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九层乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。2020年5月，撤销九层乡，将原九层乡九层社区、兆园山村、袁家庙村、向家寨村、苟家寨村、闫家垭村、冯家坝村所属行政区域划归洪口镇管辖，原九层乡马鞍山村所属行政区域划归沙溪镇管辖。行政区划九层乡下辖以下地区：。参考资料
小行星5128（）是一颗围绕太阳公转的小行星。1989年3月30日，小石川正弘在仙台市发现了此天体。这颗小行星的绝对星等为124.0917605717998等。参考文献小行星带天体 1989年发现的小行星
翁彥約（），字行簡，崇安（今福建武夷山市）人，宋朝政治人物。家族徽宗政和二年（1112年）進士。家族父翁仲通之子。弟翁彥深、翁彥國。參考書目《龜山集》卷三二《翁行簡墓志銘》。 Y 武夷山人政和二年壬辰科進士宋朝政治人物
食道癌和胃癌的区别？两者最大的区别是发生的位置不一样，食管癌发生的位置是在食管，胃癌发生的位置在胃，但是在解剖学上食管和胃是相连接的。两者之间又有区别，就是在食管和胃交界处的肿瘤，既表现有食管癌的症状，又表现有胃癌的症状，所以在临床上如果碰到这样的情况，我们认为它是食管与胃交界处结合物的肿瘤，它的治疗方法等同于胃癌，可能区别只是食管癌和胃癌治疗方法的区别。如果是食管癌的话，可以考虑手术，放疗，化疗等情况，胃癌可以考虑手术，化疗，放疗以及分子靶向治疗等方法，甚至胃癌还有免疫治疗的方法，还有抗HP值方法，可能具体到细节上面是不太一样，但是两者都是属于恶性肿瘤，还是需要综合性的治疗。对食道癌患者常常伴随的症状有：1、早期食道癌，患者无明显进食阻挡感，存在咽部异物感，胸骨后疼痛不适，胸骨后烧灼感，或轻度吞咽哽噎感，症状时轻时重，患者以吞咽坚硬食物，如馒头，米饭时症状较明显，长期饮酒患者症状不明显，因此易忽略，随着疾病进一步进展，患者可能出现饮水困难等症状。2、晚期食道癌，若侵犯后胸壁或后纵隔，患者会出现剧烈胸痛，若出现淋巴结转移，会出现饮水呛咳或声音嘶哑等症状，若肿瘤累及支气管，会出现食管，支气管瘘，出现严重肺炎或高烧等典型症状。大部分胃癌早期没有明显症状，甚至毫无症状，起病比较隐匿，容易漏诊误诊。随着肿瘤的进展，影响胃的功能时才出现较明显的症状，如恶心，呕吐，食欲不振，乏力，不明原因的消瘦，甚至吐血，但这些症状也并非胃癌所特有的，常与胃炎，溃疡病等胃慢性疾患相似。有时往往直至出现明显的梗阻，腹部扪及肿块或出现转移淋巴结时才被诊断。
勃艮第的亨利（1069年—1112年11月1日），葡萄牙伯爵，葡萄牙第一位国王阿方索一世的父亲和葡萄牙勃艮第王朝的创始人。生平亨利是勃艮第公爵羅貝爾一世次子亨利的幼子。作为小儿子他没有继承勃艮第公爵爵位的机会，因此他决定从军，成为骑士，投奔卡斯蒂利亚国王阿方索六世。阿方索六世是亨利的亲戚，阿方索的王后是亨利的一个姑母。1093年亨利与阿方索的一个私生女特蕾莎结婚，作为嫁妆阿方索将他刚刚从阿拉伯人手中夺回的葡萄牙北部封给了亨利。亨利由此成为葡萄牙伯爵。亨利设立了布拉加大主教教省。1109年阿方索死后亨利借机使得葡萄牙越来越脱离卡斯蒂利亚，以此他为他儿子阿方索一世使得葡萄牙成为独立的王国奠定了基础。家庭亨利与特里萨共有三子三女。阿方索（1094年—1108年）乌拉卡（1095年出生），1120年出嫁桑查（1097年—1163年），两次出嫁特里萨（1098年出生）亨利（1106年—1110年）阿方索一世（1109年6月25日—1185年12月6日）葡萄牙君主 1069年出生 1112年逝世勃艮第家族
乙肝病携带者传染吗？乙肝病毒携带者是有可能将病毒传染给其他人的。但是传染性相比乙肝患者会弱一些，但是也不能掉以轻心，及时传染性再低的话一旦身体免疫力低下，抗病毒感染能力差的话也很容易被传染上。乙肝病毒携带者虽然暂时没有发病，但是也一定要做好防护的措施避免病情爆发。平时可以坚持锻炼身体，好的体质可以有效的提高对病毒的抵抗能力，要定期去医院做复查出现异常状态及时治疗。乙肝病毒携带者平时一定要保证有良好的生活规律和健康的饮食习惯，这对病情的恢复或者是加重有直接的影响。在烟酒方面也要有节制不能过量，还应该注意好个人的身体卫生特别是饮食方面的卫生。乙肝病毒携带者平时也要多注意自身的健康状况，出现感冒发烧以后立即治疗，另外外出的时候也要做好预防的工作，尽量不要经常出入人流量大的地方，也不能经常到卫生状况差的地方吃饭住宿。平时个人使用的生活物品一定要经常在热水中蒸煮杀毒，家人治疗也应该做好预防工作，碗筷，茶杯，毛巾，脸盆等物品分开使用摆放，夫妻双方在同房的时候也应该采取措施，或者是去注射疫苗抗感染。乙肝患者需考虑的因素比较多，包括治疗期间的护理工作，以及针对乙肝的药物选择等，乙肝的护理上建议一定要保持健康和规律的生活习惯，才能有利于疾病的恢复，平时一定要坚持锻炼身体增强体质，保持清淡的饮食习惯，多喝水多吃新鲜的水果蔬菜，不能吃太多辛辣刺激的食物，注意休息不能过度劳累，乙肝病毒的疾病，一般可通过体液的方式，或者是通过血液的方式，或者是通过母婴的方式，都是具有传播的效果的，治疗上一定要尽早进行，这样对乙肝病毒的治疗才是比较有帮助的。
甲状腺癌双侧全彻能活多久？甲状腺癌是来源于甲状腺上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤。若甲状腺肿块质硬、固定，颈淋巴结肿大，或有压迫症状者，或存在多年的甲状腺肿块，在短期内迅速增大者，均应怀疑为甲状腺癌。甲状腺类疾病算是比较常见的，其中甲状腺恶性肿瘤就是人们所说的甲状腺癌。现在甲状腺癌症的发病率越来越高了。那么，甲状腺癌双侧全彻之后能活多久呢？甲状腺癌的危害十分严重，但它的存活几率比起其他癌症的存活几率较大，绝大多数生长较为缓慢，恶性程度较低。甲状腺癌症的复发时间无法确定，但大多数是五年。甲状腺癌手术切除的范围影响着甲状腺癌的复发或转移。有关数据表明，颈部联合根治术后复发率为10%～20%，肿瘤及其患侧甲状腺叶切除术后复发率为20%～30%，单纯肿瘤切除术后复发率为40%～60%。此外，甲状腺癌复发率的高低主要是由恶性程度的高低决定的，两者之间是正相关。因放射或化学治疗对大部分甲状腺癌效果不明显，故甲状腺癌目前仍以手术治疗为主。甲状腺癌术后是否复发或转移，与手术切除的范围有明显关系。据统计，单纯肿瘤切除术后复发率为40%～60%，肿瘤及其患侧甲状腺叶切除术后复发率为20%～30%，而颈部联合根治术后复发率为10%～20%。另外，甲状腺癌恶性程度的高低也决定了复发率的高低，也就是说，恶性程度越高，术后复发或远处转移的可能性越大。治疗后0到3年恢复期内是肿瘤复发、转移的高峰期，可以加强此时期的康复调养。配合服用人参皂苷Rh2（护命素），改善癌症患者身体内环境，改善体质，扶正固本，根除癌细胞生存的土壤。预防前期治疗手术、放疗、化疗所产生的后遗症和并发症，避免由于后遗症和并发症造成的机体功能破坏、对生活质量的影响。
The following radio stations broadcast at 89.2 MHz. China CNR Music Radio in Zhangjiajie CNR The Voice of China in Lhasa Sri Lanka Lite 89.2 Turkey Radyo 3 at Adana United Kingdom BBC Radio 2 References Lists of radio stations by frequency
阿匹婆（；），本名林呂有，台灣藝人，出生於桃園大溪。生平 18歲加入「新劇團」，藝名為愛心與林愛，作台語舞台劇的演出。二戰後初期，轉至黑貓歌舞團擔任要角，隨後正式進入台語電影圈。後來，她與台灣第一位武術指導林太郎（林一清）結婚，成為當時演藝圈的一段佳話。 1962年，台灣電視公司開播，她進入台視當基本演員，隨後陸續在中視、台視演出閩南語連續劇與單元劇，奠定「阿匹婆」的形象基礎。在這段期間，同時活躍在秀場舞台，與廖峻、澎澎合作演出。 1980年代後期主演「阿匹婆」連續劇，聲名大噪，便得到「阿匹婆」的稱號。80歲時，以《祝你幸福》得到金鐘獎最佳女配角的提名。阿匹婆加入影藝圈超過70年，於2004年獲頒金馬獎終身成就獎。在桃園縣桃園市經營藥燉排骨店「阿匹婆藥燉排骨」，2004年12月12日台北市石牌開分店。2009年初傳出罹患肺癌末期，2009年1月28日凌晨在桃園縣桃園市家中病逝。作品電影 1957 《苦戀》　　　 1958 《孤兒院》　　　 1959 《盲愛》　　　 1965 《後街人生》 1965 《六個嫌疑犯》 1966 《流浪天涯三兄妹》 1965 《糊塗燒酒仙》 1965 《怪俠乞丐婆》 1967 《大劍客》 1967 《怪俠燒酒仙》 1967 《賣布兄哥大鬧桃花宮》 1967 《歡喜甘願》 1967 《錢四腳人兩腳》 1967 《三劍王》 1967 《瘋女俠紳士》 1968 《小飛鳳》 1968 《一隻鳥仔》 1969 《走東走西好過年》 1969 《阿花生貴子》 1970 《像霧又像花》 1972 《無價之寶》(Judy's Lucky Jacket) 1981 《瘋狂大發財》 1981 《奔放的新生代》 1983 《看海的日子》(A Flower in The Raining Night) 1989 《悲情城市》(City of Sadness) 1989 《老少五個半》 1989 《0099大發財》 1995 《熱帶魚》(Tropical Fish) 1997 《美麗在唱歌》(Murmur of Youth) 電視 1975年華視連續劇《虎尾溪》飾大肥菊 1976年台視閩南語連續劇《青蚵嫂》飾阿潤嬸（1976年1月26日至1976年4月19日）台視閩南語連續劇《阿三哥出馬》飾大目嬸 1980 台視楊麗花歌仔戲《龍鳳再生緣》飾蘇大娘 1982 台視八點檔連續劇《不要說再見》飾金木嬸 1985 台視閩南語連續劇《媳婦的飯碗》飾阿彩（1985年8月14日至1985年10月8日，播出時段 18:30-19:00）台視閩南語連續劇《阿匹婆嫁女兒》（1985年11月13日至1985年12月28日，共40集） 1986 台視閩南語連續劇《十一哥》飾阿罔嬸（1986年4月25日至1986年6月10日，播出時段 19:00-19:30）台視閩南語連續劇《祖母的嫁妝》飾阿鶯（1986年7月26日至1986年9月10日，播出時段 19:00-19:30） 1987 台視八點檔連續劇《勇者的奮鬥》飾紀母（1987年10月19日至1987年12月11日） 1988 台視閩南語連續劇《阿匹婆入學》 (共40集) 台視閩南語連續劇《寂寞的旅途》 1990 台視閩南語連續劇《阿匹婆探親》（1990年1月1日至1990年2月15日，共40集）台視閩南語連續劇《誤我青春二十年》飾春枝嬸 1990～1992 中視閩南語連續劇《媽媽回家時》（1990年5月22日至1990年7月6日，共34集，是阿匹婆首次參演的中視連續劇）華視閩南語綜藝節目《日日春》（1990年11月16日至1992年8月13日，共315集） 1991 中視八點檔連續劇《長官好！》（1991年9月16日至1991年10月18日，共25集）中視八點檔連續劇《廈門新娘》飾廖奶奶 1994 台視單元劇《中國民間故事》藍采和傳奇飾青雲母台視單元劇《中國民間故事》孽緣報飾老鴇 1997 中視八點檔連續劇《金色夜叉》飾三嬸婆中視八點檔連續劇《天公疼好人》飾三嬸婆中視八點檔連續劇《布袋和尚》飾媒婆（三嬸婆）台視八點檔連續劇《布袋和尚》第一單元：變臉飾田婆婆台視八點檔連續劇《布袋和尚》第六單元：二度梅飾黃媽 2000 東森綜合台八點連續劇《北港香爐》中視八點連續劇《祝你幸福》飾奶奶 2002 台視單元劇《四十有夢》飾秋水阿嬤主持台視《克林俱樂部》（與黃克林搭檔主持）廣告正大造紙廠「百吉牌」衛生紙明通化學製藥「明通治痛丹」感冒液維力食品「一度贊」泡麵「北港六尺四七厘武功散」「楓丹白露胎盤素面霜」榮譽 1998 提名金鐘獎戲劇節目女配角獎 2004 獲得金馬獎終身成就獎參考資料台灣喜劇演員台灣電影女演員台灣電視女演員大溪區人在臺灣肺癌逝世者 ~ 金馬獎終身成就獎得主台灣佛教徒臺灣舞臺女演員台語電影演員
戊酸睾酮是什么?？戊酸睾酮，是一种合成雄激素类药物，是睾酮17号C原子羟基与正戊酸酯化的产物，常用于兽医学，通过肌肉注射给药，比睾酮有着更长时间的药效。
非电影内容（），又称非电影数码内容（），在日本指在电影院上映、而又不是电影的内容。常简称作ODS，为和制英语「other digital stuff」或「other digital source」的缩写，惟此用法不常见于英語世界，且与日语中的含义有差别，故下文中「ODS」均为日語中的意思。經過映畫倫理機構審查的電影將被授予映倫標誌（不屬於標準分類的影片除外）。概要随着数码技术的普及与发展，电影院放映设备逐渐数码化、传输带宽亦增加，原本只放映电影的影院开始上映其他内容，如实况转播各种现场活动等。2008年5月10日凌晨，日本全国5座影城卫星直播彩虹乐团于当地時間5月9日在巴黎举行的演唱会，其中東京的9个影厅全部满员，被认为是开了ODS的成功先河。 ODS内容除、各種音乐会外，还包括戲劇、歌剧、芭蕾舞、歌舞伎、等，其中各种现场活动的实况转播称为「ODS直播」（），播放已录制内容则称为「ODS上映」。一些表演因太受欢迎，无法在会场容纳下所有观众，而ODS直播正好可以吸引不住在会场城市的观众购票观看，如2009年10月4日于東京举行的音乐剧《網球王子》千秋乐公演便在日本19座影院的33个影厅直播，其中東京新宿WALD 9所有影厅满员，全国总上座率约达80%。2011年5月，业务包括艺人经纪及影片、舞台剧制作等的公司Amuse与FamilyMart、博報堂Casting&Entertainment、WOWOW集资创立「株式会社Live Viewing Japan」（），音乐活动的ODS数目激增，引发音乐业界更多关注。另一方面，由于ODS与电影分界线并非完全清晰，一些一般认知为电影的作品有机会在统计中被认为是「ODS上映」而计为ODS，如发布的2011年全国电影概況中便将《》（导演，的演奏场景较多）、《AKB48 夢想起飛》（导演，制作总指挥岩井俊二）及《》等列作ODS作品。代表的作品魯邦三世_風魔一族的陰謀 - 第一部OVA动画ODS发售。極道恐怖大劇場：牛頭八仙飯店之人肉饅頭 - 它被映倫列為不屬於標準分類的對象。文学少女回憶篇屍體派對偷窺孔 sexy増量版参考文献参见數位技術電影院日本电影
子宫内膜单纯性增生怎样治疗？子宫内膜是一个增生脱落，再增生再脱落的再生性膜这样就会造成月经的来潮和停止再来潮再停就是月经周期的形成，而单纯性子宫内膜增生就会造成月经一直不来直到脱了才会来，这个可以服用一些冲剂就会好的，能有效的调理子宫内膜让月经恢复正常已经清宫做了病理检查排除了病变，是功能性的子宫出血，内分泌的问题，只有单一的雌激素刺激，没有孕激素的拮抗造成的，可以用性激素周期治疗以恢复正常的月经。反复宫血而检查为单纯性子宫内膜增生多是因为子宫内膜对机体高雌激素状态的一种生理反应，而又无孕激素抵抗所致。单纯增生被认为是子宫内膜对机体高雌激素状态的一种生理反应，最常见的原因是无排卵月经，常发生在月经初潮或绝经期前的妇女中，如发生排卵或用孕激素治疗，经药物治疗后病变可以退缩而恢复正常，一般不发展为癌。可以适当的使用些孕激素药物以抑制雌激素引起的子宫内膜增生子宫内膜病理检查诊断子宫内膜单纯性增生，单纯性子宫内膜增生，假设存在内分泌紊乱，要调理内分泌，需求口服激素类药物。假设是子宫和卵巢的病变惹起的，要积极治疗原发病，对症止血治疗。单纯性子宫内膜增生主要是由于过多的雌·激素刺激子宫内膜所知，所以要想好子宫内膜增生，应该从调理内膜分泌着手，激素治疗子宫内膜增生效果不是很好，主要是以调理为主，经过渐渐调理紊乱的内分泌系统使其恢复正常，从而到达使子宫内膜渐渐恢复正常的目的。子宫内膜增生留意事项：坚持肉体高兴，防止肉体刺激和心情动摇，个别在月经期有下腹发胀、腰酸、乳房胀痛、轻度腹泻、容易疲倦、嗜睡、心情不稳定、易怒或易忧伤等现象，均属正常，不用过火慌张。
USS SC-35, until July 1920 known as USS Submarine Chaser No. 35 or USS S.C. 35, was an SC-1-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I. SC-35 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 23 January 1918 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 35, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 35. She sailed for overseas service on April 25, 1918. When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 35 was classified as SC-35 and her name was shortened to USS SC-35. On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold SC-35 to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. References NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive: SC-35 Woofenden, Todd A. Hunters of the Steel Sharks: The Submarine Chasers of World War I. Bowdoinham, Maine: Signal Light Books, 2006. . Mead,Frederick Sumner "Harvard's Military Record in the World War" Harvard Alumni Association, 1921 SC-1-class submarine chasers World War I patrol vessels of the United States Ships built in Brooklyn 1918 ships
婴儿玫瑰疹的临床表现是什么?？本病的潜伏期为7一17天，平均10天左右。起病急,发热39一40度,高热早期可能伴有惊厥，病人可有轻微流涕，咳嗽、眼睑浮肿. 眼结膜炎，在发热期间有食欲较差、恶心、呕吐、轻泻或便秘等症状，咽部轻度充血，枕部，颈部及耳后淋巴结肿大，体温持续3一5天后骤退，热退时出现大小不一的淡红色斑疹或斑丘疹，压之退色，初起于躯干，很快波及全身，腰部和臀部较多，皮疹在1一2天消退，无色素沉着或脱屑。肿大的淋巴结消退较晚，但无压痛. 在病程中周围血白细胞数减少，淋巴细胞分类计数可达70％-90％。婴幼儿急疹一般是HHV-6,HHV-7/HHV-8导致的，同样可以造成多脏器的损伤，所以不应忽视治疗。
职业性皮肤癌的病因是什么？(一)发病原因1.化学物质致癌多环芳香烃碳氢化合物是引起职业性皮肤肿瘤的主要化学物质。包括沥青、焦油、煤烟、炭黑、石蜡及矿物油等。长期接触这类物质及其代谢产物可诱发皮肤癌。苯并芘(3，4-benzpyrene)是一切含碳物代谢过程中的产物，在体内通过环氧化酶、微粒体羟化酶等一系列作用，转变为环氧化物即烃化剂，与核酸结合，干扰遗传信息，导致转录时生成异常的碱基对或妨碍完全解离而发生癌变。砷剂致癌可能是长期接触砷及砷的化合物所致。潜伏期达15年以上。实验证明砷剂主要封闭DNA聚合酶作用而引发肿瘤。诱发皮肤癌的化学物尚有烷基化物、芳香胺类、氮染料、吖啶黄、氨基甲酸酯、烟草、二甲基亚硝基脲、氯丁二烯、硝酸胍、乙酰氨基芴及二甲基联苯胺等。2.光化作用致癌日光照射可增强多环芳香烃的致癌作用。光化物质也能激发紫外线(UV)的致癌作用。UV的致癌光谱为240～320nm，以290～300nm致癌力最强。3.离子辐射致癌在原有放射线皮炎基础上，接受量相当于3000cGy。可致皮肤癌。潜伏期约25～30年。4.创伤致癌有些职业创伤发生在原来正常的皮肤上，经过相当时间在原创伤部位发生肿瘤。(二)发病机制1.长期接触多环芳香烃碳氢化合物及其代谢产物可诱发皮肤癌。苯并芘(3，4-benzpyrene)是一切含碳物代谢过程中的产物，在体内通过环氧化酶、微粒体羟化酶等一系列作用，转变为环氧化物即烃化剂，与核酸结合，干扰遗传信息，导致转录时生成异常的碱基对或妨碍完全解离而发生癌变。2.光化作用致癌光化物质也能激发紫外线(UV)的致癌作用。UV照射能引起DNA中胸腺嘧啶二聚体的形成，使DNA的双螺旋链发生结构和功能的改变，诱发细胞突变。3.离子辐射致癌肿瘤的形成可能取决于电离辐射对毛囊口的不可逆性损害。4.创伤致癌从创伤到肿瘤出现可发生如溃疡、瘢痕等持续性体征;本病为非转移性肿瘤，同时组织学上位于创伤部位。
Tristeza is an American post-rock band. The band is currently based in Oakland, California, and was established in San Diego in 1997. Biography The group formed in San Diego in 1997, and included Christopher Sprague, Luis Hermosillo, Jimmy LaValle (The Album Leaf), James Lehner, and Stephen Swesey. This line-up recorded all material that was released through 2003, including the albums Spine and Sensory (1999) and Dream Signals in Full Circles (2000). The Spine and Sensory album was recorded at Tim Green's Louder Studios, a basement studio in San Francisco. It took one week to record and mix the album in the autumn of 1998. Green has since left San Francisco and moved his studio to Grass Valley, California. In January 2003, Tristeza played its last concert with Jimmy LaValle as a main member, but he has joined the band occasionally since. Their second album Dream Signals in Full Circles was recorded and produced in Chicago by Dave Trumfio at Kingsize Soundlabs during the spring of 2000. The album was recorded and mixed in 10 days. During 2004, the band enlisted guitarist Alison Ables and keyboardist Sean Ogilvie to begin writing songs for A Colores. This line-up recorded all material that was released during 2005 and 2006. A Colores was recorded during three winter weeks of 2005 at Key Club Recording in Benton Harbor, Michigan by Bill Skibbe and Jessica Ruffins. The album was mixed during the summer of 2005 by Alan Sanderson in San Diego. At the start of 2007, the core of Tristeza (Sprague, Lehner, and Hermosillo) with the assistance of Ogilvie, began collaborating with various musicians around the San Francisco Bay Area, including Camaron Stevens on guitar, and released the Fate Unfolds mini album in 2009. In 2010, Tristeza recorded the album Paisajes with Tim Green, who also recorded the band's first album, at Tim Green's Louder Studios in Grass Valley, California in the winter and spring of 2010. Tristeza's many other various EPs, singles, tour CDs, demos, DVD, cassettes, etc. were mainly self-recorded by the band, as well by Matt Anderson, Alan Sanderson, Mike Hammel, and Pall Jenkins. Critical reception CMJ New Music Monthly described Tristeza's style in a review of their album, Dream Signals in Full Circles: "A typical Tristeza track involves a down-shifted take on emo's rhythmic lopsidedness, beds of washy, behind-the-beat keyboards, and Christopher Sprague's arpeggiated, effect-drenched guitar melodies." Discography Studio albums Spine and Sensory (1999) Dream Signals in Full Circles (2000) Mixed Signals (2001) March of the White Lies (2005) A Colores (2005) En Nuestro Desafio (2006) Fate Unfolds (2009) Paisajes (2010) EPs Insound Tour Support Series No. 1 (1999) Mania Phase (2002) Tristeza/Lemko Hall Split-EP (2002) Espuma (2003) Singles Foreshadow (1998) Macrame (1999) Are We People (2000) Bromas (2005) References American post-rock groups Musical groups from San Diego
九龍東聯網（全稱九龍東醫院聯網，）是香港醫院管理局的地區性醫院聯網，負責服務觀塘區及西貢區約98萬人口；現任總監為楊諦岡醫生。醫院基督教聯合醫院：為地區的主要全科醫院，為觀塘區居民提供中層服務，及為整個聯網提供第三層服務。將軍澳醫院：為將軍澳居民提供中層服務的全科醫院。靈實醫院：為聯網提供非急性護理、復康及療養服務的延續護理醫院。附屬機構 8間普通科門診診所及設立於容鳳書紀念中心的門診及日間病人設施。服務歷史隨著九龍東的長者人口攀升，預計於2010年代後未來10年，長者人口將會由140,000增加至170,000；九龍東聯網於2012年10月19日宣布於2013年開始，其轄下的8間普通科門診名額將會增加至8,960個，即每年750,000個。此外，於2013年開始，九龍東聯網亦會增加設立700個針對高血壓病人的風險評估和護理計畫的名額。 2014年9月26日，九龍東聯網公布2014年至2015年年度工作計劃。面對區內人口老化所引致的服務需求增加及專科門診輪候時間長等情況，九龍東聯網將會加強普通科門診和急症室服務，包括增加11,000個偶發性疾病診症名額和急症室支援診症節數。另外，基督教聯合醫院將會加強骨科服務計劃，新增兩名醫生以處理輪候名單上730個新症，縮短骨科專科門診輪候時間，由以往的149周減少至121周，縮短達28周、即7個月，並且增加相關門診診症節數；引入新型脊椎手術，例如電腦導航脊椎手術；設立骨脊專科護理服務，為病人提供教育、心理輔導和復康評估服務。與此同時，基督教聯合醫院在現有的628名醫生及2,310名護士編制下，新增38名醫生和157名護士。將軍澳醫院則將會加強心臟科服務，增加兩張心臟科加護病床以處理50個冠狀動脈介入術，預計於日後增加至每年處理150個同類型之手術。於2013年至2014年年度，九龍東聯網獲分配約41億港元財政資源，佔香港政府配給醫院管理局的撥款9%，為各聯網中最少，惟該聯網涉及服務人口達101萬，佔香港人口14.1%，病人比例佔各聯網整體13.1%，急症住院工作量佔整體11%，三者均比較東區醫院所隸屬之港島東聯網多，惟所獲撥款比較港島東聯網更少27億港元。鑑於一直有不少意見反映醫院管理局的人事管理及資源運用方面分配不均，及被質疑資源有否按照地區人口或者人口年齡組別而作出分配等等。醫院管理局檢討督導委員會於2014年就此作出討論，預計於2015年3月月底舉辦會議作出最後審議，及於同年年中完成檢討報告。檢討當中包括九龍中聯網、九龍東聯網及九龍西聯網之間存在的一些問題，冀望借助啟德醫院首期於2021年啟用的契機，將其劃入九龍中聯網，並且為九龍中聯網、九龍東聯網及九龍西聯網重新劃線，預計屆時被納入九龍中聯網的醫院和醫療機構將會由6間增加至10間，組成一個大型聯網，提供前所未有的大規模服務，以取代九龍西聯網當前的領導地位。此舉，亦能夠理順服務及令到資源分配更為準確。參考注釋外部連結九龍東聯網香港醫院聯網
紀堯姆·法布尔·尼古拉·熱弗拉爾（，；），是海地穆拉托人出身的將軍，1859年至1867年任海地總統。1852年4月18 日，福斯坦·蘇魯克封他為海地塔巴拉公爵。 1859年，為了讓海地重新回到穆拉托人精英的社會和政治控制之下，他發動政變推翻福斯坦一世。為了安撫農民，他重新開始了出售國有土地的做法，也結束了與羅馬天主教會的分裂，後者在改善教育方面發揮了重要作用。在幾次叛亂中倖存下來後，他於1867年被西爾萬·薩爾納夫少校推翻。擔任總統之前的生活法布爾是尼古拉斯·热弗拉爾的兒子，他是海地革命期間黑人軍隊的將軍，也是海地獨立宣言的簽署人，他在法布爾出生前幾個月被暗殺。法布爾隨後被他的叔叔法布爾上校收養。熱弗拉爾於1821年離開了凱斯鎮的學院，並應徵入伍。 1843 年，夏尔·里维耶尔-埃拉尔將軍發動反抗獨裁者让-皮埃尔·布瓦耶的叛亂，熱夫拉爾加入了他的行列，並被任命為中校。然後他被派往熱雷米鎮，在那裡他擊敗了布雅耶的軍隊，然後追擊到蒂布龍半島。在這次軍事勝利之後，他於1844年被晉升為準將。新總統讓-巴蒂斯特·里奇 (Jean-Baptiste Riché) 擔心格弗拉德的聲望，將他逮捕以試圖將他繩之以法，但軍事法庭以行為不檢為由宣判他無罪。 1849 年，在蘇魯克統治下，他指揮遠征多米尼加共和國，期間在阿蘇阿 (Azua) 戰役中負傷。他在蘇魯克政府和帝國統治下的軍隊中擔任最高職位。 1849年，蘇盧克成為福斯坦一世皇帝，並在第一次對聖多明各（現多米尼加共和國）的戰爭中任命格弗拉爾指揮一個師，他在拉塔巴拉戰役中獲勝而聲名鵲起。在與聖多明各的第二次戰爭（1856 年）期間，他在多個場合表現出色，尤其是在巴尼科的砲兵指揮方面表現出色。由於他在軍事上的成功，他因此被封為公爵。但隨著這個政權變得不得人心，熱夫拉爾受到了皇帝福斯坦一世的威脅。他被捕後逃脫並組織了一場叛亂，導致了帝國的垮台。 1859年1月15日，福斯坦一世皇帝退位幾分鐘後，他宣布成立第三共和國並當選總統。總統任內熱夫拉爾作為總統的第一個行動是將軍隊從30,000人裁減一半至15,000人。他還組建了自己的總統衛隊，名為 Les Tirailleurs de la Garde，在他的親自指導下接受訓練。1859年6月，熱夫拉爾創立了國家法學院，並重建了布雅耶創辦的醫學院。他的教育部長讓·西蒙·埃利-杜波依斯和弗朗索瓦·埃利-杜波依斯在雅克梅勒、熱雷米、Saint-Marc 和戈納伊夫實現了現代化並建立了許多中學。 1863年10月10日，他重新引入了要求修建和維護道路的法國殖民時代法律。他還恢復了前統治者讓-雅克·德薩林、亞歷山大·佩蒂翁和讓-皮埃爾·布雅耶招募非裔美國人在海地定居的政策。1861年5月，由詹姆斯·西奧多·霍利領導的一群非裔美國人在 Croix-des-Bouquet 以東定居。然而，到1862年，熱找拉爾開始審查憲法並為了自己的利益取消了立法機構。他首先給自己加薪，貫了2個種植園，並挪用醫院資金和軍隊資金支付了他的個人奢侈品。1863年，他將貨幣體系改革為今天的貨幣體系。熱夫拉爾是一名天主教徒，這使他放棄了任何形式的巫毒教信仰。他下令拆除祭壇、鼓和儀式中使用的任何其他樂器。1863年，一名6歲的女孩據稱被巫毒教徒以可怕的方式殺害。熱夫拉爾下令進行深入調查，並公開處決涉案教徒。 1859 年，熱夫拉爾首次嘗試與佩德羅·桑塔納統治下的多米尼加共和國進行談判。不幸的是，在1861年3月，佩德羅將他的國家還給了西班牙女王伊莎貝拉二世，這讓海地官員對歐洲強國重新回到他們的邊界感到緊張。同年5月，聖多明各爆發了對西班牙的游擊戰。熱找拉爾派他的貼身警衛和手下幫助叛軍對抗西班牙軍隊，但在1861年7月，西班牙向海地發出了最後通牒。最終，熱夫拉爾同意向西班牙的要求投降，並放棄了對西班牙東部領土的所有干預。這一事件讓許多海地人對熱夫拉爾感到羞辱和憤怒，因為他向一個歐洲國家投降。熱找拉爾和許多海地人一樣，支持美國的廢奴運動，並為廢奴主義者約翰·布朗舉行了國葬，他於1859年因領導反對美國政府的武裝起義而被絞死。在美國內戰期間，海地獲得了美國的外交承認。海地也利用戰爭成為美國棉花的主要出口國，熱夫拉爾拉進口軋花機和技術人員以增加產量。然而，棉花在1865年和1866年歉收，那時美國已再次出口棉花。倒台 1865年，西爾萬·薩爾納夫少校開始接管海地的北部和阿蒂博尼特部分。到 5月15日，熱夫拉爾和他的政府軍都與北方薩爾納夫軍隊發生了衝突。在1867年他和家人秘而不宣逃往牙買加，並於 1878 年在金斯敦去世。參考 Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 220. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2. 海地總統
漂白劑（bleach，bleaching agent）是一些化學物品，可透過氧化還原反應將有色分子反應成無色分子，而將顏色去除或變淡、污渍去除，以達漂白物品的目的。漂白劑依據其在漂白過程發生的氧化還原反應所擔任的角色來區分：若漂白劑在反應中擔任氧化劑者，稱為氧化型漂白劑；若漂白劑在反應中擔任還原劑者，稱為還原型漂白劑。日常生活中較接觸的是氧化型漂白劑，通常分為兩類：氯漂白劑及氧漂白劑。氯漂白劑含次氯酸鈉（NaClO），而氧漂白劑則含有過氧化氫（H2O2）或一些會釋放過氧化物的化合物，譬如過硼酸鈉或過碳酸鈉。漂白粉的成分通常是次氯酸鈣[Ca(ClO)2]或氯化次氯酸鈣[Ca(ClO)Cl]。漂白也是染色過程中的初期步驟。漂白劑的種類多数工业和家用漂白剂属于三大类：氯系漂白剂、过氧化物漂白剂、二氧化硫漂白剂。家用漂白劑或次氯酸鈉在家中為被用作漂白衣裳、消除污漬和消毒。這是因為次氯酸鈉可以產生氯自由基——是一種能與許多物質起反應的氧化劑。頭髮的漂白劑含有過氧化氫，當它分解時會釋放氧自由基。氧和氯的自由基都有相同的漂白效用。氯漂白劑通常會與洗衣粉一起使用，家庭主婦亦會用它作為消毒劑。需要注意的是不要用漂白劑來清理尿漬，因為這樣會產生有毒的氯胺和會爆炸的三氯化氮。也不要把漂白劑與鹽酸混合，因為這樣會產生有毒的氯氣。不是所有的漂白劑都有氧化的特性。例如一些漂白劑的配方中會加入的連二亞硫酸鈉（Na2S2O4）和漂白麵粉、杏脯、酒精飲料或乾果的二氧化硫都是強還原劑。另一種漂白劑二氧化氯是用於漂白木質紙漿、油脂和油、纖維素、麵粉、紡織品、蜂蠟等工業。在食品工業，一些有機過氧化物（過氧化丙酮、過氧化苯等）及其他化學物品（如溴酸鹽）會用作麵粉漂白劑及陳化劑。漂白劑的調配與工具漂白劑必須要稀釋使用，一般是加水調配成0.1%（1000ppm）後方可作環境清潔使用。目前大多使用這種測試計可以正確知道濃度，而非試紙只能知道範圍。參考資料消毒剂漂白剂
Peneroplis is an extant genus of benthic Foraminifera in the family Peneroplidae. The genus is also represented in the fossil record. Peneroplis dwell in upper photic zone. They favour tropical to temperate shallow marine environments, feeding on diatoms See also List of prehistoric foraminifera genera References Tubothalamea Foraminifera genera
珍珠德州麗魚，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目隆頭魚亞目慈鯛科的一個種。分布本魚分布墨西哥的Panuco河流域至Soto La Marina河。特徵本魚體呈淺藍綠色，身體上有彩虹色斑點，體側中央具有較深的斑紋。體長可達17公分。生態本魚棲息在河流的底層，肉食性，以甲殼類、無脊椎動物為食，具有侵略性。經濟利用為觀賞魚，具有領域性。参考文献 Z carpintis H
The 11th European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Prague. Romanian Withdrawal The Romanian team walked out the competition during the beam finals. According to the Romanian federation, this decision was taken "as a result of some technical deficiencies and of some methods appeared in the referees' actions which altered the results". Ironically, the Romanian withdrawal happened right after Nadia Comăneci's performance, for which she received a perfect 10. If she had not left the building, she would have won the gold medal in the beam finals. Medalists Results Vault Uneven Bars Balance Beam Floor exercise References https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/15/archives/rumanian-gymnasts-quit-womens-meet-in-dispute.html 1977 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships 1977 in European sport 1977 in Czechoslovak sport European Artistic Gymnastics Championships Europe
Jesper Pedersen may refer to: Jesper Pedersen (footballer, born 1961), Danish football player and manager Jesper Bøge Pedersen (born 1990), Danish footballer Jesper Pedersen (alpine skier) (born 1999), Norwegian para-alpine skier
性冷淡会导致什么症状？饮食、环境、开放的思想观念导致了现在社会病体的多发，两性健康也受到人们的关注，其中性冷淡也是属于两性方面常见的病症。性冷淡是指性欲缺乏，通俗地讲即对性生活无兴趣，也有说是性欲减退。那么它的病症有哪些呢我们一起来了解一下。性冷淡的症状表现体现在两个方面：生理症状和心理症状。1.生理症状主要体现在：性爱抚无反应或快感反应不足；性交时阴道无爱液或少爱液分泌，干涩，紧缩，疼痛；无性爱快感或快感不足，迟钝，缺乏性高潮；性器官发育不良或性器官萎缩，老化，细胞缺水，活性不足等。2.心理症状主要体现在：对性爱恐惧，厌恶及心理抵触；对性爱有洁癖症及严重的心理阴影；对性爱认识不足，投入程度不够；受传统观念影响，性爱时不主动，感觉羞耻，肮脏。性冷淡是由多种因素引起的，常见的原因如下：1、精神起因大体有以下几类。（1）慢性疲乏：工作紧张，或社会事物繁忙，或脑力劳动过分，影响高级神经系统的功能状态。（2）禁欲或纵欲过分，日久使脊髓中枢功能紊乱，逐渐厌恶，抑制了性欲。（3）夫妻联系不和或对性的见解不一样，或缺乏正确的性知识，或女士长期得不到高潮快感，从而厌倦了性生活。2、器质性起因几乎一切的慢性传播疾病都有可能引发性冷淡，其机理主要是影响神经、内分泌，降低了血液中的性激素水平。3、药物起因口服某种药物可降低性欲。如抗组胺药、大麻、苯妥英纳、利血平、安体舒通及抗雄激素药类等。4、其他过早开始性生活、劳累、避孕不当、情绪低落、营养不佳等。消除难以启齿的不安情绪，有问题就要及早的治疗，寻找并消除性欲低下的原因，酌情采用中医疗法和心理、按摩疗法，经穴和运动辅助治疗，来帮助恢复正常的夫妻生活，提升幸福指数。
John Raymond Pillion (August 10, 1904 – December 31, 1978) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. Life He was born on August 10, 1904, in Conneaut, Ohio. He graduated from Cornell Law School in 1927. He practiced law in Erie County, New York. He was president and treasurer of the Bison Storage & Warehouse Corporation in Buffalo, and the owner and operator of a fruit and vegetable farm in Niagara County. He was a city court judge in Lackawanna, New York from 1932 to 1936, and the Corporation Counsel and Tax Attorney of the City of Lackawanna from 1936 to 1941. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Erie Co., 8th D.) from 1941 to 1950, sitting in the 163rd, 164th, 165th, 166th and 167th New York State Legislatures. He was elected as a Republican to the 83rd, 84th, 85th, 86th, 87th and 88th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3, 1953, to January 3, 1965. In Congress, he was most notable as an opponent of statehood for both Hawaii and Alaska. He was defeated for re-election in 1964 by Richard D. McCarthy. Pillion voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He retired to Hamburg, and died in Eden, New York on December 31, 1978. References 1904 births 1978 deaths Cornell Law School alumni Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly People from Conneaut, Ohio American politicians of Polish descent Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) People from Hamburg, New York People from Lackawanna, New York 20th-century American politicians
三子止咳胶囊贮藏方法？密封，干燥处保存。
Ԋ ԋ（又被稱為科米語的 nje (komi nje)；斜體：Ԋ/ԋ）是中的一個字母。此字母只用於書寫1920年代的科米語，用於標示硬顎鼻音。與其相對應的字母有西里爾字母Њ/њ與塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語的二合字母。這個字母與拉丁字母Ƕ ƕ很相近，但是本字母的小寫即是大寫字母的縮小版，而拉丁字母Ƕ則不是。字符編碼參見 Н н（西里爾字母En） Ƕ ƕ（拉丁字母Hwair） Unicode中的西里爾字母俄羅斯語言西里爾字母科米語彼爾姆語支
甲肝抗体弱阳性怎么办?？现在的生活的日益发展了，各种交通方式和各种通讯手段越来越便利了，所以人们之间的交流沟通越来越多了。在生活中，我们需要注意一下传染性疾病的传播。比如甲型肝炎，相信大家或多或少都听过这个疾病名称，而且也是知道甲型肝炎是属于传染性疾病。甲肝抗体弱阳性怎么办?相信很多人都不是很了解了。那今天就来为大家解答一下。一、患者少用药，以生物细胞疗法治疗为主，生物细胞免疫疗法是根据人体感染甲肝病毒后慢性化的发生机理而设计，在体外通过生物免疫学方法获得功能完全正常的树突状细胞(抗原递呈细胞)，即在体外直接恢复有缺陷的抗原提呈细胞的功能，使患者的免疫系统像正常人感染甲肝病毒后一样产生针对甲肝病毒的特异性的抗体和特异性的细胞毒性t淋巴细胞，来对抗和攻击甲肝病毒，终清除甲肝病毒。该方法从根本上解决了慢性甲肝病毒感染者的免疫耐受问题。所以，一旦痊愈，就不易复发。二、避免饮酒、劳累以及使用损害肝脏的药物;多食容易消化、富于营养的食物和新鲜蔬菜、水果等;不能进食者，静脉输液，供给足够的葡萄糖、盐、维生素c及维生素b族等，注意水、电解质平衡;有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振者，需要对症治疗;关于得了甲肝怎么办方法有很多种，生物疗法治疗甲肝是有效先进的。病情较轻的患者经过适当休息能够自行恢复；急性无黄疸型患者需要用一些保肝的药物；急性黄疸型患者，可以用一些利疸褪黄的一些药物；如果重型肝炎患者，在保肝基础之上，还要增加一些支持治疗；此外，不同类型的甲肝，治疗周期也有差别，一般典型的急性肝炎三到四周就能恢复，急性淤胆型肝炎病程持续到两到三个月，肝衰竭患者根据恢复情况通常需一个月到三个月之间。
奉國縣，後漢分閬中置。梁置白馬郡、義陽郡二郡，開皇初郡廢，并廢義陽縣入，屬巴西郡。唐武德元年，改巴西郡為隆州，領閬中縣、南部縣、蒼溪縣、南充縣、相如縣、西水縣、晉城縣、奉國縣、儀隴縣、大寅縣十縣。武德七年，又以奉國屬西平州。貞觀元年，還屬隆州。。宋代仍屬閬州，熙寧四年，省岐平縣為鎮入。元併入蒼溪縣。遺址在閬中市東老觀鎮。參考資料川川川川川四川古代縣份
子宫发育不良什么状况？子宫发育不良，又称幼稚子宫，以往多认为系妊娠晚期或胎儿出生后到青春期以前的任何时期，受到内在或外在各种因素致子宫停止发育而出现不同程度的幼稚子宫。幼稚子宫的宫颈较长，多呈锥形，而宫体比正常小，且常因前壁或后壁发育不全而呈过度前屈或后屈，宫颈与宫体的比例呈1：1或2：1，临床常引发月经稀少、原发或继发性闭经、痛经、不孕、流产等。子宫发育不良多由下丘脑-垂体-卵巢性腺轴功能失调，雌、孕激素分泌不足，子宫发育受限或停止生长所致，可属于内分泌疾病范畴。免疫细胞也上有接受神经递质及内分泌激素的受体，在免疫应答中产生的细胞因子则对神经、内分泌系统也有调控作用，如IL2有轻度增强FSH刺激产生孕酮和20a-双氢孕酮的作用，白细胞介素1(IL1β)可通过调节性腺激素和性类固醇的分泌，调节性激素水平，影响生殖器官及生殖细胞的发育和成熟，胸腺细胞本身还可产生生长激素(GH)、促黄体生成激素释放激素(LHRH)、泌乳素(PRL)等激素和神经肽类物质，胸腺合成分泌的胸腺激素对神经、内分泌系统也具有调节作用。子宫发育不良的治疗：雌激素受体（ER)与孕激素受体(PR)存在于激素的靶细胞表面，能与相应激素发生特异性结合进而产生特异性生理或病理效应，ER和PR主要分布于子宫、宫颈、阴道及乳腺等靶器官，雌激素有刺激ER、PR合成的作用，而孕激素则有抑制ER合成，并间接抑制PR合成的作用。ER是一类由配体激活的转录因子，是核受超家族的成员。在子宫中，雌二醇和ER都是促进增生的因子，ER与雌激素在靶器官结合后，产生相应的生理效应，可刺激子宫生长。雌激素直接作用靶器官+扩宫术治疗子宫发育不良副作用小、作用快、疗效显著、经济、安全。
吃药多长时间保不住先兆流产？先兆流产就是确诊是宫内早孕以后，出现腰酸、下腹痛及阴道流血等症状。出现以上症状以后要及时的到医院去就诊，首先做盆腔彩超检查明确胚胎在宫内的情况，监测血绒毛膜促性激素及血孕酮数值的变化，必要时给孕激素保胎治疗，引起早期先兆流产的原因，黄体功能不全、甲状腺功能异常及免疫系统异常，所以保胎治疗的同时要检查检测肝功能，并且行免疫系统方面的检查，根据检查结果给予相应的处理。先兆产引起的病因有很多，例如当精子和卵子结合之后，着床的时候，刺激了子宫内膜壁而引起少量的出血，也可能会引起先兆流产。如果孕酮的值比较低，也就是孕激素比较低的情况下，也可能会影响胎儿的发育，也可能会引起出血，从而出现先兆流产。或者是血HCG偏低的情况下，这个时候也可能会引起出血，造成流产的发生。当外力作用的时候，例如提重物、爬楼梯，都可能会引起少量的出血，从而会影响胎儿的发育正常，引起先兆流产。并且当同房的时候，刺激了宫颈或者是阴道壁的时候，也可能会引起一定的出血，而造成先兆流产。先兆流产的患者，在平常的时候应该吃高维生素的饮食，并且可以多吃豆制品，这种情况可以应用黄体酮，维生素E等药物进行保胎治疗。应该到吃豆制品。为了有一个健康聪明宝宝，建议增加营养(食物要多样化)，注意休息，定期进行孕期及排畸检查。并保持孕期心情舒畅，有利于胎儿的健康发育。如果在怀孕初期应该补充小剂量叶酸，以便预防胎儿畸形。先兆流产患者在饮食上，要讲究适量、搭配合理、营养均衡，要摄入量少、多样化。建议少吃辛辣刺激助火的食物，或者是南方热带水果，比如榴莲、芒果、樱桃等。这些水果可造成热邪，热扰胎元，热伤冲任，造成胎元不固，产生流产。
覆瓦繁缕（学名：）是石竹科繁缕属的植物。分布在俄罗斯以及中国大陆的新疆等地，多生在山坡或山坡河边，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。参考文献 F F F
Homalopoma lunellum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Colloniidae. Original description Huang S.-I, Fu I-F. & Poppe G.T. (2016). Taiwanese and Philippine Colloniidae. Nomenclatural remarks and the description of 17 new species (Gastropoda: Colloniidae). Visaya. 4(5): 4-42. page(s): 19. References Colloniidae Gastropods described in 2016
Chaftab-e Barmeyun (, also Romanized as Chaftāb-e Barmeyūn; also known as Chaftāb) is a village in Ludab Rural District, Ludab District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 11 families. References Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County
Cerro Petaca is a large forested ridge in Amazonas state, Venezuela. It lies just west of the two high plateaus of Cerro Marahuaca and northeast of the massive Cerro Duida. The ridge reaches a height of at least above sea level. Part of the Duida–Marahuaca Massif, it is entirely within the bounds of Duida–Marahuaca National Park. See also Distribution of Heliamphora References Ridges Landforms of Venezuela Geography of Amazonas (Venezuelan state)
Juan Espino Reyes (born March 16, 1956 in Bonao, Dominican Republic) is a retired Major League Baseball catcher. He played during four seasons at the major league level for the New York Yankees. He was signed as an amateur free agent by the Yankees in . Espino played his first professional season with their Class A Oneonta Yankees in , and his last with the Atlanta Braves' Triple-A club, the Richmond Braves in . References External links 1956 births Living people Columbus Clippers players Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States Fort Lauderdale Yankees players Maine Guides players Major League Baseball catchers Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic Nashville Sounds players New York Yankees players Oneonta Yankees players People from Bonao Richmond Braves players West Haven Yankees players
Marutea Atoll (Marutea Sud), also known as Lord Hood Island, Marutea-i-runga, and Nuku-nui, is an atoll in the far southeast of the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia. It lies in the east-northeast part of the Gambier (commune), about 72 km northeast from Maria Atoll. Marutea Atoll is irregular in shape and bound by a reef broken by passes into the lagoon. It is long with a maximum width of and a land area of approximately . Its islands are low and flat and the main village, Auorotini, is located at the northern end of the atoll. It is populated by ex Gambier Islanders looking for pearls and maintaining the pearl farms on the atoll. Marutea Sud should not be confused with Marutea Nord located in the western area of the Tuamotu Archipelago at 17˚ 07' S, 143˚ 11' W. History The first recorded European to sight this atoll was Spanish explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós on 4 February 1606. He called it San Telmo. Other Spanish names were San Blas, given by de Quiros' captain Diego de Prado y Tovar, and Corral de Agua is found in some contemporary charts (in Spanish, water corral). Marutea was later explored by Edward Edwards, while he was searching for the mutineers of in 1791. Edwards renamed it "Lord Hood". According to Russian Admiral Adam Johann von Krusenstern Marutea was once inhabited by the ancient Polynesians. British mariner Frederick William Beechey found a stone-walled hut upon it in 1825. In 1984 Marutea Atoll was bought by Robert Wan, the main Tahitian black pearl trader, in order to engage in cultured black pearl farming. A private airfield was built in 1993. Administration Administratively Marutea Sud belongs to the commune of the Gambier (commune). References Polynesian archaeological remains Atoll names Robert Wan Jean-Claude_Brouillet, L'ile de perles noires, Editions Robert Laffont S.A., Paris 1984 External links Atoll list (in French) Atolls of the Tuamotus
The dwarf flathead (Elates ransonnettii) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Platycephalidae, the flatheads. It is found in the Indo-Pacific. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Elates. Taxonomy The dwarf flathead was first formally described in 1876 as Platycephalus ransonnettii by the Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner with the type localityy given as Singapore. In 1907 the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Alvin Seale described a new species, Elates thompsoni. from Manila which they placed in a new monotypic genus but this was later considered to be a synonym of Steindachner's P. ransonnettii although the genus is considered to be valid. This genus is classified within the family Playtcephalidae, the flatheads which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies within the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes. Etymology Elates is Greek for "leader" or "driver", Jordan and Seale did not explain their choice of this name. The specific name honours the Austrian diplomat, painter, lithographer, biologist and explorer who collected fishes in Singapore and sent them, including specimens of this species, to Steindachner. Description The dwarf flathead has 6 spines in its first dorsal fin and 13-14 soft rays in both the second dorsal fin and the anal fin. The body is elongated with a moderately flattened head with a relatively small mouth which ends in front of the eye, below the front nostril. There is a single long bayonet-like spine on the preoperculum, often ecxtending past the rear margin of the operculum, with no accessory spine. The supraorbital ridge is smooth and there is a preorbital spine and a preocular spine. There are two spines on the suborbital ridge, a short spine under the front part of the eye and a long spine below the rear of the eye/ There are two dsitinct patches of vomerine teeth. The lappet on the iris is a simple lobe. The caudal fin has an elongated filament extending from its upper lobe. This species is sandy coloured with a dusky coloured blotch on the operculum and there are a few oval blotches along the flanks> The dorsal and caudal fins are marked with dark spots. The maximum published total length of this species is , although is more typical. Distribution and habitat The dwarf lathead is found in inshore and continental shelf waters in the Indo–West Pacific from the Gulf of Thailand and the Philippines to Papua New Guinea and south to Australia. In Australia it occurs from off Exmouth in Western Australia to Pine Peak Island in Queensland. It was reported twice in the Mediterranean Sea, off Italy in 2005 and Croatia in 2010, likely introduced via ballast water. It is found in sandy areas at depths between , although there is a record from . References Platycephalidae Monotypic fish genera Fish described in 1876 Taxa named by Franz Steindachner
Otho Liston Burton (December 19, 1906 – September 18, 1971) was an American politician in the state of Florida. Burton was from Hazel, Kentucky and moved to Florida in 1925. A lumber and building material dealer, he served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1947 to 1957 (77th district). References 1906 births 1971 deaths People from Calloway County, Kentucky Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives 20th-century American politicians
（学名：Zapornia）是秧鸡科的一属。下属物种本属包括以下物种：参考文献 X X
Ceratias tentaculatus, commonly known as the southern seadevil, is a species of sea devil, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathydemersal and can be found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the Southern Hemisphere. References Ceratiidae Deep sea fish Fish described in 1930 Taxa named by John Roxborough Norman
，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。行政区划下辖以下地区：。参考资料
大事记明朝大明明翰林院侍講劉球應詔上言，涉及麓川之失，得罪宦官王振，被王振羅織罪名將劉球投入詔獄後殺害。蒙古也先统一蒙古。葡萄牙葡萄牙航海家努諾·特里斯唐首次踏足阿爾金島。丹麦迁都哥本哈根。日本足利義政就任室町幕府第八代征夷大將軍。朝鮮半島李氏朝鮮與對馬島島主簽訂《癸亥條約》，對馬島島主承認李氏朝鮮的宗主權，朝鮮方面則給與對馬島在對馬海峽的貿易優先權。同年朝鮮世宗發明訓民正音。出生 12月5日——儒略二世，教皇（逝世于1513年）洪吉童逝世 8月16日——足利义胜，日本幕府将军（出生于1434年）劉球，江西承宣布政使司吉安府安福縣人。明朝官員。 3年 4
阿代爾（）是位於美國伊利諾伊州麥克多諾縣的一個人口普查指定地區。地理阿代爾的座標為，而該地最高點為海拔高度197米（即646英尺）。人口根據2010年美國人口普查的數據，阿代爾的面積為1.11平方千米，當中陸地面積為1.11平方千米，而水域面積為0.00平方千米。當地共有人口210人，而人口密度為每平方千米189.19人。參考文獻伊利諾伊州普查規定居民點麥克多諾縣普查規定居民點 (伊利諾伊州)
USS Hydrangea was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She served the Navy in various ways: as a tugboat, a dispatch boat, a ship's tender, and as a gunboat in waterways of the Confederate States of America. Built at Buffalo, New York, in 1862 Hydrangea, a wooden steam tug, was built as Hippodame in 1862 at Buffalo, New York, and purchased by the Navy at New York City, from her owner, C. TV. Copeland, 16 October 1863. She commissioned at New York Navy Yard 18 April 1864. Assigned to the North Atlantic blockade Reporting to Hampton Roads, Virginia, for duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, Hydrangea spent May towing monitors and acting as tender to Onondaga. She then took up station in the James River, where she acted as a tug and mail boat. Making two trips a day from Deep Bottom, near the front lines, to the large supply base at City Point, Virginia, she helped support the Union efforts to break the military stalemate around Richmond, Virginia. Transferred to the South Atlantic blockade Hydrangea was then transferred to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 23 July 1864, and after repairing reported to Port Royal, South Carolina, 30 September. She was used as a blockading ship and tug inside the Charleston Bar until the end of the war. Post-war decommissioning, sale, and subsequent career Hydrangea decommissioned at New York City 1 September 1865, and was sold 25 October to S. and J. M. Flanagan. Redocumented Norman 4 January 1866, she returned to private service and was stranded and lost off Cape May, New Jersey, 17 November 1886. References Ships of the Union Navy Ships built in Buffalo, New York Steamships of the United States Navy Gunboats of the United States Navy Tugs of the United States Navy Tenders of the United States Navy American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States American Civil War auxiliary ships of the United States 1862 ships
丹尼爾·施內德芒（ , ）是法國的一位媒體評論員，在巴黎出生。他的正職是一位記者，在法國多份報章都有專欄，並在電視上有媒體評論的節目。
The 5"/54 caliber Mark 16 gun (spoken "five-inch-fifty-four-caliber") was a late World War II–era naval gun mount used by the United States Navy, and later, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. These guns, designed originally for the s and then the abortive CL-154-class cruisers, were to be the replacement for the 5"/38 caliber secondary gun batteries then in widespread use with the US Navy. Design The 5"/54 cal gun turrets were similar to the 5"/38 caliber gun mounts in that they were equally adept in an anti-aircraft role and for damaging smaller ships, but differed in that they weighed more, fired heavier rounds of ammunition, and resulted in faster crew fatigue than the 5"/38 cal. guns. The ammunition storage for the 5"/54 cal. gun was 500 rounds per turret, and the guns could fire at targets nearly away at a 45° angle. At an 85° angle, the guns could hit an aerial target at over . The cancellations of the Montana-class battleships in 1943 and then the CL-154 class cruisers in 1945 pushed back the first use of the 5"/54 cal guns to their installation aboard the US Navy's s. The guns proved adequate for the carrier's air defense, but were gradually phased out of use by the carrier fleet because of their weight (rather than having the carrier defend itself by gunnery the task would be assigned to other surrounding ships within a carrier battle group). These mounts were then installed in the Japanese and destroyers in 1958–59. Usage See also 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun References Notes Sources External links United States of America 5"/54 (12.7 cm) Mark 16 127 mm artillery 5 inch Naval guns of the United States Naval weapons of the Cold War Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945
盐酸丙卡特罗口服溶液药物相作用？勿与2受体兴奋剂同时服用。
2008 ST291是一顆太陽系海王星外天體，絕對星等為4.3等，2008 ST291可能是矮行星。軌道 2008 ST291於1954年通過近日點，目前距離太陽59天文單位。2016年，2008 ST291將距離太陽超過60天文單位。天文學家已經觀測過3次2008 ST291衝。物理性質因為天文學家尚無法得知2008 ST291的反射率，所以2008 ST291大小仍不清楚，直徑可能介於370公里至820公里之間。參考資料外部連結 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 冥族小天體 2003年发现的小行星
Feminizing hormone therapy, also known as transfeminine hormone therapy, is hormone therapy and sex reassignment therapy to change the secondary sex characteristics of transgender people from masculine or androgynous to feminine. It is a common type of transgender hormone therapy (another being masculinizing hormone therapy) and is used to treat transgender women and non-binary transfeminine individuals. Some, in particular intersex people but also some non-transgender people, take this form of therapy according to their personal needs and preferences. The purpose of the therapy is to cause the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the desired sex, such as breasts and a feminine pattern of hair, fat, and muscle distribution. It cannot undo many of the changes produced by naturally occurring puberty, which may necessitate surgery and other treatments to reverse (see below). The medications used for feminizing hormone therapy include estrogens, antiandrogens, progestogens, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulators (GnRH modulators). Feminizing hormone therapy has been shown to likely reduce the distress and discomfort associated with gender dysphoria. Requirements Many physicians operate by the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care (SoC) model and require psychotherapy and a letter of recommendation from a psychotherapist in order for a transgender person to obtain hormone therapy. Other physicians operate by an informed consent model and have no requirements for transgender hormone therapy aside from consent. Medications used in transgender hormone therapy are also sold without a prescription on the Internet by unregulated online pharmacies, and some transgender women purchase these medications and treat themselves using a do-it-yourself (DIY) or self-medication approach. One reason that many transgender people turn to DIY hormone therapy is due to long waiting lists of up to years for standard physician-based hormone therapy in some parts of the world such as the United Kingdom, as well as due to the often high costs of seeing a physician and the restrictive criteria that make some ineligible for treatment. The accessibility of transgender hormone therapy differs throughout the world and throughout individual countries. Medications A variety of different sex-hormonal medications are used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. These include estrogens to induce feminization and suppress testosterone levels; antiandrogens such as androgen receptor antagonists, antigonadotropins, GnRH modulators, and 5α-reductase inhibitors to further oppose the effects of androgens like testosterone; and progestogens for various possible though uncertain benefits. An estrogen in combination with an antiandrogen is the mainstay of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. Estrogens Estrogens are the major sex hormones in women, and are responsible for the development and maintenance of feminine secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, wide hips, and a feminine pattern of fat distribution. Estrogens act by binding to and activating the estrogen receptor (ER), their biological target in the body. A variety of different forms of estrogens are available and used medically. The most common estrogens used in transgender women include estradiol, which is the predominant natural estrogen in women, and estradiol esters such as estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate, which are prodrugs of estradiol. Conjugated estrogens (Premarin), which are used in menopausal hormone therapy, and ethinylestradiol, which is used in birth control pills, have been used in transgender women in the past, but are no longer recommended and are rarely used today due to their higher risks of blood clots and cardiovascular problems. Estrogens may be administered orally, sublingually, transdermally/topically (via patch or gel), rectally, by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, or by an implant. Parenteral (non-oral) routes are preferred, owing to a minimal or negligible risk of blood clots and cardiovascular issues. In addition to producing feminization, estrogens have antigonadotropic effects and suppress gonadal sex hormone production. They are mainly responsible for the suppression of testosterone levels in transgender women. Levels of estradiol of 200 pg/mL and above suppress testosterone levels by about 90%, while estradiol levels of 500 pg/mL and above suppress testosterone levels by about 95%, or to an equivalent extent as surgical castration and GnRH modulators. Lower levels of estradiol can also considerably but incompletely suppress testosterone production. When testosterone levels are insufficiently suppressed by estradiol alone, antiandrogens can be used to suppress or block the effects of residual testosterone. Oral estradiol often has difficulty adequately suppressing testosterone levels, due to the relatively low estradiol levels achieved with it. Prior to orchiectomy (surgical removal of the gonads) or sex reassignment surgery, the doses of estrogens used in transgender women are often higher than replacement doses used in cisgender women. This is to help suppress testosterone levels. The Endocrine Society (2017) recommends maintaining estradiol levels roughly within the normal average range for premenopausal women of about 100 to 200 pg/mL. However, it notes that these physiological levels of estradiol are usually unable to suppress testosterone levels into the female range. A 2018 Cochrane review proposal questioned the notion of keeping estradiol levels lower in transgender women, which results in incomplete suppression of testosterone levels and necessitates the addition of antiandrogens. The review proposal noted that high-dose parenteral estradiol is known to be safe. The Endocrine Society itself recommends dosages of injected estradiol esters that result in estradiol levels markedly in excess of the normal female range, for instance 10 mg per week estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection. A single such injection results in estradiol levels of about 1,250 pg/mL at peak and levels of around 200 pg/mL after 7 days. Dosages of estrogens can be reduced after an orchiectomy or sex reassignment surgery, when gonadal testosterone suppression is no longer needed. Antiandrogens Antiandrogens are medications that prevent the effects of androgens in the body. Androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are the major sex hormones in individuals with testes, and are responsible for the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics, such as a deep voice, broad shoulders, and a masculine pattern of hair, muscle, and fat distribution. In addition, androgens stimulate sex drive and the frequency of spontaneous erections and are responsible for acne, body odor, and androgen-dependent scalp hair loss. Androgens also have functional antiestrogenic effects in the breasts and oppose estrogen-mediated breast development, even at low levels. Androgens act by binding to and activating the androgen receptor, their biological target in the body. Antiandrogens work by blocking androgens from binding to the androgen receptor and/or by inhibiting or suppressing the production of androgens. Antiandrogens that directly block the androgen receptor are known as androgen receptor antagonists or blockers, while antiandrogens that inhibit the enzymatic biosynthesis of androgens are known as androgen synthesis inhibitors and antiandrogens that suppress androgen production in the gonads are known as antigonadotropins. Estrogens and progestogens are antigonadotropins and hence are functional antiandrogens. The purpose of the use of antiandrogens in transgender women is to block or suppress residual testosterone that is not suppressed by estrogens alone. Additional antiandrogen therapy is not necessarily required if testosterone levels are in the normal female range or if the person has undergone orchiectomy. However, individuals with testosterone levels in the normal female range and with persisting androgen-dependent skin and/or hair symptoms, such as acne, seborrhea, oily skin, or scalp hair loss, can potentially still benefit from the addition of an antiandrogen, as antiandrogens can reduce or eliminate such symptoms. Steroidal antiandrogens Steroidal antiandrogens are antiandrogens that resemble steroid hormones like testosterone and progesterone in chemical structure. They are the most commonly used antiandrogens in transgender women. Spironolactone (Aldactone), which is relatively safe and inexpensive, is the most frequently used antiandrogen in the United States. Cyproterone acetate (Androcur), which is unavailable in the United States, is widely used in Europe, Canada, and the rest of the world. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera, Depo-Provera), a similar medication, is sometimes used in place of cyproterone acetate in the United States. Spironolactone is an antimineralocorticoid (antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor) and potassium-sparing diuretic, which is mainly used to treat high blood pressure, edema, high aldosterone levels, and low potassium levels caused by other diuretics, among other uses. Spironolactone is an antiandrogen as a secondary and originally unintended action. It works as an antiandrogen mainly by acting as an androgen receptor antagonist. The medication is also a weak steroidogenesis inhibitor, and inhibits the enzymatic synthesis of androgens. However, this action is of low potency, and spironolactone has mixed and inconsistent effects on hormone levels. In any case, testosterone levels are usually unchanged by spironolactone. Studies in transgender women have found testosterone levels to be unaltered with spironolactone or to be decreased. Spironolactone is described as a relatively weak antiandrogen. It is widely used in the treatment of acne, excessive hair growth, and hyperandrogenism in women, who have much lower testosterone levels than men. Because of its antimineralocorticoid activity, spironolactone has antimineralocorticoid side effects and can cause high potassium levels. Hospitalization and/or death can potentially result from high potassium levels due to spironolactone, but the risk of high potassium levels in people taking spironolactone appears to be minimal in those without risk factors for it. As such, monitoring of potassium levels may not be necessary in most cases. Spironolactone has been found to decrease the bioavailability of high doses of oral estradiol. Although widely employed, the use of spironolactone as an antiandrogen in transgender women has recently been questioned due to the various shortcomings of the medication for such purposes. Cyproterone acetate is an antiandrogen and progestin which is used in the treatment of numerous androgen-dependent conditions and is also used as a progestogen in birth control pills. It works primarily as an antigonadotropin, secondarily to its potent progestogenic activity, and strongly suppresses gonadal androgen production. Cyproterone acetate at a dosage of 5 to 10 mg/day has been found to lower testosterone levels in men by about 50 to 70%, while a dosage of 100 mg/day has been found to lower testosterone levels in men by about 75%. The combination of 25 mg/day cyproterone acetate and a moderate dosage of estradiol has been found to suppress testosterone levels in transgender women by about 95%. In combination with estrogen, 10, 25, and 50 mg/day cyproterone acetate have all shown the same degree of testosterone suppression. In addition to its actions as an antigonadotropin, cyproterone acetate is an androgen receptor antagonist. However, this action is relatively insignificant at low dosages, and is more important at the high doses of cyproterone acetate that are used in the treatment of prostate cancer (100–300 mg/day). Cyproterone acetate can cause elevated liver enzymes and liver damage, including liver failure. However, this occurs mostly in prostate cancer patients who take very high doses of cyproterone acetate; liver toxicity has not been reported in transgender women. Cyproterone acetate also has a variety of other adverse effects, such as fatigue and weight gain, and risks, such as blood clots and benign brain tumors, among others. High dosages of cyproterone-based medication have been linked with meningioma. Periodic monitoring of liver enzymes and prolactin levels may be advisable during cyproterone acetate therapy. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a progestin that is related to cyproterone acetate and is sometimes used as an alternative to it. It is specifically used as an alternative to cyproterone acetate in the United States, where cyproterone acetate is not approved for medical use and is unavailable. Medroxyprogesterone acetate suppresses testosterone levels in transgender women similarly to cyproterone acetate. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men by about 30 to 75% across a dosage range of 20 to 100 mg/day. In contrast to cyproterone acetate however, medroxyprogesterone acetate is not also an androgen receptor antagonist. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has similar side effects and risks as cyproterone acetate, but is not associated with liver problems. Numerous other progestogens and by extension antigonadotropins have been used to suppress testosterone levels in men and are likely useful for such purposes in transgender women as well. Progestogens alone are in general able to suppress testosterone levels in men by a maximum of about 70 to 80%, or to just above female/castrate levels when used at sufficiently high doses. The combination of a sufficient dosage of a progestogen with very small doses of an estrogen (e.g., as little as 0.5–1.5 mg/day oral estradiol) is synergistic in terms of antigonadotropic effect and is able to fully suppress gonadal testosterone production, reducing testosterone levels to the female/castrate range. Nonsteroidal antiandrogens Nonsteroidal antiandrogens are antiandrogens which are nonsteroidal and hence unrelated to steroid hormones in terms of chemical structure. These medications are primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer, but are also used for other purposes such as the treatment of acne, excessive facial/body hair growth, and high androgen levels in women. Unlike steroidal antiandrogens, nonsteroidal antiandrogens are highly selective for the androgen receptor and act as pure androgen receptor antagonists. Similarly to spironolactone however, they do not lower androgen levels, and instead work exclusively by preventing androgens from activating the androgen receptor. Nonsteroidal antiandrogens are more efficacious androgen receptor antagonists than are steroidal antiandrogens, and for this reason, in conjunction with GnRH modulators, have largely replaced steroidal antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer. The nonsteroidal antiandrogens that have been used in transgender women include the first-generation medications flutamide (Eulexin), nilutamide (Anandron, Nilandron), and bicalutamide (Casodex). Newer and even more efficacious second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogens like enzalutamide (Xtandi), apalutamide (Erleada), and darolutamide (Nubeqa) also exist, but are very expensive due to generics being unavailable and have not been used in transgender women. Flutamide and nilutamide have relatively high toxicity, including considerable risks of liver damage and lung disease. Due to its risks, the use of flutamide in cisgender and transgender women is now limited and discouraged. Flutamide and nilutamide have largely been superseded by bicalutamide in clinical practice, with bicalutamide accounting for almost 90% of nonsteroidal antiandrogen prescriptions in the United States by the mid-2000s. Bicalutamide is said to have excellent tolerability and safety relative to flutamide and nilutamide, as well as in comparison to cyproterone acetate. It has few to no side effects in women. Despite its greatly improved tolerability and safety profile however, bicalutamide does still have a small risk of elevated liver enzymes and association with rare cases of serious liver damage and lung disease. Nonsteroidal antiandrogens like bicalutamide may be a particularly favorable option for transgender women who wish to preserve sex drive, sexual function, and/or fertility, relative to antiandrogens that suppress testosterone levels and can greatly disrupt these functions such as cyproterone acetate and GnRH modulators. However, estrogens suppress testosterone levels and at high doses can markedly disrupt sex drive and function and fertility on their own. Moreover, disruption of gonadal function and fertility by estrogens may be permanent after extended exposure. GnRH modulators GnRH modulators are antigonadotropins and hence functional antiandrogens. In both males and females, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced in the hypothalamus and induces the secretion of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. The gonadotropins signal the gonads to make sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol. GnRH modulators bind to and inhibit the GnRH receptor, thereby preventing gonadotropin release. As a result of this, GnRH modulators are able to completely shut-down gonadal sex hormone production, and can decrease testosterone levels in men and transgender women by about 95%, or to an equivalent extent as surgical castration. GnRH modulators are also commonly known as GnRH analogues. However, not all clinically used GnRH modulators are analogues of GnRH. There are two types of GnRH modulators: GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists. These medications have the opposite action on the GnRH receptor but paradoxically have the same therapeutic effects. GnRH agonists, such as leuprorelin (Lupron), goserelin (Zoladex), and buserelin (Suprefact), are GnRH receptor superagonists, and work by producing profound desensitization of the GnRH receptor such that the receptor becomes non-functional. This occurs because GnRH is normally released in pulses, but GnRH agonists are continuously present, and this results in excessive downregulation of the receptor and ultimately a complete loss of function. At the initiation of treatment, GnRH agonists are associated with a "flare" effect on hormone levels due to acute overstimulation of the GnRH receptor. In men, LH levels increase by up to 800%, while testosterone levels increase to about 140 to 200% of baseline. Gradually however, the GnRH receptor desensitizes; testosterone levels peak after about 2 to 4 days, return to baseline after about 7 to 8 days, and are reduced to castrate levels within 2 to 4 weeks. Antigonadotropins such as estrogens and cyproterone acetate as well as nonsteroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide and bicalutamide can be used beforehand and concomitantly to reduce or prevent the effects of the testosterone flare caused by GnRH agonists. In contrast to GnRH agonists, GnRH antagonists, such as degarelix (Firmagon) and elagolix (Orilissa), work by binding to the GnRH receptor without activating it, thereby displacing GnRH from the receptor and preventing its activation. Unlike with GnRH agonists, there is no initial surge effect with GnRH antagonists; the therapeutic effects are immediate, with sex hormone levels being reduced to castrate levels within a few days. GnRH modulators are highly effective for testosterone suppression in transgender women and have few or no side effects when sex hormone deficiency is avoided with concomitant estrogen therapy. However, GnRH modulators tend to be very expensive (typically to per year in the United States), and are often denied by medical insurance. GnRH modulator therapy is much less economical than surgical castration, and is less convenient than surgical castration in the long-term as well. Because of their costs, many transgender women cannot afford GnRH modulators and must use other, often less effective options for testosterone suppression. GnRH agonists are prescribed as standard practice for transgender women in the United Kingdom however, where the National Health Service (NHS) covers them. This is in contrast to the rest of Europe and to the United States. Another drawback of GnRH modulators is that most of them are peptides and are not orally active, requiring administration by injection, implant, or nasal spray. However, non-peptide and orally active GnRH antagonists, elagolix (Orilissa) and relugolix (Relumina), were introduced for medical use in 2018 and 2019, respectively. But they are under patent protection and, as with other GnRH modulators, are very expensive at present. In adolescents of either sex, GnRH modulators can be used to suppress puberty. The eight edition of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care permit its use from Tanner stage 2 and recommends GnRH agonists as the preferred method of puberty blocking. 5α-Reductase inhibitors 5α-Reductase inhibitors are inhibitors of the enzyme 5α-reductase, and are a type of specific androgen synthesis inhibitor. 5α-Reductase is an enzyme that is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). There are three different isoforms of 5α-reductase, types 1, 2, and 3, and these three isoforms show different patterns of expression in the body. Relative to testosterone, DHT is about 2.5- to 10-fold more potent as an agonist of the androgen receptor. As such, 5α-reductase serves to considerably potentiate the effects of testosterone. However, 5α-reductase is expressed only in specific tissues, such as skin, hair follicles, and the prostate gland, and for this reason, conversion of testosterone into DHT happens only in certain parts of the body. Furthermore, circulating levels of total and free DHT in men are very low at about one-tenth and one-twentieth those of testosterone, respectively, and DHT is efficiently inactivated into weak androgens in various tissues such as muscle, fat, and liver. As such, it is thought that DHT plays little role as a systemic androgen hormone and serves more as a means of locally potentiating the androgenic effects of testosterone in a tissue-specific manner. Conversion of testosterone into DHT by 5α-reductase plays an important role in male reproductive system development and maintenance (specifically of the penis, scrotum, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles), male-pattern facial/body hair growth, and scalp hair loss, but has little role in other aspects of masculinization. Besides the involvement of 5α-reductase in androgen signaling, it is also required for the conversion of steroid hormones such as progesterone and testosterone into neurosteroids like allopregnanolone and 3α-androstanediol, respectively. 5α-Reductase inhibitors include finasteride and dutasteride. Finasteride is a selective inhibitor of 5α-reductase types 2 and 3, while dutasteride is an inhibitor of all three isoforms of 5α-reductase. Finasteride can decrease circulating DHT levels by up to 70%, whereas dutasteride can decrease circulating DHT levels by up to 99%. Conversely, 5α-reductase inhibitors do not decrease testosterone levels, and may actually increase them slightly. 5α-Reductase inhibitors are used primarily in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition in which the prostate gland becomes excessively large due to stimulation by DHT and causes unpleasant urogenital symptoms. They are also used in the treatment of androgen-dependent scalp hair loss in men and women. The medications are able to prevent further scalp hair loss in men and can restore some scalp hair density. Conversely, the effectiveness of 5α-reductase inhibitors in the treatment of scalp hair loss in women is less clear. This may be because androgen levels are much lower in women, in whom they may not play as important of a role in scalp hair loss. 5α-Reductase inhibitors are also used to treat hirsutism (excessive body/facial hair growth) in women, and are very effective for this indication. Dutasteride has been found to be significantly more effective than finasteride in the treatment of scalp hair loss in men, which has been attributed to its more complete inhibition of 5α-reductase and by extension decrease in DHT production. In addition to their antiandrogenic uses, 5α-reductase inhibitors have been found to reduce adverse affective symptoms in premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women. This is thought to be due to prevention by 5α-reductase inhibitors of the conversion of progesterone into allopregnanolone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. 5α-Reductase inhibitors are sometimes used as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women in combination with estrogens and/or other antiandrogens. They may have beneficial effects limited to improvement of scalp hair loss, body hair growth, and possibly skin symptoms such as acne. However, little clinical research on 5α-reductase inhibitors in transgender women has been conducted, and evidence of their efficacy and safety in this group is limited. Moreover, 5α-reductase inhibitors have only mild and specific antiandrogenic activity, and are not recommended as general antiandrogens. 5α-Reductase inhibitors have minimal side effects and are well tolerated in both men and women. In men, the most common side effect is sexual dysfunction (0.9–15.8% incidence), which may include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and reduced ejaculate. Another side effect in men is breast changes, such as breast tenderness and gynecomastia (2.8% incidence). Due to decreased levels of androgens and/or neurosteroids, 5α-reductase inhibitors may slightly increase the risk of depression (~2.0% incidence). There are reports that a small percentage of men may experience persistent sexual dysfunction and adverse mood changes even after discontinuation of 5α-reductase inhibitors. Some of the possible side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors in men, such as gynecomastia and sexual dysfunction, are actually welcome changes for many transgender women. In any case, caution may be warranted in using 5α-reductase inhibitors in transgender women, as this group is already at a high risk for depression and suicidality. Progestogens Progesterone, a progestogen, is the other of the two major sex hormones in women. It is mainly involved in the regulation of the female reproductive system, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. The non-reproductive effects of progesterone are fairly insignificant. Unlike estrogens, progesterone is not known to be involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, and hence is not believed to contribute to feminization in women. One area of particular interest in terms of the effects of progesterone in women is breast development. Estrogens are responsible for the development of the ductal and connective tissues of the breasts and the deposition of fat into the breasts during puberty in girls. Conversely, high levels of progesterone, in conjunction with other hormones such as prolactin, are responsible for the lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy. This allows for lactation and breastfeeding after childbirth. Although progesterone causes the breasts to change during pregnancy, the breasts undergo involution and revert to their pre-pregnancy composition and size after the cessation of breastfeeding. Every pregnancy, lobuloalveolar maturation occurs again anew. There are two types of progestogens: progesterone, which is the natural and bioidentical hormone in the body; and progestins, which are synthetic progestogens. There are dozens of clinically used progestins. Certain progestins, namely cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate and as described previously, are used at high doses as functional antiandrogens due to their antigonadotropic effects to help suppress testosterone levels in transgender women. Aside from the specific use of testosterone suppression however, there are no other indications of progestogens in transgender women at present. In relation to this, the use of progestogens in transgender women is controversial, and they are not otherwise routinely prescribed or recommended. Besides progesterone, cyproterone acetate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate, other progestogens that have been reported to have been used in transgender women include hydroxyprogesterone caproate, dydrogesterone, norethisterone acetate, and drospirenone. Progestins in general largely have the same progestogenic effects however, and in theory, any progestin could be used in transgender women. Clinical research on the use of progestogens in transgender women is very limited. Some patients and clinicians believe, on the basis of anecdotal and subjective claims, that progestogens may provide benefits such as improved breast and/or nipple development, mood, and libido in transgender women. There are no clinical studies to support such reports at present. No clinical study has assessed the use of progesterone in transgender women, and only a couple of studies have compared the use of progestins (specifically cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate) versus the use of no progestogen in transgender women. These studies, albeit limited in the quality of their findings, reported no benefit of progestogens on breast development in transgender women. This has also been the case in limited clinical experience. Progestogens have some antiestrogenic effects in the breasts, for instance decreasing expression of the estrogen receptor and increasing expression of estrogen-metabolizing enzymes, and for this reason, have been used to treat breast pain and benign breast disorders. Progesterone levels during female puberty do not normally increase importantly until near the end of puberty in cisgender girls, a point by which most breast development has already been completed. In addition, concern has been expressed that premature exposure to progestogens during the process of breast development is unphysiological and might compromise final breast growth outcome, although this notion presently remains theoretical. Though the role of progestogens in pubertal breast development is uncertain, progesterone is essential for lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy. Hence, progestogens are required for any transgender woman who wishes to lactate or breastfeed. A study found full lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands on histological examination in transgender women treated with an estrogen and high-dose cyproterone acetate. However, lobuloalveolar development reversed with discontinuation of cyproterone acetate, indicating that continued progestogen exposure is necessary to maintain the tissue. In terms of the effects of progestogens on sex drive, one study assessed the use of dydrogesterone to improve sexual desire in transgender women and found no benefit. Another study likewise found that oral progesterone did not improve sexual function in cisgender women. Progestogens can have adverse effects. Oral progesterone has inhibitory neurosteroid effects and can produce side effects such as sedation, mood changes, and alcohol-like effects. Many progestins have off-target activity, such as androgenic, antiandrogenic, glucocorticoid, and antimineralocorticoid activity, and these activities likewise can contribute unwanted side effects. Furthermore, the addition of a progestin to estrogen therapy has been found to increase the risk of blood clots, cardiovascular disease (e.g., coronary heart disease and stroke), and breast cancer compared to estrogen therapy alone in postmenopausal women. Although it is unknown if these health risks of progestins occur in transgender women similarly, it cannot be ruled out that they do. High-dose progestogens increase the risk of benign brain tumors including prolactinomas and meningiomas as well. Because of their potential detrimental effects and lack of supported benefits, some researchers have argued that, aside from the purpose of testosterone suppression, progestogens should not generally be used or advocated in transgender women or should only be used for a limited duration (e.g., 2–3 years). Conversely, other researchers have argued that the risks of progestogens in transgender women are likely minimal, and that in light of potential albeit hypothetical benefits, should be used if desired. In general, some transgender women respond favorably to the effects of progestogens, while others respond negatively. Progesterone is most commonly taken orally. However, oral progesterone has very low bioavailability, and produces relatively weak progestogenic effects even at high doses. In accordance, and in contrast to progestins, oral progesterone has no antigonadotropic effects in men even at high doses. Progesterone can also be taken by various parenteral (non-oral) routes, including sublingually, rectally, and by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. These routes do not have the bioavailability and efficacy issues of oral progesterone, and accordingly, can produce considerable antigonadotropic and other progestogenic effects. Transdermal progesterone is poorly effective, owing to absorption issues. Progestins are usually taken orally. In contrast to progesterone, most progestins have high oral bioavailability, and can produce full progestogenic effects with oral administration. Some progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate, are or can be used by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection instead. Almost all progestins, with the exception of dydrogesterone, have antigonadotropic effects. Miscellaneous Galactogogues such as the peripherally selective D2 receptor antagonist and prolactin releaser domperidone can be used to induce lactation in transgender women who wish to breastfeed. An extended period of combined estrogen and progestogen therapy is necessary to mature the lobuloalveolar tissue of the breasts before this can be successful. There are several published reports of lactation and/or breastfeeding in transgender women. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People Version 8 (SOC8), released in September 2022, recommends against therapeutic strategies including supraphysiological estradiol levels (>200 pg/mL), use of progesterone (including rectal progesterone), use of bicalutamide, and monitoring of the ratio of estrone to estradiol. This is due to lack of data to support these approaches in transfeminine people as well as potential risks. The WPATH SOC8 also recommends against the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride in transfeminine people. Interactions Many of the medications used in feminizing hormone therapy, such as estradiol, cyproterone acetate, and bicalutamide, are substrates of CYP3A4 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes. As a result, inducers of CYP3A4 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, rifampicin, and St. John's wort, among others, may decrease circulating levels of these medications and thereby decrease their effects. Conversely, inhibitors of CYP3A4 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as cimetidine, clotrimazole, grapefruit juice, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and ritonavir, among others, may increase circulating levels of these medications and thereby increase their effects. The concomitant use of a cytochrome P450 inducer or inhibitor with feminizing hormone therapy may necessitate medication dosage adjustments. Effects The spectrum of effects of hormone therapy in transfeminine people depend on the specific medications and dosages used. In any case, the main effects of hormone therapy in transfeminine people are feminization and demasculinization, and are as follows: Breast development Breast, nipple, and areolar development varies considerably depending on genetics, body composition, age of HRT initiation, and many other factors. Development can take a couple years to nearly a decade for some. However, many transgender women report there is often a "stall" in breast growth during transition, or significant breast asymmetry. Transgender women on HRT often experience less breast development than nontransgender women (especially if started after young adulthood). For this reason, many seek breast augmentation. Transgender patients opting for breast reduction are rare. Shoulder width and the size of the rib cage also play a role in the perceivable size of the breasts; both are usually larger in transgender women, causing the breasts to appear proportionally smaller. Thus, when a transgender woman opts to have breast augmentation, the implants used tend to be larger than those used by cisgender women. Breast development in transgender women begins within two to three months of the start of hormone therapy and continues for up to two years. Breast development seems to be better in transgender women who have a higher body mass index. As a result, it may be beneficial to breast development for thin transgender women to gain some weight in the early phases of hormone therapy. Different estrogens, such as estradiol valerate, conjugated estrogens, and ethinylestradiol, appear to produce equivalent results in terms of breast sizes in transgender women. The sudden discontinuation of estrogen therapy has been associated with onset of galactorrhea (lactation). Skin changes Estrogens cause the accumulation of subcutaneous fat and an increased epidermal thickness, softening the skin. Some skin conditions, including melasma, are found in trans women at the same rate at cisgender women. Sebaceous gland activity (which is triggered by androgens) lessens, reducing oil production on the skin and scalp. Consequently, the skin becomes less prone to acne. It also becomes drier, and lotions or oils may be necessary. Hair changes Antiandrogens affect existing facial hair only slightly; patients may see slower growth and some reduction in density and coverage. This reduction of density is due to the decreasing hair diameter and slower terminal growth rate. Effects on hair size and density were noticeable in the first four months following the start of hormone therapy, but later subsided, with measurements staying constant. In patients in their teens or early twenties, antiandrogens prevent new facial hair from developing if testosterone levels are within the normal female range. Body hair (on the chest, shoulders, back, abdomen, buttocks, thighs, tops of hands, and tops of feet) turns, over time, from terminal ("normal") hairs to tiny, blonde vellus hairs. Arm, perianal, and perineal hair is reduced but may not turn to vellus hair on the latter two regions (some cisgender women also have hair in these areas). Underarm hair changes slightly in texture and length, and pubic hair becomes more typically female in pattern. Lower leg hair becomes less dense. All of these changes depend to some degree on genetics. Eyebrows do not change because they are not androgenic hair. Eye changes The lens of the eye changes in curvature. Because of decreased androgen levels, the meibomian glands (the sebaceous glands on the upper and lower eyelids that open up at the edges) produce less oil. Because oil prevents the tear film from evaporating, this change may cause dry eyes. Fat changes The distribution of adipose (fat) tissue changes slowly over months and years. HRT causes the body to accumulate new fat in a typically feminine pattern, including in the hips, thighs, buttocks, pubis, upper arms, and breasts. The body begins to burn old adipose tissue in the waist, shoulders, and back, making those areas smaller. Bone/skeletal changes Sex hormones play an important role in bone growth and maintenance. The effects of hormone therapy on bone health are not fully understood, and may depend on whether hormone therapy is started before or after puberty. Significant changes to bone structure have been observed, and transgender women have statistically poorer bone health even before beginning the transition process, possibly due to a lack of physical exercise or other risk factors such as low vitamin D, eating disorders, and substance abuse. Approximately 14% of transgender women suffer from osteoporosis. Transgender women below the age of 50 show increased fracture risk compared to age-matched cisgender women, equal to the risk to cisgender men of equivalent age. Transgender women above the age of 50 have a similar fracture risk to post-menopausal women — higher than that of age-matched cis men. In both cases, trans women's fracture patterns follow that of cis women, suffering long-term stress fractures concentrated in the hip, spine, and arms, typical of chronic low bone mineral density, rather than the fracture patterns typical of external injury suffered by cis men. Current clinical guidelines are for bone health to be monitored regularly throughout the transition process, particularly if risk factors are present. Transgender individuals are encouraged to ingest at least 1g of Calcium and 1000 IU of Vitamin D daily, engage regularly in weight-bearing physical activity, and reduce alcohol and smoking consumption. The effects of hormone therapy on bone health are reversible should treatment be interrupted. However, withdrawing hormone therapy after gonadectomy can lead to bone loss, and poor compliance with prescribed hormone therapy after gonadectomy may account in part for the observed fracture risk. Mental changes The psychological effects of feminizing hormone therapy are harder to define than physical changes. Because hormone therapy is usually the first physical step taken to transition, the act of beginning it has a significant psychological effect, which is difficult to distinguish from hormonally induced changes. Changes in mood and well-being occur with hormone therapy in transgender women. Side effects of hormone therapy have the ability to significantly impact sexual functioning, either directly or indirectly through the various side effects, such as cerebrovascular disorders, obesity, and mood fluctuations. Some transgender women report a significant reduction in libido, depending on the dosage of antiandrogens. The effects of long-term hormonal regimens have not been conclusively studied and are difficult to estimate because research on the long-term use of hormonal therapy has not been noted. However, it is possible to approximate outcomes of these therapies on transgender people based on their observed effect in cisgender men and women. Firstly, if one is to decrease testosterone in feminizing gender transition, it is likely that sexual desire and arousal would be inhibited; alternatively, if high doses of estrogen negatively impact sexual desire, which has been found in some research with cisgender women, it is hypothesized that combining androgens with high levels of estrogen would intensify this outcome. To date there have not been any randomized clinical trials looking at the relationship between type and dose of transgender hormone therapy, so the relationship between them remains unclear. Typically, the estrogens given for feminizing gender transition are 2 to 3 times higher than the recommended dose for HRT in postmenopausal women. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate taking these increased doses may lead to a higher boost in plasma estradiol levels; however, the long-term side effects have not been studied and the safety of this route is unclear. Several studies have found that hormone therapy in transgender women causes the structure of the brain to change in the direction of female proportions. In addition, studies have found that hormone therapy in transgender women causes performance in cognitive tasks, including visuospatial, verbal memory, and verbal fluency, to shift in a more female direction. Cardiovascular effects The most significant cardiovascular risk for transgender women is the prothrombotic effect (increased blood clotting) of estrogens. This manifests most significantly as an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE): deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which occurs when blood clots from DVT break off and migrate to the lungs. Symptoms of DVT include pain or swelling of one leg, especially the calf. Symptoms of PE include chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, and heart palpitations, sometimes without leg pain or swelling. VTE occurs more frequently in the first year of treatment with estrogens. The risk of VTE is higher with oral non-bioidentical estrogens such as ethinylestradiol and conjugated estrogens than with parenteral formulations of estradiol such as injectable, transdermal, implantable, and intranasal. Increased risk of VTE with estrogens is thought to be due to their influence on liver protein synthesis, specifically on the production of coagulation factors. Non-bioidentical estrogens such as conjugated estrogens and especially ethinylestradiol have markedly disproportionate effects on liver protein synthesis relative to estradiol. In addition, oral estradiol has a 4- to 5-fold increased impact on liver protein synthesis than does transdermal estradiol and other parenteral estradiol routes. Because the risks of warfarin – which is used to treat blood clots – in a relatively young and otherwise healthy population are low, while the risk of adverse physical and psychological outcomes for untreated transgender patients is high, prothrombotic mutations (such as factor V Leiden, antithrombin III, and protein C or S deficiency) are not absolute contraindications for hormonal therapy. A 2018 cohort study of 2842 transfeminine individuals in the United States treated with a mean follow-up of 4.0 years observed an increased risk of VTE, stroke, and heart attack relative to a cisgender reference population. The estrogens used included oral estradiol (1 to 10 mg/day) and other estrogen formulations. Other medications such as antiandrogens like spironolactone were also used. A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found an incidence rate of VTE of 2.3 per 1000 person-years with feminizing hormone therapy in transgender women. For comparison, the rate in the general population has been found to be 1.0–1.8 per 1000 person-years, and the rate in premenopausal women taking birth control pills has been found to be 3.5 per 1000 patient-years. There was significant heterogeneity in the rates of VTE across the included studied, and the meta-analysis was unable to perform subgroup analyses between estrogen type, estrogen route, estrogen dosage, concomitant antiandrogen or progestogen use, or patient characteristics (e.g., sex, age, smoking status, weight) corresponding to known risk factors for VTE. Due to the inclusion of some studies using ethinylestradiol, which is more thrombotic and is no longer used in transgender women, the researchers noted that the VTE risk found in their study may be an overestimate. In a 2016 study that specifically assessed oral estradiol, the incidence of VTE in 676 transgender women who were treated for an average of 1.9 years each was only one individual, or 0.15% of the group, with an incidence of 7.8 events per 10,000 person-years. The dosage of oral estradiol used was 2 to 8 mg/day. Almost all of the transgender women were also taking spironolactone (94%), a subset were also taking finasteride (17%), and fewer than 5% were also taking a progestogen (usually oral progesterone). The findings of this study suggest that the incidence of VTE is low in transgender women taking oral estradiol. Cardiovascular health in transgender women has been reviewed in recent publications. Gastrointestinal effects Estrogens may increase the risk of gallbladder disease, especially in older and obese people. Metabolic changes Cancer risk Studies are mixed on whether the risk of breast cancer is increased with hormone therapy in transgender women. Two cohort studies found no increase in risk relative to cisgender men, whereas another cohort study found an almost 50-fold increase in risk such that the incidence of breast cancer was between that of cisgender men and cisgender women. There is no evidence that breast cancer risk in transgender women is greater than in cisgender women. Twenty cases of breast cancer in transgender women have been reported as of 2019. Cisgender men with gynecomastia have not been found to have an increased risk of breast cancer. It has been suggested that a 46,XY karyotype (one X chromosome and one Y chromosome) may be protective against breast cancer compared to having a 46,XX karyotype (two X chromosomes). Men with Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY karyotype), which causes hypoandrogenism, hyperestrogenism, and a very high incidence of gynecomastia (80%), have a dramatically (20- to 58-fold) increased risk of breast cancer compared to karyotypical men (46,XY), closer to the rate of karyotypical women (46,XX). The incidences of breast cancer in karyotypical men, men with Klinefelter's syndrome, and karyotypical women are approximately 0.1%, 3%, and 12.5%, respectively. Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (46,XY karyotype) never develop male sex characteristics and have normal and complete female morphology, including breast development, yet have not been reported to develop breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer in women with Turner syndrome (45,XO karyotype) also appears to be significantly decreased, though this could be related to ovarian failure and hypogonadism rather than to genetics. Prostate cancer is extremely rare in gonadectomized transgender women who have been treated with estrogens for a prolonged period of time. Whereas as many as 70% of men show prostate cancer by their 80s, only a handful of cases of prostate cancer in transgender women have been reported in the literature. As such, and in accordance with the fact that androgens are responsible for the development of prostate cancer, HRT appears to be highly protective against prostate cancer in transgender women. The risks of certain types of benign brain tumors including meningioma and prolactinoma are increased with hormone therapy in transgender women. These risks have mostly been associated with the use of cyproterone acetate. Estrogens and progestogens can cause prolactinomas, which are benign, prolactin-secreting tumors of the pituitary gland. Milk discharge from the nipples can be a sign of elevated prolactin levels. If a prolactinoma becomes large enough, it can cause visual changes (especially decreased peripheral vision), headaches, depression or other mood changes, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and symptoms of pituitary failure, like hypothyroidism. Unaffected characteristics Established changes to the bone structure of the face are also unaffected by HRT. A significant majority of craniofacial changes occur during adolescence. Post-adolescent growth is considerably slower and minimal by comparison. Facial hair develops during puberty and is only slightly affected by HRT. A person's voice is unaffected by feminizing hormone therapy. Transgender individuals who have undergone male puberty often opt for vocal training, though this may take many years of practice to achieve the desired results. Some may also opt for vocal surgery, though this is to be done in addition to vocal training, not instead of. Monitoring Especially in the early stages of feminizing hormone therapy, blood work is done frequently to assess hormone levels and liver function. The Endocrine Society recommends that patients have blood tests every three months in the first year of HRT for estradiol and testosterone, and that spironolactone, if used, be monitored every two to three months in the first year. Recommended ranges for total estradiol and total testosterone levels include but are not limited to the following: The optimal ranges for estrogen apply only to individuals taking estradiol (or an ester of estradiol), and not to those taking synthetic or other non-bioidentical preparations (e.g., conjugated estrogens or ethinylestradiol). Physicians also recommend broader medical monitoring, including complete blood counts; tests of renal function, liver function, and lipid and glucose metabolism; and monitoring of prolactin levels, body weight, and blood pressure. If prolactin levels are greater than 100 ng/mL, estrogen therapy should be stopped and prolactin levels should be rechecked after 6 to 8 weeks. If prolactin levels remain high, an MRI scan of the pituitary gland to check for the presence of a prolactinoma should be ordered. Otherwise, estrogen therapy may be restarted at a lower dosage. Cyproterone acetate is particularly associated with elevated prolactin levels, and discontinuation of cyproterone acetate lowers prolactin levels. In contrast to cyproterone acetate, estrogen and spironolactone therapy is not associated with increased prolactin levels. History Effective pharmaceutical female sex-hormonal medications, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, first became available in the 1920s and 1930s. One of the earliest reports of hormone therapy in transgender women was published by Danish endocrinologist Christian Hamburger in 1953. One of his patients was Christine Jorgensen, who he had treated starting in 1950. Additional reports of hormone therapy in transgender women were published by Hamburger, the German-American endocrinologist Harry Benjamin, and other researchers in the mid-to-late 1960s. However, Benjamin had several hundred transgender patients under his care by the late 1950s, and had treated transgender women with hormone therapy as early as the late 1940s or early 1950s. In any case, Hamburger is said to be the first to treat transgender women with hormone therapy. One of the first transgender health clinics was opened in the mid-1960s at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. By 1981, there were almost 40 such centers. A review of the hormonal regimens of 20 of the centers was published that year. The first International Symposium on Gender Identity, chaired by Christopher John Dewhurst, was held in London in 1969, and the first medical textbook on transgenderism, titled Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment and edited by Richard Green and John Money, was published by Johns Hopkins University Press in 1969. This textbook included a chapter on hormone therapy written by Christian Hamburger and Harry Benjamin. The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA), now known as the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), was formed in 1979, with the first version of the Standards of Care published the same year. The Endocrine Society published guidelines for the hormonal care of transgender people in 2009, with a revised version in 2017. Hormone therapy for transgender women was initially done using high-dose estrogen therapy with oral estrogens such as conjugated estrogens, ethinylestradiol, and diethylstilbestrol and with parenteral estrogens such as estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, and estradiol undecylate. Progestogens, such as hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and other progestins, were also sometimes included. The antiandrogen and progestogen cyproterone acetate was first used in transgender women by 1977. Its use was standard at the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria (CEGD; Kennis- en Zorgcentrum Genderdysforie, or KZcG) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands by 1985. Spironolactone, another antiandrogen, was first used in transgender women by 1986. These agents were described as allowing the use of much lower doses of estrogen than previously required, and this was considered advantageous due to risks of high doses of estrogens such as cardiovascular complications. Antiandrogens were well-established in hormone therapy for transgender women by the early 1990s. Estrogen doses in transgender women were reduced following the introduction of antiandrogens. Ethinylestradiol, conjugated estrogens, and other non-bioidentical estrogens largely stopped being used in transgender women in favor of estradiol starting around 2000 due to their greater risks of blood clots and cardiovascular issues. In modern times, hormone therapy in transgender women is usually done with the combination of an estrogen and an antiandrogen. In some places however, such as Japan, use of antiandrogens is uncommon, and estrogen monotherapy, for instance with high-dose injectable estradiol esters, is still frequently used. See also Menopausal hormone therapy Androgen replacement therapy Masculinizing hormone therapy References Further reading External links Transgender HRT Research Repository
地塞米松磷酸钠注射液药物相作用？1? 与巴比妥类、苯妥因、利福平同服，本品代谢促进作用减弱。 2? 与水杨酸类药合用，增加其毒性。 3? 可减弱抗凝血剂、口服降糖药作用，应调整剂量。
備中，可能是指：行政區劃備中國：過去位於日本山陽道的令制國，位於現在的岡山縣西部。：位於日本岡山縣西部的行政區劃，已於2004年合併為高梁市。人物備中守：過去的官職名稱。其他：一種用於水田耕作的農具。相關條目二字日本相關消歧義
共济失调症如何治疗？共济失调症指的是在肌张力没有减退的情况下，肢体运动出现不平稳或者不协调等一系列的临床表现。需要注意的是对于长期卧病的患者应该及时预防肺炎等并发症的出现，同时，要鼓励患者多参加一些体育锻炼，增强机体的免疫力，在饮食方面要多吃一些高蛋白和高热量的食物。药物治疗可以选择盐酸赖氨酸葡萄糖注射液，宁心益智胶囊。共济失调有好几种类型，不同类型的共济失调，治疗的方法也不一样。因为它的病因不一样，不同的病因引起的共济失调，不同部位损伤造成的共济失调，治疗办法也都是不一样的，所以，共济失调并没有最佳治疗这种说法。通常所说的共济失调，按照部位来说有额叶性共济失调，病变部位在大脑的额叶，这时平衡受到影响，会出现共济失调。再就是小脑性共济失调，小脑的各种病变、炎症、寄生虫、肿瘤、血管病等等，都可以造成小脑性的共济失调，甚至包括一些遗传病等等，家族遗传性的共济失调。这些共济失调会因为小脑的平衡机构受损而出现。另外，一种共济失调叫做感觉性共济失调，也叫脊髓性共济失调，就是发生在脊髓后索的共济失调，造成深感觉障碍，闭着眼睛的时候，脚或身体不知道处在怎样的位置，会产生一种严重的平衡障碍，这时出现的共济失调是感觉性的共济失调。另外一种共济失调叫做前庭性共济失调，耳部的问题、前庭平衡机构出现了问题，而出现的共济失调。所以共济失调治疗的方法各不相同，每一种共济失调都有自己独立的治疗方案，最好在发生共济失调以后，能够及时到医院，将具体病因找到，为最佳治疗提供可靠依据。所谓的最佳处理方法就是首先进行非常精准的确诊，然后再进行治疗，这就是最好的方法。
氯唑西林钠颗粒的副作用（不良反应）？1? 过敏反应荨麻疹等各类皮疹较常见，少数病人中可发生白细胞减少、间质性肾炎、哮喘发作和血清病型反应（型变态反应）等。个别病人可发生过敏性休克，过敏性休克一旦发生，必须就地抢救，保持气道畅通、吸氧并予以肾上腺素、糖皮质激素等治疗措施。 2? 少数患者可出现腹胀、食欲减退，甚至恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等症状。 3? 个别患者可出现白细胞及中性粒细胞减少或淤胆型黄疸。 4? 偶见念珠菌属或革兰阴性杆菌所致二重感染。
島礁乃複合辭，泛指島及礁。本辭其實源於"南海島礁爭議"。南海島礁爭議：乃指位於南中國海諸國間因利益問題所延生出的領土、航權、經濟海域等等問題。島嶼或小島是指任何被水包圍的次大陸土地。非常小的島嶼，例如環礁上的新興陸地特徵，可以稱為小島、礁石、珊瑚礁或礁石。河流中的島嶼或湖中的島嶼可稱為淤洲，而海岸外的小島可稱為沙洲。恒河三角洲中的沉積島嶼稱為浮洲。一組地理或地質相關的島嶼，例如菲律賓，被稱為群島。儘管存在人工陸橋，但可以這樣描述島嶼；例如新加坡及其堤道，以及各種荷蘭三角洲島嶼，如艾瑟爾蒙德。有些地方在通過陸橋或垃圾填埋場與更大的陸地形成相連，由於歷史原因，甚至可能在名稱中仍保留"島嶼"，例如康尼島和科羅納多島，嚴格來說些都是相連的島嶼。相反地當一塊土地被人造運河與大陸隔開時，例如科林斯運河旁的伯羅奔尼撒半島，白海運河旁的芬諾斯坎迪亞或整個芬諾斯坎迪亞，或當時曼哈頓北部的大理石山，其乃在美國船舶運河的建設和環繞該地區的哈萊姆河的填埋之間，它們通常不被認為是一個島嶼。海洋中有兩種主要類型的島嶼：大陸島和海島。還有人工島，乃是人造的。礁，也稱岩礁、礁岩或礁石，指很小的岩石島嶼，通常小到無法居住。它可以是一個簡單的岩石暗礁。礁也可以用來指矮的海蝕柱。種類列舉在英語中"島嶼" (Island 或 Isle) 一詞乃來自於古法語辭彙，意即"島", 但也同時也有許多不同專有名辭；舉例如下： – 在暗礁上由天然海流所帶來的海沙堆積而成，再由地殼變動而隆出水面。人工島 – 利用既有的各種露出水面的礁，主以各式的人工方法填實作成的島嶼。珊瑚礁（法語：Motu） – 主由珊瑚積灰和细沙堆積而成的礁石。河洲 – 在河流中因水流帶來的沖積物(往往是河砂)，而形成的小島。礁石 – 主由天然岩石所構成的地殼隆起礁塊。陸礁 – 指小於島的準陸地，通常被定義為小到無法於其上居住，且其上無天然淡水存在。暗礁 – 指經常隱於水面下之地殼隆起塊。海蝕柱 – 露出海面的單個或多個陡峭狀地, 或許是垂直的柱状岩石。附属島礁 – 位於一個較大的島嶼之(一般指目視距離)周圍，且具相同的地質但為水域所隔離的較小陸地。潮汐島 – 通常是指一些位於陸地附近之礁或島嶼，且於落潮時會有浮出水面的自然陸地通道相連。國際法地位根据聯合國海洋法公約之第121條規定: 凡"礁"指無法以自然的狀態維持人類長久居住與其生活必需的海面隆起塊, 不應有專屬經濟區或大陸棚。有关于島嶼属性的一個典型案例就是烏克蘭與羅馬尼亞的蛇島糾紛。儘管有海洋法公约121條的規定，但國際法院在處理爭端的過程中有時會忽略島嶼的存在, 或排除是否有人居住; 例譬如2009年對的裁決、以及對馬爾他與利比亞在菲爾夫拉島糾紛的裁决。參考資料其他参考海岸及海洋地形海岸地理学岛屿
突击歌（Sturmlied）是冲锋队实际上的正式队歌，后被霍斯特·威塞尔之歌逐渐取代。历史这首纳粹歌曲的作词者是纳粹主义诗人迪特里希·埃卡特，歌词第二节作于1919年，第三节作于1921年，第一节作于1923年。三节歌词后来被整理为今日所见的顺序。乐曲则是Hans Gansser在1921年创作的。《突击歌》的第三节歌词通常都不会连同前两节一同演唱，因为其与前两节的旋律不合拍。歌词中的短语“德意志觉醒！”（Deutschland erwache！）后被单独拿出来，成了纳粹党影响力最大的口号之一。参考文献冲锋队 1919年歌曲纳粹歌曲
小麦草是什么?？小麦草 / 猫草的幼芽。其嫩叶可以搾汁或晒干磨粉。未经加工的植株含大量纤维素，难以为人消化。但其也含有叶绿素、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质和酵素。有些小麦草产品会用上普通小麦。
蒙羅維亞（）為位在美国堪薩斯州艾奇遜縣的非建制地區。歷史蒙羅維亞於1856年設立，為艾奇遜縣最古老的城鎮之一。該聚居地因從未擴張至此地區而無法滿足此地區設立者的期望。蒙羅維亞的郵政局於1857年設立，直到1955年結束營運。參考資料 Monrovia Monrovia
Georges Robert Cloche de Mont-Saint-Rémy de La Malmaison (died 1 May 1717) was a French soldier and colonial administrator who was governor of Guadeloupe from 1705 until his death in 1717. In 1713–15 he was acting governor general of the French Antilles Early years (to 1684) Robert Cloche, squire, sieur of La Malmaison, was from a family from Nancy, Lorraine, ennobled by Charles III, Duke of Lorraine on 12 August 1596. His father was Georges Cloche, a prosecutor of the king and then a lawyer in the Élection d'Épernay, part of the Généralité de Châlons in the province of Champagne. He was an officer in the Picardy regiment. King's lieutenant in Guadeloupe (1684–1705) Pierre Hincelin was governor of Guadeloupe from 5 July 1677 until 1694, when he was replaced by Charles Auger. On 19 September 1684 La Malmaison was appointed king's lieutenant in Guadeloupe. He became a knight of the Order of Saint Louis. He brought two of his nephews to Guadeloupe, George and Nicolas, sons of his younger brother George. During the Nine Years' War (1688–97) the governor general of the Windward Islands Charles de Courbon de Blénac resigned on 29 January 1690 after criticism of his lack of response to the English attacks on Saint Barthelemy, Marie-Galante and Saint Martin, and returned to France to defend himself at court. François d'Alesso d'Éragny was appointed his successor in May 1690, but the marquis de Seignelay did not treat his departure as a matter of urgency. D'Eragny arrived in Martinique on 5 February 1691 with 14 ships and began to strengthen the defenses. At the end of May 1691 the English under Christopher Codrington, who had taken Marie-Galante, appeared off Guadeloupe. Governor Hincelin was suffering from severe hydropsy, which limited his mobility, and retired into the interior. 400 men under La Malmaison as king's lieutenant delayed the English for a day before being forced back. The French troops retreated into Fort Saint-Charles(fr) and were besieged there by the English. La Malmaison led the resistance of the fort at Basse-Terre for 36 days, when d'Eragny arrived in Guadeloupe with a force of buccaneers and other troops, at which Codrington hastily reembarked leaving behind cannons and some of his wounded. By early 1701 it was clear that another European war was imminent, since the Duke of Anjou had just become King Philip V of Spain, and the other powers of Europe would not allow one family to hold the crowns of France and Spain. In July 1701 the governor general of the French West Indies, Charles Desnotz, came to Guadeloupe to consult with governor Charles Auger, and to urge him to immediately start preparations for war. La Malmaison was commander of Guadeloupe in the absence of the governor in 1701 and 1702. On 19 March 1703 an English invasion fleet under Hovenden Walker and Christopher Codrington was sighted off the south of Guadeloupe. Over the next few days the English disembarked over 4,000 troops at three landing points. La Malmaison was second in command to Governor Auger. Their 1,400 French militiamen were forced back to Fort Saint Charles in Basse-Terre. On 3 April 1703 a French fleet arrived under Jean Gabaret, lieutenant general for the French Antilles, with 820 men from Martinique. The subordinate commanders included Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé, Louis Gaston Caquery de Valmenière, Jean Clair Dyel Du Parquet, François de Collart and Jean Du Buc. An attempt to hold Fort Francis failed, and the French were forced to the east. The English left Guadeloupe on 15 May 1703 after causing great material damage but few French casualties. Governor of Guadeloupe (1705–17) La Malmaison was governor and lieutenant general of Guadeloupe from 1 November 1705 until his death on 1 May 1717. He replaced Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé, acting governor of Guadeloupe. He also replaced Joseph d'Honon de Galiffet (died 1706), who had been appointed governor of Guadeloupe in 1703 but had not taken office. One of his first acts was to expel the English from the neighboring island of Marie-Galante. A letter from the Secretary of the Navy of 3 October 1708 discussed militia appointments and other military matters, and reprimanded him for his violence against M. Du Boucher, negligence in defense of the island and interference in the judicial field. A letter of 29 November 1709 discussed the arrival in Guadeloupe of M. de Valmeinière, insubordination of the colony's officers, fortifications proposed by the Sieur Binois, cannons that had been sent him, privateering rules, supply of slaves, arguments he had with the Sieur Du Bouchet, relations with the island's council, organization of militias, lack of religious services at Fort Saint-Louis and other subjects. A letter of 4 April 1712 discussed the arrival of ships carrying supplies, repression of foreign trade, construction of the church at Fort Saint-Louis, the failed attack by the English on Canada in September 1710 and other matters. A letter from the Secretary of State of the Navy dated 28 January 1713 discussed subjects such as the slave trade, defense of Guadeloupe, marriage of young men, trade and the visit of Raymond Balthazar Phélypeaux, governor and lieutenant general of the French islands and mainland of America. It authorized La Malmaison to assume governorship of the Windward Islands in the event of the absence or death of Phélypeaux. Phélypeaux died on 21 October 1713, and La Malmaison became interim governor of the American islands. He arrived in Martinique on 8 January 1714. On 1 January 1714 the Marquis Abraham Duquesne-Guitton was appointed governor and lieutenant general of the French Windward islands. He was received in Martinique on 2 January 1715. La Malmaison died on 1 May 1717. He was succeeded in May 1717 by Savinien-Michel de Lagarrigue de Savigny as interim governor. Notes Citations Sources 1717 deaths Governors of Guadeloupe Governors general of the French Antilles
降脂通便胶囊的用法用量？注意：不同企业生产的同种药品可由于包装规格的不同有不同的用药量。本文用法用量只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。口服，一次2～4粒，一日2次。2周为一个疗程。
Danby may refer to: Places Danby, California Danby, Missouri Danby, New York, a town Danby (CDP), New York Danby, North Yorkshire Danby, Vermont, a New England town Danby (CDP), Vermont, village in the towns of Danby and Mount Tabor Danby Township, Michigan Danby Wiske, North Yorkshire village Other uses Danby (surname) 3415 Danby, asteroid First Danby ministry, an administration in 17th century England Earl of Danby, a subsidiary title of the Duke of Leeds Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds Julia Frankau, novelist under the name of Frank Danby Leeds Thomas Danby, college in West Yorkshire Danby railway station in North Yorkshire Danby (appliances) See also
子宫粘连怎么治疗好？宫颈管粘连是指机械性损伤后宫颈管粘膜粘连引起的宫颈管狭窄或闭锁。子宫粘连是指子宫腔的前壁和后壁的部分或全部粘连，导致子宫腔变窄或消失。病因1.女性子宫腔手术史怀孕相关的子宫手术，如妊娠早期的负压抽吸，中期妊娠的镊子刮除术和中期妊娠的人工流产刮除术，产后出血的子宫刮除术和自然流产等。这可能是由于子宫内膜基底层的脆弱性怀孕的子宫，导致子宫壁相互粘连，形成永久性粘连。2.外科炎症因素女性宫内结核，绝经后老年性子宫内膜炎，子宫腔手术后继发感染，产褥感染和宫内节育器置入后可引起继发感染等。3.人为因素人工破坏女性子宫内膜的基底层使其出现子宫腔粘连。例如：子宫内膜切除术后，宫内微波，冷冻疗法，化学药物和局部放疗。临床表现1.腹痛如果患者的病情继续恶化，主要在月经期间会出现腹痛，有的甚至影响正常的休息和睡眠，这对女性的生活和工作有很大的影响。一般来说，在人工流产或刮宫术后约一个月，下腹部会出现突然的痉挛性疼痛。一些患者患有严重的腹痛，不安，运动困难，甚至排气和排便疼痛。2.月经异常如果子宫颈完全粘连，可能会发生闭经。如果子宫颈部分粘连或内膜部分破坏，则月经周期正常。如果是由宫颈炎或其他炎症引起的，则会导致患者闭经，部分患者月经不调，月经量延长，经期出现黑色血液等异常现象。3.怀孕异常患者容易出现妊娠失败，包括早孕和中期流产，早产，异位妊娠，过期流产，胎儿宫内死亡等。不孕症是该疾病的最重要症状，其可导致受精卵正常植入失败，并最终由于子宫内膜破坏和子宫腔粘连而导致不育。
親衛隊第16師「全國領袖」()是納粹德國武裝親衛隊的一個裝甲擲彈兵師，由其總司令海因里希·希姆萊的警衛營為基礎發展起來的一支部隊，希姆萊本人也希望其成為自己的“私人部隊”所以处处得到希姆莱的照顾和后门，結果是該師的兵員補充和裝備都比其他的親衛隊優勝。但是它的军官和军士数量始终达不到定额、素质也极差，战斗能力低下、风气恶劣。除了历任的旅长和师长外没有一人获得骑士勋章，通常执行二、三缐任务。該師的標志是“親衛隊全國領袖”希姆萊制服的領章。 1 1943年建立的军事组织 1945年废除的军事组织
王飚可以指：王飚 (1943年)，中国政治人物，现任江西省诗词学会会长王飚 (1965年)，中国政治人物，现任攀枝花市人民政府副市长王飚 (1967年)，中国政治人物，现任铜仁市人民政府副市长二字王姓人名消歧义
The 1989 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1989 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lehigh tied for last in the Colonial League. In their fourth year under head coach Hank Small, the Engineers compiled a 5–6 record. Vance Cassell and John Masonis were the team captains. Despite posting a losing record, the Engineers outscored opponents 371 to 360. Lehigh's 1–3 conference record tied for fourth in the five-team Colonial League standings. Lehigh played its home games at Goodman Stadium on the university's Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Schedule References Lehigh Lehigh Mountain Hawks football seasons Lehigh Engineers football
Ien Chi (born June 1, 1991) is a Korean American filmmaker, speaker, and the former Creative Director of Jubilee Media. He is the director of the short film "Tick Tock", which won the Best Picture and Best Director awards at Campus MovieFest 2011, the world's largest student film festival. It is currently the most viewed and highest rated film of Campus MovieFest of all time. The film went viral and collectively has approximately 1.7 million views online and has been featured on Gizmodo and The Guardian, among other publications. Chi has led the team at Jubilee Media to create several YouTube shows such Middle Ground that has collectively gotten over 750 million views online. References External links youtube channel "Crippled" film "Tick Tock" film Living people American people of Korean descent American filmmakers 1991 births
Field Marshal Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson, (5 September 1881 – 31 December 1964), also known as Jumbo Wilson, was a senior British Army officer of the 20th century. He saw active service in the Second Boer War and then during the First World War on the Somme and at Passchendaele. During the Second World War he served as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) British Troops in Egypt, in which role he launched Operation Compass, attacking Italian forces with considerable success, in December 1940. He went on to be Military Governor of Cyrenaica in February 1941, commanding a Commonwealth expeditionary force to Greece in April 1941 and General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan in May 1941. Wilson became GOC Ninth Army in Syria and Palestine in October 1941, GOC Persia and Iraq Command in August 1942 and GOC Middle East Command in February 1943. He was Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean from January 1944 and Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington D. C. from January 1945 until 1947. Early life and military service Born in London, England, the son of Captain Arthur Maitland Wilson and his wife Harriet Wilson (née Kingscote), Wilson was educated at Eton College and Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade as a 2nd lieutenant on 10 March 1900. He served with the 2nd Battalion in South Africa in the Second Boer War, and having taken part in operations there in August 1900, was promoted to lieutenant on 18 March 1901. He served in South Africa throughout the war. Following the end of hostilities, he left Port Natal on the SS Malta in late September 1902, together with other officers and men of the 2nd battalion Rifle Brigade who were transferred to Egypt. He was posted with his battalion to Egypt and then in 1907 to India. Promoted to captain on 2 April 1908 he served with the 3rd Battalion at Bordon in Hampshire and then in Tipperary in Ireland, and in 1911 became Adjutant of the Oxford OTC. Wilson served in the First World War, being appointed brigade major of the 48th Brigade on 15 October 1914; having been promoted to the rank of acting major in December 1914 and then to the substantive rank of major on 15 September 1915, he was sent to France to serve on the Western Front in December 1915. His capabilities as a staff officer led to him being moved to become General Staff Officer (GSO) 2 of the 41st Division on the Somme and of the XIX Corps at Passchendaele. In October 1917 he was appointed GSO 1 of the New Zealand Division with promotion to temporary lieutenant colonel on 28 October 1917. For his war service he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1917 and was thrice mentioned in despatches. After being promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1919 and being hand-picked for the first post-war staff course at Camberley, Wilson was given command of a company of cadets at Sandhurst. He then became second-in-command of the 2nd Battalion, the Rifle Brigade at Aldershot in August 1923. Next he took command of his regiment's 1st Battalion on the North-West Frontier in January 1927, receiving promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 15 June 1927. Returning to be an instructor at Camberley in June 1930, Wilson spent 9 months on half pay in 1933. Promoted to temporary brigadier, he became Commander of 6th Infantry Brigade in 1934 and having been promoted to major-general on 30 April 1935, he became General Officer Commanding 2nd Division in August 1937. Second World War Egypt (1939–1941) On 15 June 1939, Wilson was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the British Troops in Egypt, with the rank of lieutenant-general, in which role he was also responsible for giving military advice for a range of countries from Abyssinia to the Persian Gulf. He made his HQ in Cairo and undertook successful negotiations with the Egyptian government at their summer quarters in Alexandria. The Treaty of 1936 called for the Egyptian army to fight under British command in the event of war and to supplement the limited force then at his disposal – an armoured division then being formed (later to be the 7th Armoured Division) and eight British battalions. He concentrated his defensive forces at Mersa Matruh some 100 miles from the border with Libya. Early in August, Sir Archibald Wavell was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East Command, and he sent reinforcements which had been sought by Wilson, initially the 4th Indian Infantry Division and advanced elements of 6th Australian Division and, as the buildup at Mersa Matruh continued, Richard O'Connor and his staff at 7th Infantry Division in Palestine were moved to Egypt to reinforce Wilson's command structure there. O'Connor's HQ, initially designated British 6th Infantry Division, was activated in November and became responsible for the troops at Mersa Matruh. It was redesignated Western Desert Force in June 1940. On 10 June 1940, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini declared war. Immediately Wilson's forces invaded Libya. However, their advance was reversed when on 17 June France sought an armistice and the Italians were able to move their forces from the Tunisian border in the West and reinforce with 4 divisions those that opposed Wilson in the East. The Italian forces invaded Egypt in September 1940, and advanced some to occupy Sidi Barrani. Wilson was facing very superior forces. He had 31,000 troops to the Italians' 80,000, 120 tanks against 275, and 120 artillery pieces against 250. He realised that the situation was one where the traditional text books would not provide a solution. As with other 1940s commanders he had been well-schooled in strategy, and in thorough secrecy; he planned to disrupt the advance of the superior forces by attacking their extended lines at the right spots. After a conference with Anthony Eden and Wavell in October and rejecting Wavell's suggestion for a two-pronged attack, Wilson launched Operation Compass on 7 December 1940. The strategy was outstandingly successful and very quickly the Italian forces were cut in half. While Operation Compass continued successfully in 1941 and resulted in the complete defeat of the Italian Army in North Africa, Wilson, who was already highly regarded by his First World War regimental colleague and now Secretary of State for War, Anthony Eden, had also won the confidence of Churchill himself. In a broadcast Churchill said, "General Wilson, who actually commands the Army of the Nile, was reputed to be one of our finest tacticians, and few will now deny him that quality." Wilson was recalled to Cairo in February 1941 where he was offered and accepted the position of Military Governor of Cyrenaica. Greece (April 1941) Wilson was appointed to lead a Commonwealth expeditionary force ("W Force") of two infantry divisions and an armoured brigade to help Greece resist Italy and the subsequent German invasion in April 1941. Although the Allied forces were hopelessly inadequate Churchill's War Cabinet had thought it important to provide support for the only country outside the Commonwealth which was resisting the Axis advance. Wilson completed the evacuation of British troops from Greece on 29 April 1941. He was appointed a GBE on 4 March 1941 and promoted to full general on 31 May 1941. Syria, Iraq and Palestine (1941–1943) In May 1941, on his return from Greece, Wilson was appointed GOC British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria-Lebanon campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting. In July 1941 Churchill recommended Wilson to take command of the Western Desert Force to lead it in its upcoming offensive operation against the Afrika Korps, what would become Operation Crusader of November 1941, but General Sir Claude Auchinleck preferred instead Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham. In October 1941 Wilson took command of the Ninth Army in Syria and Palestine and was appointed to the honorary title of Aide-de-Camp General to the King. Wilson enjoyed the confidence of Winston Churchill and he was Churchill's choice to succeed Auchinleck as commander of the Eighth Army in August 1942; however at the urging of the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir Alan Brooke, General Sir Bernard Montgomery was appointed to the post. Instead, Wilson was appointed to command the newly created independent Persia and Iraq Command on 21 August 1942. This command, which had been part of Middle East Command, was created when it appeared that Germany, following successes in southern Russia, might invade Persia (Iran). C-in-C Middle East (1943) In February 1943, after Montgomery's success at Alamein and the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa, Wilson was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East. The Middle East was by this time comparatively removed from the main centres of fighting. However, on orders from London to create a diversion during the fighting in Italy, in September 1943 he organised an unsuccessful attempt to occupy the small Greek islands of Kos, Leros and Samos. The British forces suffered large losses to German air attacks and subsequent landings. Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean (1944) Wilson succeeded Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean on 8 January 1944 based at Algiers. As such he exercised strategic control over the campaign in Italy. He strongly advocated the invasion of Germany via the Danube plain, but this did not take place when the armies in Italy were weakened to support other theatres of war. Jumbo Wilson was keen to follow through with the deception plan Undercut, when unexpectedly the Germans decided to withdraw from Greece altogether. Although advised by Dudley Clarke that it might backfire and was unnecessary, Wilson was aware of the strategic complexities of the political situation. Every plan the General Staff had a shadow, integrated by 1944 with the American allies at all strategy levels; even to employ an actor imitating Monty arrive at Jumbo's HQ in Algiers. Washington Mission (1945–1947) In December 1944, following the death of Field Marshal Sir John Dill, Wilson was relieved as Supreme Commander, promoted to field marshal on 29 December 1944, and sent to Washington to be Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission, a post he took up in January 1945. One of Wilson's most secret duties was as the British military representative on the Combined Policy Committee which dealt with the development, production and testing of the atom bomb. Wilson continued to serve as head of the British Joint Staff Mission until 1947, to the satisfaction of Britain and the United States. President Truman awarded him the Distinguished Service Medal in November 1945. Post-war In January 1946 he was appointed aide-de-camp to George VI of the United Kingdom and was then created Baron Wilson, of Libya and of Stowlangtoft in the County of Suffolk. From 1955 to 1960 he was Constable of the Tower of London. Wilson had married Hester Wykeham (1890–1979) in 1914 and had one son and a daughter. The son, Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Maitland Wilson, accompanied his father in the Middle East during the Second World War as an intelligence officer. The son's memoirs, Where the Nazis Came, provide anecdotes and descriptions of important events in his father's war service. Never a rich man, when Field Marshal Lord Wilson died on 31 December 1964 in Chilton, Buckinghamshire, his estate was proved at only £2,952 (roughly £100,000 in 2013). His only son Patrick succeeded him in the barony. References Notes Citations Sources Further reading published in External links British Army Officers 1939−1945 Generals of World War II \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- 1881 births 1964 deaths Military personnel from London Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst British Army personnel of the Second Boer War British Army personnel of World War I British field marshals of World War II Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Commanders of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the War Cross (Greece) Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) People educated at Eton College Rifle Brigade officers Constables of the Tower of London Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) British military attachés Barons created by George VI Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
The Biggest Winner Arab: Couples is the fourth season of the Arabic version of the reality television series The Biggest Loser. The fourth season premiered on September 26, 2009. This season started with eight couples (16 contestants) from six Arab countries and, unlike all past seasons, instead of the competition between Red and Blue Team the couples have competed against each other. Contestants Winners 250,000 SAR. Winner (among the finalists) 50,000 SAR. Winner (among the eliminated contestants) Second place has prize 30 SAR. Third place has 20 SAR. Weigh-ins and eliminations Game Week's Biggest Winner Gain weight Results from Eliminated Players Weigh in (Week 7) did not attend Winners 250,000 SAR Winner (among the finalists) 50,000 SAR Winner (among the eliminated contestants) BMI Normal (18.5 - 24.9 BMI) Overweight (25 - 29.9 BMI) Obese Class I (30 - 34.9 BMI) Obese Class II (35 - 39.9 BMI) Obese Class III (greater than 40 BMI) Notes All contestant weights are in kilograms All contestant heights are in centimetres Weight Loss History Voting History Below yellow line, unable to vote Immunity Not in elimination, unable to vote Vote not revealed Immunity and Vote not revealed References Lebanese television series 2009 Lebanese television seasons 2000s Lebanese television series
产后子宫下垂做什么运动？产妇分娩过程中软产道及其周围的盆底组织极度扩张、肌纤维拉长或撕裂、生产时间过长、分娩用力不当或是遭遇难产，都会使子宫盆底肌肉和韧带造成不同程度的损伤，从而导致子宫脱垂。分娩后，新妈妈如果不注意休息，频繁做弯腰或下蹲动作、过早做重体力劳动、经常咳嗽或有习惯性便秘以及长期使用束腹带，都会使腹压增加、子宫向下移位从而导致子宫脱垂。越来越多的女性为了保持身材，坐完月子就减肥，因剧烈运动也出现了子宫脱垂，希望引起广大女性的注意，建议产后还是休养一段时间，等体内的器官恢复元气再来瘦身为好!子宫下垂患者的锻炼方法，提肛肌锻炼，用力收缩你的肛门，然后停止几秒钟再放松，每次要反复锻炼10分钟，一天可能锻炼多次。清晨起床前是最佳练习时间。胸膝锻炼也适合子宫下垂患者调理。在床上下跪，胸部贴紧床面，大腿与床则要保持垂直，保持15分钟，一天要练习2次，逐渐让子宫位置恢复前位。这种锻炼方法还可以治疗咳嗽、便秘等病症。绝经期内出现子宫下垂的话，就要利用雌激素来调理了，同时还要加强营养。如果症状严重的话，最好要通过手术来治疗。轻度不用治疗，实在想改善这种情况的话，可以上子宫托，把下垂的宫颈拖住。平时注意个人卫生，勤洗澡，勤换衣服。瑜伽瑜伽是女性更易接受的运动项日，它相较于有氧运动更和缓。通过结合腹式呼吸，瑜伽可吸入大量氧气以促进身体功能的平衡。瑜伽运动是身心统一的运动，使全身的多数肌肉参与到运动当中，肌肉延展，脂肪就会消减，调整新陈代谢的更新。卧床、久坐和不运动延缓身体的新陈代谢，瑜伽可通过俯仰、拉伸、扭转等动作使相应的骨骼肌肉关节得到锻炼，相应部位以及全身的营养供给和代谢能力得到增强，帮助机体消耗热量，减少脂肪的合成和堆积，控制体质量平衡，降低体内脂肪多余量。
Marcelo Nicolas Medina Zamora (San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, Chile, February 11 of 1980) is a footballer from Chile. He plays as a defender with San Marcos in the Primera División de Chile using the jersey No. 4. External links Profile at BDFA O'Higgins F.C. footballers Ñublense footballers Coquimbo Unido footballers Living people 1980 births Chilean men's footballers Men's association football defenders People from Cachapoal Province Footballers from O'Higgins Region
曹驩，是一名中国足球运动员，司职后卫，效力于湖南湘涛。 2002年曹驩被国际队教练吴兵、姚俊从上海私立足球学校中选入上海国际青年队，次年即进入一线队名单。在球队迁到陕西后曹驩一直効力到2010年。 2011年曹驩被租借至中甲球队湖南湘涛並于2012年正式完成转会。参考上海籍足球运动员陕西中新球员湖南湘涛球员 H 中超球员中甲球员中国男子足球运动员
Çelikler is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Dursunbey, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 46 (2022). References Neighbourhoods in Dursunbey District
Gligor Zisov () was a Bulgarian teacher in the kaza of Kastoria (present-day Kastoria, Greece) of the Ottoman Empire. He was killed by the newly established Greek authorities in 1913 after the First Balkan War. Biography Zisov was born in the nearby village of Aposkep (present-day Aposkepos, Greece). Having graduated from the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki, he became the schoolteacher of the village of Tseresnitsa (today Polikeraso), in 1912. A student of his recalled: After the establishing of the Greek authorities in the region of Kastoria, a militia group of Evzones installed in the village of Tseresnitsa. Greek soldiers however, tried to convince him to become a teacher of the Greek language but he refused, saying that Bulgaria and Greece were allies, as they were member-states of the Balkan League. After refusing repeatedly to become a Greek teacher, he was severely beaten in front of his students. Consequently, Zisov's father took him back to his home village; however, Zisov was soon after arrested by Greeks, bound, and led back to Tseresnitsa. On the eve of the Second Balkan War, some Bulgarian priests and teachers of the Kastoria region, were subjected to deportation to Bulgaria. A few of them were beaten, even killed. One of them, according to interviews taken from the Bulgarian dialectologist and phonologist Blagoy Shklifov, was Zisov, who was taken to Bulgaria. When the group of Bulgarian teachers and priests were near Zagoritsani (present-day Vasiliada, Greece), the Greek soldiers killed them. References Year of birth missing 1913 deaths People from Kastoria Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia Bulgarian educators Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki alumni Macedonian Bulgarians
圣玛丽亚-德米拉列斯（加泰罗尼亚语：），是西班牙加泰罗尼亚巴塞罗那省的一个市镇。总面积25平方公里，总人口133人（2013年），人口密度每平方公里5人。参考文献巴塞罗那省市镇
James Arthur Knowlton (born 1960) is an American college athletics administrator and civil engineer who is the current director of athletics for the University of California, Berkeley. Previously, Knowlton served as the athletic director for the United States Air Force Academy and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Originally from Burlington, Massachusetts, Knowlton graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1982, where he studied engineering and played on the Army Black Knights men's ice hockey team. Knowlton then served in the United States Army, rising to commander and later assistant director at the Army Corps of Engineers. Knowlton also was a civil engineering at West Point. Beginning in 2003 as deputy athletics director at Army, Knowlton worked as a college athletics administrator. Knowlton later was athletics director at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from 2008 to 2015 and the U.S. Air Force Academy from 2015 to 2018. Early life and education Knowlton grew up in Burlington, Massachusetts, and graduated from Austin Preparatory School in 1978. Knowlton completed a bachelor's degree in engineering from the United States Military Academy (West Point) in 1982. While attending West Point, Knowlton played at forward on West Point's Army Black Knights men's ice hockey team. Military and academic career After graduating from West Point, Knowlton served in the United States Army, first in the 9th Engineer Battalion stationed in Aschaffenburg, West Germany as platoon leader, executive officer, and company commander. After completing the Armor Officer Advanced Course, Knowlton returned to Germany to command the 42nd Engineer Company, Berlin Brigade. After completing a master's degree in civil engineering at the Cornell University College of Engineering, Knowlton joined the West Point civil and mechanical engineering department faculty in 1992. In 1994, Knowlton attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College, after which he returned to active Army duty as assistant division engineer and operations officer for the 307th Engineer Battalion, 82nd Airborne Division. Knowlton was later assigned to The Pentagon, first as military aide to the Under Secretary of the Army Joe R. Reeder and later as assistant director at the Army Corps of Engineers headquarters. Beginning in 1999, Knowlton led a 750-strong battalion at Fort Carson in Colorado. He followed that assignment with a stint as joint exercise branch chief for Air Force Space Command and deploying to Iraq. In the Army, Knowlton earned the Legion of Merit, Meritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters, Ranger Tab, Air Assault Badge, and Senior Parachutist Badge. Knowlton is also a registered professional engineer in Virginia. Athletics administration career From 2003 to 2006, Knowlton was deputy athletic director for the Army Black Knights athletic programs of his alma mater United States Military Academy. Knowlton stepped down from that position in 2006 to direct the Center for Enhanced Performance on campus. In 2008, Knowlton became athletic director at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), an NCAA Division III school. Returning to the Division I level, Knowlton became the 11th athletic director at the United States Air Force Academy on March 22, 2015. Knowlton was named athletic director at the University of California, Berkeley on April 9, 2018. On August 2, 2021, Knowlton announced that he had agreed to an eight year extension with Cal, keeping him in Berkeley through 2029. Knowlton received the extension following his decision to give head football coach Justin Wilcox an extension through the 2023 season, his decision to hire Mark Fox as head men's basketball coach, and his decision to hire Charmin Smith as head women's basketball coach. In May 2022, Knowlton was cited as having been dismissive of complaints against Cal head women's swim coach Teri McKeever, who was accused by current and former Cal swimmers of bullying, verbal, and emotional abuse. In June 2022, Knowlton received more pushback for telling current Cal swimmers and their families that the investigation into McKeever could take six months. Knowlton responded to this pushback saying he shares the concerns of the swimmers and their families. McKeever was fired by Cal after an investigation that concluded in 2023. “I’m writing to inform you that today we have parted ways with long-time women’s swimming coach, Teri McKeever,” Cal athletic director Jim Knowlton wrote to Cal swimmers. “After carefully reviewing an extensive investigative report that was recently completed by an independent law firm, I strongly believe this is in the best interests of our student athletes, our swimming program, and Cal Athletics as a whole. “The report details numerous violations of university policies that prohibit race, national origin, and disability discrimination. The report also details verbally abusive conduct that is antithetical to our most important values. I was disturbed by what I learned in the course of reading through the report’s 482 pages that substantiate far too many allegations of unacceptable behavior. I want to apologize, on behalf of Cal Athletics, to every student-athlete who was subject to this conduct in the past, and I want to thank everyone who had the courage to come forward and share their story with the investigators.” According to The East Bay Times/Southern California News Group, "But for dozens of current and former Cal swimmers, McKeever’s firing and the report did not go far enough. The weeks following the firing and release of the report have seen prominent financial donors to the university and its athletic program joining current and former Golden Bears swimmers and their parents in calling for the immediate dismissal of Knowlton and Simon-O’Neill, who critics allege ignored or failed to effectively address repeated credible allegations of bullying and harassment against McKeever." The East Bay Times/Southern California News Group also reported that UC Berkeley is taking additional steps beyond the firing of McKeever. UC Berkeley declined to comment on whether or not investigating Jim Knowlton and Jennifer Simon-O'Neill (Chief of Staff & Senior Woman Administrator) were part of those additional steps, but UC Berkeley assistant vice chancellor Dan Mogulof did confirm that as of this time, neither of the two have been placed on leave. On March 23, 2023, Scott Reid of the Southern California New Group reported that UC Berkeley has launched a formal investigation into Knowlton and Simon-O'Neill's handling of the allegations against McKeever. On March 29, 2023, Knowlton announced the hiring of Mark Madsen as the new head men's basketball coach at Cal. Madsen replaced Mark Fox, whom Knowlton hired four years earlier. On April 6, 2023, Nanette Asimov of The San Francisco Chronicle published an article citing Knowlton as being dismissive of allegations of bullying against Cal women's soccer head coach Neil McGuire: "Cal athletic director Jim Knowlton told one student’s mother — who also complained on behalf of her daughter — that a review found nothing to justify her allegations, according to an email from Knowlton reviewed by The Chronicle." Asked whether UC Berkeley had properly investigated the claims, spokesperson Dan Mogulof said: “When the current leadership of Cal Athletics is made aware of allegations that policies have been violated, or of complaints about employee behavior, they respond as a department, when appropriate, or refer the matter to appropriate campus investigative offices, when required." References External links California Golden Bears bio Air Force Falcons bio 1960 births Living people Air Force Falcons athletic directors Army Black Knights men's ice hockey players California Golden Bears athletic directors People from Burlington, Massachusetts RPI Engineers athletic directors Cornell University College of Engineering alumni United States Military Academy faculty Engineers from Virginia United States Army colonels American men's ice hockey forwards Military personnel from Massachusetts
膝盖骨质增生症状是什么？膝盖骨质增生初期的表现主要有：膝盖骨质增生有可持续性隐痛，初期起病缓慢者膝关节疼痛不严重，气温降低时疼痛加重，与气候变化有关。很多晨起后开始活动，长时间行走，剧烈运动或久坐起立开始走时，膝关节疼痛僵硬，稍活动后好转，上、下楼困难，下楼时膝关节发软，易摔倒。此外还表现为蹲起时疼痛，僵硬，伸屈活动有弹响声，严重时，关节酸痛胀痛，跛行走，合并风湿病者关节红肿，畸形，功能受限，部分膝盖骨质增生可见关节积液，局部有明显肿胀、压缩现象。膝盖骨质增生的日常锻炼方法1.站位，意守丹田片刻。两足并拢，弯腰以两手按扶于两膝，劳宫穴正对血海穴，意在两手劳宫穴。两膝同时用力使膝关节向后挺直从屈曲位变为伸挺直位，同时呼气，然后复原，吸气，重复8次。2.姿势同两手扶膝使膝关节顺时针方向为转一周(呼气)，再逆时针方向旋转一周(呼气)。然后两膝打开，分别从内向外旋转一周(吸气)，再从外向内旋转一周(呼气)。重复8次。3.坐位，意守丹田片刻，引丹田气至涌泉，利用肌肉收缩力使小腿伸直，同时吸气。然后利用下肢重力,使膝关节屈曲，同时呼气，重复8次。最后引气回丹田穴。4.仰卧位，意守丹田片刻，然后两手置于体侧，全身放松。利用肌肉收缩力使下肢直腿抬高，同时吸气。复原时呼气。重复8次，然后仰卧位，下肢按骑自行车动作反复做16次，自然呼吸。避免在潮湿处睡卧，不要汗出当风，不要在出汗后，即洗凉水浴或洗脚，以防风、湿、寒三邪气对膝关节的侵害。膝关节不要过于劳累或负荷过大。
A post-common envelope binary (PCEB) or pre-cataclysmic variable is a binary system consisting of a white dwarf or hot subdwarf and a main-sequence star or a brown dwarf. The star or brown dwarf shared a common envelope with the white dwarf progenitor in the red giant phase. In this scenario the star or brown dwarf loses angular momentum as it orbits within the envelope, eventually leaving a main-sequence star and white dwarf in a short-period orbit. A PCEB will continue to lose angular momentum via magnetic braking and gravitational waves and will eventually begin mass-transfer, resulting in a cataclysmic variable. While there are thousands of PCEBs known, there are only a few eclipsing PCEBs, also called ePCEBs. Even more rare are PCEBs with a brown dwarf as the secondary. A brown dwarf with a mass lower than 20 might evaporate during the common envelope phase and therefore the secondary is supposed to have a mass higher than 20 . The material ejected from the common envelope forms a planetary nebula. One in five planetary nebulae are ejected from common envelopes, but this might be an underestimate. A planetary nebula formed by a common envelope system usually shows a bipolar structure. The suspected PCEB HD 101584 is surrounded by a complex nebula. During the common envelope phase the red giant phase of the primary was terminated prematurely, avoiding a stellar merger. The remaining hydrogen envelope of HD 101584 was ejected during the interaction between the red giant and the companion and it now forms the circumstellar medium around the binary. Many eclipsing post-common envelope binaries show variations in the timing of eclipses, the cause of which is uncertain. While orbiting exoplanets are often proposed as the cause of these variations, planetary models often fail to predict subsequent changes in eclipse timing. Other proposed causes, such as the Applegate mechanism, often cannot fully explain the observed eclipse timing variations either. List of post-common envelope binaries Sorted by increasing orbital period. See also Cataclysmic variable References Binary stars White dwarfs Stellar phenomena
"Fall Again" is a song written for Michael Jackson by Walter Afanasieff and Robin Thicke with some lyrics written by Jackson. He recorded his demo of the song in 1999. Songwriter Afanasieff confirmed in January 2000, "We worked to the point that we were three-fourths of the way finished, then the incident happened when his son (Prince) got very sick. We’re going to have to reserve a little spot to finish the song." The demo was later released on November 16, 2004, as an album track of Jackson's limited edition box set The Ultimate Collection. In 2010, a version by Kenny G with Robin Thicke on vocals became a hit. The song has been performed by many artists. Jackson recorded a demo of the song in 1999 during the sessions for his album Invincible, but the song was never finished. Glenn Lewis version Canadian R&B artist Glenn Lewis recorded the song for Maid in Manhattan, a film released on December 10, 2002 starring Jennifer Lopez and Ralph Fiennes. He makes an appearance in the film performing the song at a charity gala. Soulful and reminiscent of traditional R&B, the song received 5 out of 5 stars on Amazon Music. This version was also featured on a 2003 Universal Music compilation album titled Smooth Jazz Cafe 5. Kenny G version American smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G recorded the song for the Heart and Soul, which was released on June 29, 2010. Unlike most of Kenny G's jazz numbers, "Fall Again" is a rhythm and blues ballad. Kenny G plays the saxophone with Thicke on vocals. Kenny G said, "His (Robin Thicke's) voice is so emotional and soulful, the combination of his voice and my saxophone really hits the perfect tones for my new album." Mark Edward Nero of About.com mentioned Kenny G "is a jazz saxophonist, not an R&B singer. But K.G. has a new, R&B-inspired album", and "Robin Thicke is featured on the first single, Fall Again". Also released as a single, it debuted at number 30 on the Billboard Jazz Songs chart on June 19, 2010, and peaked at number six on September 11, 2010. Other versions Sagi Rei, an Israel born Italian artist covered this song in his third album SAGI Sings Michael Jackson in 2010. References External links Kenny G's official Website Kenny G songs Michael Jackson songs Glenn Lewis songs Robin Thicke songs Pop ballads Contemporary R&B ballads 2010 singles Songs written by Walter Afanasieff Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Songs written by Robin Thicke 1999 songs
Wólka Putnowicka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojsławice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Wojsławice, south-east of Chełm, and south-east of the regional capital Lublin. References Villages in Chełm County
Angus Macdonald FRSE FRCPE (18 April 1836 – 10 February 1886), was a Scottish physician, obstetrician and lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. He served as President of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society from 1879 to 1881. Early life Macdonald was born in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, he was the son of Margaret Bremner of Newmill, Banffshire and her husband, James Macdonald of Lochmaddy, North Uist, a road contractor. His father died when he was 11, leaving a widow and five children. He went to work as a farm labourer in Grange, Banffshire; his formal education was limited to two years in the parish school as a result. However, supported by the local schoolmaster, Arthur Gerrard, and his mother, Margaret Bremner Macdonald, "a woman of character and of vigorous intellect", he won a competitive scholarship to King's College, Aberdeen at the age of 19. Macdonald received his general degree (MA) in 1859 and was awarded the Hutton Prize. He spent a year studying theology at the University of Edinburgh before switching to study medicine, graduating with an MD in 1865. His thesis was entitled "Notes of three renal cases illustrative of vasomotor neuroses." Medical career From 1864 he began practicing as a GP in Edinburgh and lecturing in pharmacology and midwifery at the University of Edinburgh. In addition to starting a private medical practice, Macdonald lectured frequently and served as the Physician to the Royal Infirmary and the Physician to the Royal Maternity Hospital. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1865 and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1869. He authored many articles in The Lancet. In 1871 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Sir William Turner. In 1878, he published "On The Bearings of Chronic Disease of the Heart Upon Pregnancy, Parturition, and Childbed," a textbook in obstetrics in use for over 50 years. In 1879, he became President of the Obstetrics Society of Edinburgh, which he held until 1881. A group of obstetricians in the UK named their society the Macdonald Club in his honour, and in 2008 the Royal Medical Society began publishing an Obstetrics Journal dedicated in his memory. Death During the last four years of his life, Macdonald had a recurrent lung infection. Advised by his physicians to reduce his commitments, he spent a year in the Riviera. He died at home, 29 Charlotte Square on 10 February 1886. After his death the house was bought and occupied by a former junior colleague, Dr David Berry Hart. Family On 19 April 1866 Macdonald married Ann Finlayson (1839–1917), daughter of Thomas Finlayson, the long-time minister of Rose Street United Presbyterian Church in Edinburgh, and his wife Janet Chrystal Carrick. They had eight children: James Warburton Begbie Macdonald (1867–1869) who was named after one of Dr Macdonald's professors and died at age two of meningitis, Thomas Finlayson Macdonald (1868–1896) who became a physician and died age 28 of pernicious anemia, Jessie Chrystal Macdonald (1870–1931) who married Robert Gordon the treasurer of Quaker Oats and emigrated to America, Angus Macdonald Jr (1872–1949) who became a physician in Edinburgh, Robert John Macdonald (1874–1937) who emigrated to America to work for Quaker Oats, Margaret Bremner Macdonald (1876–1956) who did not marry and remained in Edinburgh with her mother, George Andrew Macdonald (1878–1949) who emigrated to America to work for Quakers Oats and married his second cousin Margaret Stuart, Ranald Macdonald (1881–1919). References Further reading Macdonald, Angus. On The Bearings of Chronic Disease of the Heart Upon Pregnancy, Parturition, and Childbed, London: 1878. Comrie, J. History of Scottish Medicine, 2, pp 685–7, London: Bailliere, Tindall, & Cox, 1932. Chamberlain, Geoffrey. "Angus Macdonald MD FRCP, FRCS 1836-1885", Archived biographical sketch. Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh: undated. The Scotsman, 11 February 1886, p 5. Edinburgh. "The Late Dr Angus Macdonald." "Angus Macdonald 1834-1886", The Dictionary of National Biography, M, p. 474. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1908. "Minutes of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society 1879-81", Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Royal College of Physicians Staff (1980). "Letter to Dr Peter W. Howie, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh", regarding Angus Macdonald. Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 11 July 1980. Scottish obstetricians Alumni of the University of Edinburgh 19th-century Scottish medical doctors 1886 deaths Health professionals from Aberdeen Alumni of the University of Aberdeen Scottish medical writers Academics of the University of Edinburgh 1836 births
Bronchial brushing is a procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airway mucosa or bronchial lesions through catheter-based brushing under direct visualization or fluoroscopic guidance. Flexible brushes are passed through the bronchoscope, and the bronchial surface is gently abraded to obtain the specimen. Various types of bronchial brush may be used to collect both cellular and microbiological material, using direct vision when collecting from proximal areas of suspicion or fluoroscopic screening when sampling more peripheral sites. A bronchial brushing is used to find cancer and changes in cells that may lead to cancer. It can also be used to obtain specimens for microbiologic diagnosis. References Endoscopy Respiratory system procedures
月经期间宫颈粘液过多正常吗？生活中一些女性朋友发现自己在怀孕五个月的时候突然有了宫颈粘液现象，其实宫颈粘液也相当于女性的保护膜，可以避免一些细菌入侵影响到宝宝的发育，所以说这是一种正常的现象，在怀孕阶段我们也要学会预防一些妇科疾病，比如说要注意个人卫生，定期去医院做体检等。怀孕之后因为激素的原因，女性朋友的身体就会发生一些改变，在孕早期人们可能会感觉到恶心、呕吐、吃不下饭，这些属于早孕的妊娠反应，是正常现象，还有一些人发现自己阴道分泌物突然增多，这同样属于正常的生理现象，我们都知道宫颈粘液是在怀孕晚期出现的，不过在怀孕五个月的时候，一些女性发现自己突然有了这种现象。1、避免使用公共物品：孕妇朋友的个人生活用品应该和别人的分开使用，以免导致自己有交叉感染现象，同时我们也应该避免使用公共的坐便器，避免细菌感染。2、定期产检：我们也需要了解到每个阶段的胎儿发育情况，大家必须要去做产检，这样才能够发现产妇的异常情况。3、科学安排性生活：在怀孕早期和怀孕晚期，大家也应该进行性生活，怀孕中期性生活也不能过于频繁，还有就是在性生活前后也需要清洗外阴，避免因为性生活导致生殖系统感染。4、养成良好的生活习惯：在怀孕阶段，大家千万不要觉得自己身体笨重，而不注意个人卫生，为了自身的健康，大家需要每天更换内裤和清洗外阴，保持外阴的清洁与干燥，以免细菌滋生。宫颈粘液，其实是女性朋友在怀孕的时候产生的一种保护物质，在怀孕的时候，宫颈会变长，会变软，所以分泌粘液栓堵上了宫颈口，怀孕期间就没有办法进入阴道当中影响到胎儿的发育了。在人流手术之后宫颈栓同样会分泌出很多宫颈粘液充当保护膜。怀孕中期女性发现自己有宫颈粘液，这是一种正常的现象。主要是起到了保护作用，不让阴道外面的细菌，影响到宝宝的发育。而女性在流产之后，同样也会有这种现象。平时注意护理，保持心情愉快。
植物神经衰弱有哪些症状？神经衰弱是我们都能理解的一个名词，我们通常以睡眠易惊醒来表示自己的神经比较衰弱，这只是一种通俗的说法。医学上有一个专用名词，叫做""植物性神经衰弱""，这是一种什么样的神经衰弱呢，有兴趣的朋友可以跟着小编的脚步一起探寻。自主神经因其不受人的意志支配，故亦称植物性神经。自主神经直接或间接调节内脏器官的功能活动，维持机体内外环境的平衡。一旦功能紊乱，即可导致内脏功能活动的失调。自主神经功能紊乱的主要表现：在呼吸系统可出现呼吸深度和频率的变化；在心血管系统可表现为阵发性高血压、周期性低血压、窦性心动过速或心动过缓，及类似心肌梗死的表现：消化系统可出现胃肠功能及消化液分泌障碍；泌尿系统可出现尿频、尿急、排尿困难，甚至出现尿失禁或尿潜留。1、衰弱症状这是本病常有的基本症状。患者经常感到精力不足、萎靡不振、不能用脑，或脑力迟钝，肢体无力，困倦思睡;特别是工作稍久，即感注意力不能集中，思考困难，工作效率显著减退，即使充分休息也不足以恢复其疲劳感。很多患者诉述做事丢三落四，说话常常说错，记不起刚经历过的事。2、兴奋症状是指患者不由自主、不能控制地浮想联翩，总有各种画面一幕幕展现在眼前，就像是脑子里在放电影。尤其是睡觉以前，会不由自主地回忆、联想往事，以至睡眠质量欠佳。神经衰弱的症状表现有哪些3、睡眠障碍最常见的是入睡困难、辗转难眠，以致心情烦躁，更难入睡。其次是诉述多梦、易惊醒，或感到睡眠很浅，似乎整夜都未曾入睡。还有一些患者感到睡醒后疲乏不解，仍然困倦;或感到白天思睡，上床睡觉又觉脑子兴奋，难以成眠，表现为睡眠节律的紊乱。4、紧张性疼痛以紧张性头痛多见。到院病人诉头痛，顶部有重压感，或像箍了一个箍似的紧束感，或项背肌肉酸痛不适。5、情绪症状不能控制脾气，易烦恼，易激惹，不能使心情轻松或精神松弛下来，可出现继发性焦虑苦恼。
Luis Martínez Noval (3 July 1948 – 30 March 2013) was a Spanish economist and politician who was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and served from 1990 to 1993 as Spain's Minister of Labor. Early life and career Noval was born in Infiesto, capital of the Asturian council of Piloña. After graduating from Colegio de la Inmaculada of Gijón in 1965, he studied economics at the University of Oviedo from which he graduated with a degree in Economic Sciences. He then served as a non-tenured professor of Economic Theory at his alma mater before deciding to devote himself exclusively to his work as a professional politician in the region. In 1981, he was elected as the Deputy Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of Asturias of which he was a member since 1978. From 1988 to 2000 Noval was a general secretary of the same party and then became a member of its Federal Executive Commission. From October 1982 to November 2001 he served as the party's Deputy to the Cortes of Asturias. On 2 May 1990, Noval was appointed as Minister of Labor and Social Security of the Government of Spain by Felipe González and served on this position until 14 July 1993. Following the expiration of his term, he became a Chairman of the Committee on Social Policy and Employment of the Congress of Deputies and from 1996 to 1999 was spokesman for the party. In 2001, the PSOE appointed him a member of the Court of Auditors. Death On 29 March 2013, Noval fell on the street in Oviedo during which he sustained a severe head wound. He was rushed to the where, following an unsuccessful operation, at the age of 64, he was pronounced dead the next morning. Notes 1948 births 2013 deaths Deaths from falls University of Oviedo alumni Academic staff of the University of Oviedo Government ministers of Spain Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
锈毛楼梯草（学名：）为荨麻科楼梯草属异叶楼梯草下的一个变型。参考文献扩展阅读 monandrum f. ciliatum
除口臭多嚼点橘子皮？对于单纯性的口臭，不妨尝试嚼点鲜橘子皮，因为橘子皮中含有大量的维生素C和香精油，具有理气化痰、健脾和胃等功能。将其咀嚼后吐掉残渣，反复几遍对去除口腔异味比较有效。特别是金橘80%的维生素C集中在果皮上，每百克高达200毫克，因此，将果皮洗净与果肉一起食用，会感觉喉间津润、满口生香。女性口臭月经不调是关键有些女子在开始出现月经的一段时间，性腺活动的周期性不稳定，表现为月经周期时间长短不一，月经量和质有差别，血液中性激素水平波动大，影响牙周组织的正常代谢，使口腔组织的抵抗力下降，容易遭受病菌的侵袭而发生感染。由于牙龈经常发炎、红肿，厌氧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等病菌在口腔繁殖，导致口腔冒出难闻的臭味。这种病多见于青春发育的女子，故医学上称之为“青春期牙周病”。轻度的月经不调不一定要治疗，但要重视月经期的心理调适，不要为月经不调而烦恼。同时还要注意口腔保健，坚持早晚刷牙，饭后漱口，定期更换牙刷，不长期使用一种牙膏。在饮食上要防偏食挑食，少吃或不吃刺激性太强和过冷过热的食物。这样，因月经不调引起的口臭就会逐渐消失。
Adriana Volpe (born 31 May 1973) is an Italian television presenter, model and actress. Biography After graduating from scientific high school she moved to Rome. In 1990 she began the modeling profession, walking on the catwalks of various fashion capitals: Milan, Paris, Zürich, Tokyo. In 1992 she was engaged by RAI as the showgirl for the programme Scommettiamo che... (Italian version of the popular German programme Wetten, dass..?), hosted by Fabrizio Frizzi, going on until 1995. She also supported Frizzi in Prove e provini a Scommettiamo che...?, daily programme related to the Lotteria Italia (Italian Lottery) and appendix of Scommettiamo che...?. In 1995 she made her film debut in Viaggi di nozze by Carlo Verdone, playing the role of Marcella, and Croce e delizia, directed by Luciano De Crescenzo, in the role of Barbara. In 1996 she joined TMC 2 where until 1999 she hosted in the early fringe the youth programme The Lion Trophy Show, renamed in 1997 as Lion Network due to some changes in the structure of the programme. In 1999 she came back in Rai to take part in the weekend programme Mezzogiorno in famiglia, aired on Rai 2, that she hosted till 2009. In 2001 she acted in the first episode of the second season of the TV series Non lasciamoci più. From 2003 to June 2009 in addition to Mezzogiorno in famiglia she hosted the programme Mattina in famiglia. She was the author and presenter of In forma Rimini Fitness, a reportage from the Festival of Fitness in Rimini broadcast in 2004 on Rai 2, in the same year she made a glamour calendar for the weekly Panorama and she entered the Albo dei giornalisti (Journalists Association). During the summer of 2006 she hosted two programmes in the prime time of Rai 2: the fashion show La notte delle sirene, supported by Sasà Salvaggio, and the variety show in four episodes Notte Mediterranea, together with the Roman showman Max Tortora. In the spring of 2007 she was one of the competitors in the second edition of the talent show Notti sul ghiaccio, broadcast on Rai 1. In September 2009 she began to host the programme I fatti vostri, from Monday to Friday morning on Rai 2, together with Giancarlo Magalli and Marcello Cirillo. She has been confirmed in hosting the programme I fatti vostri also for the further television seasons until season 2016/17. In 2012 she graduated in Literature from Università degli Studi eCampus. From September 2017, together with Massimiliano Ossini and Sergio Friscia, she hosts Mezzogiorno in famiglia, on air every Saturday and Sunday on Rai 2 from 11 a.m to 1 p.m. Personal In 2000 she married Chicco Cangini, but the union lasted only four months. In July 2008 Volpe married the businessman Roberto Parli, after being engaged for a little more than a year. She is a great supporter of SS Lazio. Filmography References External links Official site Italian female models 1973 births Living people People from Trento Italian showgirls
本條目為中國近代中興禪宗高僧虛雲老和尚的祖師塔概述。虛雲老和尚圓寂於雲居山真如禪寺雲居茅蓬內，荼毗後舍利骨灰安奉建塔於雲居山海會塔上。地理位置座落位置塔座落於雲居山趙州關外東南側150米處，即海會塔塔院南端的塔坪頂，距真如寺常住約1公里。塔座方位座向：座北朝南高度：520.2公尺緯度：29.0933333 經度：115.579444 歷史建造年代始建年代：塔始建於公元1959年冬月。修復年代：文革中塔遭毀損，而於1982年秋重建。碑石鐫字塔身上正面青石碑鐫有橫排楷體字｢潙仰宗第八世祖」，豎列為｢上虛下雲老和尚舍利塔」；東西二面碑鐫有｢陳榮昌氏撰於民國十一年歲次壬辰《尼妙淨留偈記》」全文；背面一碑鐫有豎列楷體字「佛曆三千零八年歲次壬辰弟子四眾同建」、「公元一九八二年建塔工人福建美林工程隊」；四面碑龕邊柱有豎列對聯，其中正面為「虛空懸寶月，雲海現金身」。塔亭正面懸掛豎式門額，正中有豎列鎦金陽雕字為趙樸初敬書的｢虛雲禪師塔院」；亭牆木門兩側的四根石柱，分別鐫有｢人空法空過宇宙無窮國土，心淨土淨大地莫非道場」及｢來此瞻禮虛雲塔就將誰見，去若參謁祖師殿莫錯認無」等兩幅楹聯。塔院門入口，正中上方黑石碑橫排鐫有鎦金陽雕字｢虛公塔院」，兩側門柱鐫有「鼓山興學南華弘律乘願再來了往事，雞足安禪雲居攝眾所作已辦入涅槃」楹聯一對。祖師生平著述祖師生平史傳〈虛雲和尚傳〉，見頁171-190，第五編當代中興志，第一章，《雲居山新志》。《虛雲法師年譜》，岑學呂編著(1995)。北京：宗教文化出版社。《虛雲和尚年譜法彙合刊》，岑學呂編(1992)。基隆市 : 十方大覺寺出版。〈三勘虛雲和尚年譜〉，胡適。刊登《臺灣風物》，卷 10 期 1（1960 ）。祖師著作語錄〈虛雲和尚法語選輯〉。頁193-220，第五編當代中興志，第三章，《雲居山新志》。〈虛雲老和尚方便開示錄〉(2003)。南投縣 : 財團法人中台山佛教基金會出版。《虛雲和尚法匯續編》，净慧法师辑《虛雲大師禪語》(2007) 蔡銘宗編著。臺北市 : 黃彩霞出版。建造藝術建石結構：花崗岩雕刻藝術：詳見〈虛雲老和尚舍利塔〉，頁47，第一編總論，第三章全身塔墓，《雲居山新志》。參見虛雲雲居山塔院引用資料外部連結地名規範資料庫：https://web.archive.org/web/20120618031039/http://dev.ddbc.edu.tw/authority/place/index.php 〈虛雲禪師塔院〉，ID No ：CN0360425T02AF 雲居山塔院巡禮：https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112821/http://dev.ddbc.edu.tw/yunjushan/ 2011.3.29 〈雲居山志重流通序〉，頁37，《雲居山志》：https://web.archive.org/web/20120314225228/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/fosizhi/ui.html?book=g074 〈虛雲紀念堂〉，｢雲居山佛教」網站：http://www.yjsfj.com/jnt.as DDBC Integrated Search：https://web.archive.org/web/20110301065021/http://isearch.ddbc.edu.tw/ 〈虛雲〉人名規範資料庫：https://web.archive.org/web/20120618031035/http://dev.ddbc.edu.tw/authority/person/index.php 〈虛雲〉，ID No ：A004818p 佛光大辭典第三版名相釋文：https://web.archive.org/web/20110319201445/http://etext.fgs.org.tw/etext6/search-1.htm 〈虛雲〉《虛雲老和尚文集》，七葉佛教書舍：http://www.book853.com/topicnews.aspx?tid=22 《虚云和尚年谱》，順德岑學呂寬賢编。報恩佛網：http://www.bfnn.org/bookgb/books2/1184.htm 〈虛雲老和尚網路專輯〉：http://www.bfnn.org/hsuyun/ 九江墓塔永修县
-{形而上}-学，简称-{形上}-学，也称为形之上学（），在古希腊时期指研究存在和事物本质的学问。形上學是哲学的一个分支或范畴，被视为和“哲学的基本问题”。对于不能直接透过感知所得到答案的问题，它在先验条件（可看成公理化的假设）下，透过理性的逻辑推理推演出答案，并且不能与经验证据相矛盾。它是人类理性对于事物最普遍的面相和终极的原因的探索的一门学科。《斯坦福哲学百科全书》指出，当代的“形而上学”题目在不断的扩展，并解释了其中的原因，以及为什么很难定义清楚什么是形而上学，以及哪些是形而上学研究的对象。形上學的主要问题包括：根本上有什麼存在？（What is ultimately there?）它是什麼樣的？（What is it like?）形上學家們試圖闡明人們用以理解世界的基本概念（範疇），例如存在、客體（objects）及其性質、空間和時間、因果和可能性。形上學的主要分支學科之一是本體論，即對基本範疇及其相互關連的研究。另一個形上學的主要分支是宇宙論，即對本源（如果有的話）、基本結構、本性（nature）、的研究。认识论基础形而上学的研究是使用从先验知识来推演进行。与基础数学（有时被认为是形而上学应用于数字存在的的特例）一样，它试图对世界结构进行连贯的描述，能够解释对世界的日常和科学看法，并且不能有矛盾。在数学中，有许多不同的方法来定义数字；同样，在形而上学中，有许多不同的方法来定义声称构成世界的对象、属性、概念和其他实体。形而上学的推理过程，旨在坚持和科学事业相同的理性调查标准，并接受相同的评估和批评方法；避免吸引特殊的非自然才能（心灵感应，神秘经历）或超自然的信息来源（神圣的文本，神学的揭示，信条权威，直接的超自然交流)，类似于自然神论和不可知论。这种避免非自然才能或超自然的信息来源的方法，与启示神学（英文:Revealed Theology)和基督教神学的方法有本质性区别。虽然形而上学可以作为一个特例来研究原子和超弦等基础科学所假设的实体，但其核心主题是这些科学理论所假设的对象、属性和因果关系等。例如：声称“电子有电荷”是一种科学理论；在探索电子（或至少被感知为）“对象”的含义时，电荷是“属性”，而同时存在于一个叫做“空间”的拓扑实体中，是形而上学的任务。字源英語「metaphysics」或拉丁語「metaphysica」一詞源自希臘語：（metá），意思是之後或之上，而（physiká）在希臘語原意是「自然，自然的產物」，兩個字根組合起來μεταφυσικά的意思就是「在自然之後」。metaphysica的出現其實由於亞里斯多德在他的作品集中，把他對邏輯、含義和原因等抽象知識的討論編排在他討論物理學的書冊《自然學》（Φυσικά）之後，並給這些討論一個標籤：“在自然學之後”（），意即在《自然學》之後的書冊）。而這個用語被拉丁語注解家錯誤地理解為“超越于自然學的科學”。而亞里斯多德在書中討論的問題成為了形上學的很多基本問題。中文譯名「-{形而上}-學」是由日本人井上哲次郎（明治時代）由metaphysic翻譯而來。取自《易經 • 繫辭上傳》「-{形而上}-者謂之道，形而下者謂之器」一詞。在科學與玄學的論戰中，參與辯論的學者分成「科學派」和「玄學派」，當時所稱“玄學”今譯爲形上學。定義形上學是指透过理性的推理和逻辑去研究不能直接透过感知而得到答案的问题。形上學是指哲學的基本法則。形上學關注理論哲學的核心問題，如基礎、前提、成因、第一原因和基本結構，如所有真實存在的意義和目的。形上學被尼采稱之為「柏拉圖主義」。形上學，有很多解釋：第一種，是指關於世界構造的猜想，比如世界有些什麼，有沒有心靈，有沒有上帝，如果有，那些東西之間的關係是什麼？第二種，中国哲学家陈嘉映提及的，是指那些與科學相對的理論，它們沒有科學的可證偽性。比如，在沒有電子顯微鏡之前，原子論是形上學，人們無法知道原子是什麼，但在有了顯微鏡之後，可以看到原子，「原子論」是科學。第三種，就是與辯證法相對的概念，由於人的主觀性，在描述自然的概念與自然事物脫軌。比如一粒粒沙子不斷堆積，變成沙堆，人們的概念裡只有沙子和沙堆，從而忽略了那種存在於自然界的介於沙子和沙堆之間的中間狀態。辯證法就是看到這種變化，比如“量變到質變”。形上學也叫「第一哲學」，如笛卡兒的《第一哲學沉思集》（Meditationes de prima philosophia）也稱為《形上學沉思錄》。亚里士多德把人類的知識分為三部分，用大樹作比喻：第一部分，最基礎的部分，也就是樹根，是形上學，它是一切知識的奠基；第二部分是物理學，好比樹幹；第三部分是其他自然科學，以樹枝來比喻。哲学界目前认为，很难定义清楚什么是形而上学，以及哪些是形而上学研究的对象。古代和中世纪的哲学家可能曾说过，形而上学就像化学或占星术一样，由其主题来定义：形而上学是研究“如此存在(being as such)”或“事物的首要原因(the first causes of things)”或“不变的事物(things that do not change)”的“科学”。由于两个原因，不再可能用这种方式定义形而上学。首先，一个哲学家否认那些曾经被视为构成形而上学主题的事物的存在（首要原因或不变的事物），现在将被认为是由此形成了形而上学的断言。其次，现在有许多哲学问题被认为是形而上学的问题（或至少部分是形而上学的问题），与首要原因或不变的事物毫无关系，例如，自由意志问题或道德问题。这就提出了一个问题-是否存在将当代形而上学的问题统一起来的共同特征？《斯坦福哲学百科全书》没有能够给出回答，只是列出当代被认为是形而上学的哲学问题。核心问题存在论存在论是形上学的基本分支，主要探讨存在本身，即一切现实事物的基本特征。同一性和变化同一性是形上学基本问题。研究同一性的哲学家主要的任务是某物与自身相同，或者和其他物体相同，究竟意味着什么。这些问题围绕在时间下展开：对于某东西，两个不同时间下如何定义它本身？该如何解释？另一个问题是同一性的标准是什么，以及如何用语言表达同一性的事实？一个人的同一性所采取的形而上学立场对诸如身心问题、人格同一性、伦理和法律等问题有着深远的影响。古代希腊人对变换的本质产生了极端的观点，巴门尼德完全否决变化，赫拉克利特则认为：“人不可能两次踏进同一条河流”。同一性，有时称作数的同一性，是指某物与自身的关系，并且除了自己相同，并无其他。莱布尼兹是一位对同一性产生了深远影响的现代哲学家，他的理论“同一性不可辩证性”至今被广泛接受。它指出，如果某个物体x与物体y相同，那么x所具有的某属性，y也具有。正式的说，它描述了：然而，物体似乎确实随着时间而改变。如果去看一棵树，发现掉了一片叶子，树有變化，但對於觀察的人而言，还会觉得是在看同一棵树。为了解释变化和同一性之间的关系，一种是接續論，把树视为一系列树的阶段。另一种是持續論，他认为有机体（同一棵树）存在其历史的每个阶段。通过外在和内在属性，接續論主义者发现一种方法来调和同一性和变化。然而，如果在这里利用莱布尼茨的 "不可辨别同一性定律 "来定义数的同一性，那么物体似乎必须完全不变才能持久存在。辨别内在属性和外在属性，接续论主义者指出，数的同一性是指，如果某个对象x与某个对象y相同，那么x所具有的任何内在属性，y也将具有。因此，如果一个对象持久存在，它的内在属性是不变的，但外在属性可以随着时间的推移而改变。除了对象本身，环境和其他对象也会随着时间的推移而改变；即使这个对象不改变，与其他对象有关的属性也会改变。持续论主义者用另外一种调和同一性和变化。在（持续论主义的另一个版本）中，持续存在的是一个不会变的四维物体，尽管该物体的三维切片可能有所不同。空间和时间对象在空间和时间中出现在人們面前，而类、属性、关系等抽象实体却没有。空间和时间作为对象的舞台，是如何发挥这种功能的？空间和时间本身也是否是某种形式的实体？它们必须先于对象而存在吗？它们究竟怎样才能被定义？时间与变化的关系如何；时间的存在必须总是有变化的东西吗？因果性古典哲学家承认一些事情，包括目的论的未来原因。在狭义相对论和量子力学中，空间、时间和因果关系的概念变得纠缠在一起，，物理学定律在时间上是对称的，所以同样可以用来描述时间向后运行。那么，为什么會认为它是朝一个方向流动的，即时间箭头，并且包含着朝同一个方向流动的因果关系呢？就这个事情来说，一个结果能先于它的原因吗？这是1954年迈克尔·杜梅特的一篇论文的标题，这篇论文引发了一场持续至今的讨论。而早在1947年，C.S.刘易斯就曾认为，人们完全可以有意义地祈祷关于例如医学检验的结果，同时承认结果是由过去的事件决定的。"我的自由行为促成了宇宙的形状"。同样，对量子力学的一些解释，可追溯到1945年，涉及到时间上的后向因果影响。因果关系被许多哲学家与反事实的概念联系在一起。说A造成了B，意味着如果A没有发生，那么B就不会发生。这一观点是由大卫·刘易斯在1973年的论文《因果关系》中提出，他之后的论文进一步发展了他的因果关系理论。如果科学的目的是理解因果关系并对其进行预测，那么因果关系通常被要求作为科学哲学的基础。必要性和可能性形而上学家们研究的是世界可能以何种方式存在的问题。大卫·刘易斯在《论世界的多元性》中支持一种叫做具体模态现实主义的观点，根据这种观点，关于事物如何可能存在的事实，是由其他具体世界中的事物不同而成为事实的。包括莱布尼茨在内的其他哲学家也处理过可能世界的观念。一个必要的事实在所有可能的世界中都是真的。一个可能的事实在一些可能的世界中是真实的，即使在实际的世界中不是。例如，猫有可能有两条尾巴，或者任何特殊的苹果不可能存在。与此相反，某些命题似乎是必然真实的，例如分析命题，例如 "所有的单身汉都是未婚的"。逻辑真理都是必然的，这种观点在哲学家中并不普遍。一种争议较小的观点是，自我同一性是必要的，因为声称任何x与自身不完全相同似乎从根本上讲是不一致的；这被称为同一律，是一种推定的 "第一原则"。同样，亚里士多德也描述了矛盾律。周边问题宇宙和宇宙的起源思维和物质伦理学决定论和自由意识自然和社会类型数学哲学形而上学的应用形上學的分支本體論 ——研究存在的問題。本体论又被称为“一般形而上学”（英文： general metaphysics） )。认识论自然神学 ——研究神或眾神及關於神的問題, 产生于中世纪时期（大约1100-1400 C.E.）。但是，它避免了吸引特殊的非自然才能（心灵感应，神秘经历）或超自然的信息来源（神圣的文本，神学的揭示，信条权威，直接的超自然交流）。自然神学旨在坚持与其他哲学和科学事业相同的理性调查标准，并接受相同的评估和批评方法。宗教哲學精神哲學知覺哲學自然主义自然哲學形而上学和科学的比较自然科学和形而上学的相同点是两者都崇尚理性，两者都可以用假设作为推理前提，其假设合理性都是被经验证据约束的。两者不同之处是，尽管两者都用缜密的逻辑推理，“形而上学”研究中的推理结果在当时往往无法用经验证据证明；而一个研究被认为是科学的前提，是其推理结果能用经验证据证明。但是，“形而上学”的研究仍然是受科学实践的成果约束的，或者说是受经验证据约束的，文献在第7页举了下例来说明：现代科学认为物理宇宙是有时间的开始的（大约137亿年前），或者至少它没有无限的过去。于是，所有以无穷的过去为前提预设的形而上学的推测都是不正确的。原来只是形而上学的问题，如“宇宙是从哪里来的？它要去哪里？宇宙是否有开始？”等旧形而上学宇宙学内容，已经成为依靠实验证据的科学研究的对象，催生了既理性又依靠实验证据的科学宇宙学（也被称为物理宇宙学）。这可以看出，形而上学鉴别出的问题和其纯粹理性分析方法是科学宇宙学的基础，是前科学。当科学发展了，有些“形而上学”的推理前提被科学实践证实了，这部分研究就变成了科学研究。这可以看出，形而上学鉴别出的问题和其纯粹理性分析方法是科学宇宙学的基础，是前科学。形而上学和神学的比较神学假设神圣以某种形式存在，例如在物理，超自然，心理或社会现实中存在，并且透过个人精神经验，或其他人记录的这种经历的历史记录找到有关它的证据，更是透过信仰将这种假设合理化。其研究对像包括，上帝，神灵，道德标准，和宗教经典等。神学往往不深入研究信仰的本身的合理性，神学的信仰假设常同经验性检验结果相矛盾。尽管古代广义的形而上学研究包含了神学，现代的形而上学研究中，不认可神学中那些与同科学实践相矛盾信仰假设。现代形而上学的哲学中，其假设也是研究和辩论的对象。虽然其假设可能无法被科学实践证实，但一定不能同科学实践相矛盾，这点与神学完全不同。《斯坦福哲学百科全书》区分神學和哲學的观點是：从这两个学科的角度来看，如果论证的前提至少之一是从启示中获得的，那么论证就属于神学领域；否则，它将落入哲学领域。历史上，形而上学这种认识论上的理性的分析方法，也被神学借用，也被哲学家和神学家用来研究信仰的本身的合理性，将宗教经典的描述和历史，考古，和科学发现相比较。其结果是在欧州催生了自然神学，自然宗教或神学不仅限于对自然的经验性探究，也不会与泛神论的结果结合。但是，它的确避免了吸引特殊的非自然才能（心灵感应，神秘经历）或超自然的信息来源（神圣的文本，神学的揭示，信条权威，直接的超自然交流）。自然神学旨在坚持与其他哲学和科学事业相同的理性调查标准，并接受相同的评估和批评方法。形而上学这种理性的分析和缜密的逻辑思维，使得信神的人越来越少。世界最权威及最有名望的学术期刊之一《自然》“领先的科学家仍然拒绝上帝” 一文中报道：本世纪初以来，美国科学家的宗教信仰问题一直存在争议。我们最新的调查发现，在顶级自然科学家中，不信教的情况比以往任何时候都要大 - 几乎全部。目前国际哲学界很知名的内容都经过同行审议过的《斯坦福哲学百科全书》，列出了当代被认为是形而上学的哲学问题，本体论里的问题，认识论中的问题（如，因果关系），自由意志，道德学问题等。没有列出，上帝，神灵等超自然有关的问题。以色列希伯来大学历史系教授尤瓦尔·赫拉利在其名著《未来简史》第3章人类的特殊之处“生命的等式”一节指出，但在过去几个世纪里，科学家并没有找到任何实证证据证明神的存在，反而对闪电、下雨和生命的起源有了更详细的解释。因此，现在除了几个哲学子领域之外，在经过同行评议的科学期刊上，已经不会出现真心相信神存在的文章。历史学家不会说同盟国是因为有神相助才赢得第二次世界大战，经济学家不会认为是上帝造成了1929年的经济危机，地质学家也不会说板块运动是神的旨意。形上學的爭論形上學的問題通常都是充滿爭議而沒有確定的結論。這一部分是因為經驗事實所累積的資料，作為人類知識的最大宗，通常無法解決形上學爭議；另一部分是因為形上學家們所使用的詞語時常混淆不清，他們的爭論因而只是各持己見，而又沒有交集的讨论。二十世紀的邏輯實證論者們反對某些形上學議題。他們認為某些形上學問題本身是沒有意義的。在現代科學發軔之前，科學問題被當做形上學的一部份來研究，被稱為自然哲學。術語“science”（科學，拉丁語scientia）原本只有“knowledge”（知識）的意思。然而，隨著科學方法的廣泛運用，自然哲學逐漸轉變爲了一種源於實驗的經驗科學，與哲學的其他領域分道揚鑣。到了十八世紀末，它開始被稱為“科學”以示其與哲學的區別。從那時以後，“形上學”被用來指代對存在本質的非經驗性哲學研究。一些科學哲學家，例如新實證主義者，聲稱自然科學排斥形上學的研究，而其他科學哲學家對此強烈反對。文献《The Myth of the Metaphysical Circle: An Analysis of the Contemporary Crisis of the Critique of Metaphysics》介绍，对当代关于所有形而上学及其批判的辩论的考察得出的结论是，存在着捍卫它们之间不可分割的联系的总体趋势，在这些辩论中，绝大多数辩参与者认为，对形而上学的任何反应，无论多么强大或激进，都必定会陷于形而上学的传统之中。当代占主导地位的观点是，批评实际上仍然与形而上学联系在一起，或者甚至最终会返回到形而上学的形式上，证实了一种典型模式的持久性，即形而上学与其批评之间的循环关系. 相關條目本原自由意志時間四維空間全能上帝悖論抽象知識类型论数论 (印度哲学) 形上學大綱注释参考文献外部連結倪梁康：〈零與-{形而上}-學〉（2009）斯坦福哲学百科: <形上学> (2014) X 哲学物理学史
便秘做推拿多长时间有效果呢？便秘是指排便超过三天以上一次或是大便干燥不易排除。主要是由于饮水过少，饮食不合理，排便习惯不好，器质性病变等多方面原因造成的。其中器质性病变包括肠道内息肉，肿瘤，脱肛，肠道套叠，肠道梗阻，肠道扭转等疾病。往往需要紧急就诊检查治疗甚至手术治疗。功能性便秘的一般通过生活饮食调理即可缓解。包括饮食结构，排便习惯等调整。便秘的发病机制是肠道蠕动缓慢导致，其典型的临床症状是大便干结，但是排便不畅、排便困难、排便不尽感、排便费力都是属于便秘范畴，此外还可以同时伴有痤疮、口腔异味、腹部胀满不适、左下腹可以扪及硬块、面色晦暗等。便秘最常见的并发症是导致痔疮，严重的便秘还会有导致肠道恶性病变的风险。便秘的治疗是养成每天按时排便的习惯。便秘的时候做推拿可以缓解症状。可以平躺于床上，将双手叠加按于下腹部，循环的去按摩，能够加强肠胃的蠕动，也可以通过肚脐旁边的两寸方向来按摩，能够使脏腑通畅，同时按摩手部的虎口，对于便秘来说也有一定的作用。也可以去找专业的推拿师，会根据便秘的情况来做出合理的推拿方案，而且要注意在这一天当中多喝水，可以在医生的指导下服用果胶等类药物。按摩可以促进腹部的血液循环，增加胃肠蠕动，缓解便秘，具体操作如下:取平卧位，双手重叠，从右下腹开始绕脐，以顺时针方向按摩，用力居中，边绕脐边均匀呼吸。便秘还要在平日的生活中注意调养，适当运动，多食粗纤维丰富的蔬菜和水果，多饮水，多食富含b族维生素及润肠的食物、粗粮、豆类、蜂蜜等，炒菜时适当增加烹调油，忌食浓茶、辣椒、咖啡等。便秘做推拿，一天一次的推拿治疗，在三日后，即可见到显著的效果。
金融高新区站是广佛地铁的車站，位於中國广东省佛山市南海区海八路桂澜路口东南侧地塊內的地底。车站在2010年11月3日啟用。本站是广佛线进入佛山的第一座车站，目前亦為佛山市位處最北的地鐵站。本站还與附近的夏南车辆段接軌，车站结构车站楼层本站共有兩層。地面為海八路、桂澜路，地铁金融城、地铁金融高新区公交总站及其它建築；地下一層為廣佛地鐵站廳；地下二層為廣佛地鐵站台層。站廳金融高新区站站厅南侧被划分为收费区。收费区内设有一台专用电梯专用电梯、三条扶手电梯和一条楼梯（全部靠墙设置）供乘客前往车站月台。本站目前没有设置车站商店，但会设置售卖机，以及中国银行自動櫃員機。本站的母婴室设于站厅非付费区A出入口旁。月台本站設有一個島式月台，位於海八路桂澜路口东南侧地塊內，即地铁金融城地底。车站东侧設有一組通往夏南车辆段的出入段線。出入口金融高新区站目前设有2个出入口供乘客进出，其中B口与车站上盖的地铁金融城相连。接驳交通利用状况车站开通初期，金融高新区尚未完全开发，周围均是建设工地，加上交通不便，车站前四年的日均客流量仅有600人次，为全线最低。随着车站上盖物业及金融高新区其他建筑相继落成，本站人流量开始增多。现时车站日均客流已超2万人次。历史 2002年廣佛地鐵的走向初步確定，当时被称作南海汽车站的金融高新区站確定為廣佛地鐵佛山段的其中一個中途站；后根据所在的广东金融高新区而更名为金融高新区站。 2010年6月底，车站完成送电。同年10月28、29日，本站隨廣佛地鐵首通段全線開放給廣佛兩市的市民進行試乘；11月3日下午2時，本站隨廣佛地鐵开通而啟用。註釋参考资料外部链接 2010年启用的铁路车站南海区铁路车站
佛灣摩崖造像位於重慶市大足区北山佛灣。1961年3月4日作為北山摩崖造像的附屬項目列為第一批全國重點文物保護單位。2000年9月7日列為第一批重慶市文物保護單位。北山佛湾成眉月形，座东面西，岩面长460米，高7米，分为南北两段，1952年县文管所编排290号，其中以1~100号为南段，101~290号为北段，共有雕像264号，现存碑碣7通，唐宋造像记45则，浮雕经幢8座，线雕壁画1幅，造像7000余躯，有佛、菩萨、罗汉、金刚、经变相和人物造像6类，多俊俏秀美，令人叹为观止。共包含晚唐、前后蜀、宋代、明代4个时期，造像题材中密宗约占三分之一，兼有净土宗、三阶教、禅宗，观音造像比重较大，其中宋代造像中观音占一半以上。考古学家阎文儒盛赞此处晚唐五代造像“足称誉于全国”。石刻分布晚唐造像有题记8龛窟，多形制大，具有盛唐典雅、恢宏遗风。第5号毗沙门天王窟。双层窟，平顶，高2.95米，宽2.74米，深1.45米，正壁刻有毗沙门天王立像，高大魁梧，两足踏二夜叉，两旁各一护法神将，左右壁刻有男女眷属像5身。天宝七载（748年）唐玄宗诏诸道节度使所在州府于各城西北隅造毗沙门天王像以保国境平安，此像或与韦君靖于北山建永昌寨并置州城、都督府于此有关。第9号千手观音窟。双层窟，平顶，高2.90米，宽2.70米，深1.42米，正壁刻有千手观音，正面现法身8支手，侧面有报身40支手，身后有线刻手若干，以示千手，姿态优美。第10号释迦佛说法窟。双层窟，高2.48米，宽3.20米，高1.90米。第58号观音、地藏窟。唐乾宁三年（896年）造像，双层窟，平顶，高1.34米，宽1.24米，深0.58米。第245号观无量寿佛经变相窟。双层窟，平顶，高4.7米，宽2.58米，深1.18米。分为上、中、下、底部四层，包含《阿弥陀经》、《观无量寿佛经》、《无量寿经》、《未生怨经》等经题材，内容丰富，被誉为“中国近世明清两代雕刻工艺品表现出主题画面的先河”。前蜀、后蜀造像多为小型浅窟，平顶，多兼具唐代丰满圆润的遗风和宋代修长纤细、温柔典雅的特点。第53号阿弥陀佛、地藏、观音窟。前蜀造像，高1.24米，宽1.03米，深0.55米，正壁阿弥陀佛，左壁地藏，右壁观音，左右龛楣有永平五年（915年）镌记。第279号东方药师琉璃光佛龛。后蜀造像，高1.68米，宽2.40米，深0.66米，分2龛，左龛正壁刻药师佛坐金刚座，左右为日光菩萨、月光菩萨坐像，右龛刻尊胜幢1座，高1.2米，7级，上刻《佛顶尊胜陀罗尼经》。两龛相连之龛楣上有广政十八年（955年）、咸平四年（1001年）镌记。第281号东方药师琉璃光佛龛。双层窟，平顶，高1.6米，宽2.2米，深0.6米，分2龛，左龛正壁刻药师佛坐金刚座，左右为日光菩萨、月光菩萨坐像，正壁布满菩提树，左龛刻尊胜幢1座，高1.1米，上刻《佛顶尊胜陀罗尼经》。两龛相连之龛楣上有广政十七年（954年）镌记。宋代造像多为平顶，出现洞窟造像。风格一反唐代，身材窈窕，面目清秀，刻工精细写实。第125号数珠手观音龛，早年为土所掩，民国二十二年（1933年）出土。顶部原毁，后修复为平顶。高1.26米，宽1.02米，深0.70米。龛刻数珠手观音立像，身高1.08米，头戴花冠，裙带飘拂，璎珞满身，袒胸露臂，亭亭玉立，俗称“媚态观音”。因多次翻制石膏模型，表面受损严重，左右壁男女侍者风化模糊。第136号转经轮藏窟。平顶，面西，高4.1米，宽4.1米，深6.79米，绍兴十二年至十六年（1142~1146年）镌刻。窟正中为宜中心柱，柱底部刻蟠龙缠绕，中部刻八面形莲花瓣露盘，上部为八面形顶盖，刻有楼阁、宝塔等建筑20余座。正壁中刻释迦佛坐于莲座，左右立有迦叶、观音、阿难、大势至。左右壁构图对称，分别刻有文殊菩萨骑狮、普贤菩萨骑象、玉印观音、六臂观音、如意珠观音、数珠手观音。窟门左右立有护法金刚。美术界有称“宋刻代表作”、“我国宋代石刻的精华和代表”、“艺术皇冠上的明珠”、“东方石窟艺术宫阙”。第149号观音窟。高3.43米，宽3.22米，深3.46米。第155号孔雀明王窟。高3.43米，宽3.22米，深6.07米。正中刻孔雀明王结跏趺坐于孔雀背驮的莲座上，窟壁布满千佛。第168号五百罗汉窟。高3.30米，宽3.14米，深7.10米。第176号弥勒下生经变相龛。高2.72米，宽1.95米，深2.40米，正壁刻有弥勒佛结跏趺坐于莲座上，左右各有三化佛。佛顶上方有七宝盖，宝盖上有大宝楼阁一座，左右壁刻有文殊、普贤和舍弥婆帝巡游图。第177号泗州大圣龛。高3.32米，宽2.20米，深2.54米。正壁刻泗州大圣。第180号十三观音窟。高3.75米，宽3.79米，深3.17米。参考资料大足石刻
Sensational spelling is the deliberate spelling of a word in a non-standard way for special effect. Branding Sensational spellings are common in advertising and product placement. In particular, brand names such as Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (crispy cream), Weetabix (wheat, with bix being derived from biscuits), Blu-ray (blue), Kellogg's "Froot Loops" (fruit) or Hasbro's Playskool (school) may use unexpected spellings to draw attention to or trademark an otherwise common word. In video games, well-known examples of sensational spelling include "Mortal Kombat (combat) and Nintendo's "Pak" (pack), the name used for the media and accessories of its early video game systems. In popular music Sensational spelling may take on a cult value in popular culture, such as the heavy metal umlaut. Other examples include The Byrds, and Led Zeppelin, in which "led" was deliberately misspelled to make clear it is pronounced (as in the metal lead) rather than the other pronunciation of "lead", . Whereas The Beatles were named largely as a pun for their beat-driven style, many bands following their success in the mid-1960s (e.g. The Monkees) adopted sensational spelling in an effort (by either themselves or their record labels) to capitalize on a fad. The Turtles successfully resisted an effort by their label, White Whale Records, to name them "The Tyrtles." In contemporary music, the misspelling of words in album or song titles rose to popularity in early 1970s rock, such as: The Kinks' The Kink Kontroversy and The Kink Kronikles Sly and the Family Stone's "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" (1970) (for "for letting me be myself again") The band Slade (e.g., "Coz I Luv You" [1971], "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" [1972]) In the 1980s it became common with funk artists such as Prince (e.g. "U Got The Look", "I Would Die 4 U"), and came to be epitomized in the rap and hip hop genres, with both song titles (e.g. Usher's "U Remind Me" and T-Pain's "Buy U A Drank") and artists' names (e.g. Ludacris, Phanatik, Timbaland, Xzibit, Gorillaz) using the form. Sensational spelling was common amongst nu metal bands of the late 1990s and early 2000s (e.g., Korn, Linkin Park and Limp Bizkit). The term "nu metal" itself is a sensational spelling of "new metal", and sometimes even stylized as "nü-metal", with an additional metal umlaut. An influential hard-rock magazine of the 1970s–80s was Creem. On the Internet Many popular websites have grown from intentionally misspelling their name such as Flickr, Reddit, Tumblr, Imgur, Digg, Google and Scribd. Google's was largely an unintentional error, as its founders had intended to call it Googol after the extremely large number. In many such cases, the unorthodox spelling is done for trademark purposes, search engine optimization and/or to make it easier to secure a domain name. Other Quentin Tarantino's film Inglourious Basterds is an intentional misspelling of "Inglorious Bastards". Aleister Crowley called his system of ceremonial magic "magick" to differentiate it from stage magic. In modern fantasy, the spelling faerie (also fae or fey) may be used in place of fairy, to distinguish it from the childish connotations of fairy tales. See also Cacography Catachresis Eye dialect Lolcat Satirical misspelling Spelling reform Typographical error Typosquatting References Nonstandard spelling Brands
长期睡觉多梦是什么原因造成的？睡起做梦来，其实很多人都是有过这个经历的，但是如果每天晚上总是做梦的话，就是出现了病理的情况了，往往是一些疾病的征兆的，特别是神经系统方面的疾病的征兆的。比如失眠、一些精神类疾病等等精神心理的疾病。那么睡觉多梦是什么原因造成的？在这了我们了分析一下这个疾病的问题，希望能帮到大家。祝愿大家能早日摆脱失眠多梦的困扰。失眠要注意调节，睡前要保持心理平静，不要喝茶或喝咖啡，女生失眠会导致皮肤暗黄，头发脱落、月经不调等问题，可以用中药材改善睡眠。步骤/方法：1、造成大家睡觉多梦的原因其实有很多因素的。比如最常见的因素就是长期的巨大的心理压力还有工作压力都是会导致人们晚上睡不着觉的，或是出现睡觉多梦的症状的。多以噩梦居多。2、如果是晚上睡不好觉的话，总是做梦的话，那么白天的精神状态也是不会好的，人们往往会出现没有精神，嗜睡，乏力等等精神很差的表现的。但是如果长期这样的话，就容易出现严重的问题了。3、如果是长期晚上睡觉做梦多的话，白天又有很多的工作、学习等等的话，有没有经过很好的心理调理的话，那么时间长了是很容易出现精神类的疾病的，比如失眠、抑郁症、躁狂症等等疾病。4、如果是长期晚上睡觉做梦多的话，白天又有很多的工作、学习等等的话，建议这样的人群要尽快的去进行干预治疗的，可以休息休息，也就是放下手头的工作学习等等。慢慢会好起来的。注意事项：睡觉多梦是很多原因造成的。但是人们面临的生活压力和心理压力是很重要的一方面的因素，所以建议人们要定期的去缓解这两方面的压力的。那么多梦的问题也就解决了。
多囊卵巢综合症是囊肿吗？多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄妇女最常见的复杂内分泌代谢紊乱之一。以持续无排卵、多囊卵巢和高雄激素血症为特征。其临床表现包括肥胖、多毛、闭经、不孕和痤疮。多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）发生时，应到正规大型医院内分泌科进行检查、综合评价和明确诊断。通常，我们应该合理控制饮食，少吃高脂肪、高蛋白和高糖的食物。临床表现如下。第一，月经异常：原发性闭经引起的不孕、功能失调性子宫出血、二次闭经、月经稀、排卵异常。第二，雄激素过多的表现：包括多毛症、痤疮或实验室指标表明雄激素水平升高。第三，B型超声检查：多囊卵巢改变。长期危害，如果多囊卵巢综合征不尽快介入，就会逐步发展。第一，不孕第二，子宫内膜癌代谢综合征：糖代谢异常导致糖尿病，脂代谢异常导致心血管疾病。这种疾病需要长期的药物控制，良好的控制和正常人没有什么不同。根据年龄、症状和生育要求进行个体化治疗。多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是一种内分泌疾病，其特征是卵巢增大，囊液充盈，雄激素水平升高，不能排卵。以闭经、雄激素过多，和不孕为特征。提示药物治疗的作用，促进卵巢排卵。如果药物无效，应考虑腹腔镜手术。在腹腔镜下，手术刺破滤泡，降低雄激素水平，达到治疗目的。积极锻炼，减少高脂肪、高糖食物的摄入，减轻体重。这可以降低雄激素水平，有利于排卵恢复。多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）的治疗应去正规大型医院。手术治疗能有效帮助女性恢复正常排卵，达到生育的目的。
Salvia serpyllifolia is a woody perennial endemic to a small area in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. It was described by Merritt Lyndon Fernald in 1900, who gave it the epithet serpyllifolia because of its small, shiny leaves—similar to the leaves of Thymus serpyllum. Salvia serpyllifolia was introduced into horticulture in 1990 from seed collected at 7,000 feet elevation. At that time it was thought to be a variety of Salvia microphylla. Salvia serpyllifolia is a small mounding plant that reaches high and wide. The leaves are a bright glossy green which give off a faint straw-like aroma when crushed. The flowers are less than long and are a beetroot-purple color, blooming sporadically from summer into fall. The whorls consist of 2–6 flowers each. Notes serpyllifolia Endemic flora of Mexico Garden plants of North America Drought-tolerant plants Plants described in 1900
大惡臭（）是1858年7月至8月中倫敦發生的環境災難，當時大量排泄物和工業廢水未經處理直接排入泰晤士河，適逢夏季高溫，細菌滋生致使倫敦臭氣熏天。始建於17世紀的泰晤士河兩岸污水渠設計還不完善，又經兩個世紀老化，污水直接入河。問題累積多年未有嚴重影響，但污水渠系統升級方案遲遲未獲批准導致問題加劇。人們擔心污水形成的瘴氣會傳染疾病，亦認為事發前的三場霍亂與泰晤士河的狀況有關。事後，國家和地方官員因懼怕臭味及後續影響而積極採取行動。當局接受土木工程師約瑟夫·巴澤爾傑特建議，在河流兩岸修建排污網絡及截流管道，將污水向東排放到都會區外的排污口。渠務工程於1859年初展開，1875年竣工。為了加強排污效能，巴澤爾傑特在系統內增設兩座泵站，以便將污水從低地管道抽升至高地管道。克羅斯內斯泵站和阿貝米爾斯泵站均出自巴澤爾傑特和另一位工程師查理斯·戴華亞之手，它們後來均被英格蘭遺產委員會列為登錄建築。巴澤爾傑特其後再在泰晤士河以北一帶修築維多利亞堤岸、切爾西堤岸和阿爾伯特堤岸，以便在當區鋪設低地管道。巴澤爾傑特的渠務系統除了確保污水不再傾倒在泰晤士河岸邊，還令霍亂在倫敦徹底成為歷史。歷史學家約翰·多克薩特認為他可能比維多利亞時代任何一位官員做得更好，挽救更多生命。渠務系統直至現今仍在運行，服務著這座超過850萬人的城市。歷史學家彼得·阿克羅伊德認為巴澤爾傑特是拯救倫敦的英雄。背景在17世紀，倫敦就開始修建紅磚下水道，在一個世紀間就建造了逾百條下水道，當中遮蓋了弗利特河和部份河段。直至1856年，倫敦大約建有20萬個污水池和360條下水道，但下水道維修狀況參差不齊，部分污水池不時洩漏甲烷和其他氣體，甚至爆炸起火，導致人命傷亡。19世紀早期，倫敦的供水系統漸見改善。直至1858年，市內許多中世紀木水管都換成鐵製品。供水系統改善，加上抽水馬桶的引入流通和城市人口膨脹，導致更多生活污水流入下水道。另外，工廠、屠宰場和其他工業活動的廢水進一步為下水道系統帶來壓力，令情況雪上加霜。大部分污水要麼溢出倒灌至街道上，要麼直接傾注入泰晤士河。 1855年7月，科學家麥可·法拉第致信《泰晤士報》，描述當時考察泰晤士河的情況，表示河流狀況令人震驚。為了「測試河流混濁度」，他將幾張白紙扔進河裡，結果下沉不到2.5厘米（1英寸）就不見蹤影。他在信中指出：「污物在橋樑附近捲成雲團形狀，我甚至能在水面輕易看到它們，可證其濃稠程度……河流氣味非常難聞，是整個水域的通病。它的氣味與從街上溝渠冒出來的簡直一模一樣。當時整條河猶如真正的下水道。」1857年，市政府無法忍受河流惡臭，於是將白堊石灰、漂白粉和石炭酸倒入河道，試圖消減臭味。當時英國正處於維多利亞時代，醫療衛生從業員大多認為傳染病傳播是基於瘴氣理論，即大多數傳染病是由吸入受污染的空氣而引起。傳染源包括腐屍、污水氣味、腐爛植物、患者飛沫等。19世紀，霍亂開始在歐洲流行蔓延，染疫人數不斷上升。霍亂傳播速度快且死亡率高，弄得人心惶惶，不少人更認為瘴氣是其傳播載體。 1831年，倫敦爆發首次重大霍亂疫情，造成6,536人死亡。1848至1849年，倫敦爆發第二次霍亂疫情，造成14,137人死亡。1853至1854年，霍亂三度爆發，10,738人染疫死亡。第二次爆發期間，倫敦醫生約翰·斯諾留意到部分由蘭貝斯、南華克以及沃克斯豪爾三間公司供水的地區，霍亂患者的死亡率比其他地區高。1849年，斯諾發表了題為《霍亂傳播模式研究》的論文，提出疾病通過水源傳播而非瘴氣的理論，但當時未獲重視。在1854年寬街霍亂爆發事件後，斯諾發表第二版論文，添加了寬街事件的水污染調查內容。斯諾判斷寬街的公共水泵是污染源，並成功說服當局移走水泵手柄，從而阻止居民飲用被污染的水。事後，霍亂患者的死亡率下降，疫情得以遏止，並發現源頭是抽水井附近的一段下水道發生滲漏。地方政府 19世紀，負責監督倫敦下水道管理的市政基礎設施歷經數次改革。1848年，在社會改革家愛德溫·查德威克及皇家委員會的敦促下，正式成立。委員會取代了八個倫敦下水道管理機構的其中七個，是自亨利八世以來首次有單一機構完全控制首都的衛生設施。1844年的《建築法》規定所有新建的排污系統必須連接下水道而非污水池，委員會於是著手將污水池連接至下水道，甚至完全拆除它們。但是，委員會擔心下水道的瘴氣會傳播疾病，因此查德威克及其繼任者病理學家約翰·西蒙均保證會定期沖洗下水道，但此舉卻導致更多污水流進泰晤士河。 1849年8月，委員會任命约瑟夫·巴泽尔杰特為助理測量師。巴泽尔杰特一直在鐵路業擔任顧問工程師，後來因過度勞累導致健康狀況嚴重惡化，才不得不退下火線。擔任委員會成員是他重返職場後的首份工作。在總工程師弗蘭克·福斯特領導下，巴泽尔杰特想為城市下水道規劃得更有條理，但福斯特在期間承受巨大的工作壓力，最終在1852年離世。巴泽尔杰特其後接替已歿的福斯特出任總工程師繼續計劃和完善下水道系統。1855年的《》以大都會工程委員會取代原本的大都會下水道委員會，並接管後者的職能。 1856年6月，巴泽尔杰特完成下水道系統的最終方案。方案提議設立直徑0.9米（3英尺）的小型本地下水道，污水會經這些管道流入一系列大型污水截流管，再輸送至高3.4米（11英尺）的主排污管。河流兩岸的污水則由和兩大系統管理。倫敦劃為高、中、低三個區域，每個區域都有一條主要的截流管，另計劃建造一系列泵站以清除城市東部的污水。巴泽尔杰特的方案建基於福斯特的遺產，但規模更大，容許的人口增長數量亦比福斯特為多（從3萬至450萬）。巴泽尔杰特其後將方案提交給，但豪爾對於下水道排污口仍處於首都範圍內的設計有保留，故無法接受方案。討論期間，巴泽尔杰特按照豪爾的要求改善方案。1856年12月，豪爾將計劃上交至由三名顧問工程師組成的小組，成員包括英國皇家工兵部隊的上尉、在兩家自來水公司擔任土木工程師的、的總工程師湯馬士·布萊克伍德。1857年7月，小組向豪爾提交報告，建議更改排污口的位置。同年10月，豪爾將報告轉交大都會工程委員會。小組建議的排污口屬開放式下水道，而且比委員會提議的位置遠24公里（15英里），導致整個計劃的成本超過540萬英鎊，大幅超過巴澤爾傑特原來方案的最高估值240萬英鎊。在1858年2月的大選中，由巴麥尊勳爵領導的輝格黨政府垮台，取而代之的是由士丹利勳爵籌組的，其中約翰·曼納斯勳爵接替豪爾，而本傑明·迪斯雷利則出任下議院領袖和財政大臣。 1858年6至8月多年來污水一直傾入泰晤士河，但直到1858年中期當局仍未採取任何行動解決問題。作家查理斯·狄更斯在他的長篇小說《小杜麗》（連載於1855年至1857年）中，描述泰晤士河「本來十分清澈，但漸漸演變成一條致命的下水道」。狄更斯在致信友人時提及過河的經歷，指臭氣熏得他頭昏腦漲，胃裡難受。社會科學家和記者則指泰晤士河潮間帶「部分沉積物深度超過1.8米（6英尺）」，而且「整片區域都充滿髒物」。1858年6月，倫敦在天晴時溫度一度升至48°C（118°F），而天陰時則下跌至平均34°C至36°C（93°F至97°F）。持續高溫加上長時間的乾旱，導致河流水位急劇下降，而經由下水道排出的污水則留在河岸上。維多利亞女皇和阿尔伯特亲王本來打算乘船遊覽泰晤士河，但最終不敵河上惡臭，短短幾分鐘就回到岸上。新聞界很快就將河流的臭味問題稱為「大惡臭」：《城市新聞》的社論指臭味是「無法以文雅之辭形容，總之就是很臭，一旦吸入便刻骨銘心，若你歷經此事卻大難不死，實屬好運」，獲《標準報》的作家認同；一位報章記者將河流形容為「傳播疾病和斑疹傷寒的元兇，令人憎惡」，另一位就指「河流排出的有毒氣體與流入污水的增加成正比」；《倫敦新聞畫報》的社論亦批評政府：河流惡臭問題在6月愈發嚴重，甚至影響坐落河畔的下議院。強烈的氣味干擾議員的集中力，令他們無法議事。為此，大樓職員將窗簾浸透漂白劑再掛到窗邊，試圖防止臭味滲入。可惜的是，相關措施並未見效，議員更一度討論是否應將行政機關轉移至牛津或聖奧爾本斯。根據《》的報導，下議院領袖迪斯雷利在進入會議室後不久就與其他委員會成員一同離開，氣味之濃烈更導致他「一手抱著一大堆文件，一手用口袋巾掩蓋口鼻」。惡臭中斷下議院的立法工作，部分議員因而提出質詢。按《》所記載，國會議員將議員因惡臭無法使用會議室和圖書館的事告知曼納斯勳爵，並詢問他「有否採取任何措施來減輕惡臭及其衍生的滋擾」。曼納斯回答布雷迪時指泰晤士河並不在他的管轄範圍內。四日後，另一位議員質問曼納斯：「在有悖常理的創造力下，一條高貴的河流竟淪為污水池。故此，我想請問女王陛下政府會否打算採取任何措施來消弭災禍？」曼納斯則指女王陛下政府與泰晤士河的狀況沒有任何關係。諷刺類雜誌《笨趣》評論道：「上下兩院最引人入勝的話題……是毒藥陰謀。泰晤士老人證據確鑿，無從抵賴。」臭味極其嚴重的時候，工人會在泰晤士河排污口附近撒下約203至254公噸（200至250英噸）的石灰，又在退潮時將石灰撒在河流潮間帶，所需費用為每週1,500英鎊。6月15日，迪斯雷利向國會提交《大都會地方管理修正案》，屬1855年《大都會管理法》的擬議修正案。在開場辯論中，他稱泰晤士河為「冥河」，並指它「散發著難以言喻和無法容忍的恐怖」。修正案將清理河流的責任歸於大都會工程委員會，並規定排污口應「盡可能」設於倫敦的邊界之外。另外，修正案允許委員會借款300萬英鎊，償還方法則是在接下來的40年間向倫敦所有家庭徵收3便士稅款。這些條款對巴澤爾傑特在1856年提出的原始方案極有利，並解決了豪爾提出的反對意見。《泰晤士報》的社論指「議會幾乎被迫以立法來對抗遭惡臭滋擾的倫敦」。議會法案於7月下旬舉行辯論，並於8月2日通過成為法律。渠務工程巴澤爾傑特的計劃聚焦於建造1,800公里（1,100英里）用作收集污水和雨水的額外下水道，並將它們接駁至長132公里（82英里）且互相連接的主要截流管。計劃在1859年至1865年間招標，多達400名製圖師在建築過程的首個階段參與繪製詳細平面圖和剖面圖。過程出現不少挑戰，特別是倫敦部分地區（包括蘭貝斯和皮姆利科周邊地區）位於高水位線以下。為此，巴澤爾傑特在規劃低地區域時將位於區域最高點的低地截流管道抬升並接駁中高位管道，然後借-{}-助重力以每公里38厘米（每英里2英尺）的坡度將污水輸送至東部排污口。巴澤爾傑特傾向在施工過程使用波特-{}-蘭水泥，因為它比常規水泥堅固，但過熱時強度會變弱。為克服困難，他建立了品質管制系統來測試不同批次的水泥，將結果反饋給製造商以修改生產流程並改良產品。歷史學家斯蒂芬·哈利戴稱巴澤爾傑特此舉是「詳盡」和「嚴厲」。其中一間水泥製造商指委員會是首個使用這類品質測試的公共機構。巴澤爾傑特的工程進展獲得媒體好評，《觀察家報》更在1861年的報導將下水道網絡的進展描述為「現代最昂貴、最精彩的作品」；建築史學家保羅·多布拉什切克指媒體形容建築工人對下水道工程極之重要，並輔以插圖塑造出他們「正面甚至英勇光明」的形象。由於建築成本過高，委員會在1863年7月再借款120萬英鎊來支付工程成本。南部排污網絡南部排污網絡覆蓋人口較少的倫敦郊區，是整個方案中較小且較易修築的部份。三條污水截流管分別始於帕特尼、旺茲沃思、南諾伍德，並於德普特福德連接起來，泵站再將污水抽升6.4米（21英尺）進入主排污管，污水經此流往設於的，並在漲潮時排入泰晤士河。新建的克羅斯內斯泵站由巴澤爾傑特和顧問工程師聯手設計，後者偏好以鑄鐵作為建築材料並以此聞名。泵站採用羅馬式建築風格，內有壯觀的鑄鐵製品，被英格蘭遺產委員會評為重要建築。泵站設有四台巨型來運送大量污水，它們名為維多利亞、皇夫、阿爾伯特·愛德華、亞歷珊卓，均由詹姆斯瓦特公司製造。 1865年4月，在威爾斯親王愛德華（即後來的愛德華七世）的主持下，泵站正式啟用。其他皇室成員、國會議員、倫敦金融城市長、坎特伯雷大主教和約克大主教均有出席，典禮過後亦在內舉行了為數五百人的晚宴。典禮標誌著南部排污網絡正式完工並開始運行。隨著南部排污口的落成，一位名叫米勒的議員（他同時是委員會成員）提議以獎金獎勵巴澤爾傑特。委員會同意，並準備給予巴澤爾傑特6,000英鎊獎金（他年薪的三倍），而他的三名助手則能攤分4,000英鎊。不過這個想法備受批評，委員會只得作罷。哈利戴觀察到當時輿論認為「當節儉成為公共財政支出的主要特色時，這明確表示公眾對這項工程的利益和認可有著一定深度。」北部排污網絡泰晤士河以北人口較多，佔倫敦人口三分之二，因此工程人員必須在擁擠的街道上施工，並需要克服運河、橋樑和鐵路等城市障礙。工程於1859年1月31日展開，但承建商在施工期間遇上許多問題，例如1859年至1860年的工潮、酷寒和特大降雨等。1862年6月，倫敦出現特大降雨，以致工人在重建弗利特下水道時發生工業意外。當時克勒肯維爾正有兩項工程，分別是北部排污網絡的深層挖掘，以及大都會鐵路（即現今的大都會線）的挖掘，期間分隔兩邊高2.6米（8.5英尺）的石牆突然倒塌，損毀渠道，污水湧至維多利亞街，破壞了煤氣管和食水管。高地截流管位於施工範圍的最北端，它始於漢普斯特德荒野，途經斯托克紐因頓和維多利亞公園等地，最終與中層管道的東端接駁。中層截流管始於貝斯沃特以西，並沿著牛津街穿過克勒肯維爾和貝思納爾綠地，最終與高地管道交匯。合流後的污水截流管會通往位於史特拉福的，並在該處與低地截流管的東端接駁。泵站內的八台天平式動力機將污水從低地管道抽升11米（36英尺）進入主排污管，主排污管再沿著「綠道」流往8公里（5英里）外設於貝克頓的排污口。與克羅斯內斯泵站一樣，阿貝米爾斯泵站都是出自巴澤爾傑特和戴華亞之手。動力機房中央位置的上方是個華麗的圓頂，建築史學家多布拉什切克認為這個設計令泵站「表面上看起來像拜占庭教堂」。另一位建築史學家尼古拉斯·佩夫斯納在其著作《英格蘭建築》形容泵站是「一種非正統的組合，略帶風格，但築有多層拜占庭式窗戶和中央八角形燈籠，反而增添了親切的俄羅斯風味」，但亦指這座建築物展示了何為「令人興奮的建築卻應用於最骯髒的目的」。為了鋪設低地污水截流管，巴澤爾傑特在1864年2月開始沿泰晤士河岸建造三個堤岸。他在北邊修築了兩個堤岸，分別是由西敏至黑衣修士橋的維多利亞堤岸，以及從磨坊岸至的，並在南邊修建覆蓋西敏橋蘭貝斯一端至沃克斯霍爾的。鋪設時，他沿著河流潮間帶築起圍牆，將排污管道置於原本河岸和圍牆之間，再在其中塞入填充物料。三項工程合共佔用河流超過21公頃（52英畝）土地。維多利亞堤岸修建時，西敏至倫敦金融城之間的交通擠塞亦有好轉。堤岸工程成本估計為171萬英鎊，其中45萬英鎊用於回購河邊必要的物業，當中大多是輕工業用地。阿爾伯特堤岸和切爾西堤岸分別在1869年11月和1874年7月落成開放，由於堤岸工程屬國家重要項目，所以由女皇主持啟用禮，但1870年7月竣工的維多利亞堤岸的啟用禮卻因女皇生病無法出席，改由威爾斯親王代為主持。巴澤爾傑特形容堤岸項目是「一項較困難和複雜的工程……（大都會工程委員會）不得不做」。在切爾西堤岸啟用後不久，他就獲封為下級勳位爵士。1875年，西部排污工程竣工，北部排污網絡正式投入運行。整個渠務工程用了3.18億塊磚頭，以及67萬立方米（88萬立方碼）混凝土和砂漿；總成本約650萬英鎊。後續 1866年，倫敦東區阿爾德門至堡區一帶爆發霍亂，5,596人染疫死亡。當時該區屬於倫敦的一部份，但未有與巴澤爾傑特的排污網絡連接。該區死於霍亂的患者人數佔整體93%。調查發現，東倫敦水務公司將污水排放到水庫下游800米（0.5英里）處，但漲潮時污水又會回流入水庫污染飲用水水源。自此，人們才開始承認污水傳播霍亂一說。醫學期刊《-{zh-cn:柳叶刀; zh-tw:刺胳針; zh-hk:刺針;}-》刊登了流行病學家的調查細節，並稱其報告「將令他所得出有關供水對流行病影響的結論變得不可抗拒」。此後，霍亂徹底成為歷史，再也沒有在倫敦出現。 1878年，愛麗絲公主號遊輪與百威爾城堡號運煤船在泰晤士河相撞，前者迅速下沉，大約650名乘客在事故中喪生。事故發生在排污口附近，當時有大量未處理污水從該處噴湧而出，令媒體懷疑有毒污水就是乘客的其中一個死因。1880年代，人們擔憂排污口會為他們帶來潛在健康問題，所以大都會工程委員會放棄多年來將未處理污水排放到河中的做法，改為先淨化克羅斯內斯和貝克頓的污水，再用六艘污泥船將污泥運到北海傾倒。1887年首艘污泥船巴澤爾傑特號投入運作，直到1998年12月政府下令停止傾倒並改用焚化爐處理污泥為止。下水道先後在19世紀末和20世紀初擴建。排污系統現時由泰晤士水務公司管理，每日用量高達850萬人，公司亦正致力「改善系統以滿足21世紀倫敦的需求」。克羅斯內斯泵站持續運作至1950年代中期後退役，站內的動力機日久失修且體積過大，所以工人未有拆除，只拆走其他更有價值的金屬物品。1970年6月，（後演變為英格蘭遺產委員會）將泵站列為I級登錄建築。之後泵站和動力機由克羅斯內斯動力機信托修復，約瑟·巴澤爾傑特的玄孫、電視公司董事長擔任信托總裁。另一方面，阿貝米爾斯泵站的部分設施時至今日仍然肩負著將污水輸送至貝克頓污水處理廠的使命。第二次世界大戰期間，政府擔心泵站兩座大型煙囪會成為納粹德國空軍的導航地標，因此下令拆除。1974年11月，工務部將泵站列為II*級登錄建築。歷史學家約翰·多克薩特（John Doxat）指出，巴澤爾傑特為首都帶來綜合且功能齊全的下水道系統，又令相關的霍亂病例下降，故認為他「可能比維多利亞時代的任何一位官員做得更好，挽救更多生命」。巴澤爾傑特在委員會工作至1889年，期間重建了三座橫跨泰晤士河的橋樑：普特尼橋、漢默史密斯橋、巴特西橋，它們分別在1886年、1887年、1890年恢復運作。1884年，巴澤爾傑特獲任命為土木工程師學會主席。1891年3月，巴澤爾傑特辭世，《倫敦新聞畫報》在訃告上寫道「他美化了倫敦，並排乾了倫敦，這是他的兩項偉大成就」；時任土木工程師學會主席爵士表示巴澤爾傑特的作品「將永遠成為突顯他技能和專業能力的紀念碑」；《泰晤士報》的訃告則指「一千年後，當新西蘭人來到倫敦時……構成泰晤士堤岸的巨大花崗岩塊將仍然保持其極好堅固性和完美對稱性」，又認為「倫敦人腳下的大型下水道……使他們增壽約20年」。為了紀念巴澤爾傑特，雕塑家設計了一塊由青銅肖像組成的紀念碑。1901年，聳立在維多利亞堤岸的正式揭幕。歷史學家一直研究史，他認為巴澤爾傑特憑藉其作品（特別是維多利亞堤岸和亞厘畢堤岸），足以「與约翰·纳什和克里斯多佛·雷恩一同進入倫敦英雄的萬神殿」。註釋參考資料參考文獻外部連結 The Great Stink London's 'Great Stink' and Victorian Urban Planning 1850年代環境倫敦災難英國環境災難倫敦醫療衛生下水道英國水污染泰晤士河 1858年7月 1858年8月
慢性前列腺炎怎么治疗最有效？慢性前列腺炎，指各种病因引起前列腺组织的慢性炎症，是泌尿外科最常见疾病，包括慢性细菌性前列腺炎和非细菌性前列腺炎两部分。其中慢性细菌性前列腺炎主要为病原体感染，以逆行感染为主。病原体主要为葡萄球菌属，常有反复的尿路感染发作病史或前列腺按摩液中持续有致病菌存在。非细菌性前列腺炎是多种复杂的原因和诱因引起的炎症、免疫、神经内分泌参与的错综的病理变化，导致以尿道刺激症状和慢性盆腔疼痛为主要表现，而且常合并精神心理症状的疾病。病程缓慢,迁延不愈。慢性前列腺炎引起的原因有很多，一、不健康的饮食习惯，如酗酒、贪食油腻食物等不良生活习惯很容易导致湿热内生，蕴积于生殖器官而使其充血并引起性兴奋，导致前列腺炎的产生。二、不良的生活习惯，男性朋友骑马、骑自行车、久坐等会直接压迫会阴部，从而影响前列腺，导致前列腺炎。三、不良的精神因素也是前列腺炎是产生的原因。四、细菌等微生物感染：多数是通过尿道外口的上行性感染，不注意个人卫生，或者个人生活不够检点，都有可能导致微生物通过尿道感染前列腺。慢性前列腺炎怎么治疗最有效前列腺按摩是治疗方法之一，可促进前列腺腺管排空并增加局部的药物浓度，进而缓解慢性前列腺炎患者的症状，故推荐为Ⅲ型前列腺炎的辅助疗法。Ⅰ型前列腺炎患者禁用。生物反馈合并电刺激治疗可使盆底肌松弛，使之趋于协调，同时松弛外括约肌，可缓解慢性前列腺炎的会阴部不适及排尿症状。还可以使用药物治疗，慢性细菌性前列腺炎治疗以口服药物为主，选择敏感药物，疗程4～6周。
蘭拉伊卡區（），是秘魯的一個區，位於該國北部安卡什大區的永蓋省，始建於1941年10月15日，面積22.89平方公里，海拔高度2,475米，2005年人口3,291，人口密度為每平方公里140人。參考資料 Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Banco de Información Distrital. Retrieved April 11, 2008. inei.gob.pe INEI, Peru, Censos Nacionales 2007, Frequencias: Preguntas de Población: Idioma o lengua con el que apredió hablar (in Spanish) 秘魯行政區
51 Astor Place is an office building on Astor Place in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was developed by Edward J. Minskoff Equities. It is the headquarters of IBM's IBM Watson Group division. Like neighboring building Astor Place Tower, the black glass building designed by Fumihiko Maki was controversial for its architectural style and nicknamed "The Death Star" by locals. History 51 Astor is a product of permission given to Cooper Union to allow development on its grounds despite being a non-profit. The building was built on spec, without an anchor tenant for the building. The developer, Edward J. Minskoff, hoped to gain tenants from the financial and technology sectors. The building was completed in 2013, and cost $300 million to construct. Usage 51 Astor is a mixed-use building, with three retail spaces on the ground floor. The anchor tenant is IBM. Others include St. John's University, Mail Online, 1stdibs, and a subsidiary of The Carlyle Group, Claren Road Asset Management. Design The building was designed by Fumihiko Maki, who also designed 4 World Trade Center. The developer referred to the structure as "black glass with black granite and silver fins". Matt Chaban, writing for Observer, referred to the building as the "one of the more interesting buildings built in the neighborhood since...41 Cooper Square...". 41 Cooper Square is a Cooper Union academic building. The lobby includes a red Jeff Koons sculpture of a rabbit. Controversy The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation opposed the building's development, largely due to the fact that the building's style is markedly different from that of the surrounding neighborhood. Both the style and the high prices the building asks for rent have been seen as eroding the neighborhood's character. The controversy over 51 Astor's design is similar to the one that faced the neighboring Astor Place Tower. References Cooper Union East Village, Manhattan IBM facilities Office buildings completed in 2013 Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Astor Place

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