually.
Clothing
The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period that was also strictly regulated either by law or through the accepted elements of style. Among the higher classes, appearance became a concern and they started to care about appearance and fashion. Several new garments and fabrics were introduced into common use and no longer observed pious distaste for materials such as silk and satins. The rise of the Persian secretarial class had a large influence over the development of fashion and the Abbasids were highly influenced by the older Persian Court dress elements. For example, the caliph al-Muʿtasim was reportedly notable for his desire to imitate Persian kings by wearing a turban over a soft cap which was later adopted by other Abbasid rulers and called it the "muʿtasimi" in his honor.
The Abbasids wore many layers of garments. Fabrics used for the clothing seemed to have included wool, linen, brocades, or silk the clothing of the poorer classes was made out of cheaper materials, such as wool, and had less fabric. This also meant they wouldn't be able to afford the variety of garments that the elite classes wore. Elegant women would not wear black, green, red, or pink, except for fabrics that naturally had those colors, such as red silk. Women’s clothing would be perfumed with musk, sandalwood, hyacinth or ambergris, but no other scents. Footwear included furry Cambay shoes, boots of the style of Persian ladies, and curved shoes.
Caliph al-Mansur was credited with making his court and the Abbasid high-ranking officials wear honorific robes of the color black for various ceremonial affairs and events which became the official color of the caliphate. This was acknowledged in China and Byzantium who called the Abbasids the "black-robed ones." But despite the color black being common during the caliphate, many color dyes existed and it was made sure that colors would not clash. Notably, the color yellow needed to be avoided when wearing colored clothing.
Abbasid Caliphs wore elegant kaftans, a Persian robe made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in the front of the sleeves. Caliph al-Muqtaddir wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated or ornamented with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Arab world. In the 830s, Emperor Theophilus, went about à l'arabe in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of Ghuangzhou during the era of Tang dynasty, the Persian kaftan was in fashion.
Technology
In technology, the Abbasids adopted papermaking from China. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. It was easier to manufacture than parchment, less likely to crack than papyrus, and could absorb ink, making it ideal for making records and copies of the Qur'an. "Islamic paper makers devised assembly-line methods of hand-copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries." It was from the Abbasids that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen. The knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted from China via the caliphate, where the formulas for pure potassium nitrate and an explosive gunpowder effect were first developed.
Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Apart from the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, navigable rivers were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary sextant (known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Abbasid sailors were also responsible for reintroducing large three masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The name caravel may derive from an earlier Arab ship known as the qārib. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice or Genoa. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through the Abbasid caliphate between China and Europe.
Engineers in the Abbasid caliphate made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and petroleum (notably by distillation into kerosene). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. By the time of the Crusades, every province throughout the Islamic world had mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. These mills performed a variety of agricultural and industrial tasks. Abbasid engineers also developed machines (such as pumps) incorporating crankshafts, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. It has been argued that the industrial use of waterpower had spread from Islamic to Christian Spain, where fulling mills, paper mills, and forge mills were recorded for the first time in Catalonia.
A number of industries were generated during the Arab Agricultural Revolution, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper. Latin translations of the 12th century passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and handicraft industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.
Status of women
In contrast to the earlier era, women in Abbasid society were absent from all arenas of the community's central affairs. While their Muslim forebears led men into battle, started rebellions, and played an active role in community life, as demonstrated in the Hadith literature, Abbasid women were ideally kept in seclusion. Conquests had brought enormous wealth and large numbers of slaves to the Muslim elite. The majority of the slaves were women and children, many of whom had been dependents or harem-members of the defeated Sassanian upper classes. In the wake of the conquests an elite man could potentially own a thousand slaves, and ordinary soldiers could have ten people serving them.
It was narrated from Ibn Abbas that Muhammad said:
Even so, slave courtesans (qiyans and jawaris) and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures, such as the Sufi mystic Raabi'a al-Adwiyya (714–801 CE), the princess and poet 'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (777–825 CE), and the singing-girls Shāriyah (–870 CE), Fadl Ashsha'ira (d. 871 CE) and Arib al-Ma'muniyya (797–890 CE).
Each wife in the Abbasid harem had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a concubine gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to umm walad and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.
Treatment of Jews and Christians
The status and treatment of Jews, Christians, and non-Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate was a complex and continually changing issue. Non-Muslims were called dhimmis. Dhimmis did not have all of the privileges that Muslims had and commonly had to pay jizya, a tax for not being a Muslim. One of the common aspects of the treatment of the dhimmis is that their treatment depended on who the caliph was at the time. Some Abbasid rulers, like Al-Mutawakkil (822–861 CE) imposed strict restrictions on what dhimmis could wear in public, often yellow garments that distinguished them from Muslims. Other restrictions al-Mutawakkil imposed included limiting the role of the dhimmis in government, seizing dhimmi housing and making it harder for dhimmis to become educated. Most other Abbasid caliphs were not as strict as al-Mutawakkil, though. During the reign of Al-Mansur (714–775 CE), it was common for Jews and Christians to influence the overall culture in the caliphate, specifically in Baghdad. Jews and Christians did this by participating in scholarly work.
It was common that laws that were imposed against dhimmis during one caliph's rule were either discarded or not practiced during future caliphs' reigns. Al-Mansur and al-Mutawakkil both instituted laws that forbade non-Muslims from participating in public office. Al-Mansur did not follow his own law very closely, bringing dhimmis back to the caliphate's treasury due to the needed expertise of dhimmis in the area of finance. Al-Mutawakkil followed the law banning dhimmis from public office more seriously, although, soon after his reign, many of the laws concerning dhimmis participating in government were completely unobserved or at least less strictly observed. Even Al-Muqtadir (), who held a similar stance as al-Mutawakkil on barring non-Muslims from public office, himself had multiple Christian secretaries, indicating that non-Muslims still had access to many of the most important figures within the caliphate. Past having a casual association or just being a secretary to high-ranking Islamic officials, some of them achieved the second highest office after the caliph: the vizier.
Jews and Christians may have had a lower overall status compared to Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate, but dhimmis were often allowed to hold respectable and even prestigious occupations in some cases, such as doctors and public officeholders. Jews and Christians were also allowed to be rich even if they were taxed for being a dhimmi. Dhimmis were capable of moving up and down the social ladder, though this largely depended on the particular caliph. An indication as to the social standing of Jews and Christians at the time was their ability to live next to Muslim people. While al-Mansur was ruling the caliphate, for instance, it was not uncommon for dhimmis to live in the same neighborhoods as Muslims. One of the biggest reasons why dhimmis were allowed to hold prestigious jobs and positions in government is that they were generally important to the well-being of the state and were proficient to excellent with the work at hand. Some Muslims in the caliphate took offense to the idea that there were dhimmis in public offices who were in a way ruling over them although it was an Islamic state, while other Muslims were at time jealous of some dhimmis for having a level of wealth or prestige greater than other Muslims, even if Muslims were still the majority of the ruling class. In general, Muslims, Jews, and Christians had close relations that could be considered positive at times, especially for Jews, in contrast to how Jews were being treated in Europe.
Many of the laws and restrictions that were imposed on dhimmis often resembled other laws that previous states had used to discriminate against a minority religion, specifically Jewish people. Romans in the fourth century banned Jewish people from holding public offices, banned Roman citizens from converting to Judaism, and often demoted Jews who were serving in the Roman military. In direct contrast, there was an event in which two viziers, Ibn al-Furat and Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah, argued about Ibn al-Furat's decision to make a Christian the head of the military. A previous vizier, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Bazuri, had done so. These laws predated al-Mansur's laws against dhimmis and often had similar restrictions, although Roman emperors were often much more strict on enforcing these laws than many Abbasid caliphs.
Most of Baghdad's Jews were incorporated into the Arab community and considered Arabic their native language. Some Jews studied Hebrew in their schools and Jewish religious education flourished. The united Muslim empire allowed Jews to reconstruct links between their dispersed communities throughout the Middle East. The city's Talmudic institute helped spread the rabbinical tradition to Europe, and the Jewish community in Baghdad went on to establish ten rabbinical schools and twenty-three synagogues. Baghdad not only contained the tombs of Muslim saints and martyrs, but also the tomb of Yusha, whose corpse had been brought to Iraq during the first migration of the Jews out of the Levant.
Arabization
While the Abbasids originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly Arabized, particularly in the Fertile Crescent region (namely Mesopotamia and the Levant) as had begun under Umayyad rule. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, many people from different nationalities and religions began to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe at the time.
Holidays
There were large feasts on certain days, as the Muslims of the empire celebrated Christian holidays as well as their own. There were two main Islamic feasts: one marked by the end of Ramadan; the other, "the Feast of Sacrifice". The former was especially joyful because children would purchase decorations and sweetmeats; people prepared the best food and bought new clothes. At midmorning, the caliph, wearing Muhammad's thobe, would guide officials, accompanied by armed soldiers to the Great Mosque, where he led prayers. After the prayer, all those in attendance would exchange the best wishes and hug their kin and companions. The festivities lasted for three days. During those limited number of nights, the palaces were lit up and boats on the Tigris hung lights. It was said that Baghdad "glittered ‘like a bride." During "the Feast of Sacrifice.", sheep were butchered in public arenas and the caliph participated in a large-scale sacrifice in the palace courtyard. Afterward, the meat would be divided and given to the poor.
In addition to these two holidays, Shias celebrated the birthdays of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could recite the Koran smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father, Al-Mahdi, freed 500 slaves.
Of all the holidays imported from other cultures and religions, the one most celebrated in Baghdad (a city with many Persians) was Nowruz, which celebrated the arrival of spring. In a ceremonial ablution introduced by Persian troops, residents sprinkled themselves with water and ate almond cakes. The palaces of the imperial family were lit up for six days and nights. The Abbasids also celebrated the Persian holiday of Mihraj, which marked the onset of winter (signified with pounding drums), and Sadar, when homes burned incense and the masses would congregate along the Tigris to witness princes and viziers pass by.
Military
In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of Iranian origin, the vast majority being from Khorasan and Transoxiana, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs.
The standing army of the Muslims in Khorosan was overwhelmingly Arab. The unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno-national affiliations but on their current places of residence. Under the Abbasids, Iranian peoples became better represented in the army and bureaucracy as compared to before. The Abbasid army was centred on the Khurasan Abna al-dawla infantry and the Khurasaniyya heavy cavalry, led by their own semi-autonomous commanders (qa'id) who recruited and deployed their own men with Abbasid resource grants. al-Mu‘tasim began the practice of recruiting Turkic slave soldiers from the Samanids into a private army, which allowed him to take over the reins of the caliphate. He abolished the old jund system created by Umar and diverted the salaries of the original Arab military descendants to the Turkic slave soldiers. The Turkic soldiers transformed the style of warfare, as they were known as capable horse archers, trained from childhood to ride. This military was now drafted from the ethnic groups of the faraway borderlands, and were completely separate from the rest of society. Some could not speak Arabic properly. This led to the decline of the caliphate starting with the Anarchy at Samarra.
Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier, Baghdad, Medina, Damascus, Rayy, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest.
The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so solidly that, one contemporary wrote "you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze."
The Abbasid army amassed an array of siege equipment, such as catapults, mangonels, battering rams, ladders, grappling irons, and hooks. All such weaponry was operated by military engineers. However, the primary siege weapon was the manjaniq, a type of siege weapon that was comparable to the trebuchet employed in Western medieval times. From the seventh century onward, it had largely replaced torsion artillery. By Harun al-Rashid's time, the Abbasid army employed fire grenades. The Abbasids also utilized field hospitals and ambulances drawn by camels.
Civil administration
As a result of such a vast Empire, the caliphate was decentralized and divided into 24 provinces.
In keeping with Persian tradition, Harun's vizier enjoyed close to unchecked powers. Under Harun, a special "bureau of confiscation" was created. This governmental wing made it possible for the vizier to seize the property and riches of any corrupt governor or civil servant. In addition, it allowed governors to confiscate the estates of lower-ranking officials. Finally, the caliph could impose the same penalty on a vizier who fell from grace. As one later caliph put it: "The vizier is our representative throughout the land and amongst our subjects. Therefore, he who obeys him obeys us; and he who obeys us obeys God, and God shall cause him who obeys Him to enter paradise."
Every regional metropolis had a post office and hundreds of roads were paved in order to link the imperial capital with other cities and towns. The empire employed a system of relays to deliver mail. The central post office in Baghdad even had a map with directions that noted the distances between each town. The roads were provided with roadside inns, hospices, and wells and could reach eastward through Persia and Central Asia, to as far as China. The post office not only enhanced civil services but also served as intelligence for the caliph. Mailmen were employed as spies who kept an eye on local affairs.
Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the civil service. The family had roots in a Buddhist monastery in northern Afghanistan. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids.
Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.
Trade
Under Harun, maritime trade through the Persian Gulf thrived, with Arab vessels trading as far south as Madagascar and as far east as China, Korea, and Japan. The growing economy of Baghdad and other cities inevitably led to the demand for luxury items and formed a class of entrepreneurs who organized long-range caravans for the trade and then the distribution of their goods. A whole section in the East Baghdad suq was dedicated to Chinese goods. Arabs traded with the Baltic region and made it as far north as the British Isles. Tens of thousands of Arab coins have been discovered in parts of Russia and Sweden, which bear witness to the comprehensive trade networks set up by the Abbasids. King Offa of Mercia (in England) minted gold coins similar to those of the Abbasids in the eighth century.
Muslim merchants employed ports in Bandar Siraf, Basra, and Aden and some Red Sea ports to travel and trade with India and South East Asia. Land routes were also utilized through Central Asia. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with Bukhara and Samarkand.
Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the Sinbad tales were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.
The Arabs also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and slaves. When trade with Europe ceased due to hostilities, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds.
Decline
Abbasids found themselves at odds with the Shia Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids disavowed any support for Shia beliefs in favor of Sunni Islam. Shortly thereafter, Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Within 50 years, the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya and soon the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively independent in Africa. The Abbasid authority began to deteriorate during the reign of al-Radi when their Turkic Army generals, who already had de facto independence, stopped paying the caliphate. Even provinces close to Baghdad began to seek local dynastic rule. Also, the Abbasids found themselves to be often at conflict with the Umayyads in Spain. The Abbasid financial position weakened as well, with tax revenues from the Sawād decreasing in the 9th and the 10th centuries.
Dynasties claiming Abbasid descent
Centuries after the Abbasids fall, several dynasties have claimed descent from them, as "claiming kinship relation with Muhammad", that is, claiming an affiliation to the 'People of the House' or the status of a sayyid or sharif, has arguably been the most widespread way in Muslim societies of supporting one's moral or material objectives with genealogical credentials." Such claims of continuity with Muhammad or his Hashemite kin such as the Abbasids foster a sense of "political viability" for a candidate dynasty, with the intention of "serving an internal audience" (or in other words, gaining legitimacy in the view of the masses). The Wadai Empire which ruled parts of modern-day Sudan also claimed Abbasid descent, alongside the Khairpur and Bahawalpur states in Pakistan and the Khanate of Bastak.
A common trope among Abbasid claimant dynasties is that they are descended from Abbasid princes of Baghdad, "dispersed" by the Mongol invasion in 1258 CE. These surviving princes would leave Baghdad for a safe haven not controlled by the Mongols, assimilate to their new societies, and their descendants would grow to establish their own dynasties with their Abbasid 'credentials' centuries later. This is highlighted by the origin myth of the Bastak khanate which relates that in 656 AH/1258 CE, the year of the fall of Baghdad, and following the sack of the city, a few surviving members of the Abbasid dynastic family led by the eldest amongst them, Ismail II son of Hamza son of Ahmed son of Mohamed migrated to Southern Iran, in the village of Khonj and later to Bastak where their khanate was established in the 17th century CE.
Meanwhile, the Wadai Empire related a similar origin story, claiming descent from a man by the name of Salih ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas, whose father Abdullah was an Abbasid prince who fled Baghdad for Hijaz upon the Mongol invasion. He had a son named Salih who would grow to become an "able jurist" and a "very devout man". The Muslim ulama on pilgrimage in Mecca met him and, impressed by his knowledge, invited him to return with him to Sennar. Seeing the population's deviation from Islam, he "pushed further" until he found the Abu Sinun mountain in Wadai where he converted the local people to Islam and taught them its rules, after which they made him sultan, thus laying the foundations of the Wadai Empire.
With regards to the Bastak khanate, Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki was the first Abbasid ruler of Bastak to hold the title of "Khan" after the local people accepted him as a ruler (Persian: خان, Arabic: الحاكم), meaning "ruler" or "king", a title which was reportedly bestowed upon him by Karim Khan Zand. The title then became that of all the subsequent Abbasid rulers of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh, and also collectively refers in plural form – i.e., "Khans" (Persian: خوانين) – to the descendants of Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki. The last Abbasid ruler of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh was Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian son of Mohamed Reza Khan "Satvat al-Mamalek" Baniabbasi. He authored the book Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak (1960), in which is recounted the history of the region and the Abbasid family that ruled it. Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian died in 1967, regarded as the end of the Abbasid reign in Bastak.
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
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界首站是一个京沪线上的铁路车站，位于山东省济南市长清区界首镇，建于1911年，目前为四等站，邮政编码为250310。目前客运：办理旅客乘降；行李、包裹托运；货运：办理整车货物发到；不办理危险货物发到。
参考资料
济南市铁路车站
長清區建築物
1911年启用的铁路车站
中国铁路车站 J |
Diplodiscus scortechinii is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Tiliaceae. It is a tree found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
References
scortechinii
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Trees of Borneo
Conservation dependent plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας kokhlias. The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for translating the vibrations it receives from surrounding fluid-filled ducts into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain to process sound.
This spiral-shaped cochlea is estimated to have originated during the early Cretaceous Period, around 120 million years ago. Further, the auditory innervation of the spiral-shaped cochlea also traces back to the Cretaceous period. The evolution of the human cochlea is a major area of scientific interest because of its favourable representation in the fossil record. During the last century, many scientists such as evolutionary biologists and paleontologists strove to develop new methods and techniques to overcome the many obstacles associated with working with ancient, delicate artifacts.
In the past, scientists were limited in their ability to fully examine specimens without causing damage to them. In more recent times, technologies such as micro-CT scanning became available. These technologies allow for the visual differentiation between fossilized animal materials and other sedimentary remains. With the use of X-ray technologies, it is possible to ascertain some information about the auditory capabilities of extinct creatures, giving insight to human ancestors as well as their contemporary species.
Comparative anatomy
While the basic structure of the inner ear in lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes), archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) and mammals is similar, and the organs are considered to be homologous, each group has a unique type of auditory organ. The hearing organ arose within the lagenar duct of stem reptiles, lying between the saccular and lagenar epithelia. In lepidosaurs, the hearing organ, the basilar papilla, is generally small, with at most 2000 hair cells, whereas in archosaurs the basilar papilla can be much longer (>10mm in owls) and contain many more hair cells that show two typical size extremes, the short and the tall hair cells. In mammals, the structure is known as the organ of Corti and shows a unique arrangement of hair cells and supporting cells. All mammalian organs of Corti contain a supporting tunnel made up of pillar cells, on the inner side of which there are inner hair cells and outer hair cells on the outer side. The definitive mammalian middle ear and the elongated cochlea allows for better sensitivity for higher frequencies.
Lepidosaurs
As in all lepidosaurs and archosaurs, the single-ossicle (columellar) middle ear transmits sound to the footplate of the columella, which sends a pressure wave through the inner ear. In snakes, the basilar papilla is roughly 1mm long and only responds to frequencies below about 1 kHz. In contrast, lizards tend to have two areas of hair cells, one responding below and the other above 1 kHz. The upper frequency limit in most lizards is roughly 5–8 kHz. The longest lizard papillae are about 2mm long and contain 2000 hair cells and their afferent innervating fibers can be very sharply tuned to frequency.
Archosaurs
In birds and crocodilians, the similarity of the structure of the basilar papilla betrays their close evolutionary relationship. The basilar papilla is up to about 10mm long and contains up to 16,500 hair cells. While most birds have an upper hearing limit of only about 6 kHz, the barn owl can hear up to 12 kHz and thus close to the human upper limit.
Mammals
Egg-laying mammals, the monotremes (echidna and platypus), do not have a spiral cochlea, but one shaped more like a banana, up to about 7 mm long. Like in lepidosaurs and archosaurs, it contains a lagena, a vestibular sensory epithelium, at its tip. Only in therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) is the cochlea truly coiled 1.5 to 3.5 times. Whereas in monotremes there are many rows of both inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti, in therian (marsupial and placental) mammals the number of inner hair-cell rows is one, and there are generally only three rows of outer hair cells.
Amphibians
Amphibians have unique inner ear structures. There are two sensory papillae involved in hearing, the basilar (higher frequency) and amphibian (lower frequency) papillae, but it is uncertain whether either is homologous to the hearing organs of lepidosaurs, archosaurs and mammals and it is uncertain when they arose.
Fish
Fish have no dedicated auditory epithelium, but use various vestibular sensory organs that respond to sound. In most teleost fishes it is the saccular macula that responds to sound. In some, such as goldfishes, there is also a special bony connection to the gas bladder that increases sensitivity allowing hearing up to about 4 kHz.
Neanderthals to modern humans
The size of cochlea has been measured throughout its evolution based on the fossil record. In one study, the basal turn of the cochlea was measured, and it was hypothesized that cochlear size correlates with body mass. The size of the basal turn of the cochlea was not different in Neanderthals and Holocene humans, however it became larger in early modern humans and Upper Paleolithic humans. Furthermore, the position and orientation of the cochlea is similar between Neanderthals and Holocene humans, relative to plane of the lateral canal, whereas early modern and upper Paleolithic humans have a more superiorly placed cochlea than Holocene humans. When comparing hominins of the Middle Pleistocene, Neanderthals and Holocene humans, the apex of the cochlea faces more inferiorly in the hominins than the latter two groups. Finally, the cochlea of European middle Pleistocene hominins faces more inferiorly than Neanderthals, modern humans, and Homo erectus.
Human beings, along with apes, are the only mammals that do not have high frequency (>32 kHz) hearing. Humans have long cochleae, but the space devoted to each frequency range is quite large (2.5mm per octave), resulting in a comparatively reduced upper frequency limit. The human cochlea has approximately 2.5 turns around the modiolus (the axis). Humans, like many mammals and birds, are able to perceive auditory signals that displace the eardrum by a mere picometre.
The ear
Because of its prominence and preserved state in the fossil record, until recently, the ear had been used to determine phylogeny. The ear itself contains different portions, including the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear and all of these show evolutionary changes that are often unique to each lineage. It was the independent evolution of a tympanic middle ear in the Triassic period that produced strong selection pressures towards improved hearing organs in the separate lineages of land vertebrates.
Evolutionary perspective
The cochlea is the tri-chambered auditory detection portion of the ear, consisting of the scala media, the scala tympani, and the scala vestibuli. Regarding mammals, placental and marsupial cochleae have similar cochlear responses to auditory stimulation as well as DC resting potentials. This leads to the investigation of the relationship between these therian mammals and researching their ancestral species to trace the origin of the cochlea.
This spiral-shaped cochlea that is in both marsupial and placental mammals is traced back to approximately 120 million years ago. The development of the most basic basilar papilla (the auditory organ that later evolved into the Organ of Corti in mammals) happened at the same time as the water-to-land transition of vertebrates, approximately 380 million years ago. The actual coiling or spiral nature of the cochlea occurred to save space inside the skull. The longer the cochlea, the higher is the potential resolution of sound frequencies given the same hearing range. The oldest of the truly coiled mammalian cochleae were approximately 4 mm in length.
The earliest evidence available for primates depicts a short cochlea with prominent laminae, suggesting that they had good high-frequency sensitivity as opposed to low-frequency sensitivity. After this, over a period of around 60 million years, evidence suggests that primates developed longer cochleae and less prominent laminae, which means that they had an improvement in low-frequency sensitivity and a decrease in high-frequency sensitivity. By the early Miocene period, the cycle of the elongation of the cochleae and the deterioration of the laminae was completed. Evidence shows that primates have had an increasing cochlear volume to body mass ratio over time. These changes in the cochlear labyrinth volume negatively affect the highest and lowest audible frequencies, causing a downward shift. Non-primates appear to have smaller cochlear labyrinth volumes overall when compared to primates. Some evidence also suggests that selective forces for the larger cochlear labyrinth may have started after the basal primate node.
Mammals are the subject of a substantial amount of research not only because of the potential knowledge to be gained regarding humans, but also because of their rich and abundant representation in the fossil record. The spiral shape of the cochlea evolved later on in the evolutionary pathway of mammals than previously believed, just before the therians split into the two lineages marsupials and placentals, about 120 million years ago.
The evolution of prestin
Parallel to the evolution of the cochlea, prestin shows an increased rate of evolution in therian mammals. Prestin is the motor protein of the outer hair cells of the inner ear of the mammalian cochlea. It is found in the hair cells of all vertebrates, including fish, but are thought to have initially been membrane transporter molecules. A high concentration of prestin are found only in the lateral membranes of therian outer hair cells (there is uncertainty with regard to concentrations in monotremes). This high concentration is not found in inner hair cells, and is also lacking in all hair cell types of non-mammals.
Prestin also has a role in motility, which evolved a greater importance in the motor function in land vertebrates, but this developed vastly differently in different lineages. In certain birds and mammals, prestin function as both transporters and motors, but the strongest evolution to robust motor dynamics only evolved in therian mammals. It is hypothesized that this motor system is significant to the therian cochlea at high frequencies because of the distinctive cellular and bony composition of the organ of Corti that allows prestin to intensify the movements of the whole structure.
Modern ultra-sound echolocating species such as bats and toothed whales show highly evolved prestin, and this prestin shows identical sequence alterations over time. Unusually, the sequences thus apparently evolved independent from each other during different time periods. Furthermore, the evolution of neurotransmitter receptor systems (acetylcholine) that regulate the motor feedback of the outer hair cells coincides with prestin evolution in therians. This suggests that there was a parallel evolution of a control system and a motor system in the inner ear of therian mammals.
Homoplasies (convergent evolution)
Land vertebrates evolved middle ears independently in each major lineage, and are thus the result of parallel evolution. The configurations of the middle ears of monotreme and therian mammals can thus be interpreted as convergent evolution or homoplasy. Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology.
References
Cochlea
Auditory system
Otology
Audiology |
鲈鱼的分布范围是什么?？鲈鱼分布于太平洋西部、我国沿海及通海的淡水水体中均产，东海、渤海较多。为常见的经济鱼类之一，也是发展海水养殖的品种。主要产地是青岛、石岛、秦皇岛及舟山群岛等地。渔期为春、秋两季，每年的10～11月份为盛渔期。喜栖息于河口咸淡水，也能生活于淡水。性凶猛，以鱼、虾为食。个体大，最大可长至30～50斤，一般为3～5斤。 |
Bent Brask (born 30 March 1958) is a Norwegian former swimmer. He competed in the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Norway
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
People from Frogn
Norwegian male freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Viken (county)
20th-century Norwegian people |
女生排卵痛是什么原因？排卵是成熟卵从卵巢排出的过程。成熟卵泡破裂，卵子被卵巢排出，落入腹腔内的过程称为排卵。排卵通常发生在月经前14天。只有正常排卵才能有怀孕的能力。而在排卵过程中，有的女性会由于种种原因而出现排卵痛的现象，这是我们需要重视的。卵是一种雌性生殖细胞，每个月从卵巢的一侧产生一个卵。卵在卵巢排出之前就必须成熟。卵在液体囊中成熟，水母体的形象很容易描述卵子。一个女人一生中产下大约400个卵子，最多500个卵子。很多女性在排卵期前后会出现骨盆下腹部疼痛、有时拉腰和臀部背部酸痛等现象，疼痛部位有时左或右，不规则，而且疼痛，刺痛，闷痛因人而异。一般情况下，疼痛时间从几分钟到24小时不等，这种现象被称为排卵痛。一、由于个体差异，卵泡破裂时分泌的卵泡液的量不完全相同。卵泡液排出较多，卵泡液进入盆腔，会刺激盆腔膜，引起腹痛，这是腹痛的原因。有些人在腹痛时，还伴有同侧腰痛、腰骶痛等不适症状。如果排卵在卵巢两侧，腹部下腹两侧会出现腹痛。排卵性腹痛是一种生理现象，不影响健康。二、如果只是偶尔疼痛是没什么大碍的，如果没有其他不适，可以注意适当的休息，不需要治疗。如果腹痛严重，你可以暂时服用止痛药。如果每个月都有规律的话，在医生的指导下服用药物以改善症状。三、排卵期间身体感觉疼痛，通常在两种情况下。第一，排卵，是两个月经周期的中期，此时如果你能感觉到下腹部疼痛，则称为中间疼痛，可能是身体排卵。第二，如果女性有排卵障碍，下腹部也会发生排卵痛。排卵障碍可以从一些身体现象表现出来，如月经失调、肥胖、多毛，如果严重排卵障碍会导致体内性激素代谢不稳定，容易发生不孕和乳腺增生。可以到医院进行检查，如果没有发现其他原因，说明情况更为正常，多注意休息，避免剧烈运动即可，无需太紧张。不过女性朋友们还是需要多关注自己的身体状况，希望每一位女性都能够健健康康的。 |
埃格德群島（）是南極洲的群島，處於普羅克勒梅申島和巴特比角以西，由澳大利亞探險家率領的探險隊發現，現時由南極條約體系管理。
南極洲群島 |
楊秀美（Yeung Sau Mei，），生於香港，香港女子排球運動員，司職快攻手，現時效力球會 3BB Nakornnonthaburi Women's Volleyball Club。
球員生涯
楊秀美生於香港，自小已非常好動常和3個哥哥四圍跑，因此她於就讀香港培英中學期間，便選擇加入校內數一數二的排球隊。而她加入排球隊不久後，便發現自己對排球的熱愛，並自學界時期起已屢屢獲獎，甚至在兩岸四地邀請賽得到「星中之星」獎項。她由副攻起家，其後經過關榮生教練改造後能勝任主攻手及副攻手位置，更在2004年獲當時的香港隊教練郭健全賞識提拔她進香港代表隊。剛加入香港代表隊不久後即獲教練讓她隨隊前往上海參加亞錦賽，隨後她再於2009年東亞運獲教練選中擔當火炬手肩負重任。無論在球會或香港隊，她亦擔當不少進攻分數。到2017年3月她的師兄柳勤榮知道泰國有球隊剛好有外援位置，再給楊秀美介紹，而看過楊秀美的表現亦感到滿意，其後楊秀美決定辭去在建築公司的工程安全主任的穩定正職，並在10月7日宣佈加盟成為首名香港女子職業排球員，創香港排球壇歷史並簽約一年。
在2018年代表香港女子排球隊參加2018 印尼雅加達亞洲運動會，並於同年穫得泰國Nakornnonthaburi Women's Volleyball Club菁萊，再次參加泰國排球聯賽。
榮譽
3BB Nakonnothaburi Volleyball Club
Women's Volleyball Thailand League - 季軍（2018-19）
Thai Denmark Super league - 季軍（2018-19）
國際
香港甲一排球聯賽冠軍（2013、2014、2018年）
香港甲一排球聯賽亞軍（2016、2017年）
香港甲一排球聯賽季軍（2015年）
香港會長盃排球邀請賽冠軍（2016、2017年）
香港會長盃排球邀請賽亞軍(2018年）
南華
香港甲一排球聯賽冠軍（2005、2006、2007、2008、2009、2010年）
香港甲一排球聯賽亞軍（2004年）
個人
香港會長盃排球邀請賽 最有價值球員（2016、2017年）
第六屆全港運動會體育大使（2017年）
香港代表隊
東亞運動會排球項目殿軍（2009年）
省港澳盃挑戰賽亞軍（2011年）
香港理工大學
香港大專盃冠軍（2006、2007、2008年）
參考資料
外部連結
楊姓
香港排球運動員
2018年亞洲運動會排球運動員
香港排球教練
香港培英中學校友 |
澜河镇，是中华人民共和国广东省南雄市下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
澜河镇下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
Melany Hernández Torres (born 26 July 1998) is a Mexican diver. She competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in the women's synchronized 3 metre springboard,
and at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
See also
Mexico at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships
References
External links
https://secure.meetcontrol.com/divemeets/system/profile.php?number=40298
http://www.gob.mx/presidencia/articulos/mexican-diving-team-invited-to-los-pinos
http://latabernaonline.com/la-clavadista-melany-hernandez-gana-plata-mundial-juvenil-fina/
Mexican female divers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1998 births
Divers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers for Mexico
Universiade medalists in diving
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Mexico
World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving
Medalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade |
104學年度高中籃球聯賽為第28屆高中籃球聯賽。男子組的賽程分為資格賽、預賽、複賽、準決賽和決賽等五個階段，而女子組的賽程則分為資格賽、預賽、複賽和決賽等四個階段。男子組各隊如果無法晉級8強賽，女子組各隊如果無法晉級複賽，則明年需從資格賽打起。今年總決賽再度於台北小巨蛋舉行。本屆HBL賽事的口號為「起飛」，並再度由FOX體育台進行轉播。
教練團更動
金甌女中：原總教練傅姿伶轉戰佛光大學執教。總教練由台電出身的前國手祁慶璐掌兵符，WSBL台電隊的中鋒林紀妏擔任助理教練。
治平高中：原總教練黃巧淩轉戰普門高中當助理教練，由吳正賢接掌。
南山高中：重新組軍的南山高中女籃，教頭楊淑淨身兼WSBL電信球員身分接掌總教練。
光復高中：原總教練廖峻暉因家庭因素回高雄，原本在高苑工商擔任助理教練的陳定-{杰}-接下光復兵符。
新榮高中：由原助理教練蘇裕勝接掌兵符，由新榮出身的李盈鋒擔任助理教練。
滬江高中：原總教練智慧仁轉戰漢英高中，由葉懷喃接掌兵符。
普門高中：治平高中原總教練黃巧淩轉戰至本校當助理教練。
漢英高中：原滬江高中總教練智慧仁，受本校教練之邀加入教練團。
本屆八強
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width=1%|組別 !! width=1%|冠軍!!width=1%|亞軍 !! width=1%|季軍 !! width=1%|殿軍 !! width=5%|八強
|-
| 女子組 || bgcolor=gold|[[新北市立淡水高級商工職業學校|淡水商工]] || bgcolor=silver| [[臺北市立南湖高級中學|南湖高中]]||bgcolor=#cc9966|[[臺北市私立滬江高級中學|滬江高中]] ||普門高中]] ||北一女中、[[臺南市立永仁高級中學|永仁高中、南山高中、苗栗高商
|}
資格賽
共23隊參加，分為四組，採分組循環賽制。每組第一名直接晉級預賽，二三四名打外卡單淘汰賽、第二名為種子隊，取最後優勝四名，一共八隊晉級預賽。（再加上原先103 HBL八強球隊，共16隊參加預賽）
最終由高苑工商、宜蘭高中、后綜高中、青年高中、木柵高工、成功高中、光啟高中、漢英高中獲得晉級的資格。
男子
A組
B組
C組
D組
因台北體育館(紅館)電力供應故障，臨時將整天賽程改至師大附中體育館
淘汰排名
第一輪先由分組賽中第三名對決第四名(交手組合以抽籤決定)，勝者進第二輪，則與分組第二交手，再勝者即搶下最後16強的四張門票
第一輪
第二輪
女子
A組
B組
外卡戰
預賽
本階段賽事的轉播原本全數為男子組賽事，因為引發爭議，高中體總改變賽程增加女子組的轉播。
男子
A組
B組
C組
D組
女子
A組
B組
外卡賽
複賽
男子
A組
B組
外卡賽
準決賽
男子
衛冕軍松山高中與亟欲雪恥的南山高中，都以4連勝預約了小巨蛋的門票；而第3張被預訂走的門票，是以「享受挑戰」為口號，戰術相當靈活多變的「紫色狐狸」南湖高中；而高苑工商如果能拿下與同鄉三民家商對戰的勝利，就能提早進入排名決定戰了。
後3場松山高中與南山高中爭奪8強賽龍頭，卻都被南湖高中嚇出一身冷汗，綠色神盾更是直到延長賽才獲得勝利。而最後一張晉級門票，直到基隆商工擊敗三民家商後，才確定歸綠色猛牛所有。最後一場的雙山會，松山高中差點花光29分領先，最後驚險保住不敗金身；落敗的南山高中，則得再度面對南湖高中的威脅。
女子
衛冕軍淡水商工邁向目標的步伐穩健，但從資格賽殺上來的普門高中和禁區優勢傲人的滬江高中佔據前2名；苗栗高商維持著進入8強就開始提前作明年功課的策略，自然成為各隊進補的對象；再出發的南山女籃九妞妞，雖然是來繳學費的，能收下2勝，佔據第7名已經是相當值得驕傲了。
相形之下，最後一張前進小巨蛋的門票顯得格外膠著。最後的三角關係中，北一女中率先出局；永仁高中儘管12強預賽成績不俗，但8強複賽出現落差；南湖女籃希望能與自家的男生一起站上小巨蛋舞台，直到最後一天才出爐。
南湖女籃自力晉級的提案被衛冕軍直接否決，全隊被打進地獄。然而，小綠綠儘管已經無緣4強，握有決定權的她們沒有消化比賽，而是全力以赴，把南湖女籃送進小巨蛋，也幫助自己的學姊「小乖」孫韻荃，完成她心中最重要的約定。
決賽男子組面對來勢洶洶的衛冕軍，高苑工商祭出焦土戰，一度將落後分差追到1分，然而犯規次數過多也直接讓綠色猛牛跛腳，無力阻擋綠色神盾邁進的腳步。
在8強賽龍頭之爭落敗的南山高中，則是遭到南湖高中的頑強抵抗。南山高中修正在8強賽對戰時犯的錯誤，主控關達祐一樣背框單打，但減少投籃次數，送出更多助攻；被派上場來以快制快的黃建智更是飆進高中生涯最高的單場31分，最後以9分差驚險擺脫糾纏。女子組一邊是掌握禁區制空權的天龍，另一邊是體型矮小的地虎，然而滬江高中這場比賽，在保護籃板這個環節表現不理想，最後也以18分差輸球。
不過相較於滬江高中的浪費身材優勢，普門高中可就欲哭無淚了，因為她們賽前竟然遭到食物中毒襲擊，幾乎全隊都喪失戰鬥力，完全不是衛冕軍的對手。
總決賽
季軍賽 女子在還沒恢復的情況下，普門高中在季軍戰只能變成滬江高中的出氣筒。最後普門高中再度落敗，含恨收下殿軍。男子雖然綠色猛牛開局漂亮，第2節卻嚴重熄火，加上主控田浩受傷，只能眼看南湖男籃收下隊史最佳的季軍。
冠軍賽 女子挾帶著扳倒滬江高中天龍陣的氣勢，首度前進冠軍戰的南湖女籃在第1節持續高檔演出，讓衛冕軍淡水商工備感威脅。
然而，從第2節開始，淡水商工的高低位中鋒配合奏效，讓戰力的天秤開始往衛冕者傾斜，最後淡水商工以20分差蟬聯后座，彭曉彤則帶著MVP告別HBL戰場。
雖然落下不甘心的眼淚，南湖高中先收下男籃季軍，接著獲得女籃亞軍，成為這個賽季的贏家之一。男子'''
松山高中重蹈去年冠軍戰的覆轍，在上半場(尤其是第2節)陷入苦戰，因為以高國豪為首的後衛群受制於南山高中的重兵看管；相反的，南山高中在外圍鎖死松山的三分火炮，內線則是先以黃建智、張鎮衙跳投得手，再交給藏在板凳席裡的高一中鋒吳沛嘉，有效將孫思堯攻守兩端的影響力降低，並在第2節拉出19:6的猛攻，帶著13分領先進入下半場。
然而，去年的冠軍戰，松山高中正是在下半場展開逆襲。而兩軍在8強賽最終戰的對決中，29分領先都不保險了，更何況只有13分?果然到了下半場，松山高中回到比賽，先在第3節將落後縮小到3分，甚至在決勝節逆轉比數，試圖將去年的冠軍戰結果複製貼上。
然而，孫思堯在被對手犯規後爆氣，將球砸到對方身上，也讓他吞下一個技術犯規。這個犯規不但是這位大中鋒的第4犯(之後犯滿畢業)，也間接影響了最終結局。
雙方的決勝關鍵，發生在最後1分鐘。儘管為南山高中貢獻13分7籃板3助攻的高三主控，隊長關達祐已經吞下5犯，提早結束高中生涯最後一場球，板凳暴徒吳季穎在這時發揮殺手本色，投進1顆價值連城的2分球，接著松山高中在開底線球時又發生要命失誤，李家慷死命往前衝，補上宣判松山高中死刑的3分打。
上一個賽季，南山高中因為遭到流感襲擊，無法完全發揮而淚灑小巨蛋，但這次做足準備的他們，粉碎了松山高中以全勝之姿完成2連霸的美夢，也為同樣地處新北市的泰山高中討回公道。而投進關鍵球的吳季穎，成為本屆賽事的MVP。
獎項
精神總錦標：南湖高中女籃
男子
MVP： 吳季穎 ( 南山高中 )
新人王： 陳又瑋 ( 南山高中 )
籃板王： 孫思堯 ( 松山高中 )
助攻王： 王偉丞 ( 青年高中 )
抄截王： 高國豪 ( 松山高中 )
火鍋王： 吳沛嘉 ( 南山高中 )
人氣王： 田浩 ( 高苑工商 )
女子
MVP： 彭曉彤 ( 淡水商工 )
： 陳孟欣 ( 普門高中 )
： 林蝶 ( 滬江高中 )
： 彭曉彤 ( 淡水商工 )
： 彭曉彤 ( 淡水商工 )
： 陳雅彤 ( 南山高中 )
： 吳佳樺 ( 淡水商工 )
記錄
漢英高中隊史首度晉級預賽。
木柵高工和成功高中首度參加甲級賽事，就晉級預賽。
南山高中男籃隊史第七座冠軍。
南山高中女籃睽違15年重返甲級賽事。
忠明高中女籃首度參加甲級賽事，但男籃在本屆賽事後將停招。
普門高中繼100學年度，再度挺進四強。
南湖高中男籃女籃同時進入四強。男籃拿下季軍，女籃更首度挺入冠軍戰，拿下亞軍。儘管無緣奪冠，仍雙雙寫下校史最佳。
苗栗高商繼97、98學年度以第八名做收。
青年高中繼97學年度再度拿下第五名成績。
高苑工商繼95學年度再度拿到第四名的成績。
光復高中首度參加甲級賽事。
強恕高中首度於資格賽遭淘汰。
參見
高中籃球聯賽
參考資料
外部連結
中華民國高級中等學校體育總會
高級中等學校籃球聯賽賽季
2015年臺灣籃球
2016年臺灣籃球 |
Elsword: El Lady is an aeni (South Korean animation) based on the South Korean online game Elsword.
Episodes
Music
Opening theme
Ending theme
See also
Aeni
References
External links
South Korean animated television series
South Korean web series
2017 works
Korean animation
DR Movie
Korean-language works
Works based on video games
Animated web series |
Leh Deraz (, also Romanized as Leh Derāz) is a village in Milas Rural District, in the Central District of Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 485, in 87 families.
References
Populated places in Lordegan County |
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