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肾小管性酸中毒的疾病概述是什么?？肾小管酸中毒（RTA）是由于近端肾小管对HCO3-重吸收障碍和（或）远端肾小管排泌氢离子障碍所致的一组成临床综合征。其主要表现为：慢性高氯性酸中毒，电解质紊乱，肾性骨病，按尿路症状等，特发性者为先天性缺陷多有家族史，早期无肾小球功能障碍。继发性者可见于许多肾脏和全身疾病。临床分为型（远端）肾小管酸中毒（RTA）在儿童为家族性疾病，家族性病例可能是常染色体显性遗传病，常伴有高钙尿。型（近端）肾小管酸中毒伴发于数种严重的遗传性疾病，如Fanconi综合征、遗传性果糖耐受不良症、Wilson病和Lowe综合征，多发性骨髓瘤，维生素D缺乏症，慢性低钙血症合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。它也可发生于肾移植后，重金属中毒后以及某些药物治疗后。型RTA是型与型RTA合并存在的类型。型RTA是一种散发于成年人中的伴轻度肾功能不全疾病。型，型RTA都伴有慢性代谢性酸中毒，轻度容量缩减和低钾血症，低钾血症可引起肌肉无力，反射减弱和瘫痪。型RTA尿中枸橼酸盐排出减少，骨钙动员增加和高钙尿。这些可引发骨质疏松，骨痛和尿中钙石形成或肾钙质沉着，肾实质损害和慢性肾衰均可发生。型RTA常仅有轻度酸中毒而无临床症状，但如果高钾血症很严重可致心律失常或心肌麻痹。 |
The 2015 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Aztecs were led by fifth-year head coach Rocky Long and played their home games at Qualcomm Stadium. They were members of the West Division of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 11–3, 8–0 in Mountain West play to become West Division Champions. They represented the West Division in the Mountain West Championship Game where they defeated Mountain Division representative Air Force to be crowned Mountain West champions. They were invited to the Hawaii Bowl where they defeated Cincinnati.
Schedule
Game summaries
San Diego
At California
South Alabama
At Penn State
Fresno State
At Hawaii
At San Jose State
Utah State
At Colorado State
Wyoming
At UNLV
Nevada
Air Force–Mountain West Championship Game
Cincinnati–Hawaii Bowl
References
San Diego State
San Diego State Aztecs football seasons
Mountain West Conference football champion seasons
Hawaii Bowl champion seasons
San Diego State Aztecs football |
Albert Naumann (19 May 1875 – 14 July 1952) was a German fencer. He competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1875 births
1952 deaths
Sportspeople from Plauen
Sportspeople from the Kingdom of Saxony
German male fencers
Olympic fencers for Germany
Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
20th-century German people |
南寮村可以指：
南寮村 (臺東縣)：位於臺東縣綠島鄉
南寮村 (澎湖縣)：位於澎湖縣湖西鄉 |
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a U.S.-based international nonprofit organization devoted to eliminating death, injury, property, and economic loss due to fire, electrical, and related hazards. , the NFPA claims to have 50,000 members and 9,000 volunteers working with the organization through its 250 technical committees.
History
In 1895, a Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Protection was formed in Massachusetts by men affiliated with several fire insurance companies and a pipe manufacturer to develop a uniform standard for the design and installation of fire sprinkler systems. At the time, there were nine such standards in effect within of Boston, Massachusetts, and such diversity was causing great difficulties for plumbers working in the New England region.
The next year, the committee published its initial report on a uniform standard, and went on to form the NFPA in late 1896. The committee's initial report evolved into NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, the most widely used fire sprinkler standard.
Around 1904, the NFPA began to expand its membership from affiliates of fire insurance companies to many other organizations and individuals, and also expanded its mission beyond promulgating fire sprinkler standards.
Codes and standards
The association publishes more than 300 consensus codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks. The codes and standards are administered by more than 250 technical committees consisting of approximately 9,000 volunteers.
Mascot
Sparky the Fire Dog is the official mascot of the National Fire Protection Association. Created in 1951 to promote fire safety education for children, he is a Dalmatian dressed in firefighting gear.
A children's book about Sparky by Don Hoffman was published in 2011. He serves as the spokesdog for Fire Prevention Week each October in the United States and Canada.
References
External links
Official website for Sparky the Fire Dog
Child education resources
Electrical safety standards organizations
Fire protection organizations
Firefighting in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts
Occupational safety and health organizations
Organizations established in 1896
Quasi-public entities in the United States
Quincy, Massachusetts
Standards organizations in the United States |
非洲
埃塞俄比亚 - 纳奥德，埃塞俄比亚皇帝，1494年－1508年
阿达利苏丹国 - 穆罕默德·伊本·爱资哈尔丁，阿达利苏丹国苏丹，1488年－1518年
刚果王国 - 若昂一世，刚果国王，1470年－1509年
桑海帝国 - 阿斯基亚·穆罕默德一世，桑海帝国国王，1493年－1528年
美洲
阿兹台克帝国 - 阿维特佐特尔，阿兹台克国王，1486年－1502年
特克斯科科 - 内扎瓦尔皮利，特克斯科科国王，1472年－1515年
印加帝国 - 瓦伊纳·卡帕克，印加国王，1493年－1527年
亞州
中國（明朝）- 明孝宗朱祐樘，明朝皇帝，1487年－1505年
朝鮮（朝鮮王朝）- 燕山君李隆，1494年－1506年
日本
后柏原天皇，日本天皇，1500年－1526年
將軍 (足利) - 足利義澄，1494年－1508年
歐洲
安道爾
Pere de Cardona, 烏赫爾主教 1472年﹣1515年
納瓦拉的凱瑟琳, 納瓦拉女王, 富瓦女伯爵 1483年﹣1516年
阿拉貢王國 - 天主教徒的斐迪南二世和瓦倫西亞國王, 巴塞隆納伯爵 1479年﹣1516年
卡斯蒂利亞 - 伊莎貝拉一世 1474年﹣1504年
卡爾馬聯合 - 漢斯, 卡爾馬聯合國王 1481年﹣1513年
英格蘭王國 - 亨利七世 1485年﹣1509年
法蘭西王國 - 路易十二 1498年﹣1515年
神聖羅馬帝國 - 馬克西米連一世, 神聖羅馬帝國皇帝和奧地利君主 1493年﹣1519年
1502年
歷年國家領導人列表 |
Graves’ ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). It occurs most commonly in individuals with Graves' disease, and less commonly in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or in those who are euthyroid.
It is part of a systemic process with variable expression in the eyes, thyroid, and skin, caused by autoantibodies that bind to tissues in those organs. The autoantibodies target the fibroblasts in the eye muscles, and those fibroblasts can differentiate into fat cells (adipocytes). Fat cells and muscles expand and become inflamed. Veins become compressed and are unable to drain fluid, causing edema.
Annual incidence is 16/100,000 in women, 3/100,000 in men. About 3–5% have severe disease with intense pain, and sight-threatening corneal ulceration or compression of the optic nerve. Cigarette smoking, which is associated with many autoimmune diseases, raises the incidence 7.7-fold.
Mild disease will often resolve and merely requires measures to reduce discomfort and dryness, such as artificial tears and smoking cessation if possible. Severe cases are a medical emergency, and are treated with glucocorticoids (steroids), and sometimes ciclosporin. Many anti-inflammatory biological mediators, such as infliximab, etanercept, and anakinra are being tried. In January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved teprotumumab-trbw for the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
Signs and symptoms
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of closing the eyelids completely (lagophthalmos, Stellwag's sign). Due to the proptosis, eyelid retraction and lagophthalmos, the cornea is more prone to dryness and may present with chemosis, punctate epithelial erosions and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. The patients also have a dysfunction of the lacrimal gland with a decrease of the quantity and composition of tears produced. Non-specific symptoms with these pathologies include irritation, grittiness, photophobia, tearing, and blurred vision. Pain is not typical, but patients often complain of pressure in the orbit. Periorbital swelling due to inflammation can also be observed.
Eye signs
In moderate active disease, the signs and symptoms are persistent and increasing and include myopathy. The inflammation and edema of the extraocular muscles lead to gaze abnormalities. The inferior rectus muscle is the most commonly affected muscle and patient may experience vertical diplopia on upgaze and limitation of elevation of the eyes due to fibrosis of the muscle. This may also increase the intraocular pressure of the eyes. The double vision is initially intermittent but can gradually become chronic. The medial rectus is the second-most-commonly-affected muscle, but multiple muscles may be affected, in an asymmetric fashion.
In more severe and active disease, mass effects and cicatricial changes occur within the orbit. This is manifested by a progressive exophthalmos, a restrictive myopathy that restricts eye movements and an optic neuropathy. With enlargement of the extraocular muscle at the orbital apex, the optic nerve is at risk of compression. The orbital fat or the stretching of the nerve due to increased orbital volume may also lead to optic nerve damage. The patient experiences a loss of visual acuity, visual field defect, afferent pupillary defect, and loss of color vision. This is an emergency and requires immediate surgery to prevent permanent blindness.
Pathophysiology
Graves' is an orbital autoimmune disease. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is an antigen found in orbital fat and connective tissue, and is a target for autoimmune assault.
On histological examination, there is an infiltration of the orbital connective tissue by lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and mastocytes. The inflammation results in a deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in the muscles, which leads to subsequent enlargement and fibrosis. There is also an induction of the lipogenesis by fibroblasts and preadipocytes, which causes enlargement of the orbital fat and extra-ocular muscle compartments. This increase in volume of the intraorbital contents within the confines of the bony orbit may lead to dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), increased intraocular pressures, proptosis, and venous congestion leading to chemosis and periorbital oedema. In addition, the expansion of the intraorbital soft tissue volume may also remodel the bony orbit and enlarge it, which may be a form of auto-decompression.
Diagnostic
Graves' ophthalmopathy is diagnosed clinically by the presenting ocular signs and symptoms, but positive tests for antibodies (anti-thyroglobulin, anti-microsomal and anti-thyrotropin receptor) and abnormalities in thyroid hormones level (T3, T4, and TSH) help in supporting the diagnosis.
Orbital imaging is an integral tool for the diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy and is useful in monitoring patients for progression of the disease. It is, however, not warranted when the diagnosis can be established clinically. Ultrasonography may detect early Graves' orbitopathy in patients without clinical orbital findings. It is less reliable than the CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, to assess the extraocular muscle involvement at the orbital apex, which may lead to blindness. Thus, CT scan or MRI is necessary when optic nerve involvement is suspected. On neuroimaging, the most characteristic findings are thick extraocular muscles with tendon sparing, usually bilateral, and proptosis.
Classification
Mnemonic: "NO SPECS":
Prevention
Not smoking is a common suggestion in the literature. Apart from smoking cessation, there is little definitive research in this area. In addition to the selenium studies above, some recent research also is suggestive that statin use may assist.
Treatment
Even though some people undergo spontaneous remission of symptoms within a year, many need treatment. The first step is the regulation of thyroid hormone levels. Topical lubrication of the eye is used to avoid corneal damage caused by exposure. Corticosteroids are efficient in reducing orbital inflammation, but the benefits cease after discontinuation. Corticosteroids treatment is also limited because of their many side effects. Radiotherapy is an alternative option to reduce acute orbital inflammation. However, there is still controversy surrounding its efficacy. A simple way of reducing inflammation is to stop smoking, as pro-inflammatory substances are found in cigarettes. The medication teprotumumab-trbw may also be used. There is tentative evidence for selenium in mild disease. Tocilizumab, a drug used to suppress the immune system has also been studied as a treatment for TED. However, a Cochrane Review published in 2018 found no evidence (no relevant clinical studies were published) to show that tocilizumab works in people with TED.
In January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved teprotumumab-trbw for the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Surgery
There is some evidence that a total or sub-total thyroidectomy may assist in reducing levels of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) and as a consequence reduce the eye symptoms, perhaps after a 12-month lag. However, a 2015 meta review found no such benefits, and there is some evidence that suggests that surgery is no better than medication.
Surgery may be done to decompress the orbit, to improve the proptosis, and to address the strabismus causing diplopia. Surgery is performed once the person's disease has been stable for at least six months. In severe cases, however, the surgery becomes urgent to prevent blindness from optic nerve compression. Because the eye socket is bone, there is nowhere for eye muscle swelling to be accommodated, and, as a result, the eye is pushed forward into a protruded position. Orbital decompression involves removing some bone from the eye socket to open up one or more sinuses and so make space for the swollen tissue and allowing the eye to move back into normal position and also relieving compression of the optic nerve that can threaten sight.
Eyelid surgery is the most common surgery performed on Graves ophthalmopathy patients. Lid-lengthening surgeries can be done on upper and lower eyelid to correct the patient's appearance and the ocular surface exposure symptoms. Marginal myotomy of levator palpebrae muscle can reduce the palpebral fissure height by 2–3 mm. When there is a more severe upper lid retraction or exposure keratitis, marginal myotomy of levator palpebrae associated with lateral tarsal canthoplasty is recommended. This procedure can lower the upper eyelid by as much as 8 mm. Other approaches include müllerectomy (resection of the Müller muscle), eyelid spacer grafts, and recession of the lower eyelid retractors. Blepharoplasty can also be done to debulk the excess fat in the lower eyelid.
A summary of treatment recommendations was published in 2015 by an Italian taskforce, which largely supports the other studies.
Prognosis
Risk factors of progressive and severe thyroid-associated orbitopathy are:
Age greater than 50 years
Rapid onset of symptoms under 3 months
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes
Severe or uncontrolled hyperthyroidism
Presence of pretibial myxedema
High cholesterol levels (hyperlipidemia)
Peripheral vascular disease
Epidemiology
The pathology mostly affects persons of 30 to 50 years of age. Females are four times more likely to develop Graves' than males. When males are affected, they tend to have a later onset and a poor prognosis. A study demonstrated that at the time of diagnosis, 90% of the patients with clinical orbitopathy were hyperthyroid according to thyroid function tests, while 3% had Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 1% were hypothyroid and 6% did not have any thyroid function tests abnormality. Of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism, 20 to 25 percent have clinically obvious Graves' ophthalmopathy, while only 3–5% will develop severe ophthalmopathy.
History
In medical literature, Robert James Graves, in 1835, was the first to describe the association of a thyroid goitre with exophthalmos (proptosis) of the eye. Graves' ophthalmopathy may occur before, with, or after the onset of overt thyroid disease and usually has a slow onset over many months.
See also
Infiltrative ophthalmopathy
Exophthalmos
References
Further reading
External links
Thyroid disease
Eye diseases
Autoimmune diseases
Thyroid |
孔奇（），字子异，扶风茂陵人，孔子十六代孙，孔霸曾孙，孔捷之孙，孔奋之弟。
孔奇出身于世代传习经学的鲁国孔氏，定居于扶风茂陵，未曾到远方去拜师求学。王莽之乱的时候，孔奇与孔奋以及老母在河西躲避兵祸，依附在窦融家中，此时孔奇二十一岁。孔奇每每与孔奋议论学问，孔奋都要感激和服从弟弟的意见。
东汉建立后，孔奋出任武都太守，孔奇却极其喜好儒学，淡薄荣禄，不愿意从政，游学于洛阳。孔奋对弟弟十分厚爱，把自己的俸禄分给孔奇供给他吃喝，四季都送去衣物和照明用的油脂，一旦有了味道鲜美的食物，必定分送给孔奇。孔奇博通经典，他剔除并集合《左传》中意义艰难的部分，集成为《春秋左氏删》，阐述并揭示其中隐含的深意，帮助彰显孔子的思想，以驱逐后世的谬说。在著作完成之前，孔奇去世。他的族人孔子通对孔奇的心愿没有达成而感到痛心，叹惜圣哲的教导无法施行于世间，便为孔奇校订篇目，各篇都如同原本的顺序，并为之作序，回答问题，编辑为三十一卷。《春秋左氏删》已失传。
参考资料
孔姓
孔子十六代孙
漢朝經學家
興平人 |
韦拉克（，；）是法国洛特省的一个市镇，属于古尔东区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国奧克西塔尼大區洛特省，该省份为法国西南部内陆省份，北起顺时针与科雷兹省、康塔爾省、阿韦龙省、塔恩-加龙省、洛特-加龍省和多尔多涅省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
友好城市
凯斯唐贝尔
参考文献
V |
James Walter Gilchrist Jr. is an American political activist and the co-founder and president of the Minuteman Project, an activist group whose aim is to prevent illegal immigration across the southern border of the United States.
Early life
Gilchrist served in the U.S. Marine Corps and received a Purple Heart medal while in the infantry during the Vietnam War, 1968 - 1969.
Minuteman Project
Co-founder of the Minuteman Movement
Gilchrist and Chris Simcox are widely recognized as the founders of the Minuteman Project. They founded the organization on October 1, 2004. The two staged a month-long border watch project in April 2005 and that event catapulted the Minuteman movement into the national spotlight. Gilchrist chose to locate in Arizona for the Project, because there was a disproportionately large number of undocumented immigrants crossing in that state.
Political views
Gilchrist holds conservative views on education, health care, and taxes. Gilchrist was registered with the American Independent Party, the California affiliate of the Constitution Party, but has since re-registered as a Republican, and is an adamant supporter of immigration enforcement, law enforcement and the military. He announced his endorsement of Mike Huckabee for President in December 2007. The endorsement of Huckabee by Gilchrist met with strong criticism from other minutemen and anti-illegal immigration activists. This was a personal, individual endorsement by Gilchrist, not an endorsement by any minuteman organization.
During the 2016 presidential election with regard to the building of a wall and mass deportation directly aligned with the Minuteman Project's missions. Gilchrist stated that he felt that his goals were reaffirmed and accomplished upon his observation of such widespread awareness with regard to immigration issues. He initially supported Ted Cruz for president, who openly criticized Barack Obama's policy of amnesty and was a consistent opponents against Obama's push for immigration reform.
2005 congressional candidacy
Gilchrist unsuccessfully ran as an American Independent Party candidate for the United States House of Representatives representing California's 48th congressional district to replace Republican Christopher Cox, who resigned to become Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
In the low-turnout open primary for Cox's seat held on October 4, 2005, Gilchrist finished behind two Republicans but ahead of all other candidates, including Democrats. He received 14.8% of the vote (a total of 13,423 votes). He was the only one running under his party, and therefore automatically advanced into the run-off.
Gilchrist lost to Republican state Senator John Campbell in the December 6 general election, receiving 25.5% (26,507) of the vote. Campbell received 44.4% (46,184), Steve Young (Democrat) 27.8% (28,853), Bea Tiritilli (Green) 1.4% (1,430), Bruce Cohen (Libertarian) 0.9% (974).
Controversy
In October 2006, Gilchrist appeared on Democracy Now and abruptly ended the interview after Karina Garcia started accusing him of being a murderer and said that he has ties to the white supremacist group National Alliance.
In a March 2006, interview with the Orange County Register, Gilchrist stopped just short of calling for his followers to pick up their guns: "I'm not going to promote insurrection, but if it happens, it will be on the conscience of the members of Congress who are doing this," he said. "I will not promote violence in resolving this, but I will not stop others who might pursue that."
In May 2010, Politico reported that Howie Morgan, the Minuteman Project's political director, may have solicited donations from political campaigns in exchange for Gilchrist's endorsement. Rick Perry, Parker Griffith and Tim Bridgewater were all recipients of Gilchrist's endorsements in 2010. Mo Brooks, an Alabama politician running against Griffith, said that Morgan indicated Gilchrist would endorse Brooks if Morgan was hired.
In September 2014, the Daily Show made a segment about the Honduran children immigration featuring an interview with Jim Gilchrist, who compared the recent events at the border with a Trojan Horse situation, the vanguard of a Latino invasion of the United States. The correspondent Michael Che poked fun at Gilchrist's initiative against immigrants, called "Operation Normandy": "If this is Operation Normandy and the children are invading us, wouldn't that make us the Nazis?" . Gilchrist warned against the dangers of the "latinization of America" that the young refugees posed and added, to a baffled interviewer, "We're all going to die some day. (...) I'm not giving a death wish on these children coming here (...) I'm saying that there's some things realistically you cannot stop."
Books
Minutemen: The Battle to Secure America's Borders, by Jim Gilchrist, Jerome R. Corsi, and Tom Tancredo. Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing (2006). .
See also
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
References
External links
Official Website of Jim Gilchrist
1949 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
American Independent Party politicians
American political candidates
American vigilantes
Military personnel from California
California Republicans
People from Aliso Viejo, California
People from North Providence, Rhode Island
United States Marines
American conspiracy theorists
Activists from California |
羅薩里奧鎮是委內瑞拉的城鎮，由蘇利亞州負責管轄，位於該國西北部馬拉開波湖西岸，距離首府馬拉開波約60英里，面積3,543平方公里，主要經濟活動是畜牧業。
委內瑞拉城市 |
大聯盟選秀狀元（）是歷屆美國職棒大聯盟選秀的第一順位球員。跟其他職業運動不同的是，大聯盟的選秀狀元籤是不能透過交易的，選秀狀元籤只能由上一個賽季戰績最差的球隊獲得。若兩支球隊戰績並列全聯盟最差，那麼會根據他們在更前一個賽季的戰績來決定他們的選秀順位挑選次序。另外，如果球隊中有球員成為自由球員，那麼該球隊在選秀會上可以得到補償選秀。大聯盟第一屆的選秀大會在1965年舉辦。當時每年會舉辦三次選秀，第一次是在6月初，大聯盟會延攬一些剛畢業的高中生和剛結束球季的大學生進來。第二次是在1月，給那些在12月畢業的學生挑戰大聯盟。第三次是在8月，大聯盟會從業餘好手中挑選人才。8月的選秀只延續了兩年就宣告廢除，1月的選秀則是延續到1986年才停止。
1965年，瑞克·蒙戴成為大聯盟史上第一位選秀狀元，他被堪薩斯市運動家選走。截至2015年為止，這50個選秀狀元有23個入選過明星賽，只有4個人拿過年度最佳新人(Bob Horner、達里爾·斯塔比雷、布萊斯·哈波以及卡洛斯·柯瑞亞)。這50為選秀狀元中，只有三個人入選名人堂，分別是2016年入選的小肯·葛瑞菲、2018年入選的奇伯·瓊斯 以及2019年入選的哈洛德·貝恩斯。
截至2020年，尚有8支球隊從沒拿過選秀狀元籤，分別是藍鳥、紅雀、道奇、巨人、印地安人、紅人、紅襪和洛磯等隊。國民隊的前身博覽會隊雖然沒有拿過狀元籤，但是改名後拿了2次；運動家隊在搬到奧克蘭前曾拿過2次狀元籤，之後就未再拿過。大都會、教士與太空人則是拿過最多狀元籤的三支球隊，他們都拿過5次狀元籤。水手、海盜與光芒則是拿下4次。
關鍵詞
選秀狀元列表
註解
1972年，Goodwin並未與白襪隊簽約，選擇繼續就讀大學，他直到1975年才又投入選秀會。
Hochevar在2005年時從田納西大學畢業，但他畢業後並未與任何球隊簽約，而是在業餘球隊打球。
参考資料 |
甲状腺激素会不会让人发胖？甲状腺激素偏低，有可能是因为甲状腺激素过多。青春期的时候甲状腺激素会大量分泌，这样就会导致促甲状腺激素的含量偏低。如果甲状腺激素低，而促甲状腺激素也低，则考虑为下丘脑垂体病变，可能导致继发性的甲状腺功能减退。甲状腺功能低下引起的肥胖，称为粘液性水肿，其治疗必须是对因治疗，补充甲状腺激素，或者有必要检查一下脑垂体，只有甲状腺功能改善了，其水肿症状才会减轻甲状腺激素是由甲状腺分泌的一种激素，甲状腺激素可以促进细胞的氧化作用，使糖，脂肪的氧化加强，并为机体合成蛋白质等物质提供足够的能量。甲状腺激素异常会引起肌肉萎缩，女性出现月经减少或闭经，男性会出现生殖器萎缩，乳房发育等症状。还有可能出现疲乏无力，消瘦，功能衰竭，不孕不育，胎儿先天性缺陷，病情严重者引起精神分裂，癌变。甲状腺激素是维持身体生长发育和新陈代谢的重要激素，为人们日常所必不可少。发生在胎儿和新生儿的甲状腺激素不足，主要表现为智力低下和发育迟缓，称之为呆小病。成人的甲状腺素不足可以表现出贫血、反应迟钝、嗜睡、日常易疲劳、怕冷、精神抑郁、皮肤粗糙、便秘，在女性中可出现月经过多或闭经，并且可以出现周身黏液性浮肿等症状。如果发现甲状腺激素不足需要及时就诊，尤其是妊娠期妇女，避免因甲状腺激素不足而导致胎儿先天发育不良。一般的治疗方式是以口服甲状腺激素补充治疗为主，但是治疗需要遵从医嘱，个体化调整剂量。甲状腺功能减退时需要先完善垂体磁共振，性激素，皮质醇激素，促肾上腺皮质激素，血糖，血压等相关检查协助明确诊断后，再视状况考虑使用甲状腺激素治疗。 |
老人患宫颈癌传染吗？生活中越来越多的女性朋友都受到了宫颈癌的侵袭，大家对于宫颈癌的了解都很少，相信大家对于这种病都有一种恐惧感，甚至会觉得患上这种病就等于是宣布了死亡，其实不然，随着医学技术的进步，对于早期宫颈癌的病情我们是可以控制住病情的，很多朋友都想知道宫颈癌会不会传染，下面我们就为大家做下详细的介绍：其实担心宫颈癌传染是完全没有必要的。我们要知道，宫颈癌是妇科中较为常见的一类恶性肿瘤疾病，宫颈癌的出现跟自身身体机能的病变所造成的，也有可能是由于长期不愈的妇科炎症所引起。但是我们要知道，无论是什么类型的癌症，它本身并不具有传染性，那是因为癌细胞不会释放传染因子。有些以为宫颈癌会传染他人的患者，可能是因为自身还携带着传染性病毒等其他传染性疾病所致，在这里特别提示患者不要分辨不清。那么既然我们知道了宫颈啊不会传染给其他人，我们同时还要了解宫颈癌发病的原因，以及如何才能更好的预防这类可怕的恶性肿瘤，接下来我们来一起看看宫颈癌常见的生活诱因有哪些：1、夫妻生活较早在有些落后的地区，还会出现女性很早就开始生儿育女的情况，其实提倡晚婚晚育并不是没有原因的，越早进行夫妻生活，女性宫颈糜烂的程度就会加大。若在此期间，女性和多个男性发生关系或者生活混乱，都会加重宫颈糜烂的程度，给宫颈癌埋下诱因的果实。2、长期吸烟吸烟，无论是对男性还是女性的身体都会造成较大的影响。避免吸烟，因为吸烟可增加浸润性宫颈癌的发生率，尤其是鳞状细胞癌。长期的吸烟，可削弱机体的保护因素。3、无定期检查随着年龄的增大，人们的身体机能会逐渐走下坡路，此时，定期的检查就成为了女性对身体的一种负责态度。通常夫妻生活满三年以上的已婚女性每年应该都要定期到医院进行体检，尽早的把宫颈癌诱发的因素消灭掉。通过上述了解我们应该知道老人患宫颈癌是不会传染给他人的，但是要及时就医，控制病情发展。 |
"There Must Be More to Life Than This" is the eighth track on Queen singer Freddie Mercury's debut solo album Mr. Bad Guy, released on 29 April 1985 by Columbia Records.
The song was originally recorded by Queen for 1982's Hot Space, but failed to make the final version of the album. It was previously recorded as a duet between Mercury and Michael Jackson, along with two other songs: "State of Shock" (later reworked with Mick Jagger for a version by the Jacksons) and "Victory" (which remains unreleased).
Queen and Michael Jackson version
After Michael Jackson's death in 2009, Queen guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor took steps to secure all three Mercury/Jackson duets, with a view to releasing them in 2012. However, Taylor likened dealing with the Michael Jackson Estate to "wading through glue". Eventually, the parties agreed for "There Must Be More to Life Than This" alone to be released. "I was very pleased we had three new tracks to put on Queen Forever," said Taylor. "As well as the Michael Jackson track 'There Must Be More to Life than This', there is another song Freddie did with him, called 'State of Shock', with a massive rock sound. But we could only have one track with Michael, which is a great shame."
A contributing factor to the delay from the time it was recorded was Mercury's frustration over Jackson's insistence that his pet llama be allowed to attend recording sessions. According to manager Jim Beach Mercury told him "Can you get me out of here. I'm recording with a llama." Jackson wasn't keen on Mercury's recreational drug use during their recording sessions. Mercury returned to London soon after and the track remained unfinished.
The version on Queen Forever was produced and mixed by William Orbit, containing the original backing track from the Hot Space sessions with May on guitar, Taylor on drums and John Deacon on bass. An alternative mix by May was rejected in favour of Orbit's. A solo version recorded by Jackson has been recorded and leaked but remains unreleased.
Personnel
Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, piano
Brian May - guitar
John Deacon - bass guitar
Roger Taylor - drums, percussion
Michael Jackson - co-lead vocals
Charts
References
1982 songs
2014 songs
Freddie Mercury songs
Queen (band) songs
Michael Jackson songs
Song recordings produced by William Orbit
Songs written by Freddie Mercury
Male vocal duets |
Blevins is a surname of Welsh origin. Notable people with the surname include:
Al Blevins, American football and basketball coach
Bret Blevins, American comic book artist
Christopher Blevins, American Cyclist
Dean Blevins, American football player, and broadcaster
Frank Blevins (1939–2013), Australian politician
Gayle Blevins, American softball coach
Harold Blevins, American basketball player and coach
Harry Blevins (1935–2018), American politician
Jerry Blevins, American MLB pitcher
Juliette Blevins, American linguist
Tyler Blevins, better known as Ninja (born 1991), American eSports player
Welsh-language surnames |
婉贵妃（），名招格，索绰络氏，漢姓石氏。内务府正白旗管領下人。左都御史奎照之女、清朝咸丰帝之貴妃。
生平
婉贵妃的姑奶奶为乾隆帝的瑞貴人。她家族则是以科舉聞名的內務府世家。曾祖父德保、祖父英和與父亲奎照等人皆以詞林起家，都是飽學之士，故而推測索綽絡氏应在幼年時受到良好的教育，有一定的學識。
道光十五年九月二十七日出生。咸豐元年二月初四日，索綽絡氏參與咸豐朝第一次內務府選秀，同年二月十八日，索綽絡氏被封為婉常在，咸豐帝下達上諭：「婉常在著俟明年聽傳再行進宮」。有現代研究者認為，索綽絡氏是因為出身內務府世家而被咸豐帝破例封為常在。當時的後宮中，僅有咸豐帝登基前的妾室雲貴人武佳氏，武佳氏同樣出身內務府包衣，但是父親僅為地位卑微的披甲人。
咸豐二年五月十一日，婉常在下新進宮女子四名，《宫中档》记载索绰络氏在五月十二日被送入圓明園。根据清宫敬事房档案的记载，在同年六月三日，咸丰帝命沈贞用新宣纸一张画婉常在喜容。同时规定了纸的宽窄尺寸，交如意馆表后呈览。咸豐二年九月初九日，婉常在晉封為婉貴人 ，九月十一日，敬事房太監孫祿傳旨「婉常在著封為婉貴人，麗貴人之次，春貴人之前」。
咸豐三年六月，已降為婉常在，位序在春貴人之後，後復封為婉貴人。
咸丰四年（1855年）十二月二十四日，诏封婉嬪。咸豐五年，婉嬪看視雲嬪金棺奉移至吉安所，十二月二十八日卯時，孝靜成皇后喪期滿後，始行冊封禮。
咸豐十一年（1861年）十月初十日，同治帝即位，尊为婉妃。
同治元年二月，內務府為道光帝和咸豐帝妃嬪安排會親，定於二月十六日，婉妃會親，會親時間從早上卯時至傍晚酉時，親族人等俱出入蒼震門。
同治十三年（1874年）十一月十六日，再尊封為婉貴妃。
光绪二十年（1894年）五月十七日，婉贵妃薨逝，享年六十岁。光绪二十三年（1897年）八月初十日，金棺奉安於清東陵順水峪定陵妃園寢。
家族
婉貴妃家族先世原居黑龍江弗阿辣地方，此時其家族可能以地名為姓，姓弗阿辣氏。因為受到仇家的迫害，便遷居至索綽絡地方，改姓索綽絡氏，並且在天命年間歸順努爾哈赤。因為婉貴妃的八世祖黑勒「弱齡奉母入燕京」，投親於姑丈睿忠親王長史巴拜處，所以家族原先隸屬睿忠親王多爾袞府籍，後來才歸入內務府，隸正白旗。婉貴妃的七世祖布舒庫為內務府皮庫六品司庫，後升為驍騎校，曾隨將軍親王徵西，將軍親王到訪張允中家中時，擇其女配予布舒庫，張氏到京不到數月，清語純熟，有滿洲古風。婉貴妃的六世祖都圖曾為康熙帝御前親隨，官至領署總管內務府大臣，因身健如石被康熙帝賜漢姓「石」。婉貴妃的五世祖石錡為太學生；高祖父明德因瘡疾跛左足，未仕；曾祖父德保曾任廣東巡撫、總管內務府大臣、江南河道總督、浙閩總督、禮部尚書等職，其嫡長女為乾隆帝瑞貴人。婉貴妃的祖父英和曾任
總管內務府大臣、翰林院掌院學士、軍機大臣、協辦大學士、工部尚書、都統等職，父親奎照曾任內閣學士、禮部尚書、左都御史等職。
八世祖：黑勒
七世祖：布舒庫，配陝西延安府膚施縣貢生張允中之女張氏。
六世祖：都圖，配內務府郎中五時泰之女康氏。
五世祖：石錡，配內務府太學生登科之女誥贈一品夫人齊氏。
高祖父：明德，配內務府正白旗昭西陵茶上人四格之女誥贈一品夫人卓佳氏。
曾祖父：德保。
嫡曾祖母：王府二等衛銜咸安宮官學五品教習官瑪善之長女、貴州巡撫良卿胞妹誥封一品夫人傅察氏，乾隆帝瑞貴人生母。
親曾祖母：誥封一品夫人側室經氏。
祖父：英和。
祖母：原任漕運總督阿思哈第四女薩克達氏，字介文，號觀生閣主人，能詩善畫，尤擅指畫。
父：奎照，配浙江巡撫伊齡阿孫女（原任內務府銀庫員外郎兼佐領、武英殿總管昌儀長女）誥封一品夫人佟佳氏。
兄弟：錫祉，曾任長蘆鹽運使；錫瓚，早亡。
姐妹：輔國將軍載坤繼妻。
軼事
咸豐帝曾問崇實：「內廷主位有無親戚？」崇實回奏曰：「錫祉是奴才長親，緣內廷婉嬪乃錫子綬胞妹，實不敢明言有親也」，崇實的嫡曾祖母索綽羅氏為婉嬪祖父英和的從姐，而婉嬪的家族與崇實的家族關係密切，婉嬪祖父英和是崇實之父麟慶的座師，但是因為崇實與婉嬪只是輾轉的親戚關係，故而崇實「不敢明言有親」。
影视作品
電視劇
參考資料
清文宗妃嫔
S索
內務府正白旗滿洲索綽羅氏
正白旗滿洲佐領下人
索綽羅氏 |
冠状动脉异常起源主动脉吃什么好？冠状动脉异常起源主动脉的食疗(以下资料仅供参考，详细需咨询医生)1、枣仁粳米粥组成：酸枣仁15克，粳米100克。用法：酸枣仁炒黄研成细末。将粳米煮粥，临熟下酸枣面，空腹食用。每日～2次，1周为1个疗程，可连服数个疗程。2、莲子粳米粥组成：莲子30克，粳米50克。用法：先煮莲子如泥，再人粳米煮作粥，空腹食用，每日早晚各服1次。3、万年青茶组成：万年青25克，红糖适量。用法：将万年青加水150毫升，煎至50毫升，滤出汁。反复两次。将二汁混合，加人红糖，1日内分3次服完。每日剂，连用1周。4、猪腰粳米粥组成：猪腰1具(去内膜，洗净切细)，粳米60克，磁石50克，生姜、葱白、食盐少许。用法：将磁石捣碎，置于沙锅内煮1小时，去渣取汁，人粳米、猪腰及调料共煮成粥，每晚空腹服1次。 |
hpv阳性怎么治疗 妇科？如果检测到hpv阳性，就说明人体已经感染了人乳头瘤病毒，这时可能会让生殖器或者其它部位患上尖锐湿疣一类病毒性感染疾病，因此需要及时进行抗病毒治疗，否则就可能会有非常严重的后果。那一般来说hpv阳性怎么治疗效果会好呢？一、物理治疗.人体在感染人乳头瘤病毒之后皮肤或者生殖器表面就会长出肉眼可见的颗粒状或鸡冠状赘生物，这时可以采用物理疗法将其彻底性清除，具体可以通过激光手术、电灼以及液氮冷冻等方法来消除症状，不过要注意定期复查，以免出现症状反复发作的情况。二、局部药物治疗.如果出现的症状比较轻微，患者可以暂时只进行局部治疗，建议每天都要使用维A酸乙醇溶液或者高锰酸钾溶液擦洗患处肌肤，之后可涂抹氟尿嘧啶软膏、补骨脂酊或者二硝基氯苯软膏等外用药膏，若病损较为严重，可以在患处肌肉注射博来霉素溶液或者普鲁卡因溶液，且都要加入一些生理盐水稀释，以控制症状的发展。三、中医中药治疗.hpv阳性的患者可以选择使用中医中药辩证疗法来治，具体是服用中药方剂进行调理，这样可以在避免产生副作用，还能有效减轻产生的不良反应。HPV阳性要看究竟是低危型HPV阳性，还是高危型HPV阳性。如果是低危型HPV阳性，在临床上引起尖锐湿疣，可以用激光或者手术治疗。术后4个月再复查，看是否会转阴，因为潜伏期为4个月，所以在4个月之内不可以有性生活。如果是高危型HPV感染，绝大多数都是一过性的感染，经过1年左右的时间，身体内会自行清除，但是20%的人会持续感染，就会导致宫颈上皮的病变，甚至宫颈癌。所以，对于高危型HPV感染，首先要做阴道镜检查，如果阴道镜检查阴性，可以隔3个月、半年、1年再复查。如果检查为阳性，假如是低级别的病变，可以做宫颈的物理治疗；如果是高级别的病变，可以做宫颈的锥形切除手术。 |
2017年亞足聯U-20五人制足球錦標賽是由亚足联举办的首届亞足聯U-20五人制足球錦標賽。
参赛的21支球队将被分在4个小组小组前两名将晋级八强。
本届赛事将作为2018年夏季青年奧林匹克運動會足球项目的预选赛，冠军和亚军所在國之U18隊伍將获得参赛青奧的资格。
参赛球队
本届赛事没有资格赛，所有报名参赛的21支球队将直接获得参赛资格。
(东道主)
比賽場館
抽签
抽签将在2017年3月30日当地时间下午3点在泰国曼谷进行。 抽签分档根据2016年亞足聯五人制足球錦標賽的成绩。
分组赛
小组前两名直接晋级淘汰賽。
排名规则
球队最终排名首先根据积分确定（胜积3分、平积1分、负积0分），如果积分相同则按照以下顺序确定排名：
比较积分相同队伍之间比赛的积分，积分多者排名靠前；
比较积分相同队伍之间比赛的净胜球，净胜球多者排名靠前；
比较积分相同队伍之间比赛的进球数，进球多者排名靠前;
如果仍有球队无法确定排名，就单独给这些球队按照1~3条的标准再次排名；
比较小组赛总净胜球，净胜球多者排名靠前；
比较小组赛总进球数，进球多者排名靠前；
如果只有两队积分相同并且以上条件都不能确定排名，如果該两队是在最後一輪對賽，那么将进行点球大战；
红、黄牌积分少者排名靠前；（每张黄牌积1分、累积两张黄牌变红牌积3分、直接得红牌积3分、在已有黄牌的情况下直接得红牌积4分）
抽签。
所有时间为(UTC+7).
A组
B组
C组
D组
淘汰赛
半准决赛
准决赛
季軍戰
决赛
最终排名
晉級青奧隊伍
The following two teams from AFC qualified for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics boys' futsal tournament，在那裡他們將由他們的U-18代表隊代表。
註：參加團體運動（五人制足球，沙灘手球，曲棍球和七人制橄欖球），每個國家奧委會（NOC）的一個性別只能參加其中一隊，2018年青奧會五人制足球賽的參賽隊伍將在2018年中旬在確認每個合格的NOC確認參與名單之後，任何未使用的資格地點重新分配
参考资料
外部资料
, the-AFC.com
亞足聯U20五人制足球錦標賽
2017年亞洲五人制足球
2017年泰國體育
泰國主辦的國際足球賽事 |
The 1997 Embassy World Professional Darts Championship was held from 4–12 January 1997 at the Lakeside Country Club in Frimley Green, Surrey. It was won by Les Wallace, who became the second Scotsman to become World Darts Champion after Jocky Wilson won it twice in 1982 and 1989. Wallace defeated Wales' Marshall James 6–3 in the final. Wallace also became the first left-handed player to win either version of the World Darts Championship. It was also the second time in four years that two unseeded players had reached the Embassy final, and remains the most recent occasion that this has occurred.
Seeds
Martin Adams
Roland Scholten
Raymond van Barneveld
Richie Burnett
Steve Beaton
Colin Monk
Ronnie Baxter
Andy Fordham
Prize money
The prize money was £152,400.
Champion: £38,000
Runner-Up: £19,000
Semi-Finalists (2): £8,700
Quarter-Finalists (4): £4,400
Last 16 (8): £3,350
Last 32 (16): £2,100
There was also a 9 Dart Checkout prize of £52,000, along with a High Checkout prize of £1,600.
The Results
References
BDO World Darts Championships
BDO World Darts Championship
BDO World Darts Championship
BDO World Darts Championship
Sport in Surrey
Frimley Green |
老年预防腹胀六妙法？进入老年，人的消化系统功能往往减弱或出现紊乱，常感到腹胀，引起不适。下面方法可减少腹胀：腹胀之人忌食下列食品：番薯：又称山芋、红薯，虽有补中益气的作用，但食之过多会引起腹胀或加重腹胀。正如《纲目拾遗》中指出：“中满者不宜多食，能壅气。”古人这一经验得到今人认同，据研究，番薯中含有气化酶，所以，吃多了会引起腹胀，故患有腹胀者应当忌之。糯米：能补中益气，若制作成糯米糕则难以消化，凡腹胀之人应当忌之。明。李时珍在《本草纲目》中早就指出：“若作糕饼，性难运化，病人莫食。”脘腹作胀的病人尤忌。蚕豆：性平，味甘，虽有补中益气，健脾快胃的作用，但多食难以消化，在消化道中容易产生大量气体，所以，《本经逢原》中早有告诫：“性滞，中气虚者食之，令人腹胀。”现代研究证实：蚕豆中含有棉子糖和水苏糖，肠道中不能产生分解这两种糖的酶，这些糖通过肠道到结肠后，在结肠内受到梭状芽孢杆菌属的厌氧细菌使之发酵而导致腹胀多屁。菱角：生食能消暑解热，除烦止渴，熟食则能益气健脾，但腹胀之人皆当忌食。唐代食医孟诜早就告诫：“菱实多食令人腹胀满。”《本草衍义》认为这是由于“食生菱多则难化，是亦性冷。”栗子：能健脾养胃，但多食则难以消化，尤其是腹胀之人，当暂缓食之。唐。孟诜曾说：“栗子蒸炒食之令气拥。”《本草衍义》也认为“生者难化，熟者滞气隔食”。清。王孟英告诫“痞满忌之”，凡腹胀之人，无论生栗或熟栗，均应忌食。黄豆：凡腹胀之人，皆当忌食炒黄豆或煮黄豆。《本草纲目》中说：“多食壅气”。《本草求真》亦云：“……若使多服不节，则必见有生痰壅气动嗽之弊。”据研究，这是由于黄豆中含有棉子糖、鼠李糖等物质。即使是熟的豆制品也当忌食少食，否则不易消化，更加脘腹胀满。芋头：腹胀之人，暂不宜食。这是因为多食容易在肠内产生气体，加剧腹胀。正如《本草衍义》所说：“多食滞气困脾。”清。王孟英也告诫：“消渴宜餐，胀满勿食。”莲子：性平，味甘涩，莲子生吃宜选择鲜嫩者。《随息居饮食谱》说：“鲜者甘平，干者甘温。”但多食伤脾胃，如《本草拾遗》中指出：“生则胀人腹。”凡中满痞胀者忌食之，正如清。王孟英所言：“气郁痞胀，食不运化皆忌之。”龙眼：肉果肉甘甜，滋腻黏糯，食之不易消化，故腹胀之人应忌之。对此，《本草汇言》中就说：“甘温而润，恐有滞气。”《药品化义》也告诫：“甘甜助火，亦能作痛，中满呕吐及气膈郁结者，皆宜忌用。”砂糖：有赤砂糖与白砂糖之分，均属甘甜之物，腹胀之人皆忌食之。正如《本草求真》所言：“味甘主缓、主壅，有恋膈胀满之弊，此又不可不深思而熟察耳。”《本草从新》中又明确告诫：“中满者勿服。”正因如此，凡腹胀患者对大枣、饴糖、蜂蜜、甘草等，也皆当忌食。黄芪：功在补气，故气虚者宜之，气实者当忌。凡体质壮实的食积气滞腹胀者，切忌服食。正如《医学入门》所言“气盛者禁用”。《本草经疏》也说：“胸膈气闷，肠胃有积滞者勿用。”羊肉：清代食医王孟英曾有告诫，认为“胀满忌食”，并说：“多食动气生热。”更不可与南瓜同食，否则“令人壅气发病”。所以，腹胀之人忌食为妥。鸡蛋：根据民众经验，鸡蛋不宜多吃，尤其是腹胀之人，更当忌食。《随息居饮食谱》中曾说：“多食动风阻气，……痞满、肝郁，皆不可食。”《本草汇言》也认为：“胸中有宿食积滞未清者，勿宜用。”此处“胸中”当以“腹中”来理解，也就是说，食积腹胀者勿食鸡蛋。大枣：又称红枣。其性甘润膏凝，滋腻壅滞，无论腹胀胃胀，或满腹胀痛者，均当忌食，它有阻碍气机之弊。正如《医学入门》中所说：“心下痞，中满呕吐者忌之。”《饮食须知》也告诫：“中满者勿食。”人参：性温，味甘苦，能大补元气。但无论是气滞腹胀或是食积胀满，皆当忌之。因为人参补气，误食之会使气机更加壅滞，加重腹胀症情。当然，若属气虚腹胀，即中医所谓的虚胀，又另当别论。黄精：古人视之为养生延年之物。但黄精甘平柔润滋腻，正如《本草便读》所言：“黄精，为滋腻之品，久服令人不饥，若脾胃有湿者，不宜服之，恐其腻膈也。”《得配本草》则明确告诫：“气滞者禁用。”《中药大辞典》亦说：“痞满气滞者忌服。”凡腹部痞满作胀者切忌。此外，腹胀之人还应忌吃甘薯、甜瓜、芡实、南瓜、荔枝、饴糖、蜂蜜、豆制品、洋葱、韭菜、大蒜、辣椒、白术、甘草等。 |
伊林、涤西事件又稱伊林·涤西事件，是1966年底部分北京學生批評林彪觀點以及中央文革小组的事件。
1966年11月15日，北京农业大学附属中学的学生伊林、涤西寫了《给林彪同志的公开信》，信中批驳了林彪的言论，比如反对林彪吹毛泽东“比马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林高得多”、“马克思列宁主义的书那么多，读不完，他们离我们又太远。在马克思列宁的经典著作中，我们要百分之九十九地学习毛泽东著作”。他們把《给林彪同志的公开信》大字报張貼在清华大学內，結果該大字報馬上被视作“毒草”、“反革命”而於當天下午就被撕毁。11月18日，伊林、涤西又将公开信印成传单四处散发。11月30日，北京林學院學生李洪山贴出“踢开中央文革小组自己起来闹革命”的标语。
1966年12月14日，康生在一次座谈会上表示，“对反革命分子实行严厉镇压，这是最大的民主，……李洪山就是反革命小头目”。当月，清华大学、北京师范大学、北京大学、北京地质学院等北京院校的造反派多次举行大会，批判李洪山、伊林、涤西以及支持他们的学生。这3个人被公安机关逮捕。后来这一事件在文化大革命後获得平反。
參考資料
文化大革命 |
The second season of Tokyo Ghoul:re is the sequel to the first season of Tokyo Ghoul:re, adapted from the manga of the same name by Sui Ishida. It is the fourth and final season within the overall anime franchise. The anime is produced by Pierrot, with Pierrot Plus providing production assistance, and is directed by Odahiro Watanabe. The anime aired from October 9 to December 25, 2018 on Tokyo MX, Sun TV, TVA, TVQ and BS11.
The anime is a direct sequel to the first season of Tokyo Ghoul:re, and covers the final arc of the manga.
Yutaka Yamada returns as composer for the anime's score. The opening theme for the anime is "katharsis" by TK from Ling Tosite Sigure, and the ending theme is by österreich.
The series was released in Japan on home video by TC Entertainment, with the first volume released on December 21, 2018, and the final volume released on March 27, 2019.
Funimation announced that they would be simulcasting the series in North America, while also producing a dub as it airs. Anime Limited has licensed the series for the United Kingdom and Ireland, who simulcasted the series on Crunchyroll. In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment licensed the series, and simulcasted the series on AnimeLab in Japanese, and with Funimation's English dub.
The first episode received an advanced screening event on Yahoo! Japan's GyaO! service on September 29, 2018, at 12:00 pm JST. The advanced screening only showcased the main part of the anime, with the opening and ending themes omitted from the screening. Outside of Japan, Wakanim provided an advanced screening on October 5, 2018 in France, and AnimeLab provided an advanced screening on October 8, 2018 in Australia and New Zealand.
Episode list
Home video release
References
External links
Tokyo Ghoul episode lists |
Renate Elly Künast (born 15 December 1955) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens party. She was the Minister of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture from 2001 to 2005 and subsequently served as chairwoman of her party's parliamentary group in the Bundestag.
Early life and career
Künast was born in Recklinghausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. She studied social work in Düsseldorf and worked from 1977 to 1979 in this profession in a jailhouse in Berlin. After that she studied law at the Free University of Berlin until 1985. During her student years, she often protested against the Gorleben nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant. She later worked as lawyer specializing on aliens law and criminal law.
Political career
Career in state politics
Since 1979, Künast has been a member of the German Green Party (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), first in the Alternative List in West Berlin. In the 1990s she was member of parliament and chairwoman of the Green Party's group in the state parliament of Berlin. During that time, she won cross-party respect for her leading role in drafting a new democratic constitution for the reunified city-state. Künast eventually became the party's spokeswoman for legal issues. In 1998, she re-assumed the floor leadership post alongside Michaele Schreyer.
In national politics, Künast came to be known as a tough negotiator for her work in drafting the national red-green coalition agreement after the 1998 federal parliamentary elections. In October 1999, she was the Green' front-runner in Berlin's state elections.
From June 2000 to March 2001, Künast served as co-chair of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen on the national level, together with Fritz Kuhn.
Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 2001–2005
Künast became Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in the second government of Germany Gerhard Schröder in 2001. Since her party at the time did not allow the combination of functions in the party and the government in one person, she had to resign from her role as the party's co-chair.
By naming someone with no experience in farming to head a ministry with such sweeping powers, Schröder was widely considered gambling that any loss of support among farmers would be more than compensated by support from ecologically conscious Germans alarmed by the discovery of mad cow disease.
Künast held the office of Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection until 2005, over time becoming known for increasing consumer protection, supporting organic farming, and expanding animal welfare. During her time in office, she ranked behind only Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer in public opinion polls.
Member of the German Parliament, 2002–present
Following the 2002 elections, Künast was part of the Green Party's team in the negotiations with the Social Democrats on a coalition agreement for the second government under the leadership of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
After the 2005 federal election, Künast became co-chair of the Green Party's parliamentary group, initially together with Fritz Kuhn and later with Jürgen Trittin. In the 2005 vote, she won against Trittin and Katrin Göring-Eckardt. Also since 2005, she has been serving on the Committee on the Election of Judges (Wahlausschuss), which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
Künast announced on 5 November 2010 that she we would be the candidate for Governing Mayor of Berlin for Alliance 90/The Greens in the 2011 Berlin state election. At the time of the announcement, her party was eight percentage points ahead of the Social Democrats in the opinion polls. Under her leadership, the Green Party came third with 17.6 percent of the vote, ten percentage points behind the Social Democrates but still up from the 13.1 percent they won in the previous election. However, incumbent Klaus Wowereit from the Social Democrats chose to enter a coalition with the conservative CDU, leaving Künast without any role in Berlin state politics.
Ahead of the 2013 elections, Künast announced her candidacy to lead the Green Party’s campaign. In an internal vote, she ultimately lost against Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Jürgen Trittin.
After the 2013 elections, the resignation of Künast and Trittin as co-leaders of the Green Party's group in parliament cleared the way for the election of Göring-Eckardt and Anton Hofreiter. Instead, Künast unsuccessfully ran against Claudia Roth for the office of Vice President of the German Bundestag. She eventually served as chairwoman of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection from 2014 until 2017. Since 2018, she has been a member of the Committee on Food and Agriculture.
In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Künast led her party's delegation in the working group on agriculture and nutrition; her co-chairs from the other parties are Till Backhaus and Carina Konrad.
Other activities
Corporate boards
KfW, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2003-2005)
Non-profit organizations
Stiftung Forum Recht, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2022)
Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Member of the Board of Trustees
Association of German Foundations, Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board
German Forum for Crime Prevention (DFK), Member of the Board of Trustees
German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ), Member of the Board of Trustees
Humanist Union, Member
In addition, Künast serves on the board of trustees of the Berlin-based AIDS-Hilfe (AIDS-Help) group, and is an honorary member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation and the Angelo Roncalli Committee within that organization.
Political positions
Human rights
In 2010, Künast criticized Chancellor Angela Merkel for speaking at an award ceremony for Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard in Potsdam, arguing that while it was true that the right to freedom of expression also applies to Westergaard's controversial Muhammad cartoons "if a chancellor also makes a speech on top of that, it serves to heat up the debate."
In August 2012, Künast was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy Riot. "Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate", the lawmakers said in the letter. "In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts -- even if they can be seen as provocative -- must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms."
In 2015, Künast was the initiator of a bill in favor of legalizing assisted suicide, arguing that "a punishment of commercial euthanasia would expose doctors to the severe risk of legal investigations." However, the Bundestag later voted to criminalize organizations that assist patients seeking to terminate their lives in return for payment and makes assisting a suicide punishable by up to three years in prison.
Regulation of digital platforms
In 2021, Künast requested the personal data of several Facebook users to pursue the authors of 22 insulting comments against her, many of which were of a sexist or violent nature. In 2022, the Federal Constitutional Court sided with Künast personal data.
Economic policy
Amid the financial crisis of 2007–08, Künast proposed to solve the state-owned banks' financial woes and to merge the Germany's then eight regional banks into one institution, which would concentrate on regional economic development. In a 2008 interview with newspaper Welt am Sonntag: "The regional banks should be merged into one and their functions need to be clearly laid out." Ahead of the 2009 federal elections, in an attempt to come up with an antidote to the other political parties' hijacking of green ideas, Künast and her fellow lead candidate Jürgen Trittin backed up their critique of incumbent Chancellor Angela Merkel's government with a "Green New Deal", calling for €20 billion ($27.4 billion) a year to be invested in climate protection, environmental technology and education.
Consumer protection
In 2010, Künast called for a ban on advertising for sweets aimed at children.
Relations with the CDU
Over the course of her career, Künast has regularly dismissed prospects for an alternative coalition between the Greens and Angela Merkel's Christian Democratic Union on a national level.
Recognition
In 2010, Künast – along with Cécile Duflot, Monica Frassoni, and Marina Silva – was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers, for taking Green mainstream.
Personal life
Künast has been married to lawyer Rüdiger Portius since 2011. From 2001, she shared an apartment with Katrin Göring-Eckardt in Berlin’s Friedenau district.
Controversy
Hate speech
Künast was personally extremely insulted by hate speech on the net; mostly on Facebook she got sexually insulted. Künast fights more consistently than almost any other German politician against these form of violent by anonymous persons.
The Berlin Regional Court initially found that these were all permissible expressions of opinion, Künast had provoked these comments because of a misleading statement in 1986 about sex with children. Künast lodged an appeal. As a result, the district court obliged Facebook to provide information about the authors of some comments, so that the politician could take legal action against these people.
All this has been annulled by the Federal Constitutional Court (BVG) in February 2022. The Berlin courts had not weighed properly. The Berlin court had always evaluated all comments in the context of the discussion, BVG said. But even with a reference to a public debate, not everything is allowed.
Antisemitism
In July 2009 Künast was accused of antisemitism by the Jerusalem Post, after she had allegedly been overheard calling the pro-Israel "Stop The Bomb" organisation a "Mossad front", which she denied.
Domestic security
In October 2015 Künast advised the police officer Tania Kambouri during a talk show that the police should take their shoes off before raids in mosques. Kambouri had published a book about her experience with the rising violence by Muslim men against law enforcement and especially against women.
In July 2016 Künast posted a Tweet in which she questioned the shooting of an Afghan refugee and ISIS sympathiser who severely injured five people with an axe. She was criticized for publicly accusing the police of wrongdoing without knowing the details and before the official investigation was started. Members from her party distanced themselves from the statement and said that they trusted the German police. Police union chief Rainier Wendt called her a "parliamentary smart aleck".
Bibliography
Die Dickmacher. Warum die Deutschen immer fetter werden und was wir dagegen tun müssen. Riemann Verlag, 2004, .
Klasse statt Masse. Die Erde schätzen, den Verbraucher schützen. Econ Ullstein List Verlag, München 2002.
''Der Mordfall Schmücker und der Verfassungs„schutz". Dokumentation seit dem 29. September 1986, vorgelegt von Renate Künast (MdA), Februar 1987. Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz, Fraktion des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin, 1987.
References
External links
Renate Künast, Member of the German Parliament
Renate Künast interview in Exberliner magazine
1955 births
Living people
Agriculture ministers of Germany
Female members of the Bundestag
Federal government ministers of Germany
Leaders of political parties in Germany
Members of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
Members of the Bundestag for Berlin
People from Recklinghausen
Women federal government ministers of Germany
21st-century German women politicians
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens |
刺殺（），是棒球比賽中，野手使跑壘員或擊球員直接出局的行為。
刺殺紀錄的認定
多數的出局都必須在野手持球的情況下才能形成（包括接殺、封殺、觸殺和三振），因此當攻方球員被宣判出局時，原則上刺殺的紀錄會給予當下持球的野手。當然也存在不少攻方球員在沒有野手持球的情況下出局的例外情況，此時會有另外的規則判定刺殺紀錄應給予的野手。例如跑壘員佔一壘且小於兩出局時，捕手未接獲第三好球，打者被判出局，此時應給予捕手刺殺的紀錄；或是打者因觸擊失敗而被三振，此時也應給予捕手刺殺的紀錄。
外部链接
棒球术语
棒球統計 |
李國璋（）為臺灣政治人物，第7、9至11屆新竹市議員，曾任新竹農產運銷公司總經理、三民社區發展協會理事長。2006年進入新竹市議會。議員任內反對性別平等教材進入校園、檢討關埔國小校舍容積率，並擔任「汙水專管埋設進度監督小組」召集人，推動新竹市汙水下水道建置。2022年退出中國國民黨，加入臺灣民眾黨，任新竹市黨部副主委。
選舉紀錄
参考文獻
外部連結
新竹市議會第七屆議員
新竹市議會第九屆議員
新竹市議會第十屆議員
新竹市議會第十一屆議員
台灣民眾黨籍男性縣市議員
李姓
中國文化大學校友 |
药流后要不要住院？药物流产又称药流，是用药物终止妊娠的一种方法，药物流产是近年来的新发现，不同于传统的手术方法，药物流产通过打针或者服药达到终止妊娠的目的，因此受到越来越多的人的欢迎。药流是一种比较方便的妊娠终止法，相比人流疼痛小一些，孕49内可进行。孕妇在药流以后一般是不需要住院的，但是在服药后孕妇服药后病人还需要在医院再观察6个钟头左右，观察的内容既包括孕妇的血压、脉搏，还包括大小便。孕妇的大小便都必须要保留在干净的便盆之中，经过专业人员的检查与记录，记录内容包括是否有胎囊排除，排出的具体时间，以及出血量等。如果在此期间胎囊没有排出、且下身出血量也不多的情况下，就可以先回家，并根据医嘱及时进行回诊。药物流产会使女性的身体变得很虚弱，所以在药流后应该注意以下事项：1、注意休息。药流对卵巢、子宫会造成一定的伤害，因此为了快速恢复，建议应该休息2周。2、注意卫生。药流后为了防止感染，应注意保持会阴部卫生，不能使用盆浴。3、一个月内禁房事。经过药流之后，妇女的身体是比较虚弱的，而且子宫等部位也没有休养好，同时也很容易受到细菌的再次感染。所以房事会增加妇女受到感染的几率，也会让妇女的身体难以得到正常的恢复。4、组织物排出后需在医院留察1小时。若阴道流血不多可以回家休息。5、注意会阴清洁，阴道流血未净时禁盆浴及性生活。6、流产后的最初2～3天，阴道流血量一般相当于月经量或略多于月经量，若阴道流血量很多或持续不净要及时就诊。7、未见组织物排出者用药后观察2周，期间大、小便时应注意有无组织物排出。每周送尿作妊娠试验检查。8、流产后可能很快恢复排卵，应采取避孕措施，以免再次妊娠。 |
肠胃一受凉就肚痛拉肚子怎么办？功能正常的肠道，一般是并不害怕温度，和所谓的一般食物刺激的，所以并不是所有人着凉就会拉肚子。但就像我们的皮肤一样，肠道也是有“脆弱敏感型”的。由于出现了脾胃虚寒的症状。有的人肚子一受凉就疼。根据具体病因进行合理的诊治，出现了肚子着凉导致的拉肚子的现象，应该注意合理的肠胃保健，应该保持腹部的保暖。进行合理的调整，可以通过食疗的方法来缓解病情，也可以通过用药的方法来治疗疾病，一般根据患者的实际情况选择正确的治疗方法，对患者的身体健康也是比较好的，预防腹部疼痛的产生肚子着凉如果出现拉肚子现象，平时可以通过使用肚脐部位热敷的方法进行调理，也可以通过使用姜汤的方法来进行饮食搭配，就一定得去寒的作用，对人的腹部保健也是比较好的，对由于肚子着凉导致的腹泻的症状，也有很好的辅助治疗效果。有的如果出现了肚子着凉引起的腹泻的现象，可以通过使用拔火罐的方法进行祛寒，效果也是比较好的，在拔火罐的过程中，在肚脐的周围选择拔火罐，对腹泻这个疾病的辅助治疗都有很好的效果，起到一个驱寒的作用。肚子着凉是一种比较常见现象，如果由于这种原因导致的腹泻的产生，最好多吃一些健脾养胃的食物，对健康也是比较好的，可以通过使用艾条的方法进行调理，首先应该把姜片放在肚脐周围，然后在姜片儿中间点燃艾草进行炙烤，这种治疗的方法可以在一定程度上缓解病情。肚子着凉的情况是一种比较常见的症状，，如果出现了比较明显的腹泻的症状，平时应该注意合理的饮食安排，适当的吃一些小米粥，对健康也是比较好的，平时最好多吃一些营养丰富的食物，适当的吃一些助消化的食物，能够有效的缓解这一症状的产生，平时应该多喝一些温开水，在睡眠的过程中应该注意腹部的保暖。 |
阴蒂肥大的诊断是什么？在女性耻丘的正下方、小阴唇会合处，有一个直径约0.5公分的小突起，名叫“阴蒂”，它是人类唯一只与性欲激发和性感受有关的器官，为传递性刺激的动情中心。阴蒂肥大的病人，其肥大程度差异很大，从外观上看，有的完全像成年男子了阴茎。 |
韩杼滨（），男，黑龍江哈爾濱人，中华人民共和国政治人物。曾任中華人民共和國最高人民檢察院檢察長、中華人民共和國鐵道部部長、中共中央紀律檢查委員會副書記、中央社會治安綜合治理委員會副主任、中國法學會會長。
生平
1932年生於哈爾濱。1950年加入中國共產黨。韩杼滨自1946年4月起長期在鐵路系統工作，起初在哈尔滨铁路局顾乡屯站担任站务员，后曾在哈尔滨列车段担任运转车长，1949年随铁道兵南下干部大队由黑龙江南下，此后在柳州铁路局工作三十余年，先后在柳州铁路局和上海铁路局担任局长。於1992年到1998年，任中華人民共和國鐵道部部長，任职期间中国铁路实施第一次大提速，1998年後任最高人民檢察院檢察長、中华人民共和国首席大檢察官，兼任中国共产党中央纪律检查委员会副書記、中央社會治安綜合治理委員會副主任。2003年交卸檢察長及其他職務後，接替任建新，擔任中國法學會會長，2013年卸任。
参考文献
外部链接
韩杼滨
|-
Zhu杼滨
哈尔滨人
中国共产党党员 (1950年入党)
上海铁路局局长
柳州铁路局局长
中华人民共和国铁道部部长
中国法学会会长
中国共产党第十五届中央纪律检查委员会副书记 |
The American Federation of Hosiery Workers (AFHW) was a labor union representing workers involved in manufacturing hosiery.
The union's origins lay in the United Textile Workers of America (UTWA), which in 1913 formed a craft group named the American Federation of Full Fashioned Hosiery Workers. In 1915, this split from the UTWA to become independent, and while it rejoined the UTWA in 1922, it remained autonomous and affiliated to the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in its own right. On rejoining the UTWA, it adopted its final name.
The union had 10,000 members in 1926. In 1939, the UTWA merged into the new Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA), and the AFHW adopted a similar relationship with this new union. However, in 1951 it split from the TWUA and received a new charter from the AFL, transferring in 1955 to the new AFL–CIO. By 1957, it still had 10,000 members. In 1976, it merged with the TWUA and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union.
See also
Carl Mackley Houses
References
Defunct trade unions in the United States
Textile and clothing trade unions
Trade unions established in 1915
Trade unions disestablished in 1976 |
百利大道（）是一条位于休斯敦的道路。百利大道通过大夏普斯敦区、中国城、阿列夫、夏普斯敦、高尔夫敦、 百利、南边径市和西大学地。
参考文献
休斯敦街道 |
《模式识别》（）為美国科幻小说家威廉·吉布森於2003年出版之小说。此书為吉布森第一部关于当代社会的作品，也是第一部直接提及911事件的文学作品之一。
本书改编的一部同名电影《模式识别》的制作计划已被华纳公司放弃。
參見
威廉·吉布森
911事件
無印良品
外部連結
作者此书的网页（英文）
2003年長篇小說
P
P |
Who I Am is the second studio album by Canadian country rock artist Cory Marks, and was released on August 7, 2020 through Better Noise Music. It includes the singles "Outlaws and Outsiders", "Drive" and "Blame It on the Double".
Background
Marks spent five years co-writing and recording the songs for this album with producer Kevin Churko. Marks frequently travelled from his hometown North Bay, Ontario to Churko's studio "The Hideout" in Las Vegas, Nevada to work on the album.
Critical reception
Dave Brooks of Billboard referred to the album as the "Long Awaited Next Generation Country Rock Record". Nanci Dagg of Canadian Beats Media said of Marks and the album: "his style is outlaw country/country rock and he pulls it off like no other. He has a boisterous sound and unique style that will always impress those who have come to know him and his music". Rock 'N' Load Magazine said the "album is packed with a gnarly backbone and beautiful melodies intertwined right across the thirteen fine recordings". Andy Morley of Maximum Volume Music stated the album is "for the good ol’ boys, [it's] never meaning no harm, oh and it's going to take over the world. See, a college hockey player, and a pilot he might have been, but these days Cory Marks is about to break out as a big star.
Singles
Marks released his first single on Better Noise Music, "Outlaws & Outsiders", featuring Ivan Moody, Travis Tritt, and Mick Mars, in November 2019. It debuted at #1 on iTunes in Canada as well as #1 on the Billboard Rock Digital Songs and Hard Rock Digital Songs charts and #7 on the Country Digital Songs charts and would later peak inside the top 10 on US Mainstream Rock radio, top 5 on German rock radio, and at #12 on Canada Rock radio.
Marks released three promotional singles, "Better Off", "Blame It on the Double", and "Devil's Grin", prior to officially announcing the album.
In June 2020, Marks released "Drive", and announced it as the second single to country radio off the simultaneously announced album.
"Blame It on the Double" became the album’s second single to rock radio in Germany and the United Kingdom in October 2020. A later version of the song featuring Tyler Connolly of Theory of a Deadman was sent to Canadian country radio, while another version featuring Connolly and Jason Hook was sent to Canadian rock radio.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.
Scotty Alexander - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, fiddle, banjo
Jay Buettner - electric guitar
Kane Churko - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keys, production, engineering
Kevin Churko - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass guitar, keys, drums, production, engineering, mixing, mastering
Khloe Churko - studio assistance
Jody Domingue - photography
Alex Donaldson - electric guitar
Joel Ferguson - steel guitar, slide guitar
Bob Funk - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, banjo
Tristin Hardin - editing
Lzzy Hale - featured vocals on "Out in the Rain"
Shane Hendrickson - bass guitar
Cory Marks - lead vocals, acoustic guitar, drums
Mick Mars - electric guitar on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
Shawn McGhee - editing
Ivan Moody - featured vocals on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
Marc Muller - electric guitar, steel guitar, slide guitar
Ed Regan - photography
Travis Tritt - featured vocals on "Outlaws & Outsiders"
Justin Schipper - steel guitar, slide guitar
Adam Wakeman - organ
John Wellman - artwork
Charts
Album
Singles
Awards and nominations
Release history
References
2020 albums
Cory Marks albums |
Kew Gardens station or Kew Gardens railway station may refer to:
Kew Gardens station (London), London Underground and London Overground station in Kew, Richmond upon Thames, England
Kew Gardens railway station (Merseyside), England
Kew Gardens station (LIRR), Queens, New York City, United States
Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station, New York City Subway, United States
See also
Kew railway station (disambiguation)
Botanical Garden (disambiguation) § Transport |
奥特贡采采格·嘎勒巴德拉赫（，），蒙古、哈萨克斯坦女子柔道运动员，2016年夏季奥运会女子48公斤级铜牌得主、2017年世界柔道锦标赛女子48公斤级铜牌得主、2018年世界柔道锦标赛女子48公斤级铜牌得主。
参考资料
蒙古国运动员
哈萨克斯坦柔道运动员
归化哈萨克斯坦公民
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會柔道運動員
2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會柔道運動員
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主
哈薩克奧林匹克運動會銅牌得主
奧林匹克運動會柔道獎牌得主
2018年亞洲運動會柔道運動員
哈萨克斯坦亚洲运动会铜牌得主
亚洲运动会柔道奖牌得主
2018年亞洲運動會銅牌得主
世界大学生运动会柔道奖牌得主
2017年夏季世界大學運動會獎牌得主 |
Musa Piroğlu (1968, Hirfanlı, Kirşehir) is a Turkish politician of the Revolutionary Party and a current member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for the People's Democratic Party (HDP)
Early life and education
Following his graduation from high school he entered the vocational school at the Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir in 1986. During his studies he had a working accident while being employed as a construction worker. As a result, he was diagnosed with a spinal cord injury and since uses a wheelchair. After the completion of his studies, he worked as a history teacher for fifteen years.
Political career
During his political career, he participated in several parties, such as the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) and the Socialist Democracy Party (SDP). He was elected to the Turkish parliament in the parliamentary elections of 2018 for Istanbul representing the HDP. During a protest against the dismissal from parliament of fellow MPs Leyla Güven and Musa Farisoğullari, he attempted to impede water cannon trucks to chase the protesters by blocking the road with his wheel chair, following which he was pushed to the floor by the police. He is the spokesperson of the disabled for the HDP.
References
Turkish politicians
1968 births
Living people
People from Kırşehir Province
Dokuz Eylül University alumni |
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| 小行星125952|| || 2001年12月8日 || 可可尼诺县 || 洛厄尔天文台近地小行星搜寻计划
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| 小行星125956|| || 2001年12月13日 || 帕洛马山 || 近地小行星追踪
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Carolyn Elizabeth Robinson Cassady (April 28, 1923 – September 20, 2013) was an American writer and associated with the Beat Generation through her marriage to Neal Cassady and her friendships with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and other prominent Beat figures. She became a frequent character in the works of Jack Kerouac.
Early life
Carolyn Elizabeth Robinson was born in Lansing, Michigan, on April 28, 1923. The youngest of five siblings, her father Charles S. Robinson was a college professor of nutrition and biochemist and her mother a former English teacher. They raised their children according to strict conventional values. She spent the first eight years of her childhood in East Lansing, then the family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where she attended the Ward-Belmont College Preparatory School for Girls. Although she enjoyed the school, she was less happy with Nashville, and chose to spend her summers in Glen Lake, Michigan.
After the move to Nashville, she developed her lifelong interest in the fine arts and theater arts. She began formal art lessons at age 9, sold her first portrait at age 14, and continued her interest in portrait painting as an adult. At age 12, she joined the Nashville Community Playhouse, where she won awards for set designs, and became the head of the make-up department at age 16. She secured a scholarship to Bennington College, where she initially studied art and then switched to drama.
Education
In 1943, she studied for six months in New York City. Until her roommate and she could find an apartment of their own, they were hosted by playwright Robert E. Sherwood. By day, she worked for Dazian's fabric company; by night, she studied at Traphagen School of Fashion. She browsed the local museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) for obscure patterns and fabrics. She attended Broadway theatre productions, witnessed the beginning of the American Ballet Theatre, and took in performances of the biggest swing bands of the era. Both her roommate and she became air raid wardens, serving as auxiliary members of the NYPD.
At Bennington College, Carolyn took classes with Martha Graham, Erich Fromm, Peter Drucker, Francis Ferguson, and Theodore Roethke, obtaining her bachelor of arts degree in Stanislavsky drama in 1944. After graduation, she became an occupational therapist for the U.S. Army, and served at Torney General Hospital in Palm Springs, California. When WWII ended, she returned to Nashville to continue her work at the Nashville Community Playhouse, paint, and recover from her war experiences.
In 1946, she moved to Denver, Colorado, to study for her master's degree in fine arts and theater arts at the University of Denver. She worked as a teaching assistant and began a theater arts department for the Denver Art Museum.
Involvement with the Beat Generation
In March 1947, Carolyn met Neal Cassady, Jack Kerouac, and Allen Ginsberg. Allen stayed in her residence hotel apartment for two weeks before finding an apartment of his own, and Jack accompanied her to rehearsals at the university. In the evenings, Carolyn, Neal, and Jack frequented Denver's clubs to dance and hear music. During this period, Carolyn and Neal began their love affair, though at the time he was still married to his first wife, Lu Anne Henderson. In August 1947, Carolyn was shocked to find Lu Anne, Neal, and Allen naked in bed together. She decided her brief romance with Neal was over and departed for Hollywood on the promise of a job as costume designer for Western Costume Company. While waiting for the job to open, Carolyn moved north to San Francisco, staying initially with an older married sister before finding temporary work and an apartment of her own.
In a 2008 interview with literary magazine Notes from the Underground, Cassady stated, "As far as I'm concerned, the Beat Generation was something made up by the media and Allen Ginsberg." She went on to say that Jack Kerouac could not stand the public image that was created for him.
Marriage to Neal Cassady
When the job as costume designer finally came through, she declined because she was pregnant. Neal followed her to California and they married on April 1, 1948. On September 7, 1948, Carolyn gave birth to a daughter, Cathleen Joanne, the first of their three children. Neal worked at various jobs, finally becoming a brakeman for the Southern Pacific Railroad. His new wife expected life to settle down, but that December, he spent their savings on a new maroon Hudson and made a trip with his friend Al Hinkle and Lu Anne to connect with Kerouac in North Carolina. Although Neal did make provisions for Carolyn and baby Cathy's care, she considered Neal's sudden departure desertion and told him not to return. The story was immortalized in Kerouac's On the Road. Believing the marriage was finished, Carolyn moved with her infant daughter to an apartment near Mission Dolores in San Francisco.
At the end of January 1949, Neal dropped Jack and LuAnne off on a San Francisco street corner and was back in Carolyn's life. Neal took care of baby Cathleen during the day, while Carolyn worked as an assistant to a radiologist. In San Francisco, Jack spent a few days as a guest in their apartment before returning to New York. After Neal resumed work with the Southern Pacific Railroad, the family moved to better housing. In 1952, Jack joined them for several months, beginning to write Visions of Neal, which later became On the Road, Visions of Cody, and other works. With Neal's encouragement, Carolyn and Jack began an affair that continued until 1960. In 1953, Jack joined Neal working as a brakeman for the Southern Pacific Railroad, and he lived with them after they moved to San Jose, California.
Carolyn and Neal had two more children, a daughter, Jami, and a son, John Allen, who was named after Jack (Jean-Louis) Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. After receiving compensation from a railroad injury, they bought a home in Monte Sereno, California, which was then part of Los Gatos, a suburb about 50 miles south of San Francisco. Jack, Allen, and the other Beat writers often visited their Monte Sereno home.
Carolyn continued to paint portraits and became costume designer and make-up artist for the Los Gatos Academy of Dance, the Wagon Stagers, the San Jose Opera Company, the San Jose Light Opera Company, and the drama club of the University of Santa Clara. In 1958, Neal was arrested by narcotic agents to whom he had given three marijuana cigarettes. He was accused of drug trafficking and served two years at San Quentin State Prison, leaving Carolyn to take care of their children and fend for herself on welfare. During this period, she also continued her painting and theater work.
After Neal was released from prison, he lost his railroad job for good and became progressively less reliable. When his parole ended in 1963, Carolyn decided to divorce him, mostly to free him from the burden of family obligations, a decision she later regretted. Without employment or family to anchor him, Neal joined Ken Kesey's band of Merry Pranksters and embarked on an endless series of road trips, dying in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico on February 4, 1968, four days short of his 42nd birthday. Although the exact cause of Neal's death was never determined, it is believed to have been caused by a combination of drug/alcohol use and exposure to the elements.
Later life and death
Carolyn worked at a local newspaper and for radiologists, and she also extended her theater activities. In 1970, Doubleday commissioned her to write her memoirs of her life with Neal and Jack. However, she was unable to secure permission to print Kerouac's letters, and the book was temporarily shelved. Published in 1976, her memoir Heart Beat: My Life with Jack and Neal was later made into the 1980 movie Heart Beat starring Sissy Spacek as Carolyn.
Carolyn was a founding member of the Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine (APM), and during the early 1970s, served for four years as their correspondence secretary. In that capacity, she met many in the occult and medical world, including Uri Geller, Andrija Puharich, the Findhorn people, and astronaut Edgar Mitchell, who started an institution much like APM after he had seen Earth as a blue jewel. She also became acquainted with eminent astrologer Dane Rudhyar, and she corresponded with one of the Russian scientists behind the book Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. When APM closed, she served as office manager for a company that imported bamboo stakes from China to stock American nurseries.
After all three children had married and left home, Carolyn longed for more cultural life than was available in the San Francisco suburbs. Her ancestors were all buried in England, and she had been brought up with many English customs, so in 1983, she moved to England. With London as her home base, she traveled extensively in Europe, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union, making many friends. In 1990, her memoirs were finally published in London as Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg. Carolyn participated in the 2011 documentary film Love Always, Carolyn, in which she claims she is fighting a losing battle for the truth about Neal Cassady and Kerouac. She made her home in the English county of Berkshire, living near the town of Bracknell, about an hour outside London.
After lapsing into a coma after an emergency appendectomy, Carolyn died at the age of 90 on September 20, 2013, at her home in Bracknell.
Depicted in fiction
In Kerouac's novel On the Road, Carolyn's character is named "Camille". In the film adaptation On the Road (2012), Camille is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst. She also appears as "Evelyn Pomeray" in Kerouac's books Big Sur, Desolation Angels, Visions of Cody, and Book of Dreams. In John Clellon Holmes' novel Go, she appears as "Marilyn".
Bibliography
Heart Beat: My Life with Jack and Neal (1976)
Off the Road: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg (1996)
References
Further reading
Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac, and Ginsberg. New York: Morrow, 1990; London: Black Spring Press, 1990; new Black Spring Press edition, 2007.
External links
Official Neal Cassady site by Carolyn Cassady and family
Official site for John Allen Cassady, Carolyn's son
Literary Kicks: Carolyn Cassady
Heart Beat review
Carolyn Cassady interview
BBC: On the Road to Desolation
"For Beat's Sake", interview with Carolyn Cassady
Carolyn Cassady @ Kerouac Alley
Victoria Mixon interviews Carolyn Cassady
1923 births
2013 deaths
Writers from Lansing, Michigan
American people of English descent
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Beat Generation writers
Ward–Belmont College alumni
Bennington College alumni
University of Denver alumni
Artists from Michigan
People from Monte Sereno, California |
睾丸被打疼痛会怎么样？睾丸被打疼从而受伤之后，对于男性是有着很大的影响的，因为睾丸一旦受伤，身体健康也会受到一定的影响，除此之外，男性的性功能必然也会受到影响。如果受伤的情况不是特别严重的话，可以吃消炎药进行治疗。但如果疼痛现象非常严重的话，就一定要及时去医院进行治疗了。一、睾丸被打疼痛的影响：睾丸受伤之后也是非常疼痛的，男性平时一定要保护好自己的下体，一旦下体受伤了，对于身体是很有危害的，不仅会出现疼痛的感觉，甚至会影响到男性的性功能，所以男性必须要注意，如果男性睾丸疼痛的话，要及时到医院看医生，千万不要拖时间太久，对于男性的健康是不利的，很可能造成一些男性重要的疾病，影响到男性的性功能。二、睾丸被打疼痛的解决方法：1男性出现睾丸疼痛之后，应该及时到医院进行治疗，情况不太严重的话，可以吃一些消炎药物治疗，以免引起感染，通过消炎药物的治疗之后，睾丸疼痛的情况就会好很多，坚持吃药几天，症状就会减轻。2男性睾丸疼痛如果比较严重的话应该及时，去做个身体检查，检查出来，如果出血了，那么情况就比较严重，一方面需要进行输液治疗，先要做消炎抗感染，另一方面还要继续做身体检查。3男性如果睾丸受伤了，之后出现了睾丸疼痛，那个情况是非常严重的，做完检查之后，甚至要做手术治疗，微创手术对于男性也有一定影响的，所以一般情况下是不做微创手术的，男人一定要考虑清楚。男生受伤之后出现睾丸疼痛，千万不要强忍着不治疗，男性器官对我们很重要，是不能受伤的，一旦受伤，也必须及时接受治疗，才能早点把我们的病治好。 |
The 2018 Ladies Open Lugano (also known as the 2018 Samsung Open presented by Cornèr for sponsorship reasons) was a women's tennis tournament played on clay courts at TC Lido Lugano. It was the second edition of the tournament (the first to take place in Lugano) and part of the International category of the 2018 WTA Tour. It took place between 9 April through 15 April 2018.
Points and prize money
Point distribution
Prize money
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 2 April 2018.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
Svetlana Kuznetsova
Jil Teichmann
Stefanie Vögele
The following players received entry using a protected ranking into the main draw:
Mandy Minella
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Alexandra Cadanțu
Kathinka von Deichmann
Richèl Hogenkamp
Tamara Korpatsch
Danka Kovinić
Vera Lapko
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
Magdalena Fręch
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Polona Hercog
Kiki Bertens → replaced by Mandy Minella
Dominika Cibulková → replaced by Kristýna Plíšková
Sorana Cîrstea → replaced by Hsieh Su-wei
Anna-Lena Friedsam → replaced by Yulia Putintseva
Kateryna Kozlova → replaced by Laura Siegemund
Maria Sakkari → replaced by Kirsten Flipkens
Carla Suárez Navarro → replaced by Magdalena Fręch
Retirements
Kristina Mladenovic
Laura Siegemund
Doubles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 2 April 2018.
Other entrants
The following pair received a wildcard into the main draw:
Amandine Hesse / Kristina Mladenovic
The following pair received entry as alternates:
Réka-Luca Jani / Danka Kovinić
Withdrawals
Before the tournament
Kristina Mladenovic
Champions
Singles
Elise Mertens def. Aryna Sabalenka, 7–5, 6–2
Doubles
Kirsten Flipkens / Elise Mertens def. Vera Lapko / Aryna Sabalenka, 6–1, 6–3
References
External links
Ladies Open Lugano
Ladies Open Lugano
Ladies Open Lugano
2018 in Swiss tennis |
Innerst i sjelen, in the United Kingdom: Deep Within My Soul, is a 1994 album by Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø. It is named for the song "Innerst i sjelen", written by Ole Paus and Lars Børke. Kyrkjebø's cover version of the song gained wide popularity in the 1990s.
After a tour in Scandinavia countries, Kyrkjebø wanted to gather songs that could comfort and give hope, songs that told the story of longing, strong beliefs and hope, trust and love through countries and generations. As a special treat, the Olympic Hymn and Olympic Theme song from Lilehammer Olympic Winter Games in 1994 is included. The latter was in duet with Plácido Domingo.
The song Fire In Your Heart was recorded in a canteen. Because of the tight schedules of both Plácido Domingo and Kyrkjebø, they had only a few hours to record this English version of the Olympics anthem before the opening ceremony. When they recorded the song in the canteen, coffee cups and food could still be seen on the tables!
James Horner, the composer of the music in the movie Titanic, knew Kyrkjebø from this album and he particularly liked how she sang Eg Veit I Himmerik Ei Borg (I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle). Horner had tried 25 or 30 singers and, in the end, he chose Kyrkjebø to sing the wordless tune.
Track listing
Scandinavia version
01. Innerst i sjelen
02. Våkn opp, min sjel
03. Se ilden lyse
04. Eg veit i himmerik ei borg
05. Alma Redemtoris
06. Som fagre blomen
07. Stevtone
08. I skovens dybe stille ro
09. Stolt Margjit
10. Tíðin rennur
11. Bred dina vida vingar
12. Fire In Your Heart (duet with Plácido Domingo)
Olympic bonus tracks
01. Prosesjon
02. Hymne Olympique
UK version
01. Deep Within My Soul (Innerst i sjelen)
02. Awaken My Soul (Våkn opp, min sjel)
03. Fire In Your Heart (Se ilden lyse)
04. Castle In The Sky (Eg veit i himmerik ei borg)
05. Mother Of Our Saviour (Alma Redemtoris)
06. Flower Of Beauty (Som fagre blomen)
07. Folk Song (Stevtone)
08. In The Quiet Of The Forest (I skovens dybe stille ro)
09. Proud Margijt (Stolt Margjit)
10. Time Flows (Tíðin rennur)
11. Spread Your Wide Wings (Bred dina vida vingar)
12. Fire In Your Heart (Solo Version)
13. Castle In The Sky (1995 Remix)
Japan version
01. Innerst i sjelen
02. Våkn opp, min sjel
03. Se ilden lyse
04. Eg veit i himmerik ei borg
05. Alma Redemtoris
06. Som fagre blomen
07. Stevtone
08. I skovens dybe stille ro
09. Stolt Margjit
10. Tíðin rennur
11. Bred dina vida vingar
12. Fire In Your Heart (duet with Plácido Domingo)
Olympic bonus tracks:
01. Prosesjon
02. Hymne Olympique
03. Våren, vatnet og fela
04. Imagine
References
1994 albums
Sissel Kyrkjebø albums |
97号美国国道（）是一条南北方向的美国国道。该公路连接了加利福尼亚州威德和华盛顿州埃伦斯堡，全长663英里。
路径
加利福尼亚州
俄勒冈州
华盛顿州
参考文献
外部链接
Alaska's US Highway(s)
美國國道
97号美国国道 |
普爾省（），是剛果共和國東南部的一個省份，首府金卡拉（），該區北臨高原省、東接剛果民主共和國和布拉柴維爾省、西毗布恩扎省和萊庫穆省，面積33,955平方公里，下分6縣，2007年人口236,595。
剛果共和國行政區劃 |
胞移作用（）是指大分子通過細胞的內部，大分子是在細胞的某一側以囊泡進入細胞，穿越整個細胞，再從另一側出去。這些大分子包含抗體中的IgA、運鐵蛋白以及胰島素。最常發生胞移作用的細胞是上皮細胞，但其他組織的細胞諸如血管中的微血管就經常被提及；其他可以看到此一現象的組織有神經細胞、蝕骨細胞、小腸中的微皺細胞
調控
胞移作用在不同的組織中變化甚大，許多組織的胞移作用的特殊點被標示出來。布雷非德菌素A通常被用來當作內質網到高爾基體之囊狀小泡的阻斷劑，最先在狗的腎臟細胞中在發現自然界中的胞移作用。另外在表層細胞膜上可以發現RAB17、RAB11A'
參考文獻
外部連結
Macromolecules Can Be Transferred Across Epithelial Cell Sheets by Transcytosis
Transcytosis of IgA
Transcytosis of bacteria
细胞过程 |
丹尼尔·帕夫洛维奇·帕霍莫夫（，）生于阿尔汉格尔斯克，是一名俄罗斯男子游泳运动员，主攻蝶泳和混合泳。他在六岁时受曾从事过游泳的父亲的影响，开始接触游泳。之后，他一直在阿尔汉格尔斯克州当地的游泳学校训练，直到2013年秋，他移居至圣彼得堡，转至当地的水上运动学校学习。2016年时，他已经成为俄罗斯内务部圣彼得堡和列宁格勒州分局的一位实习警员。
参考资料
阿爾漢格爾斯克州人
男子蝶泳运动员
混合泳运动员
俄羅斯游泳運動員
俄罗斯奥运游泳运动员
2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會游泳運動員
世界短道游泳錦標賽獎牌得主
世界游泳錦標賽游泳賽事獎牌得主 |
子宫内膜异位症严重吗？子宫内膜异位症，它指的是由子宫内膜外种植的活跃子宫内膜细胞形成的妇女常见的妇科疾病。子宫内膜细胞应该在子宫腔内生长，但由于子宫腔通过输卵管与盆腔连通，导致子宫内膜细胞可以通过输卵管进入盆腔异位生长。子宫内膜异位症的主要病理变化为异位内膜周期性出血及其周围组织纤维化，形成异位结节，痛经、慢性盆腔痛、月经异常和不孕是其主要症状。病变可以波及所有的盆腔组织和器官，以卵巢、子宫直肠陷凹、宫骶韧带等部位最常见，也可发生于腹腔、胸腔、四肢等处。目前对此病发病的机制有多种说法，其中被普遍认可的是子宫内膜种植学说。本病多发生于生育年龄的女性，青春期前不发病，绝经后异位病灶可逐渐萎缩退化。可分为期待治疗、手术治疗、药物治疗、介入治疗、中药治疗及辅助治疗（如辅助生殖技术治疗）等。手术是子宫内膜异位症可靠有效的治疗手段。手术治疗适用于药物治疗后症状不缓解，局部病变加剧或生育功能未恢复者。较大的卵巢内膜异位囊肿且迫切希望生育者；卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿怀疑恶变者。腹腔镜手术是首选的手术方法。子宫内膜异位症有可能遗传，虽然确切病因尚不明确，但因其具有一定的家族聚集性，故提示子宫内膜异位症有遗传的可能。如果家族中母亲或姐妹中有发生子宫内膜异位症的病例，那么患有子宫内膜异位症的可能性就会明显高于没有家族史的。尤其是单卵双胎姐妹中一方患有子宫内膜异位症时，另一方发生率可达75%。从饮食上要注意调节，多吃滋补食品或药，少吃富含雌激素的食物如豆类，少吃油炸，辛辣油腻食物，有建议，有子宫内膜异位症，应该吃药调整，平时注意养成习惯，不要熬夜，这对健康有好处 |
Óscar Prats Català (born 25 March 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for CF La Nucía as a right back.
Career
Born in Llutxent, Prats graduated from the youth academy of Real Madrid. He started his senior career with the reserves of Villarreal, initially with the Villarreal CF C before being promoted to the B team in 2008. His only appearance for the latter came in 2010, featuring in a 1–2 defeat against Salamanca in the Segunda División. On 27 August 2010, he was loaned off to Segunda División B side CP Cacereño for a year.
On 21 July 2011, Prats signed with CD Roquetas of the same tier. In the only season he played with the club, he managed to make 33 appearances. In the following two seasons, he represented UD Alzira which competed in the Tercera División.
On 12 July 2014, Prats signed for CF Talavera de la Reina, becoming the club's sixth signing of the season. He was ruled out of play for two weeks in November 2015 after being elbowed by a La Roda CF player which broke the bones of his nose. On 8 June 2018, he switched to Barakaldo CF.
Career statistics
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Spanish men's footballers
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Segunda División players
Villarreal CF C players
Villarreal CF B players
CP Cacereño players
CD Roquetas footballers
UD Alzira footballers
CF Talavera de la Reina players
Barakaldo CF footballers
UE Cornellà players
CF La Nucía players |
沃夫喬克（），是烏克蘭的村落，位於該國西南部文尼察州，由伯沙德區負責管轄，始建於1650年，面積1.3平方公里，2001年人口476，人口密度每平方公里36.62人。
參考資料
Вовчок
Погода в селі Вовчок
文尼察州村落
伯沙德區村落 |
9月1日
上海电子驾照、行驶证正式投入使用。
即上海之后，又一大城市西安正式进入生活垃圾分类“强制时代”。
9月2日
8时许，湖北恩施市朝阳坡村一小学发生袭击事件，于姓本地男子持刀在校内伤人，据报已致8名学生死亡、2名学生受伤。
中国男篮在2019男篮世界杯小组赛中以76-79不敌波兰男篮，中国队队员周琦在比赛第四节最后时刻出现失误和低级的进攻脱手，导致中国队被拖入加时，最终失掉比赛。周琦的糟糕表现不仅让广大球迷大失所望，更引来了部分激进网友对他的攻击，嘲讽与谩骂。
著名台湾作家龙应台在脸书上发文《花園的地上有一顆雞蛋》支持香港反送中，呼吁大陆人关注香港人的诉求，即社會制度的公平、資源分配的正義、法治精神的貫徹、政府治理的透明、人民參政的充分。9月4日，人民日报发文《为何只见鸡蛋不见燃烧弹？》作为回复，批评龙应台看法片面，纵容少部分示威者的暴力行为。
来自四川的女子龙某乐在涠洲岛失联。事发前，她曾独自一人往海边行走，至今下落不明。这是继8月26日一女游客在涠洲岛失联后又一类似事件。有网友猜测，短短几日有两名女子接连在涠洲岛失踪，怀疑她们是受到传销影响。
9月3日
近日，一款名为ZAO的软件在中国大陆引起争议。在该软件中，用户只需上传一张清晰的正面照片，即可将该面孔与大量影视片段中的明星面孔进行置换，不少用户选择将自己面孔上传网络，以进行“换脸”娱乐。8月31日，该软件走红网络，但ZAO被指用户协议条款中蕴含猫腻，若使用不当将面临侵权、盗刷等方面的法律风险。当晚，ZAO对其用户协议进行了部分修改，删除了争议内容。9月3日10时29分，ZAO官方在新浪微博发布文字版回应，回应隐私问题，不会采集面部信息，更不会产生支付风险。
下午，国务院新闻办公室举行新闻发布会，国务院港澳事务办公室新闻发言人杨光、徐露颖介绍对香港当前局势的看法并答记者问。强调“止暴制乱、恢复秩序”，并表示现在的游行示威已远远超出和平游行、示威的范畴。同时对“真普选”进行批判，明确普选要按照基本法程序执行。
9月4日
在2019年篮球世界杯A组最后一场较量中，中国男篮以59:72不敌委内瑞拉队，以1胜2负的战绩排名小组第三，无缘16强。
9月5日
凌晨4时许，云南昭通市巧家县马鞍村烂泥箐村民小组发生滑坡与泥石流灾害，发生房屋被冲毁和人员被掩埋。共导致9人死亡。
9月6日
中国国务院总理李克强在北京与德国总理默克尔会谈时，回应香港修例风波，中国希望香港避免出现动荡。李克强说：「中国政府坚定不移维护一国两制、港人治港、高度自治，而且支持特区政府依法止暴制乱、恢复秩序」。这是自6月开始反修例示威持续3个月以来，中国最高层领导人首次正式回应香港修例风波。
上海迪士尼乐园表示将推出包括入园安检和外带食物政策等方面的多项举措，包括对现有的人工包检方式进行优化，调整外带食物政策，允许游客将可以携带供自己食用的食品进入乐园，但需再行加工、保温存储及带刺激性气味的食品仍然被禁止。9月11日，上海迪士尼乐园正式实施携带食品入园的新规，新规明确方便面、自热食品、需要用刀切开的整个西瓜、榴莲、臭豆腐、酒精饮料、罐装和玻璃容器等均被禁止携带入园。未来乐园还会采用如X光机在内的安检设备，并启用辅助人工服务等手段，进一步优化安检流程。9月12日，上海市浦东新区人民法院就华东政法大学学生王洁莹诉上海迪士尼禁带外食案达成调解协议，被告上海国际主题乐园有限公司补偿原告王洁莹人民币50元。
9月7日
C919机组在执行试飞任务时，在空中画了一幅“月饼”图，送出了民航人特有的中秋祝福。网友们对这样的祝福方式表示喜闻乐见。
北京天安门地区举行了国庆70周年庆祝活动首次联合演练，约9万人参加演练及现场保障工作。
9月8日
第十一届全国少数民族传统体育运动会开幕式在河南省郑州市举行。
有关媒体报道江苏女足05-06年龄段主教练陈广红及其助教凌雨阳遭到了家长举报，他们威胁、诱骗队员脱光衣服，如果队员不从的话，就会对她们施加各种报复性的辱骂，甚至是劝退和开除队员。新闻一出占据头条，引发网友热议。
中国男篮在广州迎来排位赛与尼日利亚队的比赛。最终以73：86不敌尼日利亚队。由于净胜分负于伊朗队，中国男篮未能直通东京奥运会。尽管球队将参加奥运资格选拔赛，但面对欧洲众多劲旅，有分析认为中国男篮将有很大可能36年首次无缘奥运会。
9月10日
马云正式卸任阿里巴巴董事局主席一职。
9月11日
上午，李克强在中南海紫光阁接见贺一诚，并向其颁发国务院令，任命他为澳门特别行政区行政长官，于2019年12月正式上任。任命仪式由韩正主持，国务委员王毅、肖捷、赵克志参加上述活动。
下午，习近平在人民大会堂会见了新当选并获国务院任命的澳门特别行政区第五任行政长官贺一诚。習近平向賀一誠說，澳門主權移交20年來「全面準確理解和貫徹一國兩制方針」，獲得成功實踐，證明一國兩制是「完全行得通、辦得到、得人心的」。
北京大学-清华大学生命科学联合中心发表研究论文。意味着中国科研人员首次完成基因编辑干细胞治疗艾滋病和白血病患者。
9月13日
一批中国大陆网友从深圳出发，响应近期微博上#我为阿sir送特产#的号召，在中秋节将650盒月饼送到了在近期受冲击较严重的香港警署新界北总区警察总部；葵青警区总部暨青衣分区警署以及元朗警署宿舍港警和警嫂的手中。最近在大陆被认为香港警察象征的“光头刘Sir”——刘泽基作为代表接受了月饼。
9月16日
甘肃张掖市甘州区20时48分发生5.0级地震，暂未接到人员伤亡报告。
大洋洲国家所罗门群岛正式与中华民国断交，承认一个中国原则并与中华人民共和国建交。
16日凌晨，从9月14日下午开始的国庆70周年庆祝活动第二次演练正式结束。
9月17日
中华人民共和国主席习近平根据十三届全国人大常委会第十三次会议的决定，签署主席令，授予42人共和国勋章、友谊勋章和国家荣誉称号。
2022年北京冬奥会吉祥物“冰墩墩”，冬残奥会吉祥物“雪容融”正式发布。
9月19日
应阿塞拜疆国民会议主席阿萨多夫邀请，全国人大常委会委员长栗战书19日至21日对阿塞拜疆进行正式访问，在巴库会见总统伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫，与阿萨多夫举行会谈，会见总理马梅多夫。
9月20日
基里巴斯政府发表声明，宣布承认一个中国原则，同中华人民共和国复交。
9月25日
北京大兴国际机场于16时23分正式通航。
9月28日
上午，長深高速江苏宜興段发生高速公路交通事故，客车与货车相撞，36人死亡。
9月29日
下午，浙江宁海县一家日用品公司发生火灾，造成19人死亡。
参考文献
2019年各月中國
2019年9月 |
Mona Matilda Clare (13 August 1924 – 1973) better known as Monica Clare was an Aboriginal Australian political activist and author. She was the first Indigenous woman to publish a novel, though Karobran was published after her death.
Early life
Clare was born on 13 August 1924 at Dareel near Goondiwindi in Queensland. She was the daughter of Aboriginal shearer Daniel Herbert McGowan and an English woman, Beatrice Scott. She had one brother Dan. After the death of their mother, the children were sent to Yasmar home for infants at Haberfield and later fostered to siblings Bill and Stella Woodbury at their farm near Spencer on the Hawkesbury River. In 1935 officials separated Monica and Dan, who never saw each other again. Monica was then schooled at Strathfield, and was trained in domestic work. After many years working for Sydney suburban families, Clare was released from being a ward of the state in August 1942. She then worked in factories such as W. D. & H. O. Wills (Australia) Ltd's cigarette factory.
Career and activism
Clare became involved in race relations and Labor politics, after meeting the Aboriginal community at Bellwood reserve in north coast of New South Wales. She worked with Aboriginal families at La Perouse, enrolling them to vote, while working on Daniel Curtin's campaign for the Federal seat of Watson.
Clare married in 1953 and had a daughter, but later divorced. She then married union official Leslie Forsyth Clare on 13 August 1962. Clare joined the women's committees of the union in Wollongong, accompanying Leslie on his travels inspecting the conditions on Aboriginal reserves. Clare then became secretary of the Aboriginal committee of the South Coast Labor Council, lobbying to see improved housing and financial support for Aboriginal people.
Clare died on 13 July 1973 in Sydney.
Karobran
Clare wrote an autobiographical novel Karobran. Having attended a creative-writing course at Wollongong, she rewrote the manuscript many times until she was satisfied. It was published posthumously in April 1978.
References
1924 births
1973 deaths
Australian indigenous rights activists
Australian people of English descent
Women human rights activists
Australian women writers
Indigenous Australian writers
20th-century Australian women |
New France () was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.
A vast Viceroyalty, New France consisted of five colonies at its peak in 1712, each with its own administration: Canada, the most developed colony, which was divided into the districts of Québec, Trois-Rivières, and Montréal; Hudson Bay; Acadie in the northeast; Terre-Neuve (Plaisance) on the island of Newfoundland; and Louisiane. It extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian Prairies and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including all the Great Lakes of North America.
In the 16th century, the lands were used primarily to draw from the wealth of natural resources such as furs through trade with the various indigenous peoples. In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia and in Quebec. In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to Great Britain its claims over mainland Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland. France established the colony of Île Royale on Cape Breton Island, where they built the Fortress of Louisbourg.
The population rose slowly but steadily. In 1754, New France's population consisted of 10,000 Acadians, 55,000 Canadiens, and about 4,000 settlers in upper and lower Louisiana; 69,000 in total. The British expelled the Acadians in the Great Upheaval from 1755 to 1764, which has been remembered on July 28 each year since 2003. Their descendants are dispersed in the Maritime provinces of Canada and in Maine and Louisiana, with small populations in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands. Some also went to France.
After the Seven Years' War (which included the French and Indian War in America), France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763 (except the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Britain acquired Canada, Acadia, and French Louisiana east of the Mississippi River, except for the Île d'Orléans, which was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. In 1800, Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso, and Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the American mainland.
New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada, with the only vestige of French rule being the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, an overseas collectivity of France, although Quebec remains predominately French-speaking. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes numerous place names as well as small pockets of French-speaking communities.
Early exploration (1523–1650s)
Around 1523, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced King Francis I to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in Dieppe, crossing the Atlantic on a small caravel with 50 men. After exploring the coast of the present-day Carolinas early the following year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the Narrows of New York Bay.
The first European to visit the site of present-day New York, Verrazzano named it Nouvelle-Angoulême in honour of the king, the former count of Angoulême. Verrazzano's voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain (Mexico) and English Newfoundland.
In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France. The first settlement of 400 people, Fort Charlesbourg-Royal (present-day Quebec City), was attempted in 1541 but lasted only two years.
French fishing fleets continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with Canadian First Nations that became important once France began to occupy the land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable fur-bearing animals, especially the beaver, which were becoming rare in Europe. Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America.
Acadia and Canada (New France) were inhabited by indigenous nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary Iroquoian peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural resources, which attracted all of Europe. By the 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what transpired between the indigenous population and their European visitors around that time is not known, for lack of historical records.
Other attempts at establishing permanent settlements were also failures. In 1598, a French trading post was established on Sable Island, off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac, but only five settlers survived the winter.
In 1604, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (Bay of Fundy), which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as Acadia, and the settlers as Acadians.
Foundation of Quebec City (1608)
In 1608, King Henry IV sponsored Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain as founders of the city of Quebec with 28 men. This was the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada. Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355.
Champlain allied himself with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois, as soon as possible. In 1609, Champlain and two French companions accompanied his Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron allies south from the St. Lawrence Valley to Lake Champlain. He participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois there, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his arquebus. This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified Champlain's status with New France's Huron and Algonquin allies, enabling him to maintain bonds essential to New France's interests in the fur trade.
Champlain also arranged to have young French men live with local indigenous people, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These coureurs des bois ("runners of the woods"), including Étienne Brûlé, extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there. Ultimately, for the better part of a century, the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals.
During the first decades of the colony's existence, only a few hundred French people lived there, while the English colonies to the south were much more populous and wealthy. Cardinal Richelieu, adviser to Louis XIII, wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the Company of One Hundred Associates to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. He named Champlain as the Governor of New France and forbade non-Roman Catholics to live there. Consequently, any Protestant emigrants to New France were forced to convert to Catholicism, prompting many of them to relocate to the English colonies instead.
The Roman Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the Recollets and the Jesuits, became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the seigneurial system, a semi-feudal system of farming based on ribbon farms that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.
Simultaneously, the English colonies to the south began raiding the St. Lawrence Valley, also capturing and holding Quebec until 1632. Champlain returned to Canada that year and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois-Rivières, which Laviolette did in 1634. Champlain died in 1635.
On 23 September 1646, under the command of Pierre LeGardeur, Le Cardinal arrived to Quebec with Jules (Gilles) Trottier II and his family. Le Cardinal, commissioned by the Communauté des Habitants, had arrived from La Rochelle, France. Communauté des Habitants at the time of Trottier traded fur primarily. On 4 July 1646, by Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, granted Trottier land in La Rochelle to build and develop New France, under the authorization Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie.
Royal takeover and attempts to settle
In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. The sparsely-populated New France almost fell to hostile Iroquois forces completely as well. In 1660, settler Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a Canadian and Huron militia against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, although they did turn back the Iroquois invasion.
In 1627, Quebec had only eighty-five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when Louis XIV made it a royal province, taking control away from the Company of One Hundred Associates. In the same year the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal ceded its possessions to the Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice.
The Crown paid for transatlantic passages and offered other incentives to those willing to move to New France as well, after which the population of New France grew to three thousand.
In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the Carignan-Salières Regiment, to Quebec. The colonial government was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the French Minister of the Marine. In 1665, Jean Talon Minister of the Marine accepted an appointment from Jean-Baptiste Colbert as the first Intendant of New France. These reforms limited the power of the Bishop of Quebec, who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain.
Talon tried reforming the seigneurial system by forcing the seigneurs to reside on their land and limiting the size of the seigneuries, intending to make more land available to new settlers. Talon's attempts failed since very few settlers arrived and the various industries he established failed to surpass the importance of the fur trade.
Settlers and their families
The first settler, brought to Quebec by Champlain, was the apothecary Louis Hébert and his family of Paris. They expressly came to settle and remain in New France so as to make the settlement viable. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills, e.g., farmers, architects, and blacksmiths. At the same time, the government encouraged intermarriages with the indigenous peoples and welcomed indentured servants, or engagés sent to New France. As couples married, cash incentives to have large families were put in place and proved effective.
To further strengthen the nascent France's colonial empire, Louis XIV sponsored single women, virtuous, physically fit, and aged between 15 and 30 years, known as the King's Daughters, or, in French, les filles du roi, to move to New France. The King paid for their passage and granted goods or money as their dowries upon their marriage to single settlers. Approximately 800 women, primarily from the impoverished Parisian, Norman, and West-Central families, relocated during 1663–1673. By 1672, the population of New France had risen to 6,700 people, a marked increase from the population of 3,200 people in 1663.
This rapid demographic growth was predicated both on the high demand for children and on the ready supply of natural resources to support them. According to Landry, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years." Consequently, colonial women bore about 30% more children than comparable women in France.
Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade, the major source of money in New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widows who took over their husbands' roles. Some even became independent and active entrepreneurs.
Settlements in Louisiana
The French extended their territorial claim to the south and to the west of the American colonies late in the 17th century, naming it for King Louis XIV, as La Louisiane. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippi River Valley, and he claimed the entire territory for France as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.
La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his Fort Saint Louis in what is now Texas. The colony was devastated by disease, and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688, in an attack by the area's indigenous population. Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success, such as New Orleans and southern Illinois, leaving a strong French influence in these areas long after the Louisiana Purchase.
Many strategic forts were built there, under the orders of Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac. Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled. Many of these forts were garrisoned by the Troupes de la Marine, the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755.
Growth of the settlements
The European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high. The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time." The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in North America. It was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 1665 and 1666. According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families. The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women.
By the early 1700s the New France settlers were well established along the Saint Lawrence River and Acadian Peninsula with a population around 15,000 to 16,000. The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people.
After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, New France began to prosper. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. A "King's Highway" (Chemin du Roy) was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded. The number of colonists greatly increased. By 1720, Canada had become a self-sufficient colony with a population of 24,594.
Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from Northwest France (Brittany, Normandy, Île-de-France, Poitou-Charentes and Pays de la Loire) the population of Canada increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754. This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730. By 1765, the population approached 70,000.
By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to over 2,500 and to about 13,000 people by the end of the 1750s. This was mostly from natural increase rather than immigration that affected other French settlements.
European population of Louisiana is estimated at 5,000 by the 1720s. This would dramatically change in the mid-1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. Enslaved men, women and children represented approximately 65 percent of the 6,000 non-indigenous population of Louisiana by the end of French rule.
Fur trade and economy
According to the staples thesis, the economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities, each of which dictated the political and cultural settings of the time. During the 16th and early 17th centuries New France's economy was heavily centered on its Atlantic fisheries. This would change in the later half of the 17th and 18th centuries as French settlement penetrated further into the continental interior. Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the North American fur trade. It would soon become the new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France's economy, in particular that of Montreal, for the next century.
The trading post of Ville-Marie, established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the St. Lawrence River. From here a new economy emerged, one of size and density that provided increased economic opportunities for the inhabitants of New France. In December 1627 the Company of New France was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of furs from French territories. By trading with various indigenous populations and securing the main markets its power grew steadily for the next decade. As a result, it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods, often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other trading partners and other areas of the economy.
The fur trade itself was based on a commodity of small bulk but high value. Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and/or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy. The Montreal area witnessed a stagnant agricultural sector; it remained for the most part subsistence orientated with little or no trade purposes outside of the French colony. This was a prime example of the handicapping effect the fur trade had on its neighbouring areas of the economy.
Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 1700s the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal. Economically, it was no longer a town of small traders or of fur fairs but rather a city of merchants and of bright lights. The primary sector of the fur trade, the act of acquiring and the selling of the furs, quickly promoted the growth of complementary second and tertiary sectors of the economy. For instance a small number of tanneries was established in Montreal as well as a larger number of inns, taverns and markets that would support the growing number of inhabitants whose livelihood depended on the fur trade. Already by 1683 there were well over 140 families and there may have been as many as 900 people living in Montreal.
The founding of the Compagnie des Indes in 1718, once again highlighted the economic importance of the fur trade. This merchant association, like its predecessor the Compagnie des Cent Associés, regulated the fur trade to the best of its abilities imposing price points, supporting government sale taxes and combating black market practices. However, by the middle half of the 18th century the fur trade was in a slow decline.
The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand. This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated. In addition, dwindling supply increased black market trading. A greater number of indigenous groups and fur traders began circumventing Montreal and New France altogether; many began trading with either British or Dutch merchants to the south.
By the end of French rule in New France in 1763, the fur trade had significantly lost its importance as the key staple good that supported much of New France's economy for more than the last century. Even so, it did serve as the fundamental force behind the establishment and vast growth of Montreal and the French colony.
Coureurs des bois and voyageurs
The coureurs des bois were responsible for starting the flow of trade from Montreal, carrying French goods into upper territories while indigenous people were bringing down their furs. The coureurs traveled with intermediate trading tribes, and found that they were anxious to prevent French access to the more distant fur-hunting tribes. Still, the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the Ottawa River as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point. The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans, by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the Iroquois. It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of indigenous warfare and rivalry.
Montreal faced difficulties by having too many coureurs out in the woods. The furs coming down were causing an oversupply on the markets of Europe. This challenged the coureurs trade because they so easily evaded controls, monopolies, and taxation, and additionally because the coureurs trade was held to debauch both French and various indigenous groups. The coureur debauched Frenchmen by accustoming them to fully live with indigenous, and indigenous by trading on their desire for alcohol.
The issues caused a great rift in the colony, and in 1678, it was confirmed by a General Assembly that the trade was to be made in public so as to better assure the safety of the indigenous population. It was also forbidden to take spirits inland to trade with indigenous groups. However, these restrictions on the coureurs, for a variety of reasons, never worked. The fur trade remained dependent on spirits, and increasingly in the hands of the coureurs who journeyed north in search of furs.
As time passed, the Coureurs des bois were partially replaced by licensed fur trading endeavors, and the main canoe travel workers of those endeavors were called voyageurs.
Indigenous peoples
The French and Algonquins first encountered one another in 1603 after Samuel de Champlain established France's first permanent North American settlement along the St. Lawrence River. In 1610, the Algonquins continued to solidify their relations with the French by guiding Étienne Brûlé into the interiors of Canada.
The relationship between the Iroquois and the French first began in 1609, when Samuel De Champlain engaged in battle against the Iroquois. Champlain travelled from the St. Lawrence Valley, accompanied by his Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron allies, and managed to kill three Iroquoian chiefs on Lake Champlain with the first shots of his arquebus. Subsequently, the two factions (Iroquois and French) were constantly at war with one another until the Great Peace of Montréal in 1701.
The French were interested in exploiting the land through the fur trade as well as the timber trade later on. Despite having tools and guns, the French settlers were dependent on Indigenous people to survive in the difficult climate in this part of North America. Many settlers did not know how to survive through the winter; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World. They showed the settlers how to hunt for food and to use the furs for clothing that would protect them during the winter months. Modern historians have highlighted that despite largely functional relations with indigenous peoples, administrators in France viewed co-operation as a wholly irritating task. Geographically removed from the colonies, Parisian courtiers viewed indigenous peoples as 'sauvages', often criticising New French officials for even interacting with nations.
As the fur trade became the dominant economy in the New World, French voyageurs, trappers and hunters often married or formed relationships with Indigenous women. This allowed the French to develop relations with their wives' Indigenous nations, which in turn provided protection and access to their hunting and trapping grounds.
One specific Indigenous group borne of these relationships are the Métis people, who are descendants of marriages between French men and Indigenous women. Their name originates from an old French term for “person of mixed parentage.” At the beginning of the fur trade, these relationships were encouraged by the French as a way to encourage the First Nations to adopt French culture and solidify alliances, but as the Métis began to emerge as an independent culture around the 1700s, it began to be discouraged by the French. Many Métis families moved to western Canada in response to this, as well as for other reasons, such as fur trading opportunities. One major settlement at this time was in the Red River Valley, strategically placed in a significant area for the fur trade. This was the origin of the modern Métis nation, which was legally recognized by modern Canada as a protected Indigenous group in the Constitution Act, 1982. Its prior legal history has its roots in acts such as the Manitoba Act, 1870, which began to recognize the Métis nation as a separate group with various rights and protections, but was not supported by the vast majority of Métis as it removed many from land that was rightfully theirs.
The fur trade benefited Indigenous people as well. They traded furs for metal tools and other European-made items that made their lives easier. Tools such as knives, pots and kettles, nets, firearms and hatchets improved the general welfare of indigenous peoples. At the same time, while everyday life became easier, some traditional ways of doing things were abandoned or altered, and while Indigenous people embraced many of these implements and tools, they also were exposed to less vital trade goods, such as alcohol and sugar, sometimes with deleterious effects. The Iroquois, like most tribes, began to rely on the importation of European goods, like firearms, which contributed significantly to a decrease in the beaver population of the Hudson Valley. This decline resulted in the fur trade moving further north, along the St. Lawrence River.
Formal entry of England in New France area fur trade
Since Henry Hudson had claimed Hudson Bay, and the surrounding lands for England in 1611, English colonists had begun expanding their boundaries across what is now the Canadian north beyond the French-held territory of New France. In 1670, King Charles II of England issued a charter to Prince Rupert and "the Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay" for an English monopoly in harvesting furs in Rupert's Land, a portion of the land draining into Hudson Bay. This is the start of the Hudson's Bay Company, ironically aided by French coureurs des bois, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers, frustrated with French license rules. Now both France and England were formally in the Canadian fur trade.
The economy of La Louisiane
The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River. New Orleans, the largest and most important city in the territory, was the most commercial city in the United States until the Civil War, with most jobs there being related to trade and shipping; there was little manufacturing. The first commercial shipment to come down the Mississippi River was of deer and bear hides in 1705. The area, always loosely defined in those early times of European claims and settlements, extended as far east as the city that is now Mobile, Alabama, begun by French settlers in 1702.
The French (later Spanish) Louisiana Territory was owned by France for a number of years before the money-losing territory was transferred to French banker Antoine Crozat in 1713 for 15 years. After losing four times his investment, Crozat gave up his charter in 1717. Control of Louisiana and its 700 inhabitants was given to the Company of the Indies in 1719. The company conducted a major settlement program by recruiting European settlers to locate in the territory. Unemployed persons, convicts and prostitutes were also sent to the Louisiana Territory. After the bankruptcy of the company in 1720, control was returned to the king.
Louis XV saw little value in Louisiana, and to compensate Spain for its losses in the Seven Years' War, he transferred Louisiana to his cousin Charles III in 1762. Louisiana remained under the control of Spain until it was demanded to be turned over to France by Napoleon. Although Louisiana was property of France by the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, Louisiana continued to be administered by Spain until the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Following the American acquisition of the territory, its population tripled between 1803 and Louisiana statehood in 1812.
Religion
Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions. During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, specifically Catholics, including a number of Jesuits dedicated to converting the indigenous population; an effort that eventually proved successful.
The Catholic Church, which after Champlain's death was the dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a Christian community in the colony. In 1642, they sponsored a group of settlers, led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, who founded Ville-Marie, precursor to present-day Montreal, farther up the St. Lawrence. Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the Huron. The missionaries came into conflict with the Iroquois, who frequently attacked Montreal.
The presence of Jesuit missionaries in Huron society was nonnegotiable. The Huron relied on French goods to facilitate life and warfare. Because the French would refuse trade to all indigenous societies that denied relations with missionaries, the Huron had more of a propensity towards Christian conversion. The Huron heavily relied on European goods to perform burial ceremonies known as The Huron Feast of the Dead. Trading with the French allowed for larger amounts of decorative goods to be buried during ceremonies as opposed to only a bare minimum. With the growing epidemics and high number of deaths, the Huron could not afford to lose relations with the French, fearing to anger their ancestors.
Jesuit missionaries explored the Mississippi River, including the Illinois Country. Father Jacques Marquette and explorer Louis Jolliet traveled in a small party, starting from Green Bay down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River, communicating with the tribes they met en route. Although Spanish trade goods had reached most of the indigenous peoples, these were the first Frenchmen to connect in the area named for the Illinois, including the Kaskaskia. They kept detailed records of what they saw and the people they met, sketching what they could, and mapped the Mississippi River in 1673. Their travels were described as first contacts with the indigenous peoples, though evidence of contact with Spanish from the south was clear.
Subsequent to the arrival of French children in Quebec in 1634, measles was also brought along with them, which quickly spread among the indigenous peoples. Jesuit priest Jean de Brébeuf described the symptoms as being severe. Brebeuf stated that the fearlessness of the indigenous peoples towards death upon this disease made them perfect candidates for conversion to Christianity. The indigenous peoples believed that if they did not convert to Christianity, they would be exposed to the evil magic of the priests that caused the illness.
Jesuit missionaries were troubled by the absence of patriarchy in indigenous communities. Indigenous women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions. Jesuits attempted to eliminate the matriarchy and shift the powers of men and women to accommodate those of European societies. "In France, women are to be obedient to their masters, their husbands." Jesuits would attempt to justify this to the indigenous women in hopes to enlighten them on proper European behavior. In response, Indigenous women grew worrisome of the presence of these missionaries fearing they would lose power and freedom within their communities. By 1649, both the Jesuit mission and the Huron society were almost destroyed by Iroquois invasions (see Canadian Martyrs). In 1653, a peace invitation was extended by the Onondaga Nation, one of the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, to New France, and an expedition of Jesuits, led by Simon Le Moyne, established Sainte Marie de Ganentaa in 1656. The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658, as hostilities with the Iroquois resumed.
The second article of the charter of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés stated that New France could only be Roman Catholic. This resulted in Huguenots facing legal restrictions to enter the colony when Cardinal Richelieu transferred the control of the colony to Compagnie des Cent-Associés in 1627. Protestantism was then outlawed in France and all its overseas possessions by the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685. In spite of that, approximately 15,000 Protestants settled in New France by using socioeconomic pretexts while at the same time concealing their religious background.
The Huguenots (a name used to designate French-Speaking Protestants) were a mercantile group, originating from the coastal cities of North-Western France, and had a significant impact on the early development of New France, especially in the regions of Quebec and Acadia, where many people still hold Huguenot surnames to this day. Huguenots were famous for their large and interconnected trading and communication network that spanned throughout France, and most of her colonies. This network was also known for trading with the Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of England; two of France's most important rivals, that also happened to be Protestant nations.
Initially, King Henri IV recognised Protestants as a significant minority within France, and allowed them a certain degree of freedom within their religion. After several years of various skirmishes within Metropolitan France, the Huguenots were deemed to not be "faithful servants of the king", and their mercantile powers stripped, their trading network disbanded, and widespread governmental persecutory policies were enacted both within mainland France and Nouvelle France. In 1661, Louis XVI was able to enact self-rule as his regency ended, and he instituted a variety of anti-Protestant conventions throughout the greater French Empire. Under these new rules, Protestant children were forcibly converted to Catholicism, implemented direct governmental jurisdiction over what were formerly Huguenot-controlled trade routes, and labelled the Protestant communities throughout Nouvelle France (specifically Quebec and Acadia) as significant threats to the colonies, as they might sympathise with English Protestants competing in the same areas and trades. Eventually, Protestants were banned from settling in Nouvelle France, and the existing ones were only allowed to "summer" in the colonies, not "winter" there.
Judiciary of New France
Early history in New France (pre-1663)
In the early stage of French settlement, legal matters fell within the Governor of New France's purview. Under this arrangement, legal disputes were settled in an incoherent fashion due to the Governor's arbitrariness in issuing verdicts.
Since 1640, a Seneschal (sénéchal), a Judge (juge d'épée, which literally means 'sword-bearing judge'), and a jurisdiction in Trois-Rivières were created. However, the Seneschal was under the oversight by the Governor, hence the Governor still had rather extensive control over legal matters in New France. In 1651, the Company of New France made the Great Seneschal (Grand Sénéchal) the chief justice. However, the Island of Montreal had its special Governor at that time, who also administered justice on the Island, and had not handed over justice to the Grand Seneschal until 1652.
In practice, though, the Great Seneschal was awarded as an honorary title to the son of Jean de Lauson, then Governor of New France; judicial functions were in fact carried out by the Seneschal's deputies. These deputies included such officials as the civil and criminal lieutenant general (lieutenant général civil et criminel), the special lieutenant (lieutenant particulier, acting as assistant royal judge), and the lieutenant fiscal (lieutenant fiscal, acting as tax magistrate).
The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant General sat as judge in trials at first instance, whereas appeals would be adjudicated by the Governor, who held the sovereign right to settle final appeals on behalf of the French king. The Great Seneschal also had a magistrate in Trois-Rivières, as well as a bailiff formed by the Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice on the Island of Montreal.
Apart from judicial responsibilities, the Great Seneschal was also in charge of convening local nobility in New France, as well as issuing declarations of war if necessary. However, such alternative role of the Great Seneschal was much weakened soon after by having the rights to declare war and to administer finances stripped off from the office because the French crown feared that colonial officers held too much authority.
Legal reforms (1663)
Royal judges and the Sovereign Council
On 13 October 1663, the royal court replaced the Seneschal Office (sénéchaussée). Canada was divided into three districts: the district of Quebec City, the district of Trois-Rivières, and the district of Montreal. Each district had its own separate jurisdiction with a judge appointed by the Crown, known as the civil and criminal lieutenants general. They were responsible for all legal matters, civil and criminal, in each of the districts.
In addition to the royal judges, there were other judicial officers in each district. The clerk of court (registrar) was responsible for transcribing all court proceedings as well as other documents relevant to each of the cases. The king's attorney (procureur du roi) was responsible for inquiring into the facts and preparing the case against the accused. In the districts of Quebec City and Montreal, the royal judges had special lieutenants to substitute them whenever they were absent or sick. Feudal courts heard minor cases.
The reform also brought the Sovereign Council of New France (Conseil souverain) into existence, which was later renamed the Superior Council (Conseil supérieur). The Sovereign Council effectively acted as the functional equivalent of a Council of State (Conseil d'État) for New France, having the authority to hand down verdicts on final appeal. Initially, the Council convened once every week, and the quorum of the Sovereign Council was seven for criminal matters, or five for civil cases. The council's practices evolved over time. At the Sovereign Council there was a king's attorney-general (procureur général du roi) in charge of the similar tasks as the district king's attorneys. He was also responsible for supervising the king's attorneys' daily operations as well as execution of royal edicts and regulations passed by the council in their respective districts.
The Custom of Paris
In 1664, the Custom of Paris (coutume de Paris) was formally set as the main source of law for civil law in France's overseas empire. All royal judges and king's attorneys in New France had to be thoroughly familiar with this compilation of rules. The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France, including property, marriage, inheritance, and so on.
Montreal Island: transition from feudal justice to royal justice
The Island of Montreal was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St-Sulpice. In 1663, Governor-General of New France Augustin de Saffray de Mésy originally considered appointing Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve the Governor of the Island of Montreal and consolidating a royal jurisdiction on the island, but the plan garnered the St-Sulpicians' disapproval, who held the Island as its own fiefdom and effectively acted as the island's governor. In other words, the Sovereign Council had not been able to seize effective control over the legal matters of the Island; instead, the St-Sulpicians administered justice on the island.
It was not until 16 September 1666, that the St-Sulpicians finally handed over the justice of the Island of Montreal to the Intendant of New France. In 1693, the French king commanded the replacement of the ecclesiastical courts in Montreal with a royal court composed of one royal judge, with appeals going to the Sovereign Council. The introduction of a royal court on the Montreal Island also resulted in the abolition of the feudal court in the fief of Trois-Rivières (then held by the Jesuits).
Quebec: founding of the Provostry of Quebec
In the Quebec City district, the lower court (tribunal antérieur) was established in 1664 and had jurisdiction to try cases at first instance, but then it was abolished in 1674. The Sovereign Council appointed trial judges (juges inférieurs) to adjudicate cases at first instance until the Provostry of Quebec (prévôté de Québec) was created in May 1677.
The Provostry of Quebec was located in the Hall of Justice (palais de justice) in Quebec City and had only one royal judge, also known as the civil and criminal lieutenant general of Quebec City, who heard both civil and criminal cases, as well as district police. Additionally, a court clerk and a king's attorney were appointed to the court; if either of these two officers could not attend the trials due to illness or other untenable circumstances, the Intendant would appoint a temporary substitute.
Criminal justice
In the early stages of French colonization, the execution of criminal justice in New France was rather arbitrary. The Governor of New France served as the judge to the colonists as well as soldiers. He would announce his verdict at the presence of the chiefs of the Company of One Hundred Associates and that would be final.
After the Sovereign Council was established in Quebec in 1663, the Council carried out criminal justice according to the general ordinances of France. In 1670, the Criminal Ordinance was enacted in New France by order of the French king as a codification of the previous criminal laws passed by the Sovereign Council.
Special courts
Ecclesiastical court
The ecclesiastical court (tribunal ecclésiastique, or Officialité) was a special court for hearing first instance trials on both religious and secular affairs involving members of the Church. It first appeared in around 1660 but was not officially recognized by state authorities for it was not administered by a bishop, until 1684. Appeals from this court lay with the Sovereign Council.
Admiralty court
The court of admiralty was created on 12 January 1717 and was the last judicial body set up in Canada during the French colonial period. The court had a judge (also known as the lieutenant-general of the court) appointed by the French admiralty, a king's attorney, a clerk of court, and one or two bailiffs (huissiers). The admiralty court was located in Quebec City and had jurisdiction over all of New France except Louisiana and Louisbourg. The court heard first instance trials on maritime affairs, including commerce and seamen's conduct. During wartime, it also commanded maritime police. Before 1717, the Quebec Provostry performed the duties of the admiralty court.
Acadia
Unlike Canada, Acadia's judicial system was somewhat under-developed during the New France period. Prior to 1670, Acadia was in a state of being torn between various European colonists. None of the countries—France, England, the Netherlands—were able to put in place a stable jurisdiction there.
In 1670, France regained control of Acadia and appointed Mathieu de Goutin as the Civil and Criminal Lieutenant (lieutenant civil et criminel) of Acadia. Simultaneously, the Governor of Acadia was set up and his job was primarily the defense of Acadia from English invasion. The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant was essentially supervised by the Governor, who held superior judicial authority over the Lieutenant, but for most of the time would let the Lieutenant mediate and decide legal affairs.
Due to the situation in Acadia as a small settlement of around 399 settlers in 1670–71, vulnerable to foreign invasion, courts were minimal, consisting of only a Civil and Criminal Lieutenant and a king's attorney. There was not an official court in Acadia, although the king's attorney of Acadia performed very similar duties as his counterpart in New France. Yet since Acadia never actually had a court, there was no clerk of court; instead, trials were recorded by a local notary. It is difficult to trace the judicial history of French Acadia as the relevant archives were destroyed in a fire in 1708.
Military conflicts
The presence of settlers, of businesses from several European countries harvesting furs, along with the interests of the indigenous people in this new competition for North American resources set the scene for significant military conflicts among all parties in New France beginning in 1642, and ending with the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.
Iroquois attacks against Montreal
Ville-Marie was a noteworthy site for it was the center of defence against the Iroquois, the point of departure for all western and northern journeys, and the meeting point to which the trading Indians brought their annual furs. This placed Ville-Marie, later known as Montreal, at the forefront against the Iroquois, which resulted in its trade being easily and frequently interrupted. The Iroquois were in alliance with the Dutch and English, which allowed them to interrupt the French fur trade and send the furs down the Hudson River to the Dutch and English traders.
This also put the Iroquois at warfare against the Hurons, the Algonquians, and any other tribes that were in alliance with the French. If the Iroquois could destroy New France and its Indian allies, they would be able to trade freely and profitably with the Dutch and English on the Hudson River. The Iroquois formally attacked the settlement at today's Quebec City in its foundation year of 1642, and in almost every subsequent year thereafter. A militant theocracy maintained Montreal. In 1653 and 1654, reinforcements arrived at Montreal, which allowed the Iroquois to be halted. In that year the Iroquois made peace with the French.
Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, a colonist and soldier of New France, was a notable figure regarding the Iroquois attacks against Montreal. The Iroquois soon resumed their assaults against Montreal, and the few settlers of Montreal fell almost completely to hostile Iroquois forces. The Iroquois did not use typical raiding tactics of moving swiftly and silently. Instead, they captured individuals and brought them back to their own territory. Women and children were made a part of the village, and men encountered slow torturous deaths. In the ’60s, warfare changed, and France began to counterattack. Professional French soldiers had arrived in the New World for the first time, and Alexandre de Prouville led them to invade Iroquois territory. In the spring of 1660, Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a small militia consisting of 16 men from Montreal against a much larger Iroquois force at the Battle of Long Sault on the Ottawa River. They succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion and are responsible for saving Montreal from destruction. They were able to take Chief Canaqueese as a prisoner, and in September 1660, the French returned and burned Iroquois homes and crops. Later that Winter, many Iroquois died due to starvation, and the Iroquois finally agreed to peace which lasted roughly twenty years. The encounter between Ormeaux and the Iroquois is of significance because it dissuaded the Iroquois from further attacks against Montreal.
King William's War
In 1688, King William's War began and the English and Iroquois launched a major assault on New France, after many years of small skirmishes throughout the English and French territories. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. King William's War ended in 1697, but a second war (Queen Anne's War) broke out in 1702. Quebec survived the English invasions of both these wars, and during the wars France seized many of the English Hudson's Bay Company fur trading centres on Hudson Bay including York Factory, which the French renamed Fort Bourbon.
Queen Anne's War
While Acadia defeated an English invasion attempt during King William's War, the colony was occupied by the British during Queen Anne's War. The final Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. In 1713, peace came to New France with the Treaty of Utrecht. Although the treaty turned Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and part of Acadia (peninsular Nova Scotia) over to Great Britain, France remained in control of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island)). The northern part of Acadia, what is today New Brunswick and Maine, remained contested territory. Construction of Fortress Louisbourg on Île Royale, a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River settlements, began in 1719.
Father Rale's War
In Acadia, however, war continued. Father Rale's War (1722–1725) was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy, who were allied with New France. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy defended against the expansion of New England settlements into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. After the New England Conquest of Acadia in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of New England, but both present-day New Brunswick and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. To secure New France's claim to the region, it established Catholic missions among the three largest indigenous villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock); one further north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot) and one on the Saint John River (Medoctec).
The war began on two fronts: when New England pushed its way through Maine and when New England established itself at Canso, Nova Scotia. As a result of the war, Maine fell to the New Englanders with the defeat of Father Sébastien Rale at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the indigenous peoples from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to St. Francis and Becancour, Quebec.
King George's War
Peace lasted in Canada until 1744, when news of the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War in North America) reached Fort Louisbourg. The French forces went on the attack first in a failed attempt to capture Annapolis Royal, the capital of British Nova Scotia. In 1745, William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. Both France and New France were unable to relieve the siege, and Louisbourg fell to the British. With the famed Duc d'Anville Expedition, France attempted to retake Acadia and the fortress in 1746 but failed. The fortress was returned to France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, but the peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes.
Father Le Loutre's War
Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) began with the British founding of Halifax. During Father Le Loutre's War, New France established three forts along the border of present-day New Brunswick to protect it from a New England attack from Nova Scotia. The war continued until British victory at Fort Beausejour, which dislodged Father Le Loutre from the region, thereby ending his alliance with the Maliseet, Acadians and Mi'kmaq.
French and Indian War
Fort Duquesne, located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, guarded the most important strategic location in the west at the time of the Seven Years' War. It was built to ensure that the Ohio River valley remained under French control. A small colonial force from Virginia began a fort here, but a French force under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur drove them off in April 1754. New France claimed this as part of their colony, and the French were anxious to keep the British from encroaching on it. The French built Fort Duquesne here to serve as a military stronghold and as a base for developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the indigenous peoples of the area.
In 1755, General Edward Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne, and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies, Braddock's army was routed and Braddock was killed. Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George, the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700 Native Americans led by Baron Dieskau (Military commander of New France).
The fight for control over Ohio Country led to the French and Indian War, which began as the North American phase of the Seven Years' War (which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756). The war began with the defeat of a Virginia militia contingent led by Colonel George Washington by the French troupes de la marine in the Ohio valley. As a result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. The British defeated France in Acadia in the Battle of Fort Beausejour (1755) and then Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) with the Siege of Louisbourg (1758).
Throughout the war, the British deported the Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies and Europe, which the Acadian militias resisted with assistance from Mi'kmaq and Malisteet forces. The Great Upheaval continued from 1755 to 1764. In 1756, a large force of French, Canadians, and their Native American allies led by the Marquis de Montcalm launched an attack against the key British post at Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac and forced the garrison to surrender. The following year Montcalm with a huge force of 7,200 French and Canadian troops and 2,400 Native Americans laid siege to Fort William Henry on the southern shores of Lake George, and after three weeks of fighting the British commander Monroe surrendered. Montcalm gave him honorable terms to return to England and not to fight for 18 months. And yet, when the British force with civilians was three miles from the fort, the Native American allies massacred about 1,100 of the 1,500 strong force.
The following year the French had one victory and one defeat. The defeat was at the French fortress city of Louisbourg. The victory was at the strip of land between Lake Champlain and Lake George at the French fortress of Fort Carillon. The British force sent to capture Fort Carillon (held by just 3400 French regulars and marines with almost no militia or indigenous support) was the largest ever seen in America at that time: 16,200 British, American, and Iroquois troops under the command of General James Abercrombie. This battle led the British to suffer 2,200 casualties, several artillery pieces against French losses of around 200 killed or wounded.
While the British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710, the French continued to remain a significant force in the region with Fort Beausejour and Fortress Louisbourg. The dominant population in the region remained Acadian, that is to say, not British. In 1755, the British were successful in the Battle of Beausejour and immediately after began the expulsion of the Acadians.
In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous peoples. Fort de la Corne was built in 1753, by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne just east of the Saskatchewan River Forks in what is today the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. This was the furthest westward outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall.
Treaties of cession
In 1758, British forces again captured Louisbourg, allowing them to blockade the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. This proved decisive in the war. In 1759, the British besieged Quebec by sea, and an army under General James Wolfe defeated the French under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September. The garrison in Quebec surrendered on 18 September, and by the next year New France had been conquered by the British after the attack on Montreal, which had refused to acknowledge the fall of Canada. The last French governor-general of New France, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, surrendered to British Major General Jeffery Amherst on 8 September 1760. France formally ceded Canada to the British in the Treaty of Paris, signed 10 February 1763.
Aftermath
The expelled Acadians were initially dispersed across much of eastern North America (including the Thirteen Colonies) and some were sent to France. Many eventually settled in Quebec or Louisiana, while others returned to the regions of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Chéticamp, Nova Scotia and the Magdalen Islands have significant communities. In Louisiana their descendants became known as the Cajuns, a corruption of the French Acadiens.
By the mid-1700s the French settlers were well established with a population around 70,000, mainly due to natural increase. The European population had grown slowly under French rule. The British Thirteen Colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast grew in population from natural increase and more new settlers from Europe. By 1760, almost 1.6 million people lived in the British colonies, a ratio of approximately twenty-three to one compared to New France. The population of the New England colonies alone in 1760 was nearly 450,000.
French culture and religion remained dominant in most of the former territory of New France until the arrival of British settlers led to the later creation of Upper Canada (today Ontario) and New Brunswick. The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years' War, remained off-limits to settlement from the thirteen American colonies.
Twelve years after the British defeated the French, the American Revolutionary War broke out in the Thirteen Colonies. Many French Canadians would take part in the war, including Major Clément Gosselin and Admiral Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil. After the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781, the Treaty of Versailles gave all former British claims in New France below the Great Lakes into the possession of the nascent United States. A Franco-Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801, but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, ending French colonial efforts in North America.
The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as Upper Canada and Lower Canada, 1791–1841, and then those regions were merged as the Province of Canada during 1841–1867, when the passage of the British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada. The former French colony of Acadia was first designated the Colony of Nova Scotia but shortly thereafter the Colony of New Brunswick, which then included Prince Edward Island, was split off from it.
In Canada, the legacy of New France can be seen in the enduring Francophone identity of its descendants, which has led to institutional bilingualism in Canada as a whole.
The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon), consisting of a group of small islands off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
Political divisions of New France
Before the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, the territory of New France was divided into four colonies:
Acadie
Canada
Illinois Country (before 1717)
Louisiana
Illinois Country (after 1717)
Terre-Neuve
The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of the colony of Île Royale, now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the Fortress of Louisbourg.
Acadia had a difficult history, with the Great Upheaval, remembered on July 28 each year since 2003. The descendants are dispersed in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, in Maine and Louisiana in the United States, with small populations in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia, and the Magdalen Islands.
Historiography
The Conquest (referring to the fall of New France to the British, and specifically the events of 1759–60) has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory. Some Anglophone historians portray the Conquest as a victory for "British military, political and economic superiority" and argue that it ultimately brought benefits to the French settlers. However, Cornelius Jaenen notes that French-Canadian historians remain strongly divided on the subject. One group sees it as a highly negative economic, political and ideological disaster that threatened a way of life with materialism and Protestantism. At the other pole are those historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language, and religion and traditional customs under British rule. French-Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s, as the conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec's nationalism. Francophone historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in 2009, that today, "1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand, but, rather, to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control."
The enduring contestation of the legacy of the Conquest can be exemplified by an episode in 2009, when an attempt to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the battle of the Plains of Abraham was cancelled. The explanation for the cancellation was that it was over security concerns, but activist Sylvain Rocheleau stated, "[I think] they had to cancel the event because it was insulting a majority of Francophones. They had to cancel it because it was a bad idea.".
See also
Alcohol in New France
French Colonial Historic District
List of French possessions and colonies
List of North American cities founded in chronological order
New France Intellectual Life
New France Sovereign Council
Seigneurial system of New France
Slavery in New France
Timeline of New France history
Notes
References
Further reading
scholarly biographies of all major figures in New France
Older classics
Primary sources
Historiography
In French
External links
Electronic New France Internet gateway to everything New France (archives, heritage sites, etc.)
The Virtual Museum of New France, Canadian Museum of Civilization
France In America Bibliothèque nationale de France / Library of Congress site (click on Themes)text and maps
Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec (French)(List of Governors, Intendants, and Bishops)
16th century in North America
17th century in North America
18th century in North America
1534 establishments in North America
1763 disestablishments in North America
Colonial settlements in North America
French
European colonization of North America
French exploration in the Age of Discovery
Former colonies in North America
Pre-Confederation Canada
States and territories established in 1534
States and territories disestablished in 1763
Viceroyalties |
刘定国，汉朝宗室，西汉第七代燕王。其祖父燕敬王刘泽是汉高帝从祖昆弟。
生平
前152年，其父刘嘉死后，刘定国袭位燕王，在位二十四年。
刘定国与庶母私通，夺弟妻为姬，与三个女儿通奸。肥如令郢人告发，被他杀死。
前132年，其一女嫁田蚡。前128年，汉武帝得知他的罪行，被迫自杀，燕国国除。
参考书目
《史記》
《汉书》
《資治通鑑》漢紀
汉朝宗室
汉朝诸侯王
漢朝被賜死人物
D定國 |
阿西（，）是法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省的一个市镇，属于苏瓦松区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国上法蘭西大區埃纳省，该省份为法国北部内陆省份，北起北部省，西接索姆省和瓦兹省，东临阿登省和马恩省，西南至塞纳-马恩省，东北部与比利时接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
埃纳省市镇列表
参考文献
埃纳省市镇 |
Tresawle is a hamlet east of Tresillian, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.
References
Hamlets in Cornwall |
（学名：Heptageniidae）是蜉蝣目下的一个科。
下属分类
本科包括以下属：
参考文献
蜉蝣目 |
米加爾·路斯迪（；）是一位瑞典足球運動員，在場上的位置是右後衛或中後衛。現效力於瑞典超球隊AIK蘇納，同時也是瑞典國家足球隊的一員。自2008年以來，路斯迪經常替瑞典隊出賽各大國際足球賽事，其中包括2012年歐洲國家盃與2016年歐洲國家盃。
球會生涯
早期
米加爾·路斯迪青年時期加入山达克恩斯體育俱樂部（Sandåkerns SK），之後加盟至于默奧足球會，並效力于默奧2年。
辛斯華爾
2005年，路斯迪改效力瑞典足球超級聯賽球會辛斯華爾體操及體育會，並在出賽8次，進2球。辛斯華爾在2005年後被降級至瑞典足球超甲級聯賽，辛斯華爾在瑞超甲共參與60場比賽，而路斯迪共出賽其中57場。2年後，辛斯華爾重回瑞超，並參與2008年賽季，此時路斯迪經常以先發身份上場。在經歷11場瑞超比賽後，路斯迪在轉會至挪威足球超級聯賽的洛辛堡足球俱樂部。
洛辛堡
路斯迪在洛辛堡足球俱樂部共效力4年，並在2011年11月離開。此時路斯迪與許多歐洲球會接觸，包括蘇超的塞爾提克、英超的富勒姆、西甲的西班牙人
塞爾提克
2011年11月23日，塞爾提克宣布與路斯迪簽署預約合同，並在2012年1月1日正式加盟塞爾提克。3月3日，路斯迪首次替塞爾提克出賽，該場比賽塞爾提克以1-1與亞伯丁打平。2012年9月1日，路斯迪在塞爾提克對希伯尼時，踢進於塞爾提克的第1球。在第68分鐘塞爾提克方進1烏龍球後，路斯迪製造機會讓比分板回2-2，該場比賽塞爾提克最後以2-2打平。2013年7月17日，在2013–14年歐洲冠軍聯賽外圍賽第二輪塞爾提克對基福維利首回合時，路斯迪在比賽中踢進第1球，終場塞爾提克就以3-0獲勝。
國際賽生涯
自2006年起，路斯迪開始加入瑞典21歲以下國家足球隊，並入選2009年歐洲U-21足球錦標賽瑞典隊參賽名單，他在隊中擔任副隊長。總計路斯迪在瑞典21歲以下國家足球隊中共出賽21場。
2008年1月19日，路斯迪首次替瑞典國家足球隊出賽，該場比賽瑞典最後以2-0擊敗美國。2011年3月29日，路斯迪在2012年歐洲國家盃資格賽瑞典對摩爾多瓦時，踢進於國家隊的第1球，終場瑞典就以2-1取勝。至2012年8月，路斯迪在國家隊出賽26次。2012年10月16日，路斯迪在2014年世界盃外圍賽對德國次回合時，踢進場上的第2球，助瑞典以4-4與德國打平。2013年2月6日，路斯迪在主場對阿根廷時，踢進1烏龍球，終場瑞典以2-3落敗。
國際賽進球
比數與結果左方數字代表瑞典
生涯數據
球會
國際賽
個人榮譽
球會
洛辛堡
挪威足球超級聯賽冠軍（2）：2009年、
塞爾提克
蘇格蘭足球超級聯賽冠軍（4）、、2014–15年、
蘇格蘭足總盃冠軍（1）：
蘇格蘭聯賽盃冠軍（1）：
參考來源
對物連結
Mikael Lustig ESPN Soccernet
瑞典男子足球运动员
足球後衛
瑞典國家足球隊球員
辛斯華爾球員
洛辛堡球員
些路迪球員
瑞超球員
瑞典旅外足球運動員
蘇超球員
挪超球員
蘇格蘭外籍足球運動員
挪威外籍足球運動員
2012年歐洲國家盃球員
2016年歐洲國家盃球員 |
鼻胃管是什么?？鼻胃管是通过鼻腔插入导管经咽喉进入食管到达胃部或空肠部，给患者提供营养丰富的流质饮食，为头颈外科、普通外科及肿瘤内外科等科室因患者无法进食而给予营养的手段。 |
轰炸机，是一種從高空對地面、水面或水下目标投擲航空炸彈用的军用飞机。世界上第一款具备上述特征的轰炸机是1915年俄羅斯帝國波罗的海铁路工厂生产的伊利亚·慕罗梅茨-V型。它是一款裝備四具發動機和双翼的大型飞机，可携带522公斤的炸弹以120公里的最大时速飞行。
發展歷史
第一次世界大戰
第一次世界大戰期間轟炸機成為攻擊敵人各類目標的主要投射工具，攻擊的目標包括地面部隊，作戰物資等戰術目標，或者是工廠，城市等戰略目標，從這兩種不同類型的任務需求有衍生出戰略轟炸機和戰術轟炸機的分支。最早發明轟炸機的是俄國機械工程師伊戈尔·伊万诺维奇·西科尔斯基（Igor Sikorsky）發明雙翼轟炸機，曾經造成德軍傷亡；德國戈塔型轟炸機曾經對英國的城市進行過轟炸，1917年6月13日轟炸倫敦造成200人傷亡，算是戰略轟炸的先河。
第一次世界大戰時期的轟炸機，即使是較為大型的設計，基本型態都很相似：木材或者是金屬與布料蒙皮的結構，開放式座艙，少量的自衛火力，譬如步槍口徑的機槍，炸彈是由後座飛行員至目的地上空以雙手搬炸彈丟擲，換句話說，當時的轟炸機設計可以粗略的看作是戰鬥機的放大概念。
第二次世界大戰
杜黑撰述的空權論對兩次大戰期間的轟炸機發展與思想有很深遠的影響，第二次世界大戰期間對轟炸機的使用進行一次廣泛的發展驗證，無論是轟炸機的設計與性能需求，任務的規劃和執行，目標的選擇與效果評估等方面，對現代的發展確定了大致的方向與架構。
二戰爆發前的轟炸機發展的趨勢大致上是以金屬作為大部分或者是全部的結構，成員在封閉的座艙內操作，自衛火力的數量和威力增加，無線電與導航系統使用開始普及，中型以上轟炸機大多數將炸彈攜帶在機體內部。
雖然日本很早就於中國戰區進行遠程轟炸任務，對二戰轟炸機發展經驗累積與衝擊最大的還是首推歐洲戰區，尤其是英國與德國之間的轟炸機運用與得失經驗。這些經驗產生的影響有：
更複雜的轟炸瞄準系統，包括使用雷達，提高轟炸精確度。
特別是戰略轟炸機的操作高度進一步的升高。美國的B-17和B-24多在兩萬英尺以上高度飛行，以減低防空炮火的影響。
強化轟炸機的防禦能力，在使用口徑較大槍炮時，動力驅動的炮塔也成為中型以上轟炸機的標準配備。
增加轟炸機夜間與視線不佳時的操作能力，包括使用輔助導航系統。
二次大戰期間，除了執行戰略與戰術轟炸任務的區分之外，還有其他型態的轟炸機出現，這些發展在戰爭結束之後也很快被其他機種或者是武器系統所取代。
俯衝轟炸機
俯衝轟炸的概念是讓轟炸機以與地面超過45度夾角的方式，由高空往下俯衝飛行，在到達一個距離後將炸彈投擲下去，這種轟炸方式能夠有效提高投彈命中率。美國是第一個發展與採用俯衝轟炸機的國家，這個概念稍後傳到德國，成就了二戰最有名的Ju-87斯图卡俯冲轰炸机。不過美國在二戰期間只有海軍大量使用俯衝轟炸機，陸軍航空隊只有象徵性的使用少量改裝自P-51战斗机的A-36及改裝自SB2C的A-25。
二戰之後，由於噴射機的速度愈來愈快，不適合大角度俯衝且危險性高，因此專門的俯衝轟炸機漸成歷史名詞。
魚雷轟炸機
魚雷是攻擊水面船艦的重要武器，許多國家海軍都有專門攜帶魚雷的轟炸機擔任此類任務。有些國家也嘗試改裝現有的作戰飛機來攜帶魚雷，然而在作戰效果上未必與專門設計的機種相近。魚雷轟炸機的任務危險性很高，在投擲魚雷之前需要於低空維持固定高度，航向與速率飛行一段時間，這段時間讓魚雷轟炸機成為相當明顯且容易瞄準攻擊的目標。中途島戰役時有12架美國海軍道格拉斯TBD蹂躪者式魚雷轟炸機在沒有戰鬥機護航下，迅速的被日本機隊的零式战斗机擊落，僅有一人生還獲救。
二次大戰末期，美國海軍的格鲁曼TBF复仇者式魚雷轟炸機幾乎都轉為攜帶炸彈的任務。戰爭結束之後，魚雷對付水面船艦的重要地位逐漸轉手給反艦飛彈，潛艇取而代之為魚雷的主要攻擊對象，因此魚雷轟炸機也逐漸轉型為反潛機，而不再以專門設計的機型出現。
-{水平}-轟炸機
-{水平}-轟炸機其實是相對於俯衝轟炸機的描述法，絕大多數的轟炸機都是以-{水平}-或者是淺角度俯衝的方式轟炸。當俯衝轟炸機消失之後，這種分類也就不需要繼續存在。
二戰之後到現代
二次大戰之後隨著戰鬥機與攻擊機的體型與載彈量逐漸增大趨勢，加上空中加油技術的成熟與普遍運用，攜帶炸彈進行轟炸任務已經不再是轟炸機，尤其是戰術轟炸機獨有的任務了，戰術轟炸機在發展上逐漸趨向採用多用途設計的戰鬥機或者是攻擊機來取代。现在極少有專門設計的战术轰炸机服役，代之以战斗机改进的战斗轰炸机或者是兼具部分戰鬥機能力的設計，如美国的F-15E，俄羅斯的Su-32等。俄羅斯的Su-24與歐洲國家的狂风（Tornado）IDS算是少有的特例。
中小型轟炸機逐漸與其他機種合併的時候，大型戰略轟炸機開始以噴射動力取代螺旋槳，並且強調攜帶核子武器的能力，大幅度提升每一架轟炸機對目標的毀滅力量，這種發展促成大型警戒雷達網、高速攔截機、攜帶核子彈頭的防空飛彈或者是空對空火箭等系統的部署與研發。而核子武器的運用也左右冷戰前半期雙方陣營戰略與戰術空軍的發展與建軍思想。
洲際彈道飛彈的開發危及戰略轟炸機的傳統地位，也導致美國與蘇聯取消以高空高速為設計目標的發展計畫。而越戰的經驗顯示，投擲傳統炸彈的能力還是不可忽視，轟炸機，尤其是戰略轟炸機不會只運用在核子大戰的場合。1970年代開始，戰略轟炸機又開始將過去認為不會再度使用到的傳統炸彈攜帶能力加以恢復。
巡弋飛彈與其他導引武器的開發與使用，近一步的改變轟炸機的任務型態與面貌。1991年美國利用B-52轟炸機發射傳統彈頭的巡弋飛彈攻擊伊拉克境內目標。到了2003年的時候，B-1B轟炸機在擔任24小時滯空待命任務時，於11分鐘左右利用全球定位系統，將聯合直接攻擊彈藥準確的投擲指定的目標上。攜帶光學筴艙B-52轟炸機還能夠擔任密接支援任務，成為超大型的攻擊機。這些變化都代表冷戰結束之後，戰略轟炸機重新尋找定位的企圖與嘗試。
未來發展
冷戰結束之後，兩大強權與附屬勢力的對抗不復存在，轟炸機擔任核子武力投射的地位出現很大的變化。當彈道飛彈出現的時候曾經一度威脅到轟炸機的需求與地位，在巡弋飛彈成熟之後，美國與俄國的戰略轟炸機基本上也成為飛彈的投射載具，傳統的核子炸彈並不適用，也成為比過去更具象徵性的威嚇力量。
目前美俄兩國對於下一代的戰略轟炸機尚未有明顯的計畫，英國與法國則放棄相關的發展。其他國家也沒有跟進的跡象。加上空中加油技術與遠程空載飛彈的普遍化，大型且昂貴的戰略轟炸機將會逐漸被中小型的機種與飛彈加以取代。
專門的戰術轟炸機也逐漸被多用途的戰鬥機或者是新一代攻擊機配合精確導引武器替代。冷戰之後的空中打擊非常強調降低非戰鬥人員與物資的損毀，各國紛紛發展精確度更高，但是減小彈頭重量的新型炸彈，使得外型較小的飛機的轟炸效率比過去中大型轟炸機使用無導引炸彈高出很多。
降低轟炸機的可偵測性，也就是減少轟炸機散發的各種電磁訊號是目前設計的主流，限於各國擁有的技術，生產工藝能力以及可運用的成本，實際上能夠達到的效果會有很大的不同。為了達到這個目標，高速飛行能力將不再是強調的設計重點，除了高速下機體摩擦會散發大量的紅外線訊號以外，材料與製造的問題也會限制這方面的需求。
以無人飛機取代有人轟炸機將會是未來發展的另一個趨勢，除了降低操作成本，減少人員傷亡以外，機體得以縮小並且提高運動能力，同時也有助於減少被偵測的距離與機率。只是純粹自動化的無人轟炸機還需要不少時間才會到達系統成熟的階段。
分類
以體型重量區分
以體型重量來區分大致可分為轻型轰炸机、中型轟炸機與重型轰炸机，但實際這三種轟炸機的區分並沒有一定的標準，以下是以二戰時的標準分類。
輕型轟炸機
發動機一具或兩具，掛彈重不超過1公噸（或2000磅），採用接近战斗机的小型機體設計，有些輕型轟炸機也能充當戰鬥機使用，多半為戰術轟炸機。
中型轟炸機
發動機兩具，掛彈重1公噸（或2000磅）到2公噸（或4000磅），採用接近與攻击机的中型機體設計，部分中型轟炸機能充當重型戰鬥機使用，部分則能充當運輸機使用。
重型轟炸機
發動機兩具或兩具以上，掛彈重至少2公噸（或4000磅），採用接近運輸機的大型機體設計，有些重型轟炸機也能充當運輸機使用，多半為戰略轟炸機。
任務型態區分
戰略與戰術轟炸機的分類有的時候並不明顯。原因包括：
戰略轟炸機也可以執行戰術轟炸任務。
隨著時間的改變，戰略轟炸機也可能被更大型的轟炸機取代而成為戰術轟炸機。譬如，B-29到了韓戰時期被歸類為戰術轟炸機。
近代的戰術轟炸機或者是戰鬥轟炸機往往也可以執行戰略轟炸的任務。譬如，越戰時期，F-4也對北越的戰略目標進行轟炸。
戰略轟炸機
战略轰炸机的興起與杜黑所提出的空權論有密不可分的關係。戰略轟炸機的目標是敵對國家的戰爭機器與生產力量，透過戰略轟炸機摧毀敵國維繫戰爭能力以及持續進行戰争的意願。戰略轟炸機針對的目標多半距離較遠，因此飛機體型較大，以攜帶足夠的炸彈和燃料。二戰時期的戰略轟炸機多半具有有強大的自衛火力，然而實戰經驗證明，這些自衛火力無法讓戰略轟炸機有效達成任務。代表机型有美国在二戰時期的B-17、B-24、B-29、英國的蘭卡斯特，近代的B-52、B-1B、B-2，英國的3款V型轟炸機，法國的幻影IV式轰炸机和苏联的Tu-16、Tu-22M“逆火”、Tu-95“熊”和Tu-160“海盗旗”战略轰炸机。
戰術轟炸機
战术轰炸机的主要任務是支援前線作戰，攻擊敵人在戰場上或者是接近戰場的目標。戰術轟炸機的體型較小，多半是中型或者是輕型轟炸機設計。載彈量與航程遠低於戰略轟炸機，二戰時期的戰術轟炸機具有少量的自衛武裝。代表机型有二戰時期美国的B-25、B-26，英國的蚊式，德國的He 111、Ju 88，前蘇聯的Pe-2等。近代的代表機型有美國的B-45、F-105、F-111“土豚”、F-117，英國的坎培拉和前苏联的Su-24“击剑手”战术轰炸机。
各國轟炸機
戰略轟炸機
二戰時期
英國
蘭卡斯特
史特林
哈里法克斯
法國
F.222式轰炸机
美國
B-17
B-25
B-24
B-29
B-32
B-26
德國
He 177
Fw 200
蘇聯
TB-3
Pe-8
加里宁K-7
日本
深山轟炸機
連山轟炸機
二战后
21世纪第一天，只有中美俄和伊拉克四个国家还拥有战略轰炸机（埃及是在2000年退役了所有图-16和轰-6，伊拉克是在2003年的战事中被摧毁了海湾战争中幸存的最后一架轰-6）。
英國
英国的三种战略轰炸机至1993年均已退役。
勇氣式轟炸機
火神式轟炸機
胜利者式轰炸机
美國
B-47
B-50
B-52
B-58
XB-70
B-1B
B-2
前蘇聯/俄羅斯
Tu-4
米亚-4
Tu-95
Tu-22
Tu-22M
Tu-160
法國
幻象IV
中国
轰-6K/N
戰術轟炸機
二戰時期
威靈頓轟炸機 (英國)
蚊式轟炸機 (英國)
布倫亨轟炸機 (英國)
(英國)
(英國)
賊鷗 (英國)
管鼻鸌 (英國)
大鹏 (英國)
剑鱼式鱼雷轰炸机 (英國)
青花鱼式鱼雷轰炸机 (英國)
梭魚式鱼雷轟炸機 (英國)
亨德里·佩奇漢普登中型轟炸機 (英國)
DB-7/A-20浩劫攻击机 (英國) （美國)
B-34轟炸機 （美國)
B-25轟炸機 （美國)
B-26轟炸機 （美國)
TBD （美國)
TBF轟炸機 （美國)
SBD轟炸機 （美國)
SB2C轟炸機 （美國)
A-28轟炸機 （美國)
A-29轟炸機 （美國)
Do 17轟炸機 (德國)
Do 217轟炸機 (德國)
He 111轟炸機 (德國)
Ju 87轟炸機 (德國)
Ju 88轟炸機 (德國)
Ar 234轟炸機 (德國)
一式陸攻 (日本)
「飛龍」轟炸機 (日本)
Ki-49轟炸機 (日本)
「流星」轟炸機 (日本)
G3M轟炸機 (日本)
Z.1007轟炸機 (意大利)
Tu-2轟炸機 (蘇聯)
SB-2轟炸機 (蘇聯)
IL-4轟炸機 (蘇聯)
Pe-2轟炸機 (蘇聯)
Il-2轟炸機 (蘇聯)
Il-10轟炸機 (蘇聯)
二战后
英國
坎培拉
美國
B-45
B-57
F-105
F-111
F-15E
F-117
B-66/A-3
A-5
前蘇聯/俄羅斯
Il-28
Tu-16
Su-24
M-50
中国
轰-5
轰-6
歼轰-7
相關條目
戰鬥轟炸機
攻擊機
戰略轟炸
戰術轟炸
空用炸彈
參考資料
外部連結
轰炸机
军用飞机 |
感冒严重可以引起甲状腺肿大吗？甲状腺肥大这种甲状腺疾病大家再熟悉不过了，得了这种疾病的人会出现很多不适的症状，可是很多人对于这些症状却不是很了解，导致他们不能在第一时间发现甲状腺肥大。甲状腺出现肿大以后病人的颈静脉会受到压迫，导致面部出现淤血，这时候面部是非常难看的，胸部的皮肤和上臂也会出现明显的水肿以及明显的静脉曲张。吞咽困难：甲状腺肥大的病人食管会受到压迫的，这样吃饭就比较困难了，不过这种症况比较少见，仅仅见于腺肿伸入食管与气管之间，或者有恶性病变的时候常常会出现持续性的吞咽困难的症状。饭量增加，体重减轻，容易口渴、平时大便的次数增加;皮肤湿润，体温升高、怕热、出汗呼吸急剧等等，其中有些症状是会威胁到病人的性命的。有些病毒感染可能会造成甲状腺炎，主要是亚急性甲状腺炎，但感冒不会造成甲状腺炎症或肿大。甲状腺肿包括毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿，结节性甲状腺肿，甲状腺炎造成的甲状腺肿，特发性甲状腺肿等。甲状腺肿大在一定程度上含有遗传的因素，因此有这种家族史的人群要格外注意。此外一些不良的生活习惯也会导致甲状腺肿大，因此养成良好的生活习惯不容忽视。此外对于这种疾病的一些病因也应有所了解，这样才能在疾病出现时及时的发现并及时的治疗。在病因方面，除了遗传方面的因素，碘的缺乏是其发病的主要原因，因此人们在饮食让要保证每天有充足的碘元素的摄入，才能更好的预防疾病，此外，一些药物方面的不慎用，也会导致甲状腺肿大。甲状腺发生肿大其严重与否，主要与引起甲状腺肿大的病因有密切的相关性，在临床上引起甲状腺肿大的常见病因包括是单纯性的甲状腺肿，通常见于缺碘或者儿童缺碘、孕妇缺碘引起的生理性甲状腺肿，经过补充碘剂或碘盐治疗以后，甲状腺肿大可以获得缓解，甲状腺肿大常见的是甲状腺良性疾病，比如甲状腺腺瘤，通常行单侧甲状腺大部切除手术治疗，就可以达到治愈的效果。 |
国家权力（，或稱管治权）是种特殊的政治权力，是通过国家政权发生的政治权力关系。其权力的形成来自于国家各机构，因此也可叫做治权或政府权力。其所表现的最高统治形式是国家主权，它是国家权力的“最终权力”，是一切国家权力的泉源。政府权力来自于国家主权通过法律的的合法授予。它是统治阶级运用国家机器实现阶级统治的一种特殊的公共权力，这种权力的实质是反映和代表占支配和统治地位的阶级和阶层的利益。现代政府权力按照职能不同，一般分为立法权、行政权、司法权。从国家权力的构成来说，分为具有不可分割性的主权（统权）、国家治理权。
参考文献
参见
治理（管治）
國家權力
国家哲学 |
The 1898–99 season was the 11th season of The Football League. Two teams were able to win the First Division title going into the final day of the season: Aston Villa and Liverpool; second-placed Liverpool travelled to Villa Park for the final match, needing a win to overtake Villa and win the title, but Villa won 5–0 to win their fourth First Division title.
Defending champions Sheffield United had the first poor title defence in English top flight history, finishing 16th out of 18, barely avoiding the two relegation places.
Final league tables
Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season.
During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league.
First Division
Results
Maps
Second Division
Results
Maps
See also
1898–99 in English football
1898 in association football
1899 in association football
References
Ian Laschke: Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888–89 to 1978–79. Macdonald and Jane's, London & Sydney, 1980.
1898-99
1 |
Sulliman Johan Mazadou (born 11 April 1985 in Marignane, France) is a Nigerien footballer who plays for French club US Marignane in Championnat de France amateur. He is a member of Niger national football team played at 2012 Africa Cup of Nations against home team Gabon and one of the Niger's reserve players in match again Tunisia.
References
1985 births
Living people
People with acquired Nigerien citizenship
Nigerien men's footballers
Niger men's international footballers
French men's footballers
French people of Nigerien descent
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Men's association football defenders
Marignane Gignac Côte Bleue FC players
Footballers from Bouches-du-Rhône |
The 1934 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1934 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Truman F. Wilbanks, the team compiled a 5–4 record.
Schedule
References
Southwestern Louisiana
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football seasons
Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football |
(German for 'steps') is the sixth studio album by German band Silbermond. It was released on 15 November 2019 through . The album reached number one in Germany, becoming the band's third album to debut atop the German charts.
Background and composition
The band announced the album on 20 September 2019. The album title refers to the process of learning to walk, be it that of a small individual or of all humanity. The sound of the album was described as minimalistic and stripped-down. Lyrically, the band positions itself against xenophobia which alternates with lyrics regarding Kloß' and Stolle's parenthood as well as the loss of Kloß' father. With the album, the band intended to express their views on different issues without being condescending.
Critical reception
received generally positive reviews. The German magazine Stern described the songs as poignant and catchy. The website Mix1 noted that the band dips increasingly more into Folk music and will not shy away from discussing social issues. In a negative review, Kevin Holtmann of criticized the album for being "surface level" and that the band lacks edge or courage to "break free from their musical conventions".
Track listing
All song written by Thomas Stolle, Johannes Stolle, Andreas Nowak, and Stefanie Kloß.
Charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
2019 albums
Silbermond albums
German-language albums |
频繁发笑的原因是什么？西医根据癫痫病因不同分成特发性癫痫和继发性(症状性)癫痫两大类。前者指这类患者的脑病并无可以解释症状的结构变化或代谢异常，而与遗传因素有较密切的关系。症状性癫痫因于多种脑部病损和代谢障碍，如先天性疾病、产前期和围生期疾病(产伤是婴儿期癫痫的常见病因)、高热惊厥后遗、外伤、感染、中毒、颅内肿瘤、脑血管疾病、营养代谢性疾病等。癫痫的产生与神经元异常放电相关。人体休息时，一个大脑皮质锥体细胞的放电频率一般保持在1～10次/秒之间，而在癫痫病灶中，一组病态神经元的放电频率可高达每秒数百次。痫灶细胞群高频重复放电，使其轴突所直接联系的神经元产生较大的突触后电位，从而产生连续传播，直至抑制作用(包括痫性周围抑制性神经细胞的活动，胶质细胞对兴奋性物质的回收，以及病灶外抑制机构的参与)使发作终止。由于传播途径及范围不同而引起各种形式发作。痫性活动可能仅牵涉一个区域的大脑皮质而不再扩散，引起单纯部分性发作;兴奋在前中央回或后中央回通过放电后细胞外钾离子的增多而传导到邻近神经元，造成杰克逊(Jackson)癫痫;痫性活动常由大脑皮质通过下行投射纤维传播到丘脑和中脑网状结构，引起意识丧失，再由弥散性丘脑投射系统传布到整个大脑皮质，产生继发的全面性强直一阵挛发作。 |
was a Japanese scholar of the early to mid 20th century. A direct descendant of the famed Katakura Kagetsuna, Nobumitsu was a scholar of regional history, focusing on Sendai. Nobumitsu would have been the sixteenth Katakura Kojūrō.
External links
Katakura family tree (in Japanese)
Kazoku
Japanese writers
People from Miyagi Prefecture
Katakura clan
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
The Gloster Gauntlet was a single-seat biplane fighter designed and produced by the British aeroplane manufacturer Gloster Aircraft in the 1930s. It was the last fighter to be operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) to have an open cockpit, and also the penultimate biplane fighter in its service.
The Gauntlet had a somewhat lengthy development process, linking back to the S.S.18 prototype of 1929. Extensive modifications, including multiple engine changes and changes to suit varying specifications, resulted in a relatively fast fighter aircraft for the era as well as a heavy armament and favourable manoeuvrability. By mid-1933, the Gauntlet name had been applied to the type and the Air Ministry placed an initial order for 24 aircraft during September of that year. It was procured as a replacement for the Bristol Bulldog, being roughly 50 MPH faster while also being more heavily armed. In May 1935, No. 19 Squadron became the first unit to receive the Gauntlet I.
An improved model, the Gauntlet II, featuring structural improvements sourced from Gloster's new parent company, Hawker was developed during 1934; deliveries of this new model commenced in the following year. Gloster received orders for over 200 Gauntlet IIs, with the type eventually being operated by 14 RAF squadrons of RAF Fighter Command. It was used for various duties, including a secretive series of exercises that included the first interception of an aircraft using information relayed from ground-based radar, a technique that would prove to be vital during the Second World War. However, as early as 1936, frontline squadrons begun to be reequipped with more advanced fighters, such as the Gloster Gladiator, Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. Gauntlets were increasingly used in secondary roles and by overseas squadrons, serving in a reduced capacity into the Second World War. The last examples were withdrawn during 1943.
Design and development
Background
The Gloster Gauntlet can be traced back to the S.S.18 prototype, which made its maiden flight during January 1929. While its performance had proven the basic design to be sound, having demonstrated a maximum speed of 189 MPH, difficulties with the Bristol Mercury IIA engine that powered the aircraft motivated Gloster to explore other powerplants, which ultimately resulted in the structurally similar Gloster S.S.19. Around this time, the Air Ministry was formulating Specification F.10/27, which called for a single-seat fighter aircraft that was to be armed with six machine guns and function as a high altitude interceptor; Henry Folland, Gloster's chief designer, opted to modify the S.S.19 to carry a heavier armament (four machine guns in the wings and two in the fuselage), in order to conform with these requirements. Extensive trials of the aircraft were conducted at RAF Martlesham Heath during late 1930, in which it was found to be free of major detects and to have superior handling to any single-seat aircraft up to that point.
Despite the S.S.19's promising performance, attitudes within the Air Staff as to what the armaments of the prospective future fighter had shifted and changes were requested. Folland decided to respond by refining the aircraft's design, such as the addition of mainwheel spats, a spatted tailwheel, and a modified tail unit with greater fin area and thus increased stability. Re-designated as the S.S.19A, the aircraft underwent a full service evaluation during late 1931, during which it achieved a top speed of . Further modifications were made to satisfy Specification F.20/27, resulting in the Gloster S.S.19B. Evaluation flights of this revision revealed the aircraft to possess a maximum speed of .
By the summer of 1933, testing had progressed with the S.S.19B and plans to procure the type had advanced to the point where the Gauntlet name was assigned to the type. Having been re-engined with a Bristol Mercury VIs engine, the type proved itself capable of a top speed of as well as attaining an altitude of 20,000 feet in 11 minutes and 43 seconds. Having been sufficiently satisfied by the demonstrated performance, the Air Ministry opted to place an initial order via a draft production schedule for 24 Gauntlets as a replacement for one squadron of Bristol Bulldog fighters during September 1933; both the finalised specification and contract No. 285263/35 were issued to Gloster in February 1934.
Into production
During December 1934, the first production Gauntlet, K4081, was completed; on 17 December of that year, it performed its maiden flight from Gloster's Hucclecote facility. On 25 May 1935, the first two aircraft were delivered to No. 19 Squadron, while 20 of the first 24 Gauntlets had been completed by the end of the following month, the majority of which were also promptly dispatched to join No. 19 Squadron. While the type's development had been lengthy, it resulted in an aircraft that was relatively trouble-free and quickly acquired a favourable reputation.
As a result of Hawker's takeover of Gloster in 1934, there as a considerable emphasis placed upon the latter to standardise its construction and design techniques with that of its new parent company. While the Gauntlet programme had been sufficiently advanced as to make major alterations to the first production batch unfeasible, it was determined to be quite beneficial for future production batches to incorporate Hawker structural elements, largely in the rear fuselage of the aircraft, as this would reduce assembly costs as well as be easier to repair by reducing the use of welding. The revised aircraft, usually known as the Gauntlet II, led to the initial batch being retroactively referred as the Gauntlet I.
During April 1935, Gloster received contract No. 396880/35, which ordered 104 Gauntlet IIs. In September 1935, a follow-on order via contract No. 442477/35 for another 100 aircraft was issued to the company. Deliveries of the Gauntlet II commenced during May 1935, with the first examples being issued to No. 56 Squadron and No. 111 Squadron. A total of 204 Gauntlet IIs were produced in the UK.
Operational history
The first squadron to receive the Gauntlet I was No. 19 Squadron at RAF Duxford, who received their first examples during May 1935. Its performance was a clear advancement over the squadron's previous type, the Bristol Bulldog, being faster than its predecessor; between 1935 and 1937, the Gauntlet was the fastest aircraft in operation with the RAF. Accordingly, it was procured in sufficient numbers to become the most common fighter of the service during this era.
During May 1936, the improved Gauntlet II entered service with No. 56 Squadron and No. 111 Squadron, while a further six squadrons being re-equipped with the Gauntlet by the end of the year. Beyond its typical role, the type was occasionally used for other duties, such as for meteorological and competition flights. One particularly secretive use of the Gauntlet was conducted by No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron, which participated in early trials of ground-based radar, helping to develop techniques for the direction of fighters; these exercises included the first successful radar-controlled interception, a technique that would prove invaluable during the Second World War.
In May 1937, the Gauntlet had reached the peak of its strength in the RAF, with a total of 14 Squadrons of RAF Fighter Command operating the type. By 1936 the RAF began to procure more advanced fighters, such as the Gloster Gladiator, Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire, and these progressively replaced the Gauntlet. As a consequence, Gauntlets were typically transferred onwards to freshly-formed units, serving as their first equipment to allow them to train in advance of receiving more modern fighters. It was also decided to ship numerous Gauntlets to distant parts of the British Empire, such as to equip three RAF squadrons that were stationed in the Middle East. However, in September 1938, when the Munich Crisis threatened war with Germany, 45% of the RAF's fighter squadrons (nine squadrons) still flew the Gauntlet, with only three squadrons equipped with Hurricanes.
By the outbreak of the Second World War, all but one of the home-based Gauntlet squadrons (616 Squadron was the exception) had re-equipped with more modern fighters. However, the type remained in frontline service in the Middle East for some time; a flight of Gauntlets remained in service with No.3 Sqn of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in the Middle East when Italy declared war in 1940. These aircraft were briefly used for ground-attack operations against the Italians before being retired from operations owing to maintenance problems. In August 1940, 430 Flight RAF was formed in Sudan with a mixture of Gauntlets and Vickers Vincents in the army co-operation role during the East African campaign, with the Gauntlets carrying out bombing and strafing operations against Italian forces. Sudan was where Flight Lieutenant Arthur Brewerton Mitchell scored the only recorded air-to-air victory in a Gauntlet, when he shot down an Italian Caproni Ca.133 transport plane. Gauntlets continued in use for meteorological flights until 1943.
Seventeen Gauntlets IIs were licence-produced in Denmark, while 25 ex-RAF machines were supplied by South Africa as part of its support for Finland in 1940, which was engaged in the Winter War against the Soviet Union. Already obsolete at this point, they were used as advanced trainers by the Finns. The Finnish nickname for the Gauntlet was Kotletti (literally "cutlet").
Variants
SS.18 : Single-seat prototype (J9125). The aircraft was fitted with a 450-hp (336-kW) Bristol Mercury IIA radial piston engine, which proved unreliable.
SS.18A : The SS.18 was fitted with a 480 hp (358 kW) Bristol Jupiter VIIF radial piston engine.
SS.18B : The SS.18, testfitted with a 560 hp (418 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Panther III radial piston engine.
SS.19 : Single-seat prototype, still on airframe J9125; fitted with a Bristol Jupiter VII radial piston engine and a Townend ring.
SS.19A : The SS.19 was later fitted with a Jupiter VIIFS and was given the SS.19A designation for the official trials, which began in September 1930. Numerous running changes were made to fin and rudders and elsewhere; eventually a tailwheel replaced the rear skid.
SS.19B : The SS.19A was fitted with a Bristol Mercury VIS radial piston engine in February 1933; this was upgraded to produce by mid-1933. By April 1935 it had been modified again, now with the production-spec VIS2 engine, and underwent acceptance trials.
Gauntlet Mk I : Single-seat fighter aircraft for the RAF; 24 built.
Gauntlet Mk II : Single-seat fighter aircraft; modified version of the Gauntlet Mk I incorporating Hawker production methods; 221 built.
Operators
Royal Australian Air Force
No. 3 Squadron
Hærens Flyvetropper
No. 1 Squadron Hærens Flyvetropper
Finnish Air Force
No. 30 Squadron
No. 34 Squadron
No. 25 Squadron
No. 17 Squadron
No. 35 Squadron
Southern Rhodesian Air Force
No. 1 Squadron
South African Air Force
No. 1 Squadron
No. 2 Squadron
Royal Air Force
No. 6 Squadron
No. 17 Squadron
No. 19 Squadron
No. 32 Squadron
No. 33 Squadron
No. 46 Squadron
No. 47 Squadron
No. 54 Squadron
No. 56 Squadron
No. 65 Squadron
No. 66 Squadron
No. 73 Squadron
No. 74 Squadron
No. 79 Squadron
No. 80 Squadron
No. 111 Squadron
No. 112 Squadron
No. 151 Squadron
No. 213 Squadron
No. 234 Squadron
No. 237 Squadron
No. 504 Squadron
No. 601 Squadron
No. 602 Squadron
No. 615 Squadron
No. 616 Squadron
Surviving aircraft
As of 2008, the only remaining airworthy Gauntlet II in the world, GT-400, is registered in Finland where it spends its summers in the Karhula Flying Club Aviation Museum at the Kymi Airfield near Kotka. This aircraft is fitted with a Alvis Leonides radial engine.
Specifications (Gauntlet Mk II)
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Crawford, Alex. Bristol Bulldog, Gloster Gauntlet. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. .
Goulding, James and Robert Jones. "Gladiator, Gauntlet, Fury, Demon".Camouflage & Markings: RAF Fighter Command Northern Europe, 1936 to 1945. London: Ducimus Books, 1971.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter Since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .
Mason, Francis K. The Gloster Gauntlet (Aircraft in Profile 10). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1965.
Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. .
Shores, Christopher. Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–1942. London: Grub Street, 1996. .
Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1918–57. London: Putnam, First edition 1957.
Wixey, Kenneth E. "The Gloster Gauntlet story". Aircraft Illustrated. Vol. 14 No. 1, January 1980. pp. 13–17.
External links
Gloster Gauntlet – British Aircraft of World War II
Hakans Aviation Page
Conventional landing gear
1930s British fighter aircraft
Gloster aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Biplanes
World War II aircraft of Finland |
The Vern Riffe State Office Tower is a skyscraper on Capitol Square in downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was completed in 1988 and has 32 floors. NBBJ designed the building, which is the fifth-tallest in Columbus, and has 102,192 m² of floor area. An earlier concept for the site, also designed by NBBJ, would have included a site to the west of the present location, and would have effectively closed off South Wall Street north of West State Street. The building was named for Vernal G. Riffe, Jr, who served as Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1975 to 1994. The complex also contains the 854-seat Capitol Theatre.
The project was completed for $130 million.
The working office of Ohio Governor Mike DeWine is located on the building's 30th floor.
In 2023, several Republican members of Ohio's House of Representatives proposed renaming the Vern Riffe Center, removing the Democratic House speaker's name from the building. The proposal would rename the structure in honor of Tawnya Salyer, who lost her footing while helping construct the building in 1988 and died from the fall.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Columbus, Ohio
References
External links
Emporis
Skyscraperpage
Skyscraper office buildings in Columbus, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Downtown Columbus, Ohio
Government buildings in Columbus, Ohio
Government buildings completed in 1988
Office buildings completed in 1988
1980s architecture in the United States
NBBJ buildings
High Street (Columbus, Ohio) |
约瑟夫·胡克（Joseph Hooker，），美国陆军少将，曾参与塞米诺尔战争、美墨战争和美国南北战争。
胡克最著名的战役是1863年在钱瑟勒斯维尔战役中率领北方军惨败于南方军总司令罗伯特·E·李率领的部队。
内布拉斯加州的胡克县即以胡克的名字命名。
美國陸軍少將
北军将领
马萨诸塞州南北战争人士
葬于斯普林格罗夫公墓
马萨诸塞州汉普夏县人
美国美墨战争军人 |
Plauditus punctiventris is a species of small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae. It is found in the south half of Canada, the southern, and northeastern United States.
References
Mayflies
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1923
Fauna of the Northeastern United States |
Oslo Bysykkel ("Oslo City Bike") is a public bicycle sharing system in Oslo, Norway which is owned and operated by an Urban Infrastructure Partner on behalf of Clear Channel Communications and in collaboration with the city of Oslo. The municipality makes outdoor advertising space available, which is used for city bike space. Members can locate and unlock bikes with the Oslo Bysykkel app or on a screen at the stations. The system is based on the purchase of a daily, monthly, or yearly pass. Members can use the bikes for up to an hour; additional time is 15 NOK for 15 minutes. The bikes can be borrowed for a total of 7 hours.
Structure
As of April 2021, there are 249 rental hubs. Regular bicycles are available between April and 30 November each year; a limited number of bikes with studded tires are available in the winter.
Financing
Membership in the sharing system costs 499 NOK per year for individuals. The system is additionally financed by advertising sold and managed by Clear Channel Communications. The advertising is displayed on the bikes, on outdoor billboards set up in connection with the bike stalls and standalone billboards in the city centre.
Clear Channel Communications runs similar projects in Barcelona, Zaragoza, and Stockholm with identical bikes and hub systems. As of 2007, similar schemes are also in effect in other European cities, including JCDecaux's Aix-en-Provence, Rouen, Barcelona (Bicing), Brussels, Lyon (Vélo'v), Nantes (Bicloo), Paris (Vélib), Toulouse, Seville (Sevici), Vienna, Sandnes, and others Pamplona (Cemusa), Copenhagen, OYBike, Call a Bike (Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne, Stuttgart, Munich, Karlsruhe), Copenhagen/Helsinki/Aarhus (CIOS), Stockholm and Zaragoza.
References
External links
Oslo Bysykkel website
Community bicycle programs
Public transport in Norway
Transport in Oslo
Cycling in Norway
Bicycle sharing in Norway |
萨尔塔古达（）是西班牙纳瓦拉的一个市镇。总面积15平方公里，总人口1321人（2001年），人口密度88人/平方公里。
参考文献
纳瓦拉市镇 |
《油漆渐干》（），2016年英国长片，由查利·萊恩执导并制片。电影聚焦于墙壁上油漆的干燥过程，长达10小时7分钟。英國電影分級委員會为给这部电影分级，必须完整观看10小时，而这正是查利·琳创作本片的目的。
概述
在英国，任何一部电影都要提交给英國電影分級委員會（一個非政府組織）進行分级，而据电影制片人查利·琳所说，每次電影審查須繳交101.5英鎊（£）的基本費，再外加每分鐘7.09英鎊（£）的累加費，此过程成本平均约为1000英鎊（£），初出茅庐的电影制作人难以支付得起。查利·琳遂以此片表示抗议。为使本片尽可能的长，查利·琳创立了一个Kickstarter页面募集资金109英鎊（£），最終獲686名赞助者共筹集了5,936（£）英镑。电影最终分级结果为「普遍級」，是一個可以闔家觀賞的電影，並于2016年1月26日发行。
另见
最长的电影列表
参考资料
外部链接
互联网电影数据库上的资料
英國電影分級委員會上的资料
2010年代纪录片
2016年英國電影作品
英國紀錄片
英语电影
英国抗议活动
一鏡到底電影 |
巴蘭科區（），是秘魯的一個區，位於該國西部利馬大區的利馬省，始建於1874年10月26日，面積3.33平方公里，2002年人口45,922，人口密度每平方公里14,000人。
參考資料
munibarranco.gob.pe
秘魯行政區 |
黑西施奥尔登多夫（德语：），或称黑森奥尔登多夫，是德国下萨克森州的一个市镇。总面积120.31平方公里，总人口18827人，其中男性9297人，女性9530人（2011年12月31日），人口密度156人/平方公里。
参见
下萨克森州市镇列表
参考
下萨克森州市镇 |
Etiquette for Mistresses is a 2015 Philippine romantic-drama film based on the best-selling novel of the same name written by Julie Yap-Daza and Patrick John Valencia. It features an ensemble cast including Kris Aquino, Claudine Barretto, Iza Calzado, Cheena Crab and Kim Chiu. The film tackles the lives of five successful and glamorous women whose friendship is based on their common weaknesses—they are all trapped in the prison of their hearts.
The film is also the first Filipino film to open simultaneously nationwide and worldwide in Europe, Middle East, and North America. The film opens with 15 million pesos on its opening day and received positive reviews from movie critics for its cinematography and unique storyline.
Different from most mistress films in the Philippines, the film
focuses on different lives of the other women in the social elite world and the quest for true love through trials and tribulations.
Plot
Georgia, Stella, and Charley watch a video scandal of a mistress caught by the wife. Charley tells them that she experienced the same scenario and instead watches the movie with her kids at a supermarket to avoid the wife. Stella ends the conversation that she only meets his lover Ambet Villoria at home to avoid any scandal. In a lounge bar, Chloe, the most rebellious mistress is embarrassed by the cancellation of credit card by her lover Gabriel. In anger she throws her phone accidentally not knowing someone was hurt. Stella helps her out of prison but asks her not to tell what happened with the other girls.
Meanwhile, Georgia is tasked by her lover to train a new woman of Frank Ayson, a rich politician and boss of her lover. She reluctantly agrees and meets up with Stella in a coffee shop to get some advice before going to the airport and meet Ina, the new mistress. Ina is ecstatic at first but becomes depressed after learning from Georgia that despite having a condo and a luxurious life, she cannot live with Frank, for whom she left her life in Cebu for. She is even more frustrated by the rules given by Georgia, which includes never calling Frank and never showing herself in front of him unless he asks her to. She ends up depressed as the days pass and overdoses herself on alcohol. Georgia rushes her to the hospital where she meets Chloe.
The next day, Georgia introduce Ina to Stella, Chloe and Charley. The girls start to form a stronger friendship and bond at a mall and a beauty salon using Charley's credit card. Ina meets up with Frank at a Christmas caravan with Chloe's help. Georgia angrily tells Ina that she should not break her rules. Chloe discovers that Gabriel has another mistress.
In Georgia's absence, Ina stays with Charley and accompanies her in an auction but she is caught by Wang Gie's wife and suspended from going out. Ina chooses to stay with Stella in a court room but an accident causes Stella to fly abroad leaving Ina alone. She decides to go back to Cebu to reunite with her family, but is disappointed when she sees that they have learned to live a life without her. This convinces Ina to stay as a mistress.
Ina attends Senator Adelle Ayson's birthday party to get a glimpse of Frank with Chloe's assistance. Georgia is horrified in the meeting of the two and confronts Chloe. The incident separates Chloe from the rest of the group. A news breaks out that Ambet is missing and the mistresses reunite with Stella who is hiding him in a safe house. Prior to the accident, Ambet is diagnosed with cancer and is terminally ill. After a talk with Gabriel's wife, Chloe faces her friends again but nobody is interested to listen to her realization that their lovers will never choose them.
The girls learn that the police found their location through Chloe. Charlie decides to break a rule in order for Stella and Ambet escape using Frank's influence and Wang Gie's plane. Georgia has one more rule for Ina and both of them leave their partners.
Chloe then accepts the job that was offered to her, Stella visits Ambet's grave, Charley returns to the Philippines with her two kids, Georgia marries a guy with twins and Ina becomes a singer and marries a handsome man.
Cast and characters
The Mistresses
Kris Aquino as Georgia Torres - The oldest among the mistresses , a chef and successful owner of a high class restaurant. She is the most proper and well mannered among the group who teaches them with the rules she kept.
Kim Chiu as Innamorata "Ina" Del Prado - a Cebuana lounge singer who fell in love with the rich politician Frank Ayson. She left her life at Cebu in exchange of living together with Frank but ended up stuck in the condo unit bought for her by Frank. She is the youngest among the mistresses.
Claudine Barretto as Chloe Zamora - The most fearless and reckless mistress. She often takes risks to meet her lover even if the wife is in the same place. She is the rule breaker among the group.
Iza Calzado as Stella Garcia - A no-nonsense lawyer and mistress of the broadcaster Ambet Villoria. She believes in true love and happy ending on mistresses.
Cheena Crab as Charley Mariquit - The richest mistress among the group who treats her friends with leisures. She is cheerful and generous and mother of two children.
Supporting cast
Helen Gamboa as Conchita San Diego - she is a philanthropist and most respected of the group of women the women look up to her and Georgia admires her
Tirso Cruz III as Ambrosio "Ambet" Villoria
Eddie Gutierrez as Gabriel "Gab" Castronuevo
Freddie Webb as Roberto "Rob" Mariano
Zoren Legaspi as Frank Ayson
Cherry Pie Picache as Betsie Galvez-Villoria
Aiko Melendez as Senator Adelina "Adelle" Ayson
Pilar Pilapil as Eliza Castronuevo
Sam Concepcion as the Young Guy
Divine Aucina as Leah (Ina's Friend)
Arci Muñoz as Amanda
Candy Pangilinan as Joy del Prado/Ina's Eldest Sister
Guest appearances
Derek Ramsay as Arthur Clemente
Piolo Pascual as Edward Cervantes
Yayo Aguila as Marla
Dexter Doria as Alicia
Kyline Alcantara as Charley's daughter
Yuan Carido as Charley's son
Chinggoy Alonzo† as Ramon
Menggie Cobarrubias† as Dr. Santiago
Jenny Miller as Tara
Mel Kimura as Mrs. Eroles
Manuel Chua as Manuel
Chokoleit† as Bailey
Rina Inojales as Dionesia
AJ Dee as an unnamed man in the car
Ahwel Paz as Ezra
Angie Ferro† as Aling Mau Mau
Sophia Lim as an unnamed girl in mall
Production
Filming
The production team started to shoot the film in early July 2015, the moment when Kris officially got back for the film and finished early September 2015.
Full cast and crew
Directed by: Chito Roño
Starring: Kris Aquino, Kim Chiu, Iza Calzado, Cheena Crab, and Claudine Barretto. Together with: Divine Aucina, Cherry Pie Picache, Tirso Cruz III, Aiko Melendez, Sam Concepcion, Freddie Webb, Arci Muñoz, and Candy Pangilinan. With The Special Participation of: Pilar Pilapil and Eddie Gutierrez
Produced by: Jane Torres (associate producer), Lea A. Calmerin (line producer), Pauline Bianca Javier (line producer), Marizel Samson Martinez (supervising producer), Charo Santos-Concio (executive producer) and Malou Santos (executive producer)
Story by: Chito Roño
Screenplay by: Kriz G. Gazmen and Patrick John Valencia
Music by: Carmina Cuya
Cinematographered by: Neil Daza (director of photography)
Art Directed by: Ana Lou Sanchez
Production Designed by: Shari Montiague
Film Edited by: Carlo Francisco Manatad
Sound by: Nicholai Policarpio Minion (re recording designer), Darwin Dela Cruz (boom operator: AFPI TSAR), Noel Urbano (dubbing supervisor), Immanuel Verona (sound effects supervision: Wildsound Studios)
Camera and Electrical Department: Cesca Lee (camera operator), Ading Bagasona (drone camera assistant operator: RSVP), Joel Casaol (crane operator), Gary Gardoce (additional photography)
Costume and Wardrobe Department: Bang Pineda (production stylist), Gian Laxamana (assistant stylist), Angelito Posadas (wardrobe), (as Angge Posadas), Adonis Barsuela (wardrobe master)
Casting
The film stars Claudine Barretto, who came back to the business after two years of hiatus, this also serves as her comeback launching with Star Cinema and ABS-CBN, Kim Chiu, Iza Calzado, Cheena Crab (who also came back to the Philippines after migrating to the States) and Kris Aquino, who backed out at first but was convinced to play the role later.
Music
The official theme song of the film is "You Don't Own Me" performed by Lani Misalucha. The song was originally performed by Lesley Gore and was included in the soundtrack of the film The First Wives Club. It was written and composed by John Madara and Dave White.
Kim Chiu recorded two songs for the film "Duyog" and "Labyu Langga" as part of its soundtrack.
Reception
Box-office
On its first week, the film earned P63,681,347.00 on its first week run in theaters which premiered on September 30. The film, through its 4-week run earned ₱93,060,831.36 according to Box Office Mojo.
Critical reception
The film received a lot of positive reviews because of its unique story line and cinematography. According to Rappler, ''Etiquette for Mistresses' is a breath of fresh air amidst the countless films about infidelity that offer nothing more than outrageous confrontations as cheap entertainment." says movie critic Oggs Cruz. According to Philbert Dy of www.ClickTheCity.com, "‘Etiquette for Mistresses’ is Worth Considering, Even After it Falls Apart.", he gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars.
Etiquette for Mistresses received a Grade B from Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines.
See also
Sukob
References
External links
2015 films
Philippine romantic drama films
Films about Filipino women
2015 romantic drama films
Star Cinema films
2010s Tagalog-language films
Films based on Philippine novels
2010s English-language films |
Big Rock is an island in the West Coast Region of New Zealand. It is north of Point Elizabeth and west of the Seven Mile Creek. The name Big Rock is unofficial.
See also
List of islands of New Zealand
References
Uninhabited islands of New Zealand
Islands of the West Coast, New Zealand |
胃酸胃胀想吐怎么办？胃酸胀可能是消化功能障碍和消化不良的表现，常见疾病可能有慢性胃炎或消化性溃疡，可通过胃镜检查确诊。当有胃胀气时，可以服用口服抗酸剂，当有腹胀和消化不良时，可以服用口服胃动力药物和消化药物。你应该注意你的饮食，饮食应该是一日三餐，定量定时。不要暴饮暴食。如果你有消化不良，你可以少吃多吃。多吃易消化的液体饮食，如清淡的面条，小米粥等。当你有胃痛和腹胀并且想要呕吐这些症状时，不要怀疑它一定是因为你的胃有一些大或小的问题。如果这些症状经常发生，或者如果它们定期发生，则意味着胃肠功能受到影响。一定要及时去医院检查胃镜检查是否有些疾病。如果延缓胃病的发展，就会导致胃病恶化，引起胃穿孔，胃溃疡，慢性胃炎等问题，并严重增加患胃癌的风险。一般来说，偶尔胃胀和呕吐与胃炎有关，这可能是由慢性胃炎引起的。慢性胃炎的形成基本上是由于饮食习惯不良引起的，如吃辛辣刺激性食物，暴饮暴食，吸烟和饮酒。如果你想调整这种类型的胃病，你只能慢慢改善你的饮食习惯和生活方式。没有其他捷径。缓解胃酸胀气可以吃一些对症药物。胃酸过多，容易恶心的人可以吃奥美拉唑胶囊，可以抑制胃酸对胃黏膜的保护作用。消化不良的人可以吃健胃消食片。你也可以喝牛奶，煮一些米粥和小麦粥，并按摩腹部。不要吃容易出现腹胀，消化不良的食物，如土豆，红薯，栗子等，多吃新鲜水果和蔬菜，可以补充多种维生素，少吃辛辣刺激生冷食物，吃慢慢不仅有益于营养吸收，还可以加速胃排空。 |
In physics and engineering, surface power density is power per unit area.
Applications
The intensity of electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in W/m2. An example of such a quantity is the solar constant.
Wind turbines are often compared using a specific power measuring watts per square meter of turbine disk area, which is , where r is the length of a blade. This measure is also commonly used for solar panels, at least for typical applications.
Radiance is surface power density per unit of solid angle (steradians) in a specific direction. Spectral radiance is radiance per unit of frequency (Hertz) at a specific frequency.
Surface power densities of energy sources
Surface power density is an important factor in comparison of industrial energy sources. The concept was popularised by geographer Vaclav Smil. The term is usually shortened to "power density" in the relevant literature, which can lead to confusion with homonymous or related terms.
Measured in W/m2 it describes the amount of power obtained per unit of Earth surface area used by a specific energy system, including all supporting infrastructure, manufacturing, mining of fuel (if applicable) and decommissioning., Fossil fuels and nuclear power are characterized by high power density which means large power can be drawn from power plants occupying relatively small area. Renewable energy sources have power density at least three orders of magnitude smaller and for the same energy output they need to occupy accordingly larger area, which has been already highlighted as a limiting factor of renewable energy in German Energiewende.
The following table shows median surface power density of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
Background
As an electromagnetic wave travels through space, energy is transferred from the source to other objects (receivers). The rate of this energy transfer depends on the strength of the EM field components. Simply put, the rate of energy transfer per unit area (power density) is the product of the electric field strength (E) times the magnetic field strength (H).
Pd (Watts/meter2) = E × H (Volts/meter × Amperes/meter)where
Pd = the power density,
E = the RMS electric field strength in volts per meter,
H = the RMS magnetic field strength in amperes per meter.
The above equation yields units of W/m2 . In the USA the units of mW/cm2, are more often used when making surveys. One mW/cm2 is the same power density as 10 W/m2. The following equation can be used to obtain these units directly:
Pd = 0.1 × E × H mW/cm2
The simplified relationships stated above apply at distances of about two or more wavelengths from the radiating source. This distance can be a far distance at low frequencies, and is called the far field. Here the ratio between E and H becomes a fixed constant (377 Ohms) and is called the characteristic impedance of free space. Under these conditions we can determine the power density by measuring only the E field component (or H field component, if you prefer) and calculating the power density from it.
This fixed relationship is useful for measuring radio frequency or microwave (electromagnetic) fields. Since power is the rate of energy transfer, and the squares of E and H are proportional to power, E2 and H2 are proportional to the energy transfer rate and the energy absorption of a given material. [??? This would imply that with no absorption, E and H are both zero, i.e. light or radio waves cannot travel in a vacuum. The intended meaning of this statement is unclear.]
Far field
The region extending farther than about 2 wavelengths away from the source is called the far field. As the source emits electromagnetic radiation of a given wavelength, the far-field electric component of the wave E, the far-field magnetic component H, and power density are related by the equations: E = H × 377 and Pd = E × H.
Pd = H2 × 377 and Pd = E2 ÷ 377
where Pd is the power density in watts per square meter (one W/m2 is equal to 0.1 mW/cm2),
H2 = the square of the value of the magnetic field in amperes RMS squared per meter squared,
E2 = the square of the value of the electric field in volts RMS squared per meter squared.
References
Physical quantities
Area-specific quantities |
消化性溃疡疾病和幽门螺杆菌发现年表是什么?？消化性溃疡疾病和幽门螺杆菌发现年表列出了消化性溃疡和幽门螺杆菌研究历史中的重大事件。巴里·马歇尔和罗宾·沃伦于2005年因为发现幽门螺杆菌是消化性溃疡的最初成因而获得诺贝尔生理医学奖，幽门螺杆菌是一种适合在胃部等酸性环境生长的细菌。此项研究发表前的过往30年，一般认为消化性溃疡是由过多胃酸造成的；因为他们的研究成果，现在和幽门螺杆菌有关的消化性溃疡已改用抗生素消除感染。以往采用的胃酸控制疗法也能获得部分成效，这是因为抑制胃液的酸度将使胃内不再适合幽门螺杆菌生长。 |
女性长期口臭是什么原因,怎么治疗？口臭原因：1、肝火亢盛，精疲力尽，内热上炎。2.胃肠积湿、热毒，心火亢奋，头、眼、口、喉上受袭，浊气下降，胃肠积邪。3、胃阴受损则津液不足，虚火上蒸;肺阴受损则气逆上冲;精气血受损则虚火郁热内结，阴虚津亏所致。4、脾虚气滞，寒热互结，升降失司所致。5、气候、精神、饮食因素，造成脾胃失节，而气滞、食积;心情不舒致肝火犯胃，气郁不舒所致。口臭的治疗方法：1.绿茶是可以治疗口臭的，但是一定要坚持经常喝，因为牙齿伤在吃过食物之后会留下残余的物质，所以有的人会经常造成口臭的现象。想要口气清新，就要茶叶的味道比较浓，才会盖住口臭。2.经常喝绿茶的人是没有口臭的，所以绿茶也可以起到预防口臭的作用。因为人体内有一些食物是难以消化的，所以，如果这样的话就会产生一些肠胃消化不良的现象，就会有口臭的毛病。绿茶可以消除口臭。3.经常喝绿茶或者咀嚼一些干的茶叶都有利于清新口气去除口臭。但是一般情况下，一定要坚持不可以中断。因为口臭这种毛病是需要打持久战的，所以，只有持久的，经常喝绿茶才能够去除口臭。口臭并不是长期没有刷牙的缘故,主要是爱吃冷饮,胃的功能被寒邪所困,阳明燥火亢盛的结果.脚气,阴道炎,鼻子烂都说明免疫力差导致的感染。有口臭的人,常食海带有消除口臭作用.此外,饮食清淡,多吃含有丰富的纤维素食物有利于清洁口腔,具有清热燥湿、防污除臭功能的食品也应食用。例如，甜瓜子被切碎并装在嘴里。茴香汤或生咀嚼；橘子蛋糕经常被咀嚼。用紫苏开水漱口；乌梅脯具有消除口臭的作用。它能改善胃肠道双歧杆菌，治疗口臭。 |
APOEL FC () is a professional football club founded in 1926 and based in Nicosia, Cyprus. This list has details about APOEL's achievements in major Cypriot and European competitions.
APOEL is the most successful football club in Cyprus with an overall tally of 28 Championships, 21 Cups and 14 Super Cups. Also, they have appeared 42 times in European competitions, qualifying to the UEFA Champions League group stages for the first time in their history during the 2009–10 season. They participated again in the Champions League group stages in the 2011–12 season, qualifying for the quarter-finals of the competition by topping their group and eliminating Lyon in the last 16, becoming the only Cypriot club to reach the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals. APOEL qualified for the third time to the Champions League group stages in the 2014–15 season. They also participated in the group stages of the 2013–14 and 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, managing to reach the last 16 of the competition during the 2016–17 season, when they topped their group and eliminated Athletic Bilbao in the round of 32. APOEL is the only Cypriot club who have reached the group stages (and the knockout stages) of both major UEFA competitions (UEFA Champions League & UEFA Europa League).
Key
Key to league record:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position
Key to divisions:
1st = Cypriot First Division
A' Ethniki = Alpha Ethniki (Greece)
Key to rounds:
X = Competition not held
PR = Preliminary round
Q1 = 1st Qualifying round
Q2 = 2nd Qualifying round
Q3 = 3rd Qualifying round
PO = Play-off round
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
Grp = Group stage
R32 = Round of 32
R16 = Last 16
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
RU = Runners-up
W = Winners
Seasons
References
Seasons
APOEL |
戴维·鲁宾格（，）是以色列摄影师和攝影記者。以色列軍隊佔領西墙後，三名以色列伞兵面對西墻的畫面被戴维·鲁宾格拍攝下來。這張名叫西墙的伞兵的照片已成为第三次中东战争的标志性图像。西蒙·佩雷斯稱讚鲁宾格为“国家的摄影师”。
参考文献
第二次世界大戰英國陸軍人物
时代杂志人物
以色列攝影師
20世纪艺术家 |
柳茶室（Willow Tearooms）是由建築師查爾斯麥金塔設計，位於蘇格蘭格拉斯哥市的柳丛街21號的一個茶館，西元1903年開始營業，開幕後很快便受到廣大群眾的歡迎，並成為19世紀末、20世紀初，格拉斯哥市當地最受歡迎的茶館之一。
参考文献
外部連結
Willow Tearooms homepage
TheGlasgowStory: Doors for the Willow Tea Rooms:
Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society presentation on the Willow Tea Rooms
Willow Tearooms - Illustrated Guide
格拉斯哥建築物
茶馆
1903年完工建築物
格拉斯哥登錄建築
格拉斯哥文化
格拉斯哥旅游景点 |
南斯拉夫人民軍（塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語：Југословенска народна армија／Jugoslavenska narodna armija—JNA；馬其頓語：Југословенска народна армија—ЈНА；斯洛文尼亞語：Jugoslovanska ljudska armada—JLA），一般簡稱為JNA，國際场合有時會採用英語Yugoslav People's Army的簡稱YPA。
起源
南斯拉夫人民軍的前身為第二次世界大戰時的「南斯拉夫人民解放軍和游击队」，其第一支正規部隊為1941年12月21日建立的「第一無產階級旅」。二戰結束後，1945年，南斯拉夫以戰時的人民解放軍為基礎建立國家軍隊「南斯拉夫軍」。之後1951年12月建軍十周年時更名為「南斯拉夫人民軍」。
組織
南斯拉夫人民軍有完整的陸海空三軍編制，全盛時期曾經為世界第四大作戰部隊。
為了機動性及管理方便，軍隊部屬分為四大軍區：
貝爾格萊德軍區：負責克罗地亞東部、包含伏伊伏丁那省的塞爾維亞北部以及波斯尼亞－黑塞哥維納共和国。
薩格勒布軍區：負責斯洛文尼亞共和国及克罗地亞共和国北部。
斯科普里軍區：負責馬其頓共和国、塞爾維亞共和国南部以及黑山共和国。
斯普利特海軍區。
南斯拉夫人民軍的18萬部隊中，有超過10萬屬於志願軍。另外還設立了「邊防軍」做為輔助部队。
1969年起，南斯拉夫人民军的政治工作由南斯拉夫人民军共产主义者联盟组织负责。
輔助單位
1968年8月20日，由於華沙条約组织中的苏联、东德、波兰、匈牙利、保加利亚五國集结30万军队入侵捷克斯洛伐克，铁托在各共和國及自治省建立了「邊防軍」做為人民軍的輔助單位。 从1974年起，邊防軍部隊直接聽命於其所代表的共和國及自治省，並且與人民軍平等。
瓦解
1992年，波黑獨立之後，塞爾維亞與黑山在4月27日重組聯邦，稱為「南斯拉夫聯盟共和國」。5月8日，南斯拉夫人民军重新規劃為「南斯拉夫武装力量」，並且從波斯尼亞撤離大約14,000人的部隊，留下大約8,000人的部隊組成波斯尼亞「塞族共和國軍」。
2003年，南斯拉夫聯盟共和國更名為「塞爾維亞和黑山」，同時南斯拉夫武装力量也更名為「塞爾維亞和黑山武裝力量」。並且在之後隨著黑山共和国独立，再分離出黑山武装力量，剩餘的部分改組成塞爾維亞武裝力量。
相關
南斯拉夫人民军共产主义者联盟组织
参考文献
南斯拉夫軍事
南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共合國軍事
1945年南斯拉夫建立
1992年南斯拉夫廢除
南斯拉夫人民军
1992年废除的军事组织 |
鬼宿四 (δ Cnc / δ Cancri) 是一顆位於巨蟹座的橘色巨星，距離地球大約180光年。它的固有名稱是源自拉丁文的Asellus Australis，意思是「南方的小驢子」。由於它鄰近黃道，因此經常會被月球，偶爾也會被行星遮蔽。
歷史
鬼宿四在紀錄上是第一顆被木星/土星掩蔽的恆星：
鬼宿四也標示出著名的疏散星團蜂巢星團或馬巢星團，也稱為M44的位置。在古時候，M44被做為顯示天氣的指標，在阿拉托斯（Aratos）的希臘韻文中揭露了如下的預測：
這首詩的意思是，如果鬼宿四或是巨蟹座δ被雲遮蔽了，風將從南方吹來改變這種局勢。但這種準確性是令人質疑的，正如艾倫所指出：「我們現代化的氣象局會告訴我們這些恆星被掩蔽的真相，也有其它的可能性。」(Allen, 1898)
其它
但是鬼宿四不僅被當作一個可疑的天氣指標，它也是尋找鮮豔的紅色巨蟹座X星的一個可靠指標，派翠克莫爾在他《南天的星空》這本入門書的註釋中指出：
鬼宿四也是巨蟹座δ流星雨的輻射點。
在1876年，曾有人提出鬼宿四可能有一顆伴星。
相關條目
鬼宿三
蜂巢星團 (M44 /Praesepe)
巨蟹座55
畢宿五
北河三
巨蟹座δ流星雨
參考資料
書籍
Allen, Richard Hinckley, Star Names; Their Lore and Meaning, Dover, 1898.
Burnham, Robert Jnr., Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Dover publications, 1978.
Beresford Tony, Personal Communication (Letter on d Cancris.) 1997.
Guinness, The Guinness Book of Records, Guinness Publishing, 1991.
Kaler, James, B, -{‘The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Stars’}-, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Motz, Lloyd & Nathanson, Carol, Constellations, Aurum Press, 1991.
Moore, Patrick, Atlas of the Universe, Phillips, 1994.
Moore, Patrick, Stars of the Southern Skies, Penguin books, 1994.
外部連結
Asellus Australis photo
Cancri, Delta
巨蟹座
K-型巨星
有固有名的恆星
鬼 (星官) |
患胃溃疡吃什么食物好？胃溃疡是指发生在胃角、胃窦、贲门和裂孔疝等部位的溃疡，是消化性溃疡的一种。消化性溃疡是一种常见的消化道疾病，可发生于食管、胃或十二指肠，胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡最常见，故一般所谓的消化性溃疡是指胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡。患胃溃疡吃什么食物好现代人生活节奏快，工作压力大，很容易忽视胃部的健康，胃病带来的痛苦的巨大的，胃溃疡与普通胃炎是不一样的，胃溃疡发病面临很多痛苦，不仅家人担心，最重要的是自己受罪，不能吃自己喜欢吃的，所以一定要留意自己的身体，以防胃溃疡以及胃炎的发生，毕竟身体的健康才是最重要的。胃溃疡的临床表现有3个特征：慢性过程，少则几年，多则10余年或更长。周期性，病程中常出现发作期与缓解期交替出现。节律性：疼痛表现为餐后痛，餐后半小时疼痛开始，至下一次餐前消失，周而复始，胃溃疡的症状主要表现为腹痛；伴或不伴呕吐，恶心，反酸，嗳气等症状，但也有不少病人以胃溃疡的各种并发症如穿孔，出血，幽门梗阻而为首发症状。患胃溃疡应加强营养选用易消化、含足够热量、蛋白质和维生素丰富的食物。如稀饭、细面条、牛奶、软米饭、豆浆、鸡蛋、瘦肉、豆腐和豆制品。多吃富含维生素A、B、C的食物，如新鲜蔬菜和水果等。这些食物可以增强机体抵抗力，有助于修复受损的组织和促进溃疡愈合。蜂蜜，味道真的不错。它含有葡萄糖、果糖、有机酸、酵母多种维生素和微量元素等营养成分，能对胃粘膜的溃疡面起到保护作用。莲藕，富含淀粉，可以促进胃肠蠕动，加速胃溃疡的愈合，还有解酒的功能呢!鸡蛋，蛋黄含有大量卵磷脂和脑磷脂对胃粘膜有很强的保护作用。所以要记住多吃些鸡蛋羹啊!大枣，大枣有补脾益胃的功能，常吃大枣或用大枣、糯米做成的粥，对胃溃疡有一定防治作用。 |
请描述慢性便秘的手术治疗方法？真正需要手术的便秘是很少的，如果确实需要，必须严格把握适应症。术前应进行全面检查。 |
Sanabesi ( सानाबेसी ) is a Village of Mirkot village development committee in Gorkha District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. Sanabesi lies in Ward no. 8 in Mirkot VDC.
References
Populated places in Gorkha District
pl:Bhirkot (Gorkha) |
湯咖哩，是日本北海道的一種特產食品，從日式及歐式咖哩之間脫胎而來。湯咖哩泛指呈現湯羹形式的咖哩製作品，發源地主要以札幌及附近地區為中心，其靈感來自南印度、東南亞的多種咖哩文化。近年來，湯咖哩更成為了北海道札幌的名物土產。
特徵
湯咖哩與一般的日式咖哩有所分別。一般日式咖哩偏濃稠，適合直接拌飯進食，而湯咖哩則多數將醬汁與米飯分別盛載。因此，相對而言湯咖哩比較貼近南亞咖哩風格。近年湯咖哩的盛行，在北海道成為了一種熱潮，可是由於湯咖哩的概念尚有模糊的地方，一些餐廳將製作成湯羹狀的「歐風咖哩」（亦即一般日式咖哩）或普通泰式咖哩均稱為「湯咖哩」，往往造成區分上的困難。
乘著湯咖哩的熱潮，現在北海道札幌中央區裡開設了不少湯咖哩專門店，更深受年輕階層的食客歡迎，加上這些專門店的裝潢大都偏向異國風格，因此更能得到女性食客的喜愛。
起源及發展
湯咖哩的發源，主要來自札幌市中一些標榜「藥膳調理」的咖哩食店。1975年，當地有餐店初次提供湯羹狀的湯咖哩食品，首度為咖哩飯的風格加入了嶄新的「湯」元素。其後陸續出現各種以「斯里蘭卡咖哩」、「印度咖哩」作招徠的湯咖哩食店，當時這股湯咖哩的風氣雖然逐漸蔓延，但湯咖哩的概念基本上還未定型，甚至連「湯咖哩」的名字亦未出現。因此不管是湯咖哩的定義、種類還是經營風格等，當時的業界尚未有統一的標準。直至1993年，札幌名店「Magic Spice」啟業，正式使用「湯咖哩」這個名字，「湯咖哩」才開始成為當時公認的類似風格的咖哩的泛稱。然而這時候湯咖哩仍未有正規的概念。
1990年代中期，大量湯咖哩專門店湧現，業界開始了解湯咖哩與一般咖哩之間的分別。湯咖哩的出現受到當時飲食界的注意，由於不少飲食家或飲食雜誌都曾對各種湯咖哩店進行過不同程度的評價，令湯咖哩的名氣持續上升。在2000年代開始，以札幌中央區為中心北海道地區掀起了湯咖哩的熱潮，當地更販賣經過真空處理的湯咖哩即食產品。這股熱潮經過傳媒的報導後，很快傳到北海道以外的地區，湯咖哩迅速成為北海道的新著名產物，名氣席捲整個日本。
但由於湯咖哩的發源地始終位於北海道，因此出色的湯咖哩專門餐廳仍然集中在札幌中央區。湯咖哩的盛行暫時只有很短的日子，未有為一般家庭而設的湯咖哩食譜，因此湯咖哩的烹製方法仍未廣泛流傳。表面上，在日本傳媒的塑造下，湯咖哩彷彿是象徵整個北海道的代表食品，事實上湯咖哩的活躍點仍只是局限於札幌市的中央區域而已。
台灣基隆七堵亦有湯咖哩，為戰後當地有人為使煤礦工人能有高CP值食物果腹而以印度咖哩為底引入日式湯咖哩作法，材料為無添加的烏龍麵條拌入一杓豬油、肉末與印度咖哩粉混合而成的濃香咖哩醬淋上湯加二塊油豆腐。
湯咖哩的定義
雖然在札幌一帶有不少湯咖哩專門店，可是這些餐店所製作的湯咖哩風格多樣，業界根本不存在著湯咖哩的共識定義。雖然如此，但湯咖哩的製作方式與其它地區的湯狀咖哩相比，還是有其獨特之處。例如，湯咖哩並沒有使用到麵粉，因此其質感並不像其它咖哩般濃稠。
湯咖哩的湯汁使用大量的水，以雞骨、牛骨或豬骨加上各種蔬菜熬製湯底，再加上各種香料（部份食店會加入昆布或魚類等日本風格的食材）製作而成。由於湯咖哩普遍慣性使用香料，因此被認為是受到西式湯羹及拉麵的製法所影響。至於湯汁的濃淡度水平，則視乎個別食店的風格而有所不同，與少用水分的北印度咖哩相比之下，日本湯咖哩的食用質感比較豐富。
另外，湯咖哩的一大特色就是其多種類的食材配搭。與湯咖哩配搭食用的食材種類極多，例如以紅蘿蔔、南瓜、馬鈴薯、青椒、秋葵與及各種菇類為配菜，又可配合雞、豬或羊等肉類。湯底方面，湯咖哩很多時候都會加入海鮮類的材料，例如扇貝、蝦、烏賊等，製成海鮮湯咖哩；亦有以豬骨及雞骨等為湯底並加入番茄為材料所製成的肉汁湯咖哩。
出身自北海道的日本藝人大泉洋曾任「湯咖哩大使」。
備註
參考資料
樺澤紫苑《北海道スープカレー読本》，日本：亞璃西社刊行（2004年）
水野仁輔《スープカレーキッチン》，日本：Marbletron Inc.刊行（2006年）
日本食品
咖哩 |
Bernice Dapaah is a Ghanaian social entrepreneur who is the founder and chief executive officer of the Ghana Bamboo Bike Initiative in Kumasi. This Initiative addresses environmental degradation through the production of bicycles using environmentally friendly resources such as bamboo. She and her company, Ghana Bamboo Bike Initiative have won several awards. In 2016 and 2017 she was listed as one of WomanRising's 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs in Ghana. Dapaah sits on the advisory board of the WIPO GREEN in Switzerland and is the founding curator of the Kumasi Hub of the Global Shapers. In addition, she is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Biodiversity and Natural Capital.
Education
Dapaah graduated from the Christian Service University with a bachelor's degree in business administration. She also holds a diploma in Human Resource Management and Marketing from the Institute of Commercial Management in UK.
Career
Motivated by the high unemployment rate in Ghana, Dapaah decided to venture into Entrepreneurship just when she was about completing school. She and her friends wanted to create jobs rather than seek one. And hence she and Winnifred Selby founded the Ghana Bamboo Bike in 2009.
Ghana Bamboo Bike Initiative
The Ghana Bamboo Bike Initiative aside providing employment for the youth, helps reduce environmental degradation through the use of local and environmentally friendly resources such as bamboo in the production of bicycles. This Initiative has won several awards including the 2014 UNEP/Dubai International Award, 2013 UNFCCC Momentum For Change Light House Activity Award (Women For Results Category), World Business and Development Award 2012, UN Habitat/Dubai International Best Practice Award 2012, Samsung/Generations For Peace Impact Award 2012, GIZ Impact Business Award 2011, and UNEP SEED Initiative Award 2010.
Awards and recognition
Vital Voices Lead Fellow
2014 Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum
She was awarded “Entrepreneur for the World Award” by the World Entrepreneurship Forum
She was honored World Ambassador of the World Bamboo Organization.
She won the 2013 International Women Alliance World of Difference Award.
Advisory Board Member of WIPO GREEN
References
Living people
21st-century Ghanaian businesswomen
21st-century Ghanaian businesspeople
Ghanaian chief executives
Ghanaian curators
Ghanaian women curators
Social entrepreneurs
Year of birth missing (living people) |
男慢性淋病5年了能治愈吗？慢性淋病的病原体即淋病奈瑟菌，它是嗜二氧化碳的需氧菌，革兰染色阴性，最适宜在潮湿、温度为35℃、含5%二氧化碳的环境中生长。常存在多形核白细胞内，椭圆或球形，常成双排列，无鞭毛、无荚膜、不形成芽胞，对外界理化条件的抵抗力差，最怕干燥，在干燥环境中1～2小时即可死亡。在高温或低温条件下都易致死。对各种化学消毒剂的抵抗力也很弱。慢性淋病的主要症状有尿痛轻微，排尿时仅感到尿道灼热或轻度刺痛，常可见终末血尿。尿液一般透明，但可见淋菌丝浮游于其中；慢性淋病多伴有腰痛、会阴部坠胀感，夜间遗精、精液带血。男性淋病常可并发尿道腺炎、尿道周围组织炎和脓肿、包皮腺炎、输精管炎、精囊炎、附睾炎睾炎、鞘膜积液、睾内炎、前列腺炎、龟头包皮炎、淋菌性溃疡等。慢性淋病还可引起排尿困难、尿线细弱、射程短，甚至尿潴留。附睾炎多见于治疗不及时者，常突然感到附睾疼痛、肿大、压痛、发热。此外还可出现性欲减退、勃起不坚、阳痿、早泄及神经衰弱等症状。若两侧附睾炎，常引起附睾管及输精管闭塞而导致不育。慢性淋病的治疗首先要尽早确诊，及时治疗首先，患病后应尽早确立诊断，在确诊前不应随意治疗。其次，确诊后应立即治疗。治疗方法主要有一般疗法，全身疗法，局部疗法和手术疗法。一般疗法主要是禁止性生活；伴有高热，严重合并症的患者要适当休息，必要时应卧床休息；维持水，电解质、糖水化合物的必须与平衡，补充高糖，高蛋白饮食；用洁阴洗液清洗或灌洗阴部，消毒、抑菌。治疗淋病的药物很多，但应以高效、安全和价格适宜为原则进行选择。局部疗法仅作为抗菌疗法辅助措施，起清洁、去除分泌物等作用。慢性淋病慢性淋病并发明显的尿道狭窄者，可行尿道扩张术或尿道环状切除术。患了慢性淋病一定要注意个人卫生，从根本上杜绝病原体。 |
病毒性慢性肝炎治疗传染吗？慢性病毒性肝炎在生活中是最为常见的，这种疾病其实有着不同的分类，而我们最关心的就是这种疾病是否具有传染力，其实慢性病毒性肝炎是会传染的，而且每一种不同分类的疾病所具有的传播途径也是不同的，要想在生活中做好预防措施，那么就需要了解这些简单的内容。慢性病毒性肝炎其实是非常常见的一种肝炎，但是慢性病毒性肝炎有着不同的种类，每一种对我们的身体健康来说都会带来一定的威胁，很多人也会关心慢性病毒性肝炎是否具有传染性。甲肝主要是通过消化道来进行传播，粪便里面的病毒也可能会进入到饮水水源里面，如果健康的人饮用了含有污染的水源，或者是食用了污染的蔬菜水果，那么就可能会使得甲肝大幅度地流行起来。乙肝的传播范围最为广泛，也是我们最为熟知的一种病毒性肝炎，乙肝主要是通过母婴，血液以及性接触这三种传播途径，除了日常工作中的普通接触是不会传播这种疾病。丙肝主要是通过血液进行传播，症状一般比较轻微，也有部分的患者不出现症状，因此很多人都没有办法在第一时间察觉，以至于20%的丙肝患者都会在接下来的十年内发展成为肝硬化，目前医学上还是一个比较好的检查方法，这就可以让我们在第一时间知道自己患有什么疾病。应该一般性只会在乙肝病人里面出现，丁型肝炎病毒其实是一个缺陷病毒，他一般性不会独立繁殖，只有在乙型肝炎病毒的感染下，那么才有可能在患者的肝脏内进行大量的繁殖，使得患者的肝脏受到一定的损伤，我国丁型肝炎病毒的流行率还是比较低的。 |
荨麻疹是什么病啊？荨麻疹是一种伴有剧痒的暂时性的过敏性皮肤病，在旅游过程中如果不小心吸入花粉、动物皮屑、羽毛、灰尘等，就很容易引起荨麻疹。秋天是吃海鲜的季节，吃鱼虾、蟹、贝壳类也易引起荨麻疹，如果病人对鱼、辣、冷风过敏，应该避免和这些东西的接触。生活中应注意：不要去抓，不要热敷，避免吃含有人工添加物的食品。引起荨麻疹的病因有很多，过敏刺激性反应，甚至有些患者在强光照射之下也会引起荨麻疹。荨麻疹会在局部，甚至全身出现大量红肿。有些患者还会反复发生，这样给患者的生理和心理都带来了非常大的影响。不仅如此，有些患者不光反复发生，并且还会有疼痛的现象产生。如果出现荨麻疹的话，首先要去医院做一个全身检查，看一下到底是哪个系统出现了问题，有些病人并不是因为身体内部原因出现问题才导致荨麻疹的，那这个时候荨麻疹应该就会很快消退，如果是因为身体内部原因出现荨麻疹的话，荨麻疹会一直反反复复。消退之后便又会一直出现，如此反反复复的荨麻疹，患者一定要引起高度重视，因为反复消退不了的荨麻疹通常就是疾病前的征兆。2到24个小时内没有自动消退的话，一定要去医院就医，听从医生的建议。如果消退之后又反复产生的话，那么最好要在医生的建议下做一个全身系统的检查，看看是不是身体内部的原因。同时治疗荨麻疹期间一定要忌口，辛辣刺激的食物一定不能使用。同时不要去小诊所治疗，一定要去正规的三甲医院治疗，虽然有些偏方对治疗荨麻疹比较有效果，但是没有在医生的指导下，不要轻易尝试，以免加重病情。平时应该多补充营养，多锻炼身体，增强抵抗力。 |
左睾丸疼痛隐痛怎么回事啊？正常情况下睾丸是不会有疼痛的感觉，如果睾丸出现隐痛，那么一定是有了病变，比如出现了睾丸炎、精索静脉曲张或者前列腺炎，去医院做小器官B超，再做前列腺液的检查，一般就可以确定病因，然后根据病因进行合理的治疗。睾丸是男性的命根子，它很脆弱，很容易出现一些问题，比如受到外界挤压或者碰撞会有严重疼痛的感觉，还有会出现睾丸炎等疾病。正常情况下睾丸是不会出现疼痛的感觉，一旦觉得睾丸疼痛那一定是有问题了，及时的确定是什么问题，合理的进行治疗。左睾丸隐痛最有可能是精索静脉曲张的症状，我们自己可以排查，用手摸一下睾丸，精索静脉曲张的时候会摸到像蚯蚓一样的东西。睾丸炎也会引起疼痛。睾丸炎有很多种，有一些是因为损伤引起的、还有是感染引起的，如果近期有睾丸受伤的现象那么出现睾丸隐痛的原因大概就是这个了。也有可能是个人卫生没有做好，细菌入侵到睾丸、附睾等地方，引起睾丸发炎，也会出现隐痛的症状。左睾丸隐痛还可能是前列腺炎引起的，前列腺炎是一种特别常见的男性疾病，可以服用治疗前列腺炎的药物，一般坚持治疗一段时间症状就会缓解。长时间坐着或者穿的内裤压迫到睾丸也会引起睾丸隐痛，自查一下自己的坐姿是否正确，是不是喜欢翘二郎腿，再有内裤是否太紧注意一下睾丸隐痛的症状就会缓解了。睾丸对男性来说非常的重要，发生任何的问题对男性生殖系统的影响都很大，不仅会影响到男性性生活，还可能影响到生育，如果出现严重的睾丸癌症也会危及生命。 |
急性荨麻疹是不是无法治好？荨麻疹是各种原因引起的过敏反应，因为与体质有关，所以一般不说治好，因为一旦过敏原和诱发因素再次刺激就可能再次发作，所以很重要是找出过敏原并尽量脱离过敏原，去除诱发因素，发作时可用使用抗组胺药对症处理。荨麻疹俗称风疹块。是由于皮肤、黏膜小血管扩张及渗透性增加而出现的一种局限性水肿反应，通常在2～24小时内消退，但反复发生新的皮疹。病程迁延数日至数月。临床上较为常见。荨麻疹的病因非常复杂，约3/4的病人找不到原因，特别是慢性荨麻疹。常见原因主要有：食物及食物添加剂；吸入物；感染；药物；物理因素如机械刺激、冷热、日光等；昆虫叮咬；精神因素和内分泌改变；遗传因素等。基本损害为皮肤出现风团。常先有皮肤瘙痒，随即出现风团，呈鲜红色或苍白色、皮肤色，少数病人有水肿性红斑。风团的大小和形态不一，发作时间不定。风团逐渐蔓延，融合成片，由于真皮乳头水肿，可见表皮毛囊口向下凹陷。风团持续数分钟至数小时，少数可延长至数天后消退，不留痕迹。皮疹反复成批发生，以傍晚发作者多见。风团常泛发，亦可局限。有时合并血管性水肿，偶尔风团表面形成大疱。荨麻疹分为急性荨麻疹及慢性荨麻疹，一般急性荨麻疹，去除病因，给予抗组胺药物治疗后，不容易复发。但是病程超过6周的慢性荨麻疹，一般病因很难找到，容易反复发作。应该平时注意避免冷热剧烈刺激，避免物理化学性因素的刺激。积极治疗胃幽门螺旋杆菌感染，同时还需要排除是否有结缔组织病。 |
The Innovation and Digital Development Agency () is a government organization, which had been established for the purpose of assisting local business entities in acquiring modern technologies and technological solutions, organizing their transfer, supporting innovation-oriented scientific research and encouraging innovative projects, including startups by funding them through grants, concessional loans and venture capital fund.
Founding
According to the Decree of President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev “On some measures to improve governance in the field of digitalization, innovation, high technologies and communications in the Republic of Azerbaijan” dated October 11, 2021, a public legal entity Innovation and Digital Development Agency was established under the Ministry of Digital Development and Transport.
Main purposes and responsibilities
Public legal entity Innovation and Digital Development Agency:
Provides organization, coordination, implementation (including control and regulation) of activities in the field of digital transformation;
Carries out extensive measures, scientific, scientific and technical, innovative activities and relevant experiences in the field of high technologies, nuclear sciences, nuclear technologies and nuclear energetics;
Provides assistance to individuals and legal entities in the acquisition of modern technologies and technological solutions, encourages innovative research and innovative projects (including startups), promotes innovative initiative, providing them with financial support.
Board of directors
Under the order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan from 5 Auqust, 2019, Tural Kerimli had been appointed as a chairman of Innovation Agency.
See also
Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies (Azerbaijan)
State Fund for Development of IT
References
Economy of Azerbaijan
Government agencies of Azerbaijan
Communications in Azerbaijan |
A millennium is 1000 years.
Millennium may also refer to:
Religion
Millennialism, describing the 1000-year reign of Christ
Millenarianism, the belief by a group in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed
Tertio millennio adveniente, an apostolic letter in preparation for the Roman Catholic Church's Great Jubilee
Transportation
Edel Millennium, a South Korean paraglider design
Millennium (ship), a cruise ship
Millennium train, an electric train run by Sydney Trains in Sydney
Software
Millennium bug, aka Y2K or Year 2000 problem, a data storage problem from the practice of abbreviating a four-digit year to two digits
Windows ME, Windows Millennium Edition, an operating system
Millennium, an integrated library system software package published by Innovative Interfaces, Inc.
Books
Comics
Millennium (comics), a series produced by DC Comics
Millennium Publications, a defunct comic book publisher
Millennium, Vampire Nazi regiment in the Hellsing manga series
Millennium Items, magical relics in the manga series Yu-Gi-Oh!
Fiction
The Millennium, a 1924 novel by Upton Sinclair
Millennium, a 1976 novel in the Chet Kinsman series by Ben Bova
Millennium (novel), a 1983 science fiction novel by John Varley
Millennium, a 1995 novel by Jack Anderson
Millennium (novel series), circa 2005, a series of novels spawning from a trilogy created by Stieg Larsson, also made into films, and continued by others
Non-fiction
Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years, a 1995 book by Felipe Fernández-Armesto
Millennium (Holland book), a 2008 book by historian Tom Holland
Millennium: Journal of International Studies, an academic periodical published from 1971–present
Television and film
Millennium (film), 1989 film based on the novel "Air Raid" by John Varley
Millennium (TV series), 1996 television series by The X-Files creator Chris Carter
Millennium (miniseries), 2010 Swedish miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson's Millennium series
"The Millennium" (Seinfeld), 1997 episode from the eighth season
"Millennium" (The X-Files), 1999 episode from the seventh season
CNN Millennium, 1999 television series on human history from the 11th to the 20th centuries.
Millennium: Tribal Wisdom and the Modern World, 1992 documentary series by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis
Millennium Entertainment, American independent film distributor
Millennium Falcon, fictional starship from the Star Wars films
Music
Millennium Records, a record label
Bands
The Millennium (band), a 1960s band led by Curt Boettcher
Millennium (Indian band), a heavy metal band from Bangalore, India
Millenium (Polish band), a progressive rock band from Poland
Albums
Millennium (Backstreet Boys album), 1999
Millennium (Earth, Wind & Fire album), 1993
Millennium (Front Line Assembly album), 1994
Millennium (Monstrosity album), 1996
Songs
"Millennium" (Front Line Assembly song), a 1994 industrial metal song
"Millennium" (song), a 1998 song by Robbie Williams
"Millennium", 1994 song by Killing Joke from the album Pandemonium
Video games
Millennium 2.2, a 1989 resource management game for Atari ST, Amiga and the PC
Millennia: Altered Destinies, a PC game created by Take 2 Interactive in 1995
Millennium (video game series), a Japanese series launched in 2009
Companies, countries and other organizations
Millennium BCP, a private bank in Portugal
Millennium Chemicals, a subsidiary of Lyondell Chemical Company
Millennium Interactive, a former games company, maker of James Pond and other games
Millennium Development Goals, a compact among nations to end human poverty
Millennium Kids, an international youth empowerment environmental organization
Millennium Management, LLC, a hedge fund and a multistrategy investment management firm
Millennium Media, an American film studio
Millennium Pictures, an Australian production company
Millennium (publisher), an imprint of UK publisher Orion Books
White House Millennium Council (United States)
Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company in Cambridge, MA
Millennium & Copthorne Hotels, a global hospitality company
Tokio Millennium Re Ltd., a reinsurance company
Millennium Group, a fictional centuries old secret society and criminal investigative consulting firm in the Millennium television series
Millennium Science Initiative, an international project to build scientific research capability in Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay
Places
Millennium Complex, a building in Plymouth, England
Millennium Park, Chicago park and entertainment venue
Millennium High School (disambiguation), several US high schools
Millennium (planet) or Tau Boötis Ab, an extrasolar planet in the Tau Boötis system
Millennium Force, a roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio
Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, UK
Millennium Tower (disambiguation)
Millennium Transmitter, broadcast transmitter tower of ABS-CBN Corporation in the Philippines
Events
Millennium celebrations, a worldwide series of events celebrating New Year's Eve 1999–2000
Millennium Summit, a meeting among several leaders from September 6–8, 2000
Operation Millennium, a very large air raid in the Bombing of Cologne in World War II
Millennium Magic, a UK Rugby League event
Millennium '73, a religious festival held by the Divine Light Mission at Astrodome featuring Guru Maharaj Ji
Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration a celebration at Walt Disney World for the year 2000
2000 millennium attack plots, a series of Islamist terror plots planned around New Year's Eve 1999–2000
Prizes
Millennium Prize Problems, seven problems in mathematics stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute
Millennium Technology Prize, a technology prize awarded by Technology Academy Finland
Other
Millennium stamp, a postage stamp issued to celebrate the beginning of the 3rd millennium, or to commemorate a millennium associated with a country's history
New Millennium Program, a NASA program to test new technologies
Millennium, an unusually strong beer made by Boston Beer Company
Millennium Run, also known as Millennium simulation, an astrophysical simulation created to investigate how the universe evolved over time
See also
Millennials, a name given to Generation Y, a demographic cohort
Millennium Tower (disambiguation), the name of a number of buildings around the world
Millennium Park (disambiguation), a few parks in North America
Millennium Bank (disambiguation)
Millennium Bridge (disambiguation)
Millennium Institute (disambiguation)
Willennium, a 1999 album by Will Smith |
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